title: Transvestism

text: When cross-dressing occurs for erotic purposes over a period of at least six months and also causes significant distress or impairment, the behavior is considered a mental disorder in the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", and the psychiatric diagnosis "transvestic fetishism" is applied.


title: Transvestism

text: In some cultures, transvestism is practiced for religious, traditional or ceremonial reasons. For example, in India some male devotees of the Hindu god Krishna, especially in Mathura and Vrindavan, dress in female attire to pose as his consort, the goddess Radha, as an act of devotion. In Italy, the Neapolitan "femminielli" wear wedding dresses, called the "matrimonio dei femminielli" (marriage of the feminine males), a procession takes place through the streets, a tradition that apparently has pagan origins.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: 7 Days to Die is an early access survival horror video game set in an open world developed by The Fun Pimps. It was released through Early Access on Steam for Microsoft Windows and Mac OS X on December 13, 2013, and for Linux on November 22, 2014. Versions for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were released in 2016 through Telltale Publishing, but are no longer being developed.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The game's events happen during aftermath of a nuclear Third World War that destroyed an extremely large part of the world, except for some areas such as the fictional county of Navezgane, Arizona. The player is a survivor of the war who must survive by finding shelter, food and water, as well as scavenging supplies to fend off the numerous zombies (hinted to be the consequence of nuclear fallout, a new strain of flu, or both) that populate Navezgane. Though there is no real objective except surviving at this moment, the developers promised a dynamic storyline in the Kickstarter and stretch goals. The video with more explanation has since been removed by the developer.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: In "7 Days to Die", the player spawns into a randomly-generated world or the preset world of Navezgane, Arizona, with the objective of surviving for as long as possible against the elements and the zombie hordes. As a survival game, the player character is in constant need of water and food for sustenance, as well as being vulnerable to injury and illness. The game is voxel-based (similar in some aspects to "Minecraft", but with smooth terrain), allowing for simple building and destruction of objects in a physics-simulated environment (for example, building a structure with no support such as pillars and walls can lead to its collapse). Objects in the world degrade through use, so the player has to search for or make new tools as the game progresses. The player can also gather and create materials—from nature and the remnants of human civilization—to construct these necessary items.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: While the game includes wildlife that can be hunted for food or will hunt the player, the main hazard is zombies, which are affected by the game's day/night cycle—during the day they are relatively slow-moving and easy targets that can only detect the player at relatively close ranges, but at night they become feral, which makes them move much faster and thus greatly increases their threat. As the in-game days progress, tougher and more aggressive variants begin to appear. Stealth and distraction can be used to avoid unnecessary conflict. They are also drawn to areas of human (i.e. player) activity, and will relentlessly attack anything that impedes their movement until they are killed or the obstacle is destroyed, including player-built fortifications. Should they detect the player, zombies will apply the same single-minded pursuit until the player is either dead, or leaves the immediate area.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The game's title is a reference to an important Blood Moon event that occurs every seventh day of in-game time, whereby hordes of zombies and wild infected animals attack the player's current location "en masse". Unless sufficient preparation has been made and defenses constructed, the player will quickly be overwhelmed.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The world of Navezgane is composed of multiple biomes, or geographic areas. These include dry deserts, temperate forests, snowy fields, as well as a scorched wasteland. Each biome has unique resources that can be obtained, thus encouraging exploration across the map by players.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: Multiplayer is available through player-hosted servers and enables multiple players to interact and communicate with each other on a single world. Interactions can be cooperative or hostile depending on the used server options. Players can run their own servers or use a hosting provider. Single player worlds have local area network support, allowing players to join worlds on locally interconnected computers without a server setup. Players are also able to provide Wide Area Network support via single player worlds. "7 Days to Die" servers can run on consoles, Windows and Linux. There are two supported game modes for multiplayer: Survival (both randomly generated and standard) and Creative. The console version of the game supported split screen cooperative multiplayer.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The Windows alpha version of the game was released on August 16, 2013, for people who pre-ordered the game on either Kickstarter or PayPal. As of August 11, 2013, development of the game is ongoing with a Kickstarter campaign ending on August 15. The estimated release date was May 2014 for Microsoft Windows; Macintosh and Linux versions were planned for later in the year.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The game was also greenlight on Steam after 23 days getting over 75,000 yes votes, 8,340 followers, and 8,700 favorites. It was number one on Steam Greenlight, after only 16 days with over 56,000 votes. The Mac version was released on September 13, 2013, at the same time as update Alpha 1.1.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: On September 15, 2021, developers Fun Pimps announced a development stream hosted on Twitch offering a look at what's to come for Alpha 20 and exclusive insider news.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: "7 Days To Die" was released to the public on Alpha 1.0. Only users who had backed the game via the Kickstarter Campaign or who bought it via PayPal had access to the Alpha until Alpha 5.0, which was released on Steam as an Early Access game on December 13, 2013.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: Since the Alpha release of 7 Days To Die, there have been multiple major updates containing features such as a new snow biome, forging systems, new weapons, general graphical changes and smoother terrains.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: Alpha 7.8 was released on April 4, 2014, followed by Alpha 7.9 on April 8, and Alpha 7.10 April 19. Alpha 8 was released on May 7, 2014, which updated the visuals for zombie animations and smoothed the terrain for a final time. Alpha 9 was released on August 19, 2014, and added random generated worlds, new injuries, new light effects, and new graphics. Alpha Version 10 was released on November 22, 2014, and added a new character creation system with face/body morphing and visible clothing, a new zombie horde world heat map system and a new wellness system.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: Alpha Version 11 was released on April 2, 2015, where the developers updated to Unity 5, which includes many graphical improvements, a new quality range system for guns, weapons, tools and armor and a new Zombie called "Feral". Alpha 12 was released on July 3, 2015, and added a new vehicle system with a Mini Bike, first weather system, new sound and physic systems, among other fixes and additions. Alpha 13 was released on December 10, 2015, adding temperature survival elements, a skill system, and a redesigned crafting system. The difficulty of the game has increased, but it continues to be popular.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: Alpha 14 was released on March 26, 2016, with further improvements and more features, a lot of bug fixes, as well as some performance and graphic optimizations. Alpha 15 was then released on October 5, 2016, with major improvements to random generated maps, a trader system, a new difficulty scaling and several more features. The UMA-Zombies that were introduced in this Alpha would be removed in Alpha 16.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: On June 6, 2017, Alpha 16 was released. This release added electricity to the game for the first time and introduced various traps including electric fences and spinning blades. On November 19, 2018, Alpha 17 was formally released which added a quest system as well as new vehicles and numerous system overhauls. This build also featured new main menu music, marking the beginning of a large audio overhaul. The new music and sound design from Alpha 17 onwards would be produced by Native Darkness Productions. On October 2, 2019, Alpha 18 was released, which optimized and balanced the changes from Alpha 17, and also added new things to the game (Improved Random World Gen, new infection system, weapons and schematics, locations and POIs, zombie enrage mode etc.). This build also introduced what would be called the Dynamic Music System (abbreviated as DMS). On June 27, 2020, Alpha 19 was released, which added a new loot system, new weapons and tools, candy, a new critical hit system, new POIs and new texture overhauls for the zombies.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: On December 1, 2021, Alpha 20 was released. The devs referred to this update as "by far the largest content drop" they had ever released for the game. Features included, but were not limited to: overhauling the random world generation feature, adding large numbers of new POIs, and giving items, objects, and enemies higher quality 3D models. The blunderbuss, which was the only firearm available to the player in prior versions, was replaced with a new lineup of makeshift pipe weapons.Though the update added a lot of new content, there was some criticism levied against the developers for the game remaining in the Alpha stage almost a decade after its launch.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: February 1, 2022 saw the release of Alpha 20.1. With the previously mentioned release of Alpha 20 came new bugs, updates, and exploits. Alpha 20.1 saw many of these resolved. Most notably, there were fixes done to a number of POIs, a fix for several duplication glitches, and a fix for achievements. Additionally, there were a number of balance changes made based on player's feedback.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: In April 2016, the game was announced for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. It was published by Telltale Publishing and released in June and July 2016.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The most recent update for the console versions, Patch 13, was released on December 13, 2017. This patch updates the PlayStation 4 version of the game to version 1.18, and the Xbox One version of the game to version 1.0.18.0.(alpha 18)


title: 7 Days to Die

text: On September 21, 2018, Telltale Games abruptly laid off most of its staff due to financial problems, and on October 11, 2018, began liquidating its assets through Sherwood Partners. A statement by The Fun Pimps on November 13, 2018, via their official online forum stated “upon hearing the news, The Fun Pimps immediately terminated its license agreement with Telltale, which only allowed publishing rights on the console ports of the 7 Days to Die game.” They went on to say that this “also severed Telltale's rights to any future updates or sequels of the 7 Days to Die franchise.”


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The Fun Pimps released a statement on 16 October 2019, stating that the developer had re-acquired the publishing rights to the game. The future of the console ports, which has not been updated since 2017, is not entirely clear. There is no active development happening.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions of "7 Days to Die" received "unfavorable" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: 7 Days to Die

text: As of May 2021, the game is rated "very positive" overall by over 118,000 reviews on Steam, and was one of the "Top 100 Selling games of 2017" on Steam, despite still being in alpha stage development.


title: Fable

text: Fable is a literary genre: a succinct fictional story, in prose or verse, that features animals, legendary creatures, plants, inanimate objects, or forces of nature that are anthropomorphized, and that illustrates or leads to a particular moral lesson (a "moral"), which may at the end be added explicitly as a concise maxim or saying.


title: Fable

text: A fable differs from a parable in that the latter "excludes" animals, plants, inanimate objects, and forces of nature as actors that assume speech or other powers of humankind. Conversely, an animal tale specifically includes talking animals as characters.


title: Fable

text: Usage has not always been so clearly distinguished. In the King James Version of the New Testament, "" (""mythos"") was rendered by the translators as "fable" in the First Epistle to Timothy, the Second Epistle to Timothy, the Epistle to Titus and the First Epistle of Peter.


title: Fable

text: The fable is one of the most enduring forms of folk literature, spread abroad, modern researchers agree, less by literary anthologies than by oral transmission. Fables can be found in the literature of almost every country.


title: Fable

text: The varying corpus denoted "Aesopica" or "Aesop's Fables" includes most of the best-known western fables, which are attributed to the legendary Aesop, supposed to have been a slave in ancient Greece around 550 BCE. When Babrius set down fables from the "Aesopica" in verse for a Hellenistic Prince "Alexander," he expressly stated at the head of Book II that this type of "myth" that Aesop had introduced to the "sons of the Hellenes" had been an invention of "Syrians" from the time of "Ninos" (personifying Nineveh to Greeks) and Belos ("ruler"). Epicharmus of Kos and Phormis are reported as having been among the first to invent comic fables. Many familiar fables of Aesop include "The Crow and the Pitcher", "The Tortoise and the Hare" and "The Lion and the Mouse". In ancient Greek and Roman education, the fable was the first of the "progymnasmata"—training exercises in prose composition and public speaking—wherein students would be asked to learn fables, expand upon them, invent their own, and finally use them as persuasive examples in longer forensic or deliberative speeches. The need of instructors to teach, and students to learn, a wide range of fables as material for their declamations resulted in their being gathered together in collections, like those of Aesop.


title: Fable

text: African oral culture has a rich story-telling tradition. As they have for thousands of years, people of all ages in Africa continue to interact with nature, including plants, animals and earthly structures such as rivers, plains, and mountains. Grandparents enjoy enormous respect in African societies and fill the new role of story-telling during retirement years. Children and, to some extent, adults are mesmerized by good story-tellers when they become animated in their quest to tell a good fable.


title: Fable

text: Joel Chandler Harris wrote African-American fables in the Southern context of slavery under the name of Uncle Remus. His stories of the animal characters Brer Rabbit, Brer Fox, and Brer Bear are modern examples of African-American story-telling, this though should not transcend critiques and controversies as to whether or not Uncle Remus was a racist or apologist for slavery. The Disney movie "Song of the South" introduced many of the stories to the public and others not familiar with the role that storytelling played in the life of cultures and groups without training in speaking, reading, writing, or the cultures to which they had been relocated to from world practices of capturing Africans and other indigenous populations to provide slave labor to colonized countries.


title: Fable

text: India has a rich tradition of fables, many derived from traditional stories and related to local natural elements. Indian fables often teach a particular moral. In some stories the gods have animal aspects, while in others the characters are archetypal talking animals similar to those found in other cultures. Hundreds of fables were composed in ancient India during the first millennium BCE, often as stories within frame stories. Indian fables have a mixed cast of humans and animals. The dialogues are often longer than in fables of Aesop and often comical as the animals try to outwit one another by trickery and deceit. In Indian fables, humanity is not presented as superior to the animals. Prime examples of the fable in India are the Panchatantra and the Jataka tales. These included Vishnu Sarma's "Panchatantra", the "Hitopadesha", "Vikram and The Vampire", and Syntipas' "Seven Wise Masters", which were collections of fables that were later influential throughout the Old World. Ben E. Perry (compiler of the "Perry Index" of Aesop's fables) has argued controversially that some of the Buddhist "Jataka tales" and some of the fables in the "Panchatantra" may have been influenced by similar Greek and Near Eastern ones. Earlier Indian epics such as Vyasa's "Mahabharata" and Valmiki's "Ramayana" also contained fables within the main story, often as side stories or back-story. The most famous folk stories from the Near East were the "One Thousand and One Nights", also known as the "Arabian Nights".


title: Fable

text: The Panchatantra is an ancient Indian assortment of fables. The earliest recorded work, ascribed to Vishnu Sharma, dates to around 300 BCE. The tales are likely much older than the compilation, having been passed down orally prior to the book's compilation. The word “Panchatantra” is a blend of the words "pancha" (which means "five" in Sanskrit) and "tantra" (which means "weave"). It implies weaving together multiple threads of narrative and moral lessons together to form a book.


title: Fable

text: Fables had a further long tradition through the Middle Ages, and became part of European high literature. During the 17th century, the French fabulist Jean de La Fontaine (1621–1695) saw the soul of the fable in the moral — a rule of behavior. Starting with the Aesopian pattern, La Fontaine set out to satirize the court, the church, the rising bourgeoisie, indeed the entire human scene of his time. La Fontaine's model was subsequently emulated by England's John Gay (1685–1732); Poland's Ignacy Krasicki (1735–1801); Italy's Lorenzo Pignotti (1739–1812) and Giovanni Gherardo de Rossi (1754–1827); Serbia's Dositej Obradović (1739–1811); Spain's Félix María de Samaniego (1745–1801) and Tomás de Iriarte y Oropesa (1750–1791); France's Jean-Pierre Claris de Florian (1755–94); and Russia's Ivan Krylov (1769–1844).


title: Fable

text: In modern times, while the fable has been trivialized in children's books, it has also been fully adapted to modern adult literature. Felix Salten's "Bambi" (1923) is a "Bildungsroman" — a story of a protagonist's coming-of-age — cast in the form of a fable. James Thurber used the ancient fable style in his books "Fables for Our Time" (1940) and "Further Fables for Our Time" (1956), and in his stories "The Princess and the Tin Box" in "The Beast in Me and Other Animals" (1948) and "The Last Clock: A Fable for the Time, Such As It Is, of Man" in "Lanterns and Lances" (1961). Władysław Reymont's "The Revolt" (1922), a metaphor for the Bolshevik Revolution of 1917, described a revolt by animals that take over their farm in order to introduce "equality." George Orwell's "Animal Farm" (1945) similarly satirized Stalinist Communism in particular, and totalitarianism in general, in the guise of animal fable.


title: Fable

text: In the 21st century, the Neapolitan writer Sabatino Scia is the author of more than two hundred fables that he describes as “western protest fables.” The characters are not only animals, but also things, beings, and elements from nature. Scia's aim is the same as in the traditional fable, playing the role of revealer of human society. In Latin America, the brothers Juan and Victor Ataucuri Garcia have contributed to the resurgence of the fable. But they do so with a novel idea: use the fable as a means of dissemination of traditional literature of that place. In the book "Fábulas Peruanas" , published in 2003, they have collected myths, legends, and beliefs of Andean and Amazonian Peru, to write as fables. The result has been an extraordinary work rich in regional nuances. Here we discover the relationship between man and his origin, with nature, with its history, its customs and beliefs then become norms and values.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Roland Ratzenberger (; 4 July 1960 – 30 April 1994) was an Austrian racing driver who raced in various categories of motorsport, including British Formula 3000, Japanese Formula 3000 and Formula One. Having had sporadic success throughout the lower formulas, Ratzenberger managed to secure an F1 seat in for the new Simtek team, at the unusually old age of 33. He was killed in a crash during qualifying for the 1994 San Marino Grand Prix just three races into his F1 career. The weekend would become notorious for also seeing the death of Ayrton Senna, a three time world champion, during the race the following day.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: The Grand Prix Drivers' Association was reformed as a direct result of Ratzenberger's death, while the weekend as a whole led to a markedly increased emphasis on safety in the sport.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger was born in Salzburg, Austria, on 4 July 1960. When he was seven, his grandmother took him to a local hillclimb race at Gaisberg. Ιn 1969, the Salzburgring opened near his home. As a teenager, he discovered that racer and Formula Ford team owner Walter Lechner was based nearby and, while studying at a technical school, began to hang around the workshop. On finishing his education at eighteen, he joined Lechner, who was at this time opening a racing school at the Salzburgring.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: In the winter of 1991, in Monaco, and after what Adam Cooper described as "a whirlwind courtship," Ratzenberger married the former partner of another driver, becoming stepfather to her son from a previous relationship. They were divorced around the start of the 1992 season.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger began racing in German Formula Ford in 1983, and in 1985 won both the Austrian and Central European Formula Ford championships. In 1985, he entered the Formula Ford Festival at Brands Hatch in England, finishing second. He returned in 1986 to win the event, before graduating to British Formula 3 the following season. While in the UK, he briefly gained fame for the similarity of his name to that of TV puppet Roland Rat, with whom he appeared in an edition of "TV-am"; the "TV-am" branding appeared for a time on his car.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Two years in British F3 yielded two 12th places in the championship with West Surrey Racing and Madgwick Motorsport. He also raced in other cars besides single seaters, once finishing second in the 1987 World Touring Car Championship driving a Team Schnitzer BMW M3. In 1988, he entered the final few rounds of the British Touring Car Championship in a class B BMW M3, racing for the Demon Tweeks team. The next year, he entered the British Formula 3000 series, finishing third overall, and also raced in the Le Mans 24 Hours for the first time; the Brun Motorsport, Porsche 962 he shared with Maurizio Sandro Sala and Walter Lechner retired in the third hour. He would take part in the next four Le Mans races, with Brun again in 1991, and with the SARD team in 1990, 1992 and 1993.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: In the 1990s, Ratzenberger began racing primarily in Japan. He won one race each in 1990 and 1991 in the Japanese Sports Prototype Championship with the same SARD team he drove for at Le Mans. He also returned to touring car racing in the Japanese Touring Car Championship, finishing seventh in 1990 and 1991 in a BMW M3. During the latter year, Ratzenberger tested a CART Lola T91/00 for Dick Simon Racing at Willow Springs.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: This paved the way for a return to Formula 3000 in the Japanese championship, with the Stellar team in the 1992 season. His year began poorly but, when the team upgraded their two-year-old Lola for a new model, Ratzenberger won once to finish seventh overall. He remained in the series in 1993, finishing 11th. That year, he achieved his highest finish at Le Mans, as he, Mauro Martini, and Naoki Nagasaka finished fifth in a Toyota 93 C-V.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger greatly desired to race in Formula One, especially as former rivals in F3000, such as Eddie Irvine and Johnny Herbert, managed to reach the top level while he did not. He came very close to securing a drive with the Jordan team for their inaugural season in 1991. Negotiations were at a very advanced stage when Ratzenberger lost the financial support of a "major sponsor."


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: In 1994, he achieved his ambition of becoming a Formula One driver. After gaining a sponsor in a wealthy German woman, who negotiated a deal over the 1993-4 winter, Ratzenberger signed a five-race deal with the new Simtek team, partnering David Brabham. With a very uncompetitive car, Ratzenberger failed to qualify for the first race at Interlagos. However, the next round at the TI Circuit in Aida went much better, as he not only managed to qualify, but finish in a very commendable eleventh place, even considering that he was the only driver who had raced at the venue before.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: The San Marino Grand Prix at Imola would have been Ratzenberger's third race in Formula One. During the first qualifying session on Friday 29 April, he asked the more experienced Brabham to test his car out; the Australian vindicated Ratzenberger's assessment of the brakes, which had been troubling him at the previous races. According to Brabham, the issue was soon resolved to the satisfaction of both. The session was overshadowed when Jordan driver Rubens Barrichello hit a kerb at the "Variante Bassa" corner; his car, travelling at , was sent airborne, and collided with the tyre barrier. Having received injuries to his nose and arm, Barrichello was transferred to a nearby hospital, and took no further part in the weekend.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: The next day, the second qualifying session proceeded as normal. Early in the session, Ratzenberger went off the track at the Acqua Minerale chicane. With his sponsor in attendance for the first time, and at the halfway point of his contract, he decided to carry on, after checking the car to the best of his abilities. Unknown to him, the minor incident had damaged his front wing; after a spin at the Tosa hairpin the previous lap, as he tried to turn into the high-downforce Villeneuve corner, it broke and became lodged under the car, which crashed into the outside wall at .


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger was transferred by ambulance to Imola Circuit's medical centre, then by air ambulance to the Maggiore Hospital in Bologna where he was pronounced dead upon arrival. He had suffered three individually fatal injuries: a basilar skull fracture, which was named as the official cause of death; blunt trauma from the front-left tyre penetrating the survival cell; and a ruptured aorta. Ratzenberger was the first racing driver to lose his life at a grand prix weekend since the 1982 season, when Riccardo Paletti was killed at the Canadian Grand Prix at the Circuit Gilles Villeneuve. Ratzenberger was also the first driver to die as a result of a crash in an F1 car since Elio de Angelis during testing for the 1986 Formula One season.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Bernie Ecclestone personally delivered the confirmation of Ratzenberger's death to the stunned Simtek team. Grieving, Brabham made the decision to compete on Sunday:


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ayrton Senna commandeered an official car to hurry to the medical center; he learnt of Ratzenberger's death from friend and neurosurgeon Sid Watkins. Watkins suggested to the inconsolable Senna that he withdraw from the following day's race and go fishing instead, and asked him if he wanted to stop racing. Senna famously responded "I cannot quit, I have to go on," and, having returned to his garage, decided to withdraw for the remainder of qualifying.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger's spot on the starting grid was left empty. Paul Belmondo was reported to have been offered the final position on the grid but declined, out of respect for Ratzenberger and on the grounds that he had not earned that race spot.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: During the seventh lap of the race the following day, Senna's car ran wide at the Tamburello left-hander and struck an unprotected concrete barrier at , resulting in multiple fatal injuries. When track officials examined the wreckage of Senna's racing car, they found a furled Austrian flag. Senna had planned to raise it after the race, in honour of Ratzenberger. The race was won by Michael Schumacher, with Nicola Larini and Mika Häkkinen in second and third positions respectively, while Brabham retired after 27 laps. Out of respect for Ratzenberger and Senna, no champagne was sprayed at the podium ceremony.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: The death of Senna, a three-time world champion, mostly overshadowed Ratzenberger's: while all active Formula One drivers attended Senna's funeral, only five (Brabham, Herbert, Heinz-Harald Frentzen, and Ratzenberger's compatriots Karl Wendlinger and Gerhard Berger) attended Ratzenberger's. FIA president Max Mosley was also in attendance, noting in an interview ten years later:


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: Ratzenberger was buried in Maxglan, in Salzburg. Due to drive later that year in the Le Mans 24 Hours for Toyota, Ratzenberger's name was left on the car as a tribute, with his friend Eddie Irvine taking his place at the wheel.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: During the customary pre-race drivers' briefing on 1 May 1994, the remaining drivers agreed to the reformation of the Grand Prix Drivers' Association, with Senna, Berger and Schumacher intended to be its first directors. The reformed association subsequently pressed for thorough improvements to safety after the Imola crashes and others during 1994; for , the FIA mandated the use of the HANS device, designed to prevent the type of injury suffered by Ratzenberger.


title: Roland Ratzenberger

text: <nowiki>†</nowiki> Did not finish, but was classified as he had completed more than 90% of the race distance.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: Midnight Sun is a 2018 American romantic drama film based on the 2006 Japanese film "A Song to the Sun". The film was directed by Scott Speer and written by Eric Kirsten, and stars Bella Thorne, Patrick Schwarzenegger, and Rob Riggle. The story is about a teenaged girl with the disease "xeroderma pigmentosum", which prevents her from going out into sunlight. When she meets a boy, she struggles to decide whether to tell him about her condition or pretend to live a normal life. Principal photography began on October 12, 2015, in Vancouver. The film was released in the United States on March 23, 2018.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: Sheltered since her early childhood, Katie Price has a rare genetic condition called "xeroderma pigmentosum", which prevents an individual from being exposed to direct sunlight. She is housebound during daylight hours and is cared for by her father Jack and best friend Morgan. Katie comes out of the house every night after the sun has set. One night, her long time crush, Charlie, notices her while playing guitar at a train station. Katie leaves suddenly and forgets her notebook, which Charlie keeps. He returns the next day and gives it to Katie when she shows up to retrieve it. He explains to her how he got his injury, preventing him from getting a scholarship to the University of California, Berkeley, before kissing her.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: However, Katie has yet to tell Charlie of her condition, despite her father warning her to do so. Charlie takes Katie out for a night to Seattle, where they go to a live show, and Charlie makes Katie play one of her songs on one of the city's streets. Once home, they go swimming out in the lake, and dry off with a fire on the beach. Charlie mentions watching the sunrise, and Katie runs home in fear. Charlie picks her up and quickly drives her there, but she does not make it in time, and is exposed to the sunlight for just a couple of seconds. Katie runs inside, while Morgan and Jack come home soon after. Charlie is still standing at the front door, and Morgan explains Katie's condition to him. Once the doctors run some tests, they come to the conclusion that Katie's brain is contracting, and it is only a matter of time before she dies.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: Katie begins to experience twitches in her finger, which prevents her from playing the guitar. She also ignores Charlie's messages as she does not want to hurt him. Jack eventually convinces Katie to speak to Charlie, who still wants to be with Katie and does not care about her condition. Katie goes to Charlie's swim meet with the Berkeley coach, and they hang out at the house with Morgan and Jack. Charlie takes Katie out one night, and surprises her by booking a recording session, where she sings a song she wrote for him. Soon after, while hanging out at her house, Charlie mentions that he has to visit the boat for the last time, which he has been hired to take care of the whole summer. Katie, fearing that she is going to die, remembers the time Charlie told her that he wished they could sail together, and convinces Jack to let her go with Charlie, despite it being during the day. Katie sails with Charlie, feels the sunlight, and spends her final moments with him, dying shortly thereafter.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: Some time later, Charlie goes to Katie's house where he bids farewell to Jack as he is going to pursue his swimming dreams. Jack tells Charlie that Katie wanted him to keep the notebook. Charlie is setting out, when he listens to Katie's song on the radio and reads the heartfelt message which Katie wrote for him in the notebook. In the letter, Katie tells Charlie to watch for the new things which are coming his way and to look up in the sky and to always remember that she loves him.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: On June 22, 2015, it was announced that Scott Speer would next direct a young adult romantic drama film, "Midnight Sun", based on the script by Eric Kirsten, which would star Patrick Schwarzenegger as Charlie and Bella Thorne as Katie. The film is based on the 2006 Japanese film of same name. It was financed by Boies / Schiller Film Group, and produced by John Rickard and Zack Schiller. On October 9, 2015, Rob Riggle joined the film to play Katie's father, Jack.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: Midnight Sun (Original Motion Picture Soundtrack) is the film's soundtrack album. It was released on March 16, 2018 through Lakeshore Records.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: In October 2016, Open Road Films acquired distribution rights to the film. They initially scheduled it for July 14, 2017, before setting it for March 23, 2018.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: "Midnight Sun" grossed $9.6 million in the United States and Canada, and $17.8 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross $27.4 million.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: In the United States, "Midnight Sun" was released alongside "", "Sherlock Gnomes", "Unsane" and "Paul, Apostle of Christ", and was projected to gross around $5 million from 2,173 theaters in its opening weekend. It ended up debuting to $4 million, finishing 10th at the box office. It fell 54% to $1.8 million in its second week.


title: Midnight Sun (2018 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critical consensus reads, ""Midnight Sun" is a typically manipulative and contrived teen romance that's unfortunately distinguished by its offensively inaccurate portrayal of a real-life disease." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100, based on 14 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: "I Am the Walrus" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles from their 1967 television film "Magical Mystery Tour". Written by John Lennon and credited to Lennon–McCartney, it was released as the B-side to the single "Hello, Goodbye" and on the "Magical Mystery Tour" EP and album. In the film, the song underscores a segment in which the band mime to the recording at a deserted airfield.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Lennon wrote the song to confound listeners who had been affording serious scholarly interpretations of the Beatles' lyrics. He was partly inspired by two LSD trips and Lewis Carroll's 1871 poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter". Producer George Martin arranged and added orchestral accompaniment that included violins, cellos, horns, and clarinet. The Mike Sammes Singers, a 16-voice choir of professional studio vocalists, also joined the recording, variously singing nonsense lines and shrill whooping noises.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Since the "Hello, Goodbye" single and the "Magical Mystery Tour" EP both reached the top two slots on the British singles chart in December, "I Am the Walrus" holds the distinction of reaching numbers one and two simultaneously. Shortly after release, the song was banned by the BBC for the line "Boy, you've been a naughty girl, you let your knickers down".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: According to author Ian MacDonald, the "model" for "I Am the Walrus" was most likely Procol Harum's "A Whiter Shade of Pale", which was a hit single during the summer of 1967 and Lennon's favourite song of the period. The lyric came from three song ideas that Lennon had been working on, the first of which was inspired by hearing a police siren at his home in Weybridge; Lennon wrote the lines "Mis-ter cit-y police-man" to the rhythm and melody of the siren. The second idea was a short rhyme about Lennon sitting amidst his garden, while the third was a nonsense phrase about sitting on a corn flake. Unable to finish the three different songs, he combined them into one. The lyric also included the phrase "Lucy in the sky", a reference to the Beatles' earlier song "Lucy in the Sky with Diamonds".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The walrus refers to Lewis Carroll's poem "The Walrus and the Carpenter" (from the book "Through the Looking-Glass"). Lennon later expressed dismay upon belatedly realising that the walrus was a villain in the poem.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The final piece of the song came together during a visit from Pete Shotton, Lennon's friend and former fellow member of the Quarrymen, when Lennon asked him about a playground nursery rhyme they sang as children. Shotton recalled the rhyme as follows:


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Lennon borrowed a couple of images from the first two lines. Shotton was also responsible for suggesting that Lennon change the phrase "waiting for the man to come" to "waiting for the van to come". The Beatles' official biographer, Hunter Davies, was present while the song was being written and wrote an account in his 1968 book "". According to this biography, Lennon remarked to Shotton, "Let the fuckers work that one out." While the band were studying Transcendental Meditation in India in early 1968, George Harrison told journalist Lewis Lapham that one of the lines in "I Am the Walrus" incorporated the personal mantra he had received from their meditation teacher, Maharishi Mahesh Yogi. According to Pattie Boyd, Harrison's wife at the time, the words "semolina pilchard" refer to Sergeant Pilcher of the London Drug Squad, who waged a campaign against British rock stars and underground figures during the late 1960s.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Lennon claimed he wrote the first two lines on separate acid trips; he explained much of the song to "Playboy" in 1980:


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The song is in the key of A, and the instrumental introduction starts in the Lydian mode of B major. Verse 1 begins with a I–III–IV–I rock pattern: "I am he" (A chord)..."you are me" (C chord) "and we are all toge..." (D chord) "...ther" (A chord). Verse 2, however, involves a VI–VII–I Aeolian ascent: "waiting" (F chord) "for the van" (G chord) "to come" (A chord). The chorus uses a III–IV–V pattern: "I am the eggman (C chord) "they are the eggmen (D chord). "I am the walrus (E chord), "coo-coo-ca-choo" hanging as an imperfect cadence until resolved with the I (A chord) on "Mr. City Policeman". At the line ""Sitting" in an English garden" the D melody note (as in the instrumental introduction) establishes a Lydian mode (sharp 4th note in the scale), and this mode is emphasised more strongly with the addition of a D note to the B chord on "If the sun don't "come"".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The song ends using a Shepard tone, with a chord progression built on ascending and descending lines in the bass and strings, repeated as the song fades. Musicologist Alan W. Pollack analyses: "The chord progression of the outro itself is a harmonic Moebius strip with scales in bassline and top voice that move in contrary motion." The bassline descends stepwise A, G, F, E, D, C, and B, while the strings part rises A, B, C, D, E, F, G: this sequence repeats as the song fades, with the strings rising higher on each iteration. Pollack also notes that the repeated cell is seven bars long, which means that a different chord begins each four-bar phrase. The fade is described by Walter Everett as a "false ending", in the form of an "unrelated coda" consisting of the orchestral chord progression, chorus, and sampling of the radio play.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: "I Am the Walrus" was the first studio recording made by the Beatles after the death of Brian Epstein, in August 1967. The basic backing track featuring the Beatles was released in 1996 on "Anthology 2". George Martin arranged and added orchestral accompaniment that included violins, cellos, horns, and clarinet. Paul McCartney said that Lennon gave instructions to Martin as to how he wished the orchestration to be scored, including singing most of the parts as a guide. The Mike Sammes Singers, a 16-voice choir of professional studio vocalists, also took part in the recording, variously singing "Ho-ho-ho, hee-hee-hee, ha-ha-ha", "oompah, oompah, stick it up your jumper!", "everybody's got one" and making a series of shrill whooping noises.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: In 2015, founding Moody Blues member Ray Thomas said in an interview that he and fellow band member Mike Pinder contributed backing vocals to the song, as well as harmonicas to "The Fool on the Hill".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The dramatic reading in the mix is Shakespeare's "King Lear" (Act IV, Scene 6), lines 219–222 and 249–262. It was added to the song on 29 September 1967, recorded directly from an AM radio Lennon was fiddling with. Lennon tuned around the dial and settled on the 7:30 pm to 11 pm broadcast of the play on the BBC Third Programme.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The first excerpt (ll. 219–222) moves in and out of the text, containing fragments of lines only. It begins where the disguised Edgar talks to his estranged and maliciously blinded father the Earl of Gloucester (timings given):


title: I Am the Walrus

text: In the play Edgar then kills Oswald, Goneril's steward. During the fade of the song the second main extract (ll. 249–262), this time of continuous text, is heard (timings given):


title: I Am the Walrus

text: On the radio broadcast the roles were read by Mark Dignam (Gloucester), Philip Guard (Edgar), and John Bryning (Oswald).


title: I Am the Walrus

text: In the original (1967) stereo release, at around two minutes through the song, the mix changes from true stereo to "fake stereo". This came about because the radio broadcast had been added "live" into the mono mix-down and so was unavailable for inclusion in the stereo mix; hence, fake stereo from the mono mix was created for this portion of the song.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The mono version opens with a four-beat chord, while the stereo mix features six beats on the initial chord. The four-beat-only intro is also included on a different stereo mix (overseen by George Martin) for the previous MPI Home Video version of "Magical Mystery Tour", especially the US "Magical Mystery Tour" album. The US mono single mix includes an extra bar of music before the words "yellow matter custard". This is actually the original uncut version of the mono mix called RM23. An early, overdub-free mix of the song released on "Anthology 2" reveals John singing the lyrics "Yellow mat-" too early—this was edited out. A hybrid version prepared for the 1980 US "Rarities" LP combines the six-beat opening with the extra bar of music that precedes the words "yellow matter custard" (from the aforementioned US mono single mix). An entirely new full stereo remix was done in 2012 for Apple's DVD and Blu-ray release of the restored version of "Magical Mystery Tour".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: A 5.1 surround sound full stereo remix of the song appeared on the DVD release of "Anthology" in 2003, on disc 4. A full stereo digital remix was also done for the Cirque du Soleil show "Love" and album of the same name, released in 2006. Producers George and Giles Martin were allowed access to early generations of the original master tapes. Musical parts that had previously been mixed were now available as separate elements. Additionally, a copy of the BBC broadcast of "King Lear" was acquired. Now, with all the sound sources used in the original mono mix present, a proper stereo remix could be accomplished. These tracks were transferred digitally and lined up to create a new multi-track master, from which a new mix would be made.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: In addition to the stereo remixes prepared for the "Love" show and the 2012 Apple reissue referenced above, the DVDs that were released for those same projects contain a 5.1 surround sound mix of the song, making three distinct 5.1 remixes of the same song.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Danny Elfman's Oingo Boingo performed a cover of the song on "Boingo", the band's last album. The rough detour from their previous genres, the experimenting of samples for conceptual tracks (such as "Change", the album's last track), the circus-like aesthetic, and the addition of the "I Am the Walrus" cover suggest a significant influence of the late-Beatles era on the band.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Oasis performed the song many times throughout their history, and a live recording of them performing the song at the Gleneagles Hotel was included as a B-side to "Cigarettes & Alcohol" and was subsequently added to the 25th anniversary edition of "Definitely Maybe".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Critical reception at the time of the track's release was largely positive. Writer Derek Johnson stated: "John growls the nonsense (and sometimes suggestive) lyric, backed by a complex scoring incorporating violins and cellos. You need to hear it a few times before you can absorb it." Nick Logan wrote: "Into the world of "Alice in Wonderland" now and you can almost visualise John crouching on a deserted shore singing 'I am the walrus' to some beautiful strings from far away on the horizon and a whole bagful of Beatle sounds, like a ringing doorbell and someone sawing a plank of wood. A fantastic track which you will need to live with for a while to fully appreciate." In a review for "Melody Maker", Nick Jones considered the song "not such a complex sound as a lot of previous Beatles stuff but it builds nicely to a chattering, spinning cacophony of electricity and hissing gongs behind a barely audible "conversation"".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Richard Goldstein of "The New York Times" wrote that the song was "their most realized work since 'A Day In The Life'" and described it as "a fierce collage" with a "musical structure [that] mirrors this fragmentation". He said it "suggests a world much like that of 'A Day In The Life,' where the news is bad and John Lennon (now a Walrus, with a drooping moustache) would like to turn us on. Because he is an artist, he does."


title: I Am the Walrus

text: In a highly unfavourable review of "Magical Mystery Tour", Rex Reed of "HiFi/Stereo Review" said that "I Am the Walrus" "defies any kind of description known to civilized man. Not only is it ugly to hear, lacking any cohesion of style or technique, but it is utterly silly and pointless." He stated that the song "begins with an intro sounding suspiciously like one of John Barry's James Bond film scores", then quoted some of the lyrics before saying that "the whole thing fades out to what sounds like people being fried on electric fences and pigs rooting in a bucket of swill."


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The song was banned by the BBC for the use of the word "knickers" in the line "You’ve been a naughty girl, you’ve let your knickers down".


title: I Am the Walrus

text: The single achieved sales of over 50,000 copies in Australia, being eligible for the award of a Gold Disc.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Although it has been reported that Lennon wrote "I Am the Walrus" to confuse those who tried to interpret his songs, there have nevertheless been many attempts to analyse the meaning of the lyrics.


title: I Am the Walrus

text: Seen in the "Magical Mystery Tour" film singing the song, Lennon, apparently, is the walrus; on the track-list of the accompanying soundtrack album, however, underneath "I Am the Walrus" are printed the words " 'No you're not!' said Little Nicola" (in the film, Nicola Hale is a little girl who keeps contradicting everything the other characters say). Lennon returned to the subject in the lyrics of three of his subsequent songs: in the 1968 Beatles song "Glass Onion" he sings, "I told you 'bout the walrus and me, man / You know that we're as close as can be, man / Well here's another clue for you all / The walrus was Paul"; in the third verse of "Come Together" he sings the line "he bag production, he got walrus gumboot"; and in his 1970 solo song "God", admits: "I was the walrus, but now I'm John".


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: The sixteenth season of the American television medical drama "Grey's Anatomy" was ordered on May 10, 2019, by American Broadcasting Company (ABC). The season premiered on September 26, 2019. The season is produced by ABC Studios, in association with Shondaland Production Company and Entertainment One Television; the showrunner being Krista Vernoff.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: The season's main storylines include the recently fired Dr. Meredith Grey (Ellen Pompeo)'s impending trial to fight for her medical license and her on-off again love-life with surgical resident, Andrew DeLuca (Giacomo Gianniotti), who begins to spiral into bipolar mania. Alex Karev (Justin Chambers) and Richard Webber (James Pickens Jr.) also begin working at Pac-North after being fired by Chief Miranda Bailey (Chandra Wilson). Other storylines include Teddy Altman (Kim Raver)'s affair with Tom Koracick (Greg Germann) in the wake of her engagement to Owen Hunt (Kevin McKidd); Amelia Shepherd (Caterina Scorsone)'s surprise pregnancy, with the baby's paternity brought into question; Jackson Avery (Jesse Williams) and Maggie Pierce (Kelly McCreary)'s break up; Miranda Bailey's miscarriage; and Jo Karev (Camilla Luddington)'s emergence from the psychiatric ward after treatment.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: This is the final season to feature Dr. Alex Karev, portrayed by Justin Chambers as a series-regular, whose announced departure was made in January 2020. His final physical appearance was the milestone 350th episode "My Shot" in November 2019. Following this, he abruptly left the series. However, Vernoff was able to bring him back for voice-over in a farewell episode, explaining where the character ended up. This episode "Leave a Light On" became the season's most-discussed and analyzed episode, with Chambers' character's departure after 16 years receiving a polarizing response from audiences. However, it drew a ratings upswing, shooting up its best ratings in 6 weeks since its mid-season premiere. It also re-visited Katherine Heigl's character, Izzie Stevens who departed mid-way through the sixth season.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: On March 12, 2020, the production of the sixteenth season was suspended due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. 21 out of the original 25 episode order were completed before production was suspended. On March 27, 2020, it was announced that the twenty-first episode would serve as the season finale. The season finale, which aired on April 9, 2020, ended with 7.33 million viewers, an improvement from the previous season's 5.99 million viewership, and became the first season to not end in May in all of its 15 years.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: The number in the "No. overall" column refers to the episode's number within the overall series, whereas the number in the "No. in season" column refers to the episode's number within this particular season. "U.S. viewers in millions" refers to the number of Americans in millions who watched the episodes live. Each episode of this season is named after a song.


title: Grey's Anatomy (season 16)

text: On May 10, 2019, with the renewal announcement it was revealed that Chris Carmack, Greg Germann and Jake Borelli had been promoted to series-regulars. In October 2019, it was announced that Richard Flood had been cast as the new head of Pediatric Surgery at Grey Sloan, replacing Karev, who was fired in the previous season. On January 10, 2020, it was announced that Justin Chambers would be leaving the series, with his last episode being the 350th.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: The Hungerford massacre was a spree shooting in Hungerford, England, United Kingdom, on 19 August 1987, when 27-year-old Michael Ryan shot dead sixteen people, including an unarmed police officer and his own mother, before shooting himself. The shootings, committed using a handgun and two semi-automatic rifles, occurred at several locations, including a school he had once attended. Fifteen other people were also shot but survived. No firm motive for the killings has ever been established.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: A report on the massacre was commissioned by Home Secretary Douglas Hurd. The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988 was passed in the wake of the incident, which bans the ownership of semi-automatic centre-fire rifles and restricts the use of shotguns with a capacity of more than three cartridges. The shootings remain one of the deadliest firearms incidents in British history.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Michael Robert Ryan was born on 18 May 1960 at Savernake Hospital in Marlborough, Wiltshire, the only child of Alfred and Dorothy Ryan. His father, Alfred Henry Ryan, was 55 years old when Michael was born. He had worked for a local government agency as a building inspector, and died from cancer in 1985 at the age of 80. Ryan's mother, Dorothy, was 19 years Alfred's junior and worked as a school dinner lady before taking employment at Elcot Park Hotel as a waitress. In April 1987, Ryan began employment as a labourer working on footpaths and fences near the River Thames, approximately from Hungerford. He left the job in July, and returned to claiming unemployment benefits.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan was issued a shotgun certificate on 2 February 1978, and on 11 December 1986 he was granted a firearms certificate covering the ownership of two pistols. The licence only permitted Ryan to use the weapons at approved ranges; his application stated that he would use them at a target shooting facility in Abingdon and he was a member of a rifle club in Devizes. He later applied to have the certificate amended to cover a third pistol, as he intended to sell one of the two he had acquired since the granting of the certificate (a Smith & Wesson .38-caliber revolver) and to buy two more. This was approved on 30 April 1987. On 14 July, he applied for another variation, to cover two semi-automatic rifles, which was approved on 30 July. At the time of the massacre, he was licensed to possess eight firearms, which he purchased between 17 December 1986 and 8 August 1987:


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan used the Beretta pistol, the Norinco, and the Carbine in the massacre. The CZ pistol was being repaired by a dealer at the time, and he had sold the Bernardelli shortly before the shootings. The Norinco was purchased from firearms dealer Mick Ranger.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan showed some of his firearms – as well as improvised explosive devices – to his colleagues at his labouring job. As well as his target practice at legitimate venues, Ryan used a large road sign at the junction of the M4 and the A338.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Following Ryan's death, his mental health came under analysis. John Hamilton, the medical director of Broadmoor Hospital, stated that "Ryan was most likely to be suffering from acute schizophrenia. He might have had a reason for doing what he did, but it was likely to be bizarre and peculiar to him." Jim Higgins, a consultant forensic psychiatrist, suspected that Ryan was psychotic, describing how "matricide is the schizophrenic crime." A psychologist in BBC One's "The Hungerford Massacre" documentary described how Ryan had "anger and contempt for ordinary life".


title: Hungerford massacre

text: The first shooting occurred in Savernake Forest, Wiltshire, to the west of Hungerford. At 12:30 BST, 35-year-old Susan Godfrey and her two pre-school children had come to the area from Burghfield Common near Reading for a family picnic. Ryan, openly armed, approached the family and Susan placed the children in her car. After abducting her at gunpoint, Ryan walked Godfrey into the forest. He had placed down a groundsheet; a police report identified the possibility that Ryan had intended to rape Godfrey. Ryan shot her 13 times, and her body was found approximately from the groundsheet; there was no evidence of sexual assault. Godfrey's children were found by a woman walking in the woods.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan left the forest and drove east on the A4, stopping to fill both his car and a petrol can at the Golden Arrow petrol station in Froxfield. After another customer at the station left, Ryan shot at the cashier from the forecourt. He entered the store and attempted to shoot her at point-blank range; this failed when his gun apparently jammed. He left the petrol station and the cashier telephoned 999; this call had been preceded by another emergency call, possibly by a member of the public who believed they saw an armed robbery at the petrol station. Thames Valley Police sent three patrol cars along the A4 to investigate.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: After leaving Froxfield, Ryan returned to his home on South View, Hungerford, Berkshire. Arriving there shortly after 12:45, he was seen by neighbours who described him as looking upset. Soon after entering his house, one of the witnesses heard gunshots; Ryan had shot the two family dogs. He exited the house with equipment such as ammunition, survival equipment, and a flak jacket. He failed to start his car, and instead returned to the house and set the living room alight using the petrol he purchased from Froxfield; the resultant fire destroyed the house and three adjacent properties. Leaving the house, he headed east on South View towards school playing fields. En route he shot and killed two of his neighbours, Roland and Sheila Mason. Fourteen-year-old Lisa Mildenhall, who also lived nearby, heard the noise and went to see what it was; Ryan shot her four times in the legs. She sought first aid from her mother and another nearby resident and survived. Ryan was chastised by 77-year-old Dorothy Smith for "scaring everybody to death" for making noise, although he did not shoot her. Ryan then wounded Marjorie Jackson, one of the people who had seen him arrive home, in her back. She telephoned her friend George White for help, and asked him to collect her husband Ivor from work in Newbury.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Past the playing fields, Ryan entered the town's common. He shot and killed 51-year-old Kenneth Clements who had been walking his dog with his family; the family escaped without injury. At this time, approximately 12:50, police had linked the incident in Froxfield to the many calls they received in Hungerford and instead focused on South View. Ryan returned to South View from the common, and the first police officers to arrive aimed to close both ends of the road to contain a possible gunman. These officers were unarmed, and when Ryan saw the police response he shot one of the officers, PC Roger Brereton, in the chest. Brereton, who was in his patrol car, crashed into a telegraph pole. At 12:58, Ryan shot and killed him while he was using his radio to report an active shooter.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Still on South View, Ryan next shot at Linda Chapman and her daughter Alison, who had just turned onto the lane in their Volvo. Both were struck, although Linda was able to reverse the car out of the road. Ryan next opened fire on Linda Bright and Hazel Haslett in an ambulance that was responding to 999 calls on South View. Both Bright and Haslett escaped without major injury. After this, two of Brereton's colleagues securing the east end of South View came upon Robert, Kenneth Clements's son, who informed them that the shooter had continued west on South View. Heading to investigate, Ryan shot at the constables; one took shelter in a house and the other – with Robert Clements – drove across the common to safety. At 13:12, this officer radioed to request support from Thames Valley Police's Tactical Firearms Unit (TFU) having seen the firearms Ryan was using. The TFU was on a training exercise some from Hungerford, and would not have all its members respond until 14:20. The officer, PC Jeremy Wood, set up a makeshift command post on the common, approximately from South View.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan next shot at George White, who had returned from Newbury having collected Marjorie Jackson's husband Ivor from work. Driving his Toyota into South View, Ryan shot and killed White instantly and caused severe injuries to Ivor Jackson who feigned death and survived his injuries. Ryan then walked to the junction of South View and Fairview Road, where he shot and killed 84-year-old Abdul Khan who was tending his garden. After firing at and injuring a pedestrian on Fairview Road, Ryan headed back towards the common. One of the police officers in attendance, PC Bernard Maggs, made another 999 call but by this point the telephone network had reached its capacity. On South View, Ryan's mother Dorothy returned in her car to see him armed; she shouted for him to stop before he shot her four times with his Beretta, twice at point-blank range. On heading towards the common, a resident of a parallel street shouted at Ryan to "kindly stop that racket"; he responded by shooting her in the groin. At 13:18 PC Wood was joined by two armed police officers at the command post on the common. Two minutes later, they saw Ryan at the War Memorial Recreation Grounds on the edge of the common.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Near the War Memorial Recreation Grounds, Ryan shot 26-year-old Francis Butler as he walked his dog. At this point, he discarded the Carbine, it having been useless since jamming in Froxfield. A witness gave Butler first aid, but he died before an ambulance arrived.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan next shot at, but missed, teenager Andrew Cadle, who was on his bicycle. On reaching Bulpit Lane, Ryan killed taxi driver Marcus Barnard who was en route home to see family between fares. Ryan headed north on Priory Avenue, where he shot and injured John Storms who was parked in his van. By this time, police had set up road diversions and some of Ryan's victims were drivers affected by these change of routes. Douglas and Kathleen Wainwright, visiting their son on Priory Avenue, were forced to approach from the south, where Ryan was. Approximately from their destination, Ryan shot Douglas dead and injured Kathleen before non-fatally shooting at two other drivers. A van entered Priory Avenue, and the occupants – Eric Vardy and Stephen Ball – were shot at; Vardy was killed.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: At 13:30, Ryan headed south-west towards Priory Road, shooting at houses as he passed them. Using the Beretta, he shot at a passing car and fatally injured the driver, 22-year-old Sandra Hill.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: After shooting Hill, Ryan shot his way into a house further down Priory Road and shot the occupants, 66-year-old Jack Gibbs and his 62-year-old wife Myrtle. Jack was killed instantly, and Myrtle died two days later at the Princess Margaret Hospital in Swindon. From the house, Ryan shot at neighbouring houses and caused injury to the occupants. Ryan continued south on Priory Road where he shot once at a car driven by 34-year-old Ian Playle, who was fatally struck in the neck. His wife and their two children escaped injury; Playle died at the Radcliffe Infirmary in Oxford two days later.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: At 13:45 the police helicopter arrived and broadcast warnings to the public. One Hungerford resident heard the warning before heading to Priory Road to check on his grandchildren; he took them indoors to safety before being non-fatally shot in both the shoulder and the eye. Ryan continued south east on Priory Road, firing at a house before reaching John O'Gaunt School.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan was seen approaching the school where he had formerly been a pupil, although his precise location after approximately 13:50 was unknown. At this point, the TFU secured gardens and houses in the area before surrounding the school at approximately 16:00. At 16:40 they heard a gunshot within a school building and more officers went to the scene; the police first saw Ryan at the school at 17:26, shortly after he had thrown his Norinco out of a third-floor window.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Ryan became engaged in conversation with a sergeant within the TFU and informed them of his arsenal and ammunition, claiming that he had a grenade as well as the Beretta. He said that he would not exit the building until the police informed him of the welfare of his mother, and stated that "Hungerford must be a bit of a mess". The sergeant said he understood Ryan when he claimed that his mother's death was "a mistake"; Ryan reportedly replied, "How can you understand? I wish I had stayed in bed." He later shouted, "It's funny. I killed all those people, but I haven't the guts to blow my own brains out." At 18:52, after a few minutes of silence, a muffled shot was heard from the school building; Ryan was subsequently unresponsive to police. Shortly after 20:00, armed police entered a barricaded school room to find Ryan below the window having shot himself in the right temple.


title: Hungerford massacre

text: Hungerford was policed by two sergeants and twelve constables, and on the morning of 19 August 1987 the duty cover for the section consisted of one sergeant, two patrol constables and one station duty officer. A number of factors hampered the police response:


title: Hungerford massacre

text: The Hungerford Report was commissioned by Home Secretary Douglas Hurd from the Chief Constable of Thames Valley Police, Colin Smith. Ryan's collection of weapons had been legally licensed, according to the Report. The Firearms (Amendment) Act 1988, which was passed in the wake of the massacre, bans the ownership of semi-automatic centre-fire rifles and restricts the use of shotguns with a capacity of more than three cartridges (in magazine plus the breech).


title: Hungerford massacre

text: The Hungerford massacre remains, along with the 1996 Dunblane school massacre and the 2010 Cumbria shootings, one of the deadliest mass shootings in the UK. In the days following the massacre, the British tabloid press was filled with stories about Ryan's life; biographies stated that he had a near-obsessive fascination with firearms, watched violent videos, and possessed magazines about survival skills and firearms, including "Soldier of Fortune".


title: Mackenyu

text: Mackenyu Maeda, known as Mackenyu Arata, was born on November 16, 1996, in Los Angeles, the son of Japanese parents, Tamami and Sonny Chiba. He has two siblings, a half sister named Juri Manase (his father's daughter from previous marriage) and a brother named Gordon. He attended Beverly Hills High School in their Advanced Placement Program and appeared in a few films and TV shows while growing up, including the TV mini-series "Team Astro" (Astro Kyūdan) (2005), and the Japanese feature film "Oyaji" (2007), as he devoted most of his time to school and graduation. As a young child, Mackenyu had many interests. He learned horseback riding and Yabusame at the age of 7. He practiced Kyokushin Karate since he was 8 years-old, and he was placed third at the US kyokushin Karate Nationals in middle school. In high school he did gymnastics, water polo, and wrestling, becoming the school representative for the latter. He was also into music, playing piano since he was 10-years-old, and later participated in the brass band of his high school in Beverly Hills, playing saxophone, and flute.


title: Mackenyu

text: At the age of 15, Mackenyu watched a Japanese movie and the actor who star in it inspired him to pursue acting professionally in Japan. He held on to the dream of co-starring with the actor once he established his acting career in Japan. He later revealed that it was the late Haruma Miura after he co-starred with him in the movie adaptation of Gunjō Senki.


title: Mackenyu

text: In 2014 at the age of 16, Mackenyu landed his first feature film lead role in "Take a Chance" (2015) and was featured in an acclaimed short movie depicting a Japanese family suffering the aftermath of the World War II in Tadaima (2015) in which he won Best Supporting Actor in Asians on Film Festival. In the same year, he decided to pursue acting in Japan, stating that Japan would be the best place for him to learn due to the variety of roles that is available for young actors.


title: Mackenyu

text: In 2013, Mackenyu turned his full attention to acting—including roles in the feature film "Buzz (So-On: The Five Oyaji)" (2014) and TV movie "Yo nimo Kimyō na Monogatari" (2014). His acting quickly expanded to include three supporting roles in TV Mini-series including "The Kindergarten Detective (Hanasaki Shin'ichirō wa Nemurenai!!)" (2015), "Yume o Ataeru" (2015), and "The Hatsumori Bemars" (2015). His fame grew dramatically in Japan after landing the role of Eiji Tomari/Kamen Rider Dark Drive in the live action movie based on the popular series created by manga artist Shotaro Ishinomori, "Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future (Gekijōban Kamen Rider Drive: Surprise Future)" (2015).


title: Mackenyu

text: In 2015, he also landed his first lead roles in two USA film productions, "Take a Chance" (2015) and "Tadaima" (2015); for the latter he won a best supporting actor award at the Asians of Films festival. In January 2016, he made his stage debut in the Japanese musical "Boys Over Flower (Hana Yori Dango: The Musical)" (2016). He had a prominent role in the two part feature film "Chihayafuru Part I & II" (2016) which was released back-to-back in March and April 2016. Japan's "AM" magazine featured him on the front cover of their 14 March 2016 edition and included an interview with him. One of his most challenging roles in his career to date was "Shōjo" ("Little Girl"). Having completed his lead role as "Makise" in the feature film "Night's Tightrope" (Shōjo) (2016), Mackenyu started to expand his acting opportunities in Hollywood with a supporting role of Cadet Ryoichi in the science fiction film "" (2018). 2018 was a busy year with series "Kiss That Kills" and movies "Chihayafuru Part III," manga-based "Impossibility Defense" and speed-drive action-drama "Over Drive".


title: Mackenyu

text: In December 2020, Mackenyu announced that he would be leaving his agency, Top Coat, in April 2021 as well as suspending his Japanese activities for the time being. He announced that he wants to focus on global activities in 2021.


title: Mackenyu

text: In 2021, he starred as the lead in the manga adaptation of "Brave: Gunjou Senki". He is now in Asian Cinema Entertainment. In November 2021, Mackenyu was cast as Roronoa Zoro in the American Netflix live action series adaptation of "One Piece".


title: Mackenyu

text: In 2018, Mackenyu became the brand ambassador for Japanese men's grooming brand GATSBY. He starred in the TV commercial "GATSBY Cop", together with popular Japanese actor Yuya Yagira.


title: The Challenge: Double Agents

text: The Challenge: Double Agents is the thirty-sixth season of the MTV reality competition series "The Challenge". This season features alumni from "The Real World", "Road Rules", "The Challenge", "Are You the One?", "Big Brother", the Olympics, "Love Island UK", "The Amazing Race", "Survivor", "Geordie Shore", "Ex on the Beach", "Shipwrecked", "America's Got Talent", "WWE NXT", and "Ultimate Beastmaster" competing for a share at a $1 million prize. The season premiered on December 9, 2020. A launch special, titled "The Challenge: Double Agents Declassified" aired on December 7, 2020.


title: The Challenge: Double Agents

text: "Double Agents" features a main challenge, a nomination process, and an elimination round. This season had players competing in male-female teams of two, initially selected among themselves at the conclusion of the opening challenge. These teams frequently changed throughout the season due to the nature of the game.


title: The Challenge: Double Agents

text: The two-part reunion special aired on April 28 and May 5, 2021 and was hosted by former NFL player Vernon Davis. The cast members who attended the reunion were CT, Nany, Kam, Cory, Leroy, Amber B., Kaycee, Josh, Devin, Tori, Aneesa, Fessy, Jay, Ashley, Amber M. Big T, Kyle, Nelson, Nam, Gabby and Darrell also appeared via satellite.


title: The Challenge: Double Agents

text: "Double Agents" was filmed in Iceland amid the COVID-19 pandemic, where precautions took place to ensure the safety of the cast and production. Both cast and crew were tested for COVID-19 every three days and were required to undergo quarantine prior to the filming of the season. Preparation for the show took production over ten months (longer than most other seasons) and filming locations were scouted virtually due to international travel restrictions. While the international crew occupied a hotel, hired Icelandic locals would instead return home at the end of the day to maintain a bubble, and were kept separate from the cast through a tiered system represented by colored bands. Showrunner Emer Harkin revealed that production was required to wear PPE and remain six-feet apart from cast members. Harkin also revealed that unlike other seasons, where the cast recreated at local venues between challenges, an on-premise club separate to the house was built as an alternative to maintain the filming bubble. During the nine weeks that the season filmed for, none of the 3,000 conducted COVID-19 tests returned positive.


title: Virginie Efira

text: Efira got her first leading role in the romantic comedy "It Boy" (2013). She subsequently received critical praise for her performance in the comedy drama "In Bed with Victoria" (2016), for which she received a Magritte Award for Best Actress as well as a César Award for Best Actress nomination. She then appeared in Paul Verhoeven's psychological thriller "Elle" (2016), the drama "An Impossible Love" (2018), the comedy drama "Sibyl" (2019) and the black comedy "Bye Bye Morons" (2020).


title: Virginie Efira

text: She is the daughter of Professor André Efira, hemato-oncologist, and Carine Verelst. Efira is of partial Greek descent.


title: Virginie Efira

text: She was first hired by Club RTL (A Belgian TV channel in the RTL Group) to present a children's show called "Mégamix". She went on to present other programmes in Belgium, including "A la recherche de la nouvelle Star". In September 2002 she was offered the job of the presenter of Belgian's version of "Star Academy".


title: Virginie Efira

text: After becoming a weather forecast presenter on France's M6 channel, she soon gained the limelight as one of M6's main public faces, presenting shows such as "Le Grand Zap", "La saga des ...", "Follement Gay", "Absolument 80/90", "Le Grand Piège" and "Drôles d'équipes". She was the host of "Classé Confidentiel" for one year, before replacing Benjamin Castaldi as the host of the popular musical reality show "Nouvelle Star" for the end of the show's fourth series. She also presents various shows on RTL-TVi (a spin-off channel in the RTL Group).


title: Virginie Efira

text: Efira's film career took off in 2004, appearing as Dr. Liz Wilson in the French-language version of "", as well as playing Piper in the French version of the 2005 film "Robots". She also voiced the characters of Kitty Softpaws in "Puss in Boots" and Mavis in "Hotel Transylvania" (2012) and "Hotel Transylvania 2" (2015). Efira also guest-starred in two episodes of the highly successful French show "Kaamelott".


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2010, she participated in "Rendez-vous en terre inconnue". Efira next had a supporting role as a social worker in the comedy drama "My Worst Nightmare" (2011) directed by Anne Fontaine, opposite Isabelle Huppert, Benoît Poelvoorde and André Dussollier. The following year, she won the Audience Award at the 2nd Magritte Awards.


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2013, Efira starred alongside Pierre Niney in the romantic comedy "It Boy", about a 38-year-old woman and her relationship with a teenage boy. The film was highly successful in France and garnered positive reviews. "Variety" wrote that she "has a particular talent for transmitting thoughts and eliciting laughs using facial expressions alone, a gift that gets another glorious workout here".


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2016, Efira starred in the romantic comedy-drama "In Bed with Victoria", about a single mother and criminal lawyer who goes through a midlife crisis. The film was screened in the International Critics' Week section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, where it obtained very favourable reviews. Efira's performance was described by "The Hollywood Reporter" as both "vibrant" and "well-tuned", and earned her a Magritte Award for Best Actress as well as a César Award for Best Actress nomination. That same year, Efira had a small but crucial role opposite Isabelle Huppert in Paul Verhoeven's psychological thriller "Elle". Her final release of 2016 was "Up for Love", a romantic comedy with Jean Dujardin, in which she played a lawyer who falls in love with a man of diminutive stature. The following year, she made a guest appearance as herself in one episode of the successful French series "Call My Agent!".


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2018, Efira took on the leading role in the drama "An Impossible Love", Catherine Corsini's adaptation of the best-selling novel by Christine Angot – the story of the incestuous father of Angot and her mother who has not seen anything. The film and her performance received critical acclaim. "Screen International" felt that the actress "previously known for lighter material ("In Bed With Victoria"), shows herself more than capable of a heavyweight dramatic role, subtly maturing from romantic 20s to careworn middle age" and also added that "she offers a powerful, assured performance in a film that's likely to score highly both as a superior and very accessible melodrama and as an intelligent conversation piece". She received Cesar Award, Globe de Cristal Award and Lumières Award nominations in the Best Actress category for her performance in the film.


title: Virginie Efira

text: That same year, Efira was part of the ensemble cast in the comedy "Sink or Swim" directed by Gilles Lellouche, which was screened out of competition at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival, and earned her a Cesar Award nomination, for Best Supporting Actress. Also in 2018, her performance in the drama "Keep Going" was praised, with "The Hollywood Reporter" writing that she "is excellent here as a woman caught between her fiercely independent nature and her desire to be a good mother, trying to steer her son on the right path". The following year, Efira starred in the comedy drama "Sibyl", her second collaboration with director Justine Triet, playing a psychotherapist who wants to return to writing. The film was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or at the 2019 Cannes Film Festival, where it received mostly positive reviews with particular praise for Efira's performance. "Variety" stated that ""Sibyl" seals the arrival of Efira, once pegged as a likable but lightweight comedienne, as a first-class leading lady of consistently expanding range and elan — with the emotional honesty and deadpan pluck to pull off the more outrageous character turns in Triet and Arthur Harari’s limber original script." while "The Hollywood Reporter" felt that "the actress plays several roles at the same time — the astute psychologist, the struggling author, the affectionate yet neglectful mom, the fervid lover in two very candid sex scenes — and she does each one extremely well, turning Sibyl’s altered states into a whole that reflects her drive to be many things at once."


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2020, she starred opposite Omar Sy in Anne Fontaine's drama "Night Shift", in which she played one of three officers who are tasked with escorting an illegal immigrant to the airport, where he will be forced onto a plane and sent back to his homeland. The film premiered at the Berlin International Film Festival. While critical reviews were mixed, "Screen International" wrote that Efira, "clearly on the verge of an international breakthrough – continues to impress with a cool command, never giving away too much about her character, but evoking intense emotional turmoil behind the calm exterior". That same year, Efira played a terminally-ill hairdresser on a mission to reunite with her long-lost child, with the help of a suicidal bureaucrat and a blind archivist, in the comedy drama "Bye Bye Morons" directed by Albert Dupontel.


title: Virginie Efira

text: In 2021, Efira reunited with Paul Verhoeven to appear as Benedetta Carlini, a 17th-century nun who suffers from disturbing religious and erotic visions, in the historical drama "Benedetta".


title: Virginie Efira

text: Impressed by her performance as the rapist's wife in his previous film "Elle", Verhoeven offered her the lead role without even a screen test and did not give her any direction as to what to do, as the actress later explained, "That’s the ultimate sign of trust in your actress. It made me own the role, and I knew that, with what I came up with, Paul would film something interesting. To take the example of Benedetta’s ambiguity, is it up to me to act ambiguity? Or it up to him to film it? I played Benedetta on a quest, without defining the nature of that quest. I think it’s a multifaceted quest. It cannot be reduced to a specific aspect, such as absolute faith or the most duplicitous scheming. Both aspects feed off each other. Benedetta has a strong belief in Jesus, and she is also looking for power. She is not all sweetness and altruism."


title: Virginie Efira

text: She was married to Patrick Ridremont from 2002 to 2005 when they separated. They filed for divorce in February 2009. From 2013 to 2014, she was engaged to Mabrouk El Mechri, with whom she has a daughter, Ali, born 24 May 2013 in Paris. She is now in a relationship with Niels Schneider. She became a French citizen in 2016.


title: Hindustan

text: Hindūstān ( , from "Hindū" and "-stān"), also sometimes spelt as Hindōstān ( "Indo-land"), along with its shortened form Hind (), is the Persian-language name for the Indian subcontinent that later became commonly used by its inhabitants in the Hindi–Urdu language.


title: Hindustan

text: Hindustan was the Persian word for "India", but when introduced to the subjects under Persianate rule, the subsequent culture which resulted from these events gave it another specific meaning that of the cultural region between the river Sutlej (end of Northwestern India) and the city Varanasi (start of Eastern India). As the area where Ganga-Jamuni Tehzeeb and the Hindustani language traces its origins, it corresponds to the plains where the river Yamuna flows or the regions/states encompassing Haryana, Delhi, Harit Pradesh, and Awadh.


title: Hindustan

text: Other toponyms for the subcontinent include "Jambudvīpa" and "Bharata Khanda". Since the Partition of India in 1947, although limitedly, "Hindustan" continues to be used to the present day as a historic name for the Republic of India.


title: Hindustan

text: The Proto-Iranian sound change "*s" > "h" occurred between 850 and 600 BCE, according to Asko Parpola. Hence, the Rigvedic "sapta sindhava" (the land of seven rivers) became "hapta hindu" in the Avesta. It was said to be the "fifteenth domain" created by Ahura Mazda, apparently a land of 'abnormal heat'.


title: Hindustan

text: In 515 BCE, Darius I annexed the Indus Valley including "Sindhu", the present day Sindh, which was called "Hindu" in Persian. During the time of Xerxes, the term "Hindu" was also applied to the lands to the east of Indus.


title: Hindustan

text: In middle Persian, probably from the first century CE, the suffix "-stān" was added, indicative of a country or region, forming the present word "Hindūstān". Thus, Sindh was referred to as "Hindūstān" in the Naqsh-e-Rustam inscription of Shapur I in 262 CE.


title: Hindustan

text: Historian B. N. Mukherjee states that from the lower Indus basin, the term "Hindūstān" got gradually extended to "more or less the whole of the subcontinent". The Greco-Roman name "India" and the Chinese name "Shen-tu" also followed a similar evolution.


title: Hindustan

text: The Arabic term "Hind", derived from Persian "Hindu", was previously used by the Arabs to refer to the much wider Indianised region from the Makran coast to the Indonesian archipelago. But eventually it too became identified with the Indian subcontinent.


title: Hindustan

text: "Hindustan" is often used to refer to the modern-day Republic of India. Slogans involving the term are commonly heard at sports events and other public programmes involving teams or entities representing the modern nation-state of India. In marketing, it is also commonly used as an indicator of national origin in advertising campaigns and is present in many company names. Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and his party the Muslim League, insisted on calling the modern-day Republic of India "Hindustan" in reference to its Hindu-majority population.


title: Hindustan

text: The term 'Hindustani' refers to an Indian, irrespective of religious affiliation. Among non-Hindustani speakers e.g. Bengali-speakers, "Hindustani" is used to describe persons who are from the Yamuna-Ganges belt; also regardless of religious affiliation, but rather as a geographic term.


title: Hindustan

text: "Hindustani" is sometimes used as an ethnic term applied to South Asia ("e.g.", a Mauritian or Surinamese man with roots in South Asia might describe his ethnicity by saying he is "Hindustani"). For example, "Hindoestanen" is a Dutch word used to describe people of South Asian origin, in the Netherlands and Suriname.


title: Hindustan

text: The "Hindustani language" is the language of Hindustan and the lingua franca of the northern Indian subcontinent. Hindustani derives from the Old Hindi dialect of Western Uttar Pradesh and Delhi areas. Its literary standard forms—Modern Standard Hindi and Modern Standard Urdu—use different scripts. The Hindi register itself derives its name from shortened form, "Hind" (India).


title: Hindustan

text: Early Persian scholars had limited knowledge of the extent of India. After the advent of Islam and the Muslim conquests, the meaning of "Hindustan" interacted with its Arabic variant "Hind", which was derived from Persian as well, and almost became synonymous with it. The Arabs, engaging in oceanic trade, included all the lands from "Tis" in western Balochistan (near modern Chabahar) to the Indonesian archipelago, in their idea of "Hind", especially when used in its expansive form as ""Al-Hind"". "Hindustan" did not acquire this elaborate meaning. According to André Wink, it also did not acquire the distinction, which faded away, between "Sind" (roughly what is now western Pakistan) and "Hind" (the lands to the east of the Indus River); other sources state that "Sind" and "Hind" were used synonymously from early times, and that after the arrival of Islamic rule in India, "the variants Hind and Sind were used, as synonyms, for the entire subcontinent." The 10th century text "Hudud al-Alam" defined "Hindustan" as roughly the Indian subcontinent, with its western limit formed by the river Indus, southern limit going up to the Great Sea and the eastern limit at Kamarupa, the present day Assam. For the next ten centuries, both "Hind" and "Hindustan" were used within the subcontinent with exactly this meaning, along with their adjectives "Hindawi", "Hindustani" and "Hindi". Indeed, in 1220 CE, historian Hasan Nizami described "Hind" as being "from Peshawar to the shores of the [Indian] Ocean, and in the other direction from Siwistan to the hills of Chin."


title: Hindustan

text: With the Turko-Persian conquests starting in the 11th century, a narrower meaning of "Hindustan" also took shape. The conquerors were liable to call the lands under their control "Hindustan", ignoring the rest of the subcontinent.


title: Hindustan

text: In the early 11th century a satellite state of the Ghaznavids in the Punjab with its capital at Lahore was called "Hindustan". After the Delhi Sultanate was established, north India, especially the Gangetic plains and the Punjab, came to be called "Hindustan". Scholar Bratindra Nath Mukherjee states that this narrow meaning of "Hindustan" existed side by side with the wider meaning, and some of the authors used both of them simultaneously.


title: Hindustan

text: The Mughal Empire (1526–1857) called the invaded Bharatiya land as 'Hindustan'. The term 'Mughal' itself was never used to refer to the land. As the empire expanded, so too did the expanded usage of the word 'Hindustan'. At the same time, the meaning of 'Hindustan' as the entire Indian subcontinent is also found in "Baburnama" and "Ain-i-Akbari".


title: Hindustan

text: The last Gorkhali King Prithvi Narayan Shah self proclaimed the newly unified Kingdom of Nepal as Asal Hindustan (Real Hindustan) due to North India being ruled by the Islamic Mughal rulers. The self proclamation was done to enforce Hindu social code Dharmashastra over his reign and refer to his country as being inhabitable for Hindus. He also referred Northern India as "Mughlan" (Country of Mughals) and called the region infiltrated by Muslim foreigners.


title: Hindustan

text: These dual meanings persisted with the arrival of Europeans. Rennel produced an atlas titled the "Memoir of a Map of Hindoostan or the Mogul Empire" in 1792, which was in fact a map of the Indian subcontinent. Rennel thus conflated the three notions, 'India', 'Hindustan' and the Mughal Empire. J. Bernoulli, to whom "Hindustan" meant the Mughal Empire, called his French translation "La Carte générale de l'Inde" (General Map of India).


title: Hindustan

text: This 'Hindustan' of British reckoning was divided into British-ruled territories (sometimes referred to as 'India') and the territories ruled by native rulers. The British officials and writers, however, thought that the Indians used 'Hindustan' to refer to only North India. An "Anglo-Indian Dictionary" published in 1886 states that, while "Hindustan" means India, in the "nativa parlance" it had come to represent the region north of Narmada River excluding Bihar and Bengal.


title: Hindustan

text: During the independence movement, the Indians referred to their land by all three names: 'India', 'Hindustan' and 'Bharat'. Mohammad Iqbal's poem "Tarānah-e-Hindī" ("Anthem of the People of Hind") was a popular patriotic song among Indian independence activists.


title: Hindustan

text: The 1940 Lahore Resolution of the All-India Muslim League demanded sovereignty for the Muslim-majority areas in the northwest and northeast of British India, which came to be called 'Pakistan' in popular parlance and the remaining India came to be called 'Hindustan'. The British officials too picked up the two terms and started using them officially.


title: Hindustan

text: However, this naming did not meet the approval of Indian leaders due to the implied meaning of 'Hindustan' as the land of Hindus. They insisted that the new Dominion of India should be called 'India', not 'Hindustan'. Probably for the same reason, the name 'Hindustan' did not receive official sanction of the Constituent Assembly of India, whereas 'Bharat' was adopted as an official name. It was recognised however that 'Hindustan' would continue to be used unofficially.


title: Reserved IP addresses

text: In the Internet addressing architecture, the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) and the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) have reserved various Internet Protocol (IP) addresses for special purposes.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: Within Marvel Comics, most tales take place within the fictional Marvel Universe, which in turn is part of a larger multiverse. Starting with issues of "Captain Britain", the main continuity in which most Marvel storylines take place was designated Earth-616, and the Multiverse was established as being protected by Merlyn. Each universe has a Captain Britain designated to protect its version of the British Isles. These protectors are collectively known as the Captain Britain Corps. This numerical notation was continued in the series "Excalibur" and other titles. Each universe of the Multiverse in Marvel also appears to be defended by a Sorcerer Supreme at nearly all times, appointed by the mystic trinity of Vishanti to defend the world against threats primarily magical in nature from within and beyond and bearing the Eye of Agamotto.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: Later on, many writers would use and reshape the Multiverse in titles such as "Exiles", "X-Men", and "Ultimate Fantastic Four". New universes would also spin out of storylines involving time-traveling characters such as Rachel Summers, Cable, and Bishop, as their actions rendered their home times alternate timelines.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: The Multiverse also plays a role in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU), which is also known as Earth-199999 in the comics. Its concept was first introduced in "Doctor Strange" (2016) before being explored more deeply in of the MCU, starting with "Loki" (2021). Additionally, Sony's Spider-Man Universe (SSU) ties into the MCU multiverse. "" (2018) also ties into its own multiverse along with two more upcoming films in the series.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: The Multiverse is the collection of alternate universes that share a universal hierarchy. A large variety of these universes were originated from another due to a major decision on the part of a character. Some can seem to be taking place in the past or future due to differences in how time passes in each universe. Often, new universes are born due to time traveling; another name for these new universes is an "alternate timeline".


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: The Marvel multiverse is protected from imbalance by the Living Tribunal, a vastly powerful humanoid cosmic entity, who is one for the entire multiverse. It may act to prevent one universe from amassing more power than any of the others or from upsetting the cosmic balance in some way. It is only overseen by the One-Above-All, an omnipotent entity said to have created the entire Marvel Multiverse.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: According to the origin mythology, at the beginning there was only one universe, The First Firmament, but due to actions of Celestials existing there, it diverged. Then, the Multiverse went through several incarnations and eventually the Big Bang caused the existence of the Seventh Cosmos, where most well-known heroes originated. The seventh iteration of the Multiverse was destroyed as a consequence of the phenomena known as incursions and was eventually reborn as the eighth thanks to Reed Richards. According to him the ultimate fate of the Multiverse is to perish in all-encompassing heat death.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: According to Forge, mutants living on these alternate Earths have lost their powers due to M-Day, as stated in ""; however, this mass depowering has not been seen in any of Marvel's current alternate reality publications such as "Exiles", the "Ultimate Marvel" titles, "Amazing Spider-Girl", the "Marvel Adventures" titles or "GeNext", though it is possible that the issue of time may be related to their exclusion. This was apparently retconned during the "" storyline, where Forge stated that all mutants in possible future timelines were depowered, not in parallel universes. This, in addition to A.R.M.O.R.'s observation that Lyra arrived from an alternate reality indicates that the topology of the Marvel Multiverse is based on new realities branching off from key nodes of a timeline instead of strictly parallel dimensions.


title: Multiverse (Marvel Comics)

text: Not every alternate dimension is an entire independent universe, but instead maintain a parasitic relationship to a parent reality. Others can exist outside the multiversal structure altogether.