title: Ringworld

text: The party collects one end of the shadow-square wire that was snapped when the ship crashed. They travel back to their crashed ship in the floating police station, dragging the wire behind them. Louis threads it through the ship to tether it to the police station. He then takes the police station up to the summit of "Fist-of-God", the enormous mountain near their crash site. The mountain had not appeared on the Ringworld map, leading Louis to conclude that it is in fact the result of a meteoroid impact with the underside of the ring, which pushed the "mountain" up from the ring's floor and broke through. The top of the mountain, above the atmosphere, is therefore just a hole in the Ringworld floor. Louis drives the police station over the edge, dragging the "Lying Bastard" along with it. The Ringworld spins very quickly, so once the ship drops through the hole and clears the ring, they can use the ship's hyperdrive to get home. The book concludes with Louis and Speaker discussing returning to the Ringworld.


title: Ringworld

text: Algis Budrys found "Ringworld" to be "excellent and entertaining ... woven together very skillfully and proceed[ing] at a pretty smooth pace." While praising the novel generally, he faulted Niven for relying on inconsistencies regarding evolution in his extrapolations to support his fictional premises.


title: Ringworld

text: Sam Jordison described "Ringworld" as "arguably one of the most influential science fiction novels of the past 50 years.


title: Ringworld

text: In addition to the two aliens, Niven includes a number of concepts from his other Known Space stories:


title: Ringworld

text: The opening chapter of the original paperback edition of "Ringworld" featured Louis Wu teleporting eastward around the Earth in order to extend his birthday. Moving in this direction would, in fact, make local time later rather than earlier, so that Wu would soon arrive in the early morning of the next calendar day. Niven was "endlessly teased" about this error, which he corrected in subsequent printings to show Wu teleporting westward. In his dedication to "The Ringworld Engineers", Niven wrote, "If you own a first paperback edition of "Ringworld", it's the one with the mistakes in it. It's worth money."


title: Ringworld

text: After the publication of "Ringworld", many fans identified numerous engineering problems in the Ringworld as described in the novel. One major one was that the Ringworld, being a rigid structure, was not actually in orbit around the star it encircled and would eventually drift, ultimately colliding with its sun and disintegrating. This led MIT students attending the 1971 Worldcon to chant, "The Ringworld is unstable!" Niven wrote the 1980 sequel "The Ringworld Engineers" in part to address these engineering issues. In it, the ring is found to have a system of attitude jets atop the rim walls, but the Ringworld has become gravely endangered because most of the jets have been removed by the natives, to power their interstellar ships. (The natives had forgotten the original purpose of the jets.)


title: Ringworld

text: The second chapter refers to standard Earth gravity as (or even gives the unit as m/s ["sic"]), while standard Earth gravity is .


title: Ringworld

text: "Ringworld", has become a generic term for such a structure, which is an example of what science fiction fans call a "Big Dumb Object", or more formally a megastructure. Other science fiction authors have devised their own variants of Niven's Ringworld, notably Iain M. Banks' Culture Orbitals, best described as miniature Ringworlds, and the titular ring-shaped Halo structures of the video game series "Halo". Such a mini-Ringworld appears in "Star Wars: The Book of Boba Fett", Season 1, Episode 5.


title: Ringworld

text: Ringworlds are featured in several video games, such as Paradox Interactive's 4X grand strategy game "Stellaris", Blind Mind Studios' "Star Ruler 2", and Malfador Machinations' "Space Empires" series.


title: Ringworld

text: In 1984, a role-playing game based on this setting was produced by Chaosium named "The Ringworld Roleplaying Game". Information from the RPG, along with notes composed by RPG author John Hewitt with Niven, was later used to form the "Bible" given to authors writing in the "Man-Kzin Wars" series. Niven himself recommended that Hewitt write one of the stories for the original two MKW books, although this never came to pass.


title: Ringworld

text: Tsunami Games released two adventure games based on "Ringworld". "" was released in 1992 and "Return to Ringworld" in 1994. A third game, "Ringworld: Within ARM's Reach", was also planned, but never completed.


title: Ringworld

text: The video game franchise "Halo", created by Bungie and now handled by 343 Industries, took inspiration from the book in the creation and development of its story around the eponymous rings, called Halos. These are physically similar to the Ringworld, however they are much smaller and do not encircle the star, instead orbiting stars or planets.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2017 Paradox Interactive added a DLC called "Utopia" to their game "Stellaris", allowing the player to restore or build ringworlds.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2021 Mobius Digital added a DLC called "Echoes of the Eye" to their game "Outer Wilds", which allows the player to explore a hidden, abandoned ringworld and determine what happened to its inhabitants.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2001, Larry Niven reported that a movie deal had been signed and was in the early planning stages.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2004, the Sci-Fi Channel reported that it was developing a "Ringworld" miniseries. The series never came to fruition.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2013, it was again announced by the channel, now rebranded as Syfy, that a miniseries of the novel was in development. This proposed 4-hour miniseries was being written by Michael R. Perry and would have been a co-production between MGM Television and Universal Cable Productions.


title: Ringworld

text: In 2017, Amazon announced that Ringworld was one of three science fiction series it was developing for its streaming service. MGM were again listed as a co-producer.


title: Ringworld

text: Tor/Seven Seas (same joint venture of Macmillan's Tor Books and Seven Seas Entertainment who also published the English-language translation of "Afro Samurai") published a two-part original English-language manga adaptation of "Ringworld", with the script written by Robert Mandell and the artwork by Sean Lam. "Ringworld: The Graphic Novel, Part One", covering the events of the novel up to the sunflower attack on Speaker, was released on July 8, 2014. "Part Two" was released on November 10, 2015.


title: Division by zero

text: In mathematics, division by zero is division where the divisor (denominator) is zero. Such a division can be formally expressed as formula_1, where is the dividend (numerator). In ordinary arithmetic, the expression has no meaning, as there is no number that, when multiplied by , gives (assuming formula_2); thus, division by zero is undefined. Since any number multiplied by zero is zero, the expression formula_3 is also undefined; when it is the form of a limit, it is an indeterminate form. Historically, one of the earliest recorded references to the mathematical impossibility of assigning a value to formula_1 is contained in Anglo-Irish philosopher George Berkeley's criticism of infinitesimal calculus in 1734 in "The Analyst" ("ghosts of departed quantities").


title: Division by zero

text: There are mathematical structures in which formula_1 is defined for some such as in the Riemann sphere (a model of the extended complex plane) and the Projectively extended real line; however, such structures do not satisfy every ordinary rule of arithmetic (the field axioms).


title: Division by zero

text: In computing, a program error may result from an attempt to divide by zero. Depending on the programming environment and the type of number (e.g., floating point, integer) being divided by zero, it may generate positive or negative infinity by the IEEE 754 floating-point standard, generate an exception, generate an error message, cause the program to terminate, result in a special not-a-number value, or crash.


title: Division by zero

text: When division is explained at the elementary arithmetic level, it is often considered as splitting a set of objects into equal parts. As an example, consider having ten cookies, and these cookies are to be distributed equally to five people at a table. Each person would receive formula_6 cookies. Similarly, if there are ten cookies, and only one person at the table, that person would receive formula_7 cookies.


title: Division by zero

text: So, for dividing by zero, what is the number of cookies that each person receives when 10 cookies are evenly distributed among 0 people at a table? Certain words can be pinpointed in the question to highlight the problem. The problem with this question is the "when". There is no way to distribute 10 cookies to nobody. Therefore, formula_8at least in elementary arithmeticis said to be either meaningless or undefined.


title: Division by zero

text: If there are, say, 5 cookies and 2 people, the problem is in "evenly distribute". In any integer partition of 5 things into 2 parts, either one of the parts of the partition will have more elements than the other or there will be a remainder (written as = 2 r1). Or, the problem with 5 cookies and 2 people can be solved by cutting one cookie in half, which introduces the idea of fractions ( = ) . The problem with 5 cookies and 0 people, on the other hand, cannot be solved in any way that preserves the meaning of "divides".


title: Division by zero

text: In elementary algebra, another way of looking at division by zero is that division can always be checked using multiplication. Considering the example above, setting "x" = , if "x" equals ten divided by zero, then "x" times zero equals ten, but there is no "x" that, when multiplied by zero, gives ten (or any number other than zero). If, instead of "x" = , "x" = , then every "x" satisfies the question "what number "x", multiplied by zero, gives zero?"


title: Division by zero

text: The "Brāhmasphuṭasiddhānta" of Brahmagupta (c. 598–668) is the earliest text to treat zero as a number in its own right and to define operations involving zero. The author could not explain division by zero in his texts: his definition can be easily proven to lead to algebraic absurdities. According to Brahmagupta,


title: Division by zero

text: A positive or negative number when divided by zero is a fraction with the zero as denominator. Zero divided by a negative or positive number is either zero or is expressed as a fraction with zero as numerator and the finite quantity as denominator. Zero divided by zero is zero.


title: Division by zero

text: In 830, Mahāvīra unsuccessfully tried to correct the mistake Brahmagupta made in his book "Ganita Sara Samgraha": "A number remains unchanged when divided by zero."


title: Division by zero

text: The four basic operations – addition, subtraction, multiplication and division – as applied to whole numbers (positive integers), with some restrictions, in elementary arithmetic are used as a framework to support the extension of the realm of numbers to which they apply. For instance, to make it possible to subtract any whole number from another, the realm of numbers must be expanded to the entire set of integers in order to incorporate the negative integers. Similarly, to support division of any integer by any other, the realm of numbers must expand to the rational numbers. During this gradual expansion of the number system, care is taken to ensure that the "extended operations", when applied to the older numbers, do not produce different results. Loosely speaking, since division by zero has no meaning (is "undefined") in the whole number setting, this remains true as the setting expands to the real or even complex numbers.


title: Division by zero

text: As the realm of numbers to which these operations can be applied expands there are also changes in how the operations are viewed. For instance, in the realm of integers, subtraction is no longer considered a basic operation since it can be replaced by addition of signed numbers. Similarly, when the realm of numbers expands to include the rational numbers, division is replaced by multiplication by certain rational numbers. In keeping with this change of viewpoint, the question, "Why can't we divide by zero?", becomes "Why can't a rational number have a zero denominator?". Answering this revised question precisely requires close examination of the definition of rational numbers.


title: Division by zero

text: In the modern approach to constructing the field of real numbers, the rational numbers appear as an intermediate step in the development that is founded on set theory. First, the natural numbers (including zero) are established on an axiomatic basis such as Peano's axiom system and then this is expanded to the ring of integers. The next step is to define the rational numbers keeping in mind that this must be done using only the sets and operations that have already been established, namely, addition, multiplication and the integers. Starting with the set of ordered pairs of integers, with , define a binary relation on this set by if and only if . This relation is shown to be an equivalence relation and its equivalence classes are then defined to be the rational numbers. It is in the formal proof that this relation is an equivalence relation that the requirement that the second coordinate is not zero is needed (for verifying transitivity).


title: Division by zero

text: The above explanation may be too abstract and technical for many purposes, but if one assumes the existence and properties of the rational numbers, as is commonly done in elementary mathematics, the "reason" that division by zero is not allowed is hidden from view. Nevertheless, a (non-rigorous) justification can be given in this setting.


title: Division by zero

text: It follows from the properties of the number system we are using (that is, integers, rationals, reals, etc.), if then the equation is equivalent to . Assuming that is a number , then it must be that . However, the single number would then have to be determined by the equation , but every number satisfies this equation, so we cannot assign a numerical value to .


title: Division by zero

text: The concept that explains division in algebra is that it is the inverse of multiplication. For example,


title: Division by zero

text: Again, any number multiplied by is and so this time every number solves the equation instead of there being a single number that can be taken as the value of .


title: Division by zero

text: In general, a single value can’t be assigned to a fraction where the denominator is so the value remains undefined.


title: Division by zero

text: A compelling reason for not allowing division by zero is that, if it were allowed, many absurd results (i.e., fallacies) would arise. When working with numerical quantities it is easy to determine when an illegal attempt to divide by zero is being made. For example, consider the following computation.


title: Division by zero

text: The fallacy here is the assumption that dividing 0 by 0 is a legitimate operation with the same properties as dividing by any other number.


title: Division by zero

text: However, it is possible to disguise a division by zero in an algebraic argument, leading to invalid proofs that, for instance, such as the following:


title: Division by zero

text: At first glance it seems possible to define "a"/0 by considering the limit of "a"/"b" as "b" approaches 0.


title: Division by zero

text: Furthermore, there is no obvious definition of 0/0 that can be derived from considering the limit of a ratio. The limit


title: Division by zero

text: in which both "f"("x") and "g"("x") approach 0 as "x" approaches 0, may equal any real or infinite value, or may not exist at all, depending on the particular functions "f" and "g".


title: Division by zero

text: A formal calculation is one carried out using rules of arithmetic, without consideration of whether the result of the calculation is well-defined. Thus, it is sometimes useful to think of "a"/0, where "a" ≠ 0, as being formula_28. This infinity can be either positive, negative, or unsigned, depending on context. For example, formally:


title: Division by zero

text: As with any formal calculation, invalid results may be obtained. A logically rigorous (as opposed to formal) computation would assert only that


title: Division by zero

text: Since the one-sided limits are different, the two-sided limit does not exist in the standard framework of the real numbers. Also, the fraction 1/0 is left undefined in the extended real line, therefore it and


title: Division by zero

text: The set formula_32 is the projectively extended real line, which is a one-point compactification of the real line. Here formula_28 means an unsigned infinity or point at infinity, an infinite quantity that is neither positive nor negative. This quantity satisfies formula_34, which is necessary in this context. In this structure, formula_35 can be defined for nonzero , and formula_36 when is not formula_28. It is the natural way to view the range of the tangent function and cotangent functions of trigonometry: approaches the single point at infinity as approaches either or from either direction.


title: Division by zero

text: This definition leads to many interesting results. However, the resulting algebraic structure is not a field, and should not be expected to behave like one. For example, formula_38 is undefined in this extension of the real line.


title: Division by zero

text: The set formula_39 is the Riemann sphere, which is of major importance in complex analysis. Here formula_40 represents complex infinity, which is also a point at infinity. This set is analogous to the projectively extended real line, except that it is based on the field of complex numbers. In the Riemann sphere, formula_41 and formula_42, but formula_27, formula_44, and formula_45 are undefined.


title: Division by zero

text: Although division by zero cannot be sensibly defined with real numbers and integers, it is possible to consistently define it, or similar operations, in other mathematical structures.


title: Division by zero

text: In the hyperreal numbers and the surreal numbers, division by zero is still impossible, but division by non-zero infinitesimals is possible.


title: Division by zero

text: In distribution theory one can extend the function formula_46 to a distribution on the whole space of real numbers (in effect by using Cauchy principal values). It does not, however, make sense to ask for a "value" of this distribution at "x" = 0; a sophisticated answer refers to the singular support of the distribution.


title: Division by zero

text: In matrix algebra (or linear algebra in general), one can define a pseudo-division, by setting "a"/"b" = "ab", in which "b" represents the pseudoinverse of "b". It can be proven that if "b" exists, then "b" = "b". If "b" equals 0, then b = 0.


title: Division by zero

text: In abstract algebra, the integers, the rational numbers, the real numbers, and the complex numbers can be abstracted to more general algebraic structures, such as a commutative ring, which is a mathematical structure where addition, subtraction, and multiplication behave as they do in the more familiar number systems, but division may not be defined. Adjoining a multiplicative inverses to a commutative ring is called localization. However, the localization of every commutative ring at zero is the trivial ring, where formula_47, so nontrivial commutative rings do not have inverses at zero, and thus division by zero is undefined for nontrivial commutative rings.


title: Division by zero

text: Nevertheless, any number system that forms a commutative ring can be extended to a seldom used structure called a wheel in which division by zero is always possible. However, the resulting mathematical structure is no longer a commutative ring, as multiplication no longer distributes over addition. Furthermore, in a wheel, division of an element by itself no longer results in the multiplicative identity element formula_48, and if the original system was an integral domain, the multiplication in the wheel no longer results in a cancellative semigroup.


title: Division by zero

text: The concepts applied to standard arithmetic are similar to those in more general algebraic structures, such as rings and fields. In a field, every nonzero element is invertible under multiplication; as above, division poses problems only when attempting to divide by zero. This is likewise true in a skew field (which for this reason is called a division ring). However, in other rings, division by nonzero elements may also pose problems. For example, the ring Z/6Z of integers mod 6. The meaning of the expression formula_49 should be the solution "x" of the equation formula_50. But in the ring Z/6Z, 2 is a zero divisor. This equation has two distinct solutions, and , so the expression formula_49 is undefined.


title: Division by zero

text: In field theory, the expression formula_52 is only shorthand for the formal expression "ab", where "b" is the multiplicative inverse of "b". Since the field axioms only guarantee the existence of such inverses for nonzero elements, this expression has no meaning when "b" is zero. Modern texts, that define fields as a special type of ring, include the axiom for fields (or its equivalent) so that the zero ring is excluded from being a field. In the zero ring, division by zero is possible, which shows that the other field axioms are not sufficient to exclude division by zero in a field.


title: Division by zero

text: The IEEE floating-point standard, supported by almost all modern floating-point units, specifies that every floating-point arithmetic operation, including division by zero, has a well-defined result. The standard supports signed zero, as well as infinity and NaN ("not a number"). There are two zeroes: +0 ("positive zero") and −0 ("negative zero") and this removes any ambiguity when dividing. In IEEE 754 arithmetic, "a" ÷ +0 is positive infinity when "a" is positive, negative infinity when "a" is negative, and NaN when "a" = ±0. The infinity signs change when dividing by −0 instead.


title: Division by zero

text: The justification for this definition is to preserve the sign of the result in case of arithmetic underflow. For example, in the single-precision computation 1/("x"/2), where , the computation "x"/2 underflows and produces ±0 with sign matching "x", and the result will be ±∞ with sign matching "x". The sign will match that of the exact result ±2, but the magnitude of the exact result is too large to represent, so infinity is used to indicate overflow.


title: Division by zero

text: Integer division by zero is usually handled differently from floating point since there is no integer representation for the result. Some processors generate an exception when an attempt is made to divide an integer by zero, although others will simply continue and generate an incorrect result for the division. The result depends on how division is implemented, and can either be zero, or sometimes the largest possible integer.


title: Division by zero

text: Because of the improper algebraic results of assigning any value to division by zero, many computer programming languages (including those used by calculators) explicitly forbid the execution of the operation and may prematurely halt a program that attempts it, sometimes reporting a "Divide by zero" error. In these cases, if some special behavior is desired for division by zero, the condition must be explicitly tested (for example, using an if statement). Some programs (especially those that use fixed-point arithmetic where no dedicated floating-point hardware is available) will use behavior similar to the IEEE standard, using large positive and negative numbers to approximate infinities. In some programming languages, an attempt to divide by zero results in undefined behavior. The graphical programming language Scratch 2.0 and 3.0 used in many schools returns Infinity or −Infinity depending on the sign of the dividend.


title: Division by zero

text: In two's complement arithmetic, attempts to divide the smallest signed integer by −1 are attended by similar problems, and are handled with the same range of solutions, from explicit error conditions to undefined behavior.


title: Division by zero

text: Most calculators will either return an error or state that 1/0 is undefined; however, some TI and HP graphing calculators will evaluate (1/0) to ∞.


title: Division by zero

text: Microsoft Math and Mathematica return codice_1 for 1/0. Maple and SageMath return an error message for 1/0, and infinity for 1/0.0 (0.0 tells these systems to use floating-point arithmetic instead of algebraic arithmetic).


title: Division by zero

text: Some modern calculators allow division by zero in special cases, where it will be useful to students and, presumably, understood in context by mathematicians. Some calculators, the online Desmos calculator is one example, allow arctangent(1/0). Students are often taught that the inverse cotangent function, arccotangent, should be calculated by taking the arctangent of the reciprocal, and so a calculator may allow arctangent(1/0), giving the output which is the correct value of arccotangent 0. The mathematical justification is that the limit as x goes to zero of arctangent 1/x is


title: Ty Pennington

text: Tygert Burton "Ty" Pennington (born Gary Tygert Burton) is an American television host, artist, carpenter, author, and former model and actor.


title: Ty Pennington

text: His rise to prominence began with his role as carpenter on the TLC home improvement reality show "Trading Spaces" (2000–2003), and continued when he hosted the ABC reality series "" (2003–2012), where he won two Primetime Emmy Awards. Following the show's conclusion in 2012, Pennington has focused on numerous other projects, including host of ABC's short lived talk show "The Revolution" in 2012, TNT's "On the Menu" opposite Emeril Lagasse in 2014 and The Food Network's "American Diner Revival" opposite Amanda Freitag from 2015 to 2016. On September 13, 2017, it was announced that Pennington was joining the revival of "Trading Spaces", which began airing on April 7, 2018, on TLC.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Pennington was born Gary Tygert Burton, the son of Yvonne Vickery. Yvonne separated from Ty's father when he and his older brother Wynn were very young, and spent several years as a single parent before she remarried. Her new husband adopted both boys, giving them his surname Pennington. Ty is of partial Cherokee descent.


title: Ty Pennington

text: A self-described "Jack of all trades", Pennington learned woodworking early in life and began teaching himself about carpentry and home improvement. After attending Sprayberry High School in Marietta, Georgia, he first attended Kennesaw State University, where he majored in art and history. He paid his way through college by taking night classes and working during the day, first working in landscaping before moving into construction. Despite his skills in carpentry, Pennington initially decided that carpentry wasn't something he wanted to do professionally, noting his main interests were in becoming an artist, specializing in Graphic Design. On the advice of one of his professors, he transferred to the Art Institute of Atlanta, from where he graduated with a bachelor's degree in graphic design.


title: Ty Pennington

text: During his final semester, Pennington was approached by a modeling scout, and soon began a lucrative career in that field. He landed print jobs for J.Crew, Swatch and Sprite, and appeared in television spots for Diet Coke, Levi's, Macy's and Bayer, among others. His job as a model took him to places all over the world, as he went on to reside in Japan, Thailand, Italy, Canada, and Germany.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Pennington parlayed his hands-on skills and design acumen into a career in the entertainment industry, becoming a set designer, including for "Leaving Las Vegas" in 1995. However, his professional breakthrough came through The Learning Channel's (now known as simply TLC) innovative hit show "Trading Spaces". In 2003, he acted in the independent film, "The Adventures of Ociee Nash" (as "Wilbur Wright").


title: Ty Pennington

text: In 2003, when ABC began developing a show that would rehab the homes of deserving families in seven days or less, Pennington was chosen as the leader of the eight-person design team. "", originally planned to be a 13-part special, became a huge hit, catapulting Pennington to stardom. This led to an endorsement deal with Sears, a sponsor of the show. Pennington was extremely dedicated to the show, spending on average 240 days of the year working, and was known to have fought off anything from pulled muscles to heatstroke to food poisoning to keep doing his job. He stated that his career on the show resulted in the channel's commissioning "Ty's Great British Adventure", in which he worked with communities including Portreath, Cornwall (UK) to restore a run-down town park in a week and Portishead, North Somerset (UK) to renovate the town's derelict outdoor pool into a community-run Lido. The series was shown from September 16, 2008.


title: Ty Pennington

text: When "Extreme Makeover Home Edition" ended in 2012 with its ninth season, Pennington had helped rebuild more than 200 homes for the show. Afterwards, Pennington relocated from Los Angeles to New York City, where he was cast to take part in the lifestyle-based talk show "The Revolution", which aired on ABC in January 2012. When the show was cancelled after six months, Ty began pursuing other goals.


title: Ty Pennington

text: In January 2021, HGTV debuted "Ty Breaker", a show that features Pennington helping families struggling to make their homes work for their changing lives.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Pennington joined the HGTV renovation competition series, " Rock The Block, " as host for its 2nd season, which premiered on March 8, 2021, and continues in that role for season 3, set to launch in early 2022.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Prior to his partnership with Sears, Pennington was the owner and designer of his company, Furniture Unlimited, based in Atlanta and Los Angeles. He also lends his name to Sears, with their design team guiding the design of every item in the Ty Pennington Style line of bedding, tabletop items, bath accessories, furniture, patio furniture, and other miscellaneous home decor.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Pennington published "Ty's Tricks: Home Repair Secrets Plus Cheap and Easy Projects to Transform Any Room" (2003), a do-it-yourself guide on home improvement. On May 15, 2007, he released the first issue of his quarterly magazine "Ty Pennington at Home", which ran until 2009.


title: Ty Pennington

text: On July 25, 2008, he announced a 3-year partnership with Marketplace Events, the largest organizer of consumer remodeling, home decor and gardening shows in North America.


title: Ty Pennington

text: He appeared on an episode of "Wow! Wow! Wubbzy!" playing a fictionalized version of himself named Ty Ty The Tool Guy.


title: Ty Pennington

text: In September 2008, Pennington became the spokesperson for Abbott Nutrition and their baby formula packaging innovation called "Similac SimplePac". He was also involved with the "Similac Custom Nursery Design Contest" and "Ty's Nursery Guide" that were part of the new product marketing.


title: Ty Pennington

text: In February 2014, Pennington became the spokesperson for Guaranteed Rate and has been featured in a series of commercials and ads for the Chicago-based mortgage lender.


title: Ty Pennington

text: As a child, Pennington was plagued with behavioral problems until he was diagnosed with ADHD at the age of 17. He also discussed his ADHD with Glenn Beck and in the movie The Disruptors. Pennington has partnered with Shire Plc to raise awareness of ADHD in adults and promote the use of Vyvanse for the treatment of adult ADHD. He has been criticized for promoting the use of ADHD medications such as Adderall without disclosing his sponsorship.


title: Ty Pennington

text: Pennington was arrested for DUI in Los Angeles on May 5, 2007 with a blood alcohol content of .14 percent. He faced 6 months in jail. He pleaded guilty and was sentenced to 3 years probation. In July 2021, Pennington announced his engagement to his girlfriend of one year, Kellee Merrell. They got married on November 27, 2021 in Savannah, Georgia.


title: Rahu

text: Rāhu (Sanskrit: राहु, ) is one of the nine major celestial bodies (navagraha) in Hindu texts and the king of meteors. It represents the ascension of the moon in its precessional orbit around the earth, also referred as the north lunar node, and along with Ketu, is a "shadow planet" that causes eclipses. Despite having no physical existence, Rahu has been allocated the status of the planet by ancient seers owing to its strong influence in astrology.


title: Rahu

text: Rahu is usually paired with Ketu, another shadow planet. The time of day considered to be under the influence of Rahu is called "Rāhu kāla" and is considered inauspicious.


title: Rahu

text: As per Hindu astrology, Rahu and Ketu have an orbital cycle of 18 years and are always 180 degrees from each other orbitally (as well as in the birth charts). This coincides with the precessional orbit of the moon or the ~18 year rotational cycle of the lunar ascending and descending nodes on the earth's ecliptic plane. This also corresponds to a saros, a period of approximately 223 synodic months (approximately 6585.3211 days, or 18 years, 11 days, 8 hours), that can be used to predict eclipses of the Sun and Moon. Rahu rules the zodiac sign of Aquarius together with Shani.


title: Rahu

text: Astronomically, Rahu and Ketu denote the points of intersection of the paths of the Sun and the Moon as they move on the celestial sphere. Therefore, Rahu and Ketu are respectively called the north and the south lunar nodes. Eclipses occur when the Sun and the Moon are at one of these points, giving rise to the understanding of swallowing of the Sun and the Moon by the snake. Rahu is responsible for causing the Eclipse of the Sun.


title: Rahu

text: Rahu is mentioned in the Puranic texts. The tales begin in the "remotest periods of the earliest of time, when the devas and asuras churned the ocean of milk to extract from it the amrita, the elixir of immortality." Mohini, the female avatar of Vishnu, started distributing amrita to the devas. However, one of the asuras, Svarbhanu, sat in the row of devas and drank the amrita. Surya and Chandra noticed him and they informed Mohini; however, by that time, Svarbhanu had already become immortal. Vishnu, as Mohini, cut off Svarbhanu's head with the Sudarshana Chakra. Svarbhanu, henceforth referred to as Rahuketu, could not die, but his head was separated from his body and his head came to be known as Rahu, while his body came to be known as Ketu. Following this event, Rahu and Ketu were given the responsibility to influence the lives of the humans on Earth.


title: Rahu

text: Since Rahu and Ketu are two opposite lunar nodes, they always appear in diametrically opposite houses in horoscopes. Both nodes are always in retrograde motion.


title: Rahu

text: In Hindu astrology, Rahu represents materialism, mischief, fear, dissatisfaction, obsession and confusion. Rahu is also associated with politicians and occult sciences. Like Ketu, Rahu is also an enemy against the sun and moon. It is generally considered as a malefic planet in astrology.


title: Rahu

text: Jyotisha is Hindu astrology, which entails the concepts of Nakshatra (see also List of Natchathara temples), Navagraha (see also List of Navagraha temples), and Saptarishi (included in the list of Hindu deities whose dedicated temples are found at various Hindu pilgrimage sites to which Hindus take yatra).


title: Rahu

text: Rāhu is mentioned explicitly in a pair of scriptures from the Samyutta Nikaya of the Pali Canon. In the Candima Sutta and the Suriya Sutta, Rahu attacks Surya, the Sun deity and Chandra, the Moon deity before being compelled to release them by their recitation of a brief stanza conveying their reverence for the Buddha. The Buddha responds by enjoining Rāhu to release them, which Rāhu does rather than have his "head split into seven pieces". The verses recited by the two celestial deities and the Buddha have since been incorporated into Buddhist liturgy as protective verses recited by monks as prayers of protection.


title: Rahu

text: Rāhu was depicted by actor Vijay in the film "Beast" as Veera Raghavan with bullet deflection and superhuman fighting skills.


title: Traces (TV series)

text: Traces is a British television crime drama produced by Red Production Company (a StudioCanal company). Co-created and written by Val McDermid and Amelia Bullmore, and based upon an original idea by McDermid, it originally premiered on Alibi on 9 December 2019. The series was rerun on BBC One on 4 January 2021 and Series One began repeating on Drama on 15 January 2022. A second six-episode season was released in February 2022.


title: Traces (TV series)

text: Traces focuses on three female forensic professionals, Emma Hedges, Sarah Gordon and Kathy Torrance, working together at the fictitious Scottish Institute of Forensic Science and Anatomy (SIFA) in Dundee, Scotland, as they uncover the truth of a murder case and bring a killer to justice.


title: Traces (TV series)

text: Traces is set in and around Dundee, but the majority of the series was filmed in Bolton, England. The theme tune is a cover of Nina Simone's "Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood" by Valerie Broussard.


title: Traces (TV series)

text: Stuart Heritage reviewing on behalf of "The Guardian" rated the series three stars out of five, and whilst acknowledging the series is loaded with talent, said "this is what happens when TV runs out of new shows". "The Times" awarded the series two out of five stars with Carol Midgley saying that "the biggest crime here so far is a lack of flavour".


title: Melting Me Softly

text: Melting Me Softly () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Ji Chang-wook, Won Jin-ah, and Yoon Se-ah. Created by Studio Dragon and produced by writer Baek Mi-kyung's own company Story Phoenix, it aired on tvN every Saturday and Sunday at 21:00 (KST) from September 28 to November 17, 2019 for 16 episodes.


title: Melting Me Softly

text: Ma Dong-chan (Ji Chang-wook) and Ko Mi-ran (Won Jin-ah) take part in a 24-hour experiment where both are frozen. Things don't go as expected and they wake up from the frozen capsule 20 years later instead of 24 hours. In order to survive the side effects of their cryogenic sleep, they must follow a set of restrictions to maintain their body temperature at 31.5 °C (max. 33 °C/88-91 °F) and keep their heart rate normal. The scientist behind the experiment is the only one who knows the key to their survival but he has lost his memory after an accident. Racing against time, the story focuses on two dynamic individuals' attempt to resume normalcy and catch up on the lost time of their lives.


title: Melting Me Softly

text: Won Jin-ah and Yoon Se-ah have previously starred together in "Rain or Shine" (2017). The first script reading took place in June 2019.


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: Rajat Kapoor (born 11 February 1961) is an Indian actor, filmmaker and playwright who works in Hindi cinema. Kapoor was born in Delhi, India. He mainly focused on acting at first. In 2013 he joined the theatre group Chingari in Delhi, later moving to Pune to attend the Film and Television Institute of India (FTII).


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: Kapoor started out in Parallel Cinema making his debut in the 1989 Kumar Shahani film "Khayal Gatha". When he had trouble finding acting jobs in the 1990s, Kapoor began writing and directing shorts. He made his full-length directorial debut with "Private Detective: Two Plus Two Plus One" (1997), which had Irrfan Khan and Naseeruddin Shah in minor roles. In 2001, Kapoor got his big mainstream break-in "Dil Chahta Hai", which starred Aamir Khan, as Preity Zinta's character's uncle. He received international attention in Mira Nair's "Monsoon Wedding" in which he played an abusive uncle. Since then, he has written, directed, and appeared in many films including "Corporate", "Bheja Fry", and also as Muhammad Ali Jinnah in a UK television film "The Last Days of the Raj" in 2007. In 2003, he wrote and directed the independent film "Raghu Romeo" which he financed by sending e-mail requests for money to his friends. Although it was not a box office success, the film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. Kapoor then directed and starred in "Mixed Doubles", a film that deals with Swinging in contemporary Mumbai. In 2008 he directed a Sleeper hit called Mithya. He was also nominated for Best Performance by an Actor for "Siddharth: The Prisoner" at the 2008 Asia Pacific Screen Awards. In the year 2010, he has also starred in a Bengali movie Iti Mrinalini opposite Konkona Sen directed by Bengali film writer Aparna Sen. Kapoor frequently collaborates with actors Vinay Pathak and Ranvir Shorey.


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: Apart from films, Kapoor hosts the tri-weekly chat show "Lounge" telecasted by NDTV Good Times. He also worked in television shows, including Rishtey which was aired on Zee TV in the episode 'Milan'. Tired of pitching his stories to investors, Kapoor reached out to his friend Chet Jainn, founder of the crowdfunding platform goCrowdera.com to raise initial seed fund for his next film called "RkRkay". The "RkRkay" crowdfunding campaign went on to raise over ₹35,00,000.


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: In October 2018, Kapoor was accused of sexual harassment by two women during the Me Too movement, following which he apologised. His film "Kadakh" was dropped from the 20th MAMI Film Festival due to the allegations.


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: Kapoor married Meenal Agarwal, a photographer-production designer in 1996 and has two children, a daughter Rabia and a son Vivan.


title: Rajat Kapoor

text: Kapoor is a three time National Award winner, first for his 26-minute non-feature documentary, "Tarana", then for his short, "Hypnothesis", and after that for Raghu Romeo in "Best Feature Film in Hindi" section.


title: Sheree North

text: Sheree North (born Dawn Shirley Crang; January 17, 1932 – November 5, 2005) was an American actress, dancer, and singer, known for being one of 20th Century-Fox's intended successors to Marilyn Monroe.


title: Sheree North

text: North was born Dawn Shirley Crang in Los Angeles, California, on January 17, 1932, the daughter of June (née Shoard) and Richard Crang. Following her mother's remarriage to Edward Bethel, she was known as Dawn Shirley Bethel.


title: Sheree North

text: She began dancing in USO shows during World War II at age 10. In 1948, she married Fred Bessire. She bore her first child at age 17 in 1949, and continued dancing in clubs under the stage name Shirley Mae Bessire. (Already married at this age, her legal name at this time was Dawn Shirley Bessire.)


title: Sheree North

text: North made her film début as an uncredited extra in "Excuse My Dust" (1951). She was then spotted by a choreographer performing at the Macayo Club in Santa Monica, and was cast as a chorus girl in the film "Here Come the Girls" (1953), starring Bob Hope. Around that time, she adopted the stage name Sheree North. She made her Broadway début in the musical "Hazel Flagg", for which she won a Theatre World Award. She reprised her role in the film version, "Living It Up" (1954), starring Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. In early 1954, at age 22, she appeared in a live TV version of Cole Porter's "Anything Goes" on "The Colgate Comedy Hour", with Ethel Merman, Frank Sinatra, and Bert Lahr.


title: Sheree North

text: In 1954, North signed a four-year contract with 20th Century-Fox. The studio had big plans for her, hoping to groom her as a replacement for the studio's leading—and increasingly uncontrollable—female star Marilyn Monroe. Fox tested North for leading roles in two of their upcoming productions, "The Girl in Pink Tights" and "There's No Business Like Show Business"—two films that had been offered to Monroe—while North was wearing Monroe's own studio wardrobe. After her screen tests, though, North was not cast in either film. In March 1954, North had a brush with scandal when she was revealed to have once danced in a bikini in an 8 mm erotic film. Fox capitalized on the publicity, as the studio previously had with Monroe's nude calendar posing in 1952.


title: Sheree North

text: In 1955, she was assigned the lead role opposite Betty Grable in "How to Be Very, Very Popular" (1955), a role that Marilyn Monroe had refused. Media attention surrounding Monroe's suspension, and North's hiring resulted in North appearing on the cover of "Life" with the cover line "Sheree North Takes Over from Marilyn Monroe". "How to Be Very, Very Popular" did not live up to the hype Fox had generated, though North had appeared on "What's My Line?" to publicize the film and had been asked point-blank by one of the panelists if she has been associated with Monroe. The movie received mixed reviews from critics and was a moderate box-office success. Despite this, film historians, then and now, cite North's electrically charged dancing to "Shake, Rattle and Roll" as the film's most memorable scene.


title: Sheree North

text: In an attempt to promote North, Fox studio executives lobbied to cast her in films surrounded with popular stars. The studio had campaigned to cast her in a film with comedian Tom Ewell, hoping to repeat the success he had with Monroe in "The Seven Year Itch" (1955). Soon thereafter, the studio assigned North and Ewell to appear together in the romantic comedy "The Lieutenant Wore Skirts", plotting the story of an army lieutenant whose husband tries to get her discharged. To promote the film, North posed for several publicity shots showing her legs. When the majority of the shots were released, only her legs appeared, with the tagline "Believe it or not, these legs belong to an army lieutenant." The film premiered with much fanfare in January 1956, and became a box-office success, grossing over $4 million in the United States.


title: Sheree North

text: North's follow-up was "The Best Things in Life Are Free" (1956), a lavish musical in which her singing voice was dubbed by Eileen Wilson. She received fourth billing under Gordon MacRae, Dan Dailey, and Ernest Borgnine. It was an attempt by the studio to broaden North's audience appeal, and while it earned favorable reviews from critics, it did not become the success for which Fox had hoped. In 1956, Fox signed another blonde bombshell in the person of Broadway actress Jayne Mansfield to a contract, and began promoting her instead of North. Although Fox gradually lost interest in North, the studio continued to offer her a string of films. She was offered the lead role in a film called "The Girl Upstairs", in which she would have parodied Monroe's on-screen persona.


title: Sheree North

text: When North's agent suggested she decline the film, Fox put her on suspension for two months. When her suspension was lifted one month later, North agreed to appear in "The Way to the Gold", but only on the assurance that Elvis Presley would be her co-star. When Presley withdrew due to salary disagreements, he was replaced with Jeffrey Hunter, with whom North often quarreled. In the film, North attempted to progress from her blonde bombshell image, playing a sarcastic waitress, and while the film drew mixed reviews, it was a box-office success.


title: Sheree North

text: She next starred in "No Down Payment" (1957), a melodrama about the lives of multiple families living in a California subdivision. Tony Randall played her alcoholic husband in the film. Although critically acclaimed, it was not a box-office success. The following year, she appeared in her final two films for Fox. "In Love and War" (1958) was a war drama film pairing her again with Jeffrey Hunter, and also with Robert Wagner, Dana Wynter, and Hope Lange. It was not a critical or financial success. Although the musical film genre had declined in profitability, she next co-starred in "Mardi Gras" (1958) with Pat Boone and Tommy Sands. It was her final film under her contract.


title: Sheree North

text: After North's contract with Fox ended in 1958, her career stalled, although she continued to act in films, television, and on the stage throughout the rest of her life. She guest-starred on episodes of "The Untouchables" and "Gunsmoke" (both 1963). North joined the cast of "I Can Get It for You Wholesale" in 1962, which featured Elliott Gould and introduced Barbra Streisand. She later guest-starred on a series of popular television series, including "Ben Casey", "Burke's Law" (1963–65), "The Virginian" (1964–66), "The Big Valley", "The Iron Horse" (both 1966), and "The Fugitive" (1965–67).


title: Sheree North

text: After an eight-year absence from film acting, North accepted a lead role in the B-movie science-fiction film "Destination Inner Space" (1966). The film opened to only a minor release in 1966 and has rarely been seen since. North co-starred with Elvis Presley in one of his final films, "The Trouble with Girls" (1969).


title: Sheree North

text: When she was not working in films, she worked in musicals and many other theatrical productions. She appeared on Broadway doing a lively routine in the musical "Hazel Flagg" (1953), and won a Theatre World Award. This led directly to her being cast in the film "Living It Up" (1954). In 1962, she appeared on Broadway as Martha Mills in "I Can Get It for You Wholesale", with Jack Kruschen, Elliott Gould, and Barbra Streisand in her Broadway debut. North also appeared in productions of "Irma La Douce", "Bye Bye Birdie", and "Can-Can". In 1965, she took over from Shirley Knight in a Los Angeles production of "Dutchman" that coincided with the 1965 Watts riots. The production was controversial and was blamed by conservatives for inciting unrest. It was picketed, ads in newspapers were blocked, and North's car was set on fire. Despite that, the production ran for a year.


title: Sheree North

text: From the 1960s onward, North focused mainly on becoming a solid and versatile character actress, appearing on almost every television Western, cop show, and medical drama produced from the 1960s through the 1990s. She displayed a talent for comic timing on many of the situation comedies of the era. She was a favorite in several made-for-television movies. She also earned Emmy nominations for appearances on "Marcus Welby, M.D." (1969) and "Archie Bunker's Place" (1979).


title: Sheree North

text: A favorite of film producer/director Don Siegel, she appeared in four of his films: in "Madigan" (1968) opposite Richard Widmark; in "Charley Varrick" (1973) with Walter Matthau; as John Wayne's long-lost love in the actor's final film "The Shootist" (1976); and in "Telefon" (1977). She had supporting roles in two Charles Bronson movies, "Breakout" (1975) with Robert Duvall, and "Telefon". Other notable performances were in "The Gypsy Moths" (1969) with Burt Lancaster and Gene Hackman; and as Burt Lancaster's ex-lover in Michael Winner's Western, "Lawman" (1971) with Robert Ryan, Lee J. Cobb, Robert Duvall, and Albert Salmi. She also appeared in the crime drama "The Organization" (1971) with Sidney Poitier, and in "The Outfit" (1973) with Duvall, Joe Don Baker, and Karen Black.


title: Sheree North

text: Throughout the 1970s and 1980s, North appeared in guest spots on TV shows, including "Hawaii Five-O", "The Streets of San Francisco", "McMillan & Wife", "Matlock", "Family", and "Magnum, P.I.". She played Lou Grant's girlfriend in several episodes of "The Mary Tyler Moore Show". She co-starred with Sheldon Leonard in the short-lived CBS sitcom "Big Eddie" in 1975. During the 1980–81 season, North starred in "I'm a Big Girl Now" with Diana Canova, Danny Thomas, and Martin Short. The series aired 19 episodes. In 1980, she played Marilyn Monroe's mother in the made-for-television film "". In 1983, she appeared in the ensemble cast of Steven Bochco's series "Bay City Blues". The hour-long drama series aired eight episodes. North later appeared in two episodes of "The Golden Girls" as Blanche Devereaux's sister Virginia.


title: Sheree North

text: In the 1990s, she appeared as Cosmo Kramer's mother Babs Kramer in two episodes of the sitcom "Seinfeld". Her last screen role was in John Landis' black comedy "Susan's Plan" (1998).


title: Sheree North

text: North was married four times and had two children. In 1948, at age 16, she married Fred Bessire, a draftsman, with whom she had a daughter, Dawn. The marriage ended in 1953. In 1955, she married television writer Bud Freeman; the marriage ended a year later. Her third marriage was to a psychologist, Gerhardt Sommer, with whom she had another daughter, Erica Eve. The marriage ended in divorce in 1963. At the time of her death, North was married to her fourth husband, Emmy Award-winning title designer Phillip "Phill" Norman.


title: Sheree North

text: On November 4, 2005, aged 73, North died of complications following surgery at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental College (informally Oxy) is a private liberal arts college in Los Angeles, California. Founded in 1887 as a coeducational college by clergy and members of the Presbyterian Church, it became non-sectarian in 1910. It is one of the oldest liberal arts colleges on the West Coast of the United States.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental's current campus is located in Eagle Rock, Los Angeles, and was designed by architect Myron Hunt. Due to its proximity to Hollywood and its architecture, the campus is frequently used as a filming location for film and television productions. Occidental is a founding member of the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and its 20 varsity sports teams compete in NCAA Division III. The college's curriculum emphasizes diversity, global literacy, and civic engagement.


title: Occidental College

text: Notable alumni include a President of the United States (Barack Obama), a Cabinet member, several members of the United States Congress, CEOs of notable companies, 10 Rhodes Scholars, and recipients of the Nobel Prize, Pulitzer Prize, Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Emmy Award.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental College was founded on April 20, 1887, by a group of Presbyterian clergy, missionaries, and laymen, including James George Bell, Lyman Stewart, and Thomas Bard. The cornerstone of the school's first building was laid in September 1887 in the Boyle Heights now East Los Angeles neighborhood of Los Angeles. The college's first term began a year later with 27 male and 13 female students, and tuition of $50 a year.


title: Occidental College

text: In 1896, the Boyle Heights building was destroyed by fire. The college temporarily relocated to the old St. Vincent's College campus on Hill Street before a new site was selected in Highland Park in 1898. Eventually, the college erected three main buildings: the Academy Building, the Stimson Library, and the Hall of Arts and Letters (the Hall still stands today, converted to apartments). The Highland Park site was also bisected by the tracks of the Santa Fe Railroad, and was the site of two presidential visits, first by William Howard Taft in 1909 and subsequently by Theodore Roosevelt in 1911.


title: Occidental College

text: In 1909, the Pomona College Board of Trustees suggested a merger between Pomona and Occidental, but the proposal came to nothing. The following year, the college severed formal ties with the Presbyterian Church and became a non-sectarian, non-denominational institution. The small size of the campus and the disruption caused by frequent freight trains pushed the college's trustees to find a new location.


title: Occidental College

text: In 1912, the school began construction of a new campus located in Los Angeles' Eagle Rock neighborhood. The Eagle Rock campus was designed by noted California architect Myron Hunt, also known as the planner of the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) campus and as designer of the Huntington Library and Art Gallery and the Rose Bowl. That same year, Occidental President John Willis Baer announced the trustees' decision to convert Occidental College into an all-men's institution. The plans were met with widespread backlash from students and faculty who protested the change. The community outcry garnered national headlines and the board later dropped the proposal.


title: Occidental College

text: Two weeks after Booker T. Washington came to visit Occidental, on March 27, 1914, Swan, Fowler, and Johnson Halls were dedicated at its new Eagle Rock campus. Patterson Field, today one of the oldest collegiate sports stadiums in Los Angeles, was opened in 1916. In April 1917, shortly after the United States entered World War I, the college formed a Students Army Training Corps to aid the war effort.


title: Occidental College

text: Under Occidental President Remsen Bird, the school opened a series of new Hunt-designed buildings, including Clapp Library (1924), Hillside Theatre and a women's dormitory (Orr Hall) in 1925, Alumni Gymnasium (1926), the Freeman Student Union (1928) and a music and speech building (1929). The Delta of California chapter of Phi Beta Kappa was established at Occidental in 1926, at a time when the only other chapters in California were at Stanford, UC Berkeley, and Pomona.


title: Occidental College

text: English novelist Aldous Huxley, who had spoken at Occidental's convocation ceremony in the then-new Thorne Hall in 1938, lampooned President Remsen Bird as Dr. Herbert Mulge of Tarzana College in his 1939 novel, "After Many a Summer Dies the Swan". Huxley was never again invited back to campus.


title: Occidental College

text: During World War II, many students left Occidental to fight in the war. In July 1943, the U.S. Navy established a Navy V-12 officer training program on campus that produced hundreds of graduates before it was disbanded in 1945 at the end of the war. Occidental President Remsen Bird worked behind the scenes to help Oxy students of Japanese descent continue their education despite mandatory evacuation orders; his letters are included in the Japanese American Relocation Collection in Clapp Library.


title: Occidental College

text: After having its first Rhodes Scholar, Clarence Spaulding, named in 1908, Oxy seniors John Paden and Aaron Segal were awarded Rhodes Scholarships in 1958, the only time Occidental has produced two Rhodes Scholars in a single year. Paden and Segal were among the ten Occidental students who participated in Crossroads Africa that year, a forerunner to the Peace Corps that later became a national program.


title: Occidental College

text: In 1969, 42 students were suspended for peacefully protesting military recruiting on campus. One year later, faculty voted to suspend classes in the wake of the Kent State shootings and America's invasion of Cambodia. Subsequently, Oxy students wrote 7,000 letters to Washington D.C., protesting U.S. involvement in the war in Southeast Asia. Occidental launched one of the country's first Upward Bound programs in 1966, aimed at increasing the number of low-income, underrepresented high school students who become the first in their family to go to college.


title: Occidental College

text: Also in 1969, the school opened its first two co-ed dormitories, and two more followed a year later. In 1988, John Brooks Slaughter, formerly Chancellor of the University of Maryland, became Occidental's first black president. Building on faculty and student advocacy and a series of grants the college had received previously to increase the diversity of the Occidental student body, Slaughter led the process of creating a new mission statement that is still used today. Also, Slaughter led the college's community outreach expansion with the creation of the Center for Volunteerism and Community Service, the predecessor for the current Center for Community Based Learning.


title: Occidental College

text: In November 1990, the college, initially established as a Presbyterian institution but no longer religiously affiliated, rededicated the campus' main chapel as the Herrick Memorial Chapel and Interfaith Center. The school also took down the crosses in the chapel in an attempt to "broaden Occidental's appeal among non-Christian students."


title: Occidental College

text: In July 2006, Susan Westerberg Prager became Occidental's first female president. She left her position in 2007 during the fall term. Robert Skotheim the former president of Whitman College and the Huntington Library, then served as interim president. In July 2009, Jonathan Veitch, formerly dean of The New School's Eugene Lang College, became Occidental's 15th president, and the first native Angeleno president.


title: Occidental College

text: The college received some national scrutiny in 2014 when the U.S. Department of Education named Occidental College as one of 55 higher education institutions under investigation "for possible violations of federal law over the handling of sexual violence and harassment." In response to student and faculty outcry the college adopted a new interim sexual misconduct policy, hired a former assistant district attorney as a full-time, independent Title IX coordinator, and added a new 24-hour, 7-days-a-week telephone hotline. The school also created a permanent Sexual Misconduct Advisory Board made up of students, faculty, and staff. Two years later, the investigation was concluded with the Office of Civil Rights finding that "the preponderance of the evidence does not support a conclusion that the College violated Title IX, except with respect to the issue of promptness in several cases during the 2012-13 school years."


title: Occidental College

text: President Barack Obama attended Occidental for two years prior to transferring to Columbia University. In 2015, "birthers" falsely claimed that Obama's Occidental College transcript revealed he received financial aid as a foreign student from Indonesia after the resurgence of a fake news story from 2009.


title: Occidental College

text: In July 2020, Harry J. Elam, Jr., formerly vice provost for undergraduate education at Stanford University and renowned for diversity and inclusion initiatives in liberal arts curricula, became Occidental's 16th president.


title: Occidental College

text: Architect Myron Hunt created the original campus master plan for Occidental's Eagle Rock campus in 1911. He structured the campus in a Mediterranean style, with covered walkways and tile roofs. The campus landscape was designed and developed by Beatrix Farrand in the late 1930s. All of the 19 buildings designed by Hunt remain in use today, including Johnson Hall, now the home for the McKinnon Center for Global Affairs.


title: Occidental College

text: Built on a hillside, the Eagle Rock campus covers over , some of which is undeveloped land that includes a local landmark known as Fiji Hill. There are 12 on-campus residence halls and the main dining facility is The Marketplace, which is located in the Johnson Student Center. Some buildings, such as the Hameetman Science Center (designed by Anshen + Allen, 2003), deviates from the original architecture with its large glass windows and metal balconies (its lobby houses a large Foucault pendulum). In 1979, Occidental installed "Water Forms II", a kinetic fountain designed by professor George Baker. The fountain is a campus landmark and was featured prominently in the 1984 film "".


title: Occidental College

text: The campus is also noted for its outdoor Remsen Bird Amphitheater, also called the Remsen Bird Hillside Theatre, where between 1960 and 1996, a season of summer plays were performed, including Shakespeare plays and musicals. However, financial cutbacks caused the theater department to end its summer festival programs. Since 1996 the Occidental Children's Theater has instead performed there each summer.


title: Occidental College

text: In 1989, the college dedicated Keck Theater, a post-modern theater with a movable stage and seating arrangements for a variety of different types of shows. It was designed by the architectural firm of Kanmnitzer and Cotton. The James Barrie version of the play "Peter Pan" was the first show performed at the opening ceremony in the summer of 1989.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental College was ranked as the sixth "Most Beautiful" campus by "Newsweek" in 2012. The campus is home to a 1-megawatt ground-mounted solar array, which is the largest hillside array on an American college campus and the largest of its kind in Los Angeles. The 4,886-panel installation was completed in Spring 2013 and inaugurated on the school's 126-year anniversary.


title: Occidental College

text: There are 40 majors offered on campus (and nine minor-only programs, including Public Health, Linguistics, and Classical Studies) and a 9:1 student–faculty ratio. The average class size is 18 students and most students take four classes per semester.


title: Occidental College

text: Since 1908, Occidental has graduated 10 Rhodes Scholars. In "U.S. News & World Report"s 2022 rankings of American liberal arts colleges, Occidental is tied for 37th overall, tied for 33rd in "Best Undergraduate Teaching", 68th for "Best Value," and tied at 70th for "Top Performers on Social Mobility." The 2017 edition of the "Fiske Guide to Colleges" gave Occidental four-star ratings (out of five) in academics and quality of life. Princeton Review's The Best 381 Colleges 2017 Edition gave Occidental ratings of 91 (out of 100) in academics and quality of life and 95 in financial aid. In "Forbes" 2019 ranking of America's Top Colleges, Occidental ranks 102nd out of 650 liberal arts colleges, universities and service academies. "Kiplinger's" "Best College Values 2019" rankings places Occidental 58th among 149 liberal arts colleges.


title: Occidental College

text: "U.S. News" deemed Occidental's admissions "more selective," with the class of 2020 acceptance rate being 37.3%. Of those admitted submitting such data, 52% were in the top 10% of their high school class. The SAT 25th - 75th percentile scores were 1810–2120. Of those admitted to the class of 2020, 50% identified as persons of color, and 13% of those admitted were international students.


title: Occidental College

text: Divided in three parts, the Core Program was designed by the faculty of Occidental to unify and enhance the liberal arts education offered by the school. The Core Program requires students to achieve the following:


title: Occidental College

text: First-year seminars (eight course credits in total) are the centerpiece of the Core Program. Students are given a variety of class choices to fulfill the seminar requirement and to satisfy the first-year writing requirement. The classes are designed to expose students to the rigor of college academics and to the four principles of the college mission—Excellence, Equity, Community, and Service.


title: Occidental College

text: The final portion of the Core Program requires students to pass a senior comprehensive examination in their chosen field. Comprehensive projects most often take the form of a senior thesis, but in some departments they are an examination, research presentation, creative project (such as a film, theatrical production, composition, etc.), or community-based project.


title: Occidental College

text: Students at Occidental can take courses at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) in nearby Pasadena free of charge. In addition, a 3-2 engineering program allows qualified students the opportunity to study at Occidental for three years, completing their undergraduate experience with an additional two years either at Caltech or Columbia University. At the end of the five years, the student receives two degrees, a Bachelor of Arts in the Combined Plan from Occidental and a Bachelor of Science in the selected field of engineering from the engineering school.


title: Occidental College

text: Art majors at Occidental College can take courses at the Art Center College of Design in Pasadena, one of the country's top-ranked art schools. The program is not open to first-year students, but as with the Caltech exchange program, students receive full course credit. No additional tuition payments are required.


title: Occidental College

text: With a competitive GPA and LSAT scores, Columbia Law School admits students upon completion of their junior year at Occidental into its Accelerated Interdisciplinary Program in Legal Education. Admittance to the program enables students to earn a bachelor's degree from Occidental and a Juris Doctor (law) degree from Columbia in six years.


title: Occidental College

text: Students who are interested in biotechnology and who become a biochemistry major maintaining a 3.2 GPA in the necessary courses will be guaranteed admission to the Keck master's in bioscience program. The Keck Graduate Institute is part of the Claremont Colleges consortium.


title: Occidental College

text: At the beginning of every school year, freshmen participate in convocation, a formal ceremony welcoming new students to the college in which the faculty wear their full academic regalia and students don robes. Founders Day is celebrated annually at the school on April 20, the day in 1887 when Occidental's incorporation papers were officially signed by the California Secretary of State.


title: Occidental College

text: For the first three years at Occidental, all students are guaranteed housing on campus and for seniors it is optional. Freshmen do not get to choose where they live; the Office of Residential Education & Housing Services arranges housing by pairing students based on a short form students fill in the summer before they arrive on campus. The Occidental College dorm life consists of 13 co-ed residential housing facilities.


title: Occidental College

text: After a student's first year, he or she can choose to live in a number of dorms that house sophomores, juniors, and seniors; one-third of all these halls are reserved for each grade. These dorms include Newcomb Hall, Wylie Hall, Erdman Hall, Haines Hall, Rangeview Hall and Stearns Hall.


title: Occidental College

text: There are also themed-living communities which consist of the Multicultural Hall in Pauley (open to all years), all-women housing (Berkus House, named after alumnus Dave Berkus), Food Justice house, and several communities and support and uplift the experiences of students of color and LGBTQIA students.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental College has various student-run clubs, organizations and ventures such as the Green Bean Coffee Lounge, organic garden, and the student-managed bike sharing and repairing program. There are also traditional groups such as glee club, Greek organizations, and student media outlets.


title: Occidental College

text: The campus newspaper is "The Occidental", an independent, student-run publication. It has been published continuously since 1893. As of the 2019–20 school year, "The Occidental" publishes biweekly in print and weekly online.


title: Occidental College

text: KOXY is a student-run campus radio station, in operation in the 1960s and 1970s, and again since 2000. It originally operated on the frequency 104.7 in and around campus from 1968 to 2009, but switched to only being available by webstream in 2009. KOXY sponsors several on-campus events.


title: Occidental College

text: In 2010, Occidental College launched a TV station called CatAList, launched by then-students Daniel Watson and Raffy Cortina; Cortina was also the first Occidental student to be awarded with a Student Academy Award from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for his short "Bottled Up". The station produces 20–30 minutes of student-run content weekly on a variety of topics.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental College's Greek Council consists of eight members: local sororities Alpha Lambda Phi Alpha, Delta Omicron Tau; local fraternity Zeta Tau Zeta (co-ed), and national fraternity, Sigma Alpha Epsilon. These Greek organizations are social organizations as opposed to academic Greek organizations. Occidental has a fall and a spring Greek recruiting period; first year students are first eligible to participate in Greek recruitment during the spring of their first year. Occidental also has two cultural Greek organizations: Kappa Alpha Psi and Sigma Lambda Gamma. The college is working to expand their roster of Greek organizations by adding Phi Beta Sigma, Delta Sigma Theta, and Zeta Phi Beta.


title: Occidental College

text: There are various entities at Occidental College that promote local community involvement opportunities in Eagle Rock, Highland Park and Los Angeles. These include the Urban and Environmental Policy Institute (UEPI), the Office of Community Engagement (OCE), the Center for Community Based Learning (CCBL), the Neighborhood Partnership Program (NPP), and Upward Bound.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental is one of the five schools that founded the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (SCIAC) in 1915 and is currently a member of the SCIAC and NCAA Division III. Occidental features 21 varsity sports teams and a program of club sports and intramural competition. Approximately 25 percent of the student body participates in a varsity sports program.


title: Occidental College

text: During the 2006–2007 athletic season, the Tigers cross country, American football and basketball teams were Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference champions. In 2014, diver Jessica Robson set the Southern California Intercollegiate Athletic Conference records for both 1m and 3m diving. The school's Blackshirts Rugby union team was also league champion for the first time in five years. In 2011, Jeremy Castro ('99) and Patrick Guthrie ('86) steered the squad to a NSCRO final, falling to Longwood University 36–27 in Virginia Beach, Virginia. In addition the college has a dance team that also performs at every home football and basketball game.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental athletics date back to 1894, when the college helped organize the first intercollegiate athletic competition in Southern California. Since then, Oxy has produced more than a dozen Olympians, world-record holders, and national champions, including 1935 national girls' tennis champion Pat Henry Yeomans '38, two-time diving gold medalist Sammy Lee '43, and pole vault silver medalist Bob Gutowski '57.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental has long-standing football rivalries with Pomona College and Whittier College; the Tigers have played both the Sagehens and the Poets over 100 times. In 1982, the Occidental College football team had the rare opportunity for national prominence when, due to the 1982 National Football League strike, their game with San Diego was broadcast on national television. In 2017, Occidental cancelled the remainder of its football season due to lack of healthy players, as few as 30 in some cases. The team forfeited two games and was outscored in the other three 170–19. The Tigers played nine games in 2019, finishing with a 1–8 record. It was the final season for the Tigers football team. The school dropped football in 2020.


title: Occidental College

text: In 2011, Occidental College lost a basketball game to Caltech with a score of 46 to 45 giving the Caltech Beavers their first conference win in 26 years and putting an end to their 310-game losing streak.


title: Occidental College

text: Famous Occidental College Tigers include NFL coach Jim E. Mora, former American Football League Most Valuable Player and politician Jack Kemp, former NFL player Vance Mueller, 2011 U.S. Senior Open Champion Olin Browne, CFL Quarterback Bryan James Scott (Edmonton Football Team) and CFL player Justin Goltz (Winnipeg Blue Bombers).


title: Occidental College

text: Notable graduates of Occidental College include filmmaker Terry Gilliam, football player and politician Jack Kemp, pioneering African-American physicist and inventor George Edward Alcorn Jr., former New Orleans Saints and Indianapolis Colts head coach Jim E. Mora, co-inventor of the hard disk drive William Goddard, psychopharmacologist and professor at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine Roland Griffiths, federal judge Jacqueline Nguyen, academic, film executive and novelist August Coppola, historian and chancellor of the California State University system Glenn Dumke, former Lieutenant Governor of California Robert Finch, adventurer and writer Homer Lea, poet Robinson Jeffers, librarian and writer Lawrence Clark Powell, Tony Award-winning actress Joanna Gleason, civil rights activist Ernesto Galarza, television director Jesus Salvador Trevino, voice actress and internet personality Ashly Burch, political scientist Eqbal Ahmad, journalist and current dean of Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism Steve Coll, actor and writer George Nader, veteran executive at Walt Disney Imagineering Joe Rohde, CEO of Warner Music Group Stephen Cooper, and Ambassador to Armenia and former chargé d'affaires to Ukraine during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine Kristina Kvien.


title: Occidental College

text: Notable alumni who did not graduate from Occidental include the 44th U.S. President Barack Obama, former First Lady of Colorado Dottie Lamm, Academy Award–winning actor and filmmaker Ben Affleck, actor Luke Wilson, filmmaker and actor Cooper Raiff, producer Todd Garner, and actress Emily Osment.


title: Occidental College

text: Notable faculty members include the American urban policy analyst Peter Dreier, former U.S. Ambassador to Finland Derek Shearer, former CNN and Fox News contributor Caroline Heldman, chemist Frank L. Lambert, art historian and author Amy Lyford, and the 2005 PEN American Center Literary Award winner in poetry Martha Ronk.


title: Occidental College

text: Occidental's campus, architecture, and proximity to Hollywood have made it a desired location for a number of film and television productions.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: The most prominent themes of Ozu's work are marriage and family, especially the relationships between generations. His most widely beloved films include "Late Spring" (1949), "Tokyo Story" (1953), and "An Autumn Afternoon" (1962).


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Widely regarded as one of the world's greatest and most influential filmmakers, Ozu's work has continued to receive acclaim since his death. In the 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll, Ozu's "Tokyo Story" was voted the third-greatest film of all time by critics world-wide. In the same poll, "Tokyo Story" was voted the greatest film of all time by 358 directors and film-makers world-wide.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu was born in the Fukagawa, Tokyo, the second son of merchant Toranosuke Ozu and his wife Asae. His family was a branch of the Ozu Yoemon merchant family from Ise, and Toranosuke was the 5th generation manager of the family's fertilizer business in Nihonbashi. Asae came from the Nakajō merchant family. Ozu had five brothers and sisters. When he was three, he developed meningitis, and was in a coma for a couple of days. Asae devoted herself to nursing him, and Ozu made a recovery. He attended Meiji nursery school and primary school. In March 1913, at the age of nine, he and his siblings were sent by his father to live in his father's home town of Matsusaka in Mie Prefecture, where he remained until 1924. In March 1916, at the age of 12, he entered what is now Ujiyamada High School. He was a boarder at the school and did judo. He frequently skipped classes to watch films such as "Quo Vadis" or "The Last Days of Pompeii". In 1917, he saw the film "Civilization" and decided that he wanted to be a film director.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1920, at the age of 17, he was thrown out of the dormitory after being accused of writing a love letter to a good-looking boy in a lower class, and had to commute to school by train.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In March 1921, Ozu graduated from the high school. He attempted the exam for entrance into what is now Kobe University's economics department, but failed. In 1922, he took the exam for a teacher training college, but failed it too. On 31 March 1922, he began working as a substitute teacher at a school in the Mie prefecture. He is said to have traveled the long journey from the school in the mountains to watch films on the weekend. In December 1922, his family, with the exception of Ozu and his sister, moved back to Tokyo to live with his father. In March 1923, when his sister graduated, he also returned to live in Tokyo.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: With his uncle acting as intermediary, Ozu was hired by the Shochiku Film Company, as an assistant in the cinematography department, on 1 August 1923, against the wishes of his father. His family home was destroyed in the earthquake of 1923, but no members of his family were injured.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: On 12 December 1924, Ozu started a year of military service. He finished his military service on 30 November 1925, leaving as a corporal.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1926, he became a third assistant director at Shochiku. In 1927, he was involved in a fracas where he punched another employee for jumping a queue at the studio cafeteria, and when called to the studio director's office, used it as an opportunity to present a film script he had written. In September 1927, he was promoted to director in the "jidaigeki" (period film) department, and directed his first film, "Sword of Penitence", which has since been lost. "Sword of Penitence" was written by Ozu, with a screenplay by Kogo Noda, who would become his co-writer for the rest of his career. On September 25, he was called up for service in the military reserves until November, which meant that the film had to be partly finished by another director.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1928, Shiro Kido, the head of the Shochiku studio, decided that the company would concentrate on making short comedy films without star actors. Ozu made many of these films. The film "Body Beautiful", released on 1 December 1928, was the first Ozu film to use a low camera position, which would become his trademark. After a series of the "no star" pictures, in September 1929, Ozu's first film with stars, "I Graduated, But...", starring Minoru Takada and Kinuyo Tanaka, was released. In January 1930, he was entrusted with Shochiku's top star, Sumiko Kurishima, in her new year film, "An Introduction to Marriage". His subsequent films of 1930 impressed Shiro Kido enough to invite Ozu on a trip to a hot spring. In his early works, Ozu used the pseudonym "James Maki" for his screenwriting credit. His film "Young Miss", with an all-star cast, was the first time he used the pen name James Maki, and was also his first film to appear in film magazine Kinema Jumpo's "Best Ten" at third position.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1932, his "I Was Born, But...", a comedy about childhood with serious overtones, was received by movie critics as the first notable work of social criticism in Japanese cinema, winning Ozu wide acclaim.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1935 Ozu made a short documentary with soundtrack: "Kagami Jishi", in which Kikugoro VI performed a Kabuki dance of the same title. This was made by request of the Ministry of Education. Like the rest of Japan's cinema industry, Ozu was slow to switch to the production of talkies: his first film with a dialogue sound-track was "The Only Son" in 1936, five years after Japan's first talking film, Heinosuke Gosho's "The Neighbor's Wife and Mine".


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: On 9 September 1937, at a time when Shochiku was unhappy about Ozu's lack of box-office success, despite the praise he received from critics, the thirty-four-year-old Ozu was conscripted into the Imperial Japanese Army. He spent two years in China in the Second Sino-Japanese War. He arrived in Shanghai on 27 September 1937 as part of an infantry regiment which handled chemical weapons. He started as a corporal but was promoted to sergeant on 1 June 1938. From January until September 1938 he was stationed in Nanjing, where he met Sadao Yamanaka, who was stationed nearby. In September, Yamanaka died of illness. In 1939, Ozu was dispatched to Hankou, where he fought in the Battle of Nanchang and the Battle of Xiushui River. In June, he was ordered back to Japan, arriving in Kobe in July, and his conscription ended on 16 July 1939.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Some of Ozu’s published diaries cover his wartime experiences between December 20, 1938, to June 5, 1939. Another diary from his wartime years (陣中日記), he expressly forbade from publication. In the published diaries, reference to his group’s participation in chemical warfare (in violation of the Geneva Protocol, though Japan had withdrawn from the League of Nations in 1933) can be found, for example, in various entries from March, 1939. In other entries, he describes Chinese soldiers in disparaging terms, likening them in one passage to insects. Although operating as a military squad leader, Ozu retains his directorial perspective, once commenting that the initial shock and subsequent agony of a man as he is hacked to death is very much like its depiction in period films.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu’s writings also offers a glimpse into the Japanese military’s use of comfort women. In a letter sent to friends in Japan on April 11, 1938, from Dingyuan County in China’s Anhui Province, Ozu writes about the comfort station protocol in lightly coded terms. In a January 13, 1939, diary entry, Ozu writes more openly about his group’s upcoming turn for use of a comfort station near Yingcheng. He mentions that two tickets, ointment, and prophylatics are provided and that three Korean and 12 Chinese women were being held at the comfort station for their use. Comfort station rates and schedules are also given by Ozu.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1939, he wrote the first draft of the script for "The Flavor of Green Tea over Rice" but shelved it due to extensive changes insisted on by military censors. The first film Ozu made on his return was the critically and commercially successful "Brothers and Sisters of the Toda Family", released in 1941. He followed this with "Chichi Ariki" ("There Was a Father", 1942), which explored the strong bonds of affection between a father and son despite years of separation.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 1943, Ozu was again drafted into the army for the purpose of making a propaganda film in Burma. However, he was sent to Singapore instead, to make a documentary "Derii e, Derii e" ("To Delhi, to Delhi") about Chandra Bose. During his time in Singapore, having little inclination to work, he spent an entire year reading, playing tennis, and watching American films provided by the Army information corps. He was particularly impressed with Orson Welles's "Citizen Kane". He occupied a fifth-floor room facing the sea in the Cathay Building where he entertained guests, drew pictures, and collected rugs. At the end of the Second World War in August 1945, Ozu destroyed the script, and all footage, of the film. He was detained as a civilian, and worked in a rubber plantation. Of his film team of 32 people, there was only space for 28 on the first repatriation boat to Japan. Ozu won a lottery giving him a place, but gave it to someone else who was anxious to return.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu returned to Japan in February 1946, and moved back in with his mother, who had been staying with his sister in Noda in Chiba prefecture. He reported for work at the Ofuna studios on 18 February 1946. His first film released after the war was "Record of a Tenement Gentleman" in 1947. Around this time, the Chigasakikan Ryokan became Ozu's favoured location for scriptwriting.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: "Tokyo Story" was the last script that Ozu wrote at Chigasakikan. In later years, Ozu and Noda used a small house in the mountains at Tateshina in Nagano Prefecture called Unkosō to write scripts, with Ozu staying in a nearby house called Mugeisō.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu's films from the late 1940s onward were favourably received, and the entries in the so-called "Noriko trilogy" (starring Setsuko Hara) of "Late Spring" (1949), "Early Summer" (1951), and "Tokyo Story" (1953) are among his most acclaimed works, with "Tokyo Story" widely considered his masterpiece. Late Spring, the first of these films, was the beginning of Ozu's commercial success and the development of his cinematography and storytelling style. These three films were followed by his first colour film, "Equinox Flower," in 1958, "Floating Weeds" in 1959, and "Late Autumn" in 1960. In addition to Noda, other regular collaborators included cinematographer Yuharu Atsuta, along with the actors Chishū Ryū, Setsuko Hara, and Haruko Sugimura.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: His work was only rarely shown overseas before the 1960s. Ozu's last film was "An Autumn Afternoon," which was released in 1962.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu was known for his drinking. He and Noda measured the progression of their scripts by how many bottles of sake they had drunk. Ozu remained single throughout his life. He lived with his mother until she died, less than two years before his own death.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: A heavy smoker, Ozu died of throat cancer in 1963, on his sixtieth birthday. The grave he shares with his mother at Engaku-ji in Kamakura bears no name—just the character "mu" ("nothingness").


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu is probably as well known for the technical style and innovation of his films as for the narrative content. The style of his films is most striking in his later films, a style he had not fully developed until his post-war sound films. He did not conform to Hollywood conventions. Rather than using the typical over-the-shoulder shots in his dialogue scenes, the camera gazes on the actors directly, which has the effect of placing the viewer in the middle of the scene. Throughout his career, Ozu used a 50mm lens, which is usually considered to be the lens closest to human vision.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu did not use typical transitions between scenes, either. In between scenes he would show shots of certain static objects as transitions, or use direct cuts, rather than fades or dissolves. Most often the static objects would be buildings, where the next indoor scene would take place. It was during these transitions that he would use music, which might begin at the end of one scene, progress through the static transition, and fade into the new scene. He rarely used non-diegetic music in any scenes other than in the transitions. Ozu moved the camera less and less as his career progressed, and ceased using tracking shots altogether in his colour films. However, David Bordwell argues that Ozu is one of the few directors to "create a systematic alternative to Hollywood continuity cinema, but he does so by changing only a few premises."


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu invented the "tatami shot", in which the camera is placed at a low height, supposedly at the eye level of a person kneeling on a "tatami" mat. Actually, Ozu's camera is often even lower than that, only one or two feet off the ground, which necessitated the use of special tripods and raised sets. He used this low height even when there were no sitting scenes, such as when his characters walked in hallways. When Ozu made his move to color, he chose to shoot under the German color process Agfacolor, as he felt that it captured reds much better than any other color process.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu eschewed the traditional rules of movie storytelling, most notably eyelines. In his review of "Floating Weeds", film critic Roger Ebert recounts:[Ozu] once had a young assistant who suggested that perhaps he should shoot conversations so that it seemed to the audience that the characters were looking at one another. Ozu agreed to a test. They shot a scene both ways, and compared them. "You see?" Ozu said. "No difference!"


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu was also an innovator in Japanese narrative structure through his use of ellipses, or the decision not to depict major events in the story. In "An Autumn Afternoon" (1962), for example, a wedding is merely mentioned in one scene, and the next sequence references this wedding (which has already occurred); the wedding itself is never shown. This is typical of Ozu's films, which eschew melodrama by eliding moments that would often be used in Hollywood in attempts to stir an excessive emotional reaction from audiences.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu became recognized internationally when his films were shown abroad. Influential monographs by Donald Richie, Paul Schrader, and David Bordwell have ensured a wide appreciation of Ozu's style, aesthetics, and themes by the Anglophonic audience.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: "Five", also known as "Five Dedicated to Ozu", is an Iranian documentary film directed by Abbas Kiarostami. The film consists of five long takes set by the ocean.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Five sequences: 1) A piece of driftwood on the seashore, carried about by the waves 2) People walking on the seashore. The oldest ones stop by, look at the sea, then go away 3) Blurry shapes on a winter beach. A herd of dogs. A love story 4) A group of loud ducks cross the image, in one direction then the other 5) A pond, at night. Frogs improvising a concert. A storm, then the sunrise.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 2003, the centenary of Ozu's birth was commemorated at various film festivals around the world. Shochiku produced the film "Café Lumière" (珈琲時光), directed by Taiwanese film-maker Hou Hsiao-hsien as homage to Ozu, with direct reference to the late master's "Tokyo Story" (1953), to premiere on Ozu's birthday.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: Ozu was voted the tenth greatest director of all time in the 2002 British Film Institute's "Sight & Sound" poll of critics' top 10 directors. Ozu's "Tokyo Story" has appeared several times in the "Sight & Sound" poll of best films selected by critics and directors. In 2012, it topped the poll of film directors' choices of "greatest film of all time". Ozu was one of film critic Roger Ebert's favourite filmmakers, who described him as the most humanistic director of all time.


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In 2013, director Yoji Yamada of the Otoko wa Tsurai yo film series remade "Tokyo Story" in a modern setting as "Tokyo Family".


title: Yasujirō Ozu

text: In the Wim Wenders documentary film "Tokyo-Ga", the director travels to Japan to explore the world of Ozu, interviewing both Chishū Ryū and Yuharu Atsuta.


title: Baseball positions

text: In the sport of baseball, each of the nine players on a team is assigned a particular fielding position when it is their turn to play defense. Each position conventionally has an associated number, for use in scorekeeping by the official scorer: 1 (pitcher), 2 (catcher), 3 (first baseman), 4 (second baseman), 5 (third baseman), 6 (shortstop), 7 (left fielder), 8 (center fielder), and 9 (right fielder). Collectively, these positions are usually grouped into three groups: the outfield (left field, center field, and right field), the infield (first base, second base, third base, and shortstop), and the battery (pitcher and catcher). Traditionally, players within each group will often be more able to exchange positions easily (that is, a second baseman can usually play shortstop well, and a center fielder can also be expected to play right field); however, the pitcher and catcher are highly specialized positions and rarely will play at other positions.


title: Baseball positions

text: Fielders must be able to catch the ball well, as catching batted balls before they bounce is one way they can put the batter out, as well as create opportunities to prevent the advance of, and put out other runners. In addition, they must be able to throw the ball well, with many plays in the game depending on one fielder collecting the hit ball and then throwing it to another fielder who, while holding the ball in their hand/glove, touches either a runner or the base the runner is forced to run to in order to record an out. Fielders often have to run, dive, and slide a great deal in the act of reaching, stopping, and retrieving a hit ball, and then setting themselves up to transfer the ball, all with the end goal of getting the ball as quickly as possible to another fielder. They also run the risk of colliding with incoming runners during a tag attempt at a base.


title: Baseball positions

text: Fielders may have different responsibilities depending on the game situation. For example, when an outfielder is attempting to throw the ball from near the fence to one of the bases, an infielder may need to "cut off" the throw and then act as a relay thrower to help the ball cover its remaining distance to the target destination.


title: Baseball positions

text: As a group, the outfielders are responsible for preventing home runs by reaching over the fence (and potentially doing a wall climb) for fly balls that are catchable. The infielders are the ones who generally handle plays that involve tagging a base or runner, and also need quick reflexes in order to catch a batted ball before it leaves the infield. The pitcher and catcher have special responsibilities to prevent base stealing, as they are the ones who handle the ball whenever it has not been hit. The catcher will also sometines attempt to block the plate in order to prevent a run being scored.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Benjamin Graham (; né Grossbaum; May 9, 1894 – September 21, 1976) was a British-born American economist, professor and investor. He is widely known as the "father of value investing", and wrote two of the founding texts in neoclassical investing: "Security Analysis" (1934) with David Dodd, and "The Intelligent Investor" (1949). His investment philosophy stressed investor psychology, minimal debt, buy-and-hold investing, fundamental analysis, concentrated diversification, buying within the margin of safety, activist investing, and contrarian mindsets.