title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Utmost secrecy was maintained around the production: The table read was held on one of the sets, immediately after the read all but one copy of the script was destroyed, and the extras and studio audience were selected from among the producers' and cast's family and friends, all of whom were required to sign a legally binding agreement not to reveal the episode's details. A fake working title for this show, "A Tough Nut to Crack", was created to keep outsiders from discovering it was the finale. In addition, a fake version of the verdict scene was created in which the characters are found not guilty (although, as seen in an Easter egg on the season 9 DVD set, this "alternate ending" was simply the broadcast version of the scene with the word "guilty" replaced by "not guilty" and stock footage of the Rosses inserted as a reaction shot).


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Immediately prior to the live taping, Jerry Seinfeld said to his three co-stars, "For the rest our lives, when anyone thinks of one of us, they will think of all four of us. And I can’t think of three people I’d rather have that be true of." George actor Jason Alexander and Elaine actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus both recalled this speech in interviews decades later.


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Initially the episode ended with Jerry, George, Elaine, and Kramer in their holding cell. David and Seinfeld decided at the last minute that this was the wrong note to end the series on, and came up with the closing stand-up scene, which was filmed after the wrap party had already taken place.


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Jerry and George's conversation in the holding cell about the "second [shirt] button being the most important" is the same conversation that begins the pilot episode. George remarks, "Haven't we had this conversation before?", and Jerry answers, "Yeah, I think we have."


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: The top price for a 30-second commercial during the U.S. broadcast was approximately $1 million, marking the first time ever on American television history that a regular primetime television series (as well as a non-sport broadcast) had commanded at least $1-million advertising rate (previously attained only by Super Bowl general telecasts).


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: In its original American broadcast, 76.3 million U.S. television viewers tuned into "The Finale", becoming the fourth most watched overall series finale in the U.S. after "M*A*S*H", "Cheers" and "The Fugitive". When this episode originally aired on NBC, TV Land paid tribute by not programming any shows opposite it, instead just showing a still shot of a closed office door with a pair of handwritten notes that said ""We're TV Fans so... we're watching the last episode of Seinfeld. Will return at 10pm et, 7pm pt.""


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: "Entertainment Weekly"'s Ken Tucker declared the episode "off-key and bloated", particularly criticizing the near-complete lack of jokes, and the lameness of the majority of what few jokes there were. He also found closing the series with a stern lesson in morals to be both misguided and unnecessary, pointing out that the characters had "already" suffered for most of the wrongdoings brought up in the trial. However, he praised Jerry's prison stand-up routine, and gave the episode a C−.


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Although Larry David has consistently stated he has no regrets about how the show ended, a 2010 "Time" article reported that most viewers considered the episode "downright awful" and noted that the "Seinfeld" reunion during the seventh season of "Curb Your Enthusiasm" "was viewed by many as his attempt at a do-over." A 2021 "Vanity Fair" article recounted how "the next day, even the shock jocks on the radio were complaining about [the finale]." Co-creator Jerry Seinfeld has had more reservations about "The Finale" than David did, commenting that while bringing back all their favorite guest stars and crew was a fun thing to do, it did not make for good comedy. Their differing views were referenced in the seventh-season finale of "Curb Your Enthusiasm", in which Jerry says "We already screwed up one finale" with David responding "we didn't screw up a finale, that was a good finale!" In 2007 David said if he were to redo it he would have kept the plot of the finale less of a secret, since this heightened expectations.


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: In the final Top Ten List of the "Late Show with David Letterman", presenter Julia Louis-Dreyfus jokingly criticized the episode by thanking Letterman for letting her take part in "another hugely disappointing series finale", much to the faux chagrin of fellow presenter Jerry Seinfeld, who had workshopped the joke with Letterman's writers.


title: The Finale (Seinfeld)

text: Since the episode originally aired in a highly unorthodox 75-minute time slot, when packaged for syndication it was edited down to two episodes with 30-minute time slots. This version cut several scenes from the original episode and rearranged some parts, including the testimonies of Donald Sanger and George Steinbrenner, the scene between Jerry and Elaine before the jury re-enters the courtroom, Jerry's opening stand-up comedy act, and the scene in Monk's Cafe. The scene with Jerry, Elaine, George and Kramer having a meal in their cell was used for the credits of the first part.


title: Come On Eileen

text: "Come On Eileen" is a song by the English group Dexys Midnight Runners (credited to Dexys Midnight Runners and the Emerald Express), released in the United Kingdom in June 1982 as a single from their second studio album "Too-Rye-Ay". It reached number one in the United States and was their second number one hit in the UK, following 1980's "Geno". The song was produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley and was initially claimed to be written by Kevin Rowland, Jim Paterson and Billy Adams, although Rowland later stated that the essence of the tune should be attributed to Kevin Archer.


title: Come On Eileen

text: "Come On Eileen" won Best British Single at the 1983 Brit Awards, and in 2015 the song was voted by the British public as the nation's sixth favourite 1980s number one single in a poll for ITV. It was ranked number eighteen on VH1's "100 Greatest Songs of the '80s" and was Britain's best-selling single of 1982.


title: Come On Eileen

text: There are various versions of the song; some, in addition to the main section, feature either a Celtic fiddle-solo intro or an a cappella coda, both based on Thomas Moore's Irish folk song "Believe Me, if All Those Endearing Young Charms".


title: Come On Eileen

text: The main section begins with a Celtic-style fiddle played over a drum beat, with the bass guitar and piano providing accompaniment.


title: Come On Eileen

text: The bridge of "Come On Eileen" features an improvised counter-melody which begins in a slow tempo and grows faster and faster over an accelerando vocal backing. The chord sequence of the bridge is actually the same as the verses, but transposed up by a whole tone.


title: Come On Eileen

text: Although often believed to have been inspired by a childhood friend with whom Kevin Rowland had a romantic, and later sexual, relationship in his teens, there was actually no real Eileen. "In fact she was composite, to make a point about Catholic repression."


title: Come On Eileen

text: The 1982 music video was directed by Julien Temple and filmed in the inner south London suburb of Kennington in the vicinity of the corner of Brook Drive and Hayles Street, then Austral Street and Holyoak Road. The character of "Eileen" in the music video, as well as on the single cover, is played by Máire Fahey, sister of Siobhan Fahey from Bananarama.


title: Come On Eileen

text: Archival footage of Johnnie Ray arriving at London Heathrow Airport in 1954 was featured in the video.


title: Come On Eileen

text: In a 2000 poll by Channel 4, the song was placed at number 38 in the 100 greatest number one singles of all time. Similar polls by the music channel VH1 placed the song at number three in their "100 Greatest One Hit Wonders" of all time, number 18 in their "100 Greatest Songs of the '80s" and number one in their "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s". (While the group had a previous number one single in the UK with "Geno" in 1980, "Come On Eileen" was their only US hit.) As of June 2013, "Come On Eileen" had sold 1.33 million copies in the UK.


title: Come On Eileen

text: The song reached number one in the United States on the "Billboard" Hot 100 charts during the week ending 23 April 1983. "Come On Eileen" prevented Michael Jackson from having back-to-back number one hits in the US: "Billie Jean" was the number one single the previous seven weeks, while "Beat It" was the number one song the ensuing three.


title: Come On Eileen

text: In 2004, the band 4-4-2 was formed to cover the song as "Come On England" with altered lyrics to support the England national football team during their appearance in the 2004 European Championships.


title: Cute aggression

text: Cute aggression, or playful aggression, is superficially aggressive behaviour caused by seeing something cute, such as a human baby or young animal. People experiencing cute aggression may grit their teeth, clench their fists, or feel the urge to bite, pinch, and squeeze something they consider cute.


title: Cute aggression

text: The first research into cute aggression was led by Oriana Aragón. The term "cute aggression" was published widely in 2013, after Rebecca Dyer and Aragón presented their team's early research on the topic at the annual meeting of the Society for Personality and Social Psychology on January 18. In 2015, Aragón and colleagues published their first academic paper on the subject, using the alternative term "playful aggression", defined as follows:


title: Cute aggression

text: Playful aggression is in reference to the expressions that people show sometimes when interacting with babies. Sometimes we say things and appear to be more angry than happy, even though we are happy. For example some people grit their teeth, clench their hands, pinch cheeks, or say things like "I want to eat you up!" It would be difficult to ask about every possible behavior of playful aggression, so we ask generally about things of this kind—calling them playful aggressions.


title: Cute aggression

text: The concept of playful aggression is also captured in several non-English terms. In Filipino, for example, the word "gigil" refers to "the gritting of teeth and the urge to pinch or squeeze something that is unbearably cute." In Indonesian, the word 'gemas' refers to the built-up feeling you feel when seeing cute objects, which then leads up to the gritting teeth or the urge to pinch. The word "geram" in Malay encapsulates cute aggression but can also ambiguously mean anger or frustration. In Thai language it's called, "Mankiaow". In Spain and some Latin American countries, it’s referred to as “the thing.” For example; ese gatito me da cosa. “That cat gives me the thing”, followed by pinching or clenching of teeth and biting down but joyful movement.


title: Cute aggression

text: Playful aggression is a type of "dimorphous" display, in which a positive experience elicits expressions usually associated with negative emotions. This behaviour occurs more commonly in individuals who experience dimorphous emotions across a range of situations, and may help to regulate emotions by balancing an overwhelmingly positive emotion with a negative response.


title: Cute aggression

text: Intense positive feelings often produce hybrid categorically positive and typical negative expressions. This is commonly witnessed in situations in which a person is so overwhelmed by happiness that they begin to tear up or even cry. Such regulation of emotion has been coined "dimorphous expression". The dimorphous expression model seeks to identify the validity of the phenomenon via a study involving a series of questions asked to subjects in conditions where they were not exposed to a cute stimulus and in conditions where they were exposed.


title: Cute aggression

text: Human beings possess the natural tendency of care-taking. As a species, humans rely heavily upon parental care in order for their offspring to survive. Humans have very low reproductive rates relative to other species which amplifies the importance of parental care toward the survival of their very few offspring. These feelings tend to be on a continuous scale rather than a particular threshold value. The gradient is most intense with objects that we perceive to be more cute in comparison to objects that are not as cute, but still generate a response.


title: Incesticide

text: The album was released on December 14, 1992, in Europe, and December 15, 1992, in the United States. It eventually reached number 39 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Incesticide

text: Early in 1992, Jonathan Poneman of Sub Pop contacted Gary Gersh, who had previously signed Nirvana to DGC Records, to inform him that Sub Pop still had a number of unreleased early Nirvana recordings in their possession. The band had intended to release the material via Sub Pop and cynically called it "Cash Cow". However, Sub Pop could not match Geffen's distribution network, and the band felt that getting the material maximum exposure was important. Sub Pop sold the recordings to Geffen for "a six-figure amount" on the condition that the band would create and approve the release of an album by Christmas 1992.


title: Incesticide

text: At the time, the majority of the material on "Incesticide" was circulating within fan communities (albeit in lower quality). It was widely reported in the music press that the band wanted to offer fans a higher-quality alternative. In the book "Cobain Unseen", Charles R. Cross writes that Kurt Cobain agreed to the release of this compilation because he was allowed complete control over the album's artwork.


title: Incesticide

text: Since the songs were recorded in different sessions and some were recorded when Nirvana did not have a stable formation, the album includes recordings by four different drummers: Chad Channing, Dan Peters, Dale Crover, and Dave Grohl.


title: Incesticide

text: The cover art was painted by Cobain, who is credited as "Kurdt Kobain" in the liner notes. The rubber duck seen on the album's back cover belonged to art-designer Robert Fisher. The front cover prominently displays a poppy, hinting at Cobain's struggle with heroin addiction.


title: Incesticide

text: The first several pressings of the album contained liner notes written by Cobain, including a statement decrying homophobia, racism and misogyny:


title: Incesticide

text: Versions of the album containing the liner notes by Cobain could be found at record stores as late as 1998. Initial copies in the U.S. and Canada also contained a Parental Advisory label.


title: Incesticide

text: The album received generally positive reviews. "Nobody really wants a "Hatful of Hollow"-type assortment of Peel/Goodier sessions, B-sides, demos and obscurities in the place of a proper studio album," observed Andrew Perry in "Select". "But, hell, wouldn't you try and put an end to the consumer madness going on in your name? And harvest some of the money for yourself? Anyway, people might start talking about the music again…" In a review for AllMusic, music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine said that the song "Aneurysm" was "perhaps the greatest single song the group ever recorded".


title: Incesticide

text: "Incesticide" was released on December 14, 1992, in the United Kingdom, and on December 15, 1992, in the United States. The record label, Geffen, decided against heavily promoting the album, possibly to avoid a "Nirvana burnout" as the band had released "Nevermind" and four singles in the preceding fifteen months.


title: Incesticide

text: Despite this lack of promotion and being a collection of old and new material, "Incesticide" debuted at number 51 in the "Billboard" 200 and sold 500,000 copies in two months. The album is certified Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 17, and peaked at number 14.


title: Incesticide

text: On November 23, 2012, "Incesticide" was re-released on vinyl as a limited two-LP 45 RPM edition for its 20th anniversary.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The Aswan Dam, or more specifically since the 1960s, the Aswan High Dam, is one of the world's largest embankment dams, which was built across the Nile in Aswan, Egypt, between 1960 and 1970. Its significance largely eclipsed the previous Aswan Low Dam initially completed in 1902 downstream. Based on the success of the Low Dam, then at its maximum utilization, construction of the High Dam became a key objective of the government following the Egyptian Revolution of 1952; with its ability to better control flooding, provide increased water storage for irrigation and generate hydroelectricity, the dam was seen as pivotal to Egypt's planned industrialization. Like the earlier implementation, the High Dam has had a significant effect on the economy and culture of Egypt.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Before the High Dam was built, even with the old dam in place, the annual flooding of the Nile during late summer had continued to pass largely unimpeded down the valley from its East African drainage basin. These floods brought high water with natural nutrients and minerals that annually enriched the fertile soil along its floodplain and delta; this predictability had made the Nile valley ideal for farming since ancient times. However, this natural flooding varied, since high-water years could destroy the whole crop, while low-water years could create widespread drought and consequently famine. Both these events had continued to occur periodically. As Egypt's population grew and technology increased, both a desire and the ability developed to completely control the flooding, and thus both protect and support farmland and its economically important cotton crop. With the greatly increased reservoir storage provided by the High Aswan Dam, the floods could be controlled and the water could be stored for later release over multiple years.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The earliest recorded attempt to build a dam near Aswan was in the 11th century, when the Arab polymath and engineer Ibn al-Haytham (known as "Alhazen" in the West) was summoned to Egypt by the Fatimid Caliph, Al-Hakim bi-Amr Allah, to regulate the flooding of the Nile, a task requiring an early attempt at an Aswan Dam. His field work convinced him of the impracticality of this scheme.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The British began construction of the first dam across the Nile in 1898. Construction lasted until 1902 and the dam was opened on 10 December 1902. The project was designed by Sir William Willcocks and involved several eminent engineers, including Sir Benjamin Baker and Sir John Aird, whose firm, John Aird & Co., was the main contractor.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In 1952, the Greek-Egyptian engineer Adrian Daninos began to develop the plan of the new Aswan Dam. Although the Low Dam was almost overtopped in 1946, the government of King Farouk showed no interest in Daninos's plans. Instead the Nile Valley Plan by the British hydrologist Harold Edwin Hurst was favored, which proposed to store water in Sudan and Ethiopia, where evaporation is much lower. The Egyptian position changed completely after the overthrow of the monarchy, led by the Free Officers Movement including Gamal Abdel Nasser. The Free Officers were convinced that the Nile Waters had to be stored in Egypt for political reasons, and within two months, the plan of Daninos was accepted. Initially, both the United States and the USSR were interested in helping development of the dam. Complications ensued due to their rivalry during the Cold War, as well as growing intra-Arab tensions.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In 1955, Nasser was claiming to be the leader of Arab nationalism, in opposition to the traditional monarchies, especially the Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq following its signing of the 1955 Baghdad Pact. At that time the U.S. feared that communism would spread to the Middle East, and it saw Nasser as a natural leader of an anticommunist procapitalist Arab League. America and the United Kingdom offered to help finance construction of the High Dam, with a loan of $270 million, in return for Nasser's leadership in resolving the Arab-Israeli conflict. While opposed to communism, capitalism, and imperialism, Nasser identified as a tactical neutralist, and sought to work with both the U.S. and the USSR for Egyptian and Arab benefit. After the UN criticized a raid by Israel against Egyptian forces in Gaza in 1955, Nasser realized that he could not portray himself as the leader of pan-Arab nationalism if he could not defend his country militarily against Israel. In addition to his development plans, he looked to quickly modernize his military, and he turned first to the U.S. for aid.


title: Aswan Dam

text: American Secretary of State John Foster Dulles and President Dwight Eisenhower told Nasser that the U.S. would supply him with weapons only if they were used for defensive purposes and if he accepted American military personnel for supervision and training. Nasser did not accept these conditions, and consulted the USSR for support.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Although Dulles believed that Nasser was only bluffing and that the USSR would not aid Nasser, he was wrong: the USSR promised Nasser a quantity of arms in exchange for a deferred payment of Egyptian grain and cotton. On 27 September 1955, Nasser announced an arms deal, with Czechoslovakia acting as a middleman for the Soviet support. Instead of attacking Nasser for turning to the Soviets, Dulles sought to improve relations with him. In December 1955, the US and the UK pledged $56 and $14 million, respectively, toward construction of the High Aswan Dam.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Though the Czech arms deal created an incentive for the US to invest at Aswan, the UK cited the deal as a reason for repealing its promise of dam funds. Dulles was angered more by Nasser's diplomatic recognition of China, which was in direct conflict with Dulles's policy of containment of communism.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Several other factors contributed to the US deciding to withdraw its offer of funding for the dam. Dulles believed that the USSR would not fulfil its commitment of military aid. He was also irritated by Nasser's neutrality and attempts to play both sides of the Cold War. At the time, other Western allies in the Middle East, including Turkey and Iraq, were resentful that Egypt, a persistently neutral country, was being offered so much aid.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In June 1956, the Soviets offered Nasser $1.12 billion at 2% interest for the construction of the dam. On 19 July the U.S. State Department announced that American financial assistance for the High Dam was "not feasible in present circumstances."


title: Aswan Dam

text: On 26 July 1956, with wide Egyptian acclaim, Nasser announced the nationalization of the Suez Canal that included fair compensation for the former owners. Nasser planned on the revenues generated by the canal to help fund construction of the High Dam. When the Suez War broke out, the United Kingdom, France, and Israel seized the canal and the Sinai. But pressure from the U.S. and the USSR at the United Nations and elsewhere forced them to withdraw.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In the 1950s, archaeologists began raising concerns that several major historical sites, including the famous temple of Abu Simbel were about to be submerged by waters collected behind the dam. A rescue operation began in 1960 under UNESCO (for details see below under Effects).


title: Aswan Dam

text: The Soviets also provided technicians and heavy machinery. The enormous rock and clay dam was designed by the Soviet Hydroproject Institute along with some Egyptian engineers. 25,000 Egyptian engineers and workers contributed to the construction of the dams.


title: Aswan Dam

text: On the Egyptian side, the project was led by Osman Ahmed Osman's Arab Contractors. The relatively young Osman underbid his only competitor by one-half.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The Aswan High Dam is long, wide at the base, wide at the crest and tall. It contains of material. At maximum, of water can pass through the dam. There are further emergency spillways for an extra , and the Toshka Canal links the reservoir to the Toshka Depression. The reservoir, named Lake Nasser, is long and at its widest, with a surface area of . It holds of water.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Due to the absence of appreciable rainfall, Egypt's agriculture depends entirely on irrigation. With irrigation, two crops per year can be produced, except for sugar cane which has a growing period of almost one year.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The high dam at Aswan releases, on average, water per year, of which some are diverted into the irrigation canals.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In the Nile valley and delta, almost benefit from these waters producing on average 1.8 crops per year. The annual crop consumptive use of water is about . Hence, the overall irrigation efficiency is 38/46 = 0.826 or 83%. This is a relatively high irrigation efficiency. The field irrigation efficiencies are much less, but the losses are reused downstream. This continuous reuse accounts for the high overall efficiency.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The following table shows the distribution of irrigation water over the branch canals taking off from the one main irrigation canal, the Mansuriya Canal near Giza.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The salt concentration of the water in the Aswan reservoir is about , a very low salinity level. At an annual inflow of , the annual salt influx reaches 14 million tons. The average salt concentration of the drainage water evacuated into the sea and the coastal lakes is . At an annual discharge of (not counting the of salt intrusion from the sea and the lakes, see figure "Water balances"), the annual salt export reaches 27 million ton. In 1995, the output of salt was higher than the influx, and Egypt's agricultural lands were desalinizing. Part of this could be due to the large number of subsurface drainage projects executed in the last decades to control the water table and soil salinity.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Drainage through subsurface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from waterlogging and soil salinization caused by irrigation. By 2003, more than have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system and approximately of water is drained annually from areas with these systems. The total investment cost in agricultural drainage over 27 years from 1973 to 2002 was about $3.1 billion covering the cost of design, construction, maintenance, research and training. During this period 11 large-scale projects were implemented with financial support from World Bank and other donors.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The High Dam has resulted in protection from floods and droughts, an increase in agricultural production and employment, electricity production, and improved navigation that also benefits tourism. Conversely, the dam flooded a large area, causing the relocation of over 100,000 people. Many archaeological sites were submerged while others were relocated. The dam is blamed for coastline erosion, soil salinity, and health problems.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The assessment of the costs and benefits of the dam remains controversial decades after its completion. According to one estimate, the annual economic benefit of the High Dam immediately after its completion was , $587 million using the exchange rate in 1970 of $2.30 per ): from agricultural production, from hydroelectric generation, from flood protection, and from improved navigation. At the time of its construction, total cost, including unspecified "subsidiary projects" and the extension of electric power lines, amounted to . Not taking into account the negative environmental and social effects of the dam, its costs are thus estimated to have been recovered within only two years. One observer notes: "The impacts of the Aswan High Dam (...) have been overwhelmingly positive. Although the Dam has contributed to some environmental problems, these have proved to be significantly less severe than was generally expected, or currently believed by many people." Another observer disagreed and he recommended that the dam should be torn down. Tearing it down would cost only a fraction of the funds required for "continually combating the dam's consequential damage" and of fertile land could be reclaimed from the layers of mud on the bed of the drained reservoir. Samuel C. Florman wrote about the dam: "As a structure it is a success. But in its effect on the ecology of the Nile Basin -most of which could have been predicted- it is a failure".


title: Aswan Dam

text: Periodic floods and droughts have affected Egypt since ancient times. The dam mitigated the effects of floods, such as those in 1964, 1973, and 1988. Navigation along the river has been improved, both upstream and downstream of the dam. Sailing along the Nile is a favorite tourism activity, which is mainly done during the winter when the natural flow of the Nile would have been too low to allow navigation of cruise ships. A new fishing industry has been created around Lake Nasser, though it is struggling due to its distance from any significant markets. The annual production was about 35 000 tons in the mid-1990s. Factories for the fishing industry and packaging have been set up near the Lake.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The dams also protected Egypt from the droughts in 1972–73 and 1983–87 that devastated East and West Africa. The High Dam allowed Egypt to reclaim about 2.0 million feddan (840,000 hectares) in the Nile Delta and along the Nile Valley, increasing the country's irrigated area by a third. The increase was brought about both by irrigating what used to be desert and by bringing under cultivation of that were previously used as flood retention basins. About half a million families were settled on these new lands. In particular the area under rice and sugar cane cultivation increased. In addition, about 1 million feddan (420,000 hectares), mostly in Upper Egypt, were converted from flood irrigation with only one crop per year to perennial irrigation allowing two or more crops per year. On other previously irrigated land, yields increased because water could be made available at critical low-flow periods. For example, wheat yields in Egypt tripled between 1952 and 1991 and better availability of water contributed to this increase. Most of the 32 km of freshwater, or almost 40 percent of the average flow of the Nile that were previously lost to the sea every year could be put to beneficial use. While about 10 km of the water saved is lost due to evaporation in Lake Nasser, the amount of water available for irrigation still increased by 22 km. Other estimates put evaporation from Lake Nasser at between 10 and 16 cubic km per year.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The dam powers twelve generators each rated at , with a total of . Power generation began in 1967. When the High Dam first reached peak output it produced around half of Egypt's production of electric power (about 15 percent by 1998), and it gave most Egyptian villages the use of electricity for the first time. The High Dam has also improved the efficiency and the extension of the Old Aswan Hydropower stations by regulating upstream flows.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Lake Nasser flooded much of lower Nubia and 100,000 to 120,000 people were resettled in Sudan and Egypt.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In Sudan, 50,000 to 70,000 Sudanese Nubians were moved from the old town of Wadi Halfa and its surrounding villages. Some were moved to a newly created settlement on the shore of Lake Nasser called New Wadi Halfa, and some were resettled approximately south to the semi-arid Butana plain near the town of Khashm el-Girba up the Atbara River. The climate there had a regular rainy season as opposed to their previous desert habitat in which virtually no rain fell. The government developed an irrigation project, called the New Halfa Agricultural Development Scheme to grow cotton, grains, sugar cane and other crops. The Nubians were resettled in twenty five planned villages that included schools, medical facilities, and other services, including piped water and some electrification.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In Egypt, the majority of the 50,000 Nubians were moved three to ten kilometers from the Nile near Kom Ombo, downstream from Aswan in what was called "New Nubia". Housing and facilities were built for 47 village units whose relationship to each other approximated that in Old Nubia. Irrigated land was provided to grow mainly sugar cane.


title: Aswan Dam

text: In 2019–20, Egypt started to compensate the Nubians who lost their homes following the dam impoundment.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Twenty-two monuments and architectural complexes that were threatened by flooding from Lake Nasser, including the Abu Simbel temples, were preserved by moving them to the shores of the lake under the UNESCO Nubia Campaign. Also moved were Philae, Kalabsha and Amada.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The Temple of Ptah at Gerf Hussein had its free-standing section reconstructed at New Kalabsha, alongside the Temple of Kalabsha, Beit el-Wali, and the Kiosk of Qertassi.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The remaining archaeological sites, including the Buhen fort and the cemetery of Fadrus have been flooded by Lake Nasser.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Before the construction of the High Dam, the Nile deposited sediments of various particle size – consisting of fine sand, silt and clay – on fields in Upper Egypt through its annual flood, contributing to soil fertility. However, the nutrient value of the sediment has often been overestimated. 88 percent of the sediment was carried to the sea before the construction of the High Dam. The nutrient value added to the land by the sediment was only 6,000 tons of potash, 7,000 tons of phosphorus pentoxide and 17,000 tons of nitrogen. These amounts are insignificant compared to what is needed to reach the yields achieved today in Egypt's irrigation. Also, the annual spread of sediment due to the Nile floods occurred along the banks of the Nile. Areas far from the river which never received the Nile floods before are now being irrigated.


title: Aswan Dam

text: A more serious issue of trapping of sediment by the dam is that it has increased coastline erosion surrounding the Nile Delta. The coastline erodes an estimated per year.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Before the construction of the High Dam, groundwater levels in the Nile Valley fluctuated per year with the water level of the Nile. During summer when evaporation was highest, the groundwater level was too deep to allow salts dissolved in the water to be pulled to the surface through capillary action. With the disappearance of the annual flood and heavy year-round irrigation, groundwater levels remained high with little fluctuation leading to waterlogging. Soil salinity also increased because the distance between the surface and the groundwater table was small enough (1–2 m depending on soil conditions and temperature) to allow water to be pulled up by evaporation so that the relatively small concentrations of salt in the groundwater accumulated on the soil surface over the years. Since most of the farmland did not have proper subsurface drainage to lower the groundwater table, salinization gradually affected crop yields. Drainage through sub-surface drains and drainage channels is essential to prevent a deterioration of crop yields from soil salinization and waterlogging. By 2003, more than 2 million hectares have been equipped with a subsurface drainage system at a cost from 1973 to 2002 of about $3.1 billion.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Contrary to many predictions made prior to the Aswan High Dam construction and publications that followed, that the prevalence of schistosomiasis (bilharzia) would increase, it did not. This assumption did not take into account the extent of perennial irrigation that was already present throughout Egypt decades before the high dam closure. By the 1950s only a small proportion of Upper Egypt had not been converted from basin (low transmission) to perennial (high transmission) irrigation. Expansion of perennial irrigation systems in Egypt did not depend on the high dam. In fact, within 15 years of the high dam closure there was solid evidence that bilharzia was declining in Upper Egypt. "S. haematobium" has since disappeared altogether. Suggested reasons for this include improvements in irrigation practice. In the Nile Delta, schistosomiasis had been highly endemic, with prevalence in the villages 50% or higher for almost a century before. This was a consequence of the conversion of the Delta to perennial irrigation to grow long staple cotton by the British. This has changed. Large-scale treatment programmes in the 1990s using single-dose oral medication contributed greatly to reducing the prevalence and severity of "S. mansoni" in the Delta.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Sediment deposited in the reservoir is lowering the water storage capacity of Lake Nasser. The reservoir storage capacity is 162 km, including 31 km dead storage at the bottom of the lake below above sea level, 90 km live storage, and 41 km of storage for high flood waters above above sea level. The annual sediment load of the Nile is about 134 million tons. This means that the dead storage volume would be filled up after 300–500 years if the sediment accumulated at the same rate throughout the area of the lake. Obviously sediment accumulates much faster at the upper reaches of the lake, where sedimentation has already affected the live storage zone.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Before the construction of the High Dam, the of irrigation and drainage canals in Egypt had to be dredged regularly to remove sediments. After construction of the dam, aquatic weeds grew much faster in the clearer water, helped by fertilizer residues. The total length of the infested waterways was about in the mid-1990s. Weeds have been gradually brought under control by manual, mechanical and biological methods.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Mediterranean fishing and brackish water lake fishery declined after the dam was finished because nutrients that flowed down the Nile to the Mediterranean were trapped behind the dam. For example, the sardine catch off the Egyptian coast declined from 18,000 tons in 1962 to a mere 460 tons in 1968, but then gradually recovered to 8,590 tons in 1992. A scientific article in the mid-1990s noted that "the mismatch between low primary productivity and relatively high levels of fish production in the region still presents a puzzle to scientists."


title: Aswan Dam

text: A concern before the construction of the High Dam had been the potential drop in river-bed level downstream of the Dam as the result of erosion caused by the flow of sediment-free water. Estimates by various national and international experts put this drop at between and . However, the actual drop has been measured at , much less than expected.


title: Aswan Dam

text: The red-brick construction industry, which consisted of hundreds of factories that used Nile sediment deposits along the river, has also been negatively affected. Deprived of sediment, they started using the older alluvium of otherwise arable land taking out of production up to annually, with an estimated destroyed by 1984 when the government prohibited, "with only modest success," further excavation. According to one source, bricks are now being made from new techniques which use a sand-clay mixture and it has been argued that the mud-based brick industry would have suffered even if the dam had not been built.


title: Aswan Dam

text: Because of the lower turbidity of the water sunlight penetrates deeper in the Nile water. Because of this and the increased presence of nutrients from fertilizers in the water, more algae grow in the Nile. This in turn increases the costs of drinking water treatment. Apparently few experts had expected that water quality in the Nile would actually decrease because of the High Dam.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: The Colt family incest case concerns an Australian family discovered in 2012 to have been engaging in four generations of incest beginning with a couple known as Tim and June Colt, who emigrated from New Zealand in the 1970s. They all lived on a farm near Boorowa, New South Wales. The family members' true identities remain unknown to the public. The name "Colt" is a pseudonym used by New South Wales courts and government agencies, as are all of the family's given names.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: "June", born in 1948, and "Tim Colt", born in 1943, were originally from New Zealand. June, who was the product of brother-sister incest, married Tim in 1966. The couple had seven children together: Martha, Frank, Paula, Cherry, Rhonda, Betty, and Charlie, before moving to Victoria in the 1970s. Tim Colt began to rape Betty when she was 12. In 1997, Betty, wanting to know if June could donate a kidney to a granddaughter, found out that her mother June was inbred.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: The family grew to nearly forty members ranging from grandparents to mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, aunts, uncles, nephews, brothers and sisters, all engaging in various forms of incest. Many of the children suffered from deformities and medical problems. School attendance was transient and happened only when welfare officers visited the family, and children needed remedial teaching once there. Some children tortured animals, mutilating their genitals, as a pastime.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Children and adults had regularly engaged in sexual activities which conceived children, some with genetic deformities. Most of the children had fungal infections. In order to hide the pregnancies, the girls would sometimes miscarry on the farm, or fatherhood was attributed to outsiders from outside Australia coming to the country for work or tourism. There were incidents of the girls being tied to trees and raped by the boys. They had no access to running water, showers, toilets or hygiene products.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: The case has been described by Detective Chief Inspector Peter Yeomans as "like nothing I've ever seen," and was considered by many to be so shocking that, in a rare move, the New South Wales Children's Court allowed full details to be made public, albeit with all names changed to pseudonyms for the children's protection, including the family name of "Colt."


title: Colt clan incest case

text: After the death of June in 2001 and Tim in 2009, the family was led by Betty Colt. Betty and her younger brother, Charlie, had twelve children together. The family received multiple social security payments, including disability and family support.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Starting from the 1990s, the family was known to frequently relocate between South Australia, Western Australia, and Victoria before locals became suspicious of their activities. They relocated to New South Wales, thirty kilometers (20 miles) outside of the small town of Boorowa, three and a half hours southwest of Sydney. The police ultimately discovered nearly forty members of the family living under squalid conditions in tents and shacks. They sometimes performed as a musical band.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Knowledge of the family came to authorities in June 2010, which led to seven "risk of significant harm" reports. However, an official investigation was not opened until July 2012 when a child reported overhearing another child at a local primary school speaking of an unkempt girl, living in the bush, who was pregnant with a child fathered by a brother. The child overheard the girl state that one of her sisters was pregnant and they did not know which of her brothers was the father.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Over the next year, police tracked the family down and, after obtaining an understanding of the living conditions in the family's encampment, put several children in foster care, including Bobby (Betty's son with her younger brother) and Billy (Betty's son with her older son). Police discovered the living area of thirty-eight members of the family in the bush, living under squalid conditions in tents and shacks, on the outskirts of Boorowa. The family were charged with incest and child neglect.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Betty Colt legally disputed the charges and attempted to regain custody. After tracking the cell phone activities of Betty, police discovered text messages of a sexual nature sent to her son, Bobby. She and Bobby had made plans to abduct Billy from foster care. Genetic testing showed that Bobby was the product of incest between Betty and a father or full brother.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: The case has been described as unique because of the reluctance of the victims to come forward. It has been said that there are difficulties in determining the guilt of particular offenders, arguing that behaviour exists on a moral continuum and the law is dichotomous in nature, being an 'absolute concept'. Therefore, even though the victims may have actually consented to the relationships, the law still deems it as criminal.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: The Children's Court of New South Wales took the unusual step of publishing its decision permanently removing the children. In the court's findings, the neglect of the children and genetic evidence were viewed as dispositive in the matter. The court held that "there is no realistic possibility of restoration of any of the children [to their biological family]."


title: Colt clan incest case

text: A number of attempts by the elder family members to establish connections with the younger have been blocked by the courts. While in care, the children started by often displaying sexual behaviour, whether between themselves or with caretakers, although these habits faded over time.


title: Colt clan incest case

text: Australian police attempted to deport Betty to New Zealand, the country of her birth, after the completion of her sentence, but Betty fought the deportation, was released from the deportation center in November 2015, and is now residing in South Australia with her daughter Raylene and at least two other male relatives. She also attempted to contact other relatives through Facebook.


title: Selena Gomez videography

text: Selena Gomez is an American actress, singer, and producer. She began her acting career by appearing on the children's television series "Barney & Friends" (2002–2004). She rose to prominence for her lead role as Alex Russo on the Disney Channel television series "Wizards of Waverly Place" (2007–2012). She had a leading role in the direct-to-video film "Another Cinderella Story" (2008), the second installment of the "A Cinderella Story" series, and won the Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie — Leading Young Actress. In 2009, she had main roles in two Disney Channel films—"Princess Protection Program" and ""—the latter was cable's number-one scripted telecast of the year in total viewers and won a Primetime Emmy Award. Her first feature film starring role was in the film adaptation of the children's novel series by Beverly Cleary, "Ramona and Beezus" (2010), with Gomez portraying Beezus Quimby. The following year, she starred in the lead role of Grace, a teenager "mistaken for a socialite while on a trip to Paris", in the comedy film "Monte Carlo".


title: Selena Gomez videography

text: Gomez was part of the main cast of the controversial Harmony Korine-directed crime film "Spring Breakers" (2012), starring James Franco. The film saw Gomez playing a more mature character than she did previously. It received generally positive reviews from critics, with some calling it a potential cult classic; it ranks in BBC's 100 Greatest Films of the 21st Century. She also voices the character of Mavis in the commercially successful "Hotel Transylvania" film franchise (2012–2022), which garnered over $1,36 billion at the box office. The next year, she starred opposite Ethan Hawke in the action thriller film "Getaway", which was both critically and commercially unsuccessful. Gomez's acting credits include starring roles in the comedy-drama film "The Fundamentals of Caring" (2016) with Paul Rudd, the Jim Jarmusch-directed comedy horror film "The Dead Don't Die" (2019), and the romantic comedy "A Rainy Day in New York" (2019). In addition, she served as executive producer on the popular Netflix teen drama television series "13 Reasons Why" (2017–2020), and "Living Undocumented" (2019). She also executive produces and stars in the HBO Max cooking series "Selena + Chef" (2020–present).


title: Selena Gomez videography

text: Gomez stars in and executive produce the Emmy Award-winning Hulu mystery-comedy series "Only Murders in the Building" (2021–present), alongside Steve Martin and Martin Short. The series has received critical acclaim for its comedic approach to crime fiction. She received critical praise for her performance, and was nominated for the Critics' Choice Television Award for Best Actress in a Comedy Series, the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Musical or Comedy, and a Screen Actors Guild Award. As an executive producer, she also received a nomination for Outstanding Comedy Series at the Primetime Emmy Awards. She was focus of the 2022 Alek Keshishian-directed "raw and intimate" documentary film, "", which follows Gomez's life over the last six years. Gomez was announced as executive producer and star of the Elgin James-directed biographical film "In the Shadow of the Mountain," based on the memoir of Silvia Vasquez-Lavado, the first openly gay woman to complete the Seven Summits.


title: Mutilation

text: Mutilation or maiming (from the Latin: "mutilus") refers to severe damage to the body that has a ruinous effect on an individual's quality of life. It can also refer to alterations that render something inferior, ugly, dysfunctional, or imperfect. In modern times, the term has an overwhelmingly negative connotation.


title: Mutilation

text: In 2019, Michael H. Stone, Gary Brucato, and Ann Burgess proposed formal criteria by which "mutilation" might be systematically distinguished from the act of "dismemberment," as these terms are commonly used interchangeably. They suggested that dismemberment involves "the entire removal, by any means, of a large section of the body of a living or dead person, specifically, the head (also termed decapitation), arms, hands, torso, pelvic area, legs, or feet." Mutilation, by contrast, involves "the removal or irreparable disfigurement, by any means, of some smaller portion of one of those larger sections of a living or dead person. The latter would include castration (removal of the testicles), evisceration (removal of the internal organs), and flaying (removal of the skin)." According to these parameters, removing a whole hand would constitute dismemberment, while removing or damaging a finger would be mutilation; decapitation of a full head would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a part of the face would be mutilation; and removing a whole torso would be dismemberment, while removing or damaging a breast or the organs contained within the torso would be mutilation.


title: Mutilation

text: Some ethnic groups practice ritual mutilation, e.g. scarification, burning, flagellation, tattooing, or wheeling, as part of a rite of passage. In some cases, the term may apply to treatment of dead bodies, such as soldiers mutilated after they have been killed by an enemy. Castration is also a form of mutilation.


title: Mutilation

text: The traditional Chinese practices of "língchí" and foot binding are forms of mutilation. One form of mutilation that has captured the imagination of Westerners is the "long-neck" people, a sub-group of the Karen known as the Padaung where women wear brass rings around their neck. The act of tattooing is also considered a form of self-mutilation according to some cultural traditions, such as within Christianity. A joint statement released by the United Nations and numerous other international bodies opposes female genital mutilation/cutting as a form of mutilation. Historically, tattoos, circumcision, and body piercings have also been considered mutilation by some cultures, although use of the term "mutilation" for these things is significantly less accepted than FGM and is often considered erroneous and offensive.


title: Mutilation

text: Sex-reassignment surgery has been called "mutilation" by critics; use of the term to describe sex reassignment surgery is often considered heavily provocative and insulting by those who are transgender.


title: Mutilation

text: "Maiming", or mutilation which involves the loss of, or incapacity to use, a bodily member, is and has been practiced by many societies with various cultural and religious significance, and is also a customary form of physical punishment, especially applied on the principle of an eye for an eye.


title: Mutilation

text: The Araucanian warrior Galvarino suffered this punishment as a prisoner during the Spanish conquest of Chile.


title: Mutilation

text: Maiming has often been a criminal offense; the old law term for a special case of maiming of persons was mayhem, an Anglo-French variant form of the word.


title: Mutilation

text: Maiming of animals by others than their owners is a particular form of the offense generally grouped as malicious damage. For the purpose of the law as to this offense animals are divided into cattle, which includes pigs and equids, and other animals which are either subjects of larceny at common law or are usually kept in confinement or for domestic purposes.


title: Mutilation

text: In Britain under the Malicious Damage Act 1861 the punishment for maiming of cattle was three to fourteen years' penal servitude; malicious injury to other animals was a misdemeanor punishable on summary conviction. For a second offense the penalty was imprisonment with hard labor for over twelve months. Today maiming of animals falls under the Cruelty to Animals Acts, while maiming by others is additionally treated as criminal damage.


title: Mutilation

text: In times when even judicial physical punishment was still commonly allowed to cause not only intense pain and public humiliation during the administration but also to inflict permanent physical damage, or even deliberately intended to mark the criminal for life by docking or branding, one of the common anatomical target areas not normally under permanent cover of clothing (so particularly merciless in the long term) were the ear(s).


title: Mutilation

text: In England, for example, various pamphleteers attacking the religious views of the Anglican episcopacy under William Laud, the Archbishop of Canterbury, had their ears cut off for those writings: in 1630 Alexander Leighton and in 1637 still other Puritans, John Bastwick, Henry Burton, and William Prynne.


title: Mutilation

text: In Scotland one of the Covenanters, James Gavin of Douglas, Lanarkshire, had his ears cut off for refusing to renounce his religious faith. In Japan, Gonsalo Garcia and his companions were similarly punished.


title: Mutilation

text: Notably in various jurisdictions of the Thirteen Colonies, even relatively minor crimes, such as hog stealing, were punishable by having one's ears nailed to the pillory and slit loose, or even cropped, a counterfeiter would be branded on top (for that crime, considered lèse-majesté, the older mirror punishment was boiling in oil), which was an example of western mutilation.


title: Mutilation

text: Independence did not render American justice any less brutal. For example, in the future state of Tennessee, an example of harsh 'frontier law' under the 1780 Cumberland Compact took place in 1793 when Judge John McNairy sentenced Nashville's first horse thief, John McKain Jr., to be fastened to a wooden stock one hour for 39 lashes, have his ears cut off and cheeks branded with the letters "H" and "T".


title: Mutilation

text: Tongue cutting is also a form of mutilation as this leads to bleeding to death in most cases with choking in the lungs.


title: Mutilation

text: Nebahne Yohannes, an unsuccessful claimant to the Ethiopian imperial throne who had his ears and nose cut off, yet was then freed. This form of mutilation against unsuccessful claimants to thrones has been in use in middle-eastern regions for thousands of years. To qualify as a king, formerly, one had to exemplify perfection. Obvious physical deformities such as missing noses, ears, or lips, are thereby sufficient disqualifications. The victim in these cases is typically freed alive to act ("a") as an example to others, and ("b") as no longer a threat.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Charlie is a 2015 Indian Malayalam-language adventure drama film directed by Martin Prakkat and written by Prakkat and Unni R. Produced by Prakkat, Joju George and Shebin Becker, the film stars Dulquer Salmaan and Parvathy. The music is composed by Gopi Sundar, while Jomon T. John handles the cinematography. The film released on 24 December. It won 8 awards at the 46th Kerala State Film Awards, including Best Actor, Best Actress, Best Director and Best Cinematography. It was remade into Marathi and Tamil as "Deva" and "Maara", respectively.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Tessa (Parvathy) is a graphic artist who runs away from home to avoid an unwanted matrimonial alliance. With the help of her journalist friend, she acquires a rented apartment in a dilapited house. Initially, she hates the tattered place, but soon she learns that the room was previously occupied by a carefree vagabond named Charlie (Dulquer). When she starts cleaning up, she discovers a photo and a graphic novel of this man. The sketches in the novel depict the events from the previous New Year's Eve when a small-time thief tried to rob the man's room. In a turn-of-events, the man joined him in his nightly theft routine and snuck up on the roof of another house. But there, they encountered something shocking that left them stunned. The novel stops there abruptly with sketches of the dumbstruck faces of Charlie and the thief on the last page. This piques Tessa's curiosity about the rest of the story, as well as the previous occupant of the room.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Intrigued, Tessa starts looking for the people in the man's sketches. Backtracking his steps, she meets the man's "father" (who is more of a friend). She also comes across a boat servant named "Pathrose" who tells her the story of Mariya/Queen Mary. Mariya was a middle-aged woman, who was sexually exploited by her procurer husband from youth. Once, Charlie took out the now terminally ill Mariya to the sea at midnight with the help of Pathrose for her birthday. But Mariya jumped into the ocean to her death, that left Charlie stunned with shock and grief. Following up on more clues, Tessa gets news that Charlie is staying in a hotel and rushes to meet him. However, she misses him just by a few seconds. Later a helper boy in the hotel explains to her that Charlie had just rescued Mariya's daughter from her father's exploitation, after creating a ruckus.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Few days later, by the stroke of luck, Tessa meets the thief depicted in that man's sketches and inquiries about the rest of the story from New Year's eve. He tells her that on that day, they had encountered a young woman on the verge of suicide and his sir (Charlie) stopped her from hanging herself, after which she escaped from the scene on her bike. Tessa and the thief locate the woman's house and finally identify her as Dr. Kani from the latter's father.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Tessa travels to Ooty to find Kani and inquires about her story. Kani explains that she was depressed over her broken relationship when she did her first independent operation, leading to the death of a 10-year-old girl. Further hooked by the media, she was desperate and about to commit suicide on new year eve when she was distracted by that man (Charlie). He brought her to a shelter home maintained by Kunjappan in Ooty and she has been living there since. Kunjappan, an old man, is a hopeless romantic who is waiting for his teenage love Thresia to show up.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Tessa spends good time in Ooty but her trip comes to an abrupt end as her brother and mother find her and take her home against her wishes. While a depressed Tessa is on her way back home, Charlie returns with Kunjappan's long lost love Thresia, who is a nun now, and they again miss each other by a few seconds.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Later, Kani informs Charlie about Tessa, and he admits knowing about her and her search for him. Though initially reluctant for love, Charlie is forced to rethink after hearing Kunjappan and Kani. Next morning, he sneaks out early and informs Kani that he will be attending the Thrissur Pooram function, and Tessa can find him there if she's looking for him.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Tessa reaches the Pooram grounds and finds him performing in a magic show. Afterward, he spots her, approaches, and asks her if she wants to have some drink. At first, she introduces herself as Shruti Raman and lets him think that he has met the wrong person. But as the festival starts, Charlie's antics make her confess that she is indeed Tessa and he too reveals his name to be 'Charlie'. As the credits roll, they are seen wandering together towards a new journey in life.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Principal photography began on 25 May 2015 in Idukki. IBTimes reported that it will be an experimental film and each actor will be spotted in a new look. The film was shot at various locations in Kochi, Munnar and Gujarat. The filming was completed by September 2015.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: The film's soundtrack was composed by Gopi Sunder and the lyrics were written by Rafeeq Ahamed and Santhosh Varma. The songs were released on 7 December 2015. "Chithirathira" sung by Vijay Yesudas was released separately on 21 December. A promotional video of Dulquer Salmaan singing "Chundari Penne" was released on 24 December.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: The film collected 20 million on the first day from Kerala box office, and grossed 144 million in 22 days of release.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: The film completed a 100-day theatrical run in Kerala and grossed 224.2 million at the Kerala box office. In its lifetime, Charlie grossed 420 million at the global box office.


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: Describing the film as a "tantalizing love tale", "Vishnu Varma" of The New Indian Express rated it 4 stars out of 5 and stated, "‘Charlie’ is a feel-good movie, but it does not stop there. It plays around brilliantly with raw emotions centered around a character who wants to be free."


title: Charlie (2015 Malayalam film)

text: "Litty Simon" of Malayala Manorama rated it 3.25 out of 5, concluding "Dulquer's Charlie is a simple, feel good film that will make you smile this festive season. Although not an out-and-out entertainer, Charlie has the elements to be tagged as a wacky entertainer, filled with all what is needed — celebration, surprises, patience, faith, care, and above, all love!" Website Nowrunning gave the film 2.5 stars out of 5, stating "Charlie could be termed an audacious attempt but grandiose visions don't necessarily translate into well-crafted cinema. Pared down expectations could make it a reasonable weekend watch."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Vishwaroopam (titled Vishwaroop in Hindi; ) is a 2013 Indian action spy film directed and produced by Kamal Haasan, who also enacts the lead role, and is written by Kamal Hassan, Chakri Toleti and Atul Tiwari. The film has Rahul Bose, Shekhar Kapur, Pooja Kumar, Andrea Jeremiah and Jaideep Ahlawat in supporting roles. In the film, Nirupama, an ambitious woman studying in the US, marries a classical dancer, Viswanathan. On being suspicious of his behaviour, she hires a detective, who reveals his true identity and past.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Filmed simultaneously in both Tamil and Hindi, the film features a soundtrack composed by Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy, with the Tamil lyrics written by Vairamuthu and Haasan himself, while Javed Akhtar translated them for the Hindi version.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Development of the project began after the release of Haasan's "Manmadan Ambu" (2010) when several of the crew were brought in from the United States to lend their technical expertise. The direction was taken over by Kamal Haasan from Selvaraghavan and reports indicating comparison with several English films surfaced during the production. The first teaser was revealed in April 2012 and the first theatrical trailer was revealed in June 2012. "Vishwaroopam" is the first Indian film to utilise the new Auro 3D sound technology. The film was also to be the first Indian film to release via direct-broadcast satellite, also known as direct-to-home (DTH), but after protests of theatre owners this plan was dropped. The film was released worldwide, excluding Tamil Nadu, on 25 January 2013 and was released in Tamil Nadu on 7 February 2013. The Hindi version was released on 1 February 2013.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Legal controversies, regarding the film's plot of India's foreign intelligence service Research and Analysis Wing's participation in America's war on terror after the 9/11 attacks perpetrated by Al-Qaeda agents, arose as several Muslim civic organisations protested the film's release in Tamil Nadu, resulting in an official ban being imposed on the film in the state for 15 days by the Government of Tamil Nadu. The ban resulted in similar decisions in major overseas markets like Malaysia, Sri Lanka and Singapore while release was delayed in the south Indian states of Andhra Pradesh, Kerala and Karnataka. Despite the fragmented release, "Vishwaroopam" garnered positive reviews and, at the time of its release, peaked as one of the highest-grossing Tamil film at that time. Heeding the requests of Muslim civic organisations, controversial scenes were muted or morphed, allowing the film to be released on 7 February 2013 in Tamil Nadu. The film was honoured with awards for Best Art Direction and Best Choreography at the 60th National Film Awards. A sequel to the film, "Vishwaroopam II", was released on 10 August 2018.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: In New York, A psychologist conducts a session with a nuclear oncologist Nirupama, who begins to confide that hers was a marriage of convenience that provided a safe haven for pursuing her Ph.D. in the US for the past 3 years and that her husband Vishwanath aka Viz is a middle-aged Kathak teacher. She is also put off by Viz's effeminate bearing and is attracted to her boss, Deepankar. She doubts whether Viz has secrets of his own, she hires a P.I to tail him to probe grounds for divorce. She learns from the P.I that Viz is a Muslim. In a sudden turn of events, the investigator is killed in a seaside warehouse by Farukh, a prominent member of the cell led by Omar Qureshi.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: A diary on him gives away Nirupama and the group led by Farukh invades her home and takes Viz and Nirupama hostage. Deepankar is later killed by Farukh's men. While Viz and Nirupama are held hostage inside a warehouse, Viz surprises Nirupama by killing Farukh and his men single-handedly at the warehouse and escapes with his wife. Omar and Viz have a past, Circa 2002, The Al-Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan-Pakistan border. Viz's real name was Wizam Ahmad Kashmiri. He claims to be a Tamil Jihadi in Kashmir, wanted by the Indian Army, with a reward of on his head. Omar accepts him into his team and drives him off to Afghanistan. Wizam becomes a trainer to the Al-Qaeda Jihadi's and also a family friend to Omar.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: One day, Omar tells Wizam that American prisoners of war are still alive, incarcerated, and shifted each fortnight. He orders his deputy Salim to behead the Captain and capture it on video. The next day, Salim tells Wizam that a new tall guest is expected in the town. Wizam later that night sees Osama bin Laden greeting the Al Qaeda chieftains in a cave. Then, a joint US-led air force begins a bombing raid on the town. Omar begins to doubt that there is an informer in the team but mistakenly orders the lynching of an innocent man. What follows is a maze of events that go back and forth in time, unravelling a plot where the sleeper agents are scraping cesium from oncological equipment to build and trigger a dirty bomb in New York City.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Nirupama is stunned to discover the true identity of Viz, his uncle Colonel Jagannathan, British friend Dr. Dawkins, and the young dancer Ashmita. Viz later reveals that he has a lot of emotional baggage and that he had executed many militants, including Nassar, Omar's boss. His mission is to bust the "sleeper-cell" of Al Qaeda in the US, which is planning to divert the attention through "capsules" capable of emitting mild nuclear radiation tied to pigeons while enabling Abbasi, a Nigerian suicide bomber to detonate the caesium dirty bomb in the city. Wizam and his team tries to counter Omar's plans. In the ensuing events, Wizam, Nirupama and Ashmita are arrested by the FBI for questioning.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Dawkins is murdered by Salim while picking up a videotape from an antique shop. The FBI later releases Wizam and the women from custody after a call from the Indian embassy and the Prime Minister of India, by which Wizam reveals himself as a RAW agent. Wizam along with the FBI takes down Abbasi and defuses the caesium bomb with the help of Nirupama by using a microwave oven as a Faraday cage to avoid incoming calls from any mobile phone. Omar, while escaping with Salim in a plane, tries to activate a bomb through his phone but fails. He then calls Abbasi, but the call is answered by Wizam, who tells him that Abbasi is not alive. Omar is shocked to hear this, but escapes with Salim in his plane. Wizam indicates that he would now go after Omar.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: After finishing his "Manmadan Ambu" (2010), Kamal Haasan stated in November 2010 that he was working on the scriptment of his "pet project" titled "Thalaivan Irukkiran", a film about an international community. Termed as a big budget multi-starrer film, it was expected to commence by March 2011, with a Hollywood studio reportedly coming forward to produce it. However, in early 2011, sources claimed that Kamal shelved that project and agreed to star in a Selvaraghavan directorial, being impressed by the one-line story narrated to him. Reports further suggested that the film was based on the 2001 American psychological thriller "Hannibal", with Kamal playing a cannibal, Closer to release, Kamal Haasan revealed that he had thought of the story seven years before production began and had to convince himself that the story could be made into a feature film. The film was named "Vishwaroopam", after several titles were considered, by late March and the shooting was planned to begin by mid-April and to be completed within 100 days. It was revealed that the film would be produced in three languages—Tamil, Telugu and Hindi—simultaneously.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: On 24 May 2011, it was announced that Selvaraghavan was ousted from the project, as he was busy finishing his project with his brother Dhanush. Kamal Hassan decided to direct the film himself in addition to writing the story, screenplay, and dialogues. The producing studio, Telephoto Films, had urged him to take up the project, planning for a release on 7 November 2011. The film was then disclosed to be a spy thriller on the lines of the . The film was being made as a bilingual and simultaneously shot in Tamil and Hindi languages; all the actors had to learn their dialogues in both languages. Sanu Varghese made his debut as a cinematographer in Tamil after previously working in the Hindi film, "Karthik Calling Karthik" and the Malayalam film "Elektra". Varghese had previously been a part of the team that Kamal Haasan had assembled for "Marmayogi", which did not take off. Mahesh Narayanan, a leading Malayalam film editor, was signed up for the project after he had acquainted with Kamal Haasan for the pre-production works of the film "Traffic", which the actor later opted out from. The team signed up N. G. Roshan as a make-up artist after Kamal Haasan appreciated his work in the 2009 Malayalam film "Pazhassi Raja", while Mahadevan Thampi was picked to be the still photographer after Kamal Haasan had worked with him for a day during his guest appearance in "Four Friends".


title: Vishwaroopam

text: By February 2011, newcomer Sonakshi Sinha was approached to play the lead female character, and was confirmed to play Haasan's wife. Her salary for the film was touted to be . However, with the film getting delayed, she opted out by July, due to conflicting dates with her Hindi assignments. Following Sinha's exit, other leading Bollywood actresses, including Katrina Kaif, Deepika Padukone, and Sonam Kapoor were considered. Vidya Balan was also approached by the makers, but she declined the offer, owing to her prior commitments. By mid-August, Sameera Reddy was reported to have been roped in for the role, while sources stated that Anushka Shetty was finalised soon after. In early November 2011, New York based model-actress Pooja Kumar was signed in for a role after she had been recommended to Kamal Haasan by his partner, Gautami. Being a non-Tamil speaker her dialogues have been dubbed by actress Abhirami, although Pooja Kumar dubbed for herself in the film's Hindi version. Telugu actress Lakshmi Manchu was offered a role in the film, but declined it due to date issues.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Shriya Saran was reported to play the second female lead in the film, with the actress dismissing the news several days later, citing that she had not even heard the script, following which Priya Anand was claimed to have secured that role. This turned out to be false, with Kamal Haasan citing that he did not know who Priya Anand was. Isha Sharvani was meanwhile selected for a role, with reports suggesting that she would essay the character of Kamal Haasan's sister in the film. However, Sharvani too opted out later, due to "inordinate delay in the start of the shoot". By late August 2011, British model-turned-actress Amy Jackson was reported to have been added to the cast. During mid-October, singer-actress Andrea Jeremiah had been signed on for a pivotal role and paid an advance.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Rahul Bose was finalised to play the antagonist. Later that month, actor-director Shekhar Kapur informed on Twitter that he would perform a cameo role, while Samrat Chakrabarti had also been selected for a supporting role. Jaideep Ahlawat disclosed in an interview that he would play an "out-and-out negative character" in the film. Zarina Wahab told in November 2011 that she shot for a small role in "Vishwaroopam". In January 2012, Chitrangada Singh was offered a "very special role", which the actress had to decline, since her dates clashed with Sudhir Mishra's film. As Kamal Hassan is ardent reader of Richard Dawkins, he had named Miles Anderson as Dawkins in the movie.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The film's shooting was supposed to begin on 20 April but became delayed, since the US Consulate had refused visas to the cast and crew. The team decided to relocate to Canada, postponing filming to June. The shooting began for the film in Chennai in August 2011 and locations filmed at included Haasan's office in October 2011, when Isha Sharvani was also a part of the shoot. The film briskly progressed in late 2011, with scenes involving Samrat Chakrabarti filmed in November of the same year. Sets resembling Afghanistan were created in Chennai, with many foreigners from Russia, Iran and Africa playing American soldiers, while Haasan wore an Afghan look. In November 2011, the team also pursued schedules in Amman and Petra in Jordan with Rahul Bose's scenes being canned. Haasan learnt Kathak from Birju Maharaj for an important portion in the film.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Due to delays, casting took a relatively long period of time, with several of the original cast dropping out of the project. "Vishwaroopam" was shot extensively overseas in countries like the United States and Canada. Domestic locations included Chennai and Mumbai. Kamal Haasan went to the USA on 15 December 2011 for completing a schedule. The main outdoor shoots were shot in New York as the lead character is based there, and the production team also matched New York with the Grand Rapids in Michigan. Re-recording and dubbing work began in Mumbai in late February 2012, with Haasan arranging a dialogue coach in Tamil and Hindi to get the artistes' dubbing in place, with Atul Tiwari supervising the Hindi dialogues. The climax scenes featuring an aerial fight choreographed by Hollywood stuntman Lee Whittaker was filmed at Chandivali Studio in Andheri, Mumbai in early March 2012 with Haasan and Rahul Bose. The film was shot in digital format, after several false starts Haasan's previous projects. Speaking about it, he said "The fact that cinema is going digital is the biggest technological change today. We have to accept it, as it is happening globally and it will happen in Tamil Nadu too."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Gautami designed the costumes for the film. Shah Rukh Khan's Red Chillies Entertainment has taken care of the graphics part in "Vishwaroopam". A research had to be carried out on the American army's hierarchy for the costumes. N. G. Roshan, who had previously worked in notable Malayalam films, took charge of the make-up for the film. The villain had to undergo a heavy use of prosthetic make-up. A scene involving a war explosion had to show an injured jaw for him. Further, the artists appearing as war victims had blood and other forms of injuries applied on their bodies. The Jaika stunt team, that was also involved in "Billa II" (2012) at the time, worked on the action sequences. Haasan's younger daughter Akshara Haasan joined the crew as an assistant director. Kunal Rajan was roped in as a sound designer and the stunt crew for the film were imported in from Thailand. In September 2012, Haasan revealed that the film would utilise Auro 3D sound technology, making it the first Indian film to do so.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Initially, Yuvan Shankar Raja was reported to compose the film's musical score and songs. However, Kamal signed in the musical trio Shankar–Ehsaan–Loy to compose music for the trilingual, making it his second collaboration with them after "Aalavandhan". Lyricist Vairamuthu took charge of the lyrics of the songs in the film, after Kamal Haasan had approached him and narrated the entire plot, to which he immediately agreed to work upon. Javed Akhtar has penned lyrics for the Hindi version, while Ramajogayya Shastry has done the lyrics for the dubbed Telugu version. The audio was released on 7 December 2012. The Telugu version of the audio was released on 30 December 2012 at Hyderabad. "Vishwaroopam" was also released in Barco's 3D cinema sound.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The makers planned the high-budget production to premiere at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. A special screening of the film was arranged for Hollywood-based producer Barrie M. Osborne and make-up artist Michael Westmore. Before release, it was reported to have been split into two parts, with each one having a separate release.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The first-look poster and a teaser of the film were released on May Day 2012 as part of the film's marketing process. The poster consisted of Kamal Haasan wearing a green khaki jacket, with a flying pigeon and a skyline of a city consisting of several skyscrapers in the background. Snippets from the film were unveiled during the International Indian Film Academy (IIFA) weekend and awards in Singapore in June 2012, as the actor-director screened excerpts from the film, attracting critical acclaim. A one-minute trailer was released at the award ceremony, which saw Kamal Haasan and Andrea take part in a press conference. Salman Khan organised a special screening of Hindi version Vishwaroop at Ketnav Studio, Mumbai on 1 February 2013.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: An Auro 3D trailer of the film was released on 7 November, coinciding with Haasan's birthday. It included a webcast of Kamal's speech via Skype. The film is releasing in 3,000 prints worldwide. A special screening of "Vishwaroopam" was held at Tamil Nadu superstar Rajinikanth's house on 6 February 2013 at the 6 Degrees theatre in the Auro 3D format for his friends. On 9 February 2013 Kamal Haasan left for Paris for the French premiere of "Vishwaroopam".


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The film's Tamil version was given a "U/A" (Parental Guidance) certificate by the Indian Censor Board with minor cuts, while the Hindi version "Vishwaroop", which was originally given an "A" certificate, went through minor cuts to receive the "U/A" certificate. The makers planned the high-budget production to premiere at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival. The film released with over 3,000 prints worldwide. While the movie was scheduled to release in theatres on 25 January 2013, the DTH release was planned for 2 February 2013 via six DTH players – Tata Sky, Airtel, Sun, Dish, Videocon and Reliance.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: "Vishwaroopam" was scheduled to release in about 500 screens in Tamil Nadu, but the film was removed from screens by district collectors across the state, due to sustained protests by Muslim civic organisations. In Andhra Pradesh, the film was scheduled to release in 300 screens by Siri Media. The film released in 82 screens in Kerala on 25 January. After initial delays, Karnataka saw a full release on 29 January 2013 in 40 screens across the state.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The Hindi version "Vishwaroop" was released on over 1,035 screens on 1 February 2013, thereby marking the biggest ever release for a Kamal Haasan film in Hindi. It was distributed by Balaji Motion Pictures.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The film was scheduled to release on 250 screens in the overseas markets including 40 screens in Sri Lanka, 20 screens in Singapore, 20 screens in Canada. In Malaysia, the largest overseas market for Tamil films, Lotus Five Star distributed the film spending 4 million on copyright, print and promotion. Blue Sky Cinemas distributed the Tamil and Telugu versions of the film in Canada and the USA.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The prohibitory orders imposed under Section 144 of Criminal Penal Code to ban the film in Tamil Nadu were lifted on 3 February 2013. Both the Tamil and Telugu versions of the film were screened at the Fourth Annual India International Film Festival of Tampa Bay on 16 February 2013 and 17 February 2013. The temporary suspension on the film was lifted by the Sri Lanka Public Performance Board on 10 February 2013. In Malaysia, the National Censorship Board and the Malaysian Islamic Development Department reviewed the film and the Home ministry lifted the ban on 19 February 2013. In 2015, the film was screened at the Habitat Film Festival.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu" stated, ""Vishwaroopam" is a technically brilliant, ambitious film where most characters are not what they seem", and called the film "A gripping spy thriller of international standards". Radhika Rajamani of "Rediff" gave 3 out of 5 stars and stated, ""Vishwaroopam" undoubtedly rests on Kamal Haasan, who is brilliant." Vivek Ramz of "in.com" rated it 3.5 out of 5 and stated. ""Vishwaroopam" is a nicely made thriller and Kamal’s show all the way". "Behindwoods" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars, calling it, "One of the commercially best made movies of Tamil cinema." "IndiaGlitz" said, ""Vishwaroopam" comes with not just Hollywoodish feel but also its idiom". The critic further wrote "Sanu Varghese's cinematography is nimble and it is easily one of the biggest high points. Mahesh Narayanan's editing is proper." L. K. Advani called it "one of the best films I have seen in years." "Cinemalead" rated the film 4 out of 5 stars and wrote "On the whole Vishwaroopam is Kamal Hassan's best movie till now. Go, watch and enjoy the ride."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: "Sify" said, "It is technically brilliant with world class making and a subject which is truly international on global terrorism." and called it a "must watch for those who seek classy, stylish and extra-strong entertainment." "NDTV" stated, ""Vishwaroopam" is likely to be appreciated by lovers of Hollywood action films." and pointed out, "The film's only minus point – the placement of songs works as speed breakers for a spy thriller." B.V.S. Prakash of "Deccan Chronicle" gave 3 stars and stated that the film "rides on performances." "Firstpost" stated that ""Vishwaroopam" is non-stop action Hollywood style". Praveen Kumar of "OneIndia" noted that the "film is on par with Hollywood standards" and gave 3.5/5.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Anuja Jaiman of "Reuters" said, ""Vishwaroopam" is a work of art that surpasses Bollywood potboilers and tries to initiate a conversation about a not-so-perfect world and its great religious divide. Watch it for Haasan and your right to freedom of expression." J Hurtado of "Twitch Film" said, ""Vishwaroopam" is a film that will, inevitably, be remembered as much for its bumpy road to the screen as it will be for its objective quality." and called it "good fun". Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" rated the film 3 stars, saying: "This is a fill it-shut it-forget it film, whose big budget slickness never overpowers it, and which holds you while it lasts." Film journalist Sreedhar Pillai, in an interview with "IBN Live" said, "I think it ["Vishwaroopam"] is Kamal's best film as a director." and called it "a well made commercial entertainer". In contrast, Baradwaj Rangan of "The Hindu" said, "The surprise about "Vishwaroopam" is how straightforward it is, given Kamal Haasan’s track record. (It’s basically a big, dumb action movie, but with smarts.)"


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Shailesh K Nadar of "CinemaSpice.in" rated "Vishwaroopam" as 3.5/5 mentioning in his review that ""Vishwaroopam", a stylishly made engaging thriller, is a must-watch not just for Kamal fans, but also for all who love cinema and appreciate brilliant filmmaking." Sudhish Kamath picked "Vishwaroopam" as one of five films that have redefined Tamil cinema in 2013, writing ""Vishwaroopam" is the most-layered film of the year and with every watch, you will find something that Kamal Haasan has planted in it, waiting to be discovered". "Times of India" gave the film's rating 3 out of 5 stars and wrote "Intentions of this film and the maker are good. Kamal's performance is A-grade. However the film fails, especially in the second half because there are no lump-in-the-throat moments; nor is there any shock and awe."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: The "Deccan Herald" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, saying ""Vishwaroop" is a helluva entertainer" and pointed out "The action sequences are, at last, on a par with Hollywood." "LiveMint" reviewed the Hindi version "Vishwaroop" and stated that the film is a showcase for Haasan's wide-ranging skills with both microwaves and machine guns. Taran Adarsh of "Bollywood Hungama" gave "Vishwaroop" 3 out of 5 stars and stated that the film is a Kamal Haasan show all the way, "It has an interesting premise, superb combat scenes and Kamal Haasan's bravura act as its three aces. But a stretched second hour and far from dramatic finale dilute the impact. Yet, all said and done, those with an appetite for well-made thrillers might relish this effort!"


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Anupama Chopra of "Hindustan Times" gave 3 out of 5 stars to "Vishwaroop" and stated that "Vishwaroop" has to be admired for its scale and ambition. Director, co-producer, co-writer and Hero Kamal Haasan is attempting here to launch a franchise for himself. Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" gave 3 out of 5 and stated intentions of this film and the maker are good. Kamal's performance is A-grade. However the film fails, especially in the second half because there are no lump-in-the-throat moments; nor is there any shock and awe. "Mid-Day" gave 3 out of 5 to "Vishwaroop" and stated that Kamal Haasan's film is sensitive and mature but the basic problem is the inconsistent pace. Prasanna D Zore of "Rediff" gave the movie 2/5 stars and wrote ""Vishwaroop" is flawed and a big disappointment from Kamal Haasan" "At times, the film tries to preach what is just and what is unjust but fails miserably."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" noted "A lot of it is unabashedly entertaining, although you'll wish the film was shorter and smarter." and gave the movie 2.5/5. "NDTV" reviewed the Hindi version "Vishwaroop" and gave it 4 out of 5 stars, stating that "Vishwaroop" is technically dazzling. The big scenes of battle (in Afghanistan) and violent confrontation (in the US), to put it simply, are outstanding. Vinayak Chakravorty of "India Today" gave the movie 2.5/5 stars and reviewed, "As the sleek shots pile up, you realise what they are desperately trying to hide: "Vishwaroop" lacks the energy and imagination that one looks for in a good action flick." Shivesh Kumar of "IndiaWeekly" awarded the movie 3.5 out of 5 stars.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: "Vishwaroopam" has been in the news for several critically viewed controversies. The first of this kind was the title naming issue, where the Hindu Makkal Katchi demanded the change from its current Sanskrit title to a purely Tamil one. When Kamal Haasan announced a Direct-To-Home premiere of the film, theatre owners demanded a rollback of this plan, as they feared major revenue losses to DTH service providers. Threatened by a complete exhibitor boycott of the film, Haasan agreed to release the film first in theatres. Later, Muslim civic organisations in Tamil Nadu demanded the ban of the film and claimed, that the film was defamatory to Islamic ethos and would hurt Muslim sentiments. Although the film was cleared by Central Board of Film Certification of India, District collectors in the state of Tamil Nadu gave orders to the theatre owners to not show the film, citing law and order problems, however the film released in other states with greater Muslim populations than in Tamil Nadu. The ban in Tamil Nadu triggered also the stop of screenings in neighbouring Indian states and foreign markets.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Bollywood director Mahesh Bhatt condemned the actions instructed by Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu Jayalalitha as a critical attack on freedom of speech in India, of which she denied all allegations against her regarding political and business interests. After persistent pressure to cut objectionable scenes, Kamal Haasan said that he could be forced to leave the state of Tamil Nadu and India, because he was "fed up at being played around in a dirty political game". He estimated the notional loss of revenue, due to banning policies, at almost 600 million. A mutual agreement with all 24 Muslim civic organisations was finally settled on 2 February 2013, when Haasan accepted to mute five scenes. Leela Samson, the then chairperson of the Central Board of Film Certification, condemned the allegations of the film being anti-Islamic stating that: "It is clearly cultural terrorism and the demand for a ban shows complete disregard to the certification given by a statutory body called the Censor Board. My team would have taken action if only the film had any objectionable content. A film goes through several levels before getting passed by the Censor Board". The National Award-winning critic Baradwaj Rangan mentioned "This film glorifies Islam, portraying the Muslim as an upstanding specimen who won’t think twice before punishing a wrongdoer from his own faith."


title: Vishwaroopam

text: On its opening day of release in Tamil Nadu, 8 February 2013, "Vishwaroopam" netted at the box office. The film accounted for 90% of the takings in Chennai box office on its opening weekend, grossing , 89% on its second weekend, 78% on its third weekend, 38% on its fourth weekend, 28% on its fifth weekend and 2.1% on its sixth weekend. The film earned over nett after eight weekends in Chennai box office. In Tamil Nadu, the film did not get exemption from entertainment tax due to U/A certificate. It yielded 7 crore or 10 per cent of the total entertainment tax revenue of the year for the exchequer.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Despite the controversy, the Hindi version of the film did exceptionally well at the box office with 45% opening and netting 115 million in its first week, and a lifetime business of 190 million nett. The film completed a 100-day run in Tamil Nadu and 100 days in Bangalore city.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: In Malaysia, the film grossed US$325,871 after three weekends. The distributor refunded up to $1 million of advances to 65 exhibitors due to abrupt cancellation of shows.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: In the US, the Tamil version grossed $1,039,994 from 44 screens after eight weekends while the Telugu version grossed $200,293 after seven weekends from 21 screens.


title: Vishwaroopam

text: Kamal Haasan and Atul Tiwari mentioned that the sequel "Vishwaroopam II" was already planned and more sequences had already been shot featuring Andrea Jeremiah in a more prominent role. The sequel was released on 10 August 2018.


title: Robert Hardy

text: Timothy Sydney Robert Hardy (29 October 1925 – 3 August 2017) was an English actor who had a long career in theatre, film and television. He began his career as a classical actor and later earned widespread recognition for roles such as Siegfried Farnon in the BBC television series "All Creatures Great and Small", Cornelius Fudge in the "Harry Potter" film series and Winston Churchill in several productions, beginning with the Southern Television series "". He was nominated for the BAFTA for Best Actor for "All Creatures Great and Small" in 1980 and "Winston Churchill: The Wilderness Years" in 1982. Aside from acting, Hardy was an acknowledged expert on the medieval English longbow and wrote two books on the subject.


title: Robert Hardy

text: Hardy was born in Cheltenham in 1925 to Henry Harrison Hardy, MBE, of Old Farm, Bishop's Cleeve, Tewkesbury, Gloucestershire, and Edith Jocelyn, daughter of Rev. Sydney Dugdale, rector of Whitchurch, Shropshire, a member of a landed gentry family of Wroxall Abbey, Wroxall, Warwickshire. Henry Hardy was the headmaster of Cheltenham College and later of Shrewsbury School, and a Major in the Rifle Brigade.


title: Robert Hardy

text: Hardy was educated at Rugby School and Magdalen College, Oxford, where his studies were interrupted by service in the Royal Air Force during World War II. He trained as a pilot, receiving part of his instruction in the British Flying Training School Program in Terrell, Texas. Although he visited Los Angeles when on leave from flight training at Terrell, his later acting career never gained a foothold in Hollywood. After service in the RAF, he returned to gain a BA (Hons) in English. On BBC Radio 4's "Desert Island Discs" he described the degree he obtained as "shabby", although he treasured the time spent studying under C. S. Lewis and J. R. R. Tolkien.


title: Robert Hardy

text: Hardy began his career as a classical actor. In 1959, he appeared as The King of France in "All's Well that Ends Well" in April 1959, directed by Tyrone Guthrie at Stratford-upon-Avon, with Vanessa Redgrave and Diana Rigg indicated as supporting extras. He subsequently appeared as Sicinius opposite Laurence Olivier in "Coriolanus" at Stratford-upon-Avon, directed by Peter Hall. In this production, Ian Holm featured as a "Third Aufidious Servant", Vanessa Redgrave as Valeria, and Diana Rigg as a "Roman Citizen". Albert Finney featured as a "First Roman Citizen". Hardy then appeared in Shakespeare's "Henry V" on stage and in television's "An Age of Kings" (1960), and subsequently played Coriolanus in "The Spread of the Eagle" (BBC, 1963) and Sir Toby Belch for the BBC Television Shakespeare production of "Twelfth Night" in 1980. Over the years, Hardy played a range of parts on television and film. His first continuing role in a TV series was as businessman Alec Stewart in the award-winning oil company drama "The Troubleshooters" for the BBC, which he played from 1966 to 1970. He won further acclaim for his portrayal of the mentally-unhinged Abwehr Sgt. Gratz in LWT's 1969 war drama "Manhunt". In 1975, Hardy portrayed Albert, Prince Consort in the award-winning 13-hour serial "Edward the Seventh" (known as "Edward the King" to the American audience), which he regarded as one of his best performances. "I thought I'd done a good job there, although I believe the Royal Family didn't like it all. There are always people who don't like what one does."


title: Robert Hardy

text: He was seen as the irascible senior veterinary surgeon Siegfried Farnon in the long-running "All Creatures Great and Small" (1978–90), an adaptation of James Herriot's semi-autobiographical books. Hardy also made an appearance in the 1986–88 ITV comedy series "Hot Metal", in which he played the dual roles of newspaper proprietor Twiggy Rathbone (who bore more than a passing resemblance to Rupert Murdoch) and his editor, Russell Spam. In 1993 Hardy appeared in an episode of "Inspector Morse", playing Andrew Baydon in "Twilight of the Gods". In 1994, he played Arthur Brooke in the BBC production of "Middlemarch". In 2002, he played the role of pompous and eccentric Professor Neddy Welch in a WTTV/WGBH Boston co-production of "Lucky Jim", adapted from the novel by Kingsley Amis. It aired originally as part of the "Masterpiece" series on PBS in the U.S. and starred Stephen Tompkinson in the title role of Jim Dixon, a luckless lecturer at a provincial British university.