title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: For much of its life, Plymouth was one of the top-selling American automobile brands; it, together with Chevrolet and Ford, was commonly referred to as the "low-priced three" marques in the American market. Plymouth almost surpassed Ford in 1940 and 1941 as the second-most popular make of automobiles in the U.S.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In 1953, Plymouth offered an optional torque converter mated to a standard three-speed transmission, marketing it as "Hy-Drive." That same year, Chrysler started its decade-long unsuccessful attempt to develop and market a viable car powered by a turbine engine when it installed an experimental turbine developed specifically for road vehicles in a Plymouth. The car was a Belvedere two-door hardtop.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: 1955 saw Plymouth's dramatic redesign by Chrysler stylist Virgil Exner. Longer, lower, wider, it was a sensation and sales zoomed up 52% over 1954. In addition to the "Forward Look" styling, the new car got its first modern, overhead-valve V8 displacing . Another "first" was the PowerFlite fully automatic transmission, which had a selector lever on the instrument panel.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In 1956, Plymouth introduced the Fury, a "halo" model in the Belvedere series that featured a high-performance 240-hp V8, and gold-anodized trim on a body available in Eggshell White only and limited to the two-door hardtop. The Fury continued to be a special, high-end car until 1959, when it replaced the Belvedere as the de luxe series, available in hardtop, convertible, and sedan body styles. The 1957 and 1958 Furys were painted in Buckskin Beige, replacing Eggshell White as the only available exterior color. Optional equipment included air conditioning, automatic transmission, power steering, and brakes. In 1959, a special Sport Fury was available as the "special" sporty Plymouth. The PowerFlite automatic was now controlled by reliable mechanical push buttons on a pod on the left side of the dash.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In 1957, Virgil Exner's new Forward Look design theme, advertised by Plymouth with the tagline "Suddenly, it's 1960", produced cars with advanced styling compared to Chevrolet or Ford. The 1957 total production soared to 726,009, about 200,000 more than 1956, and the largest output yet for Plymouth. However, the 1957–1958 Forward Look models suffered from poor materials, spotty build quality, and inadequate corrosion protection; they were rust-prone and greatly damaged Chrysler's reputation.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: Although Plymouth sales suffered as a result of the quality control problems and excesses of the Exner-styled models in the early 1960s, people bought enough of the cars to keep the division profitable. Starting in 1961, the Valiant compact became a Plymouth, further boosting sales. Under the impression that Chevrolet was about to "downsize" its 1962 models, Chrysler introduced a significantly smaller standard Plymouth for 1962. As is known, Chevrolet's big cars were not downsized, catching Plymouth in a sales slump in a market where "bigger was better". The 1963 Fury, Belvedere, and Savoy were slightly larger, featuring a totally new body style, highlighted by prominent outboard front parking lights. For 1964, Plymouth got another major restyle, featuring a new "slantback" roofline for hardtop coupes that would prove popular.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: For 1965, the Plymouth Fury models were built on the new C-body platform. The Savoy line was discontinued and the Belvedere was classified as an intermediate, retaining the B-body platform used starting 1962. The low-end series was Fury I, the mid-level model was Fury II, and the higher-end models were Fury IIIs. The Sport Fury, which featured bucket seats and a console shifter, was a mix of luxury and sport. Ford and Chevrolet had introduced luxury editions of their big cars for 1965 and Plymouth responded with the 1966 Sport Fury with a V8 and the VIP was introduced as a more luxurious version of the Fury. Furys, Belvederes, and Valiants continued to sell well during the late-1960s and early-1970s. While Fury I and Fury II were only available in the U.S. as sedans, Fury II was available as a two-door hardtop in addition to the pillared sedans in Canada.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The performance car market segment expanded during the late 1960s and early 1970s. The 1964 Barracuda fastback is considered the first of Plymouth's sporty cars. Based on the Valiant, it was available with the Slant Six, or small block V8. For 1967, Plymouth introduced the Belvedere GTX, a bucket-seat high-style hardtop coupe and convertible that could be ordered with either the "Super Commando" or Hemi V8 engines. Looking for an advantage at the drag races, 1968 had a stripped-down Belvedere coupe, the Road Runner, which featured a bench seat and minimal interior and exterior trim, but was available with Chrysler's big-block engines and a floor-mounted four-speed manual transmission. The Barracuda, originally a "compact sporty car", became available with the 426 Hemi and 440 big-block engines in 1968. The GTX, Barracuda, Road Runner, Sport Fury GT, and Valiant Duster 340, were marketed by Plymouth as the 'Rapid Transit System', which was similar to Dodge's 'Scat Pack' concept. During this time, the brand also competed in professional automobile racing. Examples include Richard Petty's career with Plymouth in NASCAR; Dan Gurney, who raced a 'Cuda as part of the All American Racers in numerous Trans Am events; and Sox and Martin, one of the most well-known drag-racing teams of the period, only raced Plymouths after 1964.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: By the 1970s, emissions and safety regulations, along with soaring gasoline prices and an economic downturn, meant demand dropped for all muscle-type models. As with other American vehicles of the time, there was a progressive decrease in the Barracuda's performance. To meet increasingly stringent safety and exhaust emission regulations, big-block engine options were discontinued. The remaining engines were detuned year by year to reduce exhaust emissions, which also reduced their power output. There was also an increase in weight as bumpers became larger and, starting in 1970, E-body doors were equipped with heavy steel side-impact protection beams. Higher fuel prices and performance-car insurance surcharges deterred many buyers as the interest in high-performance cars waned. Sales of pony cars were on the decline. Sales had dropped dramatically after 1970, and while 1973 showed a sales uptick, Barracuda production ended April 1, 1974, ten years to the day after it had begun.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The redesign for the 1970 Barracuda removed all its previous commonality with the Valiant. The original fastback design was deleted from the line and the Barracuda now consisted of coupe and convertible models. The all-new model, styled by John E. Herlitz, was built on a shorter, wider version of Chrysler's existing B platform, called the E-body. Sharing this platform was the newly launched Dodge Challenger; however no exterior sheet metal interchanged between the two cars, and the Challenger, at , had a wheelbase that was longer than the Barracuda.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The E-body Barracuda was now "able to shake the stigma of 'economy car'." Three versions were offered for 1970 and 1971: the base Barracuda (BH), the luxury oriented Gran Coupe (BP), and the sport model 'Cuda (BS). Beginning mid-year 1970, and ending with the 1971 model, there also was the Barracuda Coupe (A93), a low-end model that included the Slant Six as a base engine, lower-grade interior, and (like other Coupe series Chrysler Corp. offered that year) had fixed quarter glass instead of roll-down rear passenger windows. The high-performance models were marketed as" 'Cuda" deriving from the 1969 option. The E-body's engine bay was larger than that of the previous A-body, facilitating the release of Chrysler's for the regular retail market.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: For 1970 and 1971, the Barracuda and Barracuda Gran Coupe had two six-cylinder engines available — a new version of the slant-6, and the 225 — as well as three different V8s: a , as well as a with a two-barrel carburetor and single exhaust and with a four-barrel carburetor and dual exhaust producing SAE gross. The Cuda had the 383ci SAE gross (same as Dodge's 383 Magnum) as the standard engine. Optional were the with four-barrel carburetor "Super Commando" or the six-barrel "Super Commando Six Pak" as well as the Hemi. The 440- and Hemi-equipped cars received upgraded suspension components and structural reinforcements to help transfer the power to the road.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The compact Valiant sold well and built a reputation for attractive styling, durability, economy, and value. Although the Valiant hardtop was discontinued for 1967, it was reintroduced as a virtual clone of the Dodge Dart Swinger for 1971 under the model name "Valiant Scamp". The Scamp was produced along with the Valiant, Dodge Dart, and Swinger until 1976, when it was replaced with the Volaré. Featuring transverse-mounted torsion bars and a slightly larger body, the Volaré (and its Dodge twin, the Aspen) was an instant sales success. Available as coupe, sedan, or station wagon, the Volaré offered a smoother ride and better handling than the Dart/Valiant, but suffered quality control problems and by 1980, was selling poorly.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: Realizing that front-wheel drive, four-cylinder engines, and rack-and-pinion steering would become the standards for the 1980s, Chrysler introduced a new compact car for 1978, the Plymouth Horizon/Dodge Omni twins, based on a Simca platform. Horizon sold well, but suffered from a scathing report by "Consumer Reports", which found its handling dangerous in certain situations. Plymouth continued to sell the Horizon until 1987, when a variety of front-wheel drive compact cars made up the line. Big Plymouths, including the Fury and Gran Fury, were sold until the early 1980s, but mostly as fleet vehicles. While attempting to compete with Ford and Chevrolet for big-car sales, Plymouth was hurt by Chrysler's financial woes in the late 1970s, when both its competitors downsized their full-size models.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: Most Plymouth models, especially those offered from the 1970s onward, such as the Valiant, Volaré, and the Acclaim, were badge-engineered versions of Dodge or Mitsubishi models.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries were introduced for the 1981 model year as the first "K-cars" manufactured and marketed by the Chrysler Corporation. The Reliant was available as a 2-door coupe, 4-door sedan, or as a 4-door station wagon, in three different trim lines: base, Custom, and SE ("Special Edition"). Station wagons came only in Custom or SE trim. Unlike many small cars, the K-cars retained the traditional 6-passenger 2-bench seat with a column shifter seating arrangement favored by many Americans. The Reliant was powered by a then-new 2.2 L I4 SOHC engine, with a Mitsubishi "Silent Shaft" 2.6 L as an option (curiously this engine also featured hemispherical combustion chambers, and all 1981 models equipped with it featured "HEMI" badges on the front fenders). Initial sales were brisk, with both Reliant and Aries each selling over 150,000 units in 1981. As rebadged variants, the Reliant and Aries were manufactured in Newark, Delaware, Detroit, Michigan, and Toluca, Mexico — in a single generation. After their introduction, the Reliant and Aries were marketed as the "Reliant K" and "Aries K".


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The Reliant replaced the Plymouth Volaré/Road Runner. The Aries replaced the Dodge Aspen. The Reliant and Aries were classified by the EPA as mid-size and were the smallest cars to have 6-passenger seating with a 3-seat per row setup, similar to larger rear-wheel drive cars such as the Dodge Dart and other front-wheel drive cars such as the Chevrolet Celebrity. Chrysler marketed the car as being able to seat "six Americans." The Aries was sold as the Dart in Mexico. The Reliant and Aries were selected together as "Motor Trend" magazine's Car of the Year for 1981 and sold almost a million Aries and 1.1 million Reliant units over the nine-year run.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In 1982, Plymouth downsized the Gran Fury again, this time sharing the mid-size M platform with the Chrysler Fifth Avenue (called Chrysler New Yorker/New Yorker Fifth Avenue for 1982 and 1983) and the Dodge Diplomat. In addition to the R-body Gran Fury, the M-body Gran Fury replaced the M-body Chrysler LeBaron, which had moved to the compact K platform that year. Now considered a mid-sized car, this generation Gran Fury was close to the exterior size of what was once the compact Valiant and Volaré but offered more interior room. The M-body was in fact heavily based on the Volaré's F platform. Like its predecessor, the 1982 Gran Fury was introduced later than its Chrysler and Dodge siblings; the Chrysler LeBaron and Dodge Diplomat had used the M-body since 1977. 1982-1989 Plymouth Gran Furys shared the Dodge Diplomat's front and rear fascias. They were virtually identical with the exception of badging. Once again, the third generation Gran Fury was available in base and higher-end "Salon" trim. As in previous years, the higher-volume Gran Fury base model catered more towards fleet customers while Gran Fury Salons were geared more towards private customers and offered options such as full vinyl roofs, velour upholstery, turbine-spoke wheels, power windows, and power locks. Although available to private retail customers, the M-body Gran Fury was far more popular with police departments and other fleet customers, primarily since the car was reasonably priced and had a conventional drivetrain with proven components that could withstand a good deal of abuse. This generation of the Gran Fury sold in respectable numbers. However, despite having the same base prices as the Gran Fury (just under $12,000 USD for their final year), the Diplomat always outsold it, usually by several thousand units each year. The Chrysler Fifth Avenue's total sales were always more than that of the Gran Fury and Diplomat by far, even though it generally cost about $6,000 more. This was the last car to carry the Gran Fury nameplate, but it remained largely unchanged for its 7-year run. Declining sales, a lack of promotion, and technical obsolescence—the platform dated back to the 1976 Plymouth Volare and Dodge Aspen—eventually contributed to the model's demise in early 1989. That year, a driver-side airbag became standard; this would be the last RWD Plymouth until the introduction of the Prowler. While Dodge offered the 1990 Monaco, and later the 1993 Intrepid, Chrysler never replaced the Gran Fury with any other large car in the remainder of Plymouth's lineup on through to its demise in the 2001 model year.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In 1984, Chrysler marketed the rebadged Plymouth variant of its new minivan as the Voyager, using the Chrysler's S platform, derived from the K-platform (Plymouth Reliant and Dodge Aries). The Voyager shared components with the K-cars including portions of the interior, e.g., the Reliant's instrument cluster and dashboard controls, along with the K-platform front-wheel drive layout and low floor, giving the Voyager a car-like ease of entry. The Voyager was on "Car and Driver" magazine's Ten Best list for 1985.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: For 1987, the Voyager received minor cosmetic updates as well as the May 1987 introduction of the Grand Voyager, which was built on a longer wheelbase adding more cargo room. It was available only with "SE" or "LE" trim. First-generation Voyager minivans were offered in three trim levels: an unnamed base model, mid-grade "SE", and high-end "LE", the latter bearing simulated woodgrain paneling. A sportier "LX" model was added in 1989, sharing much of its components with the Caravan ES. Safety features included 3-point seat belts for the front two passengers and lap belts for the rear passengers. Standard on all Voyagers were legally mandated side-impact reinforcements for all seating front and rear outboard positions, but airbags or ABS were not available. Notably, the Voyager, along with the Dodge Caravan, are considered to be the first mass-produced vehicles to have dedicated built-in cup holders. Original commercials for the 1984 Voyager featured magician Doug Henning as a spokesperson to promote the Voyager "Magic Wagon's" versatility, cargo space, low step-in height, passenger volume, and maneuverability. Later commercials in 1989 featured rock singer Tina Turner. Canadian commercials in 1990 featured pop singer Celine Dion.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: For 1987, which was the Sundance's first year, it was available in a single base model. For 1988, a higher-end RS model was available. The RS model, which stood for Rally Sport, came with standard features that included two-tone paint, fog lights, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. It was also available with a turbocharged 2.2 L I4 engine, and other amenities like an Infinity sound system, tinted window glass, and dual power mirrors. For 1991, the base model split into two distinct models: entry-level America and mid-level Highline, in addition to the high-end RS. The stripped-down America had previously been offered for the Plymouth Horizon's final year in 1990.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The AA-body cars were badge-engineered triplets, as were most Chrysler products of this time. The Acclaim differed from its siblings primarily in wheel choices, bodyside molding, and fascias where it sported its unique taillights and the corporate Plymouth eggcrate-grille. Like the K-body and E-body vehicles they replaced, the Acclaim and Dodge Spirit were both marketed as mainstream variants, while the Chrysler LeBaron was marketed as the luxury variant. Despite this, there was substantial overlap in trims and equipment among each car. For example, a fully loaded Acclaim was almost similar to a base LeBaron in features and price.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: In addition to its entry-level base model, the Acclaim was initially available in mid-range LE and high-end LX trim. The LE and LX models came equipped with features such as premium cloth seating, power windows/door locks, premium sound systems, bodyside cladding, additional exterior brightwork, and on the latter 15-inch lace-spoke aluminum wheels. In spite of this, the base model accounted for nearly 85 percent of Acclaim sales. Unlike the Spirit, the Acclaim did not receive any sport-oriented models. The Acclaim has also been characterized as the replacement for the smaller Reliant, though the Sundance launched in 1987 is closer than the Acclaim in most dimensions to the Reliant.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: By the 1990s, Plymouth had lost much of its identity, as its models continued to overlap in features and prices with its sister brands, Dodge and Eagle. Chrysler attempted to remedy this by repositioning Plymouth to its traditional target market as the automaker's entry-level brand. This included giving Plymouth its own new sailboat logo and advertisements that focused solely on value. However, this only further narrowed Plymouth's product offerings and buyer appeal, and sales continued to fall.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: Chrysler considered giving Plymouth a variant of the highly successful new-for-1993 full-size LH platform, which would have been called the Accolade, but decided against it. By the late 1990s, only four vehicles were sold under the Plymouth name: the Voyager/Grand Voyager minivans, the Breeze mid-size sedan, the Neon compact car, and the Prowler sports car, which was to be the last model unique to Plymouth, though the Chrysler PT Cruiser was conceived as a concept unique to Plymouth before production commenced as a Chrysler model.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: After discontinuing the Eagle brand in 1998, Chrysler was planning to expand the Plymouth line with a number of unique models before the corporation's merger with Daimler-Benz AG. The first model was the Plymouth Prowler, a hot rod-styled sports car. The PT Cruiser was to have been the second. Both models had similar front-end styling, suggesting Chrysler intended a retro styling theme for the Plymouth brand. At the time of Daimler's takeover of Chrysler, Plymouth had no models besides the Prowler not also offered in a similar version by Dodge.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: From a peak production of 973,000 for the 1973 model year, Plymouth rarely exceeded 200,000 cars per year after 1990. Even the Voyager sales were usually less than 50% of that of the Dodge Caravan. In Canada, the Plymouth name was defunct at the end of the 1999 model year. Consequently, DaimlerChrysler decided to drop the make after a limited run of 2001 models. This was announced on November 3, 1999.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: The last new model sold under the Plymouth marque was the second-generation Neon for 2000. The PT Cruiser was ultimately launched as a Chrysler, and the Prowler and Voyager were absorbed into that make, as well. Following the 2001 model year, the Neon was sold only as a Dodge in the US, though it remained available as a Chrysler in Canadian and other markets. The Plymouth Breeze was dropped after 2000, before Chrysler introduced their redesigned 2001 Dodge Stratus and Chrysler Sebring sedan.


title: Plymouth (automobile)

text: Plymouth built various trucks and vans over the years, mainly rebadged Dodge or Chrysler vehicles. Early pickups, delivery trucks, and other commercial trucks were available, and later an SUV, full-sized vans, and minivans. Plymouth had supplied components to the Fargo vehicles, another member of the Chrysler family, but entered the commercial market in 1937 with the PT50.


title: Superwog

text: superwog1 or just simply Superwog, is a YouTube duo consisting of two Australian brothers, Theodore and Nathan Saidden. The channel consists of various videos including comedies and skits. They have gained over 3 million subscribers and 456 million video views. They have produced a television comedy series based on their YouTube sketch comedies. The series follows Theo, aka "Superwog", his family, and his friend Johnny, getting into all kinds of trouble throughout the Australian suburbia.


title: Superwog

text: Produced by Princess Pictures with production support from Film Victoria, the original series was developed in association with Screen Australia and YouTube through the "Skip Ahead" initiative. The six part series was the first Australian long-form series to be released on YouTube, followed by ABC linear channel, and at its conclusion had reached 13.5 million people across YouTube alone, with another 1 million plus reached across ABC. ABC Comedy.


title: Superwog

text: The series premiered on 9 October 2018, following a successful pilot aired in 2017. On 11 November 2020, a second season was announced, and all 6 episodes finally aired on 13 June 2021 on ABC iview.


title: Superwog

text: On 24 August 2022, both long form seasons of the series were released worldwide on Netflix. However, due to the term wog being considered an ethnic slur to people from the Mediterranean and Middle Eastern regions, Superwog is displayed as "Superbro" on versions of Netflix outside of Australia. On 2 September of that same year, a short sketch titled "Meeting with Netflix" was uploaded to the official Superwog YouTube channel, as a way to promote the series' arrival to the streaming site.


title: Superwog

text: The "Superwog" series is based on characters from the YouTube channel of the same name, created by brothers Theodore and Nathan Saidden. The series depicts humorous situations involving the titular character, an archetypal wog. The two cited Sacha Baron Cohen, Chris Lilley and "Fat Pizza" as influences for the series, and drew inspiration from their childhoods, noting they would "re-enact scenes of [their] mum and dad fighting" and "derive a lot of observational comedy from their arguments". The Saidden brothers began filming and uploading "Superwog" videos to their YouTube channel in 2008, while Theo was studying law at university.


title: Superwog

text: The YouTube series gained notable popularity, and has been adapted into stage shows. The series launched for Adult Swim in 2013, and in 2017, formed part of "The Slot" sketch comedy series. In 2019, the Saidden brothers began performing "Superwog" as a live show in Australia and New Zealand.


title: Superwog

text: The "Superwog" pilot was produced by Paul Walton at Princess Pictures and supported by Screen Australia and Google, funded through Skip Ahead. It was written and created by Theodore and Nathan Saidden. Uploaded to YouTube on 16 July 2017, it quickly rose to #1 on the trending page on Australian YouTube in 2017, with over 14 million views.


title: Superwog

text: The pilot follows Superwog (Theodore Saidden) and his friend Johnny (Nathan Saidden), who work at a fast-food store.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Song of the Sea () is a 2014 animated fantasy film directed and co-produced by Tomm Moore, co-produced by Ross Murray, Paul Young, Stephen Roelants, Serge and Marc Ume, Isabelle Truc, Clement Calvet, Jeremie Fajner, Frederik Villumsen, and Claus Toksvig Kjaer, and written by Will Collins from Moore's story. An international co-production between the Republic of Ireland, Belgium, Denmark, France and Luxembourg, it is the second feature film by Cartoon Saloon. The film is the second installment in Moore's "Irish Folklore Trilogy", following his previous film "The Secret of Kells" (2009) and preceding the film "Wolfwalkers" (2020). It is also the only one to be set in contemporary times, as the previously mentioned two movies take place during the Middle Ages and the 17th century respectively.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: "Song of the Sea" follows the story of a 10-year-old Irish boy named Ben (David Rawle) who discovers that his mute sister Saoirse, whom he blames for the apparent death of his mother, is a selkie who has to free faerie creatures from the Celtic goddess Macha.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Like other Saloon films, the film was hand-drawn. The film began production soon after the release of "The Secret of Kells", premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September in the "TIFF Kids" programme. The film had a limited release in certain countries, but received critical acclaim and won the Satellite Award for Best Animated or Mixed Media Feature and European Film Award for Best Animated Feature Film, as well as the nominations for Best Animated Feature at the 87th Academy Awards and 42nd Annie Awards.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: The Irish-language version has been produced by Macalla with funding from TG4 and the Broadcasting Authority of Ireland, with selected cinemas in Ireland screening it from 10 July 2015. Brendan Gleeson and Fionnula Flanagan reprised their respective roles in this version. The DVD with the Irish audio can be bought in Cartoon Saloon's online store.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Conor, a lighthouse keeper, lives on an island with his son Ben, his pregnant wife Bronagh, and their Old English Sheepdog Cú at the coast of Ireland. Bronagh disappears late one night, presumably dying after giving birth to a daughter named Saoirse.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Six years later, Conor is broken, Saoirse is mute, and Ben is hostile toward Saoirse, blaming her for Bronagh's disappearance. On Saoirse's birthday, they are visited by their grandmother, who regards the lighthouse as an unfit place to raise the children. That night, Ben scares Saoirse with a story of Mac Lir and his mother Macha, the Owl Witch, who stole his feelings and turned him to stone. Later, Saoirse plays a seashell horn given to Ben by their mother, leading her to a white sealskin coat in Conor's closet. She puts on the coat and walks to a group of seals in the sea, revealing herself as a selkie. After swimming, she is found by Granny on the seashore, who insists upon taking the children to her home on the Mainland. Conor reluctantly agrees despite Ben's protests, locks the coat in a chest, and throws it into the sea.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: On Halloween, Saoirse plays Ben's seashell, alerting the Faeries called "Na Daoine Sídhe" to her. She and Ben attempt to go home, but encounter the Faeries, who hope she will allow them to return to the Tír na nÓg. However, they are attacked by Macha's owls, turning the Faeries to stone. The siblings flee the spot and take a country bus, and run into Cú, who had followed them. However, Saoirse is growing ill, due to not having her seal coat and being away from the ocean. They come across a holy well, which Saoirse dives into. Ben follows her and meets the Great Seanachaí: they learn Saoirse was kidnapped by Macha, and she is mute because she needs the coat and will soon die if she does not get it back. He gives Ben one of his hairs that will lead him to Macha. As he follows the hair, it shows him that Bronagh – a selkie herself – was forced to return to the ocean on the night of Saoirse's birth, leaving her husband and children behind. Since Ben found the truth, the walls of hair open, showing him a way out and to the house. The Faeries who turned to stone speak out to warn Ben to avoid the jars, tell him to be careful and brave, and wish him good luck.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Ben then meets Macha, who explains that when Mac Lir suffered from a broken heart, she turned him into an island near their home. She is determined to do likewise for everyone, even herself, to spare them pain. Ben manages to rescue Saoirse, giving Macha back her feelings and allowing her to recognize that taking away feelings doesn't help. She helps to fly them back home along with two Faerie dogs, and Conor attempts to take Saoirse to a hospital. Ben dives into the sea in search of Saoirse's coat and recovers it with the seals’ help. After Conor brings him on the boat, Saoirse's coat is put on her, and her voice surprises Ben and Conor. Saoirse's coat changes her into a little seal. Ben rides on her back and his father rides on another seal's back to Mac Lir's island. The group is then washed up on Mac Lir's island, but Saoirse's health is not fully restored. Ben tries to get Saoirse to sing, and she eventually sings the Song of the Sea. The song causes Saoirse's health to be fully restored, along with the faeries and spirits whom Macha had turned to stone, and opens the way to Tír na nÓg.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Bronagh appears to take Saoirse to Tír na nÓg with her, but Ben and Conor plead to let Saoirse stay with them, because she's all they have. Since she is half-human, the choice rests with Saoirse, who elects to remain behind with her father and brother, even though it means giving up her selkie powers and becoming fully human, if Bronagh takes Saoirse's coat to untangle their worlds. Accepting her daughter's decision, Bronagh takes her coat. Conor tells Bronagh that he loves her so much, and they kiss. Ben asks Bronagh to stay as well, but she is unable to and tells him to remember her in his stories and songs and that she'll always love him, before kissing her son's forehead. After a tearful farewell, Ben and his family happily return home to their island, where Granny finally arrives, and Conor tells her he's now well enough to take care of the children.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: In a mid-credits scene, the family is shown happily painting a mural of their home, Bronagh, and the Faeries and celebrating Ben's birthday, and Ben and Saoirse, now closer than ever, go swimming with Cú and the seals in the ocean.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: The original music for the film was composed by Bruno Coulais, in collaboration with the Irish group Kíla. "The Derry Tune" originally featured on Kíla's 2010 album "Soisín". The film also features the voice of Lisa Hannigan and songs by Nolwenn Leroy. A soundtrack album, consisting of 25 songs from the film, was released digitally on 9 December 2014 by Decca Records.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: "Song of the Sea" premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2014 in the TIFF Kids program. Theatrically, it was released in France, Belgium and Luxembourg on 10 December 2014. It received a limited release in North America on 19 December 2014, which qualified it for an Academy Award nomination. It was released in Ireland on 10 July 2015.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Early reviews were universally positive. Todd Brown, founder and editor of "Twitch Film", gave a highly positive review of the film, saying that "a tale that weds absolutely gorgeous artwork with beautifully nuanced characters and a deep but natural rooting in ancient folk tales and magic, "Song of the Sea" has an assured and timeless quality to it. It is the sort of story that feels as though it always existed somewhere, just waiting until now to be told". ""Song of the Sea" is not about selling units, it's about story and heart and emotion and wonder and craftsmanship and because of that it becomes timeless, a beautiful piece of art that will delight audiences old and young and confirms what many suspected of Moore after "Kells": The man's a master storyteller, and we can only hope he has many, many more stories to tell."


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a Certified Fresh approval rating of 99% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 8.40/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: ""Song of the Sea" boasts narrative depth commensurate with its visual beauty, adding up to an animated saga overflowing with family-friendly riches." On Metacritic the film has a score of 85 out of 100, from 24 reviews indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Writing in the Toronto Review, Carlos Aguilar said of the film: "Watching "Song of the Sea" it is easy to assert that this is one of the most blissfully beautiful animated films ever made. It is a gem beaming with awe-inspiring, heartwarming magic".


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: Sara Stewart from the "New York Post" said "If you want some real cinematic magic this holiday season, don’t miss this enchanting Irish film about a pair of siblings and a piece of Celtic folklore that turns out to be true".


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: "Song of the Sea" was released on DVD and Blu-Ray in Region 1 by Universal Studios Home Entertainment on 17 March 2015.


title: Song of the Sea (2014 film)

text: It was later included in the "Irish Folklore Trilogy" Blu-Ray box set in the US and UK/Ireland along with "The Secret of Kells" and "Wolfwalkers". GKIDS and Shout! Factory released the Region A box set in North America on December 14, 2021, while StudioCanal released the Region B box set in the UK and Ireland on December 20.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Priscilla Marie Winans Love, known professionally as CeCe Winans, (born October 8, 1964) is an American gospel singer. She rose to prominence as a member of the duo BeBe & CeCe Winans; before launching an acclaimed solo career. Winans has been awarded 15 Grammy Awards, the most for a female gospel singer; and 31 GMA Dove Awards, 16 Stellar Awards, 7 NAACP Image Awards, along with many other awards and honors to her credit. Winans is considered to be one of the greatest gospel artists of all time, the most-awarded gospel artist of all time, and is the best-selling gospel act of all time.


title: CeCe Winans

text: She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and has 17 million record sales certified by RIAA, and over 19 million estimated in total sales as a solo artist. "Billboard" magazine lists all of her solo albums as top Christian music sellers, and six albums as a duo with her older brother, BeBe Winans.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans was born in Detroit, Michigan, to Delores and David Winans, on October 8, 1964. She is one of 10 children. Her parents were part of the Church Of God In Christ and would only listen to gospel music. She sang her first solo at the age of 8.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans first went to Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1981 as a singer on the popular Christian telecast, "The PTL Club", hosted by Jim and Tammy Faye Bakker. Although originally part of the larger Winans family singing group, CeCe and her older brother BeBe became a duo during their time at PTL, in response to positive reactions to their version of the song "Up Where We Belong" sung as a duet, with lyrics changed for Christian audiences. In 1984, CeCe and Bebe released their first album, "Lord Lift Us Up", for PTL Records. They achieved crossover success, eventually releasing nine Gold and Platinum recordings, billed as BeBe & CeCe Winans. Winans left PTL in 1984 just before getting married. Her brother left in 1985. They released their second album in 1987: "BeBe & CeCe Winans".


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans began her solo career with the album "Alone in His Presence", released in 1995. It sold more than a million copies, and earned her a Grammy Award and two Dove Awards, including the Female Vocalist of the Year. Winans's next release, the Gold-certified "Everlasting Love", was released in 1998 and featured Winans' highest-charting solo singles: "Well Alright" and "Slippin". The song "On That Day" from the album was written and produced by R&B singer Lauryn Hill. Later that year, Winans released "His Gift"; a holiday album.


title: CeCe Winans

text: In 1999, Winans started her own recording company, PureSprings Gospel. Her first album on the label was "Alabaster Box" in 1999. Some production of the disc was done by Gospel singer and musician Fred Hammond. It included a guest appearance by Take 6. In 2000 Winans released a concert VHS titled "Live at the Lambs Theater in New York". The concert contained songs from her previous albums. Winans released her next album, the self-titled "CeCe Winans", in 2001. The single "Anybody Wanna Pray" included a guest appearance by GRITS. The second single, "Say A Prayer" crossed over into the CCM market.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans took a two-year break from releasing albums and returned in 2003 with "Throne Room". The first 1,000 copies were issued with a bonus CD that contained exclusive interviews with the artist, the making of the CD, some touring footage, and the music video "More Than What I Wanted" (which came from the 2001 release). In 2004, the 25-city tour "Throne Room" with the group Anointed featured free admission and was followed with a DVD release of the concert recorded in Tennessee. "Live in the Throne Room" contained tracks from all of Winans's albums. Around September 2004, Winans experienced what she thought was a flu but turned out to be a serious stomach infection and was hospitalized immediately for surgery. Due to the extended recovery time, the second half of the "Throne Room Tour" was postponed to early 2005.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans's seventh album "Purified" was released in 2005. Her nephew Mario Winans was one of four producers. Her son Alvin III co-wrote several songs on the album, and her younger sisters Angie and Debbie performed.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans' collection of Top Ten R&B radio hits include "Count On Me", her duet with Whitney Houston, from the "Waiting to Exhale" soundtrack. The single was certified Gold in the US and reached No. 8 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, No. 4 on the Adult Contemporary chart, and No. 8 on the Billboard R&B Singles chart.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans released her eighth album, "Thy Kingdom Come" on April 1, 2008, featuring the single "Waging War". On October 6, 2009, a BeBe & CeCe reunion album named "Still" was released by Malaco Records, and features collaborations with Marvin Winans and contemporary gospel sister duo Mary Mary.


title: CeCe Winans

text: On December 23, 2010, Winans along with Bebe and Mary Mary, featuring the West Angeles Choir, performed on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".


title: CeCe Winans

text: From 2012 to 2014, Winans was a judge on BET's gospel singing competition, "Sunday Best", along with her brother Bebe.


title: CeCe Winans

text: In 2017, Winans released a tenth album, "Let Them Fall in Love", for which she won two Grammy Awards for Best Gospel Performance/Song and Best Gospel Album. In 2021 Winans released her first live worship album, "Believe for It", which won her three additional Grammy Awards (including Best Gospel Album) in April 2022.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans has authored three books: "On A Positive Note", a memoir released August 1, 2000; "Throne Room: Ushered Into the Presence of God", a devotional released January 1, 2004, and co-authored with Claire Cloninger; and "Always Sisters: Becoming the Princess You Were Created to Be", released on July 17, 2007, co-written with Claudia Mair Burney.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans now resides in Brentwood, Tennessee, a suburb of Nashville, with her husband Alvin Love II. She has two children, a son and a daughter.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans was the best friend of Whitney Houston and godmother to her daughter, Bobbi Kristina Brown. On February 18, 2012, Winans performed "Don't Cry for Me" and "Jesus Loves Me" at Houston's funeral, at New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey.


title: CeCe Winans

text: Winans has received 15 Grammy Awards (out of 31 nominations), 28 Dove Awards and 16 Stellar Awards (as well as numerous nominations). She has also been awarded 6 BET Awards, 7 NAACP Image Awards, 1 Soul Train Lady of Soul Award, a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, Nashville Music City Walk of Fame, and is one of the inaugural inductees into the Black Music & Entertainment Walk of Fame, and many more to her credit.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Andrew Paul Gosden (born 10 July 1993) disappeared from Central London on 14 September 2007 when he was aged 14. On that day, Gosden left his home in Doncaster, South Yorkshire, withdrew £200 from his bank account and bought a one-way ticket to London from Doncaster station. He was last seen on CCTV leaving King's Cross station. Despite numerous national appeals for information in the years following his disappearance, Gosden's reason for travelling to London that day, and his subsequent fate, have not been established.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In December 2021, detectives investigating the case arrested two men on suspicion of kidnap and human trafficking in relation to Gosden's disappearance. Both men have been released under investigation while enquiries continue. They are the first arrests made in connection to Gosden's disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The Gosden family live in Balby, a suburb of Doncaster, South Yorkshire. Andrew Gosden's parents are both committed Anglican Christians, but had not baptised their children, as they did not want to impose their views on them. Prior to his disappearance, Gosden had not been to church for eighteen months. He had been a Cub Scout, but a few months before his disappearance told his father that he would no longer involve himself with the group. Gosden's family described him as a "home bird" who rarely left the house and never without saying where he was going. Gosden was known to his family as 'Roo'.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden was a gifted student with a 100% attendance record at The McAuley Catholic High School. He was on the Young Gifted and Talented Programme, which was designed to enhance the educational development of the top five percent of school pupils, and he had been expected to score straight A's in his GCSE examinations. Gosden was described as a prize-winning mathematician who seemed destined for Cambridge. He was described as having a neutral attitude about school, hoping the upcoming school term would provide more of a challenge after having 'cruised' through his education thus far. Gosden tended to say little about his school life to his parents.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: During the 2006 summer holidays Gosden attended a two-week residential school at Lancaster University as part of the Young Gifted and Talented Programme. The summer school was for children from all over the UK aged 11–16 who were in the top 5% academically. Gosden's parents recalled that he returned from the summer school enthused about what he had been doing there.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden was described as being happy with his own company, but was not a loner as he had his own small group of like-minded friends. However, Gosden's family say that he did not socialise with his friends outside of school. Gosden exhibited no signs of depression and there were no indications that he had been subjected to bullying.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden was said by his father to be absent-minded, not streetwise, and potentially vulnerable. He was a 'deep character' who did not get worked up or moody. His teachers characterised him as a shy, quiet young man who was mature beyond his years.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Other sources have stated that although Gosden was aged 14 when he disappeared, he looked younger; perhaps about 12, as he was small for his age. Gosden wore strong prescription glasses, is deaf in his left ear, and has a distinctive double ridge on his right ear. Gosden had light brown hair but was planning to dye it black before he disappeared.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden owned a couple of mobile phones between the ages of ten and twelve but he rarely used them and subsequently lost them. He was given a new phone for his twelfth birthday, but also rarely used this and did not want to replace it when he lost it months before his disappearance. When his parents offered to replace the lost mobile phones he stated that he would prefer a new Xbox instead.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden was interested in video games and metal bands. He was last seen wearing a black Slipknot T-shirt, black jeans, trainers, a watch on his left wrist, and carrying a black canvas satchel with patches of rock and metal bands on it.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: During the 2007 school summer holidays (typically July to September), Gosden's parents had suggested that he travel alone to London to stay with his grandmother but he chose not to go.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: At the time of his disappearance, Gosden was eight days into the new school year after returning from the summer holidays. In the days leading up to his disappearance, Gosden twice chose to break his normal routine; his parents reported that he told them he walked home from school rather than taking the school bus. Walking the route from school to his home would have taken around one hour and twenty minutes.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The evening before the day of the disappearance was described by Gosden's father as uneventful. The family ate together as usual, and they all washed the dishes afterwards. Gosden spent an hour making a jigsaw with his father. He then watched some comedy programmes on television, including "Mock the Week" and "That Mitchell and Webb Look", with his mother.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: On the morning of his disappearance, Gosden had difficulty waking up and seemed particularly irritable. His mother has stated that this was unusual as he was normally awake on time.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: At 8:05 am Gosden left his house and was witnessed walking across the local park (Westfield) to his usual bus stop by family friend Rev. Alan Murray who was sitting on a bench in the park. Instead of taking the school bus, Gosden diverted from his usual route and walked to a cash machine at a local garage. Here he withdrew £200 from his bank account which was almost all of his money; he had £214 in the account, but the ATM would only allow withdrawals of £20 increments. Gosden was then captured on a neighbour's CCTV system returning home.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: At home, Gosden placed his uniform in the washing machine and his blazer on the back of his chair. He then changed into casual clothes, consisting of a black Slipknot T-shirt and black jeans, and took a bag embellished with various patches of rock and metal bands. He also took his wallet, keys, and a PlayStation Portable console. No other possessions were identified as missing. It was quickly established that he had not taken his passport with him. Gosden's father stated that his son did not appear to have taken a sweatshirt or coat with him, and had also not taken the charger for his PSP. Gosden also left around £100 in cash that he had saved up from birthdays.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: At 8:30 am, Gosden departed from the house and was seen heading down Littlemoor Lane, towards Westfield Park on a neighbour's CCTV. He then walked to Doncaster railway station and purchased a one-way ticket to London which cost £31.40. The ticket seller later recalled that she had told Gosden that a return ticket cost just 50p more but he insisted on purchasing a single ticket.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: At 9:35 am Gosden was seen boarding the train to King's Cross station alone. A woman reported sitting next to Gosden, whom she described as being quiet and engrossed in playing with his video game. When Gosden failed to attend morning lessons at his school his teachers tried to contact his parents. The school believed that they had called Gosden's parents and left a message informing them that he had not attended school. However, the school dialled the number of the parents either above or below Gosden in the register and the message was left on the wrong person's phone.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden arrived at King's Cross station at 11:20 am. He was captured on CCTV leaving the main entrance of the station at 11:25 am. This was the last confirmed sighting of him. The midday temperature in London on that day was (peaking at at 4pm) which is considered to be warm weather in the UK.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: That evening the Gosden family and a family friend sat down for dinner thinking that Gosden was either in the converted cellar playing video games or in his room doing homework. When the family discovered that he was not in the house, they initially thought he could be with a friend or a neighbour and had simply lost track of time. Gosden's parents telephoned his friends, who informed them that Gosden was not there and had not been at school that day. At around 7:00pm, the police were called. Gosden's sister, Charlotte, stated: "It was just a complete panic. We initially thought something must have happened on the way to school. When we found that he hadn't even been to school – even tried to go to school – that was even more worrying."


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Charlotte and Gosden's father, Kevin, scouted Gosden's route to school and areas nearby, but found nothing. Within three hours of discovering Gosden's disappearance, a missing-person leaflet was produced for circulation. Gosden's family and friends searched the area until nightfall. That weekend, the police searched the bushes near the Gosdens' home in Doncaster, but found nothing.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Three days later, after speaking to the woman who had sold Gosden his train ticket, the police confirmed that he had travelled to London. The ticket seller at Doncaster station remembered Gosden because he had refused a return ticket, despite it only costing a small amount more than a single. Gosden's father later stated that the purchase of a single ticket rather than a return did not seem strange to him, as Gosden knew numerous people in London with whom he could have stayed. Initial searches in London focused on the Chislehurst and Sidcup areas, where the Gosden family have relatives.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Days after the disappearance, the family travelled to London and handed out flyers and posters in the vicinity of anywhere they felt Gosden would have had an interest in visiting, especially museums and exhibitions.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The South Yorkshire Police (SYP) said it asked British Transport Police (BTP) to search the CCTV footage within two days of Gosden going missing, but BTP could not pick him out from the crowds. Three weeks later, CCTV footage at King's Cross was again reviewed by BTP and SYP, who identified Gosden. The CCTV image of Gosden leaving the main concourse at King's Cross was circulated in the media accompanied by a close up of his right ear, which has a distinctive double ridge.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The family and the police investigated the possibility that Gosden had gone to London to meet someone whom he had met over the Internet. However, there was no evidence for this. Gosden did not use a computer at home, his father stated that Gosden did not have an e-mail address and had not set up an online account on either his Xbox or his PSP. The police took the computers from Gosden's school and Doncaster Library but their digital forensic investigations found no trace of any activity by Gosden.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Investigators sent the unique serial number of Gosden's PSP to Sony HQ who checked and found that there was no record of an account being set up or communication established on the device. The Sony PSP 1000 had a DNAS authentication system allowing Sony to see when a PSP had connected to the internet. The only PC in the house was his sister's laptop, which had only been in her possession for eight weeks. Gosden's sister has stated that he did not seem interested in social media or connecting with other people through the Internet as he "just didn't seem social".


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: A year after Gosden's disappearance, the head teacher at McAuley Catholic High School, Mary Lawrence, travelled to London with staff and pupils and distributed 15,000 leaflets.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: After the initial CCTV trail went cold, the investigation moved on to trying to establish why Gosden had decided to go to London. An early theory put forward by the family was that Gosden had decided to take in some of the sights. Gosden was known to have enjoyed London, and would visit the capital with his family to see his grandparents, aunts, uncles, and family friends who lived there. He also enjoyed visiting London's museums and exhibitions. According to Gosden's father, Gosden also had a good knowledge of how the public transport system worked, knew the layout, and was confident in navigating his way around the city. Travel on buses was free for children at the time of Gosden's disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: One event identified by Kevin Gosden as a possible reason for his son to have travelled to London was the 2007 YouTube Gathering. However, there is no evidence that Gosden attended this event or had any interest in YouTube. The family also looked into music concerts that Gosden might have gone to London to attend. The night of his disappearance, Thirty Seconds to Mars played the Brixton Academy and SikTh played a rescheduled farewell show at the Carling Academy.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The venue is within walking distance from King's Cross. The SikTh gig was originally scheduled for 4:00 pm on 7 July and was to be the last show with the original vocalist, making it a unique event. Mick Neville, retired head of the Metropolitan Police's Central Images Unit, believed the SikTh theory to be plausible. He appealed for anyone with photos or videos taken at the gig to come forward so that "super recognisers" could scan the images.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Neville went on to state: "There is a canal nearby (Regents Canal). It is unclear whether this was ever dredged or checked." Although Gosden was a fan of similar metal bands, there is no evidence that he attended these shows or that he even liked these bands.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: The Gosden family hypothesised that Gosden could have gone to London to attend a show by a band that he was known to be a fan of. Finnish band HIM did a promotional signing at the HMV store on Oxford Street on Monday 17 September 2007, and performed an invitation-only show the same evening at the Borderline venue in Soho. The only way to get into this show was by completing various contests and giveaways. This lead was investigated by the family with help from HIM, but it did not produce any meaningful leads. Gosden's father has also stated that he suspected that Gosden might have gone to London to do something for which he felt it was easier to seek forgiveness than ask permission.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Speaking in 2009, Kevin Gosden speculated on the reason for Andrew's disappearance: "Did he decide to do the Reginald Perrin thing, and reinvent himself? Or was there something troubling him that he felt he couldn't tell us? In my heart, I still think his disappearance was a spur-of-the-moment thing."


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden's family were critical of the police's decision to concentrate on investigating the family rather than requesting CCTV footage beyond Kings Cross during the initial stages of the investigation. Kevin Gosden claimed that the police viewed him as a suspect during the initial stages and they carried out unlawfully recorded interviews aimed at pressuring him into revealing the reason for his son's disappearance. Kevin Gosden and the wider family were cleared of any involvement.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: SYP asked the BTP to search the available CCTV footage within two days of Gosden being reported missing. However, the BTP could not locate Gosden in the crowds, so SYP sent an officer to London to assist with the search; after this, Gosden was spotted. However, the CCTV footage from buses and the adjacent tube station was not requested by the authorities. Furthermore, Kevin has claimed that the reported sightings of Gosden at a Pizza Hut and at Covent Garden were not followed up, and that the police did not speak to the woman who reported the Covent Garden sighting for six weeks.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: An article in "The Times" written on the first anniversary of Gosden's disappearance reported that, at that time, 122 possible sightings had been reported from all over Britain: with 45 from London and 11 from Brighton. Gosden's father said there were two or three sightings within the first week of the disappearance that seemed credible, partly because of the way the witnesses claimed Gosden spoke to them. Gosden's family believe the most plausible sighting to be one which placed Gosden at the Pizza Hut on Oxford Street (2.6 miles (4 km), 1 hour's walk from Kings Cross) on the day he went missing.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: There were additional unconfirmed sightings on Oxford Street on Monday 17 September, and the next day, when Gosden was said to have been sleeping in a park in Southwark. Gosden was reportedly seen getting off a local train from Waterloo at Mortlake station on 19 September 2007 (five days after he disappeared) then possibly walking up Sheen Lane and along Upper Richmond Road. On 19 September, it was reported that he appeared to have obtained warmer clothes. A woman reported a potential sighting Gosden on 17 October (a month after he disappeared) in Covent Garden: she spoke to a boy and stated that he looked like a boy she had seen on TV that was missing, but the boy denied that he was Gosden.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Later, other reported sighting locations included a park in Streatham, then further afield in South Wales, Birkenhead and Plymouth. In 2009, two possible sightings were reported, one outside the Natural History Museum, the other in a pub in Southend. None of these sightings could be verified. However, according to Gosden's father, none of the sightings were followed up by the police, and the woman who reported the Covent Garden sighting was not spoken to until six weeks after the disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In November 2008, a man visited Leominster police station in Herefordshire, West Midlands, and used the intercom system to talk to a police officer, stating that he had information about Gosden. As it was in the evening, the intercom system was in use rather than a staffed reception. By the time an officer arrived to take the details, the man had left. Police later appealed for him to get back in touch. Subsequently, an individual claiming to be the man at the police station wrote anonymously to the BBC after it featured the case on "The One Show". He gave details of a possible sighting of Andrew Gosden in Shrewsbury in November 2008. It has not been confirmed that it was the same man on both occasions and if so, why he did not wait at the police station.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In September 2009, the family released age-progressed images of what Gosden might look like aged sixteen, to mark the second year of his disappearance. In November 2009, Kevin Gosden appealed to the gay community to help find his son. Gosden's family considered the possibility that Gosden could have been struggling with his sexual orientation. Children who are gay or lesbian are much more likely to run away than those who are heterosexual.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Kevin Gosden said: "We are a pretty open family so have wondered if he was gay or struggling with his sexual identity and found it too awkward to raise. If he is gay, we do not have any issue with it, he is loved unconditionally by both my wife and I and his sister."


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In May 2011, the family paid a private company to conduct a sonar search of the River Thames, using the same technology that is used to locate victims and objects at sea. No trace of Gosden was found during the search, though it did find another body.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In 2016, Gosden's parents appealed for information on the BBC's flagship current affairs television programme "Panorama". The following year, to mark the tenth anniversary of his disappearance, the charity Missing People made Gosden the face of their 'Find Every Child' campaign, with Gosden featuring on billboards and advertisements throughout the UK.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: On 12 September 2017, the police made a fresh appeal for information. A statement on the South Yorkshire Police Facebook page said police were, or had been, investigating requests for similar optical prescriptions to Gosden's, requesting documents from the Passport Office or National Insurance and circulating Gosden's DNA, fingerprints, and dental and health records. The tone of the statement suggested that the police believed Gosden may be still alive. The police undertake annual checks on John Does in hospital.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In June 2018, the Gosden family said that someone had reported an online conversation with a person with the user name 'Andy Roo' who claimed that their boyfriend had left them and they needed £200 to cover rent. When someone offered to send them money, the user claimed they did not have a bank account as they had "left home when they were 14". This link was investigated by police but the person was not identified.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: In July 2018, to mark Gosden's 25th birthday, two updated age progression photographs were released by the family. It was also announced that the band Muse would help publicise the campaign to find Gosden.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: Gosden's family have kept his room as he left it and have not changed the locks on the house as Gosden was known to have taken his key. Gosden's bank account has not been used since he made the withdrawal on the morning of 14 September 2007.


title: Disappearance of Andrew Gosden

text: On 11 January 2022, South Yorkshire Police said that on 8 December 2021, detectives had arrested two men, aged 38 and 45, on suspicion of kidnapping and human trafficking. The older man's arrest was also connected with possession of child pornography. Both men have been released under investigation while enquiries continue. They are believed to be the first arrests made in connection to the disappearance. The following day, it was announced that numerous devices had been seized from the men for forensic investigation, which police said could take six months to a year. Kevin Gosden thanked the public for their support and said the family did not know any more than what had been released in the police statement.


title: 2022 in archosaur paleontology

text: This article records new taxa of fossil archosaurs of every kind that are scheduled described during the year 2022, as well as other significant discoveries and events related to paleontology of archosaurs that are scheduled to occur in the year 2022.


title: Finland national football team

text: The Finland national football team (, ) represents Finland in men's international football competitions and is controlled by the Football Association of Finland, the governing body for football in Finland, which was founded in 1907. The team has been a member of FIFA since 1908 and a UEFA member since 1957.


title: Finland national football team

text: Finland had never qualified for a major tournament until securing a spot at UEFA Euro 2020, which was postponed to 2021 due to the COVID-19 pandemic. After many decades of average results and campaigns, the nation made progression in the 2000s, achieving notable results against established European teams and reaching a peak of 33rd in the FIFA World Rankings in 2007. But, after that, they saw a decline of performances and results, drawing them to their all-time low of 110th in the FIFA Rankings in 2017. However, after five years of their all-time low in the FIFA Rankings, as of April 2022, they sit at the 57th place in the overall ranking, and at the 29th place between the European FIFA members. Finland is one of the few countries in Europe where football is not the most popular sport. As a result, their level in football is not as high as in ice hockey, which is much more popular in Finland.


title: Finland national football team

text: The Football Association of Finland was founded in 1907 and became a member of FIFA in 1908. At the time, Finland was an autonomous grand duchy of the Russian Empire. Finland played its first international on 22 October 1911, as Sweden beat the Finns at the Eläintarha Stadium in Helsinki. Finland participated the 1912 Summer Olympics in Stockholm, beating Italy and the Russian Empire, but losing the bronze medal match against the Netherlands.


title: Finland national football team

text: After the 1918 Civil War, the Finnish sports movement was divided into the right-wing Finnish Gymnastics and Sports Federation (SVUL) and the leftist Finnish Workers' Sports Federation (TUL), Finnish Football Association was a member of the SVUL. Both sides had their own championship series, and between 1919 and 1939 the Finland national team was selected of the Football Association players only. The Finnish Workers' Sports Federation football team in turn, participated the competitions of the international labour movement.


title: Finland national football team

text: However, since the late 1920s several top footballers defected from TUL and joined the Football Association to be eligible for the national team. During the 1930s, these ″defectors″ formed the spine of the national team. For example, the Finland squad at the 1936 Summer Olympics was composed of eight former TUL players. In 1937, Finland participated the FIFA World Cup qualification for the first time, losing all three matches against Sweden, Germany and Estonia.


title: Finland national football team

text: Since 1939, TUL players were selected to the national team and finally in 1956, the TUL and Football Association series were merged.


title: Finland national football team

text: The 1952 Summer Olympics in Helsinki saw the Finnish hosts lose to Austria in the first round. Finland did, however, win the unofficial Nordic championship in 1964 and 1966.


title: Finland national football team

text: Finland also took part in European Championship qualifying since the 1968 event, but had to wait for its first win until 1978.


title: Finland national football team

text: The results of the team improved somewhat in the late 1970s and the 1980s. Finland missed out on qualification for Euro 1980 by just a point and for the 1986 World Cup by two points. Finland was invited to take part in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow after many Western countries announced they would boycott the games, but failed to progress from its group.


title: Finland national football team

text: By the mid-1990s Finland started to have more players in high-profile European leagues, led by the Ajax superstar Jari Litmanen. In 1996 Danish Euro 1992 winning coach Richard Møller Nielsen was hired to take Finland to the 1998 World Cup. The team enjoyed mixed fortunes in the campaign, high points of which were a draw and a win away to Norway and Switzerland respectively. Going into the last match, Finland would have needed a win at home to Hungary to earn a place in the play-offs. They led the game 1–0 going into injury time, but scored an own goal, and once again the dreams of qualification were over. Møller Nielsen also tried to lead Finland to Euro 2000. In this campaign the Finns recorded a sensational win away to Turkey, but couldn't compete with Germany and Turkey in the long run.


title: Finland national football team

text: Antti Muurinen succeeded Møller Nielsen as coach in 2000. He had arguably the most talented group of Finnish players ever at his disposal, including players such as Antti Niemi, Sami Hyypiä, Teemu Tainio and Mikael Forssell in addition to the legendary Litmanen. The team also performed quite well under him in qualification for the 2002 World Cup despite a difficult draw, earning two draws against Germany and a home draw with England as well as beating Greece 5–1 in Helsinki. In the end, however, England and Germany proved too strong, and the Finns finished third in the group, but were the only team in that group not to lose at home. Hopes were high going into qualification for Euro 2004 after the promising last campaign and friendly wins over the likes of Norway, Belgium and Portugal (which seen the Finns jump from 40th–30th in the Elo ranking). However, Finland started the campaign by losing to Wales and Yugoslavia (later Serbia and Montenegro, now two separate nations). These losses were followed by two defeats by Italy, and a 3–0 home win over Serbia and Montenegro was little consolation, as the Finns finished fourth in the group. In qualification for the 2006 World Cup Finland failed to score a single point in six matches against the top three teams in their group, the Netherlands, the Czech Republic and Romania. Muurinen was sacked in June 2005, and he was replaced by caretaker Jyrki Heliskoski, but results didn't improve.


title: Finland national football team

text: In August 2005, it was announced that Roy Hodgson would become the new Finland coach in 2006, and he started in the job in January of that year. Hodgson stepped down as manager after they failed to qualify for Euro 2008. His replacement was a Scotsman, Stuart Baxter, who signed a contract until the end of the 2012 European Championship qualification campaign.


title: Finland national football team

text: In the Euro 2008 qualifying Finland needed to win their last qualifying game away at Portugal to qualify for their first major football tournament. However, the match ended 0–0 meaning the team missed out on qualification to the tournament, with Finland ending the group stage with 24 points and Portugal with 27 points. However, the performance in qualifying led to the Finns gaining their best-ever FIFA world ranking to date at the position of 33rd.


title: Finland national football team

text: The 2010 World Cup qualifying campaign under new head coach Stuart Baxter saw Finland again finish third in their group with five wins, three draws and two defeats. They were the only team in qualifying not to lose to eventual 3rd-place finishers Germany; in both the home and away matches Finland had led Germany only to concede late equalisers. Finland finished a disappointing fourth in Euro 2012 qualifying, with only three wins, two of them against minnows San Marino.


title: Finland national football team

text: In the 2014 World Cup qualifying campaign, Finland's best result was a 1–1 draw at reigning world champions Spain. They finished third in the five-team Group I, behind Spain and France. Finland finished fourth in Euro 2016 qualifying but achieved another noteworthy result. Joel Pohjanpalo's goal gave the Finns a 1–0 win at former European champions Greece, who had reached the second round of the 2014 World Cup and were the top seeds of their qualifying group.


title: Finland national football team

text: The 2018 World Cup qualifying campaign saw Finland finish a disappointing fifth in their group with only two wins, although one of them was over Iceland, who finished top of the qualifying group.


title: Finland national football team

text: On 15 November 2019, Finland managed to qualify to the first major tournament, UEFA Euro 2020, in their history after defeating Liechtenstein 3–0. The successful qualifying campaign in Group J, was aided by a distinctive performance of Teemu Pukki, who scored ten goals in the qualifications.


title: Finland national football team

text: On 12 June 2021 in the Euro 2020 Finland had their first victory on their debut in a major tournament finals, Joel Pohjanpalo scored the only goal, a header in a 1–0 win over Denmark to grant his country their first goal and win in a major competition. Unfortunately, having lost the next two games from both Russia and Belgium, Finland was eliminated from the group stage alongside fellow debutants North Macedonia as a result of their poor performance after being edged out by fourth placed team Ukraine due to goal difference.


title: Finland national football team

text: Most of Finland's important home matches are played at the Helsinki Olympic Stadium in the capital Helsinki. It has been Finland's principal home stadium ever since its construction was completed in 1938. Before that Pallokenttä in Helsinki was mainly used.


title: Finland national football team

text: Today, some qualifying matches against lower profile opponents and some friendlies are hosted at the Tampere Stadium in Tampere and Veritas Stadion in Turku. Helsinki's Bolt Arena, which has artificial turf, is also used for some friendlies and qualifiers. During the reconstruction of Helsinki Olympic Stadium in 2016–20, Tampere Stadium served as the main stadium for qualifying games.


title: Finland national football team

text: Finland's kit are currently supplied by American brand Nike, Inc. They replaced German company Adidas who supplied Finland's kits between 1979 and 2014.


title: Finland national football team

text: The following players were called up for the friendly matches against North Macedonia on 17 November 2022 and Norway on 20 November 2022.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Gregory Sestero (born July 15, 1978) is an American actor, filmmaker, model and author, best known for his role as Mark in the 2003 cult film "The Room", as well as for his well-received memoir "The Disaster Artist", detailing his experiences making "The Room", which itself was later adapted into a 2017 film.


title: Greg Sestero

text: He also appeared in a minor role as James, the Fiancé in the 2020 Netflix miniseries "The Haunting of Bly Manor".


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero was born in Walnut Creek, California. His mother is of French and Italian (Sicilian) descent. He was raised in Danville, California, where he attended Monte Vista High School.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero has said that he wrote a sequel to the then-recently released "Home Alone" at the age of 12, titled "Home Alone 2: Lost in Disney World", which included a leading role for himself alongside Macaulay Culkin's Kevin McCallister. He submitted the screenplay, along with a provisional poster, soundtrack suggestions and a request for a cross-promotional deal between 20th Century Fox and Walt Disney Pictures, to Hughes Entertainment, and eventually received a commendatory letter from John Hughes. Sestero credits Hughes' gesture with inspiring him to pursue a professional acting career.


title: Greg Sestero

text: During his junior year of high school, Sestero began modeling, working in Milan and Paris for designers such as Giorgio Armani and Gianfranco Ferré. He returned to the United States to focus on acting, enrolling in the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. His signing with Hollywood agent Iris Burton prompted his eventual move to Los Angeles.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero's early acting work included minor roles in the television show "Nash Bridges" and the films "Gattaca" (1997) and "Patch Adams" (1998). In 1999, Sestero was cast as the lead in the horror movie "Retro Puppet Master". He followed this with a one-episode role on the television soap opera "Days of Our Lives".


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero's best known role to date is as Mark, the best friend to Tommy Wiseau's character Johnny, in the 2003 cult film "The Room". Sestero met Wiseau at an acting class in 1998. Wiseau told Sestero that if he was able to raise the funds to make the film, he would hire him as his co-star; Sestero arrived on set, only agreeing to work behind the scenes and help Wiseau with auditions and casting. However, Wiseau wanted the original actor cast as Mark out of the film, and formulated an elaborate plan to replace him with Sestero.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero has said that he made the film assuming no one would see it and that it would go direct to video. The film was immediately lambasted by critics and fared very poorly at the box office. In Sestero's book, "The Disaster Artist", he revealed that Wiseau had sent a copy of the film to Paramount Pictures to gain wide distribution and was denied by the studio within 24 hours (the typical response time is two weeks).


title: Greg Sestero

text: Ross Morin, an assistant professor of film studies at St. Cloud State University in Minnesota, called it "the "Citizen Kane" of bad movies", and "Entertainment Weekly" referred to Wiseau as "the Orson Welles of crap". Despite the poor showing, Sestero remained humorous and usually deflected much of the criticism of the film.


title: Greg Sestero

text: The film quickly began to receive attention from audience members because of its poor production values rather than in spite of them; it soon became a "cult classic" with late-night showings at theaters around the United States. Audience members typically arrive wearing wigs resembling their favorite characters, interact with the dialogue on screen, and throw plastic cutlery and footballs around the theater.


title: Greg Sestero

text: This attention grew into what was dubbed "The Room"s 2010–2011 "Love is Blind" International Tour, and the film was screened in the UK, Germany, Denmark, Australia, France, and India, among other locations. Sestero appeared at many of these events, posing for photographs with fans and often addressing them before the screenings.


title: Greg Sestero

text: In June 2011, it was announced that Sestero had signed a deal with Simon & Schuster to write a book based on his experiences making "The Room", Tommy Wiseau, and his experience of trying to become an actor. The book, titled "The Disaster Artist", was released in October 2013.


title: Greg Sestero

text: On November 23, 2014, "The Disaster Artist" won Best Non-Fiction at the National Arts & Entertainment Journalism Awards ceremony in Los Angeles. The judges praised the book, stating ""The Disaster Artist" is not only a hell of a good read, it will make a great film if ever adapted. It's equal parts "Ed Wood", "American Hustle" and demented "Citizen Kane"—with a dash of Monty Python thrown into the mix." On February 11, 2015, "The Disaster Artist" audiobook, narrated by Sestero, was nominated for Best Humor Audiobook at the 2015 Audie Awards.


title: Greg Sestero

text: In 2014, Seth Rogen's production company, Point Grey Pictures, acquired the rights to a film adaptation of Sestero's book. In the film, also titled "The Disaster Artist", Dave Franco played Sestero, and James Franco starred as Wiseau and directed, for which he won a Golden Globe. Screenwriters Scott Neustadter and Michael H. Weber wrote the script. New Line Cinema produced the film, and distribution rights were later acquired by A24. Shooting began on December 8, 2015. The film premiered at South by Southwest on March 12, 2017 and began a wide theatrical release on December 8, 2017.


title: Greg Sestero

text: In December 2017, "The Disaster Artist" made its debut on the New York Times Bestseller List for Paperback Nonfiction.


title: Greg Sestero

text: In 2006, Sestero appeared in the television series "Fashion House" and had an uncredited role in "Accepted". In 2010, he appeared in Miranda Lambert's music video "White Liar," which won the Country Music Television and the Academy of Country Music award for best video and song of the year; the video was also nominated for best video at the 2010 Country Music Association awards. Later that year, Sestero was featured in the 5-Second Film "End Zone", directed by Michael Rousselet, one of "The Room"s original fans who helped propel the film to cult status.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero starred with NYC comedians Jason Saenz, Nick Turner, and Travis Irvine for a sketch comedy video in which Sestero turned into the "new" Jason Saenz via jaw surgery. The July 2010 edition of "Diablo" magazine labeled Sestero as one of the "Best of the East Bay Stars and Standouts."


title: Greg Sestero

text: In July 2011, Sestero teamed with comedian Patton Oswalt in "You Got Mail", a 5-Second Film that features Oswalt as a mailman and Sestero waiting for his suspicious delivery.


title: Greg Sestero

text: On November 12, 2013, Sestero made a cameo appearance on an episode of the "Nostalgia Critic" internet review show, which had previously reviewed "The Room", reprising his role of Mark. Sestero continues to model and has appeared in ads for Tommy Hilfiger, Armani, and Ralph Lauren, among others.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero costarred in "Dude Bro Party Massacre III" (2015) from the creators of 5 Second Films. The film also stars Patton Oswalt and Andrew W.K. The film premiered at Los Angeles Film Festival on June 13, 2015.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero teamed up with Wiseau again for the film "Best F(r)iends" (2018), written by Sestero, inspired by a road trip he took with Wiseau in 2003.


title: Greg Sestero

text: In October 2020, Greg Sestero guest stars as Jack, the fiancé in the "Haunting of Bly Manor", the follow up to Netflix's hugely successful "Haunting of Hill House". In 2020, he also starred in the horror comedy film "Cyst", which premiered at FrightFest in 2020. He also wrote, directed, and starred in a cultist-themed horror film in early 2020, and is currently writing a UFO film where he will star alongside Tommy Wiseau.


title: Greg Sestero

text: Sestero's directorial debut, "Miracle Valley", premiered at Salem Horror Film Festival in October 2022. The film is about an obsessive photographer and his girlfriend who are invited to a desert getaway in search of an ultra-rare bird. There, their relationship is soon threatened by a sinister force, causing them to face demons from the past, present, and future.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The Volkswagen Golf Mk2 is a hatchback, the second generation of the Volkswagen Golf and the successor to the Volkswagen Golf Mk1. It was Volkswagen's highest volume seller from 1983 and ended in (German) production in late 1992, to be replaced by the Volkswagen Golf Mk3. The Mk2 was larger than the Mk1; its wheelbase grew slightly (+ ), as did exterior dimensions (length + , width + , height + ). Weight was up accordingly by about . Exterior design, developed in-house by VW design director Schäfer, kept the general lines of its Giugiaro-designed predecessor, but was slightly more rounded. All told, about 6.3 million second-generation Golfs were built.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The second-generation Volkswagen Golf (also known as the "Typ 19E" until the 1991 model year, and "Typ 1G" thereafter) was launched in Europe at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 1983, with sales beginning in its homeland and most other left-hand drive markets soon after. It debuted in March 1984 on the right-hand drive British market, and it was introduced as a 1985 model in the United States. It featured a larger bodyshell, and a wider range of engine options, including a GTD turbodiesel (in Euro markets, later using the 1.6 "umwelt" (ECO) diesel engine), a DOHC 1781 cc (1.8) 16-valve version of the straight-four GTI (as well as the tried and tested 1781cc (1.8) 8v GTI), the supercharged 8v "G60" with front- and four-wheel drive options, and a racing homologated variant of this, the "Rallye Golf". This model was intended to be sold in the United States as well (badged as "Rallye GTI"), and prototypes were made, but it did not come to be.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The original Golf had been one of the few front-wheel drive hatchbacks on sale when launched in 1974, but within a decade almost all mainstream manufacturers had launched a Golf-like family hatchback. Ford had switched to front-wheel drive hatchback format for its MK3 Escort in 1980, soon after General Motors had adapted that concept for its latest Opel Kadett (Vauxhall Astra in Britain). Austin Rover (formerly British Leyland) did not enter the small family hatchback market until the launch of its Maestro at the beginning of 1983, although it had launched its larger Maxi hatchback as long ago as 1969 and in 1976 had taken the then unusual step of launching a hatchback bodystyle on a luxury car (the Rover SD1). Peugeot would not launch its first Golf-sized hatchback (the 309) until late 1985, but it had taken ownership of Chrysler's European division (which it renamed Talbot) in 1978, just after the launch of the Chrysler/Simca Horizon hatchback. However, the likes of Fiat, Renault and Volvo had all entered the small family hatchback market by the end of the 1970s. The hatchback bodystyle had also become popular on cars produced outside Europe, particularly on Japanese models.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: In 1985, British motoring magazine "What Car?" awarded the Golf Mk2 1985 "Car of the Year", even though it had actually been launched on the UK market early in the previous year. It sold well in Britain, peaking at more than 50,000 sales a year by the end of the decade.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: However, the Golf was overshadowed in the 1984 European Car of the Year contest, finishing third but being heavily outscored by the victorious Fiat Uno and runner-up Peugeot 205, which were similar in size to Volkswagen's smaller Polo.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: During the life of the Golf MK2, there were a number of external style revisions. Notable changes to the looks of the Golf MK2 included the removal of quarterlight windows in the front doors, and the introduction of larger grille slats with the August 1987 facelift. The most notable was the introduction of so-called "Big Bumpers", which were introduced in the European market with an August 1989 facelift. They were available in the United States from August 1989 as well, as part of the "Wolfsburg Edition" package. They were not standardized until January 1990.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: This Golf was marketed for the first time with that name in the United States and Canada. The Rabbit name used on the Mk1 was meant to give a car a cuddly image, but with the 1980s redesign of the car, Carl Hahn, the former Volkswagen of America president who was now chairman of the whole company, dictated that Volkswagen model names be standardized globally. James Fuller, head of the Volkswagen brand in North America, concurred in using the Golf name to stress the car's Teutonic character. The GTI body kit became available on a non-injection Golf and was sold as the "Driver" trim level in Europe. While the GTI remained a trim level in the Golf lineup in Europe, in some markets, it was (and continues to be) marketed as a separate model line.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Volkswagen also produced their model in Yugoslavia, in a factory at Vogošća near Sarajevo, called Tvornica Automobila Sarajevo - TAS. The MK2 was produced from June 5, 1985, with a yearly production of 25,000 units until the outbreak of war in 1992. This model was produced only for the six Yugoslav republics, with a rear badge J, JX (which stands for less equipment than C and CL), C and CL and TAS badge on the front grille and Sarajevo city logo instead side blinkers. Such models were usually very poorly equipped, with the passenger side rear-view mirrors being optional equipment which had to be paid for. Engines were 1.3 (carburetor), 1.6 petrol and 1.6 diesel.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The MK2 Golf remained in production until the launch of the MK3 model in August 1991. Continental sales began that autumn, but the MK3 did not take over from the MK2 on the right-hand drive British market until February 1992.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The Golf Mk2 was available as a 3- and 5-door hatchback. The 2-door and 4-door sedan variants of the Golf Mk2 were marketed under the Volkswagen Jetta name. No cabriolet version was developed from the Mk2; instead, the Mk1-based convertible continued to be produced, with minor changes.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Trim levels included base, C, CL and GL and initially a range-topping Carat model (until 1986), later a GT (in 1987) version was also on offer. In North America, there was only a base model until 1986, in 1987 a GL and GT model, in 1988–1989, there were all three, and in 1990 until the end of its run there was again only a GL. The GTI model existed from 1985 to 1987, and again from 1990 to 1992, and the GTI 16v existed from 1987 to 1992. In Japan the range consisted of catalysed Ci/CLi/GLi models all sharing the same 1.6 or later 1.8 liter fuel-injected inline-four engines. In the course of the years, a host of "limited edition" models appeared on various markets, distinguished by cosmetic changes and/or an enriched features list. Generally, these were option packages on top of a base "model" (CL, GL, etc.). Also in some countries it could be found trim level TX (Austria) and JX (Yugoslavia).


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The base engine was initially the 1.3 option as used in the first generation Golf, accompanied by 1.6- and 1.8-litre petrol fours and 1.6-litre naturally aspirated or turbocharged diesel engines. In January 1984 a new base engine was introduced, a 1.05 litre inline-four mainly available in Italy and Greece. In North America, all Golf Mk2s had 1.8-liter petrol or 1.6 diesel engines (the GTI, while not a Golf model in North America, also had a 2.0-liter model).


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The MK2 was the last version of the Golf to feature carburettor petrol engines, as all versions of the MK3 came with fuel injection from its launch, to meet requirements that all new cars sold in the EEC after 1992 must be fitted with a catalytic converter or fuel injection.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The successful Golf GTI (or, in the US, simply "GTI") was continued with the Mk2 as a sporty 3- or 5-door hatchback. Like late Mk1 GTIs, it featured a naturally aspirated Bosch K-Jetronic fuel injected Inline-four engine developing . In 1986 (1987 for North America) a Golf GTI 16V was introduced; here the 1.8 litre engine output was at 6,100 rpm (or for the catalyst version) and at 4,600 rpm of torque, the model was marked by discreet red-and-black "16V" badges front and rear. US/Canadian GTIs were later equipped with 2.0, 16-valve engines, available in the Passat and Corrado outside North America. In 1990, like the Golf, the GTI was given a facelift, and the "Big Bumper" became standard on all GTIs. This was maintained through the rest of the Mk2 model era. In 1990 the GTi G60 was also introduced featuring the 8v 1.8 with a G60 supercharger this version is not to be confused with the very rare G60 Limited (see below).


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: For the South African market, Volkswagen SA added a 2.0 8v engine in January 1992, the same engine which would go on to be used in the Mk3 model launched later that year.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: In February 1986, Volkswagen presented the first Golf with four-wheel drive. This Golf Syncro was available as a five-door with the 1.8 engine only (, later ). Its 4WD system had been developed in collaboration with Steyr-Daimler-Puch of Austria, and featured a viscous coupling and flexible partition of torque between front and rear axle - up to 48% to the rear. Due to its high price (in 1986, a Syncro cost about 30% more than an equivalent front wheel drive model) the model remained rare; from 1986 to 1989, for instance, just 26,000 Syncros were built. Fewer than 1,000 were sold on the UK market.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The four-wheel-drive system was fully automatic and minimally intrusive, also in appearance. Aside from a few discreet "Syncro" badges there was no way to tell. There were no additional gauges or buttons in the interior either. The gearing was lowered somewhat, to mask the performance losses due to the additional . The rear seat was moved forward , and the cargo floor was raised, making the luggage compartment 25 percent smaller than in a regular Golf.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: In 1989, the Rallye Golf appeared as a rallye "homologation special". Distinguishable by its box-flared wheel arches (similar to the Audi quattro, BMW E30 M3 and Lancia Delta Integrale) and rectangular projector headlamps, this model featured Syncro four-wheel drive, a cable shifted transmission and a G-supercharger 1763 cc (marginally less than the typical 1781 cc to meet the engine displacement rules) version of the injected 8-valve G60 1.8 litre engine.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Five thousand cars were built in Volkswagen's Brussels, Belgium, plant, priced at about DM 50,000 each (or roughly twice as much as a base Golf GTI). The Rallye Golf has .


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: None were officially sold in the US. Two were sent over officially for testing, with five sent over for evaluation. Volkswagen of America vice-president James Fuller was a supporter of its addition to the U.S./Canadian lineup. Fuller died in December 1988 while flying home from Germany aboard Pan Am Flight 103, when a bomb planted by Libyan terrorists exploded over Lockerbie, Scotland; this had a detrimental effect on the Rallye Golf's chances of importation to North America.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Eventually, Volkswagen of America decided that the Rallye Golf would be too expensive to offer for sale in North America, where Volkswagen was perceived as a low-cost brand.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Based on the Rallye Golf, a very limited edition Golf Mk2 variant exists, combining all of the high-line options (such as leather interior with heated and height adjustable front seats, 4 electric windows, electric mirrors, ABS, power steering and sunroof) available at the time.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: Designed and hand-built by the Volkswagen Motorsport division, only 71 of the "Golf G60 Limited" models were produced.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: The exclusive feature package included a G60 supercharged version of the 16-valve engine, mated to a sports transmission and Syncro four-wheel drive mechanism driving BBS RM012 wheels in 6.5Jx15". The cars were mainly built around the stronger, more angular 5-door chassis, with two 3-door models also produced. Externally, it featured US bumpers, a plain black grille with unique blue detail with VW Motorsport and black VW badging, Hella tinted taillights, motorsport badges, and a special numbered plaque. In 1989, these cars cost in the region of DM 68,500 each and were primarily sold to VAG executives and management. These cars produced and accelerated from 0–100 km/h (0-62 mph) in 6.4 seconds, making them the most powerful VW Golf ever produced until VW released the Mk4 R32 with in 2003.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: There was also a version called Golf Country (7,735 cars built), co-manufactured by Steyr-Daimler-Puch in Austria, designed for medium off-road driving. It had more suspension travel, Syncro four-wheel drive, improved ground clearance of , bullbars at front and rear (generally over a single headlight grille), a skid plate for protecting the engine area, sub-frame to protect the rear Syncro differential and propshaft and a spare wheel mounted externally on a swing-away triangular frame on the back.


title: Volkswagen Golf Mk2

text: In Europe, it was offered with the acclaimed 1.8 8v 1P petrol engine. There were also: 1500 "Country Allround" designed to appeal to a wider public, made without the electric luxuries like electric and heated mirrors, leather steering wheel and bullbar without headlight grills, in relation to a more affordable price range; 558 " Country - Chrompaket" with Chrome bullbars, Sliding sun roof, Engine and interior pre-heater and beige leather interior; and 50 "Country GTI" 1.8 GTI petrol engine, made only for Golf Country project VW-staff. The Golf Country was particularly popular in Alpine regions in central Europe.