title: A. J. Green

text: As a sophomore, Green became the top option for the Georgia wide receivers group that added newcomers Tavarres King and Rantavious Wooten. Green saw similar opportunities production-wise as a sophomore in Georgia's 8–5 season. On September 19, he had seven receptions for 137 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in a 52–41 victory on the road against Arkansas. He followed that up with eight receptions for 153 receiving yards and a receiving touchdown in a 20–17 victory over Arizona State in the next game. On November 14, against Auburn, he suffered a left shoulder injury, which kept him out of the remaining regular season games. He returned for the 2009 Independence Bowl, December 28, in Shreveport, Louisiana where he made six catches totaling 57 yards in the 44–20 victory over the Texas A&M Aggies. Green ended the 2009 regular season with 53 catches for 808 yards and six touchdowns, leading the team in all those categories despite missing time due to injury.


title: A. J. Green

text: Among other awards, Green was elected All-SEC First-team by Associated Press, SEC Coaches, ESPN, Phil Steele, and "Sporting News".


title: A. J. Green

text: Green's junior season started off tumultuous due to a compliance issue. He was suspended for the first four games of the 2010 regular season after he admitted to selling his 2009 Independence Bowl Jersey for $1,000 to former North Carolina defensive back Chris Hawkins, who the NCAA described as an agent or someone who markets amateur athletes. As part of his punishment, he was required to repay $1,000 to a charity. Green returned from the suspension on October 2 and had seven receptions for 119 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in a 29–27 road loss to Colorado. On November 6, against Idaho State, he had six receptions for 103 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 55–7 victory. In the following game against rival Auburn, he had nine receptions for 164 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 49–31 road loss. Green finished Georgia's 6–7 season with a team-high 57 catches for 848 yards and nine touchdowns.


title: A. J. Green

text: On January 9, 2011, Green officially declared for the 2011 NFL Draft. He finished his three seasons at the University of Georgia with 166 receptions for 2,619 yards and 23 touchdowns.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green was selected in the first round with the fourth overall pick in the 2011 NFL Draft by the Cincinnati Bengals. He became the highest drafted wide receiver in Georgia school history, breaking the mark set by Lindsay Scott, who went 13th overall in 1984. On July 28, 2011, Green agreed to a four-year contract with the Cincinnati Bengals worth $19.6 million. After signing with the Cincinnati Bengals, Green became a member of School of the Legends (SOTL) in 2011. Green was featured in the 2011 NFLPA Rookie Debut "One Team" Celebration which streamed live on YouTube from New York City's Cipriani Wall Street. The event was produced by SOTL, a licensed partner of the NFLPA, and employed YouTube's live streaming platform.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green's first NFL reception was a 41-yard touchdown reception from quarterback Bruce Gradkowski against the Cleveland Browns in the Bengals' 2011 regular season opener, a 27–17 victory. In the following game, Green recorded his first 100-yard game with ten receptions for 124 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown in a 24–22 loss to the Denver Broncos. By the end of his rookie season, Green recorded four 100-yard games and led all NFL rookies in receptions and receiving yards, catching 65 passes for 1,057 yards in 15 games. His seven touchdown receptions was second among rookies – one behind Julio Jones of the Atlanta Falcons. On December 18, 2011, Green and fellow rookie quarterback Andy Dalton surpassed the all-time NFL record for yards and receptions by a rookie quarterback/receiver tandem. One week later on December 24, 2011, Green's 1,031 yards surpassed Cris Collinsworth's franchise record of 1,009 yards set in 1981 for most receiving yards by a rookie. Green made his playoff debut in the against the Houston Texans. In the 31–10 loss, he had five receptions for 47 receiving yards. Green earned a Pro Bowl nomination for his rookie season in addition to being named to the NFL All-Rookie Team. He was ranked 77th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: A. J. Green

text: In Week 3 of the 2012 regular season, Green caught nine passes for a career-high 183 yards in a 38–31 win over the Washington Redskins. He earned AFC Offensive Player of the Month for September. In Week 6, against the Cleveland Browns, he had seven receptions for 135 receiving yards and two touchdowns in the 34–24 loss. In Week 9, he caught a 56-yard touchdown against the New York Giants extending his touchdown streak to eight consecutive games, the longest in the NFL by a receiver and second-longest overall. He extended the streak to nine following a four-yard touchdown in a 28–6 victory over the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 11. On December 23, Green recorded his first career lost fumble against the Pittsburgh Steelers, but he finished the game with 10 receptions for 116 yards, including a 21-yard reception that set up the game-winning field goal. Green gained over 100 receiving yards in five different games and was selected to his second Pro Bowl in his second year in the league. He finished the season with 97 receptions for 1,350 yards and 11 touchdowns. In the Bengals' loss to the Houston Texans, he was the team's leading receiver with five receptions for 80 yards. He was ranked 16th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green started off the 2013 season with nine receptions for 162 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in a 24–21 loss to the Chicago Bears. In Week 7, against the Detroit Lions, he scored on a career-high 82-yard touchdown reception on the Bengals' first drive of the game in the 27–24 victory. In Week 10, against the Baltimore Ravens, he recorded a 51-yard touchdown reception on the game's last play in regulation to tie the game. However, the Bengals eventually lost in overtime. He set a franchise-record five consecutive games with at least 100 receiving yards from Week 6 to Week 10. In Week 16, against the Minnesota Vikings, he had seven receptions for 97 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns in the 42–14 victory. Green set new career highs in 2013 for receptions (98) and receiving yards (1,426, which was the third-highest total in Bengals history), while scoring 11 touchdowns. He was targeted a franchise-record 178 times, breaking the 174 targets for Carl Pickens in 1996. He was named to the Pro Bowl and was ranked ninth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014. His 260 career receptions tallied from 2011-2013 set an NFL record among receivers in their first three seasons, which was later broken by Odell Beckham Jr. and Jarvis Landry in 2016 after both tallied 288.


title: A. J. Green

text: The Bengals finished with an 11–5 record and won the AFC North. In the against the San Diego Chargers, Green had three receptions for 34 yards in the 27–10 loss.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green caught six passes for 131 yards, including a 77-yard fourth quarter touchdown reception, in the Bengals 23–16 win over the Baltimore Ravens on in Week 1. In Week 2, he suffered a game-ending ligament injury on the Bengals opening drive against the Atlanta Falcons, resulting in Green's first career NFL game without a reception. He returned the following week against the Tennessee Titans to record six receptions for 102 yards in the 33–7 victory. In Week 5, against the New England Patriots, he aggravated his lingering toe injury and missed the following three games. In Week 14, he recorded 224 yards on 11 receptions (a 20.4 average) and one touchdown in a 42–21 loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers. Green's 224 receiving yards marked the third most the Steelers have ever given up in a game to one player.


title: A. J. Green

text: Despite missing three games and nearly all of two more, Green still recorded his fourth consecutive 1,000 yard season, finishing the year with 69 receptions for 1,041 yards and six touchdowns. However, his injuries ultimately forced him to miss the postseason for the first time in his career. He was ranked 37th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green was an instrumental part of the Bengals recording a franchise-record tying 12 victories in 2015. In Week 3 of the 2015 season, Green caught 10 passes for a career-high 227 yards and two fourth quarter touchdowns in a 28–24 win over the Baltimore Ravens. His 227 yards was the second highest single game total in franchise history, trailing only Chad Johnson's 260 receiving yards in a 2006 game against the San Diego Chargers. In Week 8, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he had 11 receptions for 118 receiving yards and a touchdown in the 16–10 victory. In Week 12, against the St. Louis Rams, he recorded his second multi-touchdown game of the season. In Week 13 against the Cleveland Browns and Week 14 against the Steelers, he recorded consecutive games going over 100 receiving yards while recording a receiving touchdown. He finished the 2015 season with 86 receptions, 1,297 yards, and ten touchdowns. Green recorded his fifth straight 1,000-yard season to start his career. He joined Randy Moss as the only players in NFL history to accomplish the feat at the time.


title: A. J. Green

text: During the against the Steelers, he caught five passes for 71 yards and his first postseason touchdown reception, which put the Bengals up 16–15 with less than two minutes remaining. However, a late turnover and penalty by the Bengals loomed large, yielding elimination as the Bengals lost 16–18. He earned his fifth straight Pro Bowl and was ranked 16th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: A. J. Green

text: In the Bengals' season opener against the New York Jets, Green had 12 receptions for 180 receiving yards, including a 54-yard touchdown as the Bengals won by a score of 23–22. Green had three key receptions on the Bengals' drive to set up the late go-ahead field goal. On September 29, he caught 10 passes for 173 receiving yards and a touchdown during a 22–7 victory over the Miami Dolphins on "Thursday Night Football" in Week 4. On October 23, the Bengals defeated the Cleveland Browns in Week 7, with Green finishing the win with eight receptions for 169 receiving yards and a 48-yard touchdown reception. The following game, Green finished with nine catches for 121 receiving yards in a 27–27 tie with the Washington Redskins in Week 8. Green returned in Week 10 and caught seven passes for 68 receiving yards and a touchdown during the Bengals' 21–20 loss at the New York Giants.


title: A. J. Green

text: On November 20, Green sustained a tear to his hamstring in the first quarter of a Week 11 16–12 loss to the Buffalo Bills. He was inactive for the next five games before being placed on injured reserve prior to the regular-season finale. He finished the season with 66 receptions, 964 receiving yards, and four touchdown receptions in ten games and ten starts. The 2016 season was Green's first in the NFL without reaching 1,000 yards receiving, coming up 36 yards shy. Despite the injury, Green was named to his sixth straight Pro Bowl on December 20. He was ranked 17th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: A. J. Green

text: In Week 3, against the Green Bay Packers, Green recorded ten receptions for 111 yards and one touchdown in the 27–24 overtime loss. During Week 5 against the Buffalo Bills, Green had two passes deflected off his hands that were intercepted and he lost a fumble, but still had an impressive outing with seven receptions for 189 receiving yards as the Bengals won 20–16. During Week 9 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Green got into a fight with Jalen Ramsey, resulting in both players being ejected and his first ever foul. On November 9, Green was fined $42,541. In Week 10 against the Tennessee Titans, he recorded five receptions for 115 receiving yards and a touchdown as the Bengals lost 24–20. In Week 13 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he recorded two receiving touchdowns in the 23–20 loss. On December 19, 2017, Green was named to his seventh straight Pro Bowl. Overall, he finished the 2017 season with 75 receptions for 1,078 receiving yards and eight touchdowns in the Bengals' 7–9 season. 2017 marked the seventh consecutive season that Green led the Bengals in receiving yards, breaking the mark of six set by Chad Ochocinco and Cris Collinsworth. He was ranked 22nd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: A. J. Green

text: On September 13, 2018, Green had the first three-touchdown game of his professional career in Week 2 against the Baltimore Ravens, completing the hat-trick all in the first half, with each of his first three catches resulting in touchdowns in the 34–23 victory. In Week 4, against the Atlanta Falcons, with the Bengals trailing by five with only 12 seconds remaining, Dalton connected with Green on a 13-yard pass to give the Bengals the game-winning points. On October 7, in a 27–17 win over the Miami Dolphins in Week 5, Green caught six passes for 112 yards, setting a franchise record with his 32nd 100-yard receiving game, breaking the previous mark by Chad Johnson. He suffered a toe injury in Week 8 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and missed the next three games. He returned in Week 13 against the Denver Broncos but re-injured the toe and was placed on season-ending injured reserve on December 5. He finished the 2018 season with 46 receptions for 694 receiving yards and six receiving touchdowns, ending his Pro Bowl streak at seven seasons, as the Bengals finished with a 6–10 record. He was ranked 58th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: A. J. Green

text: During training camp, Green suffered torn ligaments in his ankle while practicing with the team at Welcome Stadium in Dayton, Ohio. Despite being expected to only miss a handful of games early in the season, Green end up missing the entire year due to his injury, being inactive for every game before being placed on injured reserve on December 23, 2019.


title: A. J. Green

text: On March 16, 2020, the Bengals placed the franchise tag on Green. He signed the one-year tender on July 17, 2020. He made his official return from the injury in the Bengals' 2020 regular season opener against the Los Angeles Chargers. He scored his first touchdown since Week 8 of the 2018 season in Week 11 against the Washington Football Team. Overall, in the 2020 season, he finished with 47 receptions for 523 receiving yards and two receiving touchdowns as the Bengals finished with a 4–11–1 record. He finished his Bengals career second to Chad Johnson in receptions, receiving yards, and receiving touchdowns.


title: A. J. Green

text: Green signed a one-year deal worth $8.5 million, with $6 million guaranteed, with the Arizona Cardinals on March 17, 2021. He entered the 2021 season as a starter alongside DeAndre Hopkins and Christian Kirk. In Week 3, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had five receptions for 112 yards in the 31–19 victory. For Green, it was his first game reaching at least 100 yards since Week 7 of the 2018 season. In Week 8, against the Green Bay Packers, Green was targeted on a potential game-winning play by Kyler Murray. A miscommunication on the play led to Green not looking at the thrown pass and it led to an interception by Rasul Douglas. In Week 14, against the Los Angeles Rams, Green recorded 10,000 career receiving yards. He finished the season with 54 catches for 848 yards and three touchdowns.


title: A. J. Green

text: On March 21, 2015, he married actress and singer Miranda Brooke, his college sweetheart. They have two sons together.


title: A. J. Green

text: In 2015, Green endowed three separate scholarships designed to assist one student-athlete on the Georgia football team and two needs-based students attending Georgia.


title: A. J. Green

text: In 2018, Green took part in the NFL's "My Cause, My Cleats" campaign. Green's choice was "Hope Road Nicaragua," which is an organization that assists with improving the lives of children in Nicaragua.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: Jung Chae-yeon (; born December 1, 1997), known mononymously as Chaeyeon, is a South Korean singer and actress. She was known as a member of the girl group DIA and also a member of project girl group I.O.I after finishing 7th in the survival show "Produce 101". She is also currently active as an actress, best known for her lead roles in the television series "To. Jenny" (2018), "My First First Love" (2019), and "The King's Affection" (2021).


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: Jung Chae-yeon was born on December 1, 1997, in Suncheon, South Jeolla Province, South Korea. She has a 2-year-old sister named Jeong Si-yeon. She attended School of Performing Arts Seoul from 2013 to 2016 with former DIA member Ahn Eun-jin. On February 4, 2016, she graduated from SOPA.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In January 2015, MBK Entertainment announced its plans to debut a new girl group, originally with a strategy to have candidates compete on a reality survival program. Once the idea was scrapped, however, the company decided to select its members internally and the final line-up was revealed with seven members, including Seung-hee, Cathy, Eunice, Jenny, Ye-bin, Eun-jin and Chae-yeon.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: DIA released their debut album, "Do It Amazing," on September 14, 2015, with the lead single "Somehow" (왠지; "Waenji").


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In December 2015, MBK Entertainment announced that Jung temporarily withdrew from the group to join the trainee survival program "Produce 101", which she had auditioned for and signed contracts with before DIA officially debuted. She finished 7th overall with 215,338 votes, debuting with the I.O.I project group in May 2016. A week after their debut extended play "Chrysalis" was released, MBK Entertainment confirmed that Jung will return to DIA for their upcoming comeback in June 2016. YMC Entertainment revealed that she would be absent from I.O.I's sub-unit promotions as well. Her casting in tvN's "Drinking Solo" was confirmed on June 30, 2016, marking her acting debut.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: DIA's second extended play, "Spell" was released on September 13, 2016, with the lead single "Mr. Potter". September 18–24, 2016 was noted for exceptionally busy television work for Jung, starting with bi-weekly broadcasts of "Drinking Solo" (September 19–20). Her appearance on "Hit the Stage" with fellow DIA member Eun-jin aired on September 21, 2016, and the premiere of the variety series "Go Go with Mr. Paik" aired on September 23, 2016, with her starring alongside Shinee's Onew. Combined with idol groups' tendency to perform on each of South Korea's daily music programs, a writer for "Daily Sports" noted that a viewer could see Jung's face virtually every day. She was revealed as the new face of jewelry brand Lamucha that same week, signing a one-year 200 million won contract.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: Jung re-joined I.O.I for their second promotional cycle as a full group, releasing "Miss Me?" on October 17, 2016, with the lead single "Very Very Very". The October 21, 2016 broadcast of "Music Bank" marked an incident where due to scheduling conflicts, she performed on the show twice; once with DIA on their final run of televised performances for "Mr. Potter", and again with I.O.I. as they began promotions for "Very Very Very".


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In December 2016, Jung was cast in the science fiction web drama "109 Strange Things", co-starring with Choi Tae-joon. She plays the role of senior philosophy student Shin Ki-won whose family takes in KDI-109, a robot from the future. The drama is set to air on Naver TV Cast in early 2017, with six episodes. She began modelling for Jill Stuart New York in January 2017.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In 2017, Jung featured in SBS's romantic fantasy drama "Reunited Worlds", playing the younger version of Lee Yeon-hee's character. She then starred in another science fiction web drama "I Am", playing an android robot. In December, it was announced that Jung has joined the cast of SBS' reality survival show "Law of the Jungle in Patagonia" for their Chile special.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In 2018, Jung starred in KBS' weekend drama "Marry Me Now", playing the younger version of Jang Mi-hee's character. She was also cast in her first film, "Live Again, Love Again", which premiered in February 2018. The same month, Jung was announced as the new MC of SBS' music program "Inkigayo". Jung was cast in the KBS music drama "To. Jenny", her first leading role on television.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: On May 4, 2021, Jung and the members of I.O.I celebrated their 5th debut anniversary with a reunion live stream show called "Yes, I Love It!".


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: In 2022, Jung joined MBC's drama "The Golden Spoon", which will air in the summer of 2022.In September, Jung signed an exclusive contract with BH Entertainment.


title: Jung Chae-yeon

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: Hardavinder Singh Sandhu (born 6 September 1986) is an Indian singer, actor and former cricketer. His first song was "Tequilla Shot", and he gained popularity with "Soch" (2013) and "Joker" (2014), which were written by Jaani and music composed by B Praak . Sandhu made his acting debut in "Yaaran Da Katchup" (2014). His song "Soch" was remade for the 2016 Bollywood film Airlift. His song "Naah" was remade for the film "Bala" as "Naah Goriye" with singer Swasti Mehul. He is a notable alumnus of The British Co-Ed High school, Patiala.


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: In 2021, he made his Hindi film debut with Kabir Khan's sports-drama "83" which is based on 1983 Cricket World Cup. He has since starred in spy action drama "" (2022).


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: Sandhu played cricket for over a decade as a fast bowler, but suffered a severe elbow injury, forcing him to give up the game in 2007. He shifted his focus from sports to singing, took vocal training for eighteen months and performed his first album "This is Harrdy Sandhu" in 2011 composed by V. Grooves. He released the video of song "Tequilla Shot" from album but the song and album didn't perform so well. He was disappointed and decided to leave singing if his next single track did not perform well. He met lyricist Jaani and Music Director B Praak to make the song named "Soch" which was released in 2013.


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: He made his debut as an actor with Punjabi movie "Yaaran Da Katchup" in 2014. The movie proved to be average. But he kept giving hits as a singer with tracks such as "Joker","Backbone", "Horn Blow","Yaar Ni Milya" with Jaani and B Praak, which proved to be big hits.


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: Later in 2017 he released track "Naah" featuring Nora Fatehi, with lyrics by Jaani and music by B Praak. In 2018 after huge success of Naah, he released "Kya Baat Ay" with the same team, which also proved to be a huge hit. Both songs have since crossed 500+ million views on YouTube individually.


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: In later years, he released some other tracks such as "Superstar", "Dance Like", "Jee Karda", "Titliaan Warga", which were also hits. He also sang some tracks in Bollywood films such as "Chandigarh" from "Good Newwz" and "Naah Goriye" from "Bala".


title: Harrdy Sandhu

text: He made his Bollywood debut as an actor with sports drama film "83", which is based on India's victorious campaign at the 1983 Cricket World Cup. He played the role of former Team India fast bowler Madan Lal, who was an important part of the 1983 world cup winning team. In November 2021, he released new single "Bijlee Bijlee", written and composed by Jaani and music by B Praak released by Jaani's music label Desi Melodies. The song alongwith its hook dance step became viral on Instagram reels with more than 1.4 million reels. In August 2022, Puma signed Harrdy Sandhu as their newest brand ambassador.


title: Saab 900

text: The Saab 900 is a mid-sized automobile which was produced by Saab from 1978 until 1998 in two generations; the first from 1978 to 1993, and the second from 1994 to 1998.


title: Saab 900

text: The first-generation car was based on the Saab 99 chassis, though with a longer front end . The 900 was produced in 2- and 4-door sedan, and 3- and 5-door hatchback configurations and, from 1986, as a cabriolet (convertible) model. There were single- and twin-Zenith carburettor; fuel injected, and turbocharged engines, including both Full Pressure Turbo (FPT), and, in European models during the early 1990s, Low Pressure Turbos (LPT).


title: Saab 900

text: The Saab 900 is a front-engine, front-wheel-drive mid-size car with a longitudinally mounted, 45-degree slanted, inline four-cylinder engine, double wishbone front suspension and beam-axle rear suspension. It was originally introduced on 12 May 1978, for the 1979 model year. Sales commenced in the fall of 1978.


title: Saab 900

text: Like its predecessor the 99, the 900 contained a number of unusual design features that distinguish it from most other cars. First, the B-engine, that was installed "backwards", with power delivered from the crank at the front of the car. Second, the transmission, technically a transaxle, bolted directly to the bottom of the engine to form the oil pan (albeit with separate oil lubrication). Thus, power from the crank would be delivered out of the engine at the front, then transferred down and back to the transmission below, via a set of chain-driven primary gears. In similar fashion, Mini's also had their gearbox mounted directly below the engine; however, the Mini gearbox and engine shared the same oil, whereas the Saab 900 (and 99) gearboxes contained a separate sump for engine oil.


title: Saab 900

text: Refined over several decades of two-digit Saab models, the 900's double wishbone suspension design provided excellent handling and road feel. The rear suspension comprised a typical beam axle design, stabilized with a Panhard rod. However, the attachment points between the axle and chassis made up an unusual configuration that, in essence, consists of two Watt's linkages at either end of the axle: A lower control arm attaches the axle to the bottom of the vehicle, while an upper link attaches at the top but faces towards the rear, unlike a typical four-link design with both lower and upper links facing forward.


title: Saab 900

text: Early models did not have sway bars; they began appearing on certain models in 1985, and, in U.S. and possibly other markets, became standard on all trim levels by the late 1980s. The sway bars decreased body roll, but at the expense of some ride comfort and when driven aggressively, increased inside wheel spin. The front and rear bars' diameters were unchanged throughout the model's run.


title: Saab 900

text: The 900 has a deeply curved windshield, providing the best driver visibility. The dashboard was curved to enable easy reach of all controls, and featured gauges lit up from the front. Saab engineers placed all controls and gauges in the dashboard according to their frequency of use and/or importance so that the driver need only divert their gaze from the road for the shortest possible time and by the smallest angle. This is why, for example, the oft-used radio is placed so high in the dashboard. In keeping with the paradigm of its predecessor, the 99 model, the 900 employed a door design unique in automotive manufacturing, with an undercutting sweep to meet the undercarriage, forming a tight, solid unit when the door was closed. This feature also eliminated the stoop in the cabin at the footing of the door, as seen in automobiles of other manufacturers, thereby preventing water and debris from collecting and possibly entering the cabin or initiating corrosion, as well as enabling passengers to enter and exit the cabin without need to step over several inches of ledge.


title: Saab 900

text: The 900 underwent minor cosmetic design changes for 1987, including restyled front end and bumpers that went from a vertical to a more sloped design. To save money, Saab kept the basic undercarriage more or less unchanged throughout the 900's production run.


title: Saab 900

text: The Saab 900 could be ordered with different options. One highly sought-after option was called the "Aero" or, as it was known in the U.S. "Special Performance Group" (SPG). The Aero/SPG incorporated (depending on the market and model year) a body skirt; a sport-suspension (1987+) that included shorter, stiffer springs, stiffer shocks, and sway bars; leather seats; premium stereo; and air conditioning. Each of these features could also be ordered independently from Saab's Accessories Catalog for fitment to standard models.


title: Saab 900

text: Another desirable UK option at this time was the fitment of very distinctive Minilite alloy wheels. Initially these had the words 'Minilite' and 'Saab' cast in raised lettering; later Saabs had a similar wheel made by Ronal.


title: Saab 900

text: Power output varied by model year and market, but 900S and 900 Turbo models produced from 1985 and onward were fitted with a 16-valve engine, while the basic 900 kept the earlier 8-valve engine.


title: Saab 900

text: A 1989 Saab 900 SPG, owned by Peter Gilbert of Wisconsin, was driven over a million miles before being donated to The Wisconsin Automotive Museum. Peter Gilbert claimed a million miles out of the turbocharging unit in addition to the engine itself. Saab gave Mr Gilbert a Saab 9-5 Aero.


title: Saab 900

text: The 1979 900 was available in three versions of the B-engine: The GL had the single-carb engine, the GLs had twin carburettors for , the EMS and GLE had Bosch jetronic fuel injection for , and the 900 Turbo produced . The only bodywork originally available was the three or five-door hatchback style, which was seen as more modern at the time. The EMS was only available with three doors while the automatic-equipped GLE was only offered with five. Saab's model years were generally introduced in August/September of the preceding year.


title: Saab 900

text: The Turbo had a different grille from the naturally aspirated models, which received a design with a hexagonal central element. For the 1980 model year, all versions received the sleeker turbo-style grille. The 1980 900 also received larger taillights rather than the earlier 99 units, as well as lower, adjustable head restraints. 1980 was also the first year for a five-speed gearbox, originally only available in the EMS and the Turbo.


title: Saab 900

text: The four-door 900 sedan was introduced in Geneva 1980, as a result of dealer pressure. This introduction corresponded with the phase-out of the old Saab B engine in favor of the lighter Saab H engine. With the introduction of the H-engine, Saab simplified the model designation on the international markets outside Scandinavia: GL for the model with the single carburettor, GLs for the models with the twin carburettor engine, GLi as designation for the models with fuel injection without turbo, and correspondingly "Turbo" for the top models with the corresponding engine. The GLE was now offered only as a better equipped four-door Sedan. Model designations in the USA became just 900 for the base model and 900S for the models with 8V i. The EMS designation was dropped. In the early 1980s, most 900s were produced in Trollhättan. However, coinciding with the introduction of the 9000, more of the 900 production took place elsewhere. The Valmet plant in Finland, referenced below under the 900c, also produced regular 900s, a total of 238,898 examples. The plant in Arlöv (now closed), near Malmö, also produced some 900s. For 1981 all models except for the GL three-door received a considerable boost in equipment, as well as broader side trims, larger luggage compartments and fuel tanks. The spare tire was moved to underneath the floor, rather than standing upright in the luggage compartment.


title: Saab 900

text: A big change for 1982 was the introduction of Saab's Automatic Performance Control (APC), a.k.a. boost controller for the Turbo models. The APC employed a knock sensor, allowing the engine to use different grades of gasoline without engine damage. Another new feature that year was the introduction of central locking doors (on the GLE and Turbo). The long-wheelbase 900 CD was also introduced. Asbestos-free brakes were introduced in 1983, an industry first. The front pads were semi-metallic while the rears were made from silica. The GLE model gained a new central console, while the decor strips on the bumpers of all models were made wider (necessitating wider trim pieces on the flanks as well). A new luxury package was made available on Turbo cars.


title: Saab 900

text: Model year 1984 saw the introduction of the 16-valve DOHC "B202" engine in Europe. With a turbocharger and intercooler, it could produce 175 hp/129 kW in the Turbo 16 model (less for catalyst-equipped engines). The Turbo 16 Aero [designated SPG, Special Performance Group in North American Markets] had a body kit allowing the car to reach 210 km/h (130 mph). A different grille and three-spoke steering wheel appeared across all models. The connection between the side strips and the bumpers was changed, Turbo hatchbacks received a black trim piece between the taillights, and the GLi began replacing the twin-carburetted GLs. At the 1983 Frankfurt Motor Show a two-door sedan was shown; it went on sale in January 1984, initially only as a GLi. The two-door sedan was only ever built at the Valmet plant in Finland.


title: Saab 900

text: The dual-carburettor model (and "GL" nomenclature) was gone for 1985. Now, the base 900 had the single-carburettor engine, while the 900i added fuel injection. Two turbocharged models were offered: The 900 Turbo had the 8-valve engine, while the Turbo 16 (also Aero) had the 16-valve intercooled unit. Wheel trims (naturally aspirated cars) and alloys (turbos) were redesigned, and the Turbos also received chromed grilles. The 8-valve turbo received an intercooler for 1986, bringing up power to , while the 16-valve cars had hydraulic engine mounts. The eight-valve Turbo was also available as a two-door. Side marker lights at the rear of the front fenders were also added, while the 900i gained new interior fabrics. The new Saab-Scania badge was introduced, placed in the steering wheel, on the bonnet, and on the bootlid. 1986 also marked the introduction of the 16-valve 900i 16 and 900 convertible, both only for North America initially.


title: Saab 900

text: A new grille, headlamps, front turn signal lights and so-called "integrated" bumpers freshened the 900's look for 1987, though the sheetmetal was largely unchanged. Several common parts for the 900 and 9000 were introduced for 1988 model year, including brakes and wheel hubs. This also meant that Saab finally abandoned the use of parking brakes which acted on the front wheels. Power steering was added on the 900i. The base 900, available with two or four doors, kept the pre-facelift appearance for 1987. Also new was the carburetted 900c. The Aero model received slightly bigger fender extensions so as to accommodate larger wheels, while the window trim was blacked out on all models. For 1988 catalytic converters became available with all fuel injected engines in Europe, all with cruise control as standard equipment to further help lower emissions. A water- and oil-cooled turbocharger (replacing the older oil-cooled unit) was also introduced to improve the unit's durability.


title: Saab 900

text: In each of the seasons 1987 and 1988, there was a special 'one-make' race series, in the UK, called the Saab Turbo Mobil Challenge, sponsored by Saab Great Britain and Mobil. It was run by the BARC.


title: Saab 900

text: The eight-valve engines were phased out in 1989 and 1990, with the turbo versions having been removed in North American markets by the end of 1984; North American 900S models received the non-turbo 16-valve engine for 1986. A non-turbo 16-valve engine replaced the 8-valve FI unit in the 900i (900S in North America) as well, while the carbureted engines were dropped. In Europe the eight-valve Turbo dropped out with the 1989 model year, with the limited production 900 T8 Special built to celebrate this. 805 were built for Sweden, featuring Aero trim and equipment. The 900i 16 arrived in Europe, with . Anti-lock brakes were introduced as well, and were standard on Turbo models. High-mounted rear brake lights appeared during 1988, and power of the catalyzed Turbo 16 Aero jumped from .


title: Saab 900

text: Larger pinion bearings were fitted to manual gearboxes for 1989 to improve their strength and reliability. For 1990 eight-valve engine were taken out of production while a low pressure turbo engine with was available in European markets. ABS brakes and driver's side airbags were standardized for all North American market cars beginning with the 1990 model year. In the spring of 1990 the naturally aspirated 900i 16 Cabriolet was added.


title: Saab 900

text: A 2.1 L (2119 cc/129 in³) (B212) engine was introduced for 1991. This engine was available in the United States until the end of the original 900, but in most of Europe, this engine was replaced a year later with the earlier B202 because of tax regulations in many European countries for engines with a displacement of more than 2000 cc. Front seats from the 9000 were standard from 1991 on and electronically adjustable ones were available as an option. Airbags became available as an option in Europe as well, while there was also an Aero version of the Cabriolet. The Saab 900 no longer offered the mesh wheels. There was also a change in the door locks, which carried over to the 900NG.


title: Saab 900

text: For 1992 there were mostly equipment adjustments, with ABS brakes finding their way into most of the lineup everywhere. 1993 brought no changes, and "classic" 900 production ended on 26 March 1993, with a new GM2900 platform-based 900 entering production shortly afterwards. The final classic convertibles were still sold as 1994 models, with the Special Edition commanding top dollar in the resale market even today.


title: Saab 900

text: In the mid-1980s, the president of Saab-Scania of America (U.S. importer owned by Saab AB), Robert J. Sinclair, suggested a convertible version to increase sales. The first prototype was built by ASC, American Sunroof Company (now American Specialty Cars). Similarly, Lynx Motors International Ltd produced two "convertible" models, just prior to the official 1986 launch.


title: Saab 900

text: The Trollhättan design department, headed by Björn Envall, based its version on the 3-door hatchback while the Finnish plant used the sturdier 2-door version, which also looked better and was therefore selected for production. The initial production was not planned to be large but the orders kept coming in and a classic was born.


title: Saab 900

text: The new car was shown for the first time at the Frankfurt Motor Show (IAA) in the autumn of 1983. The first prototype aroused enormous interest and in April 1984, Saab decided to put the car in production at Valmet Automotive in Finland. The production of the first 900 convertible started during the spring of 1986.


title: Saab 900

text: The convertible usually had a 16-valve turbocharged engine, some with intercooler, but it was also offered in certain markets with a fuel-injected 2.1 L naturally aspirated engine from 1991 on.


title: Saab 900

text: Influenced by General Motors (GM), in 1994 the New Generation (NG) 900 SE, based on the Opel Vectra chassis, was introduced. While this design contained styling cues reminiscent of the "classic" 900, the GM 900 was fundamentally a different car. For many fans of the marque, the GM 900 marked the end of Saab's technology-driven design philosophy and, in their view, the beginning of the dilution of the Saab brand.


title: Saab 900

text: In US and Canadian markets, commemorative versions were produced for 1994 featuring special charcoal metallic "Nova Black" paint, a wood dash, black leather piping on the seats and higher-performing engines.


title: Saab 900

text: Saab introduced a turbocharger in 1978 in its 99 Turbo with the B engine (based on the Triumph Slant-4 engine). This engine was also used in early 900 Turbo models.


title: Saab 900

text: For 1981 the B-engine was re-designed as the H engine, which was used through to 1993 (and 1994 cabriolets). Unlike the earlier version, the H-engine is very durable. Saab used Bosch-made mechanical K-Jetronic continuous fuel injection in the fuel injected and 8-valve turbocharged versions, and the Bosch LH 2.2, 2.4 and 2.4.2 and Lucas Automotive electronic fuel injection systems were used in the 16-valve versions. The 2.1 L inline-four 16-valve engine used the Bosch LH 2.4.2 EZK electronic ignition system with knock sensor. 1981 was also the first year that the Turbo was available with an automatic transmission. The four-speed manual option disappeared after this year.


title: Saab 900

text: What set the 900 Turbo apart from its turbo-equipped competitors, especially in the early- and mid-1980s, was the development and use of the "Automatic Performance Control" (APC) boost controller from 1982. The system allowed the engine to run at the limits of engine knocking. The system had a knock sensor attached to the intake side of the motor block and if knocking of any kind was present, the APC-system would decrease the charge pressure by opening a wastegate, a bypass to the exhaust. This enabled the use of various octane fuels and also made the use of the turbocharger safer for the engine. Some 900 Aeros, Carlssons and Commemorative Editions had special APC controllers in red and black enclosures (so-called "redbox" APCs) that provided more boost and increased power to or without a catalytic converter. By 1983, Saab had sold 100,000 turbo-charged cars and were leading the world.


title: Saab 900

text: At first, Saab used a Garrett turbocharger (T3), which was oil-cooled. From 1988 through 1990, water-cooled T3s were fitted. In 1990, Saab fitted Mitsubishi TE-05 turbochargers in the SPG models only for the USA; for other countries, and for the US from 1991, all 900 Turbos were fitted with the TE-05. Also water-cooled, the TE-05 was slightly smaller than the Garrett T3s, providing improved throttle response and quicker spool-up. The TE-05's exhaust inlet flange utilizes a Garrett T3 pattern.


title: Saab 900

text: The Gold special edition was available in the UK in 1981 as the first 900 4-door saloons; these had turbo-spec velour interior finished in either blue or black with gold pinstripes, twin air vent bonnet and fuel gauge showing tank contents in litres.


title: Saab 900

text: The "Tjugofem" ("Twenty-five" in Swedish) Saloon was released in a batch of 300 to celebrate Saab's 25th year in the UK. These had the 1985cc 8-Valve engine with Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injection. Interior trim was blue turbo velour with a special gear knob with the car's number. Exterior the model was a standard non-turbo apart from alloy wheels, Tjugofem pinstriping and Turbo style rear spoiler.


title: Saab 900

text: 900c was built in Uusikaupunki, Finland and in Arlöv, Sweden just outside Malmö, was a late 1980s carburetted model. It used an eight-valve B201 engine with a single carburettor producing and included power steering as standard equipment.


title: Saab 900

text: In 1984, Saab introduced a high performance model known in Europe as the Aero. In North America, the model designation became SPG (Special Performance Group - per Saab's own literature) due to a model and trademark conflict with GM. The Aero/SPG was the first Saab to be delivered with the 16-valve turbo motor. The concept Aero/SPG vehicles were met with huge acceptance by the motoring community.


title: Saab 900

text: There were many differences between the regular 900 turbo and SPG, Most notable was the body kit that wrapped around the car and the specialty rims. The engine was tuned to put out higher hp, some have reported that the engines internals were different and that Saab used better materials to withstand the higher output. The SPG also had a lowered and stiffer suspension.


title: Saab 900

text: These prototypes were painted a mother of pearl white and had red leather interiors with matching Colorado Red dashboards. Unfortunately, in testing, the pearlescent white was found to be too difficult to repair in terms of color, and as such, this color was never offered to the public for sale. Only 29 of these prototype Aero/SPGs were manufactured and are considered quite rare by collector standards. The factory retained, and subsequently crushed, 22 of the white prototypes. The remaining seven vehicles were employed as press vehicles for the series launch. Four of the prototypes were sent to the United States. One was wrecked in 1993. The other three are owned by collectors in California, New York and Rhode Island. The three European SPG vehicles are also collector owned, one of which receiving a comprehensive restoration between 2007 and 2010. Hällberga bildemontering Sweden junked one in 1999 (Owners own remark).


title: Saab 900

text: In 1984, the first year of consumer production, the Aero/SPG was delivered in black and in silver (in markets other than USA). In Australia the 1985 silver models had a dark red interior, including full red leather. In the US the black cars were featured with tan leather interiors. In Canada and in the rest of the world, the cars were black with red leather interiors. In the US market the SPG was offered in; Black in 1985, Grey in 1986 - 1987, Grey, Black(400) and Silver(1) in 1988, Grey and Black in 1989, Red and Black in 1990 and Red(40), Black(105) and Beryl Green(109) in 1991. Production of the SPG was extremely limited and paint color availability varied by year. The final year of production was 1991 in the USA. In total, over the course of six years, 7,625 SPGs were built and imported to North America. In the rest of the world, Aeros were equally rare—especially those loaded with leather interiors, A/C and other luxuries considered standard by upscale North American consumers. The SPG is fondly regarded by car collectors and Saab enthusiasts.


title: Saab 900

text: The EP was a special Ecopower model for the Italian market. It uses a 16 valve low pressure turbo (LPT) engine and has a pre-heated catalytic converter. It was sold outside Italy with a 900S badge.


title: Saab 900

text: In 1977 Valmet Automotive had created an elongated executive model of the 99 combi coupé named Finlandia. With the introduction of the 900, the concept was transferred onto the new chassis. The Finlandia was 20 cm (7.9 in) longer than standard, by adding 10 cm (3.9 in) to both front and rear doors, but only the rear leg room was larger. The idea behind the car was to produce an executive car which would appeal to the Nordic market as an option to big German and US sedans. The first cars were sold as the Saab 900 Finlandia. These cars made between 1979 and 1982 were combi coupés, and did not have the 'CD' designation. Very few examples of these early models were exported. After the more representable 4-door sedan was introduced, the CD designation replaced the nickname and the Swedish Saab headquarters started to officially offer the car for export. The 900 CD was made at the Valmet Automotive factory in Uusikaupunki, Finland. At least in the domestic market the cars were essentially built to the buyers wishes. The list of optional extras for the CD included a leather interior, reading lights, rear blinds, footrests, and even an in-car telephone. However, due to the cars special nature and demanding customer base, the trim and technical specifications of some examples can be unique. The Uusikaupunki factory clearly had high aspirations for the car. Valmet Automotive even developed a prototype of an even longer, seven seat limousine as a concept car of an official state car. These aspirations were moderately met, although the Finnish government didn't actually ever commission Saab to build such a car, the Saab 900CD was favoured as an official executive vehicle for several local municipalities such as The City of Oulu. And by several larger corporations in the wood and paper industry and electronics manufacture industry. It was also used by the Finnish government as the official state car of the Prime Minister during The Second Government of Mauno Koivisto between 1979 – 1982. He was particularly fond of its performance as it was equipped with a turbocharged engine, and he could thus out-run his bodyguards Saab 900's which were naturally aspirated. In total 579 cars were built between 1979 and 1986.


title: Saab 900

text: In 1988, Saab commissioned 288 special convertibles, one for each of its United States dealers, as part of the 1988 Dealer Meeting in Sweden. Dubbed the Springtime in Sweden, or "SiS" model these cars are differentiated by their Aero/SPG-like bodywork and 3-spoke wheels. Each car was painted black, with buffalo grey leather interiors and black convertible roofs. Each car was marked with a special "Springtime in Sweden" emblem that was attached to the lower left of the glove box door. The emblems were all identical and are not serialized. All were Turbo models.


title: Saab 900

text: Of the 288 built, approximately 4 were automatics and the remaining 284 had 5-speed manual transmissions, per Saab records. Emblems on the exterior body were deleted in the scheme of the SPG, with only the word Saab and the Saab-Scania roundel on the trunk appearing on the car. The car was fitted with the standard Saab grille for the period, but did not feature the miniature "turbo emblem." The SPG suspension was not fitted, and aside from the SPG body fairings and dash emblem, the SIS is identical to a standard 1988 900 Turbo Convertible in the black/grey color combination.


title: Saab 900

text: The SiS models were sold, one to each dealer, however some dealers used the opportunity to trade their SiS convertible with other dealers in an effort to get other car models (specifically the 9000CD) for sale. Contrary to popular belief, the SIS was not given to the dealers for free. Dealers paid for their own car, the invoice price even reflected the increased cost of the SPG bodywork. Each dealer did however receive an Orrefors crystal vase, engraved with the Saab-Scania logo, packed in the trunk when the SIS was delivered stateside as a surprise gift.


title: Saab 900

text: Please note: Some individuals in an attempt to portray provenance of their vehicles, point to a sticker behind the driver side door card, that reads, in part, "AERO" and "CABRIO". This sticker was at one time affixed to ALL c900 convertibles and does not designate the vehicle as being of the SIS series. There a numerous "fake" SiS models being listed for sale/referred to as an authentic SiS. There, too, has been reports of the SiS glove box badge being stolen/replicated. One indicator of an authentic SIS is the inclusion of the SiS glove box badge, along with the original window sticker and matching VINs.


title: Saab 900

text: The Enduro was a special version of the 1980 900 Turbo assembled by Saab Scania Australia Pty. Ltd.; only eleven 900 Enduros were made along with a full body kit as a spare. Ken Matthews Prestige (a large Sydney-based Saab dealer at the time) were originally commissioned by Saab Australia to oversee the design and implementation of the overall engineering package, with the body modifications themselves designed and built by Purvis Cars of "Eureka" fame.


title: Saab 900

text: The package consisted of large fibreglass wheel arches to accommodate the extra track width front and rear, front air dam and rear fiberglass spoiler fully wider than normal 900 Turbo of that year. Extra gauges (oil pressure [0 to 500kPa - 0 to 75 psi], battery voltage [10 to 16 volts] and ammeter [-50 to +50 A]) were mounted where the radio usually was. The radio was moved to a new lower centre console that was not fitted to the 1980 model as standard. It was Eurovox MCC-9090R cassette player and radio with Voxson VX-89 graphic equaliser powering 6 speakers - 2x4" full range front, 2x1" dome tweeter overhead and 2x6" tri-axial rear. Apart from this, the car had a standard turbo version interior with green seats and triangular center steering wheel.


title: Saab 900

text: The cars were fitted with either gold or black-centred (depending on body colour) Simmons 'P-4' 3-piece composite alloy 7.5x15" wheels with polished lip. The overall outside edge-to-edge distance is wider at the front and at the rear over a 900 Turbo of the day - mainly to decrease the roll centre height and improve turn-in response. Tyres were 225/50VR15 Pirelli Cinturato P7 units in both the front and rear. Spare wheel was a full size steel rim 5x15" with Michelin 175/70HR15 tyre.


title: Saab 900

text: Suspension was improved with 290 mm (free length) by 17 mm 368 lb 7.1 turn springs up front and 300 mm (free length) by 16 mm 484 lb 9 turn springs at the rear. Steering caster was set to +2.25 deg +/- .25 deg, camber to -1.75 deg +/- .25 deg and toe in was 2.5 mm +/- 0.5 mm.


title: Saab 900

text: To increase performance, the waste gate was set at 17 psi (1.2 bar), which delivered a claimed from its 8-valve B201 slant-4 engine. Upstream water injection came standard.


title: Saab 900

text: Paint was a 2-pack Dulux Acran enamel and came in at least four known colours: 137B "Aquamarine Blue Metallic" and a very light green (almost white) referred to as 152G "Marble White". There was at least one Enduro painted in 121B "Solar Red" and a fourth in 148B "Acacia Green Metallic". The hood, side window frames and rear deck were painted in Dulux GT Satin Black. Large "ENDURO" (in 99 TURBO style font) stripes were emblazoned on the hood, the rear deck and along both sides at sill level, although not all vehicles were treated to the "Enduro" hood graphics.


title: Saab 900

text: None of the cars are known to be ever exported from Australia, but it's believed that no more than 6 examples survived to this day, with only 3 of them actually known. 2 of those were already extensively modified over the years, one awaiting full restoration. Some of the cars had the wheel centre replaced from Simmons P-4 to deeper dish V-4 version. There is also known a "half-Enduro" car, now owned by a real Enduro owner. The Saab dealer in Adelaide did the same Enduro fiberglass bodykit for their showcar (with a paint scheme of then non-existent 900 Lux) and advertised the conversion option for $5000. This was quickly put to an end as the dealer chose not to risk his dealership agreement with Saab.


title: Saab 900

text: The Lux was a special model available 1983 and 1984. It came in a two-tone paint, usually slate blue metallic on top and silver below. It had a three-spoke steering wheel or more rarely four-spoke. It was one of the rarest models sold by the company, but the number produced is unknown.


title: Saab 900

text: The SE model was produced in May 1990 and came with 5-doors Iridium Blue with blue pinstripes down the sides. The car also featured multi-spoke alloys, full electrics, grey leather seats, and wood effect as standard. Only 300 were originally made for the UK market, with a choice of either a 2.0L N/A engine or 2.0L LPT version. Later more SE versions were made, e.g. the 3-door LPT 900 SE Aero (1993). However, these were not part of the original limited run.


title: Saab 900

text: The Carlsson was a special edition 900 produced in honour of Erik Carlsson, of which only 600 examples were sold in the three years it was in production (1990 to 1992) and only available in the UK. It is thought by most that there were only 200 examples sold but in fact there were 200 examples sold for each of those three years. So it would be more probable that there are 200 examples of each of the three colours, which were black, white and red. All 900 Carlssons were 3-door hatchbacks, had a body coloured AirFlow body kit, were fitted with twin chrome exhausts, whaletail rear spoiler and were powered by the 1,985 cc turbocharged engine with an upgraded (Red) APC producing . The 900 Carlsson was also equipped with the "Type 8" primary gear set.


title: Saab 900

text: 314 Commemorative Edition 900 Turbo 3-door Hatchback Coupés were made for the U.S. market in 1993. All the cars were painted solid black with a tan leather interior and had 5-speed manual transmissions. The horsepower was increased to by outfitting the cars with the "red box" APC controller, a 2.8-bar fuel pressure regulator (base turbo was 2.5 bar), and a distributor with enhanced vacuum advance. The cars rode on the SPG suspension. The interior was further embellished by a walnut dash facia and a leather gear knob and gaiter. The wheels were 15" directionals painted medium-gray metallic units with a polished lip. Each Commemorative Edition was shipped with a small brass plaque indicating its number in the series. The plaques were serialized to indicate its number out of 325. However, only 314 were actually built. In addition, 15 identically equipped cars were shipped to Canada, and were equipped with metric (kilometer) speedometer instruments.


title: Saab 900

text: 500 Commemorative Edition 900T convertibles were delivered to the U.S. market in 1994. They were the last 500 classic 900 convertibles to be built. They had the same performance modifications as the 1993 Commemorative Edition vehicles with the exception of the lower SPG suspension. They all had the 5-speed manual transmission, and came with the same uniquely styled wheels, walnut dash facia, and leather gear knob and gaiter. The tan leather interior was further enhanced with black piping, which was exclusive to this model. The cars were all painted Nova Black Metallic (another feature exclusive to the 1994 Commemorative Edition) and had tan canvas tops. 500 identically equipped cars were shipped to Canada but have metric instruments. The 1994 CE vehicles did not have a plaque designating or celebrating the series. The VIN numbers do however run sequentially which, along with the Ruby, were the only Saab special edition series to do so.


title: Saab 900

text: Only available in the UK, the Ruby had the 'Carlsson' engine but no body kit. All were in 'Ruby' Red and can be distinguished from other 900s by the colour-coded bumpers and grey (rather than silver) alloy wheels. They also had the unique air-conditioned interior of buffalo leather with Zegna pure wool inserts in the seats and door panels. There were 150 examples and were the last classic style 900s sold in the UK.


title: Saab 900

text: 15 rarer LHD "Ruby" versions were also produced. 8 were made available to the Swedish market, known as the "Swedish Special Edition" and the rest were scattered in Europe. They were identical to the UK spec but had a more refined lower dash or knee guard and electric front seats.


title: Saab 900

text: Some Saab dealers made special models. Saab Wimbledon made the "Sprint" and the "Sport". The Sprint had a special body kit, lower, stiffer springs, and Pirelli Cinturato P7 on 7"x16" wheels. It also came with an intercooler, full colour-coding and 3-spoke leather steering wheel. The Sport had alloy wheels, full colour-coding and spoilers, uprated suspension, 3-spoke leather steering wheel, Clarion stereo and an electric aerial. Heuschmid GmbH offered options such as tuning, intercooler, suspensions tweaking and custom alloy wheels. EIA Motors of France made a series of 100 naturally aspirated 16 valve tuned to . Lynx Motors in the UK made a short run conversion of the two-door 900 shell to a convertible. The Winchester edition was a 4-door slate blue sedan and blue velour interior and wood trims.


title: Saab 900

text: Both 'Arrows' have a 1-150 and 1-200 numbered plaque on the dashboard and also a logo on the sides of the hood - above the fenders and on the back. It is believed that none of Arrows actually reached planned numbers for the limited production run - highest Red Arrow known is 138, Silver Arrow is 186. There are also few convertible versions styled as the Red Arrow (red car with grey AirFlow body kit), with no special version designated to it.


title: Saab 900

text: The second or 'new' generation Saab 900 (also referred to as the "GM900" or "NG900" among enthusiasts) was built on GM's GM2900 platform as a replacement for the "classic" first-generation Saab 900. This all-new 900 was produced in 1994 through 1998 model years. In mid-1998 it received over 1100 individual improvements (although some were actually introduced on the 1998 model 900), and was renamed the Saab 9-3 (in most markets; in the US the new model was introduced in 1999).


title: Saab 900

text: Variants included 900i (4-cylinder, non-turbo), S (4-cylinder, non-turbo in the USA; sometimes turbo in other markets) and SE (4-cylinder turbo or V6) models in three-door, five-door and convertible body styles. For 1997 and 1998 only, there was also a Saab 900 Talladega, after a record-breaking endurance test in 1996, on the Talladega Superspeedway.


title: Saab 900

text: Trim levels in "S" and "SE" models varied greatly in the models although in general SE models included Automatic Climate Control (ACC), leather interiors, wood-trimmed dashboards, and 16" wheels.


title: Saab 900

text: Depending on market, the NG900 was available with a choice of 2.0 L or 2.3 L Saab 16-valve DOHC engines (Saab engine codes B204 and B234) in naturally aspirated or turbocharged form (2.0 L only), as well as a 2.5 L version of GM's European 54° V6 engine. Engine management for the turbos was by Saab Trionic 5 with Direct Ignition (SDI) and Automatic Performance Control (APC), and for non-turbos by Bosch Motronic fuel injection. A distributor-operated ignition system was provided for naturally aspirated engines in some markets.


title: Saab 900

text: In contrast to the 'classic' Saab 900 with its longitudinally mounted engine and front-hinged hood (bonnet), the NG900 had a more-common transversely mounted engine with rear-hinged hood (bonnet).


title: Saab 900

text: The convertible variant was introduced in 1995 (1994 is a continuation of the C900 line). Convertibles were produced at the Valmet plant in Finland. Convertibles were available in both "S" and "SE" trim levels.


title: Saab 900

text: The 'Sensonic' clutch variant (available on Turbo models only) provided a manual gear lever as in a standard manual transmission car but omitted the clutch pedal in favor of electronics which could control the clutch faster than an average driver, essentially turning it into a clutchless manual transmission.


title: Saab 900

text: When the driver started to move the gearshift, a computer-controlled microprocessor would drive an electric motor, in turn, operating a hydraulic actuator connected to the clutch master cylinder, which used hydraulic fluid, and controlled the clutch automatically. With the car in gear but stationary, the clutch was released only when the throttle was applied. If neither brake nor gas pedal was depressed, a warning tone sounded and a message flashed on the on-board display, and if no action was taken after 7 seconds, the engine was shut off.


title: Saab 900

text: Printed in error, a "Hill Start" function for Sensonic-equipped cars (as described in the owner's manual under "Rolling") was intended to assist in getting underway on hills to prevent rolling forwards or backwards. However, this feature was not implemented on any production unit.


title: Saab 900

text: The NG900 introduced the Saab Information Display, or SID (available on S or SE models only), which gave the driver real-time information while driving, such as fuel efficiency and outside temperature. Base specification cars had a digital clock in place of the SID and a non-digital instrument panel with a mechanical odometer (as opposed to the digital odometer on higher-spec models). The SID also controls other vehicle components, including but not limited to audible warnings for turn signals and the vehicle's horn.


title: Saab 900

text: One Saab innovation, inspired by the company's roots in aeronautics, was the 'Black Panel' feature available in classic models through the turn of the panel dimming knob, and subsequently available (on S or SE models only), through the touch of a button on the SID (Saab Information Display) digital panel (classics had analog display), which extinguished most instrument panel lights, to eliminate distraction from dash lights during night driving. While active, the SID activated feature permitted darkened instruments to re-illuminate themselves when they required driver attention — if for example, the engine speed increased alarmingly or if the fuel level should drop below . This feature was later renamed 'Night Panel' in Saab 9-3 and Saab 9-5 models. In the later Night Panel version, the speedometer is only illuminated up to the 87 mph/140 km/h mark. The remainder of the scale will only be illuminated if the speed of the car exceeds 84 mph/135 km/h.


title: Saab 900

text: Under General Motors, Saab was repositioned as a luxury marque. This meant that the NG900 would be positioned, and priced, above the Opel Vectra, with which it shared its chassis platform. It would also make the bottom-of-the-range 900i more expensive than the Vectra. This led to cost-reduction measures for the 900i. The 900i would lose its rear-window wiper, the exclusive Saab Information Display, and would utilize a different instrument layout with a mechanical odometer instead of a digital one; first versions were even lacking tachometer. The NG900i would also lose its rear spoiler. Some 900i models were later equipped with a standard instrument cluster and the basic SID.


title: Saab 900

text: The 900i was only available in Europe, Australia, New Zealand and Japan as a three-door or a five-door with a choice of a 2.0 or 2.3 L engine. It did not sell very well in the UK and Australia, where the S and SE models were popular with Saab drivers. It was, however, popular as a cheaper alternative to the S and SE models.


title: Saab 900

text: Below are few special limited versions of NG900 derived from 900 SE 2.0 Turbo with that are specific to some countries, as some local dealer produced them, or specific to the tuner that made them when ordered by dealers or Saab itself. None of them is recognizable by the VIN, all are decoded as a standard 900 SE.


title: Saab 900

text: 1996 - Germany. R900 was the first special model of NG900, produced as a civil version of Group A race car for SAAB Germany by a tuner Uli Weinmann in Upper Franconia as an upgraded 900 SE Coupe. It was limited to 200 pieces, with some special features.


title: Saab 900

text: In the interior, front seats only were replaced by foldable fully leather Recaro sport seats (well known as optional equipment from Ford Cosworth and Turbo models), dashboard fascia was covered by carbon fiber and sporty metal pedals were added.


title: Saab 900

text: The exterior was painted pearl black metallic with R900 decals on the rear hatch, but also front fenders above turn signal lights. Color-coded mirror covers and front/rear spoilers by Zender were added, which later found their way to other limited editions and the Talladega version as a standard.


title: Saab 900

text: The suspension was lowered by 30 mm for exceptional handling, and 3-inch diameter stainless steel exhaust was added to provide some sporty sound. 6-spoke 17" ATS Type 10 wheels in matte silver used for NG900 first time approved 245/35 tires, or optional 225/45 16" version approved as well, described on a sticker on the driver's side B column.


title: Saab 900

text: The performance was left unchanged at , as manual, automatic, and also Sensonic transmissions were used. Later some R900 cars were upgraded by Hirsch Performance (Swiss Saab tuner) to Stage 1, producing and 310 N⋅m with a manual or 275 N⋅m with an automatic transmission. Acceleration from 0–100 km/h (62 mph) was reduced by this from (auto/manual) 8 to 7.4 seconds for automatics and from 9.5 to 9 seconds for manual-equipped cars. While no hardware was actually replaced on the car, this ECU modification cost around 2000 CHF at the time.


title: Saab 900

text: It is believed that R900 influenced the SVO project and later the Viggen model development. Many of those cars no longer exist, however, there is a discussion board that tries to keep track of some 30 cars that remained registered in Germany, but there are known examples in the Czech Republic, Baltic countries, and even Iceland.


title: Saab 900

text: 1996/1997 - Switzerland. SUN Beach by RINSPEED was produced for Swiss importer Scancars, limited to only 70 pieces. 900 SE Convertible was used as a base and again, changes were mostly cosmetic, since the performance was the same at . Price was set to 70 000 CHF at the time.


title: Saab 900

text: Most changes were done in the interior. All headrests were in turquoise color with the SUN Beach logo embroidered. Turquoise carbon fiber trim could be found on dashboard fascia, above the glove box, on-air vents, over the SID, radio, ashtray but also on the windows controls, even on door handles. The shifter lever gaiter and knob were also finished in Turquoise. Armrest was added to the equipment.


title: Saab 900

text: The exterior was painted in Neptune Turquoise Metallic color with color-coded front Zender spoiler and rearview mirrors, it was pearl effect paint shimmering between purple and green or blue. The car was lowered by 30 mm using Eibach springs and yellow Koni shock absorbers. To take further advantage of upgraded suspension, and also add to the look and style, chrome versions of wider 5-spoke 16" Moda M1 by BBS wheels were used with 225/45 tires. Since wide tires are not optimal in winter conditions, each original buyer also received a set of original 16" alloy wheels, which were fitted with 205/50 winter tires. Many of these cars are known to be equipped with Sensonic transmission.


title: Saab 900

text: Apart from headrests, the SUN Beach logo was also on a sticker below the outer right rear light and just above the strip on the rear quarter body panel by the door gap. It was on the wheels hubcaps too. These models are now registered in Germany, Belgium, Netherlands, Czech Republic, and even Norway.


title: Saab 900

text: 1996/1997 - Italy. There is no official Aero version of the NG900 compared to 9000, 9–3, or 9–5. This special version was created by the SIDAUTO dealership, then belonging to Odoardo Pagani (in his honor — by his grey suit, SAAB named the color referred to as Odardo / Edwardian grey). The actual production number of such versions is unknown, it is believed to be originally set on 200, while it is also known that not all body kits were used. No upgrades were done to the performance as well, apart from sports suspension, everything stayed the same as 900SE / 900 Talladega. All are equipped with the manual transmission, as the automatic was lacking the true sportiness.


title: Saab 900

text: Car was only made as a Coupe, in silver metallic or solid black, while silver is believed to be far more common. Both color versions, however, used that Odoardo grey body kit, which is a tribute to the Classic 900 SPG / Aero with a similar AirFlow body kit. Therefore, also front and rear bumpers are grey. The front bumper and rear hatch had Zender spoilers, both were color-coded together with mirrors. Metallic silver wheels were used of rather standard SAAB 3-spoke design, known from 9000 Aero version, made by RONAL as SuperAero 16" running also standard 205/50 tires. In the interior, standard black leather seats were used, some of them perforated. The same leather was used on door card inserts. Other than the carbon fiber trim on the dashboard, the interior was also standard.


title: Saab 900

text: The body kit consisted of a side skirt, which was one piece together with front and rear fender panels and a separate door panel. There was a SAAB name logo inserted in front fender panel, below the turn signal light. This version actually carried Aero badge (same part as on the 9000 Aero), placed after the 900 model designation on the rear hatch. Some of the body kits produced were never mounted on the Aero version (most probably because the planned production number was not reached) and were used by individuals on Talladega Coupe, R900, or even Viggen and 9-3 Convertible models. The last such body kits were sold as late as 2004.


title: Saab 900

text: 1997 - SAAB Europe version. Presumably, 350 yellow SAAB NG900 Convertible models were made, of which 32 were exported as US models. Of the rest, 210 were converted to the limited edition by Rinspeed. Many sources claim there were only 150, which is known to be untrue due to special reason. An unusual accessory was supplied - wristwatch MARK XII of the Swiss brand IWC. Of course, the automatic watch was similar in appearance to the convertible. The case and dial were titanium-colored, the leather strap lights up in a rich yellow.


title: Saab 900

text: The watch model was slightly different than standard MARK XII, for example instead of the words "MARK XII AUTOMATIC" the watch bore the words "SAAB AUTOMATIC". It was made in a limited number of 210 pieces. The price of the watch is now similar or even higher than the car itself. At the time of release, the car with a wristwatch as a gift accessory cost around 74 000 DM.


title: Saab 900

text: The car itself is mostly a standard NG900, painted in Monte Carlo yellow solid color as a tribute to much liked Classic 900 Convertible of the same color. In addition to that, it had some details in dark grey, or rather metallic titanium, like stripes on the bumpers or seat belt reel dome cover. The same color was used on the 3-spoke 17" Antera 145 wheels, with 215/40 tires, utilizing the sport suspension. There was also sporty chrome round exhaust tip in the back. The performance was again the same as the standard 900 SE Turbo, with . Apart from above mentioned special versions, there was no spoiler used on the front or the back here. Half of the cars were supposedly equipped with manual transmissions, while the other half were automatics. Sensonic was no longer used.


title: Saab 900

text: Mellow Yellow by Rinspeed logo was on hubcaps of the wheels, under the outer rear left light, on the seat belt reel dome but also in the center of the gauge cluster, where all illumination was yellow instead of the original green.


title: Saab 900

text: The only other change in the interior is metallic titanium trim over the SID, radio and climate controls, as well as over the windows controller. Many of those cars are still registered across Europe, some are known to be heavily tuned. Out of all mentioned, it is probably the best known NG900 special version amongst the Saab community.


title: Saab 900

text: In January 2010 General Motors confirmed it was selling the intellectual property rights of the New Generation 900 along with the pre-2010 Saab 9-5 and pre-2002 Saab 9-3 to the Beijing Automotive Group (BAIC) for US$197 million. The package included three vehicle platforms, two transmission systems, and two engine systems.


title: JSON Web Token

text: JSON Web Token (JWT, pronounced , same as the word "jot") is a proposed Internet standard for creating data with optional signature and/or optional encryption whose payload holds JSON that asserts some number of claims. The tokens are signed either using a private secret or a public/private key.


title: JSON Web Token

text: For example, a server could generate a token that has the claim "logged in as administrator" and provide that to a client. The client could then use that token to prove that it is logged in as admin. The tokens can be signed by one party's private key (usually the server's) so that any party can subsequently verify whether or not the token is legitimate. If the other party, by some suitable and trustworthy means, is in possession of the corresponding public key, they too are able to verify the token's legitimacy. The tokens are designed to be compact, URL-safe, and usable especially in a web-browser single-sign-on (SSO) context. JWT claims can typically be used to pass identity of authenticated users between an identity provider and a service provider, or any other type of claims as required by business processes.


title: JSON Web Token

text: In authentication, when the user successfully logs in using their credentials, a JSON Web Token will be returned and must be saved locally (typically in local or session storage, but cookies can also be used), instead of the traditional approach of creating a session in the server and returning a cookie. For unattended processes the client may also authenticate directly by generating and signing its own JWT with a pre-shared secret and pass it to a OAuth compliant service like so:


title: JSON Web Token

text: If the client passes a valid JWT assertion the server will generate an access_token valid for making calls to the application and pass it back to the client:


title: JSON Web Token

text: When the client wants to access a protected route or resource, the user agent should send the JWT, typically in the codice_4 HTTP header using the codice_5 schema. The content of the header might look like the following:


title: JSON Web Token

text: This is a stateless authentication mechanism as the user state is never saved in server memory. The server's protected routes will check for a valid JWT in the Authorization header, and if it is present, the user will be allowed to access protected resources. As JWTs are self-contained, all the necessary information is there, reducing the need to query the database multiple times.


title: JSON Web Token

text: JSON web tokens may contain session state. But if project requirements allow session invalidation before JWT expiration, services can no longer trust token assertions by the token alone. To validate that the session stored in the token is not revoked, token assertions must be checked against a data store. This renders the tokens no longer stateless, undermining the primary advantage of JWTs.


title: JSON Web Token

text: Security consultant Tim McLean reported vulnerabilities in some JWT libraries that used the codice_6 field to incorrectly validate tokens, most commonly by accepting a codice_7 token. While these vulnerabilities were patched, McLean suggested deprecating the codice_6 field altogether to prevent similar implementation confusion. Still, new codice_7 vulnerabilities are still being found in the wild, with four CVEs filed in the 2018-2021 period having this cause.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: David Goldstein (born February 24, 1947), better known as Rupert Holmes, is a British-American composer, singer-songwriter, dramatist and author. He is widely known for the hit singles "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" (1979) and "Him" (1980). He is also known for his musicals "The Mystery of Edwin Drood", which earned him two Tony Awards, and "Curtains", and for his television series "Remember WENN".


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes was born David Goldstein in Northwich, Cheshire, England. His father, Leonard Eliot Goldstein, was a United States Army warrant officer and bandleader. His mother, Gwendolen Mary ("née" Pynn), was English, and both were musical. Holmes has dual British and American citizenship. The family moved when Holmes was six years old to the northern New York City suburb of Nanuet, New York, where Holmes grew up and attended nearby Nyack High School and then the Manhattan School of Music (majoring in clarinet). Holmes's brother, Richard, is the principal lyric baritone of the New York Gilbert and Sullivan Players, sings roles with regional opera companies, such as Glimmerglass, Lake George and Virginia Opera, and has appeared with the Metropolitan Opera.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: In 1969, Holmes married childhood friend Elizabeth "Liza" Wood Dreifuss, an attorney. Their daughter Wendy died suddenly in 1986, at the age of ten, of an undiagnosed brain tumor. They have two sons, Nick, a filmmaker, and Timothy, who is autistic. In 2009, they moved from Scarsdale, New York, where they had lived since Wendy's death, to Cold Spring, New York.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: In his 20s, Holmes was a session musician (producing sessions, writing and arranging songs, singing and playing a few instruments). In 1969, Holmes and Ron Dante (the Cuff Links, the Archies) recorded "Jennifer Tomkins" for release on their second album, "The Cuff Links". During the recording of that album, Dante was prohibited by the studio that produced the Archies from any involvement in new recording ventures and was forced to drop out of "The Cuff Links". Holmes finished the project and released "Jennifer Tomkins" separately under a different studio name, Street People (not related to the mid-1970s band of the same name). The song was on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for 15 weeks, beginning January 3, 1970, reaching a peak of 36. A follow-up single called "Thank You Girl" reached 96 on the Billboard pop charts in April 1970.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes played the piano for both the Cuff Links and the Buoys, with whom he had his first international hit, "Timothy", which was on the Hot 100 for 17 weeks beginning on January 2, 1971, a No. 17 song about cannibalism that intentionally drew controversy. He also wrote "Give Up Your Guns" (which peaked at No. 84), "The Prince of Thieves", "Blood Knot", and "Tomorrow" for the band. Holmes also wrote jingles and pop tunes (including for Gene Pitney, the Platters, the Drifters, Wayne Newton, Dolly Parton, Barry Manilow and television's the Partridge Family), as well as the score of the 1970 revenge western, "Five Savage Men" (also known as "The Animals"), which starred Keenan Wynn.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: As a recording artist, Holmes broke through with his first album, 1974's "Widescreen" on Epic Records, which introduced him as a presenter of highly romantic, lushly orchestrated "story songs" that told a witty narrative punctuated by clever rhymes and a hint of comedy. Barbra Streisand discovered this album and asked to record songs from it, launching Holmes on a successful career. She then used some of his songs in the movie "A Star Is Born". Holmes also arranged, conducted, and wrote songs on her 1975 album "Lazy Afternoon" as well as five other Streisand albums. Holmes's second, self-titled album led "Rolling Stone" to compare him with Bob Dylan in the sense of being an artist of unprecedented originality that commanded attention.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes's production skills were also in demand during this period, and he took on this role for Lynsey de Paul on her album "Tigers and Fireflies", which spawned the radio hit "Hollywood Romance". The album also featured the bluesy song "'Twas", co-written by Holmes and de Paul. He additionally produced Sparks' 1976 LP, "Big Beat", though the album was not a success. In 1975, together with Jeffrey Lesser, Holmes produced the UK band Sailor's album "Trouble" (CBS Epic).


title: Rupert Holmes

text: "Escape (The Piña Colada Song)" was included on Holmes's fifth album, "Partners in Crime", and was the final Hot 100 No. 1 of 1979. Another popular song on that album was "Him", which peaked at number 6 on the Hot 100. He had another top-40 hit with "Answering Machine". In 1986, Holmes's composition "You Got It All" (sometimes called "You Got It All Over Him") was a top 3 hit single for The Jets and was later recorded by pop superstar Britney Spears and featured in her internationally released version of "Oops!... I Did It Again" (2000). He also produced two songs for singer Judy Collins that appeared on her album "Sanity and Grace". His song "The People That You Never Get to Love" was featured on four albums by Susannah McCorkle "The People That You Never Get to Love" (1981), "From Bessie to Brazil" (1993), "Most Requested Songs" (2001), and "Ballad Essentials" (2002). Frank Sinatra Jr. also recorded the tune on his "That Face!" album (2006).


title: Rupert Holmes

text: In the 1980s and 1990s, Holmes also played in cabarets and comedy clubs, mostly in New York City, telling often autobiographical anecdotes illustrated with his songs. In a 2016 episode of the TV show "Better Call Saul", Jimmy says that he is making a documentary about Holmes and sings part of "Escape". In 2021, Holmes received an honorary Doctor of Musical Arts degree from Manhattan School of Music.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes made his professional debut as a playwright with the musical "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" in 1985. He was encouraged to write a musical by Joseph Papp and his wife after they attended one of Holmes's cabarets in 1983. The result, loosely based on the Charles Dickens unfinished novel of the same name, and inspired by Holmes's memories of English pantomime shows he attended as a child, was a hit in New York's Central Park and on Broadway. Because Dickens left the novel unfinished at his death, Holmes employed the unusual device of providing alternate endings for each character who is suspected of the murder, and letting the audience vote on a different murderer each night. The show earned Holmes the Tony Award for both book and score, as well as the Drama Desk Awards for lyrics, music, the book and orchestrations, among various other honors. The musical has been given London and Broadway revivals, among others. The success of "Drood" would lead Holmes to write other plays (both musical and non-) in later years, though he has stated that he avoided musical theater for some time after the death of his daughter.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes also wrote the Tony Award-nominated ("Best Play 2003") "Say Goodnight, Gracie", based on the relationship between George Burns and Gracie Allen. The play, which starred Frank Gorshin, was that Broadway season's longest running play and the third longest-running solo-performance show in Broadway history. He wrote the comedy-thriller "Accomplice" in 1990, which was the second of Holmes's plays to receive an Edgar Award (following "Drood"). Holmes has written a number of other shows, including "Solitary Confinement", which played on Broadway at the Nederlander Theatre in 1992 and set a new Kennedy Center box office record before its Broadway run; "Thumbs", the most successful play in the history of the Helen Hayes Theatre Company; and the musical "Marty" (2002), starring John C. Reilly. He wrote the book to "Swango: The Theatrical Dance Experience", a swing-tango dance piece that premiered Off-Broadway in 2002 inspired by "Romeo and Juliet". It has had several revivals. Holmes joined the creative team of the musical "Curtains" after the deaths of both Peter Stone (the original book-writer) and Fred Ebb (the lyricist). Holmes rewrote Stone's original book and contributed additional lyrics to the Kander and Ebb songs. "Curtains" played at the Al Hirschfeld Theatre on Broadway, and David Hyde Pierce and Debra Monk starred in the lead roles. Holmes and Peter Stone (posthumously) won the 2007 Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Book of a Musical for "Curtains".


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes wrote the book of the musical "The First Wives' Club", adapted from the film of the same name. The musical premiered at The Old Globe Theater in San Diego, California in 2009. Its score is by Lamont Dozier, Brian Holland and Eddie Holland. The production received generally unenthusiastic reviews but sold well. A new book was written by Linda Bloodworth-Thomason, and the reworked show opened in Chicago in 2015. Holmes next wrote the book for a jukebox musical, "Robin and the 7 Hoods", inspired by the 1964 film of the same name starring Frank Sinatra, with a new story line that Holmes set in the "Mad Men" era of 1962. Songs are by Sammy Cahn and Jimmy Van Heusen, including "My Kind of Town". A production ran in 2010, also at the Old Globe. Casey Nicholaw directed and choreographed. The story is about a likable gangster hoping to get out of the crime business. A do-gooding TV reporter likens him to a modern-day Robin Hood.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes adapted the John Grisham novel and film of "A Time to Kill" for the stage. The play premiered at the Arena Stage, Washington, DC, in 2011. The courtroom drama, set against a background of evolving 1980s Southern racial politics, was called "funny, shocking, witty, and sly". He wrote the book and lyrics for "The Nutty Professor", a musical based on the 1963 film of the same name. Marvin Hamlisch wrote the score. The musical was directed by Jerry Lewis and premiered in Nashville, Tennessee, in 2012. With Hamlisch, he also wrote songs for the 2013 Liberace biopic "Behind the Candelabra". He next wrote the book of "", which premiered in Seattle, Washington, in 2013. "A Time to Kill" was produced on Broadway, but lasted only four weeks plus previews, closing on November 17, 2013. In 2016, "The Sweet Potato Queens", with music by Melissa Manchester, lyrics by Sharon Vaughn and a book by Holmes premiered at TUTS Underground.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: In 1996, Holmes created the television series "Remember WENN" for American Movie Classics, writing the theme song and all 56 episodes of that series. In 2003, he published his first novel, "Where the Truth Lies" (later adapted into a film of the same name by Atom Egoyan), followed in 2005 by "Swing", a multimedia release combining a novel with a music CD providing clues to the mystery. His next novel, "The McMasters Guide to Homicide: Murder Your Employer", is scheduled for release in 2023.


title: Rupert Holmes

text: Holmes also wrote and co-produced, and was a keyboardist on, the songs on the disco album "Shobizz", released in 1979 by Capitol Records. He also featured as a vocalist on the 1983 album "Lake Freeze - The Raccoons Songtrack" by The Raccoons.


title: Mathematician

text: A mathematician is someone who uses an extensive knowledge of mathematics in their work, typically to solve mathematical problems.


title: Mathematician

text: One of the earliest known mathematicians were Thales of Miletus (c. 624–c.546 BC); he has been hailed as the first true mathematician and the first known individual to whom a mathematical discovery has been attributed. He is credited with the first use of deductive reasoning applied to geometry, by deriving four corollaries to Thales' Theorem.


title: Mathematician

text: The number of known mathematicians grew when Pythagoras of Samos (c. 582–c. 507 BC) established the Pythagorean School, whose doctrine it was that mathematics ruled the universe and whose motto was "All is number". It was the Pythagoreans who coined the term "mathematics", and with whom the study of mathematics for its own sake begins.


title: Mathematician

text: The first woman mathematician recorded by history was Hypatia of Alexandria (AD 350 – 415). She succeeded her father as Librarian at the Great Library and wrote many works on applied mathematics. Because of a political dispute, the Christian community in Alexandria punished her, presuming she was involved, by stripping her naked and scraping off her skin with clamshells (some say roofing tiles).


title: Mathematician

text: Science and mathematics in the Islamic world during the Middle Ages followed various models and modes of funding varied based primarily on scholars. It was extensive patronage and strong intellectual policies implemented by specific rulers that allowed scientific knowledge to develop in many areas. Funding for translation of scientific texts in other languages was ongoing throughout the reign of certain caliphs, and it turned out that certain scholars became experts in the works they translated and in turn received further support for continuing to develop certain sciences. As these sciences received wider attention from the elite, more scholars were invited and funded to study particular sciences. An example of a translator and mathematician who benefited from this type of support was al-Khawarizmi. A notable feature of many scholars working under Muslim rule in medieval times is that they were often polymaths. Examples include the work on optics, maths and astronomy of Ibn al-Haytham.


title: Mathematician

text: The Renaissance brought an increased emphasis on mathematics and science to Europe. During this period of transition from a mainly feudal and ecclesiastical culture to a predominantly secular one, many notable mathematicians had other occupations: Luca Pacioli (founder of accounting); Niccolò Fontana Tartaglia (notable engineer and bookkeeper); Gerolamo Cardano (earliest founder of probability and binomial expansion); Robert Recorde (physician) and François Viète (lawyer).


title: Mathematician

text: As time passed, many mathematicians gravitated towards universities. An emphasis on free thinking and experimentation had begun in Britain's oldest universities beginning in the seventeenth century at Oxford with the scientists Robert Hooke and Robert Boyle, and at Cambridge where Isaac Newton was Lucasian Professor of Mathematics & Physics. Moving into the 19th century, the objective of universities all across Europe evolved from teaching the "regurgitation of knowledge" to "encourag[ing] productive thinking." In 1810, Humboldt convinced the King of Prussia, Fredrick William III to build a university in Berlin based on Friedrich Schleiermacher's liberal ideas; the goal was to demonstrate the process of the discovery of knowledge and to teach students to "take account of fundamental laws of science in all their thinking." Thus, seminars and laboratories started to evolve.


title: Mathematician

text: British universities of this period adopted some approaches familiar to the Italian and German universities, but as they already enjoyed substantial freedoms and autonomy the changes there had begun with the Age of Enlightenment, the same influences that inspired Humboldt. The Universities of Oxford and Cambridge emphasized the importance of research, arguably more authentically implementing Humboldt's idea of a university than even German universities, which were subject to state authority. Overall, science (including mathematics) became the focus of universities in the 19th and 20th centuries. Students could conduct research in seminars or laboratories and began to produce doctoral theses with more scientific content. According to Humboldt, the mission of the University of Berlin was to pursue scientific knowledge. The German university system fostered professional, bureaucratically regulated scientific research performed in well-equipped laboratories, instead of the kind of research done by private and individual scholars in Great Britain and France. In fact, Rüegg asserts that the German system is responsible for the development of the modern research university because it focused on the idea of "freedom of scientific research, teaching and study."


title: Mathematician

text: Mathematicians usually cover a breadth of topics within mathematics in their undergraduate education, and then proceed to specialize in topics of their own choice at the graduate level. In some universities, a qualifying exam serves to test both the breadth and depth of a student's understanding of mathematics; the students, who pass, are permitted to work on a doctoral dissertation.


title: Mathematician

text: Mathematicians involved with solving problems with applications in real life are called applied mathematicians. Applied mathematicians are mathematical scientists who, with their specialized knowledge and professional methodology, approach many of the imposing problems presented in related scientific fields. With professional focus on a wide variety of problems, theoretical systems, and localized constructs, applied mathematicians work regularly in the study and formulation of mathematical models. Mathematicians and applied mathematicians are considered to be two of the STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) careers.


title: Mathematician

text: The discipline of applied mathematics concerns itself with mathematical methods that are typically used in science, engineering, business, and industry; thus, "applied mathematics" is a mathematical science with specialized knowledge. The term "applied mathematics" also describes the professional specialty in which mathematicians work on problems, often concrete but sometimes abstract. As professionals focused on problem solving, "applied mathematicians" look into the "formulation, study, and use of mathematical models" in science, engineering, business, and other areas of mathematical practice.


title: Mathematician

text: Pure mathematics is mathematics that studies entirely abstract concepts. From the eighteenth century onwards, this was a recognized category of mathematical activity, sometimes characterized as "speculative mathematics", and at variance with the trend towards meeting the needs of navigation, astronomy, physics, economics, engineering, and other applications.


title: Mathematician

text: Another insightful view put forth is that "pure mathematics is not necessarily applied mathematics": it is possible to study abstract entities with respect to their intrinsic nature, and not be concerned with how they manifest in the real world. Even though the pure and applied viewpoints are distinct philosophical positions, in practice there is much overlap in the activity of pure and applied mathematicians.


title: Mathematician

text: To develop accurate models for describing the real world, many applied mathematicians draw on tools and techniques that are often considered to be "pure" mathematics. On the other hand, many pure mathematicians draw on natural and social phenomena as inspiration for their abstract research.


title: Mathematician

text: Many careers in mathematics outside of universities involve consulting. For instance, actuaries assemble and analyze data to estimate the probability and likely cost of the occurrence of an event such as death, sickness, injury, disability, or loss of property. Actuaries also address financial questions, including those involving the level of pension contributions required to produce a certain retirement income and the way in which a company should invest resources to maximize its return on investments in light of potential risk. Using their broad knowledge, actuaries help design and price insurance policies, pension plans, and other financial strategies in a manner which will help ensure that the plans are maintained on a sound financial basis.