title: Mezzanine

text: A structural engineer is sometimes hired to help determine whether the floor of the building can support a mezzanine (and how heavy the mezzanine may be), and to design the appropriate mezzanine.


title: Mezzanine

text: Custom Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are designed specifically to match the space and capacity needs of a given facility. It will, at a minimum, include a stairway for accessing the mezzanine. These structures typically are the strongest in terms of support capacity.


title: Mezzanine

text: Standard Mezzanines are steel, raised industrial platform structures that are completely self-supporting and are sold in pre-determined sizes and shapes. These off-the-shelf structures are usually strong (in terms of support capacity) and less expensive than custom mezzanines.


title: Mezzanine

text: Modular Mezzanines are a type of Industrial Mezzanine that can be assembled by bolting together standard-sized, self-supporting, independent raised platform structures.


title: Mezzanine

text: Employees in material handling and manufacturing are often at risk of falls when they are on the job. Recent figures show approximately 20,000 serious injuries and nearly 100 fatalities a year in industrial facilities. Falls of people and objects from mezzanines are of particular concern.


title: Mezzanine

text: In many industrial operations, openings are cut into the guardrail on mezzanines and elevated work platforms to allow picking of palletized material to be loaded and unloaded, often with a fork truck, to upper levels. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and International Building Council (IBC) have published regulations for fall protection and The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) has published standards for securing pallet drop areas to protect workers that work on elevated platforms and are exposed to openings.


title: Mezzanine

text: In most cases, safety gates are used to secure these openings. OSHA requires openings 48 inches or taller to be secured with a fall protection system. Removable sections of railing or gates that swing or slide open would be used to open up the area and allow the transfer of material, and then close once the material is removed. However, current ANSI standards require dual-gate safety systems for fall protection.


title: Mezzanine

text: Dual-gate safety systems were created to secure these areas, allowing a barrier to be in place at all times, even while pallets are being loaded or removed. Dual-gate systems create a completely enclosed workstation providing protection for the worker during loading and off-loading operations. When the rear-side gate opens, the ledge gate automatically closes, ensuring there is always a gate between the operator and the ledge.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Clark County is located in the U.S. state of Nevada. As of the 2020 census, the population was 2,265,461. Most of the county population resides in the Las Vegas Census County Divisions, which hold 1,771,945 people as of the 2010 Census, across . It is by far the most populous county in Nevada, and the 11th most populous county in the United States. It covers 7% of the state's land area but holds 74% of the state's population, making Nevada one of the most centralized states in the United States.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Las Vegas, the state's most populous city, has been the county seat since its establishment. The county was formed by the Nevada Legislature by splitting off a portion of Lincoln County on February 5, 1909, and was organized on July 1, 1909. The Las Vegas Valley, a basin, includes Las Vegas and other major cities and communities such as North Las Vegas, Henderson, and the unincorporated community of Paradise.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Native Americans lived in the Las Vegas Valley beginning over 10,000 years ago. Paiutes moved into the area as early as AD 700. Previously part of the Mexican Territory of Alta California, the Clark County lands were subsequently traversed by American beaver trappers. Word of their journeys inspired the New Mexican merchant Antonio Armijo in 1829 to establish the first route for mule trains and herds of livestock from Nuevo Mexico to Alta California through the area, along the Virgin and Colorado Rivers. Called the Armijo Route of the Old Spanish Trail, the route was later modified into the Main Route by the passing merchants, trappers, drovers, Ute raiders and settlers over the years by moving to a more direct route. In Clark County it was northward away from the Colorado to a series of creeks, waterholes and springs like those at Las Vegas, to which John C. Frémont added Frémont's Cutoff on his return from California to Utah in 1844.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: What is now Clark County was acquired by the United States during the Mexican–American War, becoming part of the northwestern corner of New Mexico Territory. In 1847, Jefferson Hunt and other Mormon Battalion members returning to Salt Lake City from Los Angeles pioneered a wagon route through the County that became the Mormon Road. In 1849, this road became known as the "Southern Route", the winter route of the California Trail from Salt Lake City to Los Angeles during the California Gold Rush. By the mid-1850s, the route now known as the Salt Lake Road in California, and the California Road in Utah Territory, was a wagon trade route between the two. In the mid-1850s, Mormons established a settlement at Las Vegas. In the 1860s, Mormon colonies were established along the Virgin and Muddy Rivers.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: All of the county was part of Mohave County, Arizona Territory, when that Territory was formed in 1863, before Nevada became a state. In 1865, it became part of Pah-Ute County, Arizona Territory. The part of Pah-Ute County north and west of the Colorado River was assigned to the new State of Nevada in 1866; however, Arizona territory fought the division until 1871. Pah-Ute County became part of Lincoln County and the westernmost part became the southernmost part of Nye County.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Clark County was named for William A. Clark, a Montana copper magnate and Democratic U.S. Senator. Clark was largely responsible for construction of the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad through the area, contributing to the region's early development. Clark County is a major tourist destination, with 150,000 hotel rooms. The Las Vegas Strip, home to most of the hotel-casinos known to many around the world, is not within the City of Las Vegas limits, but in unincorporated Paradise. It is, however, in the Las Vegas Valley.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Clark County is geographically coextensive with the Las Vegas MSA, a metropolitan statistical area designated by the Office of Management and Budget and used by the United States Census Bureau and other agencies for statistical purposes. Over time and influenced by climate change, droughts in Southern Nevada have been increasing in frequency and severity, putting a further strain on Clark County’s and Las Vegas's water security.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Colorado River forms the county's southeastern boundary, with Hoover Dam forming Lake Mead along much of its length. The lowest point in the state of Nevada is on the Colorado River just south of Laughlin in Clark County, where it flows out of Nevada into California and Arizona. Greater Las Vegas is a tectonic valley, surrounded by four mountain ranges, with nearby Mount Charleston being the highest elevation at , located to the northwest. Other than the forests on Mount Charleston, the geography in Clark County is a desert. Creosote bushes are the main native vegetation, and the mountains are mostly rocky with little vegetation. The terrain slopes to the south and east. The county has an area of , of which is land and (2.1%) is water.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Twenty official wilderness areas in Clark County are part of the National Wilderness Preservation System. Many of these are in, or partially in, one of the preceding protected areas, as shown below. Many are separate entities that are managed by the Bureau of Land Management (BLM):


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Clark County has diverse desert flora and fauna, including higher-elevation mountain areas, the desert floor, and the Colorado River/Lake Mead ecosystems. Variations in diurnal temperature as well as seasonal swings in temperature create demanding adaptation elements on the species of this county. Population expansion, especially since 1970, has placed additional pressure on species in the area.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Correspondingly, air quality levels prior to the 1960s were in a favorable range, but the proliferation of automobiles with the human population expansion created circumstances where some federal air quality standards were violated starting in the 1980s.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: To plan for the wave of development forecast by 1980, Clark County embarked on a regional environmental impact assessment funded by a federal Section 208 program, with Sedway Cooke conducting the planning work and Earth Metrics performing environmental analysis. This endeavor projected population growth, land use changes and environmental impacts.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: To prevent the loss of federal funds due to unacceptable dust levels in the Las Vegas valley, in 2003 the Nevada Air Quality Management division (under direction of Clark County officials) created the "Don't Be a Dusthole" campaign. The campaign successfully raised awareness of dust pollution in the Las Vegas valley, quantifiably reducing pollutants and preserving ongoing federal funding.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Apex Landfill, at , is the nation's largest landfill. Republic Services owns and operates the landfill.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Nevada is the third most seismically active state in the U.S. (after Alaska and California); the United States Geological Survey has estimated that over the next 50 years, Clark County has a 10–20% chance of a M6.0 or greater earthquake occurring within of Las Vegas.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: In 2000 there were 512,253 households, out of which 31.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.7% were married couples living together, 11.8% had a female householder with no husband present, and 33.7% were non-families. 24.5% of all households were made up of individuals, and 6.7% had someone living alone who was above age 64. The average household size was 2.65 and the average family size was 3.17.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The county population contained 25.6% under the age of 18, 9.2% from 18 to 24, 32.2% from 25 to 44, 22.3% from 45 to 64, and 10.7% who were over age 64. The median age was 34 years. For every 100 females there were 103.50 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 102.80 males.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The median income for a household in the county was $53,536, and the median income for a family was $59,485. Males had a median income of $35,243 versus $27,077 for females. The per capita income for the county was $21,785. About 7.9% of families and 10.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 7.3% of those over age 64.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: As of the 2010 United States Census, there were 1,951,269 people, 715,365 households, and 467,916 families in the county. The population density was . There were 840,343 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the county was 60.9% White, 13.5% Black or African American, 8.7% Asian, 0.7% Pacific islander, 0.7% American Indian, 10.5% from other races, and 5.1% from two or more races. Those of Hispanic or Latino origin made up 29.1% of the population. In terms of ancestry, 11.7% were German, 9.1% were Irish, 7.6% were English, 6.3% were Italian, and 2.7% were American.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Of the 715,365 households, 34.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 45.0% were married couples living together, 13.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 34.6% were non-families, and 25.3% of all households were made up of individuals. The average household size was 2.70 and the average family size was 3.26. The median age was 35.5 years.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The median income for a household in the county was $56,258 and the median income for a family was $63,888. Males had a median income of $43,693 versus $35,324 for females. The per capita income for the county was $27,422. About 8.7% of families and 11.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 16.9% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The county is home to many gaming-related companies. Station Casinos is headquartered in unincorporated Clark County, along with Golden Entertainment, American Casino & Entertainment Properties, Bally Technologies, Cannery Casino Resorts, The Majestic Star Casino, LLC, Ameristar Casinos, Archon Corporation, Boyd Gaming, Las Vegas Sands, MGM Resorts International, Wynn Resorts, DBT Online Inc., Two Plus Two Publishing, Gambler's Book Shop / GBC Press, Millennium Management Group, Navegante Group, Pinnacle Entertainment and Tropicana Entertainment.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: According to data collected by the Research and Analysis Bureau of the Nevada Department of Employment, Training and Rehabilitation, Clark County's largest employers, both public and private employers, as reported in the fourth quarter of 2012:


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The State of Nevada divides the state into several gaming districts. Accordingly, the Clark County is divided into the following reporting districts:


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Clark County Commission consists of seven members who are elected to serve staggered four-year terms in biennial partisan elections. The commission members elect a chairman, who chairs their meetings. A hired county manager handles day-to-day operations under direction of the commission. The county's unincorporated towns also have appointed boards that provide advice to the commission.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The county operates out of the Clark County Government Center in the City of Las Vegas. The building is unusual in shape, and includes an outdoor amphitheater for concerts and other events.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Las Vegas Metropolitan Police Department provides most law enforcement services in the county, including operation of the county's central jail, the Clark County Detention Center (CCDC). The present department was created in 1973 when the Clark County Sheriff's Department merged with the Las Vegas Police Department.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Other entities with police forces include University of Nevada, Las Vegas, the Clark County School District, and cities such as Henderson, Mesquite, Boulder City and North Las Vegas. The Clark County Park Police is responsible for all of the parks operated by the county and some selected special venues, such as the Clark County Amphitheater, Clark County Archery Range, and the Desert Rose Golf Course.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Regional Justice Center replaced the Clark County Courthouse in 2005, and is about 3 blocks from downtown Fremont Street, at 200 Lewis Avenue.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Clark County Justice Courts are divided into eleven townships. Each elects its own justices of the peace for limited jurisdiction cases and a constable. They do not correspond with city boundaries. The Las Vegas Justice Court Township the city of Las Vegas and the unincorporated towns of Blue Diamond, Cactus Springs, Enterprise, Indian Springs, Mount Charleston, Paradise, Spring Valley, Summerlin South, Sunrise Manor (partially in North Las Vegas Township), Whitney (partially in Henderson Township) and Winchester. The city of Las Vegas has a separate municipal court for traffic and criminal misdemeanor offenses that occur within the city's incorporated boundaries.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Clark County Marshal's Office provides security for Clark County courts. The Marshal is head of the office, while Deputy Marshals act as bailiffs for the court.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: According to the Secretary of State's office, Democrats comprise a plurality of registered voters in Clark County.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: With nearly three-quarters of Nevada's population, Clark County plays a significant role in determining statewide Nevada elections as well the winner of the state's electoral votes in presidential elections. At the presidential level, the county, like most urban counties nationwide, leans Democratic. The last Republican to carry the county was George H. W. Bush in 1988. However, it is somewhat less Democratic than many other urban counties; the GOP candidate has received at least 39 percent of the vote in every election since 1996. This Democratic trend predates the county's explosive growth in the second half of the 20th century. Republican presidential candidates have only won the county six times from 1912 to the present day, all coming in national landslides where the Republican won over 400 electoral votes.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: At the statewide level, however, the county is more of a swing county, with several Republican gubernatorial candidates and U.S. Senators winning the county since the late 1980s. The last Republican senator to win the county was John Ensign in his 2006 victory, even as Jim Gibbons lost it in his gubernatorial win over Dina Titus that year. Both Kenny Guinn and Brian Sandoval carried the county in both gubernatorial terms they won, however.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: In 2018, Dean Heller carried 15 of Nevada's 17 county-level jurisdictions in his bid for a second full term in the U. S. Senate. Democratic challenger Jacky Rosen won Clark county. In that year's gubernatorial election, Democrat Steve Sisolak lost 15 out of 17 county-level jurisdictions, but won Clark. Since 2008, the Democratic presidential candidate has won Clark by more than enough votes to carry Nevada.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The city of Las Vegas itself leans Democratic, as do the communities of Paradise, Spring Valley and Enterprise. The city of North Las Vegas and the communities of Sunrise Manor, Winchester and Whitney are more strongly Democratic, while the city of Henderson and the Summerlin South community have a Republican lean. Boulder City, where gambling is prohibited, leans Republican. Outside Las Vegas Valley, the county leans Republican.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Clark County Regional Flood Control District (CCRFCD) was created in 1985 by the Nevada Legislature allowing Clark County to provide broad solutions to flooding problems.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada operates the RTC Transit system, and does planning for most major roadways.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Southern Nevada Water Authority is a multi-agency group that manages the water distribution for the Las Vegas Valley.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Since 1999 the group has added more the 15,000 plants to stabilize the wash's banks and restore and expand the wetlands surrounding the wash. As part of the effort to restore the wash to a more natural state, they have removed more than of trash.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Grant Sawyer State Office Building, which houses many branches of state government, is within the City of Las Vegas.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Nevada Department of Corrections operates three prisons within Clark County. High Desert State Prison, a medium-maximum prison, and the Southern Desert Correctional Center, a medium security prison, are both near Indian Springs, Nevada.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Florence McClure Women's Correctional Center, originally called Southern Nevada Women's Correctional Facility, opened in North Las Vegas on September 1, 1997. It was built and operated by Corrections Corporation of America. On October 1, 2004, the Department of Corrections took direct control of the facility. It houses the female death row.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: The Clark County School District serves all of Clark County, with 228 elementary schools, 59 middle schools, and 54 high schools being the fifth largest in the country. Student enrollment in 2014 was 324,093.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Colleges serving the area are University of Nevada, Las Vegas (UNLV), College of Southern Nevada, and Nevada State College.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Public transit service throughout Clark County is provided by RTC Transit, which is a subsidiary of the Regional Transportation Commission of Southern Nevada. RTC Transit operates The Deuce Bus rapid transit service between Downtown Las Vegas and the Las Vegas Strip.


title: Clark County, Nevada

text: Clark County previously had Amtrak service on the Desert Wind, which served Las Vegas Station until it stopped service in 1997. Las Vegas and Laughlin are still served by Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach service which connects to the "Southwest Chief".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: "Yellow Submarine" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1966 album "Revolver". It was also issued on a double A-side single, paired with "Eleanor Rigby". Written as a children's song by Paul McCartney and John Lennon, it was drummer Ringo Starr's vocal spot on the album. The single went to number one on charts in the United Kingdom and several other European countries, and in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. It won an Ivor Novello Award for the highest certified sales of any single written by a British songwriter and issued in the UK in 1966. In the US, the song peaked at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles recorded "Yellow Submarine" during a period characterised by experimentation in the recording studio. After taping the basic track and vocals in late May 1966, they held a session to overdub nautical sound effects, party ambience and chorus singing, recalling producer George Martin's previous work with members of the Goons. As a novelty song coupled with "Eleanor Rigby", a track devoid of any rock instrumentation, the single marked a radical departure for the group. The song inspired the 1968 animated film "Yellow Submarine" and appeared as the opening track on the accompanying soundtrack album.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In the US, the release of "Yellow Submarine" coincided with the controversies surrounding Lennon's "More popular than Jesus" remarks – which led some radio stations to impose a ban on the Beatles' music – and the band's public opposition to the Vietnam War. The song received several social and political interpretations. It was adopted as an anti-authority statement by the counterculture during Vietnam War demonstrations and was also appropriated in strike action and other forms of protest. Some listeners viewed the song as a code for drugs, particularly the barbiturate Nembutal which was sold in yellow capsules, or as a symbol for escapism. "Yellow Submarine" has continued to be a children's favourite and has frequently been performed by Starr on his tours with the All Starr Band.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: When asked in May 1966 about his vocal spot on the Beatles' forthcoming album, Ringo Starr told an "NME" reporter, with reference to "Yellow Submarine": "John and Paul have written a song which they think is for me but if I mess it up then we might have to find another country-and-western song off somebody else's LP." In a joint interview taped for use at the Ivor Novello Awards night in March 1967, McCartney and Lennon said that the song's melody was created by combining two different songs they had been working on separately. Lennon recalled that McCartney brought in the chorus ("the submarine... the chorus bit"), which Lennon suggested combining with a melody for the verses that he had already written.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: McCartney commented in 1966: "It's a happy place, that's all ... We were trying to write a children's song. That was the basic idea."<ref name="YS/BeatlesInterviews"></ref> Their working manuscript for the lyrics shows a verse crossed out and an accompanying note from Lennon reading: "Disgusting!! See me." Scottish singer Donovan contributed the line "Sky of blue and sea of green".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In 1972, Lennon made the following statement about the song's authorship: "Both of us. Paul wrote the catchy chorus. I helped with the blunderbuss bit."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In 1980, Lennon talked further about the song: Yellow Submarine' is Paul's baby. Donovan helped with the lyrics. I helped with the lyrics too. We virtually made the track come alive in the studio, but based on Paul's inspiration. Paul's idea. Paul's title ... written for Ringo." In his 1997 authorised biography, "Many Years from Now", McCartney recalled coming up with the initial idea while lying in bed, adding that "It was pretty much my song as I recall ... I think John helped out... but the chorus, melody and verses are mine."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Previewing the 2022 re-release of the Beatles' "Revolver" album, however, Rob Sheffield describes Lennon's home demo of the song as "a melancholy acoustic ballad, evoking "Plastic Ono Band"". He says this solo recording debunks the widely accepted view that "Yellow Submarine" was merely a McCartney children's song dashed out for Starr, and that it conveys a deeper emotional resonance than was previously apparent.<ref name="Sheffield/RS 2022"></ref>


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Author Steve Turner writes that in its focus on childhood themes, "Yellow Submarine" fitted with the contemporaneous psychedelic aesthetic, and that this outlook was reflected in George Harrison's comments to Maureen Cleave in his "How a Beatle Lives" interview, when he spoke of an individual's purity at birth and gradual corruption by society. Cleave likened his perspective to a contention put forward in William Wordsworth's poetry. In "Many Years from Now", McCartney says he "started making a story, sort of an ancient mariner, telling the young kids where he'd lived" and that the story line became gradually more obscure.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: According to McCartney, the idea of a coloured submarine originated from his 1963 holiday in Greece, where he had enjoyed an iced spoon sweet that was yellow or red, depending on the flavour, and known locally as a submarine. Lennon had also thought of an underwater craft when he and Harrison and their wives first took the hallucinogenic drug LSD in early 1965. After the disorienting experience of visiting a London nightclub, they returned to Harrison's Surrey home, Kinfauns, where Lennon perceived the bungalow design as a submarine with him as the captain. Musicologists Russell Reising and Jim LeBlanc comment that the band's adoption of a coloured submarine as their vessel chimed with Cary Grant captaining a pink one in the 1959 comedy film "Operation Petticoat", made during the height of his psychoanalytical experimentation with LSD.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles' and psychedelia's adoption of childhood themes was also evident in the band's May 1966 single "Paperback Writer", as the falsetto backing vocals chant the title of the French nursery rhyme "Frère Jacques". Starr later said he found "Yellow Submarine" a "really interesting" choice for his vocal spot, since his own songwriting at that point amounted to "rewriting Jerry Lee Lewis's songs". In author Jonathan Gould's opinion, Starr's "guileless" persona ensured the song was presented with the same "deadpan quality" that he gave to the Beatles' feature films. As a result, Gould continues, the eponymous submarine "became a satirically updated version of the improbable craft in which Edward Lear put his characters to sea – the Owl and the Pussycat's pea-green boat, the Jumblies' unsinkable sieve".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The song begins with the first verse, opening with the line "In the town where I was born". The structure comprises two verses and a chorus; a third verse, followed by a chorus; two further verses, the first of which is an instrumental passage; and repeated choruses.<ref name="Pollack/Notes"></ref> In musicologist Alan Pollack's description, the melody is "painfully simple, though in a subtle way, bears the John Lennon stamp of pentatonicism". The composition uses just five chords; in Roman numeral analysis, these are I, ii, IV, V and vi.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The lyrics offer an anti-materialist message typical of the Beatles' songs on "Revolver" and of psychedelic culture. Reising and LeBlanc view the song's lyrics as a celebration of "the simple pleasures of brotherhood, exotic adventure, and an appreciation of nature". They also see "Yellow Submarine" as the band introducing travel-related imagery to align with a psychedelic journey conveyed in an LSD trip, a theme used more introspectively in "Tomorrow Never Knows", where Lennon exhorts the listener to "float downstream". Musicologist William Echard recognises the psychedelic traits of oceanic imagery, childhood and nostalgia as especially prominent in the song, thereby making "Yellow Submarine" one of the most obvious examples of UK psychedelia's preoccupation with a return to childhood.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles began recording "Yellow Submarine" during the eighth week of the sessions for "Revolver". The project was characterised by the group's increased experimentation in the studio, reflecting the division between their recording output and the music they made as live performers. The first session for the song took place at EMI Studios (now Abbey Road Studios) on 26 May 1966, but without producer George Martin, who was unwell. Author Ian MacDonald views Bob Dylan's contemporaneous hit single, "Rainy Day Women ♯12 & 35", as a possible inspiration on the Beatles. The two songs share a similar marching rhythm and a festive singalong quality.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The band spent much of the afternoon and evening rehearsing the song. They recorded four takes of the rhythm track, with Starr playing drums, Lennon on acoustic guitar, McCartney on bass, and Harrison on tambourine. The performance was taped at a faster tempo than appears on the completed track, which is in the key of G major.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Following a reduction mix of take 4, Starr recorded his lead vocal and he, Lennon, McCartney and Harrison sang vocals over the choruses. The vocal parts were again treated with varispeed; in this instance, they were recorded a semitone lower. Harrison's contribution is especially prominent, departing from his bandmates' to sing an f1 note on the word "submarine". The recording was given another reduction mix, reducing the four tracks to two, to allow for the inclusion of nautical and party-like sound effects.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles dedicated their 1 June session to adding the song's sound effects. For this, Martin drew on his experience as a producer of comedy records for "Beyond the Fringe" and members of the Goons.<ref name="RS/GreatestBeatlesSongs"></ref> The band invited guests to participate, including Brian Jones of the Rolling Stones, Harrison's wife Pattie Boyd, Marianne Faithfull, Beatles road managers Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall, and Alf Bicknell, the band's driver. The studio store cupboard was sourced for items such as chains, bells, whistles, hooters, a tin bath and a cash till.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Although effects were added throughout the track, they were heavily edited for the released recording. The sound of ocean waves enters at the start of the second verse and continues through the first chorus. Harrison created this effect by swirling water around a bathtub. On the third verse, a party atmosphere was evoked through a combination of Jones clinking glasses together and blowing an ocarina, snatches of excited chatter, Boyd's high-pitched shrieks, Bicknell rattling chains, and tumbling coins. To fill the two-bar gap following the line "And the band begins to play", Martin and engineer Geoff Emerick used a recording of a brass band from EMI's tape library. They disguised the piece by splicing up the taped copy and rearranging the melody.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The recording includes a sound-effects solo over the non-singing verse, designed to convey the submarine's operation. Lennon blew through a straw into a pan of water to create a bubbling effect. Other sounds imitate the whirring of machinery, a ship's bell, hatches being slammed, chains hitting metal, and finally the submarine submerging. Lennon used the studio's echo chamber to shout out commands and responses such as "Full speed ahead, Mr Boatswain." From a hallway just outside the studio, Starr yelled: "Cut the cable!" Gould describes the section as a "Goonish concerto" consisting of sound effects "drawn from the collective unconscious of a generation of schoolboys raised on films about the War Beneath the Seas". According to Echard, the effects are "an especially rich example of how sound effects can function topically" in psychedelia, since they serve a storytelling role and further the song's "naval and oceanic" narrative and its nostalgic qualities. The latter, he says, is "due to their timbre, recalling radio broadcasts not only as a contemporary experience but also as an emblem of the near-distant past", and he also sees the effects as cinematic in their presentation as "a coherent sonic scenario, one that could be diegetic to an imagined series of filmic events".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In the final verse, Lennon echoes Starr's lead vocal, delivering the lines in a manner that musicologist Walter Everett terms "manic". Keen to sound as if he were singing underwater, Lennon tried recording the part with a microphone encased in a condom and, at Emerick's suggestion, submerged inside a bottle filled with water. This proved ineffective, and Lennon instead sang with the microphone plugged into a Vox guitar amplifier.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: All the participants and available studio staff sang the closing choruses, augmenting the vocals recorded by the Beatles on 26 May. Evans also played a marching bass drum over this section. When the overdubs were finished, Evans led everybody in a line around the studio doing the conga dance while banging on the drum strapped to his chest. Martin later told Alan Smith of the "NME" that the band "loved every minute" of the session and that it was "more like the things I've done with the Goons and Peter Sellers" than a typical Beatles recording. Music critic Tim Riley characterises "Yellow Submarine" as "one big Spike Jones charade".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The song originally opened with a 30-second section containing narration by Starr and dialogue by Harrison, McCartney and Lennon, supported by the sound of marching feet (created by blocks of coal being shaken inside a box). Written by Lennon, the narrative focused on people marching from Land's End to John o' Groats, and "from Stepney to Utrecht", and sharing the vision of a yellow submarine. Despite the time taken in developing and recording this intro, the band chose to discard the idea, and the section was cut from the track on 3 June. Everett comments that the recording of "Yellow Submarine" took twice as much studio time as the band's debut album, "Please Please Me".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles chose to break with their previous policy by allowing album tracks to be issued on a UK single.<ref name="Petridis/Guardian"></ref> The "Yellow Submarine" single was the Beatles' thirteenth single release in the United Kingdom and the first to feature Starr as lead vocalist. It was issued there on 5 August 1966 as a double A-side with "Eleanor Rigby", and in the United States on 8 August. In both countries, "Revolver" was released on the same day as the single. The pairing of a novelty song and a ballad devoid of any instrumentation played by a Beatle marked a considerable departure from the content of the band's previous singles. Unusually for their post-1965 singles also, there were no promotional films made for either of the A-sides.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: According to a report in "Melody Maker" on 30 July, the reason for the Beatles breaking with precedent and releasing a single from "Revolver" was to thwart sales of cover recordings of "Eleanor Rigby". When Harrison was asked for the reason, he replied that the group had decided to "put it out" rather than watch as "dozens" of other artists scored hits with the songs. In his "NME" interview in August, Martin said:


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: I was keen that the track be released in some way apart from the album, but you have to realise that the Beatles aren't usually very happy about issuing material twice in this way. They feel that they might be cheating the public... However, we got to thinking about it, and we realised that the fans aren't really being cheated at all. Most albums have only 12 tracks; the Beatles always do 14!<ref name="Smith/NME"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref>


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The single topped sales charts around the world. The double A-side was number 1 on "Record Retailer"s chart (later adopted as the UK Singles Chart) for four weeks during a chart run of 13 weeks. On "Melody Maker"s singles chart, it was number 1 for three weeks and then spent two weeks at number 2. It was the band's twelfth consecutive chart-topping single in the UK. Despite the double A-side status there, "Yellow Submarine" was the song recognised with the Ivor Novello Award for highest certified sales of any A-side in 1966.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In the US, the single's release coincided with the Beatles' final tour and, further to the controversy over the "butcher cover" originally used for the Capitol Records LP "Yesterday and Today", public furore over Lennon's "More popular than Jesus" remarks, originally published in the UK in his "How a Beatle Lives" interview with Cleave. The "Jesus" controversy overshadowed the release of the single and the album there; public bonfires were held to burn their records and memorabilia, and many radio stations refused to play the Beatles' music. The group were also vocal in their opposition to the Vietnam War, a stand that further redefined their public image in the US. Capitol were wary of the religious references in "Eleanor Rigby", given the ongoing controversy, and instead promoted "Yellow Submarine" as the lead side. The song peaked at number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (behind "You Can't Hurry Love" by the Supremes) and number 1 on the charts compiled by "Cash Box" and "Record World".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In Gould's description, it was "the first 'designated' Beatles single since 1963" not to top the "Billboard" Hot 100, a result he attributes to Capitol's caution in initially overlooking "Eleanor Rigby". During the US tour, Beatles press officer Tony Barrow asked Leroy Aarons of "The Washington Post" to remove mention of the band's "latest" single slipping on the charts when Aarons presented his article for their approval. In author Robert Rodriguez's view, the radio bans were responsible for the song's failure to top the chart. The single sold 1,200,000 copies in four weeks and, on 12 September, earned the Beatles their twenty-first US Gold Record award, a total they had achieved in just over two-and-a-half years.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: One of the UK's older pop journalists, Allen Evans of the "NME" expressed confusion at the Beatles' progressiveness on "Revolver" but predicted, "One thing seems certain... you'll soon all be singing about a 'Yellow Submarine'." Derek Johnson echoed this in his review of the single for the same publication, and described the song as "so different from the usual Beatles, and a compulsive sing-along". "Melody Maker"s reviewer said that the song's basic qualities would make it a "nursery rhyme or public house singalong" and complimented Starr's vocal performance and the "fooling around" behind him. "Billboard" characterised it as the Beatles' "most unusual easy rocker to date" due to the Starr lead vocal and an arrangement that featured "everything... but the kitchen sink". "Cash Box" found the single's pairing "unique" and described "Yellow Submarine" as "a thumping, happy go lucky, special effects filled, highly improbable tale of joyous going on beneath the sea".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In their joint review for "Record Mirror", Peter Jones said he was not especially impressed by the track but that it demonstrated the band's versatility, while Richard Green wrote: "Sort of Beatle 'Puff the Magic Dragon'... Will be very big at about 9.30 on a Saturday morning on the Light Programme." Reporting from London for "The Village Voice", Richard Goldstein stated that "Revolver" was ubiquitous around the city, as if Londoners were uniting behind the Beatles in response to the antagonism shown towards the band in the US. He said that "Yellow Submarine" depicted an "undersea utopia" and was "as whimsical and childlike as its flip side ['Eleanor Rigby'] is metaphysical". In her album review for "The Evening Standard", Maureen Cleave wrote that "Ringo has the cheeriest song" and predicted that "it will have all the Americans at his feet once again."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Ray Davies of the Kinks derided "Yellow Submarine" when invited to give a rundown of "Revolver" in "Disc and Music Echo". He dismissed it as "a load of rubbish" and a bad choice for a single, adding that "I take the mickey out of myself on the piano and play stuff like this."<ref name="Davies/Disc"></ref> Writing in the recently launched "Crawdaddy!", Paul Williams was also highly critical, saying the song was as poor as Sgt. Barry Sadler's pro-military novelty single "Ballad of the Green Berets".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In his review of the Beatles' final concert, held at Candlestick Park near San Francisco on 29 August, Phil Elwood of the "San Francisco Examiner" rued that the band had failed to play anything from their "new, delightful album" in concert, particularly "Yellow Submarine". In her round-up of the year's pop music for "The Evening Standard", Cleave named the single and "Revolver" as the best records of 1966. Writing in his 1977 book "The Beatles Forever", Nicholas Schaffner described "Yellow Submarine" as "the most flippant and outrageous piece the Beatles would ever produce".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Tim Riley views "Yellow Submarine" as the first original Beatles composition on which Starr was able to project his personality, and he admires Lennon's vocal contribution for its abundance of "Goon humor" and for transforming the track into a "sailor's drinking song". Ian MacDonald calls it "a sparkling novelty song impossible to dislike". By contrast, Thomas Ward of AllMusic says it interrupts the "consistent brilliance" of "Revolver" and while highly effective as a children's song, "after a few listens, it becomes tiresome, just as happens with many of McCartney's other 'fun' songs (such as 'When I'm Sixty Four')." Alex Petridis of "The Guardian" views "Yellow Submarine" as "lovable but slight" and considers it "faintly mind-boggling" that the Beatles chose the song as the lead side of their first single culled from an album over not just "Eleanor Rigby" but also "Taxman" and "Here, There and Everywhere".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: "Yellow Submarine" received various social and political interpretations in the 1960s. Music journalist Peter Doggett describes it as a "culturally empty" song that nevertheless "became a kind of Rorschach test for radical minds". The chorus was appropriated by students, sports fans and striking workers in their own chants. Doggett cites student protests at Berkeley in late 1966 where demonstrators taunted university authorities and protested against the Vietnam War, using endless choruses of "Yellow Submarine" at the close of each event to state their ongoing determination and emphasise the ideological division. Sociologist and cultural commentator Todd Gitlin recalled that the song thereby became an anthem uniting the counterculture and New Left activism at Berkeley, citing its adoption by Michael Rossman of the Free Speech Movement, who described it as an expression of "our trust in our future, and of our longing for a place fit for us all to live in".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: A writer for the "P.O. Frisco" commented in 1966, "the Yellow Submarine may suggest, in the context of the Beatles' anti-Vietnam War statement in Tokyo this year, that the society over which Old Glory floats is as isolated and morally irresponsible as a nuclear submarine." At a Mobe protest, also in San Francisco, a yellow papier-mâché submarine made its way through the crowd, which "Time" magazine interpreted as a "symbol of the psychedelic set's desire for escape". Writer and activist LeRoi Jones read the song as a reflection of white American society's exclusivity and removal from reality, saying, "The Beatles can sing 'We all live in a yellow submarine' because that is literally where they, and all their people (would like to), live. In the solipsistic pink and white nightmare of 'the special life'..."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Donovan later said that "Yellow Submarine" represented the Beatles' predicament as prisoners of their international fame, to which they reacted by singing an uplifting, communal song. In November 1966, artist Alan Aldridge created a cartoon illustration of "Yellow Submarine" and three other "Revolver" tracks to accompany a feature article on the Beatles in "Woman's Mirror" magazine. The illustration depicted the submarine as a large boot with the captain peering out from the top. The article, which drew from Maureen Cleave's interviews with the band members from early in the year, was flagged on the cover in a painting by Aldridge that showed the Beatles ensnared by barbed wire under a giant speech balloon reading: "HELP!"


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: In Rossman's adoption of the song's message, it represented a way of thinking introduced by the Beatles, who "taught us a new style of song", after which, "The Yellow Submarine... was launched by hip pacifists in a New York harbor, and then led a peace parade of 10,000 down a New York street." The theme of friendship and community in "Yellow Submarine" also resonated with the ideology behind the 1967 Summer of Love. Derek Taylor, the Beatles' former press officer who worked as a music publicist in Los Angeles in the mid 1960s, recalled it as "a kind of ark... a Yellow Submarine is a symbol for some kind of vessel which would take us all to safety... the message in that thing is that good can prevail over evil."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The song was also viewed as a code for drugs, at a time when it became common for fans to scrutinise the Beatles' lyrics for alternative meanings. "Yellow Submarine" was adopted by the counterculture as a song promoting the barbiturate Nembutal, which was nicknamed a yellow submarine for the colour and shape of its capsule. Some listeners interpreted the title as a reference to a marijuana joint stained by resin, while the lyrics' description of a voyage of discovery resonated with the idea of a psychedelic trip. Writing for "Esquire" in December 1967, Robert Christgau felt that the Beatles "want their meanings to be absorbed on an instinctual level" and dismissed such interpretations, saying: "I can't believe that the Beatles indulge in the simplistic kind of symbolism that turns a yellow submarine into a Nembutal or a banana – it is just a yellow submarine, damn it, an obvious elaboration of John [Lennon]'s submarine fixation, first revealed in "A Hard Day's Night"."


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The song inspired the 1968 United Artists animated film "Yellow Submarine", which was produced by King Features Syndicate, the company behind the popular children's TV series "The Beatles". King Features' Al Brodax first approached McCartney about making the film with a story outline based on "Yellow Submarine". Doggett writes that the song thereby became the most important track on "Revolver" "in business terms", since it staved off pressure from United Artists for the Beatles to fulfil their contractual obligations for a third feature film. The band's 1966 recording was the opening track on the accompanying soundtrack album, which closed with an orchestral reprise arranged by Martin, titled "Yellow Submarine in Pepperland".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The "Yellow Submarine" film inspired a wealth of licensed products, including a Corgi Toys die-cast replica of the titular vessel. In 1984, a -long metal sculpture, built by apprentices from the Cammell Laird shipyard and titled "Yellow Submarine", was used as part of Liverpool's International Garden Festival.<ref name="BBC/Sculpture"></ref> In 2005, it was placed outside Liverpool's John Lennon Airport, in preparation for the city's year as the European Capital of Culture in 2008. Tying in with the restoration and re-release of the animated film in 1999, the United States Postal Service issued a "Yellow Submarine" postage stamp and Eurostar ran an 18-carriage train transformed into a submarine with visuals from the film on its London–Paris service.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Music journalist Rob Chapman writes that "Yellow Submarine" inaugurated a trend for nursery rhyme-like songs during the psychedelic era, peaking in late 1967 with UK top-ten singles for Keith West, Traffic and Simon Dupree and the Big Sound. Nicholas Schaffner recognised the track as an exception within the music-industry phenomenon of novelty songs, which were traditionally gimmicky recordings by one-hit wonders, since the Beatles were the most popular stars of the era and achieved one of the most commercially successful novelty hits of all time. By the early 2000s, according to music journalist Charles Shaar Murray, "Yellow Submarine" was a "perennial children's favourite". "Rolling Stone"s editors describe it as "the gateway drug that turns little children into Beatle fans".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The tune of the song has been used in protests and demonstrations in Britain and America, with the lyrics changed to "We all live in a fascist regime". It was adopted in this way by protesters in New York City during George Bush's inauguration as US president in January 2005; by anti-G8 protesters in Scotland in July the same year; by anti-monarchist demonstrators in London on the day of Prince William and Kate Middleton's wedding in April 2011; and by Londoners protesting the result of the UK general election in May 2015.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Starr reprised the song's nautical and escapist themes in his 1969 composition "Octopus's Garden", his second and last song recorded by the Beatles. "Yellow Submarine" has continued to be one of his signature songs during his post-Beatles solo career. He has regularly included it in his concert set lists when touring with the All Starr Band. The first of several live versions appears on the 1992 album "". For McCartney, "Yellow Submarine" inaugurated a strand of his writing that became highly popular among generations of children yet was also open to mockery by his detractors. Later examples of his children's songs include "All Together Now" from "Yellow Submarine"; Wings' "Mary Had a Little Lamb", based on the nursery rhyme of that title; and "We All Stand Together", from McCartney's 1984 animated short film "Rupert and the Frog Song".


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: The Beatles' recording was included on compilation albums such as "1962–1966" and "1". In 1986, "Yellow Submarine" / "Eleanor Rigby" was reissued in the UK as part of EMI's twentieth anniversary of each of the Beatles' singles and peaked at number 63 on the UK Singles Chart. The 2015 edition of "1" and the expanded "1+" box set includes a video clip for the song, compiled from footage from the 1968 animated film. In July 2018, the two songs were released on a 7-inch vinyl picture disc to mark the 50th anniversary of the "Yellow Submarine" film's release.


title: Yellow Submarine (song)

text: Spanish football club Villarreal CF got the nickname "Yellow Submarine" from the same song of the Beatles, and since then have become synonymously connected to the La Liga club. At the time, the song was highly popular in Spain during 1960s (albeit it was sung in Spanish), when Villarreal was still a small club.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William III (Dutch: "Willem Alexander Paul Frederik Lodewijk"; English: "William Alexander Paul Frederick Louis"; 19 February 1817 – 23 November 1890) was King of the Netherlands and Grand Duke of Luxembourg from 1849 until his death in 1890. He was also the Duke of Limburg from 1849 until the abolition of the duchy in 1866.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William was the son of King William II and Anna Pavlovna of Russia. On the abdication of his grandfather William I in 1840, he became the Prince of Orange. On the death of his father in 1849, he succeeded as king of the Netherlands.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William married his cousin Sophie of Württemberg in 1839 and they had three sons, William, Maurice, and Alexander, all of whom predeceased him. After Sophie's death in 1877 he married Emma of Waldeck and Pyrmont in 1879 and they had one daughter Wilhelmina, who succeeded William to the Dutch throne. Meanwhile, being the last agnatic dynastic descendant of Otto I, Count of Nassau, the throne of the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg passed to his patrilineal seventeenth cousin once removed (and matrilineal third cousin), Adolphe. , he is the last Dutch monarch to die whilst on the throne as all his successors have abdicated in favor of their children.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William was born on 19 February 1817 in the Palace of the Nation in Brussels, which was part of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands at the time. He was the eldest son of the future king William II of the Netherlands and Anna Pavlovna of Russia. He had three brothers, one of whom died in infancy, and one sister.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: In 1827, at the age of ten, he was made an honorary colonel in the Royal Netherlands Army. In the 1830s, he served as lieutenant in the Grenadiers Regiment. In 1834, he was made honorary commander of the Grenadiers Regiment of Kiev nr. 5 in the Imperial Russian Army.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: He married his first cousin, Sophie, daughter of King William I of Württemberg and Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, in Stuttgart on 18 June 1839. This marriage was unhappy and was characterized by struggles about their children. Sophie was a liberal intellectual, hating everything leaning toward dictatorship, such as the army. William was simpler, more conservative, and loved the military. He prohibited intellectual exercise at home, for which action Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom, who corresponded with Princess Sophie, called him an uneducated farmer. His extramarital enthusiasms, however, led the "New York Times" to call him "the greatest debauchee of the age". Another cause of marital tension (and later political tension) was his capriciousness; he could rage against someone one day, and be extremely polite the next.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William loathed the 1848 constitutional changes initiated by his father (William II) and Johan Rudolf Thorbecke. His father saw them as key to the monarchy's survival in changing times. Sophie, who was a liberal, also shared this view. William himself saw them as useless limitations of royal power, and would have preferred to govern as an enlightened despot in the mold of his grandfather, William I.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: He considered relinquishing his right to the throne to his younger brother Henry and later to his older son. His mother convinced him to cancel this action. The Dutch constitution provided no way to relinquish one's claim to the throne.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: On 17 March 1849, his father died and William succeeded to the throne of the Netherlands. He was at that moment a guest of the Duchess of Cleveland in Raby Castle. Representatives of the Dutch government traveled to London to meet their new king in London. William was reluctant to return, but he was convinced to do so. Upon arrival the new Queen welcomed her spouse with the question "did you accept?". The new king nodded, but he remained uncertain about the matter for some time.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William repeatedly contemplated abdicating as soon as his eldest son William, Prince of Orange, turned eighteen. This occurred in 1858, but as William was uncomfortable making a decision he remained king. His first act was the inauguration of the parliamentary cabinet of Thorbecke, the liberal designer of the 1848 constitution, whom William loathed.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: When the Roman Catholic hierarchy of bishops was restored in 1853, he found growing conservative support and a reason to dismiss Thorbecke. In the first two decades of his reign, he dismissed several cabinets and disbanded the States-General several times, installing royal cabinets which ruled as long as there was support in the elected second chamber of parliament.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: In what became known as the "Luxembourg Coup of 1856", William unilaterally instituted a new, reactionary constitution for Luxembourg, which he ruled personally, separate from the Netherlands crown.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: In 1867, France offered to buy Luxembourg, leading to the Luxembourg Crisis, which almost precipitated war between Prussia and France. However, the subsequent Second Treaty of London re-established Luxembourg as a fully independent country.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: During his reign, the king became more and more unpopular with his bourgeois-liberal subjects, his whims provoking their resistance and mockery, but remained quite popular with the common man.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: The king was a man of immense stature and with a boisterous voice. He could be gentle and kind, then suddenly he could become intimidating and even violent. He kicked and hit his servants about. He was inclined to terrorize and humiliate his courtiers. The king was cruel to animals as well. His ministers were afraid of him. Most people around him agreed that he was, to some degree, insane.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: The king could be erratic, he ordered the dismissal and even the arrest and execution of those that he found in lack of respect, including a Mayor of The Hague. Orders like these were disregarded. The king who thought of himself as a specialist on all matters military frequently tried to take command of manoeuvres, creating chaos wherever he went.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: In 1877, Queen Sophie died and years of war in the palace came to an end. In the same year, King William announced his intention to marry Émilie Ambre, a French opera singer, whom he ennobled as countess d'Ambroise – without government consent. Under pressure from society and the government, he abandoned these marriage plans.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: William remained eager to remarry. In 1878, he first proposed to his niece, Princess Elisabeth of Saxe-Weimar. He then considered marriage with Princess Pauline of Waldeck and Pyrmont, a small German principality, and Princess Thyra of Denmark, who had her own private scandalous history.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: He finally decided to marry Pauline's younger sister Emma. Some politicians were quite angry, as she was 41 years the king's junior. Emma showed herself, however, as a cordial woman. William asked permission from parliament, this was easily granted. The couple were quickly married in Arolsen on 7 January 1879.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: Emma had a relieving influence on William's capricious personality and the marriage was extremely happy. The last decade was without any doubt the best of his reign. The king had stopped interfering with most aspects of government. In 1880, Wilhelmina was born. She became heir presumptive in 1884 after the death of the last remaining son from William's first marriage. Many potential male heirs had died between 1878 and 1884.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: King William became seriously ill in 1887. He was suffering from a kidney-ailment. However, in 1888, he personally presented a gold medal of honor to the lifeboat hero Dorus Rijkers, for saving the lives of 20 people.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: In 1888 and 1889, the ailing king became increasingly demented. The Council of State and then Queen Emma became regents. William III died in Het Loo in 1890. Because Wilhelmina had not yet reached adulthood, Emma became regent for her daughter. She would remain regent until Wilhelmina's eighteenth birthday in 1898.


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: Of William III's four legitimate children, three reached adulthood, two sons from his marriage to Queen Sophie and one daughter from his marriage to Queen Emma:


title: William III of the Netherlands

text: Standing at 6'5" (196 cm) he was an exceptionally large and strong man. William III was known to be a philanderer and had several dozen illegitimate children from various mistresses.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: Tiger Global Management, LLC (often referred to as Tiger Global and formerly known as Tiger Technology) is an American investment firm. It mainly focuses on Internet, software, consumer, and financial technology industries.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: Chase Coleman III was a protégé of Julian Robertson and from 1997 to 2000 worked as a technology analyst for the firm, Tiger Management. In 2000, Robertson closed Tiger Management, and entrusted Coleman with over $25 million to manage, making him one of the 30 or more so-called "Tiger Cubs", fund managers who started their fund management careers with Tiger Management.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: In 2001, Coleman established Tiger Technology (which would be later renamed to Tiger Global Management, LLC), as a hedge fund to invest in the public equity market. In 2003, Scott Shleifer helped Tiger Global expand into investing in the private equity market.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: From the period of 2007 to 2017, according to the Preqin Venture Report, Tiger Global raised the highest amount of capital amongst venture capital firms.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: In 2020, Tiger Global earned its investors $10.4 billion, more than any other hedge fund on the annual list of the top 20 managers compiled by London fund-of-funds firm LCH Investments.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: In March 2022, Tiger Global raised $12.7 billion for a new fund to back fast-growing technology companies in their early stages; the firm has reported 900 investors involved in the new fund.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: In 2022, the firm experienced significant losses. By June 2022, the firm's hedge fund and its long-only fund had respectively declined 52% and 62% in value since the beginning of the year. The "Wall Street Journal" and "Financial Times" reported that these losses eliminated some two-thirds of the value accrued by the hedge fund and the long-only fund over the duration of their existences, while "New York" cited research indicating the losses could account for three-fourths of lifetime gains. The "Wall Street Journal" has referred to the hedge fund's loss as "one of the largest-ever", and an anonymous hedge fund manager quoted by "New York" referred to the losses as "[...] the biggest in the history of hedge funds".


title: Tiger Global Management

text: In June, the firm's venture capital losses were reported to be less severe than those of the firm's funds. A letter to investors from Tiger summarizing the performance of its venture funds in the first quarter of 2022 revealed that losses associated with the funds stood at around 9%.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: The public equity business uses equity strategies to invest in publicly traded companies. Its notable funds include Tiger Global Investments (the firm’s flagship long-short fund) and Tiger Global Long Opportunities (long-only).


title: Tiger Global Management

text: The private equity strategy, which is led by Scott Shleifer, targets growth-oriented private companies from early to late stages, with an emphasis on businesses based in the U.S., China and India. Tiger Global is estimated to invest around 30% of its capital in early stage (Series A and B) startups, and 20.5% directed toward Series C startups. The head of the Private Equity business was Lee Fixel until March 2019.


title: Tiger Global Management

text: Tiger Global is based in New York with affiliate offices in Hong Kong, Beijing, Singapore and Bangalore.


The 2022 United States Senate election in New York was held on November 8, 2022, to elect a member of the United States Senate to represent the State of New York.


title: 2022 United States Senate election in New York

text: Incumbent four-term Democratic Senator Chuck Schumer, who has served as Senate Majority Leader since 2021 and has held New York's Class 3 Senate seat since defeating Republican incumbent Al D'Amato in 1998, ran for a fifth term. Republican challenger Joe Pinion is the first black Senate nominee of any major party in New York history. The filing deadline for the June primary was April 7, 2022. Schumer will become the longest-serving U.S. senator in the state's history once his fifth term begins in the 118th Congress.


text: Though Schumer was comfortably re-elected, he lost significant support on Long Island and Upstate New York compared to his last election in 2016, and Pinion flipped most of the counties that Schumer had won during his previous run. However, Schumer's lead was large enough in New York City that it was called by most media outlets the moment the polls closed in his native Brooklyn.


text: Despite Democrats overperforming expectations on a national level during this cycle, this race was the most competitive in Schumer's Senate career since his first election in 1998, when he won by 10.5%.


text: At the 2022 New York State Republican Convention, Joe Pinion was designated as the New York State Republican Party’s preferred candidate for U.S. Senate. Pinion is the first Black individual to be backed by a major party in a U.S. Senate election in New York.


title: The Rain (TV series)

text: The Rain is a Danish post-apocalyptic streaming television series created by Jannik Tai Mosholt, Esben Toft Jacobsen and Christian Potalivo. It premiered on Netflix on 4 May 2018. The show stars Alba August, Lucas Lynggaard Tønnesen, Mikkel Følsgaard, Lukas Løkken, Jessica Dinnage, Sonny Lindberg, and Angela Bundalovic, with Lars Simonsen, Bertil De Lorenhmad, Evin Ahmad, and Johannes Bah Kuhnke in recurring roles. The latter two become main characters in the second season.


title: The Rain (TV series)

text: On 30 May 2018, Netflix renewed "The Rain" for a second season, which was released on 17 May 2019, with 6 episodes. In June 2019, it was confirmed that the series was renewed for a third and final season, which was released on 6 August 2020.


title: The Rain (TV series)

text: When a virus that is carried by rainfall wipes out almost all humans in Scandinavia, Danish siblings Simone and Rasmus take shelter in a bunker. Six years later, they emerge to search for their father, a scientist who left them in the bunker but never returned. Along the way, they join a group of young survivors and together they travel across Denmark and Sweden, searching for a safe place, and for the siblings' father, who may be able to provide answers and a cure.


title: The Rain (TV series)

text: Netflix announced on 30 May 2018 that the series would go into production for a second season at the end of 2018. The second season premiered on Netflix on 17 May 2019.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: The Clovehitch Killer is a 2018 American coming-of-age thriller film directed by Duncan Skiles and written by Christopher Ford. It stars Dylan McDermott, Charlie Plummer, Samantha Mathis, and Madisen Beaty. The film is set in Kentucky and was also shot there. It premiered at LA Film Festival on September 22, 2018, and received a limited theatrical release on November 16, 2018, distributed by IFC Midnight. The film was mostly inspired by the story of real life serial killer Dennis Rader, also known as the BTK Killer.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: 16 year-old Tyler Burnside lives with his devout Christian family in the small remote town of Clarksville, Kentucky. The town and its residents are haunted by the memory of the Clovehitch Killer, an infamous serial killer who bound and strangled 10 known female victims before apparently disappearing 10 years earlier.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Tyler takes his father's truck one night to see a girl, who finds a bondage photograph between the seats. When word of the photo spreads among the other teenagers in Tyler's church and scout troop, they ostracize him, believing him to be a BDSM fetishist. Tyler, meanwhile, begins to wonder if his father, family man and community leader, Don Burnside, could have something to do with the Clovehitch Killer. Tyler investigates Don's private shed and finds a hidden compartment containing bondage magazines, along with a Polaroid photograph of a beaten and bound woman. Fearing that his father might be the killer, Tyler befriends a teen outcast and amateur Clovehitch historian named Kassi and asks for her help. Kassi is initially skeptical, but they link the photograph to a known Clovehitch victim, find blueprints to a BDSM dungeon in the shed, and when Tyler explores his house's crawl space, he finds a box containing the drivers licenses of the known Clovehitch victims and three other women, as well as more polaroid photographs of beaten and bound women.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Don, now suspicious of Tyler's behavior, takes him camping. To explain the evidence Tyler had uncovered, Don says that the Clovehitch Killer was Tyler's vegetative uncle Rudy, who became paralyzed after the guilt drove him to a suicide attempt. Don says he kept the evidence in hopes of one day giving it to the victims' families. Tyler accepts the explanation, and the two burn all the evidence. Tyler ends the investigation, although Kassi remains unsatisfied with Don's story.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Don surprisingly allows Tyler to attend a scout leadership camp, something he had previously claimed the family had no money for. He then sends his wife Cindy and daughter Susie to visit Cindy's mother for two weeks. Home alone, he photographs himself dressed as a woman in bondage positions, but angrily throws the photos away later. Afterwards, he stalks a woman through town. After casing her house, he breaks in, binds her, and begins strangling her. However, Tyler appears in the house with a rifle, and it is revealed through a flashback that Tyler never left for camp, but was secretly watching Don with Kassi. The flashback also reveals that Kassi's mother, who went missing 10 years prior, was one of the three unknown Clovehitch victims.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Don incapacitates Kassi and convinces Tyler to surrender his rifle; he immediately tries to shoot Tyler with it, only to find the chamber empty. The two scuffle, and Don nearly strangles Tyler until Kassi awakens and knocks Don unconscious. Kassi begins to dial 9-1-1, but Tyler grabs her hand and stops her.


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Later, Don has been declared missing, but Tyler's family remains stable. They are informed that the police have discovered Don's body and his death is considered a suicide. At their church, Tyler delivers a eulogy for Don, intercut with scenes of him and Kassi dragging Don, unconscious, into the forest and framing his death as a hunting accident while cleaning his gun. The forest scene ends with Don slowly waking up and Tyler pointing a pistol at his head. Tyler ends the eulogy with, "Dad, if you can hear me, I love you."


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, "The Clovehitch Killer" holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, and an average rating of . Its consensus reads, ""The Clovehitch Killer" patiently dials up the tension with a story that makes up for a lack of surprises with strong performances and a chilling wit." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59/100, based on 11 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: Joseph Hernandez of the Brooklyn Horror Film Festival said that "this small town thriller has a sinister edge and sports an exciting narrative device that flips the story on its head." Justin Lowe of "The Hollywood Reporter" called the plot "slow...more reliant on atmosphere than action to build suspense...offers an intriguing perspective on the dark side of Americans values...but lacks the conviction to entirely expose the cultural contradictions that often enable compulsive murderers...It's a missed opportunity."


title: The Clovehitch Killer

text: In a 2019 list of the 50 best serial killer movies of all time, "Paste" magazine ranked "The Clovehitch Killer" #48, writing "This is a devilish movie that does beautifully what horror films are meant to—vex us with fear—through the most deceptively simple of means." Lauded horror author Stephen King wrote about the film, calling it "an excellent small movie," "unbearably suspenseful," and "(n)ot for the faint of heart."


title: You

text: In Modern English, you is the second-person pronoun. It is grammatically plural, and was historically used only for the dative case, but in most modern dialects is used for all cases and numbers.


title: You

text: "You" comes from the Proto-Germanic demonstrative base *"juz"-, *"iwwiz" from PIE *"yu"- (second person plural pronoun). Old English had singular, dual, and plural second-person pronouns. The dual form was lost by the twelfth century, and the singular form was lost by the early 1600s. The development is shown in the following table.


title: You

text: Early Modern English distinguished between the plural "ye" and the singular "thou". As in many other European languages, English at the time had a T–V distinction, which made the plural forms more respectful and deferential; they were used to address strangers and social superiors. This distinction ultimately led to familiar "thou" becoming obsolete in modern English, although it persists in some English dialects.


title: You

text: Although there is some dialectal retention of the original plural "ye" and the original singular "thou", most English-speaking groups have lost the original forms. Because of the loss of the original singular-plural distinction, many English dialects belonging to this group have innovated new plural forms of the second person pronoun. Examples of such pronouns sometimes seen and heard include:


title: You

text: "You" prototypically refers to the addressee along with zero or more other persons, excluding the speaker. "You" is also used to refer to personified things (e.g., "why won't you start?" addressed to a car). "You" is always definite even when it is not specific.


title: You

text: Semantically, "you" is both singular and plural, though syntactically it is always plural: it always takes a verb form that originally marked the word as plural, (i.e. "you are", in common with "we are" and "they are").


title: You

text: "You" is used to refer to an indeterminate person, as a more common alternative to the very formal indefinite pronoun "one". Though this may be semantically third person, for agreement purposes, "you" is always second person.


title: You

text: "You" can appear as a subject, object, determiner or predicative complement. The reflexive form also appears as an adjunct. "You" occasionally appears as a modifier in a noun phrase.


title: You

text: Pronouns rarely take dependents, but it is possible for "you" to have many of the same kind of dependents as other noun phrases.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The fifth-generation Ford Mustang (S197) is a pony car that was manufactured by Ford from 2004 until 2014, at the Flat Rock Assembly Plant in Flat Rock, Michigan. The fifth generation began with the 2005 model year, and received a facelift for the 2010 model year. Originally designed by Sid Ramnarace through late 2001 and finalized in mid-2002, the fifth-generation Mustang's design was previewed by two pre production concept cars that debuted at the 2003 North American International Auto Show. Development began on the S-197 program in 1999 under chief engineer Hau Thai-Tang, shortly after the 1998 launch of "New Edge" SN-95 facelift. From the second half of 1999, design work commenced under Ford design chief, J Mays, and concluded in July 2002 with the design freeze. There have been several variants of the fifth-generation Ford Mustang that include the Mustang GT/California Special, Shelby Mustang, Bullitt Mustang, and Boss 302 Mustang.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Developed between February and November 2002, two pre-production concept cars, a convertible and coupe model, were presented by Ford at the 2003 North American International Auto Show on January 5, 2003.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Redline Red Metallic Ford Mustang GT convertible concept included a "showbar" with a rim of billet-aluminum trim, 20-inch wheels, 13.8-in cross-drilled Brembo brakes, red and charcoal leather upholstery with perforated surfaces on the seat backs, billet-aluminum shifter for the 5-speed automatic transmission, as well as 4-point racing-style seatbelts and instrument gauges.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Tungsten Silver Ford Mustang GT coupe concept included a glass roof and functional hood scoops, as well as a red and charcoal leather interior accented by billet-aluminum hardware and a supercharged MOD 4.6 L engine rated nearly 400 horsepower.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Appearing with other concept vehicles at the show such as the Cadillac Sixteen, Aston Martin V8 Vantage, and Dodge Tomahawk, "AutoWeek" called the Mustang concept the "most significant vehicle in show".


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Both vehicles were eventually sold at the 2009 Barrett-Jackson Palm Beach auction for $175,000 each (before buyer premium).


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: At the following year's North American International Auto Show, Ford introduced a redesigned Mustang previewed by the 2003 concept vehicle that was codenamed "S-197". Its platform was the D2C for the 2005 model year. Developed under the direction of Chief Engineer Hau Thai-Tang and exterior styling designer Sid Ramnarace, the fifth generation Mustang drew inspiration from the first-generation 1964–1970 Mustangs. The design aesthetic of J Mays, Ford's Senior Vice President of Design, has been described as "retro-futurism."


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Production start-up for the 2005 Mustang was on September 7, 2004, with the first 2005 model rolling off Flat Rock Assembly on September 27, 2004. U.S. market launch and customer delivery began at the end of October 2004, with production ending in late 2008 for the 2009 model.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2005–2009 base Mustang was powered by Ford's cast-iron block 4.0 L Cologne SOHC V6, replacing the 3.8 L Essex OHV V6 used in 2004 and older models. It produces at 5,300 rpm and of torque at 3,500 rpm and was mated to a standard Tremec T-5 5-speed manual transmission with Ford's 5R55S 5-speed automatic transmission available as an option. A 3.31:1 final drive ratio is standard with either transmission. In a comparison test with a Pontiac G6 Convertible conducted by "Motor Trend" magazine, a Mustang V6 convertible equipped with an automatic transmission was able to accelerate from zero to in 7.3 seconds; 1.4 seconds quicker than the 2006 Pontiac G6 convertible.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang has a MacPherson strut front suspension with reverse "L" lower control arms. The rear suspension was a new three-link system with a Panhard Rod that controls the vertical and lateral movements of the axle. This live axle rear suspension, while sacrificing handling, provides the benefits of reduced cost and weight over heavier, more expensive independent rear suspensions. In spite of this, Ford has drawn heavy criticism from the automotive journalism community for the decision to equip the fifth generation Mustang with the live axle system. At a press conference, Ford stated that to include an independent rear suspension would have added $5,000 to the showroom price of the car.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Standard equipment on the 2005 Mustang includes power windows, dual power mirrors, power door locks with remote keyless entry, front air bags, AM/FM stereo with CD player, 16-inch painted aluminum wheels, and larger brake discs than the previous generation Mustang with twin-piston calipers in the front. Some of the options available included Ford's MyColor (a color-configurable instrument cluster available as part of the Interior Upgrade package), brushed aluminum panels (also part of the Interior Upgrade Package), Ford's Shaker 500 (500 watt peak output) or Shaker 1000 (1000 watt peak output) premium audio system with a 6-disc MP3-compatible CD changer, leather seating surfaces, a six-way power adjustable driver seat, and a four-channel anti-lock brake system with traction control (standard on GT models). All Mustang GT and Convertibles came with a rear sway bar with white links during these years; the bar diameter varied with options and was 18 mm, 19 mm, 20 mm, or 22.4 mm. Replacement links from Ford are colored black or oxide coated


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: For 2006, a less expensive version of the Mustang was introduced as the new base model. Slotted below the V6 Deluxe, the V6 Standard, starting at $19,115 MSRP for a coupe, or $23,940 MSRP for a convertible, the V6 Standard models were each $100 less expensive than their V6 Deluxe counterparts. The only difference between the V6 Standard and V6 Deluxe trim levels was that the V6 Standard featured 16-inch black steel wheels with plastic wheel covers, versus the 16-inch alloy wheels on the V6 Deluxe. However, 16-inch alloy wheels could still be optioned on the V6 Standard, as could most other available options on the V6 Deluxe. The V6 Standard was discontinued after the 2006 model year, once again leaving the V6 Deluxe as the base Mustang trim level.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: As of 2007, all 2008 Mustangs have seats containing material derived from soy beans, harking back to some of Henry Ford's ideals.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Several new options and standard features were introduced in the following years, including the Pony Package (2006), a DVD-based GPS navigation system made by Pioneer (2007), a power passenger seat (2007), heated seats (2007), Sirius Satellite Radio (2007), new flat bottom spoiler for V6 only (2006), standard side airbags (2006), HID headlamps (2008), and ambient interior lighting (2006). The ambient interior lighting package consisted of the installation of electroluminescence that gave the driver the ability to choose various color combinations for the instrument cluster, sound system and climate control displays, as well as light emitting from the top of the front footwells and from beneath the rear seats.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: For 2009, Ford introduced a new option called the glass roof. This option ($1,995 at introduction) was in effect a full roof sunroof that splits the difference in price and purpose of the coupe and convertible models.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Pony Package for the V6 Mustang became available starting in 2006. This option includes an upgraded suspension derived from the Mustang GT, 17-inch wheels with wider tires (originally only available on the GT), a unique grille design with 2 options of fog lamps, a rear deck spoiler, and unique door striping and emblems. Later versions of the pony package also included a stainless-steel exhaust and power driver's seat.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: At the 2007 SEMA Show in Las Vegas, Ford Custom Accessories introduced the V6 Appearance Package. Among the items were a billet grille, scoops, a spoiler and blackout trim treatments. This package includes an upgraded suspension, additional interior trim, and a grille with foglights. Available in 2008 as a $2,398 option, it was promoted with an additional Power Pack FR1 (an 85 mm Cold Air Intake sourced from the Bullitt, True Dual exhaust with an X-pipe and Bullitt Mufflers, a Pro-Cal Hand held tuner and a Ford Racing Performance oil filter), handling package FR3 (shocks/struts, front and rear anti-rollbars, V6 lowering springs, and a V6 strut tower bar) and a short throw shifter. Available in 2008, the V6 Appearance Package was only available on the V6 Coupe with the Premium Package with either an automatic or manual transmission and only with Grabber Orange, Vapor Silver Metallic, and Dark Candy Apple Red. For 2009 the V6 Appearance Package was offered in Performance White and Black. By 2008, total of 152 V6 Appearance Packages were built and only 96 by 2009.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang GT featured an all-aluminum 4.6 L 3-valve SOHC Modular V8 with variable camshaft timing and a more rugged Tremec TR-3650 transmission. The engine produces at 5,750 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm. The GT model was capable of performing a quarter-mile test in 13.8 seconds at 99 MPH, with acceleration from zero to in 4.9 seconds. The Mustang GT also came equipped with a limited-slip differential complete with the same carbon-fiber clutch discs used in the 2003 to 2004 SVT Cobra and the 2007 Shelby GT500. The differential uses the 31-spline axles and the ring gear. The standard final drive ratio of 2005 and 2006 Mustang GTs with a manual transmission was 3.55:1. Since the 2007 model year, a 3.31:1 ratio final drive was standard with the 3.55:1 gearing available as a factory installed option. Automatic transmission-equipped models of all years come with 3.31:1 ratio.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang GT features a stiffer, better handling version of the standard suspension, larger 12.4-inch front brake discs (versus the 11.4-inch discs used on V6 Mustangs), standard four-channel ABS with traction control, a two-piece drive shaft, a stainless steel dual exhaust, standard grille-mounted fog lights, and 17-inch wheels, with optional 18-inch wheels available starting with the 2006 model year.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2006 Shelby GT-H and later Shelby GT were based on the standard GT model, but modified by Carroll Shelby Automobiles to produce by means of a Ford Racing air intake, performance tune, and upgraded exhaust system.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Shelby GT-H was a fleet vehicle for Hertz car rental outlets and traced its roots to the 1966 Shelby GT350H. The GT-H was available only in Hertz's corporate colors: black exterior and twin gold racing stripes. It included a billet aluminum grille, a Shelby hood with functional hood pins, as well as front and rear fascias that were later used on Shelby GT and GT/CS models. The GT-H came with the Power Pack that included a cold air intake, revised exhaust system and custom performance calibration, boosting power to and torque to . The GT-H also includes the handling package with lowering springs, improved dampers, sway bars, a strut tower brace and a 3.55:1 ratio rear axle assembly. A total of 500 units were ordered by Hertz for the 2006 model year, and 500 convertible models were announced for 2007.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: In 2006, Ford introduced the GT California Special (GT/CS) package, hearkening back to the original 1968 California Special Mustang. The package adds 18-inch polished aluminum wheels, non-functional side scoops, and unique vinyl striping that replaced the side GT emblems. The GT/CS also included a different front fascia and rear valance with diffuser, similar to those found on the Shelby GT. The GT/CS edition's front fascia was lower to the ground than the standard GT. Interior upgrades included Mustang labeled floor mats, and CS only leather interior color options. The 2007 GT Appearance Package adds a hood scoop, exhaust tips, and engine cover.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: In 2010, the GT California Special was re-introduced as optional on the Mustang GT. Black GTCS side stripes which faded into a side scoop. The front fascia was replaced with the one used in the 2011 Boss 302 with working lower fascia fog lights. The rear diffuser was taken from the Shelby GT 500 while the rear deck lid featured black vinyl and a wing spoiler. Wheels were argent spoke 19 inch with a GT logo stamped towards the outer rim on each wheel. The interior's bright dash was replaced with black carbon fiber treatment, while carbon fiber door inserts and seat leather patterns were added. Badging included "GTCS" on the carbon fiber dash and floor mats. The front grill was brushed aluminum billet with a V6 style pony emblem on the driver's side. (for 2012, it was changed to black billet). Rear axle gear selections were 3.31, 3.55, or 3.73.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang Bullitt returned in February 2008 as a variant of the Mustang GT, the last version of which was produced in 2001. It is reminiscent of the Dark Highland Green GT-390 fastback Mustang driven by Steve McQueen in the 1968 film "Bullitt". Available in Dark Highland Green or Black exterior paint without spoiler and GT fender emblems; the faux gas cap on the deck lid is replaced by a unique Bullitt version. The Mustang GT's standard fog light-equipped grille is replaced with a specially designed pony-less style grille highlighted by an aluminium accent. Dark Argent Gray 18-inch cast-aluminum euro-flange wheels are used with matching brake calipers and larger, 3.5 inch exhaust tips replace the Mustang GT's standard 3-inch tips. Although side (quarter) window louvers (as shown in picture) are not standard, they are added by owners because they are similar to those on the 1968 Mustang fastback.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Bullitt uses a version of the Mustang GT's aluminum 4.6 L SOHC V8. It has a cold air intake, improved engine calibration, and a revised exhaust system designed to mimic the sound of the Mustang used in the Bullitt movie. Total output is at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,250 rpm and the engine's redline has been raised to 6,500 rpm (from the standard Mustang GT's 6250 rpm). Premium grade, 91-octane or better gasoline is recommended, although an adaptive spark ignition system allows the engine to accept regular grade gasoline. Total output is the same with either fuel, but the engine delivers a flatter torque curve when using premium. The Tremec TR-3650 5-speed manual transmission from the Mustang GT is used, but the Bullitt featured a heavier duty rear axle (also used in GT500KR) with 3.73:1 ratio, versus the Mustang GT's 3.31:1 or optional 3:55:1 ratios. The suspension is improved over the standard GT utilizing stiffer springs, struts, and a decorative front strut tower brace while also lowering the car's ride height by six millimeters. Most of the Mustang Bullitt's components are available in the aftermarket for retrofitting earlier S197 Mustang GT vehicles, but some parts used in Bullitt Mustangs are marked to show authenticity.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2009 Mustang catalog indicate the Bullitt package was available on manual transmission Mustang GT Premium coupes as a regular production option; the same color restrictions apply.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Features of the 2009 Mustang include a glass top roof option, as well as special 45th Anniversary badging to commemorate the original Mustang's launch in 1964. A total of 46,420 were built. Satellite radio was standard on premium interior models, and Deluxe was no longer used to identify base models. This model has the same engine and functional equipment as a basic GT. The 2009 45th Anniversary edition is badged with a Mustang Colt emblem, with the 45th Anniversary logo. It included with an optional hood scoop and polished stainless steel exhaust tips package, rear spoiler, the Ambient Lighting package was now standard and included with the price of the vehicle at no additional cost, and 17-inch polished aluminum wheels were optional (17-inch wheels were standard but this model year used the same silver 5-spoke wheels since 2007).


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2009 Iacocca Silver 45th Anniversary Edition was a 45 unit production also commemorating the 45th anniversary of Ford Mustang. Named for Lee Iacocca who helped develop and introduce the Mustang. It was designed by Michael Leone (I Legacy & Michael Leone Design) and built by California-based Gaffoglio Family Metalcrafters coachbuilding company. Despite its aftermarket build status, it carries factory engine and warranties. Iacocca was given car 1 of the 45. One was later auctioned for $352,000.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: For 2007, Ford's SVT launched Shelby GT500, a successor to the 2003/2004 Mustang SVT Cobra. The GT500 shared basic design characteristics with that of the Mustang V6 and GT. It retained the same basic live axle rear suspension setup of the Mustang V6 and GT, with some minor durability enhancements such as thicker sheet metal supports and extra welds, as well as redesigned strut towers to accommodate a wider engine. The supercharged and intercooled DOHC 4 valves per cylinder V8 engine with an iron block and aluminum heads was rated at at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm. The Tremec TR6060 6-speed manual transmission used a 3.31:1 rear drive ratio. Wheels are 18×9.5 inch with P255/45ZR18 tires in the front and P285/40ZR18 tires in the rear. Brembo 14-inch disc brakes with aluminum four-piston calipers are on the front with 11.8-inch disc brakes with single-piston calipers in the rear.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The GT500 failed to meet some automotive journalists' expectations. "Car and Driver" magazine, for example, though praising the GT500 for its ample horsepower and relatively smooth ride, criticized their test car for its heavy weight and, in particular, the nose-heavy weight distribution of 57.7% front and 42.3% rear (compared to the 52.5% front, 47.5% rear of a Mustang GT manual they tested). Nevertheless, in spite of their opinion of its drawbacks, Car and Driver drove a GT500 in their 2007 "Lightning Lap" road test at Virginia International Raceway and found that the car's on-track performance lap time of 3:05.9 fell just below that of the Porsche 911 Turbo (3:05.8) and faster than that of the Lotus Elise (3:09.3), Porsche Cayman S (3:09.5) and BMW M6 (3:10.0).


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Debuting as a 2008 model and continuing for 2009, the Shelby GT500KR ("KR" being an abbreviation for "King of the Road") pays homage to the original 1968 Shelby Mustang of the same name. Production for '08 was limited to 1011 units (including prototypes), with another 712 KR models built for '09. The KR featured new components and performance enhancements over the standard GT500. The KR's engine was tuned to produce at 6,250 rpm and of torque at 4,500 rpm, gains of and of torque, respectively over the GT500's. The rear axle has a 3.73:1 ratio. To improve handling and help offset the car's front-heavy weight distribution, the GT500KR featured a Ford Racing strut tower brace and uniquely tuned struts, shocks, and springs. Using a carbon fiber hood and a revised exhaust system, the overall weight of the GT500KR was lighter than a standard GT500.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: In autocross, the S197 Shelby GT Mustang won the SCCA Pro Solo championship in the F-stock class from 2007 to 2009.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: A Mustang won the drivers, team and manufacturers' championships for both the 2008 and 2009 seasons of Grand-Am Koni Challenge.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: In 2009, the Mustang also won the SCCA Pro Racing World Challenge GT title. Blackforest Motorsports has entered a Mustang in the Rolex Sports Car Series GT class.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2010 model year Mustang was unveiled on November 18, 2008, prior to the Los Angeles International Auto Show. Production began on January 12, 2009 and it went on sale in March 2009. The 2010 Mustang was a revision of the 2005–2009 models, retaining the D2C platform.