title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Also within Taiwan, a second camp believes that Quemoy and Matsu belong to Taiwan. This camp believes that the ROC and Taiwan have become one and the same. By this logic, Taiwan effectively owns all of the same territories that the ROC is said to own. Among these territories is Quemoy and Matsu. If a potential Taiwanese state were to be created, this camp believes that the new country will actually be the successor state to the ROC, rather than an entirely new country. Therefore, if Taiwan independence were to be successfully achieved, then the islands of Quemoy and Matsu would hypothetically cease to be administered as "Fujian Province", and would instead simply be classified as "satellite islands of Taiwan" (much in the same way as Penghu).


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Despite the differing views of these two camps, there is a general understanding throughout Taiwan that Quemoy and Matsu are not part of the historical region of "Taiwan", due to having never been governed under the following regimes: Dutch Formosa, Spanish Formosa, Kingdom of Tungning, Republic of Formosa, and Japanese Formosa. Additionally, Quemoy and Matsu experienced a unique history for several years as military outposts of the ROC, further separating the islands from Taiwan in terms of culture.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Many supporters of independence for Taiwan view the history of Taiwan since the 17th century as a continuous struggle for independence and use it as an inspiration for the current political movement.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: According to this view, the people indigenous to Taiwan and those who have taken up residence there have been repeatedly occupied by groups including the Dutch, the Spanish, the Ming, Koxinga and the Ming loyalists, the Qing, the Japanese and finally the Chinese Nationalists led by the Kuomintang. From a pro-independence supporter's point of view, the movement for Taiwan independence began under Qing rule in the 1680s which led to a well known saying those days, "Every three years an uprising, every five years a rebellion". Taiwan Independence supporters compared Taiwan under Kuomintang rule to South Africa under apartheid. The Taiwan independence movement under Japan was supported by Mao Zedong in the 1930s as a means of freeing Taiwan from Japanese rule.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: With the end of World War II in 1945, by issuing "General Order No. 1" to the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers, the Allies agreed that the Republic of China Army under the Kuomintang would "temporarily occupy Taiwan, on behalf of the Allied forces."


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The modern-day political movement for Taiwan independence dates back to the Japanese colonial period, but it only became a viable political force within Taiwan in the 1990s. Taiwanese independence was advocated periodically during the Japanese colonial period, but was suppressed by the Japanese government. These efforts were the goal of the Taiwanese Communist Party of the late 1920s. Unlike current formulations, and in line with the thinking of the Comintern, such a state would have been a proletarian one. With the end of World War II in 1945, Japanese rule ended, but the subsequent autocratic rule of the ROC's Kuomintang (KMT) later revived calls for local rule. However, it was a movement supported by the Chinese students who were born on the Island and not associated with KMT. It found its roots in the US and Japan. In the 1950s a Republic of Taiwan Provisional Government was set up in Japan. Thomas Liao was nominally the President. At one time it held quasi-official relations with the newly independent Indonesia. This was possible mainly through the connections between Sukarno and the Provisional Government's Southeast Asian liaison, Chen Chih-hsiung, who had assisted in Indonesia's local resistance movements against the Japanese rule.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: After the Kuomintang began to rule the island, the focus of the movement was as a vehicle for discontent from the native Taiwanese against the rule of "mainlanders" (i.e. mainland Chinese-born people who fled to Taiwan with KMT in the late 1940s). The February 28 Incident in 1947 and the ensuing martial law that lasted until 1987 contributed to the period of White Terror on the island. In 1979, the Kaohsiung Incident, occurred as the movement for democracy and independence intensified.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Between 1949 and 1991, the official position of the ROC government on Taiwan was that it was the legitimate government of all of China and it used this position as justification for authoritarian measures such as the refusal to vacate the seats held by delegates elected on the mainland in 1947 for the Legislative Yuan. The Taiwan independence movement intensified in response to this and presented an alternative vision of a sovereign and independent Taiwanese state. This vision was represented through a number of symbols such as the use of Taiwanese in opposition to the school-taught Mandarin Chinese.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Several scholars drafted various versions of a constitution, as both political statement or vision and as intellectual exercise. Most of these drafts favor a bicameral parliamentary rather than presidential system. In at least one such draft, seats in the upper house would be divided equally among Taiwan's established ethnicities. In the 1980s the Chinese Nationalist government considered publication of these ideas criminal. In the most dramatic case, it decided to arrest the pro-independence publisher Cheng Nan-jung for publishing a version in his Tang-wai magazine, "Liberty Era Weekly" (). Rather than giving himself up, Cheng self-immolated in protest. Other campaigns and tactics toward such a State have included soliciting designs from the public for a new national flag and anthem (for example, "Taiwan the Formosa"). More recently the Taiwan Name Rectification Campaign () has played an active role. More traditional independence supporters, however, have criticized name rectification as merely a superficial tactic devoid of the larger vision inherent in the independence agenda.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Various overseas Taiwan Independence movements, such as the Formosan Association, World United Formosans for Independence, United Young Formosans for Independence (Japan), Union for Formosa's Independence in Europe, United Formosans in America for Independence, Committee for Human Rights in Formosa (Toronto, Ont.), published "The Independent Formosa" in several volumes with the publisher "Formosan Association." In "The Independent Formosa, Volumes 2-3", they tried to justify Taiwanese collaboration with Japan during World War II by saying that the "atmosphere covered the whole Japanese territories, including Korea and Formosa, and the Japanese mainlands as well", when Taiwanese publications supported Japan's "holy war", and that the people who did it were not at fault.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The Anti-communist Kuomintang leader Chiang Kai-shek, President of the Republic of China on Taiwan, believed the Americans were going to plot a coup against him along with Taiwan Independence. In 1950, Chiang Ching-kuo became director of the secret police, which he remained until 1965. Chiang also considered some people who were friends to Americans to be his enemies. An enemy of the Chiang family, Wu Kuo-chen, was kicked out of his position of governor of Taiwan by Chiang Ching-kuo and fled to America in 1953. Chiang Ching-kuo, educated in the Soviet Union, initiated Soviet style military organization in the Republic of China Military, reorganizing and Sovietizing the political officer corps, surveillance, and Kuomintang party activities were propagated throughout the military. Opposed to this was Sun Li-jen, who was educated at the American Virginia Military Institute. Chiang orchestrated the controversial court-martial and arrest of General Sun Li-jen in August 1955, for plotting a coup d'état with the American CIA against his father Chiang Kai-shek and the Kuomintang. The CIA allegedly wanted to help Sun take control of Taiwan and declare its independence.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: During the martial law era lasting until 1987, discussion of Taiwan independence was forbidden in Taiwan, at a time when recovery of the mainland and national unification were the stated goals of the ROC. During that time, many advocates of independence and other dissidents fled overseas, and carried out their advocacy work there, notably in Japan and the United States. Part of their work involved setting up think tanks, political organizations, and lobbying networks in order to influence the politics of their host countries, notably the United States, the ROC's main ally at the time, though they would not be very successful until much later. Within Taiwan, the independence movement was one of many dissident causes among the intensifying democracy movement of the 1970s, which culminated in the 1979 Kaohsiung Incident. The Democratic Progressive Party (DPP) was eventually formed to represent dissident causes.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: After the lifting of martial law in 1987, and the acceptance of multi-party politics, the Democratic Progressive Party became increasingly identified with Taiwan independence, which entered its party platform in 1991. At the same time, many overseas independence advocates and organizations returned to Taiwan and for the first time openly promoted their cause in Taiwan, gradually building up political support. Many had previously fled to the US or Europe and had been on a blacklist held by KMT, which had held them back from going back to Taiwan. Where they had fled, they built many organisations like European Federation of Taiwanese Associations or Formosan Association for Public Affairs. By the late 1990s, DPP and Taiwan independence have gained a solid electoral constituency in Taiwan, supported by an increasingly vocal and hardcore base.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: As the electoral success of the DPP, and later, the DPP-led Pan-Green Coalition grew in recent years, the Taiwan independence movement shifted focus to identity politics by proposing many plans involving symbolism and social engineering. The interpretation of historical events such as the February 28 Incident, the use of broadcast language and mother tongue education in schools, the official name and flag of the ROC, slogans in the army, orientation of maps all have been issues of concern to the present-day Taiwan independence movement. The movement, at its peak in the 70s through the 90s in the form of the Taiwan literature movement and other cultural upheavals, has moderated in recent years with the assimilation of these changes. Friction between "mainlander" and "native" communities on Taiwan has decreased due to shared interests: increasing economic ties with mainland China, continuing threats by the PRC to invade, and doubts as to whether or not the United States would support a unilateral declaration of independence. Since the late 1990s many supporters of Taiwan independence have argued that Taiwan, as the ROC, is already independent from the mainland, making a formal declaration unnecessary. In May 1999, the Democratic Progressive Party formalized this position in its "Resolution on Taiwan's Future".


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In 1995, Taiwanese president Lee Teng-hui was given permission to speak at Cornell University about his dream of Taiwanese independence, the first time a Taiwanese leader had been allowed to visit the United States. This led to a military response from China that included buying Russian submarines and conducting missile tests near Taiwan.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In February 2007, President Chen Shui-bian initiated changes to names of state-owned enterprises, and the nation's embassies and overseas representative offices. As a result, Chunghwa Post Co. () was renamed Taiwan Post Co. () and Chinese Petroleum Corporation () is now called "CPC Corporation, Taiwan" () and the signs in Taiwan's embassies now display the word "Taiwan" in brackets after "Republic of China". In 2007, the Taiwan Post Co. issued stamps bearing the name "Taiwan" in remembrance of the February 28 Incident. However, the name of the post office was reverted to "Chunghwa Post Co." following the inauguration of Kuomintang president Ma Ying-jeou in 2008.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The Pan-Blue camp voiced its opposition to the changes and the former KMT Chairman Ma Ying-jeou said that it would generate diplomatic troubles and cause cross-strait tensions. It also argued that without a change in the relevant legislation pertaining to state-owned enterprises, the name changes of these enterprises could not be valid. As the Pan-Blue camp held only a slim parliamentary majority throughout the administration of President Chen, the Government's motion to change the law to this effect were blocked by the opposition. Later, U.S. Department of State spokesman Sean McCormack said that the U.S. does not support administrative steps that would appear to change the status-quo by either Taipei or Beijing as threats to regional security.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Former president Lee Teng-hui has stated that he never pursued Taiwanese independence. Lee views Taiwan as already an independent state, and that the call for "Taiwanese independence" could even confuse the international community by implying that Taiwan once viewed itself as part of China. From this perspective, Taiwan is independent even if it remains unable to enter the UN. Lee said the most important goals are to improve the people's livelihoods, build national consciousness, make a formal name change and draft a new constitution that reflects the present reality so that Taiwan can officially identify itself as a country.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Legislative elections were held on 12 January 2008, resulting in a supermajority (86 of the 113 seats) in the legislature for the Kuomintang (KMT) and the Pan-Blue Coalition. President Chen Shui-bian's Democratic Progressive Party was handed a heavy defeat, winning only the remaining 27 seats. The junior partner in the Pan-Green Coalition, the Taiwan Solidarity Union, won no seats.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Two months later, the election for the 12th-term President and Vice-President of the Republic of China was held on Saturday, 22 March 2008. KMT nominee Ma Ying-jeou won, with 58% of the vote, ending eight years of Democratic Progressive Party rule. Along with the 2008 legislative election, Ma's landslide victory brought the Kuomintang back to power in Taiwan.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: On 1 August 2008, the Board of Directors of Taiwan Post Co. resolved to reverse the name change and restored the name "Chunghwa Post". The Board of Directors, as well as resolving to restore the name of the corporation, also resolved to re-hire the chief executive dismissed in 2007, and to withdraw defamation proceedings against him.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: On 2 September 2008, President Ma defined the relations between Taiwan and mainland China as "special", but "not that between two states" - they are relations based on two areas of one state, with Taiwan considering that state to be the Republic of China, and mainland China considering that state to be the People's Republic of China.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Ma's approach with the mainland is conspicuously evasive of political negotiations that may lead to unification which


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: is the mainland's ultimate goal. The National Unification Guidelines remain “frozen” and Ma precluded any discussion of unification during his term by his “three no's” (no unification, no independence, and no use of force).


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The Democratic Progressive Party, led by Tsai Ing-wen, won a landslide victory over the Kuomintang on 20 May 2016. Her administration has stated she seeks to maintain the current political status of Taiwan. The PRC government continues to criticize the ROC government, as the DPP administration has refused to officially recognize the 1992 Consensus and the One-China policy.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: On 13 March 2018, 19-year-old Chan Tong-Kai confessed to murdering his 20-year-old girlfriend Poon Hiu-wing in Taiwan when the Hong Kong police arrested him after he used Poon's ATM card to withdraw cash in both Taiwan and Hong Kong. Because the murder took place in Taiwan, the authorities in Hong Kong had no jurisdiction to charge Chan with murder, but sentenced him for money laundering instead. Because Hong Kong is a special administrative region of China, the region cannot make agreements such as a mutual legal assistance treaty with Taiwan, thus making the transfer of Chan to Taiwan extremely difficult.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In February 2019, the Hong Kong government proposed an amendment to the Fugitive Offenders Ordinance and Mutual Legal Assistance in Criminal Matters Ordinance to allow the transfer of fugitives between Hong Kong and any place outside Hong Kong. Researcher Emile Kok-Kheng Yeoh argued that the establishment of the amendment would “subject Hong Kong residents and visitors to the jurisdiction and legal system of mainland China, thereby undermining the region's autonomy and Hong Kong people's civil liberties.” As a result, on 15 March 2019, the Anti-Extradition Law Amendment Bill Movement began in Hong Kong.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In response to the Hong Kong protest, the Chinese government urged strengthening control over Hong Kong in order to bring “stability and prosperity” back to the Special Administrative Region (SAR), which on 30 June 2020, the Chinese government passed the Hong Kong National Security Law to give mainland officials the authority to operate within Hong Kong to punish people whom committed the crimes of secession, subversion, terrorism, and collusion with foreign forces. Simultaneously, using Hong Kong as example, the General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, Xi Jinping, also warned Taiwan that unification was inevitable.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The biggest threat to Hongkongers posed by the Hong Kong national security law was the level of control that the Chinese government has over Hong Kong. Just one day after the establishment of the law, about 370 protestors were arrested, including 10 under the new law. Hatred towards the government of Beijing or Hong Kong was also defined as a serious crime, that people could be punished to the maximum of life imprisonment. American journalist John Pomfret viewed this legislation as “a blueprint for dealing with Taiwan,” and argued that similar legislation may also be imposed in Taiwan if unified.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: According to the survey organized by APF Canada and RIWI in August 2020, it showed that there was a positive correlation between concerns for Taiwan's national security and agreement that the PRC has violated the “one country, two systems” principle. Overall, about 66 percent of the people express certain level of concern (from slight to extreme), and only 34 percent showed “not at all concerned.” Within that, majority of those who showed concerns either identified themselves as Taiwanese or a supporter of the DPP.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: One significant impact in Taiwan was the increasing support to Tsai Ing-wen, the seventh president of Taiwan and a member of the Democratic Progressive Party (DPP). Bonnie Glaser, an analyst of Chinese politics, believes that the circumstances in Hong Kong "resonated with Taiwan voters." President Tsai was aware of this concern, so about 3 months after the protest began in Hong Kong, President Tsai announced her position and view about the protests on her Twitter account:


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: We stand with all freedom-loving people of #HongKong. In their faces, we see the longing for freedom, & are reminded that #Taiwan's hard-earned democracy must be guarded & renewed by every generation. As long as I'm President, “one country, two systems” will never be an option.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Domestically, the issue of independence has dominated Taiwanese politics for the past few decades. This is also a grave issue for mainland China. The creation of a Taiwanese state is formally the goal of the Taiwan Solidarity Union and former President Lee Teng-hui. Although the Democratic Progressive Party was originally also an advocate for both the idea of a Taiwanese state and Taiwan independence, they now take a middle line in which a sovereign, independent Taiwan is identified with the "Republic of China (Taiwan)" and its symbols.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: This movement also has international significance, because the PRC has stated, or implied, that it will force unification by taking military action against Taiwan under one of these five conditions: (1) Taiwan makes a formal declaration of independence, (2) Taiwan forges a military alliance with any foreign power, (3) internal turmoil arises in Taiwan, (4) Taiwan gains weapons of mass destruction, or (5) Taiwan shows no will to negotiate on the basis of "one China". The PRC government warned that if the situation in Taiwan were to become "worse", it will not look on "indifferently". Such a military action would pose the threat of a superpower conflict in East Asia. Under the terms of Taiwan Relations Act, United States shall provide Taiwan with arms of a defensive character. However, Taiwan Relations Act does not oblige US to provide military intervention. While so, military intervention could still be sought should a formal declaration of war be made by the President of the United States in an act of Congress signed by the President.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The questions of independence and the island's relationship to mainland China are complex and inspire very strong emotions among Taiwanese people. There are some who continue to maintain the KMT's position, which states that the ROC is the sole legitimate government for "all" of China (of which they consider Taiwan to be a part), and that the aim of the government should be eventual unification of the mainland and Taiwan under the rule of the ROC. Some argue that Taiwan has been, and should continue to be, completely independent from China and should become a Taiwanese state with a distinct name. Then, there are numerous positions running the entire spectrum between these two extremes, as well as differing opinions on how best to manage either situation should it ever be realized.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: On 25 October 2004, in Beijing, the U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell said Taiwan is “not sovereign,” provoking strong comments from both the Pan-Green and Pan-Blue coalitions – but for very different reasons. From the DPP's side, President Chen declared that "Taiwan is definitely a sovereign, independent country, a great country that absolutely does not belong to the People's Republic of China". The TSU (Taiwan Solidarity Union) criticized Powell, and questioned why the US sold weapons to Taiwan if it were not a sovereign state. From the KMT, then Chairman Ma Ying-jeou announced, “the Republic of China has been a sovereign state ever since it was formed <nowiki>[</nowiki>in 1912<nowiki>]</nowiki>.” The pro-unification PFP Party Chairman, James Soong, called it “Taiwan's biggest failure in diplomacy.”


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The first view considers the move for Taiwan independence as a nationalist movement. Historically, this was view of such pro-independence groups as the Tangwai movement (which later grew into the Democratic Progressive Party) who argued that the ROC under the Kuomintang had been a "foreign regime" forcibly imposed on Taiwan. Since the 1990s, supporters of Taiwan independence no longer actively make this argument. Instead, the argument has been that, in order to survive the growing power of the PRC, Taiwan must view itself as a separate and distinct entity from “China.” Such a change in view involves: (1) removing the name of “China” from official and unofficial items in Taiwan, (2) changes in history books, which now portrays Taiwan as a central entity, (3) promoting the use of Hokkien Language in the government and in the education system, (4) reducing economic links with mainland China, and (5) promoting the general thinking that Taiwan is a separate entity. The goal of this movement is the eventual creation of a country where China is a "foreign" entity, and Taiwan is an internationally recognized "country" separate from any concept of “China." The proposed "state of Taiwan" will exclude areas such as Quemoy and Matsu off the coast of Fujian, and some of the islands in the South China Sea, which historically were not part of Taiwan. Some supporters of Taiwan independence argue that the Treaty of San Francisco justifies Taiwan independence by not explicitly granting Taiwan to either the ROC or the PRC, even though neither the PRC nor the ROC government accepts such legal justification. It is also thought that if formal independence were declared, Taiwan's foreign policies would lean further towards Japan and the United States, and the desirable option of United Nations Trusteeship Council is also considered.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The Taiwan Independence Party won a single seat in the Legislative Yuan in the 1998 legislative election. The Taiwan Solidarity Union was formed in 2001, and is also supportive of independence. Though it gained more legislative support than TAIP in elections, the TSU's legislative representation has dropped over time. In 2018, political parties and organizations demanding a referendum on Taiwan's independence formed an alliance to further their objective. The Formosa Alliance was established on 7 April 2018, prompted by a sense of crisis in the face of growing pressure from China for unification. The alliance wanted to hold a referendum on Taiwan's independence in April 2019, and change the island's name from the “Republic of China” to “Taiwan,” and apply for membership in the United Nations. In August 2019, another party supportive of independence, the Taiwan Action Party Alliance was founded.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: A second view is that Taiwan is already an independent nation with the official name “Republic of China,” which has been independent (i.e. de facto separate from mainland China/de jure separate from PRC) since the end of the Chinese Civil War in 1949, when the ROC lost control of mainland China, with only Taiwan (including the Penghu islands), Kinmen (Quemoy), the Matsu Islands off the coast of Fujian Province, and some of the islands in the South China Sea remaining under its administration. Although previously no major political faction adopted this pro-status quo viewpoint, because it is a "compromise" in face of PRC threats and American warnings against a unilateral declaration of independence, the DPP combined it with their traditional belief to form their latest official policy. This viewpoint has not been adopted by more radical groups such as the Taiwan Solidarity Union, which favor only the third view described above and are in favor of a Republic or State of Taiwan. In addition, many members of the Pan-Blue Coalition are rather suspicious of this view, fearing that adopting this definition of Taiwan independence is merely an insincere stealth tactical effort to advance desinicization and the third view of Taiwan independence. As a result, supporters of Pan-Blue tend to make a clear distinction between Taiwan "independence" and Taiwan "sovereignty", while supporters of Pan-Green tend to try to blur the distinction between the two.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: Most Taiwanese and political parties of the ROC support the status quo, and recognize that this is de facto independence through sovereign self-rule. Even among those who believe Taiwan is and should remain independent, the threat of war from PRC softens their approach, and they tend to support maintaining the status quo rather than pursuing an ideological path that could result in war with the PRC. When President Lee Teng-hui put forth the two-states policy, he received 80% support. A similar situation arose when President Chen Shui-bian declared that there was "one country on each side" of the Taiwan Strait. To this day, the parties disagree, sometimes bitterly, on such things as territory, name (R.O.C. or Taiwan), future policies, and interpretations of history. The Pan-Blue Coalition and the PRC believe that Lee Teng-hui and Chen Shui-bian are intent on publicly promoting a moderate form of Taiwan independence in order to advance secretly deeper forms of Taiwan independence, and that they intend to use popular support on Taiwan for political separation to advance notions of cultural and economic separation.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: The third view, put forward by the government of the PRC and Nationalists of the KMT, defines Taiwan independence as "splitting Taiwan from China, causing division of the nation and the people." What PRC claims by this statement is somewhat ambiguous according to supporters of Taiwanese independence, as some statements by the PRC seem to identify China solely and uncompromisingly with the PRC. Others propose a broader and more flexible definition suggesting that both mainland China and Taiwan are parts that form one cultural and geographic entity, although divided politically as a vestige of the Chinese Civil War. The PRC considers itself the sole legitimate government of all China, and the ROC to be a defunct entity replaced in the Communist revolution that succeeded in 1949. Therefore, assertions that the ROC is a sovereign state are construed as support for Taiwan independence, so are proposals to change the name of the ROC. Such a name change is met with even more disapproval since it rejects Taiwan as part of the greater China entity (as one side of a still-unresolved Chinese civil war). The ROC used to be recognized by the UN as the sole legal government of China until 1971. In that year, the UN Resolution 2758 was passed, and the PRC became recognized as the legal government of China by the UN. During PRC President Hu Jintao's visit to the United States on 20 April 2006, U.S. President George W. Bush reaffirmed to the world that the U.S. would uphold its One-China policy. Chinese nationalists have called the Taiwan independence movement and its supporters to be hanjian (traitors).


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In an opinion poll conducted in Taiwan by the Mainland Affairs Council in 2019, 27.7% of respondents supported Taiwan's independence: 21.7% said that the status quo has to be maintained for now but Taiwan should become independent in the future, while 6% said that independence must be declared as soon as possible. 31% of respondents supported the current situation as it is, and 10.3% agreed to unification with the mainland with 1.4% saying that it should happen as soon as possible.


title: Taiwan independence movement

text: In a Taiwanese Public Opinion Foundation poll conducted in June 2020, 54% of respondents supported "de jure" independence for Taiwan, 23.4% preferred maintaining the status quo, 12.5% favored unification with China, and 10% did not hold any particular view on the matter. This represented the highest level of support for Taiwanese independence since the survey was first conducted in 1991.


title: Francium

text: Francium is a chemical element with the symbol Fr and atomic number 87. It is extremely radioactive; its most stable isotope, francium-223 (originally called actinium K after the natural decay chain it appears in), has a half-life of only 22 minutes. It is the second-most electropositive element, behind only caesium, and is the second rarest naturally occurring element (after astatine). The isotopes of francium decay quickly into astatine, radium, and radon. The electronic structure of a francium atom is [Rn] 7s, and so the element is classed as an alkali metal.


title: Francium

text: Bulk francium has never been seen. Because of the general appearance of the other elements in its periodic table column, it is presumed that francium would appear as a highly reactive metal, if enough could be collected together to be viewed as a bulk solid or liquid. Obtaining such a sample is highly improbable, since the extreme heat of decay resulting from its short half-life would immediately vaporize any viewable quantity of the element.


title: Francium

text: Francium was discovered by Marguerite Perey in France (from which the element takes its name) in 1939. Prior to its discovery, it was referred to as "eka-caesium" or "ekacaesium" because of its conjectured existence below caesium in the periodic table. It was the last element first discovered in nature, rather than by synthesis. Outside the laboratory, francium is extremely rare, with trace amounts found in uranium ores, where the isotope francium-223 (in the family of uranium-235) continually forms and decays. As little as 200–500 g exists at any given time throughout the Earth's crust; aside from francium-223 and francium-221, its other isotopes are entirely synthetic. The largest amount produced in the laboratory was a cluster of more than 300,000 atoms.


title: Francium

text: Francium is one of the most unstable of the naturally occurring elements: its longest-lived isotope, francium-223, has a half-life of only 22 minutes. The only comparable element is astatine, whose most stable natural isotope, astatine-219 (the alpha daughter of francium-223), has a half-life of 56 seconds, although synthetic astatine-210 is much longer-lived with a half-life of 8.1 hours. All isotopes of francium decay into astatine, radium, or radon. Francium-223 also has a shorter half-life than the longest-lived isotope of each synthetic element up to and including element 105, dubnium.


title: Francium

text: Francium is an alkali metal whose chemical properties mostly resemble those of caesium. A heavy element with a single valence electron, it has the highest equivalent weight of any element. Liquid francium—if created—should have a surface tension of 0.05092 N/m at its melting point. Francium's melting point was estimated to be around ; a value of is also often encountered. The melting point is uncertain because of the element's extreme rarity and radioactivity; a different extrapolation based on Dmitri Mendeleev's method gave . The estimated boiling point of is also uncertain; the estimates and , as well as the extrapolation from Mendeleev's method of , have also been suggested. The density of francium is expected to be around 2.48 g/cm (Mendeleev's method extrapolates 2.4 g/cm).


title: Francium

text: Linus Pauling estimated the electronegativity of francium at 0.7 on the Pauling scale, the same as caesium; the value for caesium has since been refined to 0.79, but there are no experimental data to allow a refinement of the value for francium. Francium has a slightly higher ionization energy than caesium, 392.811(4) kJ/mol as opposed to 375.7041(2) kJ/mol for caesium, as would be expected from relativistic effects, and this would imply that caesium is the less electronegative of the two. Francium should also have a higher electron affinity than caesium and the Fr ion should be more polarizable than the Cs ion.


title: Francium

text: Due to francium being very unstable, its salts are only known to a small extent. Francium coprecipitates with several caesium salts, such as caesium perchlorate, which results in small amounts of francium perchlorate. This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of Lawrence E. Glendenin and C. M. Nelson. It will additionally coprecipitate with many other caesium salts, including the iodate, the picrate, the tartrate (also rubidium tartrate), the chloroplatinate, and the silicotungstate. It also coprecipitates with silicotungstic acid, and with perchloric acid, without another alkali metal as a carrier, which leads to other methods of separation.


title: Francium

text: Francium perchlorate is produced by the reaction of francium chloride and sodium perchlorate. The francium perchlorate coprecipitates with caesium perchlorate. This coprecipitation can be used to isolate francium, by adapting the radiocaesium coprecipitation method of Lawrence E. Glendenin and C. M. Nelson. However, this method is unreliable in separating thallium, which also coprecipitates with caesium. Francium perchlorate's entropy is expected to be 42.7 e.u (178.7 J mol K).


title: Francium

text: Francium halides are all soluble in water and are expected to be white solids. They are expected to be produced by the reaction of the corresponding halogens. For example, francium chloride would be produced by the reaction of francium and chlorine. Francium chloride has been studied as a pathway to separate francium from other elements, by using the high vapour pressure of the compound, although francium fluoride would have a higher vapour pressure.


title: Francium

text: Francium nitrate, sulfate, hydroxide, carbonate, acetate, and oxalate, are all soluble in water, while the iodate, picrate, tartrate, chloroplatinate, and silicotungstate are insoluble. The insolubility of these compounds are used to extract francium from other radioactive products, such as zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tin, antimony, the method mentioned in the section above. The CsFr molecule is predicted to have francium at the negative end of the dipole, unlike all known heterodiatomic alkali metal molecules. Francium superoxide (FrO) is expected to have a more covalent character than its lighter congeners; this is attributed to the 6p electrons in francium being more involved in the francium–oxygen bonding. The relativistic destabilisation of the 6p spinor may make francium compounds in oxidation states higher than +1 possible, such as [FrF]; but this has not been experimentally confirmed.


title: Francium

text: There are 34 known isotopes of francium ranging in atomic mass from 199 to 232. Francium has seven metastable nuclear isomers. Francium-223 and francium-221 are the only isotopes that occur in nature, with the former being far more common.


title: Francium

text: Francium-223 is the most stable isotope, with a half-life of 21.8 minutes, and it is highly unlikely that an isotope of francium with a longer half-life will ever be discovered or synthesized. Francium-223 is a fifth product of the uranium-235 decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-227; thorium-227 is the more common daughter. Francium-223 then decays into radium-223 by beta decay (1.149 MeV decay energy), with a minor (0.006%) alpha decay path to astatine-219 (5.4 MeV decay energy).


title: Francium

text: Francium-221 has a half-life of 4.8 minutes. It is the ninth product of the neptunium decay series as a daughter isotope of actinium-225. Francium-221 then decays into astatine-217 by alpha decay (6.457 MeV decay energy). Although all primordial Np is extinct, the neptunium decay series continues to exist naturally in tiny traces due to (n,2n) knockout reactions in natural U.


title: Francium

text: The least stable ground state isotope is francium-215, with a half-life of 0.12 μs: it undergoes a 9.54 MeV alpha decay to astatine-211. Its metastable isomer, francium-215m, is less stable still, with a half-life of only 3.5 ns.


title: Francium

text: Due to its instability and rarity, there are no commercial applications for francium. It has been used for research purposes in the fields of chemistry


title: Francium

text: and of atomic structure. Its use as a potential diagnostic aid for various cancers has also been explored, but this application has been deemed impractical.


title: Francium

text: Francium's ability to be synthesized, trapped, and cooled, along with its relatively simple atomic structure, has made it the subject of specialized spectroscopy experiments. These experiments have led to more specific information regarding energy levels and the coupling constants between subatomic particles. Studies on the light emitted by laser-trapped francium-210 ions have provided accurate data on transitions between atomic energy levels which are fairly similar to those predicted by quantum theory.


title: Francium

text: As early as 1870, chemists thought that there should be an alkali metal beyond caesium, with an atomic number of 87. It was then referred to by the provisional name "eka-caesium". Research teams attempted to locate and isolate this missing element, and at least four false claims were made that the element had been found before an authentic discovery was made.


title: Francium

text: Soviet chemist Dmitry Dobroserdov was the first scientist to claim to have found eka-caesium, or francium. In 1925, he observed weak radioactivity in a sample of potassium, another alkali metal, and incorrectly concluded that eka-caesium was contaminating the sample (the radioactivity from the sample was from the naturally occurring potassium radioisotope, potassium-40). He then published a thesis on his predictions of the properties of eka-caesium, in which he named the element "russium" after his home country. Shortly thereafter, Dobroserdov began to focus on his teaching career at the Polytechnic Institute of Odessa, and he did not pursue the element further.


title: Francium

text: The following year, English chemists Gerald J. F. Druce and Frederick H. Loring analyzed X-ray photographs of manganese(II) sulfate. They observed spectral lines which they presumed to be of eka-caesium. They announced their discovery of element 87 and proposed the name "alkalinium", as it would be the heaviest alkali metal.


title: Francium

text: In 1930, Fred Allison of the Alabama Polytechnic Institute claimed to have discovered element 87 (in addition to 85) when analyzing pollucite and lepidolite using his magneto-optical machine. Allison requested that it be named "virginium" after his home state of Virginia, along with the symbols Vi and Vm. In 1934, H.G. MacPherson of UC Berkeley disproved the effectiveness of Allison's device and the validity of his discovery.


title: Francium

text: In 1936, Romanian physicist Horia Hulubei and his French colleague Yvette Cauchois also analyzed pollucite, this time using their high-resolution X-ray apparatus. They observed several weak emission lines, which they presumed to be those of element 87. Hulubei and Cauchois reported their discovery and proposed the name "moldavium", along with the symbol Ml, after Moldavia, the Romanian province where Hulubei was born. In 1937, Hulubei's work was criticized by American physicist F. H. Hirsh Jr., who rejected Hulubei's research methods. Hirsh was certain that eka-caesium would not be found in nature, and that Hulubei had instead observed mercury or bismuth X-ray lines. Hulubei insisted that his X-ray apparatus and methods were too accurate to make such a mistake. Because of this, Jean Baptiste Perrin, Nobel Prize winner and Hulubei's mentor, endorsed moldavium as the true eka-caesium over Marguerite Perey's recently discovered francium. Perey took pains to be accurate and detailed in her criticism of Hulubei's work, and finally she was credited as the sole discoverer of element 87. All other previous purported discoveries of element 87 were ruled out due to francium's very limited half-life.


title: Francium

text: Eka-caesium was discovered on January 7, 1939, by Marguerite Perey of the Curie Institute in Paris, when she purified a sample of actinium-227 which had been reported to have a decay energy of 220 keV. Perey noticed decay particles with an energy level below 80 keV. Perey thought this decay activity might have been caused by a previously unidentified decay product, one which was separated during purification, but emerged again out of the pure actinium-227. Various tests eliminated the possibility of the unknown element being thorium, radium, lead, bismuth, or thallium. The new product exhibited chemical properties of an alkali metal (such as coprecipitating with caesium salts), which led Perey to believe that it was element 87, produced by the alpha decay of actinium-227. Perey then attempted to determine the proportion of beta decay to alpha decay in actinium-227. Her first test put the alpha branching at 0.6%, a figure which she later revised to 1%.


title: Francium

text: Perey named the new isotope "actinium-K" (it is now referred to as francium-223) and in 1946, she proposed the name "catium" (Cm) for her newly discovered element, as she believed it to be the most electropositive cation of the elements. Irène Joliot-Curie, one of Perey's supervisors, opposed the name due to its connotation of "cat" rather than "cation"; furthermore, the symbol coincided with that which had since been assigned to curium. Perey then suggested "francium", after France. This name was officially adopted by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) in 1949, becoming the second element after gallium to be named after France. It was assigned the symbol Fa, but this abbreviation was revised to the current Fr shortly thereafter. Francium was the last element discovered in nature, rather than synthesized, following hafnium and rhenium. Further research into francium's structure was carried out by, among others, Sylvain Lieberman and his team at CERN in the 1970s and 1980s.


title: Francium

text: Fr is the result of the alpha decay of Ac and can be found in trace amounts in uranium minerals. In a given sample of uranium, there is estimated to be only one francium atom for every 1 × 10 uranium atoms. It is also calculated that there is a total mass of at most 30 g or, as other sources suggest, 340 to 550 g of francium in the Earth's crust at any given time.


title: Francium

text: Francium can be synthesized by a fusion reaction when a gold-197 target is bombarded with a beam of oxygen-18 atoms from a linear accelerator in a process originally developed at the physics department of the State University of New York at Stony Brook in 1995. Depending on the energy of the oxygen beam, the reaction can yield francium isotopes with masses of 209, 210, and 211.


title: Francium

text: The francium atoms leave the gold target as ions, which are neutralized by collision with yttrium and then isolated in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) in a gaseous unconsolidated state. Although the atoms only remain in the trap for about 30 seconds before escaping or undergoing nuclear decay, the process supplies a continual stream of fresh atoms. The result is a steady state containing a fairly constant number of atoms for a much longer time. The original apparatus could trap up to a few thousand atoms, while a later improved design could trap over 300,000 at a time. Sensitive measurements of the light emitted and absorbed by the trapped atoms provided the first experimental results on various transitions between atomic energy levels in francium. Initial measurements show very good agreement between experimental values and calculations based on quantum theory. The research project using this production method relocated to TRIUMF in 2012, where over 10 francium atoms have been held at a time, including large amounts of Fr in addition to Fr and Fr.


title: Francium

text: Other synthesis methods include bombarding radium with neutrons, and bombarding thorium with protons, deuterons, or helium ions.


title: Francium

text: Fr can also be isolated from samples of its parent Ac, the francium being milked via elution with NHCl–CrO from an actinium-containing cation exchanger and purified by passing the solution through a silicon dioxide compound loaded with barium sulfate.


title: Francium

text: In 1996, the Stony Brook group trapped 3000 atoms in their MOT, which was enough for a video camera to capture the light given off by the atoms as they fluoresce. Francium has not been synthesized in amounts large enough to weigh.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: In statistics, kernel density estimation (KDE) is the application of kernel smoothing for probability density estimation, i.e., a non-parametric method to estimate the probability density function of a random variable based on "kernels" as weights. KDE answers a fundamental data smoothing problem where inferences about the population are made, based on a finite data sample. In some fields such as signal processing and econometrics it is also termed the Parzen–Rosenblatt window method, after Emanuel Parzen and Murray Rosenblatt, who are usually credited with independently creating it in its current form. One of the famous applications of kernel density estimation is in estimating the class-conditional marginal densities of data when using a naive Bayes classifier, which can improve its prediction accuracy.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Let ("x", "x", ..., "x") be independent and identically distributed samples drawn from some univariate distribution with an unknown density "ƒ" at any given point "x". We are interested in estimating the shape of this function "ƒ". Its "kernel density estimator" is


title: Kernel density estimation

text: where "K" is the kernel — a non-negative function — and is a smoothing parameter called the bandwidth. A kernel with subscript "h" is called the "scaled kernel" and defined as . Intuitively one wants to choose "h" as small as the data will allow; however, there is always a trade-off between the bias of the estimator and its variance. The choice of bandwidth is discussed in more detail below.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: A range of kernel functions are commonly used: uniform, triangular, biweight, triweight, Epanechnikov, normal, and others. The Epanechnikov kernel is optimal in a mean square error sense, though the loss of efficiency is small for the kernels listed previously. Due to its convenient mathematical properties, the normal kernel is often used, which means , where "ϕ" is the standard normal density function.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: The construction of a kernel density estimate finds interpretations in fields outside of density estimation. For example, in thermodynamics, this is equivalent to the amount of heat generated when heat kernels (the fundamental solution to the heat equation) are placed at each data point locations "x". Similar methods are used to construct discrete Laplace operators on point clouds for manifold learning (e.g. diffusion map).


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Kernel density estimates are closely related to histograms, but can be endowed with properties such as smoothness or continuity by using a suitable kernel. The diagram below based on these 6 data points illustrates this relationship:


title: Kernel density estimation

text: For the histogram, first, the horizontal axis is divided into sub-intervals or bins which cover the range of the data: In this case, six bins each of width 2. Whenever a data point falls inside this interval, a box of height 1/12 is placed there. If more than one data point falls inside the same bin, the boxes are stacked on top of each other.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: For the kernel density estimate, normal kernels with variance 2.25 (indicated by the red dashed lines) are placed on each of the data points "x". The kernels are summed to make the kernel density estimate (solid blue curve). The smoothness of the kernel density estimate (compared to the discreteness of the histogram) illustrates how kernel density estimates converge faster to the true underlying density for continuous random variables.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: The bandwidth of the kernel is a free parameter which exhibits a strong influence on the resulting estimate. To illustrate its effect, we take a simulated random sample from the standard normal distribution (plotted at the blue spikes in the rug plot on the horizontal axis). The grey curve is the true density (a normal density with mean 0 and variance 1). In comparison, the red curve is "undersmoothed" since it contains too many spurious data artifacts arising from using a bandwidth "h" = 0.05, which is too small. The green curve is "oversmoothed" since using the bandwidth "h" = 2 obscures much of the underlying structure. The black curve with a bandwidth of "h" = 0.337 is considered to be optimally smoothed since its density estimate is close to the true density. An extreme situation is encountered in the limit formula_2 (no smoothing), where the estimate is a sum of "n" delta functions centered at the coordinates of analyzed samples. In the other extreme limit formula_3 the estimate retains the shape of the used kernel, centered on the mean of the samples (completely smooth).


title: Kernel density estimation

text: The most common optimality criterion used to select this parameter is the expected "L" risk function, also termed the mean integrated squared error:


title: Kernel density estimation

text: where "o" is the little o notation, and "n" the sample size (as above). The AMISE is the asymptotic MISE, i. e. the two leading terms,


title: Kernel density estimation

text: and formula_9 is the second derivative of formula_10 and formula_11 is the kernel. The minimum of this AMISE is the solution to this differential equation


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Neither the AMISE nor the "h" formulas can be used directly since they involve the unknown density function formula_10 or its second derivative formula_9. To overcome that difficulty a variety of automatic, data-based methods were developed to select the bandwidth. Many review studies were carried out to compare their efficacies, with the general consensus that the plug-in selectors and cross validation selectors are the most useful over a wide range of data sets.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: gives that AMISE("h") = "O"("n"), where "O" is the big o notation. It can be shown that, under weak assumptions, there cannot exist a non-parametric estimator that converges at a faster rate than the kernel estimator. Note that the "n" rate is slower than the typical "n" convergence rate of parametric methods.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: If the bandwidth is not held fixed, but is varied depending upon the location of either the estimate (balloon estimator) or the samples (pointwise estimator), this produces a particularly powerful method termed adaptive or variable bandwidth kernel density estimation.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Bandwidth selection for kernel density estimation of heavy-tailed distributions is relatively difficult.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: If Gaussian basis functions are used to approximate univariate data, and the underlying density being estimated is Gaussian, the optimal choice for "h" (that is, the bandwidth that minimises the mean integrated squared error) is:


title: Kernel density estimation

text: An h value is considered more robust when it improves the fit for long-tailed and skewed distributions or for bimodal mixture distributions. This is often done empirically by replacing formula_17 by the parameter A below:


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Another modification that will improve the model is to reduce the factor from 1.06 to 0.9. Then the final formula would be:


title: Kernel density estimation

text: where formula_17 is the standard deviation of the samples, n is the sample size. IQR is the interquartile range.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: This approximation is termed the "normal distribution approximation", Gaussian approximation, or "Silverman's rule of thumb". While this rule of thumb is easy to compute, it should be used with caution as it can yield widely inaccurate estimates when the density is not close to being normal. For example, when estimating the bimodal Gaussian mixture model


title: Kernel density estimation

text: from a sample of 200 points. The figure on the right shows the true density and two kernel density estimates—one using the rule-of-thumb bandwidth, and the other using a solve-the-equation bandwidth. The estimate based on the rule-of-thumb bandwidth is significantly oversmoothed.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Knowing the characteristic function, it is possible to find the corresponding probability density function through the Fourier transform formula. One difficulty with applying this inversion formula is that it leads to a diverging integral, since the estimate formula_22 is unreliable for large "t"’s. To circumvent this problem, the estimator formula_22 is multiplied by a damping function , which is equal to 1 at the origin and then falls to 0 at infinity. The “bandwidth parameter” "h" controls how fast we try to dampen the function formula_22. In particular when "h" is small, then "ψ"("t") will be approximately one for a large range of "t"’s, which means that formula_22 remains practically unaltered in the most important region of "t"’s.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: The most common choice for function "ψ" is either the uniform function }, which effectively means truncating the interval of integration in the inversion formula to , or the Gaussian function . Once the function "ψ" has been chosen, the inversion formula may be applied, and the density estimator will be


title: Kernel density estimation

text: where "K" is the Fourier transform of the damping function "ψ". Thus the kernel density estimator coincides with the characteristic function density estimator.


title: Kernel density estimation

text: Namely, formula_28 is the collection of points for which the density function is locally maximized. A natural estimator of formula_28 is a plug-in from KDE, where formula_30 and formula_31 are KDE version of formula_30 and formula_33. Under mild assumptions, formula_34 is a consistent estimator of formula_28. Note that one can use the mean shift algorithm to compute the estimator formula_34 numerically.


title: June Rebellion

text: The June Rebellion, or the Paris Uprising of 1832 (), was an anti-monarchist insurrection of Parisian republicans on 5 and 6 June 1832.


title: June Rebellion

text: The rebellion originated in an attempt by republicans to reverse the establishment in 1830 of the July Monarchy of , shortly after the death of the King's powerful supporter and President of the Council, , on 16 May 1832. On 1 June 1832, , a popular former Army commander who became a member of the French parliament and was critical of the monarchy, died of cholera. The riots that followed his funeral sparked the rebellion. This was the last outbreak of violence linked with the July Revolution of 1830.


title: June Rebellion

text: The French author memorialized the rebellion in his novel , and it figures largely in the stage musical and films that are based on the book.


title: June Rebellion

text: In the 1830 July Revolution, the elected Chamber of Deputies had established a constitutional monarchy and replaced Charles X of the House of Bourbon with his more liberal cousin Louis-Philippe. This angered republicans who saw one king replaced by another, and by 1832 the sentiment that their revolution, for which many of them had died, had been stolen. However, over and above the easily provoked 'fury' or 'rage' of the Parisian population (at the differences between their poverty and the differences in income and opportunities of the bourgeoisie and the aristocracy), Bonapartists for their part lamented the loss of Napoleon's empire, and the Legitimists supported the deposed Bourbon dynasty, seeking to place the man they regarded as the true king in power: Charles's grandson and designated successor Henri, Count of Chambord.


title: June Rebellion

text: Leading up to the rebellion, there were significant economic problems, particularly acute in the period from 1827 to 1832. Harvest failures, food shortages, and increases in the cost of living created discontent throughout the classes. In the spring of 1832 Paris suffered a widespread outbreak of cholera, which ended with a death toll of 18,402 in the city and 100,000 across France. The poor neighbourhoods of Paris were devastated by the disease, arousing suspicion of the government poisoning wells.


title: June Rebellion

text: The epidemic soon claimed two well-known victims. Prime Minister Casimir Perier fell sick and died on 16 May, and the hero of the Napoleonic wars and reformer Jean Maximilien Lamarque died on 1 June. The conservative Perier was given a grand state funeral. The funeral of the popular Lamarque—described by Hugo as "loved by the people because he accepted the chances the future offered, loved by the mob because he served the emperor well"—was an opportunity to demonstrate the strength of the opposition.


title: June Rebellion

text: The monarchy of Louis Philippe, which had become the government of the middle class, was now attacked from two opposite sides at once.


title: June Rebellion

text: Before these two deaths, there had been two significant rebellions. In France's second city, Lyon, a workers' uprising known as the Canut revolt, caused by economic hardships, had occurred in December 1831. Troops were sent in after members of the local National Guard defected to the rebels. In February 1832 in Paris supporters of the Bourbons—the Legitimists, or Carlists as they were called by their adversaries—made an attempt to carry off the royal family in what would become known as the "conspiracy of rue des Prouvaires".


title: June Rebellion

text: This was followed by an insurrection in the Bourbon heartland of the Vendée led by Caroline, Duchess of Berry, mother of Henri, Count of Chambord, the Legitimist claimant to the throne as 'Henri V'. The duchess was captured in late 1832 and imprisoned until 1833. After this, the Legitimists renounced war and fell back on the press as a weapon.


title: June Rebellion

text: The republicans were led by secret societies formed of the most determined and ferocious members of their movement. These groups planned to provoke riots similar to those that had led to the 1830 July Revolution against the ministers of Charles X. The "Society of the Rights of Man" was one of the most instrumental. It was organized like an army, divided into sections of twenty members each (to evade the law that forbade the association of more than twenty persons), with a president and vice president for each section.


title: June Rebellion

text: The republican conspirators made their move at the public funeral of General Lamarque on 5 June. Groups of demonstrators took charge of the cortege and redirected it to the , where the Revolution had begun in 1789.


title: June Rebellion

text: Parisian workers and local youth were reinforced by Polish, Italian and German refugees, who had fled to Paris in the aftermath of crackdowns on republican and nationalist activities in their various homelands. They gathered around the catafalque on which the body rested. Speeches were made about Lamarque's support for Polish and Italian liberty, of which he had been a strong advocate in the months before his death. When a red flag bearing the words ("Liberty or Death") was raised, the crowd broke into disorder and shots were exchanged with government troops. The Marquis de Lafayette, who had given a speech in praise of Lamarque, called for calm, but the outbreak spread.


title: June Rebellion

text: The subsequent uprising put the roughly 3,000 insurgents in control of much of the eastern and central districts of Paris, between Chatelet, the Arsenal and the Faubourg Saint-Antoine, for one night. Cries were heard that the rioters would sup at the Tuileries Palace that evening. However, the rebellion failed to spread further.


title: June Rebellion

text: During the night of 5–6 June the 20,000 part-time militia of the Paris National Guard were reinforced by about 40,000 regular army troops under the command of the Comte de Lobau. This force occupied the peripheral districts of the capital.


title: June Rebellion

text: The insurgents made their stronghold in the Faubourg Saint-Martin, in the historic city center. They built barricades in the narrow streets around rue Saint-Martin and rue Saint-Denis.


title: June Rebellion

text: On the morning of 6 June the last rebels were surrounded at the intersection of rues Saint-Martin and Saint-Merry. At this point Louis-Philippe decided to show himself in the streets to confirm that he was still in control of the capital. Returning to Paris from Saint-Cloud, he met his ministers and generals at the Tuileries and declared a state of siege, then rode through the area of the rising, to the applause of the troops.


title: June Rebellion

text: The final struggle came at the Cloître Saint-Merry, where fighting continued until the early evening of 6 June. Total casualties in the rising were about 800. The army and national guard lost 73 killed and 344 wounded; on the insurgent side there were 93 killed and 291 wounded. The forces of the insurrection were spent.


title: June Rebellion

text: The government portrayed the rebels as an extremist minority. Louis-Philippe had shown more energy and personal courage than his Bourbon predecessor Charles X had during the July Revolution two years before. When the king appeared in public, his supporters greeted him with cheers. General Sébastini, the Foreign Minister, who directed government forces, stated that local citizens caught up in events congratulated him: "they accepted us with cries of "Vive le Roi" [Long live the King] and "Vive la liberté" [Long live Liberty], showing their joy at the success we had just obtained". Subsequent identification of rebels revealed that most (66%) were working-class, a high proportion being construction workers. Most others (34%) were shopkeepers or clerks.


title: June Rebellion

text: A large number of weapons were confiscated in raids, and there were fears that military law would be imposed. The government, which had come to power in a revolution, distanced itself from its own revolutionary past, famously removing from view Delacroix's painting "Liberty Leading the People", which had been commissioned to commemorate the events of 1830. According to Albert Boime, "after the uprising at the funeral of Lamarque in June 1832, it was never again openly displayed for fear of setting a bad example".


title: June Rebellion

text: A young painter, Michel Geoffroy, was charged with starting the rebellion by waving the red flag. He was sentenced to death, but a series of legal appeals led to a prison sentence. The real flag-bearer was found a month later, and imprisoned for just a month due to his obvious mental instability. Seven of the 82 trials led to other death sentences, all commuted to terms of imprisonment.


title: June Rebellion

text: Republicans used the trials to build support for their cause. Several rebels delivered republican speeches at their trial, including Charles Jeanne, one of the working-class leaders, who proudly defended his actions. He was convicted and imprisoned, and became a republican martyr. A pamphlet published in 1836 compared the last stand of the republicans to the heroic resistance of the 300 Spartans at the Battle of Thermopylae:


title: June Rebellion

text: A republican is virtue, perseverance; is devotion personified...[he] is Leonidas dying at Thermopylae, at the head of his 300 Spartans; he is also the 72 heroes who defended during 48 hours the approaches of the Cloître Saint-Merry from 60,000 men and who… threw themselves onto bayonets to obtain a glorious death.


title: June Rebellion

text: Louis-Philippe's regime was finally overthrown in the French Revolution of 1848, though the subsequent French Second Republic was short-lived. In the 1848 Revolution, Friedrich Engels published a retrospective in which he analyzed the tactical errors which led to the failure of the 1832 uprising, and drew lessons for the 1848 revolt. The main strategic deficit, he argued, was the failure to march immediately on the centre of power, the Hôtel de Ville.


title: June Rebellion

text: On 5 June 1832, young Victor Hugo was writing a play in the Tuileries Gardens when he heard the sound of gunfire from the direction of Les Halles. The park-keeper had to unlock the gate of the deserted gardens to let Hugo out. Instead of hurrying home, he followed the sounds through the empty streets, unaware that half of Paris had already fallen to the revolutionaries. All about Les Halles were barricades. Hugo headed north up rue Montmartre, then turned right onto Passage du Saumon (currently called Passage Ben-Aïad), at last turning before rue du Bout du Monde (currently called rue Saint-Sauveur). When he was halfway down the alley, the grilles at either end were slammed shut. Hugo was surrounded by barricades and found shelter between some columns in the street, where all the shops were shuttered. For a quarter of an hour, bullets flew both ways.


title: June Rebellion

text: In his novel "Les Misérables", published thirty years later in 1862, Hugo depicts the period leading up to this rebellion and follows the lives and interactions of several characters over a twenty-year period. The novel begins in 1815, the year of Napoleon's final defeat and climaxes with the battles of the 1832 June Rebellion. An outspoken republican activist, Hugo unquestionably favored the revolutionaries, although in "Les Miserables" he wrote about Louis-Philippe in sympathetic terms, as well as criticising him.


title: June Rebellion

text: "Les Misérables" gave the relatively little-known 1832 rebellion widespread renown. The novel is one of the few works of literature that discuss this June Rebellion and the events leading up to it, though many who have not read the book often wrongly assume that it takes place either during the more widely known French Revolution of the 1790s or the French Revolution of 1848.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel Hobbs is a fictional American musician and member of the British virtual band Gorillaz. He provides the drums and percussion for the band. Like all the other Gorillaz band members, he was created by Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett in 1998 and made his first official appearance in Gorillaz' debut EP Tomorrow Comes Today in 2000. Russel's spoken voice is supplied by Remi Kabaka Jr., who joined Gorillaz in an official capacity on actual percussion in 2016.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel Hobbs was originally conceptualized by Jamie Hewlett and Damon Albarn in 1998 as a metafictional representation of the hip hop aspects of Gorillaz, embodying the spirit of the bands' collaborations with various rappers over the years. He is referenced in the lyrics to the "Gorillaz" track "Clint Eastwood". He was originally inspired by Hewlett’s love for hip hop artists like Ice Cube (the cousin of rapper Del the Funky Homosapien, who raps on "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock The House" as Del the Ghost Rapper). Russel's speaking voice is provided by drummer and DJ Remi Kabaka Jr., who has been an actual drummer and producer for Gorillaz since "Humanz" in 2017. Russel's fictional backstory of being possessed by the spirits of dead musicians is what originally inspired the usage of collaborators and guests on Gorillaz' albums.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Originally from Brooklyn, Russel has experienced paranormal activity since his childhood. His first encounter with the supernatural occurred when he was just four years old. One winter night while on the way home to Brooklyn from Harlem with his parents, an ominous figure suddenly emerged from the shadows and his parents froze as the figure approached Russel with a cryptic statement about dancing with the Devil. During this encounter, Russel heard the Miles Davis song "It Never Entered My Mind" playing. Terrified, Russel closed his eyes and held tightly onto his blanket, and once he opened them, everything appeared to be back to normal, and he was with his parents on a train back home. Russel speculates that this may have been his first encounter with the Grim Reaper, who he would encounter multiple times later in his life. He wouldn't experience a supernatural event again until years later at the Xavier School for Young Achievers after being possessed by a demon and defending himself from a student who attacked him with a sword. The priest who exorcised the demon from Russel while he was in a coma recommended him to Brooklyn High School, which is where Russel's love for hip hop began. At some point, Russel and his friends were shot and killed in a drive-by shooting that took place one night outside of a 7-Eleven store, and all of their souls subsequently possessed his body. The Grim Reaper was also present during this event. After the drive-by took place, Russel was moved to the Belsize Park in London to live with his uncle for his own safety. While waiting at the airport for his flight to London, the same Miles Davis song that he heard during his encounter with the ominous figure as a child was playing over the loudspeakers.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel became a member of Gorillaz after being kidnapped by bassist Murdoc Niccals and taken away to the newly bought Kong Studios while working at a record store called Big Rick Black's Record Shop in Soho, London. Initially resistant, Russel decided to stay after being impressed by the music that was playing at the studio. He then became a member of Gorillaz shortly thereafter, taking on the role of the band's drummer.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: After Russel and the rest of Gorillaz parted ways in 2003, all of the souls that possessed Russel were exorcised from his body by the Grim Reaper, including Del the Ghost Rapper. Following this event, Russel moved into the basement of "Demon Days" collaborator Ike Turner while experiencing a mental breakdown. During his stay at Turner's, he attempted to make a solo record with a working title of "The Seventh Heaven Hip-Hop and Harmony", but production was eventually halted after the album became affected by paranormal activity. After this, Noodle's demos for "Demon Days" were beginning to become complete, and Russel was called in to contribute his drumming to the record. After the completion and release of "Demon Days" and its worldwide success, Russel departed from the group in a panic when Noodle was presumed dead and in Hell following the events of the music video for "El Mañana" in fear that he would be next. Russel then went on a journey to confront his inner demons and was absent for Gorillaz' live performance at the Apollo Theater.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: After learning that Murdoc made Gorillaz' third album without him and replaced him with a drum machine, he went on a journey across the ocean to find the band. During this journey, he became the size of a giant after consuming the contaminated material contained in the ocean. He is shown arriving on Plastic Beach with Noodle in the storyboard for the scrapped "Rhinestone Eyes" music video, after finding her in the music video for "On Melancholy Hill". After Plastic Beach was destroyed by the Black Clouds, Russel and Noodle swam away to an unknown location. Russel had little-to-no spoken dialogue in the "Plastic Beach" era of Gorillaz.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: In Gorillaz' 2016 interactive short story "The Book of Russel", it was revealed that after the events at Plastic Beach, Russel was mistaken for a whale and was harpooned off the coast of Japan. He managed to get away, but lost Noodle in the process. Russel was then captured by the North Korean government and declared a Pulgasari, becoming an attraction at a North Korean amusement park. North Korea's food rations eventually caused Russel to shrink back to his normal size and he's stayed mostly normal sized ever since. Following this, he was sent back to England, where he stayed at Gorillaz collaborator Jeff Wootton's house before they were both contacted by Murdoc and told the band were getting back together. After the "Humanz" campaign ended, Russel hosted a podcast for Deezer in 2018 called "Gorillaz: Things I Like", where he interviewed various "Humanz" collaborators.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: On 4 October 2019, Russel sent out a postcard to the band from Mexico while they were all on vacation in different areas across the world. He mentioned that he had recently started his own hot sauce business called Hobbs Hot Sauce and was hoping to see them soon, making reference to parts of a machine that the band were gathering that would later be revealed as the Song Machine, the latest audiovisual project from Gorillaz. In "Song Machine", Russel is the one responsible for gathering most of the artists to and from Kong Studios through its portals, as he did with 6lack in "The Pink Phantom". On 12 November 2020, Gorillaz announced that they were selling an official Hobbs Hot Sauce set made in collaboration with the hot sauce brand Barnfathers.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel is a heavy set African American character known for his large size and considerable weight. His height is 5 feet 9 inches tall, or 1.75 meters. According to an episode of "MTV Cribs" featuring Gorillaz, Russel is revealed to weigh 340 lbs, or 145.5 kg. In "Plastic Beach", he grew to be the size of a giant after consuming radioactive material in the ocean. In Gorillaz' 2016 interactive short story "The Book of Russel", it was revealed that Russel shrunk back to his regular size while in North Korea due to the country's meager food rations and he has been normal sized ever since. His eyes are a completely milky white color and have no visible pupils due to being possessed by spirits. He is often depicted wearing a fez hat, with the first appearance of this being in the music video for "Dirty Harry" in 2005. He is also sometimes designed wearing an eyepatch or a visor. As with all of the Gorillaz members, Russel has been shown to get older with the release of each new Gorillaz project. Originally in his mid-to-late 20s when "Gorillaz" was first released, Russel is now in his 40s. He has also been designed in many different outfits throughout the years and his clothes change regularly, unlike most cartoon characters.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel is wise and intelligent, with a wide range of knowledge about many subjects, especially music. He is said to have once engineered his own device called the Hip-hop machine, a drum machine that is said to be able to play every beat known to man. He is respectful and articulate, with an extensive vocabulary and good manners. He is loyal and has been shown to hate disloyalty from others. This is evident in his friendship with his bandmate Murdoc, whom Russel has physically assaulted multiple times for backstabbing Gorillaz frontman 2-D. Russel has been shown to be highly protective of those he cares about, especially 2-D and Noodle, although he has shown a dislike for Murdoc. He is generally cool, calm and collected, but has also shown a pattern of mental health issues and has displayed a high tendency to exhibit paranoia, experiencing many mental breakdowns throughout his life. He is passionate about social justice and human rights, sometimes reflecting on issues that affect the oppressed and disenfranchised. The wardrobe that Russel wore in "Humanz" was inspired by that of the Black Panther Party and the Sandinista National Liberation Front. Russel has been hinted at as being an associate of the African-American centered religious movement The Nation of Islam. He has listed the Nation of Islam leader Louis Farrakhan as an influence in interviews and spoken highly of Malcolm X. He has also been shown wearing various fezzes, which has historically been considered a symbol of devotion to Islam.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel is often shown sleeping or entranced in Gorillaz videos. In the "G-Bite" short "Jump The Gut", Russel is shown as asleep in the middle of the road. At the end of the music video for "DoYaThing", he is shown as sleeping on the rooftop of the band's apartment. In the music video for "Saturnz Barz", Russel attempts to fall asleep in a room in the Spirit House before being awakened by ghosts. In "Strobelite", Russel is shown sleeping on the couch at the beginning of the video. Russel is usually depicted as dazed and enchanted when drumming, especially when a spirit inside of him has been channeled. This happens in the music videos for "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock the House".


title: Russel Hobbs

text: In "Demon Days", Russel was portrayed as being a taxidermist, often shown with dead animals by his side in many images from this era. He briefly appeared in 2-D and Murdoc's 2017 interview with Telekom Electronic Beats through a phone call in which he makes accusatory claims towards 2-D and Murdoc. Russel has also shown an interest in conspiracy theories. In the music video for "Saturnz Barz", he wears a shirt with the phrase "It's Not Raël", in reference to the ancient astronaut theory religion of Raëlism. In an episode of the "Gorillaz: Things I Like" podcast, Russel discusses aliens and extraterrestrial beings with Gorillaz collaborator Peven Everett.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel speaks in a Brooklyn accent and frequently uses hip-hop lingo. He sometimes involuntarily slips into a very mild British accent and has used British slang, as a result of the amount of time he's spent as a citizen of London. Co-creator Jamie Hewlett originally envisioned Russel as having a much stronger British accent, but this was discouraged by co-creator Damon Albarn, who wanted him to speak in an American accent in order to better appeal to American audiences. His voice is low, deep, and soft, and he seldom raises his tone unless it is necessary.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel is Gorillaz' drummer. He (and the rest of Gorillaz) can play other instruments, but he usually sticks to percussion. He was not present for the recording of the album "Plastic Beach", with Murdoc replacing him with a drum machine for the album. He has been the in-universe selector of the collaborators for the band since "Humanz" in 2017. The spirit of his dead friend Del the Ghost Rapper was channeled for the Gorillaz debut album tracks "Clint Eastwood" and "Rock The House". Originally, "Clint Eastwood" featured the English rap group Phi Life Cypher, also portrayed in the song as beings inside Russel.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Creators Damon Albarn and Jamie Hewlett have attributed him to being the sole band member responsible for the Gorillaz remix of Redman's "Let's Get Dirty (I Can't Get in da Club)". In "Rise of the Ogre", he is also said to be the sole musician behind the production of the "G-Sides" track "The Sounder". Gorillaz' self-titled debut album's creative process has been stated by 2-D as being led by Russel.


title: Russel Hobbs

text: Russel and the rest of Gorillaz appear in the back cover of Jamie Hewlett's 2017 art book alongside characters from Hewlett's other projects.


title: 2004 in film

text: 2004 in film is an overview of events, including the highest-grossing films, award ceremonies, festivals, a list of country-specific lists of films released, notable deaths and film debuts. "Shrek 2" was the year's top-grossing film, and "Million Dollar Baby" won the Academy Award for Best Picture.


title: 2004 in film

text: Renowned American film critic and professor Emanuel Levy described 2004 as "a banner year for actors, particularly men." He went on to emphasize, "I can't think of another year in which there were so many good performances, in every genre. It was a year in which we saw the entire spectrum of demographics displayed on the big screen, from vet actors such as Clint Eastwood and Morgan Freeman, to seniors such as Pacino, De Niro, and Hoffman, to newcomers such as Topher Grace. As always, though, the center of the male acting pyramid is occupied by actors in their forties and fifties, such as Sean Penn, Johnny Depp, Liam Neeson, Kevin Kline, Don Cheadle, Jim Carrey. In terms of film genres, Levy stated, "The year's most prominent genre was the biopicture, a genre that in the past has suffered from lack of prestige and abundance of clichs. There were a dozen worthy biopictures, including "Alexander", "The Aviator", "Beyond the Sea", "Finding Neverland", "Hotel Rwanda", "Kinsey", "Motorcycle Diaries", and "Ray". Celebrating entrepreneurs, playwrights, singers, sex researchers, composers, and politicians, they continued to show one alarming bias: They were all about men. You don't have to be a feminist critic or a sociologist to deduct that, as far as real or reel heroes are concerned, women matter less in Hollywood and American society at large. Can't anyone come up with a strong part for a femme-driven bio a la British film "Vera Drake", without relegating women to showbiz personae." Levy also stated, "Classic Hollywood cinema, which reached its height during the golden age of studio system and has been in decline, is kept alive by one major force: Clint Eastwood. The "Man With No Name" has become the "Man With the Best Name", a director who's experiencing an unparallel artistic height with “Million Dollar Baby,” a follow-up to the equally sublime "Mystic River"."


title: 2004 in film

text: "Shrek 2" set a new record for total gross by an animated film making it the highest-grossing animated film of all time. The record was later surpassed by "Toy Story 3" in 2010. On July 7, "Spider-Man 2" reached a $200 million domestic gross in a record time of eight days. On July 18, after 19 days in release, "Spider-Man 2" reached $300 million domestically in another record time. "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban" has the highest international revenue of $546 million compared to "Shrek 2"s $487.5 million.


title: 2004 in film

text: "The Passion of the Christ", directed by Mel Gibson, became the first blockbuster motion picture of 2004 and also the highest grossing R-rated film domestically. "Meet the Fockers" beat 2003's "Bruce Almighty" record for the highest-grossing comedy film; both were released by Universal.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The toothbrush moustache is a style of moustache in which the sides are vertical (or nearly vertical) rather than tapered, giving the hairs the appearance of the bristles on a toothbrush that are attached to the nose. It was made famous by such comedians as Charlie Chaplin and Oliver Hardy. The style first became popular in the United States in the late 19th century; from there it spread to Germany and elsewhere, reaching a height of popularity in the interwar years, before becoming unfashionable after World War II due to its strong association with Nazi leader Adolf Hitler. The association has become strong enough that the toothbrush has also become known as the "Hitler moustache".


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: In the post-war years, the style was worn by some notable individuals, including several Israeli politicians and American real-estate developer Fred Trump. From the 1960s onwards, it has appeared in works of popular culture, including cartoons, caricatures, and comedy—usually eliciting the association with Hitler.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The toothbrush originally became popular in the late 19th century, in the United States. It was a neat, uniform, low-maintenance style that echoed the standardization and uniformity brought on by industrialization, in contrast to the more flamboyant moustaches typical of the 19th century such as the imperial, walrus, handlebar, horseshoe, and pencil moustaches.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Charlie Chaplin was one of the most famous wearers of the toothbrush moustache, first adopting it in 1914 after his first film, "Making a Living", for his Mack Sennett silent comedies. In a 1933 interview, Chaplin said he added the moustache to his costume because it had a comical appearance and was small enough so as not to hide his expression. Nazi leader Adolf Hitler was a fan of Chaplin films, but according to cultural historian Ron Rosenbaum, "there is no evidence (though some speculation) that Hitler modeled his 'stache on [Chaplin's]". Chaplin took advantage of the noted similarity between his onscreen appearance and that of Hitler in his 1940 film "The Great Dictator", where he wore the moustache in a dual role, one of which parodied Hitler.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Comedian Oliver Hardy also adopted the moustache style—using it at least as early as the 1921 film "The Lucky Dog". Although Groucho Marx donned a larger moustache, novelty Groucho glasses (marketed as early as the 1940s) often elicit the toothbrush. American film producer Walt Disney is sometimes claimed to have worn the style (1920s–1930s), but was a more traditional (i.e. notched) moustache limited to the width of the nose. Another prominent animation producer, Max Fleischer, had a toothbrush moustache.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The style was introduced in Germany in the late 19th century by visiting Americans. Prior to the toothbrush, the most popular style was called the 'Kaiser moustache', perfumed and turned up at the ends, as worn by German emperor Wilhelm II. By 1907, enough Germans were wearing the toothbrush moustache to elicit notice by "The New York Times" under the headline "'TOOTHBRUSH' MUSTACHE; German Women Resent Its Usurpation of the [Kaiser moustache]". The toothbrush was taken up by German automobile racer and folk hero Hans Koeppen in the famous 1908 New York to Paris Race, cementing its popularity among young gentry. Koeppen was described as "Six-feet in height, slim, and athletic, with a toothbrush mustache characteristic of his class, he looks the ideal type of the young Prussian guardsman." By the end of World War I, even some of the German royals were sporting the toothbrush; Crown Prince Wilhelm can be seen with a toothbrush moustache in a 1918 photograph that shows him about to be sent into exile. German serial killer Peter Kürten (1883–1931) took up the style and eventually reduced it to only the philtrum.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Hitler originally wore the Kaiser moustache, as evidenced by photographs of him as a soldier during World War I. There is no agreement as to what year he first adopted the toothbrush. Alexander Moritz Frey, who served with Hitler during the First World War, claimed that the latter wore the toothbrush style in the trenches after he was ordered to trim his moustache to facilitate the wearing of a gas mask. A 1914 photograph by Heinrich Hoffmann purports to show Hitler with a smaller moustache, but was probably doctored to serve as Nazi propaganda. According to other sources, Hitler did not wear the style until 1919.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Despite the photographic evidence of his much larger moustache during the First World War, Hitler's sister-in-law, Bridget Hitler, said she was responsible for giving Hitler his toothbrush moustache before the war—considered by most scholars to be fiction designed to cash in on Hitler's notoriety. Bridget claimed that Adolf spent a "lost winter" at her home in Liverpool in 1912–13. The two quarreled a lot, mostly, she said, because she could not stand his unruly Kaiser moustache. He cut it, as she says in her memoirs, but that in doing so—as in most things—he went too far.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Anton Drexler, a mentor of Hitler, wore a notched version of the toothbrush. Friedrich Kellner, a Social Democrat who campaigned against Hitler, also wore the style. Many notable Nazis besides Hitler donned it, including Heinrich Himmler, Karl Holz, Ernst Röhm and Hitler's chauffeur Julius Schreck. Additionally, an apparent body double of Hitler was found wearing the style in the aftermath of the dictator's death.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The toothbrush was quite popular in the Soviet Union in the early 20th century. A Chaplin-influenced clown named Karandash had a version of it. Many Soviet officers and soldiers wore it up until World War II. In more unique displays, Commander Pavel Dybenko paired the style with his beard and Major General Hazi Aslanov wore a variant covering only the philtrum.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: English author George Orwell wore it . Spanish general Francisco Franco, the dictator of Spain from 1939 to 1975, had a toothbrush .


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: After World War II, the style fell from favour in much of the world due to its strong association with Hitler, but some notable people continued to wear it. American real-estate developer Fred Trump, the father of former U.S. president Donald Trump, sported it from as early as until perhaps 1950, although during the war he began concealing his German ancestry. Several politicians of Israel (formed as a state in 1948) flaunted the style, some for much of their careers. Austrian chancellor Julius Raab exhibited it in while negotiating for restored independence. Hitler's dentist, Hugo Blaschke (), wore a similar style—displaying an explicit toothbrush later in life.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The style was utilized in cartoon works beginning as early as the 1960s. Osamu Tezuka's "Astro Boy" manga and the anime series of the same name feature characters with the style, the latter including caricatures resembling nasal hair. The early 1960s American animated sitcom "The Jetsons" features a character with the moustache style—George Jetson's boss, Cosmo Spacely. Additionally, American comic-book artist Steve Ditko's original design for Spider-Man supporting character J. Jonah Jameson sports a toothbrush moustache, apparently meant to make him seem Hitleresque and thus antagonistic; most subsequent comic and cartoon appearances of the character maintain the style or a variant thereof. The British sitcom "On the Buses" (1969–1973) features a comedic villain who wears the style.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Inspired by Chaplin (and disregarding associations with Hitler), keyboardist Ron Mael of the American rock band Sparks maintained a toothbrush moustache throughout most of the 1970s and 1980s. The band received mainstream attention in 1974 with "This Town Ain't Big Enough for Both of Us", popularized via British music television series "Top of the Pops". While watching this, John Lennon allegedly phoned his former Beatles bandmate Ringo Starr and referenced the similarity of Mael's appearance to Hitler. The 1982 Sparks song "Moustache" includes the lyrics: "And when I trimmed it very small / My Jewish friends would never call," referencing the association with Hitler and his role in enacting the Holocaust. The band once had a booking to perform on a French television show cancelled due to Mael's moustache. In later years, Mael wore a pencil-variant of the toothbrush.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Former Zimbabwean president Robert Mugabe wore the philtrum-only style from as early as to as late as .


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: Between 1985 and 1989, the British children's television drama series "Grange Hill" featured an authoritarian teacher played by Maurice Bronson (who also portrayed Hitler in several productions) wearing the toothbrush style.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: In a 1992 home movie, Nirvana lead singer Kurt Cobain invoked a Hitler moustache (via fake eyelashes) while wearing a dress to mock a pejorative letter to the editor about his wife, Courtney Love. This was featured in the 2015 documentary "" and shared online to promote the film.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: In Mike Judge's 2006 comedy film "Idiocracy", the society of a greatly dumbed-down future believes that Charlie Chaplin, not Hitler, led the Nazis. In 2009, English comedian Richard Herring created a stand-up show titled "Hitler Moustache" in which he wears the facial-hair style in an attempt to "reclaim the toothbrush moustache for comedyit was Chaplin's first, then Hitler ruined it." Herring wore the moustache for about a week, during which time he was anxious about the judgements he thought were being made of him.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: In May 2010, American basketball star Michael Jordan appeared in a Hanes commercial sporting a hybrid of the toothbrush and pencil moustache, along with a soul patch. This prompted Jordan's friend Charles Barkley to say, "I don't know what the hell he was thinking and I don't know what Hanes was thinking. I mean it is just stupid. It is just bad, plain and simple."


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: In 2014, a photograph of Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu and German Chancellor Angela Merkel provoked online amusement due to the former's pointing finger casting a Hitleresque shadow onto the latter's face. Late that same year, Southern All Stars frontman Keisuke Kuwata briefly donned a toothbrush moustache during a televised performance, prompting online speculation as to the reason.


title: Toothbrush moustache

text: The moustache has come to be a symbol of satire and protest, maligning people in power perceived to be acting like Hitler. In 2021, Amazon changed its app logo following complaints that part of the design, meant to look like a piece of tape sealing a box, resembled a Hitler moustache. Contrarily, some facial-hair media outlets have endorsed the moustache as being appropriate to wear again—especially variations diverging from the strictly rectangular version made famous by Hitler and emphasizing that many other notable individuals brandished it.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes

text: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes is a 2014 stealth game developed by Kojima Productions and published by Konami. It is the eighth game in the "Metal Gear" series directed, written and designed by Hideo Kojima, and serves as a prologue to "", released the following year. Set in 1975, a few months after the events of "", the story follows Snake as he infiltrates an American black site in Cuba called Camp Omega, attempting to rescue Cipher agent Paz Ortega Andrade and former Sandinista child soldier Ricardo "Chico" Valenciano Libre.


title: Metal Gear Solid V: Ground Zeroes

text: "Ground Zeroes" offers players new sneaking and traversal methods compared to its predecessors, as well as the choice in what order the story events take place by selecting missions in any order they chose. The game was originally developed as a mission for "The Phantom Pain" but an extended development time resulted in director Hideo Kojima splitting the specific portion of the game as a stand-alone product so that players could get early access to "Metal Gear Solid V".