title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Its use during pregnancy is contraindicated, although it has been placed in Australian pregnancy category C. Its use during the first trimester (during organogenesis) and 12 weeks prior to pregnancy has been associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations, especially malformations associated with maternal folic acid deficiency (which is most likely related to the mechanism of action of co-trimoxazole) such as neural tube defects such as spina bifida, cardiovascular malformations (e.g. Ebstein's anomaly), urinary tract defects, oral clefts, and club foot in epidemiological studies. Its use later on during pregnancy also increases the risk of preterm labour (odds ratio: 1.51) and low birth weight (odds ratio: 1.67). Animal studies have yielded similarly discouraging results.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Its use in those less than 2 months of age is not recommended due to the risk of adverse side effects.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Common side effects include nausea, vomiting, rash, and diarrhea. Severe allergic reactions and "Clostridium difficile" infection may occasionally occur. Its use in pregnancy is not recommended. It appears to be safe for use during breastfeeding as long as the baby is healthy. Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole generally results in bacterial death. It works by blocking the making and use of folate by the microorganisms.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Alkalinisation of the urine may reduce the toxicity of sulfamethoxazole, but it may increase the toxic effects of trimethoprim.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: The synergy between trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole was first described in the late 1960s. Trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole have a greater effect when given together than when given separately, because they inhibit successive steps in the folate synthesis pathway. They are given in a one-to-five ratio in their tablet formulations so that when they enter the body their concentration in the blood and tissues is roughly one-to-twenty — the exact ratio required for a peak synergistic effect between the two.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Sulfamethoxazole, a sulfonamide, induces its therapeutic effects by interfering with the "de novo" (that is, from within the cell) synthesis of folate inside microbial organisms such as protozoa, fungi and bacteria. It does this by competing with "p"-aminobenzoic acid (PABA) in the biosynthesis of dihydrofolate.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Trimethoprim serves as a competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase (DHFR), hence inhibiting the "de novo" synthesis of tetrahydrofolate, the biologically active form of folate.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Tetrahydrofolate is crucial in the synthesis of purines, thymidine, and methionine which are needed for the production of DNA and proteins during bacterial replication. Thus the net effect of each of these drugs is a bacteriostatic halt in replication. When combined, TMP and SMX are bactericidal.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: The effects of trimethoprim causes a backlog of dihydrofolate (DHF) and this backlog can work against the inhibitory effect the drug has on tetrahydrofolate biosynthesis. This is where the sulfamethoxazole comes in; its role is in depleting the excess DHF by preventing it from being synthesised in the first place.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Co-trimoxazole was claimed to be more effective than either of its components individually in treating bacterial infections, although this was later disputed. Because it has a higher incidence of adverse effects, including allergic responses, its use has been restricted in many countries to very specific circumstances where its improved efficacy has been demonstrated. It may be effective in a variety of upper and lower respiratory tract infections, kidney and urinary tract infections, gastrointestinal tract infections, skin and wound infections, sepsis, and other infections caused by sensitive organisms. Co-trimoxazole decreases the risk of recurrence of retinochoroiditis. The global problem of advancing antimicrobial resistance has led to a renewed interest in the use of co-trimoxazole more recently.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Co-trimoxazole (British Approved Name (BAN)) is manufactured and sold by many different companies. The following list of brand names is incomplete:


title: Brian Bonsall

text: Brian Eric Bonsall (born December 3, 1981) is an American rock musician, singer, guitarist and former child actor. He is perhaps best known for his roles as Andrew "Andy" Keaton, the youngest child on the NBC sitcom "Family Ties" from 1986 until 1989, and Alexander Rozhenko, the son of Worf and K'ehleyr, on "" from 1992 to 1994.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: Bonsall was born in Torrance, California, to Garth Bonsall and his wife Kathleen Coleman. In 1986, he began playing the role of Andy Keaton in the sitcom "Family Ties". Bonsall won three Young Artist Awards for his performance on the series. He was also nominated for a Young Artist Award for his starring role in the made-for-TV movie "Do You Know the Muffin Man?" in 1990.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: He made his feature film debut in 1992 in the horror film "Mikey", playing the title role, a demonic young boy who murders his parents and terrorizes his adoptive parents. This caused controversy in the UK owing to its depiction of a child killer at a time when the murder of James Bulger had raised sensitivity about violent behavior by children. The film was initially passed uncut by the British Board of Film Classification, but its certificate was withdrawn by James Ferman in the wake of the Bulger killing.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: Bonsall is known for playing Alexander Rozhenko, son of ""s Klingon security officer, Worf—a recurring role he played for seven episodes across several seasons.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: He played Patrick Swayze's son in the 1993 film "Father Hood". In 1994, he starred in the Disney comedy "Blank Check" and co-starred with Bob Saget in the TV movie comedy "Father and Scout". His other acting credits include the TV movie "Mother Goose Rock 'n' Rhyme" and guest appearances on television series such as "The Super Mario Bros. Super Show!" and "The Young Riders".


title: Brian Bonsall

text: In 1995, Bonsall retired from acting and moved with his mother and stepfather to Boulder, Colorado. He attended Boulder High School, graduating in 2000.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: He became a musician, forming the rock band Late Bloomers with his friends in 1998. He has been in the Boulder-based punk bands Thruster and The Light on Adam's Stereo.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: In 2016, Bonsall toured with rock band The Ataris. That same year, he claimed to have been clean and sober since his 2010 arrest: "My drunken run-ins with the law are about 10 years behind me, so I’m pretty happy about that. I’m not proud of my past mistakes but you live and you learn".


title: Brian Bonsall

text: In October 2017, Bonsall married Courtney Tuck. Their son, Oliver, was born in August of 2019. Bonsall is currently a member of the band Sunset Silhouette.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: On March 28, 2007, Bonsall was arrested on charges of assaulting his girlfriend. He was sentenced to two years of probation on August 31, 2007.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: On December 7, 2009, Bonsall was arrested for third-degree assault and failure-to-appear in connection with the 2007 assault on his girlfriend.


title: Brian Bonsall

text: In February, 2010, Bonsall was arrested on charges of using marijuana in violation of the terms of his release. He was sentenced in April 2010 to two years of probation.


title: INSAS rifle

text: INSAS or Indian Small Arms System is a family of infantry arms consisting of an assault rifle and a light machine gun (LMG). It was designed by the Armament Research and Development Establishment and manufactured by the Ordnance Factories Board at its various factories. The INSAS assault rifle was the standard infantry weapon of the Indian Armed Forces for almost three decades.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The development of the INSAS assault rifle began in mid-1980s, when the Indian Army released a general staff qualitative requirement for a new assault rifle to replace locally produced licensed copy of the L1A1 self-loading rifles, which the Army was using since 1961. The new assault rifle was to chamber the 5.56×45mm NATO cartridge unlike the L1A1 SLR rifle which chambereded the 7.62×51mm NATO cartridge.


title: INSAS rifle

text: After studying a number of designs, the Armament Research and Development Establishment (ARDE) in Pune undertook the task to design and develop India's first assault rifle. The development and user trials of the new rifle – INSAS was completed by 1989 and entered into service in 1990.


title: INSAS rifle

text: Originally, three variants were planned in the INSAS system, a rifle, a carbine and a squad automatic weapon (SAW) or Light machine gun (LMG). In 1997, the rifle and the LMG went into mass production. In 1998, the first INSAS rifles were displayed at the republic day parade. The introduction of the rifle was delayed due to the lack of adequate 5.56×45mm ammunition, large quantities of the same were bought from Israel Military Industries.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The INSAS is primarily based on the AKM but incorporates features from other rifles. It has a chrome-plated bore. The barrel has a six-groove rifling. The basic gas operated long stroke piston and the rotating bolt are similar to the AKM/AK-47.


title: INSAS rifle

text: It has a manual gas regulator, similar to that of FN FAL, and a gas cutoff for launching grenades. The charging handle is on the left instead of on the bolt carrier, similar in operation to the HK33. The fire selector is placed on the left side of the receiver above the pistol grip, it can be set to semi–auto, three round burst and full auto. To set it to safe, the selector has to be rotated all the way up, which will block the sear and prevent the rifle from firing. It has three modes of fire – semi-automatic, three-round burst and full automatic modes. The cyclic rate averages at 650 rpm. It has transparent magazine much like that of Steyr AUG and is made of polymer. The rear sight lies on one end of the breech cover and is calibrated to 400 meters.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The furniture is either made of wood or polymer. The polymer butt and forend assemblies differ from the AKM and are more similar to that of IMI Galil. Some variants have a folding butt. A bayonet can also be attached to it.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The guns take 20- or 30-round polymer magazines. The 30-round magazine is made for the LMG version, but can be also used in the rifle. The flash suppressor also accepts NATO-specification rifle grenades.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The INSAS assault rifle was battle tested in the 1999 Kargil War. The three month long war was fought in the high altitudes of the Himalayas, where temperature would go as low as –20 degree Celsius. During the conflict the rifle encountered some problems such as occasional often serious stoppage, cracking of polymer magazine due to the cold weather and some other reliability issues such as firing in full auto when set for 3 shot burst. Similar complaints were also received from the Nepalese Army. In the Kargil war neither the INSAS proved reliable nor the Army was satisfied with the new rifle. Also the Army which was used to the 7.62×51mm NATO round for almost three decades, was dissatisfied with the stopping power of the new 5.56×45mm NATO rounds. In 2001, an improved variant of the rifle was introduced taking the feedback of the Indian Army. The new variant of the rifle was called INSAS–1B1.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The INSAS rifle saw limited use in the Indian Army's counter-insurgency operations in Jammu and Kashmir, but was extensively used by Central Armed Police Forces in combating Maoist insurgency.


title: INSAS rifle

text: Currently the INSAS assault rifles are being replaced in the army with the AK-203 assault rifles and the SIG 716i designated marksman rifles. The LMG variant of INSAS is being replaced with the IWI Negev. However these rifles will remain in service with the police and other paramilitary forces and are being used as a replacement for the decades old bolt action Ishapore 2A1 rifles.


title: INSAS rifle

text: It is a gas operated assault rifle. It can be fired in single round or three-round burst mode. A telescopic sight or a passive night sight can be mounted on it. It can take NATO-standard 5.56×45mm SS109 and M193 ammunition. It comes with a bayonet. It has a mount point for the ARDE 40 mm under barrel grenade launcher, along with a gas-block for launching grenades and grenade iron-sights. The flash suppressor has a blank-firing adaptor. It also has a foldable butt version.


title: INSAS rifle

text: An INSAS assault rifle with black furniture, incorporating full-auto mode was introduced later. The automatic assault rifle has the same range of 400 m as the semi-automatic standard INSAS rifle.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The LMG (Light Machine Gun) differs from the standard rifle in possessing a longer range of 700 m, as compared to 400 m range of INSAS standard and assault rifles. It has a longer and heavier barrel with revised rifling, and a bipod. The LMG version uses 30-round magazines and can also accept the 20-round INSAS AR magazine. This model fires in semi and full-auto. It also has a foldable-butt version.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The "Excalibur", with a range of 400 m, can be used for battlefield engagements as well as for close combat. It is lighter and shorter as compared to the automatic INSAS assault rifle. In July 2015, it was reported that the INSAS may be replaced by the Modified INSAS rifle (MIR), which is based on the Excalibur variant. The decision was taken by General Dalbir Singh, who wanted an indigenous rifle. The prototype had two stoppages after firing 24,000 rounds, which was very close the army's specification of one stoppage. It was also reported that another prototype of Excalibur, AR-2, was being prepared which would fire 7.62×39mm rounds of the AK-47.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The prototype incorporates a direct gas-tapping angle to reduce the recoil. The rifle would have automatic and single shot modes. The three-round burst mode of the INSAS has been dropped. The rifle would have a folding butt and a standard Picatinny rail. By September 2015, it had passed the water and mud tests, which four of the foreign rifles in the tender competition had failed. It was also reported 200 rifles were being manufactured and that prototype would undergo formal trials in late 2015.


title: INSAS rifle

text: The "Kalantak" micro assault rifle, with a range of 300 m, is for close combat and personnel defence weapon roles.


title: INSAS rifle

text: Lieutenant Colonel Prasad Bansod, of Army School Mhow reverse engineered an INSAS rifle to produce a bullpup carbine variant. He reportedly did this in his spare time. This prototype gun was shown in exhibition but never approved.


title: Beth Mead

text: Bethany Jane Mead (born 9 May 1995) is an English professional footballer who plays as a forward for the Women's Super League club Arsenal and the England national team. A creative and prolific forward, she has all-time most assists and all-time second-most goal contributions in the WSL. At UEFA Women's Euro 2022, she became the Golden Boot winner, Player of the Tournament, and top assist provider, leading England to win a major tournament for the first time. Later that year, she was named BBC Women's Footballer of the Year and finished runner-up for the Ballon d'Or and UEFA Player of the Year Award.


title: Beth Mead

text: In 2015, Mead won the WSL Golden Boot and the WSL Player of the Year award, becoming the youngest WSL Golden Boot winner at the age of 20. It was only a season after leading her then-club Sunderland's promotion and WSL 2 title win. Having scored 77 goals in 78 games, she is regarded as one of the greatest players ever played for Sunderland.


title: Beth Mead

text: Converted to a winger at Arsenal, Mead holds numerous playmaking records in the WSL, including all-time most assists, most assists in a season, most chances created in a season, and most chances created from open play in a season. She was the WSL top assist provider for 2018–19 and 2021–22. She was nominated for the 2021–22 WSL Player of the Season. She won the 2018–19 WSL title with Arsenal.


title: Beth Mead

text: In 2022, Mead broke Jimmy Greaves' 61-year-old record of the most goals scored in a season by an England player of either gender. She helped England reach the semi-final at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, providing second-most assists in the tournament.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead and her alma mater Teesside University launched Beth Mead Scholarship in February 2022 to support dual career students who have the potential to reach professional level within women’s football. Her "Sunday Times" bestseller autobiography, "Lioness: My Journey to Glory", was published in November 2022.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead began her youth career at California Girls FC before joining Middlesbrough F.C. Centre of Excellence at age 10 before moving at age 16 to Sunderland.


title: Beth Mead

text: In 2011–12, her first season in the FA Women's Premier League, Mead scored 23 goals in as many games, and ended the season with 29 in all competitions. Sunderland won the league by Mead's winner against Leeds United. Sunderland won the FA Women's Premier League Cup for the first time, completing the double.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead won the FA WPL Golden Boot, Sunderland Player of the Year award, and Mavis Clayton Memorial Trophy for Outstanding Achievement at the Scarborough and District Sports Awards.


title: Beth Mead

text: In the 2012–13 FA WPL season, Mead followed by 30 goals in 28 matches. She again won the FA WPL Golden Boot and Sunderland Player of the Year award. She was also named Top Female Achiever at the Scarborough and District Sports Awards.


title: Beth Mead

text: In the 2014 WSL 2 season, Sunderland won the title and gained promotion to the Women's Super League for the 2015 WSL season. Mead was the top scorer for the team.


title: Beth Mead

text: She was nominated for WSL 2 Player of the Year. She was named SportsByte Sports Person of the Year, Top Female Achiever at the Scarborough and District Sports Awards, and Sunderland Supporters' Young Player of the Year.


title: Beth Mead

text: Although Mead turned professional upon Sunderland's promotion, she resolved to finish her final year at Teesside University. This inspired Mead and her alma mater to launch Beth Mead Scholarship in February 2022 to support dual career students who have the potential to reach professional, national or international level within women’s football.


title: Beth Mead

text: Moreover, Mead kept working at her local pub. The landlord had sponsored her during the formative years of her career and she repaid the favour by working shifts behind the bar. So at one point, she was scoring the goals that secured Sunderland promotion to WSL, whilst studying for a degree and working as a barmaid.


title: Beth Mead

text: In her first match at the top level, Mead scored in Sunderland's shock 2–1 win over reigning champions Liverpool. On 19 July 2015, Mead scored a hat-trick against league leaders Chelsea, making her the league-leading scorer with eight goals. Earlier that week, Mead avoided injury despite rolling her car three times while trying to avoid a deer. The following week, she scored twice in a 4–1 win at Bristol, sending Sunderland to the top of the WSL.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead ended the 2015 season as the leading goalscorer in the WSL with 12 goals in 14 appearances at the age of 20, becoming the youngest WSL Golden Boot winner ever. Next best players scored 7 goals, only about a half of Mead's goals. Sunderland finished at the fourth place. It was only a season after Sunderland's promotion and Sunderland's resources were far in arrears compared to the division’s heavyweights.


title: Beth Mead

text: Besides the WSL Golden Boot, Mead was named WSL Player's Player of the Year, PFA Young Player of the Year, England Young Player of the Year, inaugural North East Football Writers' Association Ladies Player of the Year, Sunderland Player of the Year, Sunderland Supporters' Player of the Year, SportsByte Sports Person of the Year, and Top Female Achiever at Scarborough and District Sports Awards; was nominated for PFA Players' Player of the Year; and was selected in the PFA Team of the Year.


title: Beth Mead

text: Having scored 77 goals in 78 games, Mead is regarded as one of the best players ever played for Sunderland. "Roker Report" said: "The impact of Whitby lass Beth Mead on Sunderland Ladies in the mid-2010s was breathtaking. In five seasons from when, at the age of 16 in 2011, she broke into the side, she took first the Premier League North, then WSL 2 and finally the WSL 1 by storm, scoring 77 goals in 78 games as we rocketed up the pyramid, almost reaching the summit. Long standing fans of the Lasses had never quite seen anything like it, she was almost unplayable at times and her performances pushed Sunderland to the heights of a fourth place WSL 1 finish in 2015/16." Mead was named Sunderland Forward of the Decade and was selected in Sunderland Team of the Decade in 2019.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 24 January 2017, it was announced that Arsenal had signed Mead on an undisclosed-length full-time deal. She had resisted several offers from Arsenal since 2015 to finish her university degree in Sports Development. This inspired Mead and her alma mater Teesside University to launch Beth Mead Scholarship in February 2022 to support dual career students who have the potential to reach professional, national or international level within women’s football.


title: Beth Mead

text: At Arsenal, summer 2017 signing Vivianne Miedema soon occupied the centre-forward berth, so Mead had to play as a winger instead: "I'd played No 9 all my career until I came to Arsenal. I was a bit annoyed that I wasn’t playing No 9, because I thought that was my best position. But now I really enjoy playing on the wing. I can get involved, run at people, bring other people into play."


title: Beth Mead

text: Arsenal won the 2017–18 FA Women's League Cup with Mead scoring in the knockout rounds against her former club Sunderland in the quarter-final and against Reading in the semi-final. Mead finished the 2017–18 season as Arsenal's top goalscorer in the league with 8 goals.


title: Beth Mead

text: In 2018, Mead was named England Young Player of the Year for the second time, Football Supporters' Association Player of the Year, and Arsenal Women Supporters Club Player of the Season; and selected in the PFA Team of the Year.


title: Beth Mead

text: By the 2018–19 season, Mead had fully reinvented herself as a versatile winger under Joe Montemurro, which has seen her break the WSL record for the most assists in a season (12).


title: Beth Mead

text: Moreover, Mead topped various creative statistics in the league, multiple of them with wide margins. She registered the highest assists per 90 (0.71, over 40% of 2nd place (0.51)), most carries into penalty area (42, over 45% of 2nd place (29)), highest xG assisted (6.6, over 14% of 2nd place (5.8)), most crosses into penalty area (19), and most shot-creating actions(96); 2nd most key passes (54), 2nd most passes into penalty area (43), 2nd most goal-creating actions (20), and 2nd highest goal-creating actions per 90 (1.18); 3rd highest shot-creating actions per 90 (5.69) and 3rd most fouls drawn (32).


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead capped a great season off by scoring the third goal in Arsenal's 4–0 title-clinching win at Brighton and Hove Albion on 28 April 2019. The goal won the WSL Goal of the Season award. With 7 goals, Mead finished third in the WSL for total goal contributions (19), helping Arsenal win the WSL after a seven-year wait.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead was nominated for the 2019 FSA Player of the Year. In addition, she was named WSL Player of the Month in March 2019 and April 2019.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead suffered an injury during a 3–2 league win against Liverpool on 13 February 2020. A week later, Arsenal announced that she had injured her medial collateral ligament.


title: Beth Mead

text: Arsenal was the only WSL club to proceed to the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League quarter-final. Mead scored the only Arsenal goal against Paris Saint-Germain in the quarter-final match on August 28 2020. On 15 November 2020, against the league champions Chelsea, Mead scored in the 86th minute of the 1–1 draw.


title: Beth Mead

text: In the 2020-21 season, Mead provided second most assists in the WSL. She was also second highest in xG assisted (8.2) and through balls (7); third in fouls drawn (46) and xA per 90 (0.45).


title: Beth Mead

text: In the 2021–22 WSL season, Mead was the top assist provider (8) and scored third-most goals (11), helping Arsenal push in a title race that went down to the final day. Arsenal finished the season in second place, only a point less than the first. Arsenal was the only WSL team to proceed to the knockout stage in the 2021–22 UEFA Women's Champions League.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead set several WSL playmaking records in the season. She became the WSL all-time assists leader. She broke the record for most chances created in a season (72) and most chances created from open play in a season (54+), becoming the first player who created over 50 chances from open play.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead led the majority of creative statistics in the league, many of them by wide margins. She had the most chances created (72, over a half of 2nd place (48)), most big chances created (13, over 44% of 2nd place (9)), most key passes (65, over 30% of 2nd place (50)), most shot-creating actions (123, over a third of 2nd place (90)), highest shot-creating actions per 90 (6.43), most goal-creating actions (18), highest goal-creating actions per 90 (0.94, over 12% of 2nd place (0.84)), the highest xA (7.7), highest xG assisted (7.4), and most passes into penalty area (56); second highest successful dribbles per 90 (1.1), second most fouls drawn (41), and second highest progressive passes received (192).


title: Beth Mead

text: With 14 goals and 19 assists in 34 starts, Mead's total goal contributions in the season came to 33. During the league opener against defending champions Chelsea, she scored a brace to defeat Chelsea 3–2. She was named Player of the Match. On 27 January 2022, Arsenal was behind Brighton & Hope Albion 0–1 after the first half. Just five minutes after the restart, Mead whipped an inch-perfect delivery across the face of the Brighton goal and Vivianne Miedema was well-placed to fire home from close range. Mead wasn’t done there, though, and this time she went for goal herself with a free-kick on the edge of the area, firing a stunning curling effort into the top right corner to secure all three points. She was named Player of the Match. On 24 April 2022, Mead not only became the WSL all-time assist leader, but also reached the 50th goal in the WSL during Arsenal's 3–0 victory over Everton. Her assist resulted in teammate Jordan Nobbs' 50th WSL goal as well. She was named the Player of the Match.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead also established herself as the centrepiece of the pressing and counter-pressing system under new manager Jonas Eidevall. She topped the charts for pressing and defensive actions in the final third. She registered most pressures (381) and succeeded the most, made most tackles (61) and won the most (43), and made second most blocks (32) in Arsenal. In the WSL, she won third most tackles. It is rare for a forward to achieve such numbers. On her counterpressing ability, Eidevall said: "I have never coached a player who is as fast at it (counterpressing) as Beth Mead. She can run 15 metres in seconds and close a player down."


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead was named the Football Supporters' Association Player of the Year and nominated for the WSL Player of the Season and PFA Fan's Player of the Year. She won both the Arsenal Player of the Season award and Arsenal Women Supporters Club Player of the Season award by a landslide. Her other accolades include: "GiveMeSportW" Fans' WSL Player of the Season nominee, "On Her Side" WSL Player of the Season runner-up, "The Athletic" WSL Team of the Year, WSL Player of the Month (September 2021), resulting in the record (tie) for Most Player of the Month awards (3), PFA WSL Fan's Player of the Month (November 2021), and Arsenal Goal of the Month (includes contenders from both the men's and women's teams, January 2022).


title: Beth Mead

text: On 16 September 2022, Mead became second in WSL all-time goal contributions (93) with 54 goals and 39 assists. Mead was also named PFA Fan's Player of the Month and Arsenal Player of the Month for September 2022 after she scored 3 goals and assisted 2 in 2 games.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 19 October 2022, Mead was named Player of the Match in Arsenal's historic 5–1 win over the UEFA Women's Champions League holders Lyon. She scored 2 goals and assisted one. Lyon are eight-time winners of the Women's Champions League. It is the first time they have conceded five goals since May 2005. They had previously not lost by more than a single goal in the Champions League since 2009 and this was only their second defeat in 83 home games.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 19 November 2022, Mead suffered a ruptured anterior cruciate ligament in a league game and faced months out of the game.


title: Beth Mead

text: Despite her injury, Mead created 64 chances in 2022, the second most of any player in a single calendar year in WSL history.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead was a part of the England U19 team that won the silver at the 2013 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship. She scored a brace in the semifinal. She won the silver ball.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead played in all three England U20 matches at the 2014 FIFA U-20 Women's World Cup where she scored a long-range goal against Mexico. The goal was voted as the top 3 goal of the tournament.


title: Beth Mead

text: In April 2018, Mead made her debut for the senior England women's national football team as a substitute in a 0–0 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup qualification draw with Wales in Southampton. She started her first match in September 2018, scoring twice in England's 6–0 win over Kazakhstan in Pavlodar.


title: Beth Mead

text: In February 2019, Mead scored a "stunning" match-winning goal against Brazil during England's first match of the 2019 SheBelieves Cup. A few days later, she scored in the team's 3–0 victory against Japan to win the tournament.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 9 April 2019, she scored the opening goal in the 36th minute against Spain in an eventual 2–1 win.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead started in the first two matches of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France. She provided the assist to Jodie Taylor's goal in the Lionesses' second group stage match against Argentina — a 1–0 win. After finishing first in Group D and defeating Cameroon 3–0 in the Round of 16, England faced Norway in the quarter-finals. In the match, Mead assisted Lucy Bronze's goal in the 57th minute as England won again by three goals to none. In the semi-final against defending champions the United States, Mead assisted Ellen White's equaliser in the first half, although England were ultimately defeated 2–1. The semi-final match ended up being the most watched programme on UK television in 2019 with 11.7 million viewers. She provided second-most assists (3) in the tournament.


title: Beth Mead

text: In October 2019, Mead scored England's game-winning goal against Portugal. She won the Player of the Match Award. Later that month, she created more chances than any other player during a 2–1 loss against Brazil in front of a record-breaking 29,238 fans at Riverside Stadium in Middlesbrough. On 9 November 2019, she competed in a 2–1 loss against Germany in front of a record-breaking 77,768 spectators at Wembley Stadium.


title: Beth Mead

text: Thanks to her performance at the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, Mead was shortlisted for England Player of the Year and named Yorkshire Post Sports Hero of 2019.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 23 October 2021, Mead scored her first international hat-trick in a 4–0 win against Northern Ireland in the 2023 Women's World Cup qualification phase. Her hat-trick came within a fourteen-minute second-half spell. She became the first woman to score a hat-trick at Wembley for England.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 30 November 2021, Mead had her second international hat-trick, as well as a hat-trick of assists as England defeated Latvia 20-0 in another World Cup qualifying match. This was England's biggest-ever win. Another World Cup qualifier on 8 April 2022 saw Mead score four goals in a 10–0 demolishing of North Macedonia.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 24 June 2022, Mead scored a brace against reigning European champions and World Cup finalists the Netherlands as a half-time substitute. Her first goal came only 54 seconds after the Dutch missed a penalty when the match was tied at 1-1. Her goal put England ahead for the first time. She added her second and England's 5th when she twisted and turned past the Dutch defence in the box and finding the bottom corner. She won England's Player of the Match award. Her goals took her to 14 in the season for England, surpassing Jimmy Greaves' long-standing record of the most goals scored in a single season by an England player of either gender, when he scored 13 in the 1960-61 season.


title: Beth Mead

text: At UEFA Women's Euro 2022 on home soil, Mead won the Golden Boot, as well as becoming the Player of the Tournament and top assist provider with 6 goals and 5 assists in 6 matches, helping England win the tournament. It was the Lionesses' first major trophy and also the first won by an England senior-level team of either gender since 1966. She became the only English player of either gender to win both the Golden Boot and Player of the Tournament award at the Euros or World Cup. Her six goals tied the record for most goals ever scored in a single edition of the Women's Euro. She contributed half of England's goals at the tournament.


title: Beth Mead

text: Besides scoring the most goals and assisting the most in the tournament, she created the most chances (16), completed the most crosses (15), had the highest crossing accuracy (57%) among players who attempted over 10 crosses, made the highest assists per 90 (1.00, over 20% of 2nd place) and won the most Player of the Match awards (2).


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead scored the tournament's opening goal against Austria in a 1-0 win. Against Norway, she scored her fourth career international hat-trick and assisted a goal. Naming her the Player of the Match, the UEFA Technical Observer said: "She showed fast, strong dribbling and a real will to score. She was brave in one-on-ones and sent some great balls into the box, as well as scoring three herself." Her second goal of the match was selected as one of the top ten goals of the tournament. Against Northern Ireland, she scored a goal and assisted two to cap a run of scoring in every group stage match. In the semi-final against Sweden, she scored the first goal of the match against the run of play and provided 2 assists, leading England to the final. She was again named the Player of the Match and UEFA's Technical Observer panel praised her showing: "She was consistent and extremely hard-working on the right wing, constantly linking up play and making key passes. She took her crucial goal excellently. Her delivery, providing two assists for teammates, made it a supremely productive evening."


title: Beth Mead

text: In total, Mead scored 20 goals and assisted 17 in 19 matches for England in the 2021–22 season, breaking Jimmy Greaves' aforementioned record.


title: Beth Mead

text: After the Euros, Mead was named England Player of the Year and BBC Women's Footballer of the Year. She has finished runner-up for the Ballon d'Or, UEFA Player of the Year, and IFFHS Player of the Year. She made the final three-woman shortlist for Globe Soccer Player of the Year. She was voted third in Fans' Footballer of the Year, ahead of prominent Premier League players such as Bukayo Saka, Erling Haaland, Kevin De Bruyne, and Harry Kane. She was the first and only women's footballer on the shortlist in awards' history.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead was named Sports Journalists' Association Sportswoman of the Year. She was the first footballer to win the award. She was also named Yorkshire Young Achievers Personality of the Year. She was nominated for "Sunday Times" Sportswomen of the Year and BT Sport Action Woman of the Year.


title: Beth Mead

text: On 11 November 2022, Mead earned her 50th cap against Japan. She has scored 29 goals in all competitions for England, 12 more than any other member of the latest Lionesses’ squad. Indeed, she has been directly involved in 37 goals in 23 appearances under Sarina Wiegman (21 goals, 16 assists), 13 more than any other teammate.


title: Beth Mead

text: Whilst playing for Sunderland, Mead gained BA (Hons) in Sports Development from Teesside University. Inspired by her experience, Mead and her alma mater Teesside University launched Beth Mead Scholarship in February 2022 to support dual career students who have the potential to reach professional, national or international level within women’s football.


title: Beth Mead

text: Beth Mead scholars receive a bursary of £1,200, as well as bespoke sport science support to help them unlock their full potential. This includes strength and conditioning, physiotherapy, sport nutrition, sport psychology, biomechanical analysis and sport physiology from a team of experts at Teesside University.


title: Beth Mead

text: In addition, scholars also receive one-to-one and group mentoring with Mead during their studies, as well as branded sports kits and gym membership.


title: Beth Mead

text: In February 2020, Mead joined "#WePlayStrong", a social media campaign by UEFA. Launched in 2017, the campaign aims to increase participation levels among 13-17 year-old girls by shifting perceptions of women’s football. The series, which originally included professional footballers Lisa Evans, Sarah Zadrazil, Eunice Beckmann, Laura Feiersinger follows the daily lives of female professional footballers. Her fitness routines have been shared online as part of the "#TrainAtHome" series.


title: Beth Mead

text: In August 2022, Mead launched the Trainline 'Tenner off Match Day Travel' campaign, offering fans traveling to WSL fixtures £10 off rail travel.


title: Beth Mead

text: In September 2022, Mead became McDonald's Fun Football ambassador, which aims to give every child, from every background, gender and ability, the opportunity to enjoy football for free. Since May 2022, the Fun Football programme saw a 60% increase in girls signing up following an exciting summer for the Lionesses.


title: Beth Mead

text: Soon after UEFA Women's Euro 2022, the England players wrote an open letter to Rishi Sunak and Liz Truss, the candidates in the ongoing Conservative Party leadership election, in which they declared their "legacy and goal was to inspire a nation". They saw their victory "as only the beginning". The letter pointed out that only 63% of British girls could play football in school PE lessons and concluded: "We – the 23 members of the England Senior Women's EURO Squad – ask you to make it a priority to invest in girls' football in schools, so that every girl has the choice".


title: Beth Mead

text: In October 2022, Mead was nominated for the Media Diversity Champion of the Year for promoting women in football.


title: Beth Mead

text: In October 2021, Mead signed an open letter to the Prime Minister, calling for a kinder, fairer and more effective system for refugees in the UK. The letter, organized by the campaign coalition Together With Refugees, was published in the week the Nationality and Borders Bill is brought back to Parliament and states: "…We want Afghans and other people across the world fleeing persecution and violence to find safety here as they have in the past, no matter how they arrive. Now is not the time to turn them away. Now is the time to offer our hand in kindness and protection. We urge you to think again."


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead has advocated for Battersea Dogs & Cats Home, an animal rescue centre for dogs and cats. Battersea was featured in Sky Sports' "Inside the WSL: Beth Mead Special" in September 2022. In October 2022, she also appeared on Battersea's "Wear Blue for Rescue" promotion video.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead has spoken openly about her sexuality, and hopes that by setting an example she can help bridge the gap between LGBTQ+ discussions in the men's game. She has been nominated for British LGBT Awards in 2020 and 2022.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead supported Ovarian Cancer Action during the holiday season in 2022. She donated £1 from every Christmas card she sold to Ovarian Cancer Action.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead published her autobiography "Lioness: My Journey to Glory" () in November 2022, with a foreword by Ian Wright and an afterword by Jermain Defoe. It details her early life, her struggles with anxiety and self-belief, career setbacks, devastating family news that fueled her best season yet, finding her best form under the guidance of Jonas Eidevall and Sarina Wiegman, England's triumphant Euros campaign, and her advocacy for gender and LGBT equality, particularly in football. It became a "Sunday Times" bestseller and was selected as one of Sports Books of the Year.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead's book for a younger readers, "Roar: A Football Hero’s Guide to Dreaming Big and Playing the Game You Love" () will be published in May 2023.


title: Beth Mead

text: Mead was previously in a relationship with then-Arsenal teammate Daniëlle van de Donk. She is currently in a relationship with Arsenal teammate Vivianne Miedema, who she started dating soon after England played Miedema's Netherlands team.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Vishal Bhardwaj (born 4 August 1965) is an Indian film director, screenwriter, producer, music composer and playback singer. He is known for his work in Hindi cinema, and is the recipient of seven National Film Awards and a Filmfare Award.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj made his debut as a music composer with the children's film "Abhay (The Fearless)" (1995), and received wider recognition with his compositions in Gulzar's "Maachis" (1996). He received the Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent for the latter. He went on to compose music for the films "Satya" (1998) and "Godmother" (1999). For the latter, he garnered the National Film Award for Best Music Direction. Bhardwaj made his directorial debut with the children's film "Makdee" (2002), for which he also composed the music. He garnered critical acclaim and several accolades for writing and directing the Indian adaptations of three tragedies by William Shakespeare: "Maqbool" (2003) from "Macbeth", "Omkara" (2006) from "Othello", and "Haider" (2014) from "Hamlet". He has also directed the action film "Kaminey", the black comedy "7 Khoon Maaf" (2011), and the satire "Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola" (2013).


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In addition, Bhardwaj produces films under his banner VB Pictures. He has co-written and produced the films "Ishqiya" (2010), its sequel "Dedh Ishqiya" (2014), and the crime drama "Talvar" (2015), among others. He has composed the musical score for each of his directorial and production ventures, and frequently collaborates with the lyricist Gulzar. He is married to playback singer Rekha Bhardwaj.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj was born on 4 August 1965, in Chandpur city in District Bijnor, Uttar Pradesh. His mother Satya Bhardwaj, was a homemaker, and father Ram Bhardwaj, was a sugarcane inspector. His father also wrote poetry and lyrics for Hindi films. He and his family lived in Najibabad until he completed class five in school. They later moved to Meerut, where he used to play cricket for the state's under-19 team. His thumb broke during a practice session a day before an inter-university tournament causing him to be unable to play for the year. The same year, his father died causing him to be unable to continue his cricket career. He had an elder brother, who struggled for years in Mumbai to become a film producer and later died of a heart attack. He composed a song at the age of seventeen. After hearing it, his father discussed it with music director Usha Khanna. She used it for the film "Yaar Kasam" (1985). Bhardwaj later moved to Delhi to pursue his graduation at the Hindu College, University of Delhi. He met his wife and playback singer Rekha Bhardwaj during the college annual function; she was a year senior to him. He is also an avid tennis player. His son, Aasmaan Bhardwaj, will be making his debut as a director in Bollywood with "Kuttey", starring Arjun Kapoor, Tabu, and Naseeruddin Shah, and Radhika Madan.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj started playing harmonium for friends who were ghazal singers. After a few years, he took up a job with a music company called CBS in Delhi. He later went to Mumbai to become a music composer, and he only took to directing films to create the opportunity to compose music.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: His interest in film direction kindled after watching Quentin Tarantino's "Pulp Fiction" (1994), and Krzysztof Kieślowski's television series "Dekalog", during a film festival in Thiruvananthapuram.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 1995, Bhardwaj made his debut as a music composer for the children's film "Abhay (The Fearless)". He then went on to compose music for "Fauji" (1995), and "Sanshodhan" (1996).


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 1996, he served as the music director for Gulzar's "Maachis" (1996), for which he received the Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent. The film depicted the transformation of boys into terrorists during the Punjab insurgency in Punjab in the 1980s. The soundtrack composed by Bhardwaj became an anthem for the politically restive college youth at that time. He later collaborated with him on TV serials such as "Alice in Wonderland" and "Gubbare". His further projects included "Betaabi" (1997), "Tunnu Ki Tina" (1997), "Satya" (1998) and "Hu Tu Tu" (1999). At the 46th National Film Awards, Bhardwaj received the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for his critically acclaimed score in "Godmother" (1999). In 2010, he composed the music for his production venture "Ishqiya", which garnered him his second National Film Award for Best Music Direction. He also composed music for "Jungle Book Shōnen Mowgli", the Hindi dubbed version of the anime adaptation of Rudyard Kipling's original collection of stories, "The Jungle Book". Apart from feature films, Bhardwaj has provided music for music albums such as "Sunset Point" (2000), "Ishqa Ishqa" (2002) and "Barse Barse" (2011). He frequently collaborates with Gulzar.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj made his directorial debut with the horror film "Makdee" (2002), starring Shabana Azmi, Makarand Deshpande and Shweta Prasad. The film tells the story of twin young girls and an alleged witch in a mansion. It was screened in the Critics' Week (Spotlight on India) section at the 2003 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj had read a short version of William Shakespeare's "Macbeth" and wanted to turn it into a gangster film. He had seen Akira Kurosawa's "Throne of Blood" (1957), which was also inspired by Macbeth. It inspired Bhardwaj to make it into a feature film. He then started working with Abbas Tyrewala to adapt the play. Bhardwaj then came up with its film adaptation "Maqbool" (2003), starring Pankaj Kapur, Irrfan Khan and Tabu; it was set against the backdrop of Mumbai underworld. The film was screened at the 2004 Cannes Film Festival and at the 2003 Toronto Film Festival. Sita Menon of Rediff.com in her review called it "..a visual gallery that is an intelligent blend of dark, tragic overtones and comic, satirical undertones." CNN-IBN listed "Maqbool" as "one of the 100 greatest Indian films of all time" in a 2013 list. In 2010, Film critic Raja Sen mentioned it in "The Top 75 Hindi Films of the Decade" list.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 2006, Bhardwaj again adapted Shakespeare's tragedy "Othello", as "Omkara". Set against the backdrop of the political system in Uttar Pradesh, the film had Ajay Devgan as the titular character. It premiered at the 6th Marrakech International Film Festival, and was screened at the Cairo International Film Festival. At the 54th National Film Awards, Bhardwaj received the Special Jury Award for the film. "Omkara" met with critical acclaim, but was a box office disappointment. It however opened to positive box-office response in North America and the United Kingdom.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj's next project was the children's film, "The Blue Umbrella" (2005), based on Ruskin Bond's novel of the same name. It won the National Film Award for Best Children's Film in 2005. His followup was "Blood Brothers" (2007), a short-film on HIV/AIDS, with a run time of 13 minutes. It tells the story of a young man who, after finding out that he is HIV positive, allows his life to fall apart. It was a part of the 'AIDS JaaGo', a series of four short films, directed by Mira Nair, Santosh Sivan, and Farhan Akhtar in a joint initiative by Nair and the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. The series premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. The same year, he also served as a writer for Sanjay Gupta's anthology film, "Dus Kahaniyaan".


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 2009, Bhardwaj came up with the action film "Kaminey", starring Shahid Kapoor and Priyanka Chopra. The film follows the rivalry between identical twins, one with a lisp and one with a stammer. The story was bought by him from a Kenyan writer. It opened to generally positive reviews. Anupama Chopra gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and wrote "Kaminey is the best Bollywood film I've seen this year. It's an audacious, original rollercoaster ride. Written and directed by Vishal Bhardwaj, Kaminey requires patience and attention but the pay off is more than worth it." "Kaminey" was also a financial success earning over worldwide.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: "7 Khoon Maaf" (2011), a film based on the Ruskin Bond's short story, "Susanna's Seven Husbands", was Bhardwaj's next directorial venture. The story revolves around Susanna Anna-Marie Johannes (played by Priyanka Chopra) who murders her seven husbands in an unending quest for love. The film was written collaboratively by Bhardwaj, Bond and American writer Matthew Robbins. It released on 18 February 2011 and met with mixed to positive reviews. Zee News in its four out of five star review mentioned: "Vishal Bhardwaj does it again. The maverick filmmaker has once again woven magic with his latest blockbuster Saat Khoon Maaf".


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 2013, Bhardwaj directed "Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola", a political satire set in the rustic surroundings of a village in Haryana. It starred Anushka Sharma and Imran Khan, with Pankaj Kapur and Shabana Azmi in supporting ones. Bhardwaj also choreographed a song "Oye boy Charlie" in the film.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 2014, Bhardwaj made his stage debut with the opera 'A Flowering Tree’. It was based on a classic folk tale by Kannada writer and scholar A. K. Ramanujan. He completed his William Shakespeare's trilogy with "Haider" (2014), based on the tragedy "Hamlet". Set during the Kashmir conflict of 1995, the film starred Shahid Kapoor in the titular role, for which he along with Bhardwaj charged no money. "Haider" garnered critical acclaim, though was controversial among Hindu nationalists for its portrayal of the conflict in Kashmir. CNN-IBN's Rajeev Masand called it "an elegant, thrilling film that casts a brave, unflinching eye on the Kashmir struggle." At the 62nd National Film Awards, Bhardwaj won the Best Music Director and Best Screenplay (Dialogues) award. It also received nominations for Best Film and Best Director at the 60th Filmfare Awards.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: After two-year hiatus, Bhardwaj returned to direct "Rangoon", a romantic drama set during World War II, starring Kangana Ranaut, Saif Ali Khan and Shahid Kapoor. About the film, Bhardwaj said: "In history very few people know that India was also involved in the war. On the Burma border the British Indian army was fighting against Subhash Chandra Bose’s INA (Indian National Army), who were then with Japanese army and Indians were killing Indians at the Burma border." The film opened to generally mixed reviews and failed to find a wide audience at the box office.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 2018, Bhardwaj wrote, co-produced and directed "Pataakha" starring Sanya Malhotra and debutant Radhika Madan as two quarrelsome sisters. It was based on the short story "Do Behenein" by Rajasthani writer and teacher Charan Singh Pathik, which he had read in 2013 in Sahitya Kala Parishad journal and had loved. Udita Jhunjhunwala of "Mint" called the film "real and gritty" with Bhardwaj creating an "altogether authentic world". She however, felt that the film was stretched in length and "squanders its material advantage to pad out a fable that splutters and grunts before it gains momentum."


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In November 2018, it was announced that Bhardwaj will serve as the show-runner of the series adapted from Salman Rushdie's novel "Midnight's Children" for Netflix.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj has been producing his own films under his banner VB Pictures. In 2010, he produced the black comedy "Ishqiya". Starring Vidya Balan, Naseeruddin Shah and Arshad Warsi; the film was directed by debutant Abhishek Chaubey. Chaubey had earlier assisted and co-wrote several of Bhardwaj's film. The film was an average grosser at the box-office. He teamed up with Ekta Kapoor's Balaji Motion Pictures to produce the supernatural thriller "Ek Thi Daayan" (2013). Dealing with the themes of witchcraft, the film was based on 'Mobius Trips', a short story written by Konkona Sen Sharma's father. It received mixed reviews from critics, but proved to be a profitable venture at the box-office.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: His next production venture was "Dedh Ishqiya", a sequel to the 2010 film "Ishqiya". Starring Madhuri Dixit, Naseeruddin Shah, Huma Qureshi and Arshad Warsi; the film was a critical and commercial success with earning ₹270 million (US$4.1 million) in India and abroad. In 2015, Bhardwaj wrote and co-produced Meghna Gulzar's crime drama "Talvar". The film was based on the 2008 Noida double murder case, and starred Irrfan Khan, Konkana Sen Sharma and Neeraj Kabi. "Talvar" premiered at the 2015 Toronto International Film Festival, and was released in India on 2 October 2015, to positive reviews from critics.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Apart from composing music, Bhardwaj has also lent his voice for various songs for films like "Omkara", "No Smoking" (2007), "U Me Aur Hum" (2008), "Kaminey", "Striker" (2010), "7 Khoon Maaf", "Matru Ki Bijlee Ka Mandola" and "Haider".


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj's films are often twisted with portrayal of character's with grey shades. He also frequently adapts short stories and plays in films. "The Blue Umbrella" and "7 Khoon Maaf" were adapted from Ruskin Bond's short stories. "Maqbool", "Omkara" and "Haider" were adaptations of William Shakespeare's tragedies. Some of Bhardwaj's films takes clues from real-life incidents. The Kashmir conflict was shown in "Haider", the Mumbai underworld in "Maqbool", and "Talvar" being based on the 2008 Noida double murder case. Bhardwaj frequently collaborates with writer-lyricist Gulzar and calls him his "father" and "mentor". Most of the treatments of his films are like documentaries. "Haider" was co-written by journalist-writer Basharat Peer, who was an eyewitness of the Kashmir conflict. He evolves his script until the filming.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: Bhardwaj is influenced by the film-making styles of Satyajit Ray, Ritwik Ghatak, Akira Kurosawa and Krzysztof Kieślowski. Kieslowski's "Dekalog" (1989) inspired him to become a film-maker. Veteran actor Naseeruddin Shah says: "I think he makes interesting films, even though I haven’t liked all his works. But even his poor work is more interesting than a lot of people’s so-called good work.”


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: In 1997, Bhardwaj won the Filmfare RD Burman Award for New Music Talent for "Maachis". He later won the National Film Award for Best Music Direction for "Godmother". He then went on to win two consecutive awards: "The Blue Umbrella", which won the National Film Award for Best Children's Film, and National Film Award – Special Jury Award for "Omkara". Bhardwaj got two Filmfare nominations for "Kaminey" in Best Director and Best Music Director categories.


title: Vishal Bhardwaj

text: He won his second National Film Award for Best Music Direction, for his production venture "Ishqiya". At the 62nd National Film Awards, Bhardwaj won his third Best Music Direction and Best Screenplay award for "Haider". In 2016, Bhardwaj was awarded with Yash Bharti Award by the Government of Uttar Pradesh for his contribution in the field of cinema. He also received his second National Film Award for Best Screenplay for writing "Talvar". Bhardwaj's Shakespearean trilogy— "Maqbool", "Omkara" and "Haider"— was screened as part of an event marking William Shakespear's 400th death anniversary co-hosted by the British Film Institute in London. In 2019, Bhardwaj won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Music Director for his second Malayalam film "Carbon" (2018).


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Valerie June Jarrett ( Bowman; born November 14, 1956) is an American businesswoman and former government official. She currently serves as the Chief Executive Officer of the Obama Foundation . She previously served as the senior advisor to U.S. President Barack Obama and assistant to the president for public engagement and intergovernmental affairs from 2009 to 2017. Before that, she served as a co-chair of the Obama–Biden Transition Project.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett was born in Shiraz, Iran, during the Shah's rule, to American parents James E. Bowman and Barbara T. Bowman. Her father, a pathologist and geneticist, worked at a hospital in Shiraz in 1956. When she was five years old, the family moved to London for a year, later moving to Chicago in 1963.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Her parents are of African-American and European descent. On the television series "Finding Your Roots", DNA testing indicated that Jarrett is of 49% European, 46% African, and 5% Native American descent. Among her European roots, she was found to have French and Scottish ancestry. One of her maternal great-grandfathers, Robert Robinson Taylor, was the first accredited African-American architect, and the first African-American student enrolled at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Jarrett's father once told her that her great-grandfather was Jewish. Her maternal grandfather, Robert Rochon Taylor, was chairman of the Chicago Housing Authority in the 1940s.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: As a child, Jarrett spoke Persian, French, and English. In 1966, her mother was one of four child advocates who created the Erikson Institute. The institute was established to provide collective knowledge in child development for teachers and other professionals working with young children.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett graduated from Northfield Mount Hermon School in 1974, and earned a B.A. in psychology from Stanford University in 1978 and a Juris Doctor (J.D.) from the University of Michigan Law School in 1981. On May 21, 2016, she received the honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from Colby College in Waterville, Maine.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett got her start in Chicago politics in 1987 working for Mayor Harold Washington as deputy corporation counsel for finance and development.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett continued to work in the Chicago mayor's office in the 1990s. She was deputy chief of staff for Mayor Richard Daley, during which time (1991) she hired Michelle Robinson (Michelle Obama), then engaged to Barack Obama, away from a private law firm. Jarrett served as commissioner of the department of planning and development from 1992 through 1995, and she was chairwoman of the Chicago Transit Authority from 1995 to 2003.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Until joining the Obama administration, Jarrett was the CEO of the Habitat Company, a real estate development and management company, which she joined in 1995. She was replaced by Mark Segal, an attorney who joined the company in 2002, as CEO. Daniel E. Levin is the chairman of Habitat, which was formed in 1971. Jarrett was a member of the board of Chicago Stock Exchange (2000–2007, as chairman, 2004–2007).


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett was a member of the board of trustees of the University of Chicago Medical Center from 1996 to 2009, becoming vice chairwoman in 2002 and chairwoman in 2006. She also served as vice chairwoman of the board of trustees of the University of Chicago and a trustee of the Museum of Science and Industry in Chicago. Jarrett serves on the board of directors of USG Corporation, a Chicago-based building materials corporation.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett was one of President Obama's longest serving advisors and confidantes and was "widely tipped for a high-profile position in an Obama administration."


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: On November 14, 2008, President-elect Barack Obama selected Jarrett to serve as a senior advisor to the president and assistant to the president for intergovernmental relations and public liaison.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett was one of three senior advisors to President Obama. She held the retitled position of assistant to the president for intergovernmental affairs and public engagement, managed the White House Office of Public Engagement and Intergovernmental Affairs, and Office of Urban Affairs; she also chaired the White House Council on Women and Girls and the White House Office of Olympic, Paralympic, and Youth Sport. She was part of the U.S. State Visit to the UK in May 2011.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: She said that the 2011 report "Women in America", which the administration produced for the Council on Women and Girls, would be used to guide policy-making.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Jarrett had a staff of approximately three dozen and received full-time Secret Service protection. Jarrett's role as both a friend of the Obamas and as senior advisor in the White House was controversial: in his memoirs Robert M. Gates, former secretary of defense, discussed his objection to her involvement in foreign security affairs; David Axelrod reported in his memoirs about Rahm Emanuel's attempts to have her selected as Obama's replacement in the senate, due to concerns about the difficulty in working with a family friend in a major policy role.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In addition to being senior advisor to the president, Jarrett held other leadership positions and completed further duties. Among those included chairing the White House Council on Women and Girls and co-chairing the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault. In March 2014, she participated as a speaker on Voices in Leadership, an original Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health webcast series, in a discussion entitled, "Leadership in the White House," moderated by Dr. Atul Gawande.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In 1991, as deputy chief of staff to Mayor Richard Daley, Jarrett interviewed Michelle Robinson for an opening in the mayor's office, after which she immediately offered Robinson the job. Robinson asked for time to think and also asked Jarrett to meet her fiancé, Barack Obama. The three ended up meeting for dinner. After the dinner, Robinson accepted the job with the mayor's office. It was at this time that Jarrett reportedly took the couple under her wing and "introduced them to a wealthier and better-connected Chicago than their own." When Jarrett later left her position at the mayor's office to head the Chicago department of planning and development, Michelle Obama went with her.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Obama's election team and supporters, for example at the Philadelphia National Constitution Center speech, included Valerie Jarrett, David Plouffe and David Axelrod, all whom later joined him and First Lady Michelle Obama in the White House.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Since leaving the White House, Jarrett has volunteered as a senior advisor to the Obama Foundation. In 2017 she was appointed to the board of directors of Ariel Investments, and joined the board of directors of 2U, Inc., Lyft, and the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. She is also the co-chair of the United State of Women, chair of the Board of When We All Vote, and a senior advisor to . In January 2018 she became a distinguished senior fellow at the University of Chicago Law School.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In July 2017 Jarrett signed a deal with Viking Press for her book titled "Finding My Voice: My Journey to the West Wing and the Path Forward".


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In December 2020, following the announcement that Obama Foundation President Wally Adeyemo would be nominated to become Deputy Secretary of the Treasury, the Foundation announced that Jarrett would take over his duties on an interim basis until a successor can be found.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: Along with Donna Brazile, vice chairwoman of the Democratic National Committee, she is one of the political figures to make a cameo appearance as herself in the CBS drama "The Good Wife".


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In 1983 she married William Robert Jarrett, son of "Chicago Sun-Times" reporter Vernon Jarrett. She attributes her switch from a private to a public career to the birth of their daughter, and her own desire to do something that would make their daughter proud. Her daughter, Laura Jarrett, is an attorney and reporter for CNN, and daughter-in-law of the Canadian politician Bas Balkissoon.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: To one reporter's emailed question about her divorce, she replied, "Married in 1983, separated in 1987, and divorced in 1988. Enough said." In a "Vogue" profile, she further explained, "We grew up together. We were friends since childhood. In a sense, he was the boy next door. I married without really appreciating how hard divorce would be." William Jarrett died on November 19, 1993, at age 40, and at the time of his death he was director of obstetrics and gynecology at Jackson Park Hospital.


title: Valerie Jarrett

text: In 2018, Jarrett was the target of an offensive tweet by Roseanne Barr. Barr said, in reference to Jarrett, it was as though the “muslim brotherhood and planet of the apes had a baby”. In response to her attack on Jarrett, Barr was released by her talent agency ICM and lost her television role on "Roseanne".


title: Moonshine (South Korean TV series)

text: Moonshine () is a South Korean television series starring Yoo Seung-ho, Lee Hye-ri, Byeon Woo-seok, and Kang Mi-na. It tells the story of four young people as they grow up, form friendships and fall in love during the era of strict alcohol prohibition. It aired from December 20, 2021 to February 22, 2022, on KBS2's Mondays and Tuesdays at 21:30 (KST) time slot for 16 episodes.


title: Moonshine (South Korean TV series)

text: It depicts human love and desire during the period of the strictest alcohol prohibition law in Joseon history.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Michelle Claire Ryan (born 22 April 1984) is an English actress. She played Zoe Slater on the BBC soap opera "EastEnders" (2000–2005). In 2007, she starred in the short-lived American television series "Bionic Woman". She appeared as the evil sorceress Nimueh in the 2008 BBC fantasy series "Merlin" and as Lady Christina de Souza in the 2009 "Doctor Who" episode "Planet of the Dead".


title: Michelle Ryan

text: A member of a local theatre group since she was 10, she was picked for her role in "EastEnders" when she was 16 and first appeared on the show in September 2000. She left the series in June 2005.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Ryan was given her first acting role playing Sheylla Grands in the series TV show "Chosen Ones" in the first season and Zoe Slater in the BBC soap "EastEnders".


title: Michelle Ryan

text: During summer 2005, Ryan appeared in a run of "Who's the Daddy?" at the King's Head Theatre. The play, by Toby Young and Lloyd Evans, is based on the David Blunkett paternity case.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Ryan had a small role in an episode of "Agatha Christie's Marple" which screened in February 2006, and also appeared in a small independent film the same year, "Cashback".


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In early 2007, Ryan was seen as Maria in "Mansfield Park" opposite Billie Piper for ITV and also as Lila in the film "I Want Candy", co-starring Carmen Electra and Mackenzie Crook.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In February 2007, it was announced that she had been cast as the lead in the drama "Bionic Woman," a remake of the 70s series. The show began airing in the United States on the broadcast network NBC in September 2007. Ryan affected an American accent for the role of Jaime Sommers, except in the episode "The Education of Jaime Sommers" in which her character goes undercover as an English transfer student at a university; for this episode, she spoke in an Oxfordshire accent instead of her natural London accent. She has had professional dance training and attributed it to helping her with the physically demanding stunts required for the show. She also learned Krav Maga and sign language for the part (the latter because, as originally conceived, Ryan's character was to have had a hearing impaired sister, but this story element was abandoned). Ryan stated the show's cancellation came about because it kept changing direction, and stated it led to her being less ambitious about her career. "I'm more go-with-the-flow now", she said.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In May 2007, Ryan revealed she had auditioned the previous year for the role of Vesper Lynd in "Casino Royale", eventually given to Eva Green. In late 2007, she appeared in "Flick", a Welsh independent film co-starring Faye Dunaway and Leslie Phillips.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Prior to "Bionic Woman", she appeared in "Jekyll" for the BBC, a modern-day version of "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde" starring James Nesbitt. It began its six-episode run on 16 June 2007, and was released on DVD in the United States on 18 September 2007, one week prior to her debut in "Bionic Woman".


title: Michelle Ryan

text: She has also appeared as the sorceress Nimueh in the BBC drama series "Merlin", playing the role in several episodes of the show's first season.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Ryan is signed to Independent Models in London. She is a patron of children's cancer charity CLIC Sargent.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In January 2009, the BBC announced that Ryan had been cast as Lady Christina de Souza in the "Doctor Who" special episode "Planet of the Dead", which was broadcast on 11 April 2009. She had been rumoured for a part beforehand, and is open to reprising the role in future, although "At the moment, when it comes to acting, I'm a bit of a commitment-phobe."


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Ryan and "Grey's Anatomy" star Kevin McKidd starred in a one-off drama for BBC Scotland, "One Night In Emergency", the story of one man's surreal search for his wife in an inner-city hospital. The film, which was filmed in and around Glasgow, was written by Gregory Burke, and directed by Michael Offer.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Also in 2009, Ryan filmed "4.3.2.1.", a crime thriller starring Emma Roberts, Noel Clarke, Tamsin Egerton and Ophelia Lovibond.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: She starred in a stage production of "The Talented Mr. Ripley" at the Royal Theatre in Northampton until 9 October 2010.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In October 2010, she completed filming the terrorist thriller "Cleanskin". That same year, she appeared in the comedy film "Huge" alongside Noel Clarke, Johnny Harris, Ralph Brown, Thandiwe Newton, and Tamsin Egerton, directed by Ben Miller. Another film, "No Ordinary Trifle", is in post-production. Also in 2011, Ryan played Helena from "A Midsummer Night's Dream" in the BBC Learning project, "Off By Heart Shakespeare".


title: Michelle Ryan

text: Ryan also appeared in "Cockneys vs Zombies", a comedy horror film about a team of bank robbers fighting the undead, directed by Matthias Hoene, alongside Georgia King, Rasmus Hardiker and Jack Doolan. The film was released in September 2012.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: For the final months of 2012, Ryan toured with Will Young in a production of "Cabaret". This production also played in London's West End.


title: Michelle Ryan

text: In 2018, Ryan began reprising her "Doctor Who" role as Lady Christina in her own Big Finish Productions spinoff audio drama series.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds, those with no outlets, in North America. It spans nearly all of Nevada, much of Utah, and portions of California, Idaho, Oregon, Wyoming, and Baja California. It is noted for both its arid climate and the basin and range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin in Death Valley to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than away at the summit of Mount Whitney. The region spans several physiographic divisions, biomes, ecoregions, and deserts.


title: Great Basin

text: The term "Great Basin" is applied to hydrographic, biological, floristic, physiographic, topographic, and ethnographic geographic areas. The name was originally coined by John C. Frémont, who, based on information gleaned from Joseph R. Walker as well as his own travels, recognized the hydrographic nature of the landform as "having no connection to the ocean". The hydrographic definition is the most commonly used, and is the only one with a definitive border. The other definitions yield not only different geographical boundaries of "Great Basin" regions but regional borders that vary from source to source.


title: Great Basin

text: The "Great Basin Desert" is defined by plant and animal communities, and, according to the National Park Service, its boundaries approximate the hydrographic Great Basin but exclude the southern "panhandle".


title: Great Basin

text: The "Great Basin Floristic Province" was defined by botanist Armen Takhtajan to extend well beyond the boundaries of the hydrographically defined Great Basin: it includes the Snake River Plain, the Colorado Plateau, the Uinta Basin, and parts of Arizona north of the Mogollon Rim.


title: Great Basin

text: The "Great Basin physiographic section" is a geographic division of the Basin and Range Province defined by Nevin Fenneman in 1931. The United States Geological Survey adapted Fenneman's scheme in their Physiographic division of the United States. The "section" is somewhat larger than the hydrographic definition.


title: Great Basin

text: The "Great Basin Culture Area" or indigenous peoples of the Great Basin is a cultural classification of indigenous peoples of the Americas and a cultural region located between the Rocky Mountains and the Sierra Nevada. The culture area covers approximately , or just less than twice the area of the hydrographic Great Basin.


title: Great Basin

text: The hydrographic Great Basin is a area that once drained internally. All precipitation in the region evaporated, sunk underground or flowed into lakes (mostly saline). However, since the advent of the Los Angeles Aqueduct, for over a century, a large portion of water has been transported out of the area, leaving the landscape permanently altered. As observed by Fremont, creeks, streams, or rivers find no outlet to either the Gulf of Mexico or the Pacific Ocean. The region is bounded by the Wasatch Mountains to the east, the Sierra Nevada and Cascade Ranges to the west, and the Snake River Basin to the north. The south rim is less distinct. The Great Basin includes most of Nevada, half of Utah, substantial portions of Oregon and California, and small areas of Idaho, Wyoming, and Baja California, Mexico. The term "Great Basin" is slightly misleading; the region comprises many small basins. The Great Salt Lake, Pyramid Lake, and the Humboldt Sink are a few of the "drains" in the Great Basin. The Salton Sink is another closed basin within the Great Basin.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin Divide separates the Great Basin from the watersheds draining to the Pacific Ocean. The southernmost portion of the Great Basin is the watershed area of the Laguna Salada. The Great Basin's longest and largest river is the Bear River of , and the largest single watershed is the Humboldt River drainage of roughly . Most Great Basin precipitation is snow, and the precipitation that neither evaporates nor is extracted for human use will sink into groundwater aquifers, while evaporation of collected water occurs from geographic sinks. Lake Tahoe, North America's largest alpine lake, is part of the Great Basin's central Lahontan subregion.


title: Great Basin

text: The hydrographic Great Basin contains multiple deserts and ecoregions, each with its own distinctive set of flora and fauna. The ecological boundaries and divisions in the Great Basin are unclear.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin overlaps four different deserts: portions of the hot Mojave and Colorado (a region within the Sonoran desert) Deserts to the south, and the cold Great Basin and Oregon High Deserts in the north. The deserts can be distinguished by their plants: the Joshua tree and creosote bush occur in the hot deserts, while the cold deserts have neither. The cold deserts are generally higher than the hot and have more even spread of precipitation throughout the year.


title: Great Basin

text: The climate and flora of the Great Basin are strongly dependent on elevation; as the elevation increases, the temperature decreases and precipitation increases. Because of this, forests can occur at higher elevations. Utah juniper/single-leaf pinyon (southern regions) and mountain mahogany (northern regions) form open pinyon-juniper woodland on the slopes of most ranges. Stands of limber pine and Great Basin bristlecone pine ("Pinus longaeva") can be found in some of the higher ranges. In riparian areas with dependable water cottonwoods ("Populus fremontii") and quaking aspen ("Populus tremuloides") groves exist.


title: Great Basin

text: Because the forest ecosystem is distinct from a typical desert, some authorities, such as the World Wildlife Fund, separate the mountains of the Great Basin desert into their own ecoregion: the Great Basin montane forests. Many rare and endemic species occur in this ecoregion, because the individual mountain ranges are isolated from each other. During the Last Glacial Period, the Great Basin was wetter. As it dried during the Holocene epoch, some species retreated to the higher isolated mountains and have high genetic diversity.


title: Great Basin

text: Other authorities divide the Great Basin into different ecoregions, depending on their own criteria. Armen Takhtajan defined the "Great Basin floristic province". The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency divides the Great Basin into three ecoregions roughly according to latitude: the Northern Basin and Range ecoregion, the Central Basin and Range ecoregion, and the Mojave Basin and Range ecoregion.


title: Great Basin

text: Great Basin wildlife includes pronghorn, mule deer, mountain lion, and lagomorphs such as black-tailed jackrabbit and desert cottontail and the coyotes that prey on them. Packrats, kangaroo rats and other small rodents are also common, and are predominantly nocturnal. Elk and bighorn sheep are present but uncommon. Small lizards such as the Great Basin fence lizard, longnose leopard lizard and horned lizard are common, especially in lower elevations. Rattlesnakes and gopher snakes are also present. The Inyo Mountains salamander is endangered. Shorebirds such as phalaropes and curlews can be found in wet areas. American white pelicans are common at Pyramid Lake. Golden eagles are also very common in the Great Basin. Mourning dove, western meadowlark, black-billed magpie, and common raven are other common bird species.


title: Great Basin

text: Two endangered species of fish are found in Pyramid Lake: the Cui-ui sucker fish (endangered 1967) and the Lahontan cutthroat trout (threatened 1970).


title: Great Basin

text: Large invertebrates include tarantulas (genus "Aphonopelma") and Mormon crickets. Exotic species, including chukar, grey partridge, and Himalayan snowcock, have been successfully introduced to the Great Basin, although the latter has only thrived in the Ruby Mountains. Cheatgrass, an invasive species which was unintentionally introduced, forms a critical portion of their diets. Feral horses (mustangs) and feral burros are highly reproductive, and ecosystem-controversial, alien species. Most of the Great Basin is open range and domestic cattle and sheep are widespread.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin includes valleys, basins, lakes and mountain ranges of the Basin and Range Province. Geographic features near the Great Basin include the Continental Divide of the Americas, the Great Divide Basin, and the Gulf of California.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin physiographic section of the Basin and Range Province contains the Great Basin, but extends into eastern Oregon, southern Idaho, and the Colorado River watershed and the northwest corner of Arizona). The Basin and Range region is the product of geological forces stretching the earth's crust, creating many north–south trending mountain ranges. These ranges are separated by flat valleys or basins. These hundreds of ranges make Nevada the most mountainous state in the country.


title: Great Basin

text: The Great Basin's two most populous metropolitan areas are the Reno-Sparks metropolitan area to the west and the Wasatch Front to the east (with the latter being significantly more populous than the former). The region between these two areas is sparsely populated, but includes the smaller cities of Elko, Ely, Wendover, West Wendover, and Winnemucca. To the north are; in California Susanville, in Oregon Burns and Hines, in Idaho Malad and in Wyoming Evanston. To the south are Cedar City, Tonopah, and Bishop and the very southern area of the basin has the communities of Pahrump, Palmdale, Victorville, and Palm Springs. Interstate Highways traversing the Great Basin are Interstate 80 (I-80) and I-15, and I-70 and I-84 have their respective endpoints within its boundaries. Other major roadways are U.S. Route 6 (US 6), US 50, US 93, US 95 and US 395. The section of US 50 between Delta, Utah, and Fallon, Nevada, is nicknamed "The Loneliest Road in America", and Nevada State Route 375 is designated the "Extraterrestrial Highway". The Great Basin is traversed by several rail lines including the Union Pacific Railroad's Overland Route (Union Pacific Railroad) through Reno and Ogden, Feather River Route, Central Corridor and Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad.


title: Great Basin

text: Sediment build-up over thousands of years filled the down-faulted basins between ranges and created relatively flat lacustrine plains from Pleistocene lake beds of the Great Basin. For example, after forming about 32,000 years ago, Lake Bonneville overflowed about 14,500 years ago in the Bonneville Flood through Red Rock Pass and lowered to the "Provo Lake" level (the Great Salt Lake, Utah Lake, Sevier Lake, Rush Lake, and Little Salt Lake remain). Lake Lahontan, Lake Manly, and Lake Mojave were similar Pleistocene lakes.


title: Great Basin

text: Paleo-Indian habitation by the Great Basin tribes began as early as 10,000 B.C. (the Numic-speaking Shoshonean peoples arrived as late as 1000 A.D.). Archaeological evidence of habitation sites along the shore of Lake Lahontan date from the end of the ice age when its shoreline was approximately higher along the sides of the surrounding mountains. The Great Basin was inhabited for at least several thousand years by Uto-Aztecan language group-speaking Native American Great Basin tribes, including the Shoshone, Ute, Mono, and Northern Paiute.


title: Great Basin

text: European exploration of the Great Basin occurred during the 18th century Spanish colonization of the Americas. The first immigrant American to cross the Great Basin from the Sierra Nevada was Jedediah Strong Smith in 1827. Peter Skene Ogden of the British Hudson's Bay Company explored the Great Salt Lake and Humboldt River regions in the late 1820s, following the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada to the Gulf of California. Benjamin Bonneville explored the northeast portion during an 1832 expedition. The United States had acquired claims to the territory north of the 42nd parallel via the 1819 Adams–Onís Treaty with Spain and 1846 Oregon Treaty with Britain. The US gained claims to most of the rest of the Great Basin via the 1848 Mexican Cession. The first non-indigenous settlement was in 1847 in the Great Salt Lake Valley, leading to the first American religious settlement effort of the Mormon provisional State of Deseret in 1849 in present-day Utah and northern Nevada. Later settlements were connected with the eastern regions of the 1848 California Gold Rush, with its immigrants crossing the Great Basin on the California Trail along Nevada's Humboldt River to Carson Pass in the Sierras. The Oregon Territory was established in 1848 and the Utah Territory in 1850.


title: Great Basin

text: In 1869 the First transcontinental railroad was completed at Promontory Summit in the Great Basin. Around 1902, the San Pedro, Los Angeles and Salt Lake Railroad was constructed in the lower basin and Mojave Desert for to Las Vegas, Nevada.


title: Great Basin

text: To close a 1951 Indian Claims Commission case, the Western Shoshone Claims Distribution Act of 2004 established the United States payment of $117 million to the Great Basin tribe for the acquisition of .


title: Great Basin

text: From about 12,000 to 9,000 years ago, the Paleo-Indians were the first group living in the Great Basin area. The Paleo-Indians were mainly hunters and hunted bison, the extinct mammoth, and extinct ground sloth. For housing, since they followed the animals they were hunting, they had no permanent villages.


title: Great Basin

text: The next group to live in the area was the Great Basin Desert Archaic, from approximately 9,000 to 1,500 years ago. They hunted animals like mule deer and antelope and gathered onions, wild rye, and pinyon pine nuts. Then, from 1,500 to 700 years ago, the Fremont lived in the area. Unlike the Paleo-Indians, who moved around to follow bison herds, the Fremont built small villages and grew crops like corn and squash. Seven hundred years ago, the Shoshone inhabited the area after the Fremont. They were hunter-gathers and lived in temporary homes to be able to follow animal herds and collect plants. Now, Shoshone descendants live in nearby areas.


title: Great Basin

text: Great Basin peoples usually set up their winter villages along the valley floors that were near water and firewood. Then, in the summer, they would frequently move so that the resources there would not be overused. Most of the food supply was vegetarian, with 200 species of mostly seed and root plants. Walking groups, usually women, gathered foods like nuts, plants, and berries. While horse-using groups, usually men, hunted bison, deer, elk, and mountain sheep.


title: Great Basin

text: The climate varies throughout the Great Basin by elevation, latitude, and other factors. Higher elevations tend to be cooler and receive more precipitation. The western areas of the basin tend to be drier than the eastern areas because of the rain shadow of the Sierra Nevada. Most of the basin experiences a semi-arid or arid climate with warm summers and cold winters. However, some of the mountainous areas in the basin are high enough in elevation to experience an alpine climate. Due to the region's altitude and aridity, most areas in the Great Basin experience a substantial diurnal temperature variation.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The gray (symbol: Gy) is the unit of ionizing radiation dose in the International System of Units (SI), defined as the absorption of one joule of radiation energy per kilogram of matter.


title: Gray (unit)

text: It is used as a unit of the radiation quantity absorbed dose that measures the energy deposited by ionizing radiation in a unit mass of matter being irradiated, and is used for measuring the delivered dose in radiotherapy, food irradiation and radiation sterilization. It is important in predicting likely acute health effects, such as acute radiation syndrome and is used to calculate equivalent dose using the sievert, which is a measure of the stochastic health effect on the human body.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The gray is also used in radiation metrology as a unit of the radiation quantity kerma; defined as the sum of the initial kinetic energies of all the charged particles liberated by uncharged ionizing radiation in a sample of matter per unit mass. The gray is an important unit in ionising radiation measurement and was named after British physicist Louis Harold Gray, a pioneer in the measurement of X-ray and radium radiation and their effects on living tissue.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The gray was adopted as part of the International System of Units in 1975. The corresponding cgs unit to the gray is the rad (equivalent to 0.01 Gy), which remains common largely in the United States, though "strongly discouraged" in the style guide for U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The measurement of absorbed dose in tissue is of fundamental importance in radiobiology and radiation therapy as it is the measure of the amount of energy the incident radiation deposits in the target tissue. The measurement of absorbed dose is a complex problem due to scattering and absorption, and many specialist dosimeters are available for these measurements, and can cover applications in 1-D, 2-D and 3-D.


title: Gray (unit)

text: In radiation therapy, the amount of radiation applied varies depending on the type and stage of cancer being treated. For curative cases, the typical dose for a solid epithelial tumor ranges from 60 to 80 Gy, while lymphomas are treated with 20 to 40 Gy. Preventive (adjuvant) doses are typically around 45–60 Gy in 1.8–2 Gy fractions (for breast, head, and neck cancers).


title: Gray (unit)

text: The average radiation dose from an abdominal X-ray is 0.7 millisieverts (0.0007 Sv), that from an abdominal CT scan is 8 mSv, that from a pelvic CT scan is 6 mGy, and that from a selective CT scan of the abdomen and the pelvis is 14 mGy.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The absorbed dose also plays an important role in radiation protection, as it is the starting point for calculating the stochastic health risk of low levels of radiation, which is defined as the "probability" of cancer induction and genetic damage. The gray measures the total absorbed energy of radiation, but the probability of stochastic damage also depends on the type and energy of the radiation and the types of tissues involved. This probability is related to the equivalent dose in sieverts (Sv), which has the same dimensions as the gray. It is related to the gray by weighting factors described in the articles on equivalent dose and effective dose.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The International Committee for Weights and Measures states: "In order to avoid any risk of confusion between the absorbed dose "D" and the dose equivalent "H", the special names for the respective units should be used, that is, the name gray should be used instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of absorbed dose "D" and the name sievert instead of joules per kilogram for the unit of dose equivalent "H"."


title: Gray (unit)

text: The accompanying diagrams show how absorbed dose (in grays) is first obtained by computational techniques, and from this value the equivalent doses are derived. For X-rays and gamma rays the gray is numerically the same value when expressed in sieverts, but for alpha particles one gray is equivalent to 20 sieverts, and a radiation weighting factor is applied accordingly.


title: Gray (unit)

text: Radiation poisoning: The gray is conventionally used to express the severity of what are known as "tissue effects" from doses received in acute exposure to high levels of ionizing radiation. These are effects that are "certain" to happen, as opposed to the uncertain effects of low levels of radiation that have a "probability" of causing damage. A whole-body acute exposure to 5 grays or more of high-energy radiation usually leads to death within 14 days. LD is 2.5 Gy, LD is 5 Gy and LD is 8 Gy. The LD dose represents 375 joules for a 75 kg adult.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The gray is used to measure absorbed dose rates in non-tissue materials for processes such as radiation hardening, food irradiation and electron irradiation. Measuring and controlling the value of absorbed dose is vital to ensuring correct operation of these processes.


title: Gray (unit)

text: Kerma ("kinetic energy released per unit mass") is used in radiation metrology as a measure of the liberated energy of ionisation due to irradiation, and is expressed in grays. Importantly, kerma dose is different from absorbed dose, depending on the radiation energies involved, partially because ionization energy is not accounted for. Whilst roughly equal at low energies, kerma is much higher than absorbed dose at higher energies, because some energy escapes from the absorbing volume in the form of bremsstrahlung (X-rays) or fast-moving electrons.


title: Gray (unit)

text: Kerma, when applied to air, is equivalent to the legacy roentgen unit of radiation exposure, but there is a difference in the definition of these two units. The gray is defined independently of any target material, however, the roentgen was defined specifically by the ionisation effect in dry air, which did not necessarily represent the effect on other media.


title: Gray (unit)

text: Wilhelm Röntgen first discovered X-rays on November 8, 1895, and their use spread very quickly for medical diagnostics, particularly broken bones and embedded foreign objects where they were a revolutionary improvement over previous techniques.


title: Gray (unit)

text: Due to the wide use of X-rays and the growing realisation of the dangers of ionizing radiation, measurement standards became necessary for radiation intensity and various countries developed their own, but using differing definitions and methods. Eventually, in order to promote international standardisation, the first International Congress of Radiology (ICR) meeting in London in 1925, proposed a separate body to consider units of measure. This was called the International Commission on Radiation Units and Measurements, or ICRU, and came into being at the Second ICR in Stockholm in 1928, under the chairmanship of Manne Siegbahn.


title: Gray (unit)

text: One of the earliest techniques of measuring the intensity of X-rays was to measure their ionising effect in air by means of an air-filled ion chamber. At the first ICRU meeting it was proposed that one unit of X-ray dose should be defined as the quantity of X-rays that would produce one esu of charge in one cubic centimetre of dry air at 0 °C and 1 standard atmosphere of pressure. This unit of radiation exposure was named the roentgen in honour of Wilhelm Röntgen, who had died five years previously. At the 1937 meeting of the ICRU, this definition was extended to apply to gamma radiation. This approach, although a great step forward in standardisation, had the disadvantage of not being a direct measure of the absorption of radiation, and thereby the ionisation effect, in various types of matter including human tissue, and was a measurement only of the effect of the X-rays in a specific circumstance; the ionisation effect in dry air.


title: Gray (unit)

text: In 1940, Louis Harold Gray, who had been studying the effect of neutron damage on human tissue, together with William Valentine Mayneord and the radiobiologist John Read, published a paper in which a new unit of measure, dubbed the ""gram roentgen"" (symbol: gr) was proposed, and defined as "that amount of neutron radiation which produces an increment in energy in unit volume of tissue equal to the increment of energy produced in unit volume of water by one roentgen of radiation". This unit was found to be equivalent to 88 ergs in air, and made the absorbed dose, as it subsequently became known, dependent on the interaction of the radiation with the irradiated material, not just an expression of radiation exposure or intensity, which the roentgen represented. In 1953 the ICRU recommended the rad, equal to 100 erg/g, as the new unit of measure of absorbed radiation. The rad was expressed in coherent cgs units.


title: Gray (unit)

text: In the late 1950s, the CGPM invited the ICRU to join other scientific bodies to work on the development of the International System of Units, or SI. The CCU decided to define the SI unit of absorbed radiation as energy deposited by reabsorbed charged particles per unit mass of absorbent material, which is how the rad had been defined, but in MKS units it would be equivalent to the joule per kilogram. This was confirmed in 1975 by the 15th CGPM, and the unit was named the "gray" in honour of Louis Harold Gray, who had died in 1965. The gray was thus equal to 100 rad. Notably, the centigray (numerically equivalent to the rad) is still widely used to describe absolute absorbed doses in radiotherapy.


title: Gray (unit)

text: The adoption of the gray by the 15th General Conference on Weights and Measures as the unit of measure of the absorption of ionizing radiation, specific energy absorption, and of kerma in 1975 was the culmination of over half a century of work, both in the understanding of the nature of ionizing radiation and in the creation of coherent radiation quantities and units.