title: Livyatan

text: "L. melvillei" is also known from the Bahía Inglesa Formation of Chile, whose fossiliferous beds are dated between the Tortonian and Messinian 9.03–6.45 mya. Like the Pisco Formation, the Bahía Inglesa Formation famously holds one of the richest marine vertebrate assemblages. Baleen whale remains include ancient minke whales, grey whales, bowhead whales, and cetotheriids. Of the toothed whales, five species of pontoporiids as well as beaked whales, porpoises, three other species of sperm whales such as "cf. Scaldicetus", and the "Odobenocetops" have been yielded. Other marine mammals include the marine sloth "Thalassocnus" and pinnipeds like "Acrophoca". At least 28 different species of sharks have been described, including many extant ground sharks and white sharks as well as extinct species such as the false mako ("Parotodus sp."), broad-toothed mako, megalodon, and the transitional great white "Carcharodon hubbelli". Other marine vertebrates include penguins and other seabirds, and species of crocodiles and ghavials.


title: Livyatan

text: The Beaumaris sperm whale was found in the Beaumaris Bay Black Rock Sandstone Formation in Australia near the city of Melbourne, dating to 5mya in the Pliocene. Beaumaris Bay is one of the most productive marine fossil sites in Australia for marine megafauna. Shark teeth belonging to twenty different species have been discovered there, such as from the whale shark ("Rhincodon typus"), the Port Jackson shark ("Heterodontus portusjacksoni"), the broad-toothed mako, and megalodon. Some examples of whales found include the ancient humpback whale "Megaptera miocaena", the dolphin "Steno cudmorei", and the sperm whale "Physetodon baileyi". Other large marine animals found include ancient elephant seals, dugongs, sea turtles, ancient penguins such as "Pseudaptenodytes", the extinct albatross "Diomedea thyridata", and the extinct toothed seabirds of the genus "Pelagornis".


title: Livyatan

text: The South African teeth attributed as "cf. Livyatan" are from the Avontuur Member of the Alexander Bay Formation near the village of Hondeklip Bay, Namaqualand, which is also dated to around 5mya in the Pliocene. The Hondeklip Bay locality enjoys a rich heritage of marine fossils, whose diversity may have been thanks to the initiation of the Benguela Upwelling during the late Miocene, which likely provided large populations of phytoplankton traveling the cold nutrient-rich waters. Cetaceans are the most abundant fauna in the bay, although remains tend to be difficult to conclusively identify. Included are three species of balaenopterids including two undetermined species and one identified as "cf. Plesiobalaenoptera", an ancient grey whale ("cf. Eschrichtius sp."), an undetermined balaenid, an unidentified dolphin, and another undetermined species of macroraptorial sperm whale. Other localities of similar age on the South African west coast have also yielded many additional species of balaenopterids and sperm whales as well as ten species of beaked whales. Large sperm whale teeth of up to around ~ in length are common in Hondeklip Bay, indicating a high presence of large sperm whales like "Livyatan" in the area. The locality has also a high presence of sharks indicated by a large abundance of shark teeth; however, most of these teeth have not been identified. Megalodon teeth have been found in the bay, and evidence from bite marks in whale bones indicate the additional presence of the great white shark, shortfin mako, and broad-toothed mako. Other marine fauna known in Hondeklip Bay include pinnipeds such as "Homiphoca capensis", bony fish, and rays.


title: Livyatan

text: "Livyatan"-like sperm whales became extinct by the early Pliocene likely due to a cooling trend causing baleen whales to increase in size and decrease in diversity, becoming coextinct with the smaller whales they fed on. Their extinction also coincides with the emergence of the killer whale as well as large predatory globicephaline dolphins, possibly acting as an additional stressor to their already collapsing niche.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Campbell Soup Company, doing business as Campbell's, is an American processed food and snack company. The company is most closely associated with its flagship canned soup products; however, through mergers and acquisitions, it has grown to become one of the largest processed food companies in the U.S. with a wide variety of products under its flagship Campbell's brand as well as other brands like Pepperidge Farm, Snyder's of Hanover, V8, and Swanson. Under its brands, Campbell's produces soups and other canned meals, baked goods, beverages, and snacks. It is headquartered in Camden, New Jersey.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: The classic red-and-white can design used by many Campbell's branded products has become an American icon, and its use in pop art was typified by Andy Warhol's series of Campbell's Soup Cans prints.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: The company was started in 1869 by Joseph A. Campbell, a fruit merchant from Bridgeton, New Jersey, and Abraham Anderson, an icebox manufacturer from South Jersey. They produced canned tomatoes, vegetables, jellies, soups, condiments, and minced meats.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In 1876, Anderson left the partnership and the company became the "Joseph A. Campbell Preserve Company". Anderson's son, Campbell Speelman, split paths with his father and continued to work at Campbell's as a creative director, originally designing the Campbell's Soup Cans.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Campbell reorganized into "Joseph Campbell & Co." in 1896. In 1897, John T. Dorrance, a nephew of the general manager Arthur Dorrance, began working for the company at a wage of $7.50 a week ($253 in 2022 dollars). Dorrance, a chemist with degrees from MIT and Göttingen University, Germany, developed a commercially viable method for condensing soup by halving the quantity of its heaviest ingredient: water. He went on to become president of the company from 1914 to 1930, eventually buying out the Campbell family.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In 1898, Herberton Williams, a Campbell's executive, convinced the company to adopt a carnelian red and bright white color scheme, because he was taken by the crisp carnelian red color of the Cornell University football team's uniforms. To this day, the layout of the can, with its red and white design and the metallic bronze medal seal from the 1900 Paris Exhibition, has changed very little, with the exception of the French phrase on the top of the bronze seal that said "Exposition-Universelle-Internationale" which was changed to the English name of the exhibition as "Paris International Exposition".


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Campbell Soup became one of the largest food companies in the world under the leadership of William Beverly Murphy. He was elected executive vice president of Campbell Soup in 1949 and was president and CEO from 1953 to 1972. While at Campbell's Soup Company, he took the corporation public and increased its brand portfolio to include Pepperidge Farm's breads, cookies, and crackers, Franco-American's gravies and pastas, V8 vegetable juices, Swanson broths, and Godiva's chocolates. David Johnson was president and CEO from 1990 until 1997.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Campbell Soup has invested heavily in advertising since its inception, and many artifacts of its promotional campaigns have proven valuable in the Americana collectible advertising market. Perhaps best known are the "Campbell's Kids" designed by illustrator Grace Drayton. Ronald Reagan was a spokesman for V8 when Campbell's acquired the brand in 1948.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In addition to collectible advertising, the company has had notable commercial sponsorships. Among these was Orson Welles's "The Campbell Playhouse", which had previously been "The Mercury Theatre on the Air". After the program's adaptation of "The War of the Worlds" became a sensation for accidentally starting a mass panic due to its realism, Campbell's took over as sponsor of the radio theater program in December 1938.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: The shutdown of Campbell's original plant in Camden, New Jersey, plant No. 1 was announced in 1989 with production ending the night of March 1, 1991; the plant was officially closed the following day. The plant was demolished on November 1, 1991. Plants in Pocomoke City (Maryland), Crisfield (Maryland), and Smyrna (Tennessee) also shut down.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Plant No. 2, originally a tomato-processing plant, shut down in 1980. It was responsible for about 35% of all Campbell's products in the 1950s. Products included pork and beans, tomato juice, V8 vegetable juice, Franco-American spaghetti, macaroni and cheese, and soups (notably: bean with bacon, cream of mushroom, cream of celery, and cream of asparagus.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: A total of 2,800 jobs were lost, 940–1,000 of those jobs from the Camden plant. Campbell's agreed to give workers one week's payment for each year of employment as well as paying in full for six months of medical benefits, and paying half the cost for another six months. Salaried workers received one week's pay for each year of employment. Production was moved to plants in Napoleon (Ohio), Paris (Texas), and Maxton (North Carolina).


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In the UK and Ireland, Campbell Soup was rebranded as Batchelors Condensed Soup (UK) and Erin (Ireland) in March 2008, when the license to use the brand name expired. Premier Foods, St. Albans, Hertfordshire bought the Campbell Soup Company in the UK and Ireland for £450 million ($830 million) in 2006, but was licensed to use the brand only until 2008. Under this agreement, the US-based Campbell Soup Company continued to produce Campbell's Condensed Soup but could not sell the product in the UK for a further five years.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Campbell's continues to be a major part of Camden, regularly participating in charity events in the community. In 2009, Campbell's completed the construction of a new and expanded headquarters in the city.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In January 2010, Campbell's Canadian subsidiary began selling a line of soups that are certified by the Islamic Society of North America as being halal (prepared in accordance with Islamic law). Although Campbell does not have any plans to sell its halal soups in the United States, the move has drawn criticism from anti-Muslim critics in the United States. Several bloggers called for a boycott of the company, but Campbell's spokesman John Faulkner stated at the time that the company did not notice any effect on its sales as a result.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In July 2011, Campbell's Soup decided to once again sell its product in the UK after being absent since 2008. Symingtons began manufacturing the brand under license. The new line-up comprised twelve cup soups, five simmer soups designed to be cooked in a pot of water, four savoury rice lines, and four savory pasta and sauce packets. The new range were not sold in cans, but instead in packets and boxes. Later in 2011, the canned varieties also returned to supermarket shelves with refreshed labels and new lines.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In 2012, Campbell announced plans to buy Bolthouse Farms, a maker of juices, salad dressings and baby carrots, for $1.55 billion. Analysts saw this as an attempt to reach younger, more affluent consumers.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: From 2012, Campbell Soup has been focused on updating their image and digital marketing to increase visibility among younger generations.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In June 2013, Campbell acquired the Danish multinational baked goods company Kelsen Group for an undisclosed amount. Kelsen has an 85-country distribution network and is seen as providing Campbell with opportunities for international expansion, particularly into China and other Asian markets.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In June 2015, Campbell Soup acquired salsa maker Garden Fresh Gourmet for $231 million as it looked to expand into the fresh and organic packaged foods business.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In December 2017, Campbell's completed the acquisition of Pacific Foods of Oregon, LLC for $700 million and announced the agreement to acquire the snack company Snyder's-Lance for $4.87 billion in cash. The latter deal is the largest in the company's history.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: The company announced in January 2018 that their only Canadian factory, in Toronto, would close. Production would shift to three existing facilities within the U.S. It was reported that the expected loss of jobs, as a result of the closing, would be 380.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: On December 21, 2018, Mark Clouse, former CEO of Pinnacle Foods, was named the next Campbell's CEO, effective January 22, 2019.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Having sold over $450 million a year worth of Chunky Soup from 2004 to 2017, Campbell's asked for a trademark on "Chunky", which was approved in 2019.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In July 2019, Campbell's agreed to sell its stake in the Kelsen Group for $300 million to a subsidiary of Ferrero SpA, with the transfer to be completed in 2020. Campbell's also divested Arnott's Biscuits to KKR for $2.2 billion at the same time.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In 1962, artist Andy Warhol took the familiar look of the Campbell's soup can and integrated it into a series of pop art silkscreens, a theme he would return to off and on through the 1960s and 1970s. The first batch in 1962 were a series of 32 canvases. At first, the cans were accurate representations of actual Campbell's cans, but as his series progressed, they became more surrealistic, with Warhol experimenting with negative-reversed color schemes and other varied techniques (many of these which would be used on other Warhol paintings of the period, such as his celebrity silkscreens of the 1960s). The silkscreens themselves have become iconic pieces of pop art, with one in particular, "Small Torn Campbell Soup Can (Pepper Pot)" (1962), commanding a price of $11.8 million at auction in 2006.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Many canned soups, including Campbell's condensed and chunky varieties, contain relatively high quantities of sodium and thus are not desirable for those on low-sodium diets. However, Campbell's Chunky, Healthy Request and other soups, as well as their V-8 and Tomato juices, are claimed by Campbell's to contain reduced sodium levels.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In fall 2007, Campbell's was awarded a Certificate of Excellence, for their efforts in lowering sodium levels, from "Blood Pressure Canada".


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In March 2010, this claim was challenged. ABC News reported that the low-sodium variety of Campbell soup in fact contains the same amount of sodium as the regular variety, and that Campbell's Healthy Request soup contains more fat than the regular variety.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In December 2009, "Consumer Reports" found that major canned food companies including Campbell's Soup had tinned products which had bisphenol A (BPA) levels over 100 ppb in some cases; the testing revealed that just one serving of canned food would exceed an expert's recommendation for daily exposure (0.2 micrograms per kg body weight per day).


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In July 2011, citing sinking sales, and a combination of: "consumer views and choices" and having "found no connection between sodium consumption and negative health outcomes" they increased the salt contents again.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Throughout 2012, Campbell's contributed $500,000 to a $46 million political campaign known as "The Coalition Against The Costly Food Labeling Proposition, sponsored by Farmers and Food Producers" This organization was set up to oppose a citizens' initiative, known as Proposition 37, demanding mandatory labeling of foods containing genetically modified ingredients sold in California.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: In January 2016, the company decided to support mandatory labeling and announced they would label their products that contained GMO additives.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: The company's flagship brand and the Campbell's name is used to market soups, sauces, and canned meals. Product lines under the Campbell's brand include:


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: An American baked-goods company founded in 1937, it was acquired by Campbell's in 1961. The Pepperidge Farm brand is used by Campbell's to market:


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: An American salsa company founded in 1947, it was acquired by Campbell's in 1995. The Pace brand is used by Campbell's to market salsas and picante sauce.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: Late July Snacks is a subsidiary of the Campbell Soup Company, acquired in the Snyder's-Lance acquisition in early 2018. Snyder's-Lance had boosted their ownership stake in Late July Snacks to 80% in 2014.


title: Campbell Soup Company

text: On June 22, 2010, Campbell's "SpaghettiOs and Meatballs" product was recalled after a Texas firm found possible traces of underprocessed meat in the product.


title: Party Down

text: Party Down is an American sitcom created and primarily written by John Enbom, Rob Thomas, Dan Etheridge and Paul Rudd that aired on the Starz network in the United States in 2009 and 2010. The series follows a group of caterers in Los Angeles as they hope to make it in Hollywood.


title: Party Down

text: Starz canceled "Party Down" on June 30, 2010. While the show was warmly received by critics, its Nielsen ratings were very low. Losing Jane Lynch to "Glee" as well as Adam Scott to "Parks and Recreation" were believed to be additional factors in the decision to end the series. In November 2021, a six-episode revival of the series was ordered by the network. The third season is scheduled to premiere on February 24, 2023.


title: Party Down

text: This half-hour comedy follows a Los Angeles catering team for the titular company. The sextet of aspiring Hollywood actors and writers, as well as drifting lost souls, work small-time catering gigs while hoping for their break or some positive change in their lives. Each episode finds the team working a new event, and inevitably getting tangled up with the colorful, affluent guests and their absurd lives.


title: Party Down

text: "Party Down" featured several cameos and guest appearances, including Kevin Hart, Steve Guttenberg, Rick Fox, and George Takei.


title: Party Down

text: The concept of "Party Down" was six years in the making, with many of the ideas for the episodes conceptualized years before the show was made. An original unaired pilot was shot at Rob Thomas's house with all the original cast except Lizzy Caplan, whose character was played by Andrea Savage. Paul Rudd was also in the pilot, but could not participate in the series due to film projects. The pilot was used to sell the show to the Starz network.


title: Party Down

text: The series was executive produced by co-creators John Enbom, Rob Thomas, Dan Etheridge and Paul Rudd. Enbom served as showrunner. The co-executive producers were Jennifer Gwartz and Danielle Stokdyk and Jennifer Dugan was a producer. Beginning with season two, series star Adam Scott served as a producer, while series directors Bryan Gordon and Fred Savage served as supervising producers. Series star Ken Marino directed the second-season finale episode.


title: Party Down

text: On January 8, 2012, Megan Mullally stated a film was being written by John Enbom and she would be part of it. According to Mullally, the film would likely pick up where season two left off.


title: Party Down

text: In a January 2012 interview, Martin Starr commented that "I know that things have gone out that make it seem like it’s official, but there’s nothing official. We all have our fingers crossed and hope that everything works out and that we can get it made. There are small steps being taken that hopefully will lead to people signing contracts and us getting to do something, but at the moment I’m not capable of saying that it’s happening yet". Starr continued that, although he had "heard of the possibility of financiers", he was not sure "to what degree things are moving forward, or if things are moving forward". He then joked "Hopefully those talks lead to us getting to make an amazing movie that all seven of us fans can watch". In December 2015, Adam Scott said the film is unlikely to ever happen, and if anything were to happen it would most likely be new episodes.


title: Party Down

text: In March 2021, it was reported that a revival as a six-episode limited series was in development at Starz. The originals series creators Enbom, Thomas, Etheridge, and Rudd are involved and Enbom serves as showrunner. In November 2021, Starz officially ordered a six-episode series with Adam Scott, Jane Lynch, Ken Marino, Martin Starr, Ryan Hansen and Megan Mullally to return; Lizzy Caplan did not return due to scheduling conflicts. Jennifer Garner, Tyrel Jackson Williams, and Zoë Chao were cast as series regulars, while James Marsden was cast in a recurring role. The series began production in January 2022 and filming wrapped in March 2022. The third season is scheduled to premiere on February 24, 2023.


title: Party Down

text: The first season of "Party Down" holds an 87% approval rating with an average score of 8.5 out of 10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 critical reviews. The website's critical consensus is, "Before shows about struggling actors were done to death, there was "Party Down"." On Metacritic, it has a score of 66 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Andrew Wallenstein of "The Hollywood Reporter" said, "Lurking behind the surface of this raucous comedy is an astute meditation on the promise and peril of leading an unconventional life, something about which aspiring actors know a thing or two." The American Film Institute named "Party Down" one of the 10 best shows of 2009.


title: Party Down

text: The second season holds a 100% rating with an average score of 8.9 out of 10 on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews. The website's critical consensus is, ""Party Down"s second season further entrenches the show's status as an astute and acidic comedy gem." On Metacritic, it has a score of 84 based on 12 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim". James Poniewozik of "Time" ranked "Party Down" as the sixth best television series of 2010. The show was nominated at the 26th TCA Awards for Outstanding Achievement in Comedy.


title: Party Down

text: In 2014, "Entertainment Weekly" listed the show at #22 in their list of the "26 Best Cult TV Shows Ever" calling it a "smart, drily funny series" and saying, "But the off-beat writing shone brightest in the smaller moments, when the gang was just sitting around a kitchen and bickering to pass the time." In 2020, Briana Kranich of "Screen Rant" ranked "Party Down" as the second-most underrated TV show of the 2000s.


title: Mother Mother

text: Mother Mother is a Canadian indie rock band based in Quadra Island, British Columbia. The band consists of Ryan Guldemond on guitar and vocals, Molly Guldemond and Jasmin Parkin on vocals and keyboard, Ali Siadat on drums, and Mike Young on bass. Longtime bassist Jeremy Page left the band in 2016.


title: Mother Mother

text: In 2005, they independently released their self-titled debut album under the band name Mother. They later changed their name to Mother Mother, and re-released the album on Last Gang Records in 2007. Retitled "Touch Up", the reissue also featured several new songs.


title: Mother Mother

text: The band's second album, "O My Heart", was released on September 16, 2008; their third album, "Eureka", was released on March 15, 2011; their fourth album, "The Sticks", was released on September 18, 2012; and their fifth album, "Very Good Bad Thing" was released on November 4, 2014, with an American release of April 7, 2015, on Def Jam Recordings. Their sixth album, "No Culture", was released on February 10, 2017, with yet another Def Jam Recordings release in the United States.They also recently made a single for Christmas 2022


title: Mother Mother

text: Their seventh album, "Dance and Cry," was released November 2, 2018. In late 2020, the band's music went viral on TikTok, causing a surge in streams. Their eighth studio album, "Inside", was released on June 25, 2021 on Warner Brothers Music. On January 28, 2022, the band released a deluxe version of "Inside", containing 7 new songs.


title: Mother Mother

text: The band began in Heriot Bay, British Columbia in January 2005, when guitarist and vocalist Ryan Guldemond was at music school and wanted to start a band based on vocal-driven pop songs. He recruited his sister Molly along with a friend from college, Debra-Jean Creelman, to accompany his own vocals for the songs he had written, and the trio played as an acoustic act before adding drummer Kenton Loewen and bassist Jeremy Page.


title: Mother Mother

text: The five members started off playing under the name Mother, and in the fall of 2005, they independently released a self-titled album. This debut album was recorded with Howard Redekopp, who had also worked with the New Pornographers and Tegan and Sara. When the "Vancouver Province" rated Mother as one of the top five BC bands to watch for in 2007, they began to receive acclaim for their debut album. Shortly thereafter, Mother landed a nationally broadcast concert opening for K'naan and the Wailin' Jennys. In the summer of 2006, they opened for the Australian band The Cat Empire at the sold-out Vancouver International Jazz Festival. Later that year, they made their debut in central Canada at the Montreal International Jazz Festival on June 29 as well as in Toronto on July 1, Canada Day, at the Harbourfront Centre.


title: Mother Mother

text: In October 2006, after playing a set at the Pop Montreal festival, Mother met with Last Gang Records and later signed a four-album contract. At that point, the label encouraged the band to change their name to avoid legal issues, and they renamed themselves Mother Mother. On February 20, 2007, the band re-released its debut album under the new name, renaming the album "Touch Up" and including two new songs, as well as artwork and overdubs different from the original.


title: Mother Mother

text: The band released their second album, "O My Heart", in 2008. Later that year, on December 3, it was announced that Debra-Jean Creelman had left Mother Mother; on January 26, 2009, the band announced the addition of a new singer/keyboardist, Jasmin Parkin.


title: Mother Mother

text: Mother Mother's third album, "Eureka", was released on March 15, 2011. The album's lead single, "The Stand", entered the Canada Singles Top 100 chart in May 2011 and peaked during that week at position 76. The album prompted a reviewer at the "Toronto Star" to describe the band as "evolving into orchestral harmonies and hip hop-influenced power ballads, as if Adam Lambert had joined The Dirty Projectors".


title: Mother Mother

text: On January 9, 2012, Kraft Foods launched a series of television commercials featuring the song "Bright Idea".


title: Mother Mother

text: Mother Mother's fourth album, "The Sticks", was released on September 18, 2012. It contains 14 tracks and was co-produced by the band frontman Ryan Guldemond and producer Ben Kaplan. The first single, "Let's Fall in Love", was released on July 17. They performed this song on their Canadian tour in 2012, playing in hometown Vancouver on December 19.


title: Mother Mother

text: In 2014, the band signed with Universal Music Canada to produce their fifth album, "Very Good Bad Thing", which was released on November 4, 2014. The first single from the album, "Get Out the Way" was released on July 15, 2014.


title: Mother Mother

text: On November 24, 2016, the band announced their Canadian No Culture Tour. Their tour began in New Brunswick in February 2017 and ended in British Columbia at the end of March 2017.


title: Mother Mother

text: On February 10, 2017, their sixth album "No Culture" was released. The lead single from the album, "The Drugs", was released on November 4, 2016.


title: Mother Mother

text: On November 2, 2018, the band released their seventh studio album "Dance and Cry". The first single from the album, "Get Up", was released on September 14, 2018. The band supported the album with the Dance and Cry tour, playing 26 shows across North America, starting on February 7, 2019 in Vancouver and ending March 16, 2019 in Buffalo, New York. The tour included a sold out show at New York's Gramercy Theatre.


title: Mother Mother

text: Recently, songs from their 2008 album, "O My Heart", went viral on the video-sharing platform TikTok starting in late 2020, causing their music to reach new streaming highs. The songs, in particular "Hayloft", "Arms Tonite", and "Wrecking Ball", became popular, with videos including cosplay and gothic fashion. Although no particular event caused the surge, the band's music did resonate with non-binary communities, as users played Mother Mother songs while discussing gender-related topics. Lead vocalist, Ryan Guldemond, described the surge as a "high honor and huge compliment whenever it's suggested that our music might serve as an adequate soundtrack to a courageous journey of self-discovery that often rubs against societal norms". Guldemond further reiterated that their early music "really struggled to fit neatly into the industry standards of either a rock or pop format [...] I sang straight from my throat and had a much more androgynous tone. It was very rich with unisexual harmonies, as well as eccentric, quirky, daring lyrics. Perhaps it's just the right time for people to understand that music".


title: Mother Mother

text: Although the band had not planned on making new music, in October 2020, they stated to "Rolling Stone" that they were completing their eighth album at The Warehouse Studio in Vancouver. Dubbed a "pandemic album", it will contain the "energy from the earlier catalog". On March 9, 2021, Mother Mother released the singles "I Got Love" and "Stay Behind". On April 8, 2021, Mother Mother announced their eighth studio album "Inside", due for release on June 25 on Warner Brothers Music. The band also released a video for "I Got Love" made up of clips sent in by fans. They released their following single from "Inside", "Sick of the Silence", on June 10, 2021. Alongside the release of "Inside", the band announced the Canadian leg of the Inside tour, which began on December 2, 2021 in Vancouver and ended on May 20, 2022 in Ottawa.


title: Mother Mother

text: In November 2022, Mother Mother released a single titled "Cry Christmas", along with a cover of "Have Yourself a Merry Little Christmas". The single was described by the band on Twitter as "a holiday song for the holiday-disenfranchised".


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Kristoffer Polaha is an American actor and author. He is known for his starring roles on television as Jason Matthews in "North Shore", Nathaniel "Baze" Bazile in "Life Unexpected", and Henry Butler in "Ringer". He has also appeared in films "Devil's Knot" (2013), "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020) and "Jurassic World Dominion" (2022).


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Since 2016, Polaha appeared in seven Hallmark movies and a seven-part series of Hallmark Movies & Mysteries films titled "Mystery 101", saying "as an actor, I am leaning into Hallmark because it's fun to sit with my seven-year-old and show him what I do for a living. These are family-friendly movies. I'm leaning in because my 91-year-old Nana finally thinks I've made it in Hollywood because I'm on Hallmark."


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha was born in Reno, Nevada to Esther and Jerome Polaha. "Despite his Hawaiian-sounding last name, Polaha is Czech." His father was a Washoe District Court Judge. Polaha is the youngest of four brothers. He left Reno in the early 1990s to attend Robert Louis Stevenson boarding school in Pebble Beach, California. In 1999, he graduated from New York University Tisch School Of the Arts, where he earned a Bachelor's degree in Arts. He moved to Los Angeles on July 4, 2001.


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Early in his career, Polaha appeared in theatre productions, including "Ragtime Revue" at Lincoln Center, "The Long Days Journey Into Night" at the Roundabout Theater, "Bread & Butter" at Provincetown Playhouse, and "Uncle Vanya" at the Stella Adler Conservatory. In early 2000s, Polaha began appearing in small roles in several American television series and films. His first on-screen appearance was a role as Gavin in the episode "Plus One" of comedy-drama series "That's Life". He had roles in television series "Angel", "Roswell", "Birds of Prey, Tru Calling, House, , It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia, Bones" and "Close to Home." Polaha gained attention by portraying John F. Kennedy Jr. in the TBS film "" (2003) opposite Portia de Rossi. In 2021, Polaha told "Highbrow Magazine": "That was the biggest TV movie that TBS had ever released. I think 40 million people watched it that night, and I had a picture in Times Square of my face."


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: In 2004, he won the lead role of Jason Matthews on the prime-time soap opera "North Shore". The series centered on the staff and guests of the fictional Grand Waimea Hotel and Resort. "North Shore" concluded in January 2005 after a 21-episode, single-season run. Polaha and his family lived in Hawaii for a year and their son was born there. In 2007, Polaha took the role of Carlton Hanson on drama television series "Mad Men." In 2008, Polaha starred on the series "Miss Guided" and appeared in the biographical film "" (2008)"." In 2009, he appeared in several guest starring television roles, including "The Ex List, Dollhouse, Without a Trace" and "Better Off Ted". In 2010, he began portraying Nate Bazile, a bar owner who discovers he has a teenage daughter Lux Cassidy (Britt Robertson), on the teen drama series "Life Unexpected." The series garnered mostly positive feedback during its two seasons, with many reviews favorably comparing the show to the critically acclaimed series "Gilmore Girls" and "Everwood". In November 2010, Polaha signed a talent holding deal with CBS. Polaha founded a production company titled Podunk Productions in 2010. He played writer Henry Butler in The CW's thriller crime series "Ringer" until the series conclusion in 2012. "Las Vegas Weekly" gave "Ringer" a mixed review, saying it was "a little silly but also juicy and well-acted". In 2012, he landed a guest role on the second season of MTV's teen comedy series "Awkward".


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha starred as John Galt in "", which was released on September 12, 2014. He appeared in the movies "Devil's Knot" (2013), "Back in the Day" (2014), "Where Hope Grows" (2015) and "Vineland" (2016). "Where Hope Grows" centers on the friendship between Calvin (portrayed by Polaha), a former professional baseball player and Produce (David DeSanctis), a young man with Down syndrome. The film grossed $1.2 million at the box office. He had a lead role as Jodie King in the short film "Frontman" (2016). He earned a Jury Award for Best Actor at Seattle Shorts Film Festival for his performance in "Frontman". In 2017, Polaha played Jeffrey in five episodes of the comedy-drama television series "Get Shorty."


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha has starred in several original Hallmark Channel films, including "Dater's Handbook" (2016) opposite Meghan Markle, "Rocky Mountain Christmas" (2017) opposite Lindy Booth and "Pearl in Paradise" (2018) alongside Jill Wagner. Especially "Rocky Mountain Christmas" was a success for the network. Polaha commented the film's popularity by saying: ""Rocky Mountain Christmas" won the night on cable. We had the highest ratings, not just the highest ratings ever in the history of Hallmark Movies & Mysteries, but we won the night across all the cable channels. It was a big deal for Hallmark, and it was a big deal for us as a cast because it really did set our movie apart. It was definitely one of those special moments." In 2018, he appeared in six episodes of the thriller television series "Condor" and starred in two films, "Beneath the Leaves" and "Bachelor Lions".


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: He played detective Travis Burke in Hallmark's mystery television film series "Mystery 101" (2019) opposite Jill Wagner. The film series included four movies and the first one aired on January 27, 2019. Polaha portrayed Michael Truett in the Christian drama film "Run the Race" (2019), released on February 22, 2019 by Roadside Attractions. The film made $2.3 million in its opening weekend, finishing 10th at the box office. In November 2018, Polaha revealed that he will appear in the upcoming film "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020). Polaha had a minor but notable role as Handsome Man in the superhero film "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020) directed by Patty Jenkins. On July 26, 2019, "The Hollywood Reporter" announced that Polaha will appear in Hallmark Channel's Christmas-themed television film "Double Holiday" (2019) opposite Carly Pope. In 2020, he had a small role as Courthouse Reporter 2 in Hulu's drama miniseries "Little Fires Everywhere" starring Reese Witherspoon and Kerry Washington. Polaha starred in Hallmark's original Christmas film "A Dickens of a Holiday!" (2021) as Jake Dorsey, famous action star who grew up in Dickens, Ohio. "Decider" gave the film a favorable review by commenting: "This movie is really about Craig’s relationship with Jake—and it’s incredibly rare to see a Hallmark movie put all the heavy emotions on a brother/brother relationship. It’s very well done and a smart change of pace."


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha appeared as CIA officer Wyatt Huntley in the science fiction film "Jurassic World Dominion" (2022), which was a financial success, grossing $1 billion worldwide and becoming the second highest-grossing film of 2022.


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: In June 2020, "Variety" reported that Polaha had signed a book deal with Rosewind Books to co-author a series of romance novels with Anna Gomez. The first in the "From Kona with Love" book series, titled "Moments Like This", is set in Hawaii and centers on a young woman looking to find herself after losing her career and relationship. It was published on February 2, 2021. The second book, "Where the Sun Rises", is scheduled to be released on March 29, 2022 by Vesuvian Media’s Rosewind Books.


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha plans to produce the books for film and television through his production company Podunk Productions.


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha is a practicing Christian and spoke about how he fell away from his faith, but a death-defying experience made him believe again. In 2019, when asked in an interview what he would like to be remembered for, Polaha replied: "So I'm an actor, and if an audience is going to remember me, I'd kind of like to be in the same boat as Jimmy Stewart, Tom Hanks...these guys who are really great at their craft but who've also made people feel really good on a human level. Even Audrey Hepburn was somebody who – wouldn't it be great to have these amazing successes as an actor so that aspect of your life was a given, but then the stories also include how kind they are. Just what good people they were. And I would love that to be my legacy."


title: Kristoffer Polaha

text: Polaha married actress Julianne Morris on June 7, 2003 at the Windermere Chapel in Windermere, Florida. The couple has three sons born in 2004, 2006, and 2011.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: The Seven Bridges of Königsberg is a historically notable problem in mathematics. Its negative resolution by Leonhard Euler in 1736 laid the foundations of graph theory and prefigured the idea of topology.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: The city of Königsberg in Prussia (now Kaliningrad, Russia) was set on both sides of the Pregel River, and included two large islands—Kneiphof and Lomse—which were connected to each other, and to the two mainland portions of the city, by seven bridges. The problem was to devise a walk through the city that would cross each of those bridges once and only once.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Euler proved that the problem has no solution. The difficulty he faced was the development of a suitable technique of analysis, and of subsequent tests that established this assertion with mathematical rigor.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Euler, who never lived in Königsberg, first pointed out that the choice of route inside each land mass is irrelevant. The only important feature of a route is the sequence of bridges crossed. This allowed him to reformulate the problem in abstract terms (laying the foundations of graph theory), eliminating all features except the list of land masses and the bridges connecting them. In modern terms, one replaces each land mass with an abstract "vertex" or node, and each bridge with an abstract connection, an "edge", which only serves to record which pair of vertices (land masses) is connected by that bridge. The resulting mathematical structure is a graph.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Since only the connection information is relevant, the shape of pictorial representations of a graph may be distorted in any way, without changing the graph itself. Only the existence (or absence) of an edge between each pair of nodes is significant. For example, it does not matter whether the edges drawn are straight or curved, or whether one node is to the left or right of another.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Next, Euler observed that (except at the endpoints of the walk), whenever one enters a vertex by a bridge, one leaves the vertex by a bridge. In other words, during any walk in the graph, the number of times one enters a non-terminal vertex equals the number of times one leaves it. Now, if every bridge has been traversed exactly once, it follows that, for each land mass (except for the ones chosen for the start and finish), the number of bridges touching that land mass must be "even" (half of them, in the particular traversal, will be traversed "toward" the landmass; the other half, "away" from it). However, all four of the land masses in the original problem are touched by an "odd" number of bridges (one is touched by 5 bridges, and each of the other three is touched by 3). Since, at most, two land masses can serve as the endpoints of a walk, the proposition of a walk traversing each bridge once leads to a contradiction.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: In modern language, Euler shows that the possibility of a walk through a graph, traversing each edge exactly once, depends on the degrees of the nodes. The degree of a node is the number of edges touching it. Euler's argument shows that a necessary condition for the walk of the desired form is that the graph be connected and have exactly zero or two nodes of odd degree. This condition turns out also to be sufficient—a result stated by Euler and later proved by Carl Hierholzer. Such a walk is now called an "Eulerian path" or "Euler walk" in his honor. Further, if there are nodes of odd degree, then any Eulerian path will start at one of them and end at the other. Since the graph corresponding to historical Königsberg has four nodes of odd degree, it cannot have an Eulerian path.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: An alternative form of the problem asks for a path that traverses all bridges and also has the same starting and ending point. Such a walk is called an "Eulerian circuit" or an "Euler tour". Such a circuit exists if, and only if, the graph is connected and all nodes have even degree. All Eulerian circuits are also Eulerian paths, but not all Eulerian paths are Eulerian circuits.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Euler's work was presented to the St. Petersburg Academy on 26 August 1735, and published as "Solutio problematis ad geometriam situs pertinentis" (The solution of a problem relating to the geometry of position) in the journal "Commentarii academiae scientiarum Petropolitanae" in 1741. It is available in English translation in "The World of Mathematics" by James R. Newman.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: In the history of mathematics, Euler's solution of the Königsberg bridge problem is considered to be the first theorem of graph theory and the first true proof in the theory of networks, a subject now generally regarded as a branch of combinatorics. Combinatorial problems of other types had been considered since antiquity.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: In addition, Euler's recognition that the key information was the number of bridges and the list of their endpoints (rather than their exact positions) presaged the development of topology. The difference between the actual layout and the graph schematic is a good example of the idea that topology is not concerned with the rigid shape of objects.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Hence, as Euler recognized, the "geometry of position" is not about "measurements and calculations" but about something more general. That called in question the traditional Aristotelian view that mathematics is the "science of quantity". Though that view fits arithmetic and Euclidean geometry, it did not fit topology and the more abstract structural features studied in modern mathematics.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Philosophers have noted that Euler's proof is not about an abstraction or a model of reality, but directly about the real arrangement of bridges. Hence the certainty of mathematical proof can apply directly to reality. The proof is also explanatory, giving insight into why the result must be true.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: Two of the seven original bridges did not survive the bombing of Königsberg in World War II. Two others were later demolished and replaced by a modern highway. The three other bridges remain, although only two of them are from Euler's time (one was rebuilt in 1935). Thus, , five bridges exist at the same sites that were involved in Euler's problem. In terms of graph theory, two of the nodes now have degree 2, and the other two have degree 3. Therefore, an Eulerian path is now possible, but it must begin on one island and end on the other.


title: Seven Bridges of Königsberg

text: The University of Canterbury in Christchurch has incorporated a model of the bridges into a grass area between the old Physical Sciences Library and the Erskine Building, housing the Departments of Mathematics, Statistics and Computer Science. The rivers are replaced with short bushes and the central island sports a stone tōrō. Rochester Institute of Technology has incorporated the puzzle into the pavement in front of the Gene Polisseni Center, an ice hockey arena that opened in 2014, and the Georgia Institute of Technology also installed a landscape art model of the seven bridges in 2018.


title: Shocking Blue

text: Shocking Blue was a Dutch rock band formed in 1967 in The Hague. It was part of the music movement in the Netherlands that was generally known by the name Nederbeat. The band had a number of hits throughout the counterculture movement during the 1960s and early 1970s, including "Send Me a Postcard" and "Venus", which became their biggest hit and reached number one on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 and many other countries during 1969 and 1970. The band sold 13.5 million records by 1973 but disbanded in 1974. Together with Golden Earring they are considered the most successful Nederbeat-band, if the criterion is scoring hits abroad and especially in the United States.


title: Shocking Blue

text: Shocking Blue were founded in 1967 by The Motions guitarist Robbie van Leeuwen. Other members of the group at this time were Fred de Wilde, Klaasje van der Wal (1 February 1949 – 12 February 2018) and Cor van der Beek (9 June 1949 – 2 April 1998). They had a minor hit in 1968 with "Lucy Brown is Back in Town". When De Wilde was the band's lead singer, the band originally had a sound that was described as cross between The Beatles and Brothers Four.


title: Shocking Blue

text: De Wilde left in 1968 after joining the Dutch army, and van Leeuwen was introduced to Mariska Veres, singing at that time with a club band. He persuaded her to take over the vocals, and the group recorded a worldwide hit with the song "Venus", which had entered the Veronica top 40 hit parade at position #12 the 12 July 1969 and had peaked at number three on 26 July 1969 in the Netherlands. The song was released in the United States and the United Kingdom at the end of the year and reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in February 1970. It subsequently sold 350,000 copies in Germany and topped the U.S. chart for three weeks, the first song from the Netherlands to do so. It sold over one million copies there by January 1970 and received a gold record awarded by the Recording Industry Association of America. Global sales exceeded five million copies. Other hits include "Send Me a Postcard" in late 1968 and "Long and Lonesome Road" (often mistakenly named as "Long Lonesome Road") in 1969.


title: Shocking Blue

text: "Venus" was followed by "Mighty Joe" (flip-side "Wild Wind") in 1969 and "Never Marry a Railroad Man" (flip-side "Roll Engine Roll") in 1970, both of which sold over a million records. The latter became a top-ten hit in several countries around the world. Later songs were successful in Europe, Latin America, and Asia, including "Hello Darkness", "Demon Lover" (1970), "Shocking You", "Blossom Lady" and "Out of Sight, Out of Mind" (1971), "Inkpot", "Rock in the Sea" and "Eve and the Apple" (1972) and "Oh Lord" (1973), but they failed to make the charts in the U.S. or U.K.


title: Shocking Blue

text: Klaasje van der Wal left towards the end of 1971, following their first trip to Japan (which spawned a live album). In 1974, Robbie Van Leeuwen quit, and Mariska Veres left later that year, leading to the band's split. Veres went on to pursue a solo career until 1982.


title: Shocking Blue

text: Shocking Blue reformed with its most famous line-up in 1979 and recorded "Louise" as their first single since their break-up in 1974. The song was never released. They did, however, perform live in 1980 with earlier songs such as "Venus" and "Never Marry a Railroad Man".


title: Shocking Blue

text: The band attempted another comeback in 1984 and released a new single "The Jury and the Judge" with "I Am Hanging on to Love" as the B-side in 1986.


title: Shocking Blue

text: Drummer Cor van der Beek died on 2 April 1998 at age 49 in Rotterdam, Netherlands. Mariska Veres died of gallbladder cancer on 2 December 2006 at age 59 in The Hague, Netherlands. Bassist Klaasje van der Wal died on 12 February 2018 at age 69.


title: Chord progression

text: In a musical composition, a chord progression or harmonic progression (informally chord changes, used as a plural) is a succession of chords. Chord progressions are the foundation of harmony in Western musical tradition from the common practice era of Classical music to the 21st century. Chord progressions are the foundation of Western popular music styles (e.g., pop music, rock music), traditional music, as well as genres such as blues and jazz. In these genres, chord progressions are the defining feature on which melody and rhythm are built.


title: Chord progression

text: In tonal music, chord progressions have the function of either establishing or otherwise contradicting a tonality, the technical name for what is commonly understood as the "key" of a song or piece. Chord progressions, such as the common chord progression I–vi–ii–V, are usually expressed by Roman numerals in Classical music theory. In many styles of popular and traditional music, chord progressions are expressed using the name and "quality" of the chords. For example, the previously mentioned chord progression, in the key of C major, would be written as C major–A minor–D minor–G major in a fake book or lead sheet. In the first chord, C major, the "C" indicates that the chord is built on the root note "C" and the word "major" indicates that a major chord is built on this "C" note.


title: Chord progression

text: In rock and blues, musicians also often refer to chord progressions using Roman numerals, as this facilitates transposing a song to a new key. For example, rock and blues musicians often think of the 12-bar blues as consisting of I, IV, and V chords. Thus, a simple version of the 12-bar blues might be expressed as I–I–I–I, IV–IV–I–I, V–IV–I–I. By thinking of this blues progression in Roman numerals, a backup band or rhythm section could be instructed by a bandleader to play the chord progression in any key. For example, if the bandleader asked the band to play this chord progression in the key of C major, the chords would be C–C–C–C, F–F–C–C, G–F–C–C; if the bandleader wanted the song in G major, the chords would be G–G–G–G, C–C–G–G, D–C–G–G; and so on.


title: Chord progression

text: The complexity of a chord progression varies from genre to genre and over different historical periods. Some pop and rock songs from the 1980s to the 2010s have fairly simple chord progressions. Funk emphasizes the groove and rhythm as the key element, so entire funk songs may be based on one chord. Some jazz-funk songs are based on a two-, three-, or four-chord vamp. Some punk and hardcore punk songs use only a few chords. On the other hand, bebop jazz songs may have 32-bar song forms with one or two chord changes every bar.


title: Chord progression

text: A chord may be built upon any note of a musical scale. Therefore, a seven-note diatonic scale allows seven basic diatonic triads, each degree of the scale becoming the root of its own chord. A chord built upon the note E is an E chord of some type (major, minor, diminished, etc.) Chords in a progression may also have more than three notes, such as in the case of a seventh chord (V is particularly common) or an extended chord. The harmonic function of any particular chord depends on the context of the particular chord progression in which it is found.


title: Chord progression

text: The diatonic harmonization of any major scale results in three major triads, which are based on the first, fourth, and fifth scale degrees. The triads are referred to as the tonic chord (in Roman numeral analysis, symbolized by "I"), the subdominant chord (IV), and the dominant chord, (V), respectively. These three triads include, and therefore can harmonize, every note of that scale. Many simple traditional music, folk music and rock and roll songs use only these three chord types (e.g. The Troggs' "Wild Thing", which uses I, IV and V chords).


title: Chord progression

text: The same major scale also has three minor chords, the supertonic chord (ii), mediant chord (iii), and submediant chord (vi), respectively. These chords stand in the same relationship to one another (in the relative minor key) as do the three major chords, so that they may be viewed as the first (i), fourth (iv) and fifth (v) degrees of the relative minor key. For example, the relative minor of C major is A minor, and in the key of A minor, the i, iv and v chords are A minor, D minor and E minor. In practice, in a minor key, the third of the dominant chord is often raised by one semitone to form a major chord (or a dominant seventh chord if the seventh is added).


title: Chord progression

text: In addition, the seventh degree of the major scale (i.e. the leading tone) forms a diminished chord (vii).


title: Chord progression

text: A chord may also have chromatic notes, that is, notes outside of the diatonic scale. Perhaps the most basic chromatic alteration in simple folk songs is the raised fourth degree () that results when the third of the ii chord is raised one semitone. Such a chord typically functions as the secondary dominant of the V chord (V/V). In some instances, chromatic notes are introduced to modulate to a new key. This in turn may lead to a resolution back to the original key later on, so that the entire sequence of chords helps create an extended musical form and a sense of movement.


title: Chord progression

text: Although there are many possible progressions, in practice, progressions are often limited to a few bars' lengths and certain progressions are favored above others. There is also a certain amount of fashion in which a chord progression is defined (e.g., the 12-bar blues progression) and may even help in defining an entire genre.


title: Chord progression

text: In western classical notation, chords are numbered with Roman numerals. Other types of chord notation have been devised, from figured bass to the chord chart. These usually allow or even require a certain amount of improvisation.


title: Chord progression

text: Diatonic scales such as the major and minor scales lend themselves particularly well to the construction of common chords because they contain many perfect fifths. Such scales predominate in those regions where harmony is an essential part of music, as, for example, in the common practice period of western classical music. In considering Arab and Indian music, where diatonic scales are used, there are also available a number of non-diatonic scales, the music has no chord changes, remaining always upon the key-chord, an attribute which has also been observed in hard rock, hip hop, funk, disco, jazz, etc.


title: Chord progression

text: Alternation between two chords may be thought of as the most basic chord progression. Many well-known pieces are built harmonically upon the mere repetition of two chords of the same scale. For example, many of the more straightforward melodies in classical music consist entirely or mostly of alternation between the tonic (I) and the dominant (V, sometimes with an added seventh), as do popular songs such as "Achy Breaky Heart". The Isley Brothers' "Shout" uses I–vi throughout.


title: Chord progression

text: Three-chord progression are more common since a melody may then dwell on any note of the scale. They are often presented as successions of four chords (as shown below), in order to produce a binary harmonic rhythm, but then two of the four chords are the same.


title: Chord progression

text: Often the chords may be selected to fit a pre-conceived melody, but just as often it is the progression itself that gives rise to the melody.


title: Chord progression

text: Similar progressions abound in African popular music. They may be varied by the addition of sevenths (or other scale degrees) to any chord or by substitution of the relative minor of the IV chord to give, for example, I–ii–V. This sequence, using the ii chord, is also used cadentially in a common chord progression of jazz harmony, the so-called ii–V–I turnaround.


title: Chord progression

text: Three-chord progressions provide the harmonic foundation of much African and American popular music, and they occur sectionally in many pieces of classical music (such as the opening bars of Beethoven's "Pastoral" Symphony).


title: Chord progression

text: Where such a simple sequence does not represent the entire harmonic structure of a piece, it may readily be extended for greater variety. Frequently, an opening phrase has the progression I–IV–V–V, which ends on an unresolved dominant, may be "answered" by a similar phrase that resolves back onto the tonic chord, giving a structure of double the length:


title: Chord progression

text: Additionally, such a passage may be alternated with a different progression to give a simple binary or ternary form such as that of the popular 32-bar form (see musical form).


title: Chord progression

text: The 12-bar blues and its many variants use an elongated, three-line form of the I–IV–V progression that has also generated countless hit records, including the most significant output of rock and rollers such as Chuck Berry and Little Richard. In its most elementary form (and there are many variants), the chord progression is


title: Chord progression

text: Steedman (1984) proposed that a set of recursive rewrite rules generate all well-formed transformations of jazz, both basic blues chord changes and slightly modified sequences (such as the "rhythm changes"). Important transformations include:


title: Chord progression

text: Another common way of extending the I–IV–V progression is by adding the chord of the sixth scale degree, giving the sequence I–vi–IV–V or I–vi–ii–V, sometimes called the 50s progression or doo-wop progression.


title: Chord progression

text: This progression had been in use from the earliest days of classical music and then generated popular hits such as Rodgers and Hart's "Blue Moon" (1934) and Hoagy Carmichael's "Heart and Soul" (1938).


title: Chord progression

text: Taken up into the pop mainstream, it continued to be used sectionally, as in the last part of The Beatles' "Happiness Is a Warm Gun".


title: Chord progression

text: Introducing the ii chord into these progressions emphasises their appeal as constituting elementary forms of circle progression. These, named for the circle of fifths, consist of "adjacent roots in ascending fourth or descending fifth relationship"—for instance, the sequence vi–ii–V–I ascends with each successive chord to one a fourth above the previous. Such a motion, based upon close harmonic relations, offers "undoubtedly the most common and the strongest of all harmonic progressions".


title: Chord progression

text: Short cyclical progressions may be derived by selecting a sequence of chords from the series completing a circle from the tonic through all seven diatonic chords:I–IV–vii–iii–vi–ii–V–IThis type of progression was much used by classical composers, who introduced increasingly subtle inflections. Particularly, substitution of major for minor chords giving, for example, I–VI–II–V allowed a more sophisticated chromaticism as well as the possibility of modulation. These harmonic conventions were taken up by American popular entertainers, giving rise to many variations on those harmonic staples of early jazz that have been dubbed the ragtime progression and the stomp progression. All such progressions may be found used sectionally, as for example in the much-used "rhythm changes" of George Gershwin's "I Got Rhythm".


title: Chord progression

text: As well as the cyclical underpinning of chords, the ear tends to respond well to a linear thread; chords following the scale upwards or downwards. These are often referred to as step progressions because they follow the steps of the scale, making the scale itself a bassline. In the 17th century, descending bass lines found favour for "divisions on the ground", so that Pachelbel's canon contains very similar harmonizations of the descending major scale.


title: Chord progression

text: At its simplest, this descending sequence may simply introduce an extra chord, either III or V, into the I–vi–IV–V type of sequence described above. This chord allows the harmonization of the seventh degree, and so of the bass line I–VII–VI...


title: Chord progression

text: The finale measures of the first movement of Ravel's Piano Concerto in G feature the harmonization of a descending hybrid scale (phrygo-major). In this special case, Ravel used a parallel series of major triads (G F E D C B A G).


title: Chord progression

text: Similar strategies to all the above, work equally well in minor modes: there have been one-, two-, and three-minor-chord songs, minor blues. A notable example of a descending minor chord progression is the four-chord Andalusian cadence, i–VII–VI–V.


title: Chord progression

text: Folk and blues tunes frequently use the Mixolydian scale, which has a flat seventh degree, altering the position of the three major chords to I–VII–IV. For example, if the major scale of C, which gives the three chords C, F and G on the first, fourth and fifth degrees, is played with G as the tonic, then the same chords will now appear on the first, fourth, and seventh degrees. A common chord progression with these chords is I-VII–IV-I, which also can be played as I-I-VII–IV or VII–IV-I-I.


title: Chord progression

text: The minor-third step from a minor key up to the relative major encouraged ascending scale progressions, particularly based on an ascending pentatonic scale. Typical of the type is the sequence i–III–IV (or iv)–VI.


title: Chord progression

text: This came about partly from the similarity of the blues scale to modal scales and partly from the characteristics of the guitar and the use of parallel major chords on the pentatonic minor scale. With barre chords on guitar, the same chord shape can be moved up and down the neck without changing the fingering. This phenomenon is also linked to the rise in use of power chords in various sub-genres of rock music.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Horst Christian Simco (born January 29, 1982), better known by his stage name Riff Raff (often stylized as RiFF RAFF), is an American rapper. He was originally managed by Swishahouse co-founder OG Ron C. After being associated with rapper and producer Soulja Boy's imprint S.O.D. Money Gang Inc., Riff Raff was signed to DJ and producer Diplo's record label Mad Decent from 2013 to 2015.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Simco was formerly a member of the rap group Three Loco along with Andy Milonakis and Dirt Nasty, who reunited on his "Balloween" 2016 Halloween mixtape performing "Bitches in my Driveway". The trio premiered a Christmas parody song, "Ho-Ho-Loco", in the TBS "Surprise! Instant Xmas Carol" special.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: His debut studio album, "Neon Icon", was released in 2014 via Mad Decent. In April 2016, Riff Raff announced a joint partnership with Stampede Management and BMG, signing a four-million-dollar artist venture agreement for his own label and production company, "Neon Nation Corporation". The joint deal fell apart in the wake of legal disputes with the publication of the 2012 film "Spring Breakers".


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: In February 2018, Riff Raff announced on his Instagram that he signed to singer Blackbear's Beartrap Sound for a reported $500,000 along with a Beartrap Sound pendant and chain.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Simco was born on January 29, 1982, in Houston, Texas, to Anita Isaacs, a maid, and Ronald Simco, a Vietnam War veteran with severe post-traumatic stress disorder, who worked various jobs, including as a police officer and Walmart manager. His mother grew up in Shaker Heights, Ohio, descending from a family of German Jews and Lithuanian Jews that included several survivors and victims of the Holocaust. Riff Raff was the second of four siblings. He and his family lived in Copperfield, a suburb 25 miles northwest of Houston. Growing up he was obsessed with basketball, playing frequently with other children in his neighborhood. The Simcos had moved to nearby Stone Creek. He attended Langham Creek High School, where he was shooting guard on his school's basketball team, before dropping out in his senior year. Shortly thereafter he obtained his GED.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: After his parents divorced, his father was diagnosed with tonsil cancer and the family moved to Duluth, Minnesota to get his father out of the heat into a cooler environment. For a time, Riff Raff and his siblings were shuttled back and forth between Duluth and Houston, where their mother remained. In 2001, he enrolled at Hibbing Community College in Hibbing, Minnesota, where he played on the basketball team for a month and majored in liberal arts. Feeling out of place, he dropped out in 2003 and moved back to Houston, where he painted cars in the in-vogue "candy-colored" style and gradually built his new identity. He eventually relocated to Los Angeles and began to take his rapping career seriously.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Riff Raff started rapping in 2005, making homemade CDs of his rapping over other artists' beats, and passing them out at various malls in the Greater Houston Area including Katy Mills Mall. He credited his early influences being Texas veteran rappers Devin the Dude and Paul Wall. Riff Raff took advantage of social media on Myspace, YouTube and WorldStarHipHop in late 2008, releasing songs, freestyle-videos, and sketch clips, which showcased his talent as slapstick and performance art. He did this with the help of his first talent manager, DB da Boss, whose studio provided recording and video services. DB spoke with "LA Weekly" about the rapper, saying "He was very driven, very ambitious. You couldn't deny his work ethic", going on to say, "Underneath that shell is a very intelligent man." He looked up to Northside Houston rappers from label Swishahouse, who were blowing up around that time, including Paul Wall, Chamillionaire and Slim Thug. He began doing his hair up in braids popular among "Northsiders" like Slim Thug and shopping for bling at TV Jewelry, a store co-owned by Paul Wall and charismatic Vietnamese immigrant "TV" Johnny Dang, from whom Riff Raff also purchased gold grills. Like many other artists from Houston, Riff Raff also spent much of his time selling CDs at colleges and malls, occasionally alongside other local talent such at Fat Tony and Freestyle Bully.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: In an effort to get on television he went on many auditions, including for a part in a peanut butter commercial intended for a teenager. He and his friend also tried out for P. Diddy's "Making the Band", to no avail. He was so determined to become famous that he flew to Atlanta to try out for MTV's reality show "From G's to Gents". When he learned that he had made the cast for the program's second season, before taping had even begun, he immediately got a giant MTV logo tattooed on his neck and adjusted his stage name to "MTV Riff Raff". Though he was eliminated from the series on the second episode, he left an impression on viewers through his extravagant way of dressing and funny ad-libs. Upon the season's debut in early 2009, appearance on the show would garner an immediate reaction to him, which catapulted his career.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: The same year actor, comedian and rapper Simon Rex noticed Riff Raff after being shown to him by notable producer The Alchemist. Rex contacted Riff Raff after watching one of his freestyle videos in which he revealed his phone number, and soon enough the two became friends and began recording as Riff Raff and Dirt Nasty. The pair later formed a rap group Three Loco along with comedian Andy Milonakis, increasing Riff Raff's popularity by tapping into the two celebrities' fan bases.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Beginning in 2011, Riff Raff began to be managed by OG Ron C (of Swishahouse fame) and moved to Los Angeles. Riff Raff then started releasing more music videos that furthered the artist's internet fame. Those include songs such as "Jose Canseco", and "Marc Jacobs". Then in mid-2011, Riff Raff signed to Soulja Boy's label S.O.D. Money Gang Inc. Riff Raff joined Soulja Boy's SODMG label before they met in person; no paperwork was ever signed. However, Riff Raff still wore the imprint's chain, got its logo tattooed, and again adjusted his stage name, this time to Riff Raff SODMG. They would remain affiliated for around a year, but the label did not push or pay Riff Raff, which would result in him leaving the label. Soulja Boy publicly called Riff Raff a "cokehead" following their split.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Some time before the official split Riff Raff affiliated with producers such as Diplo and Harry Fraud, as well as with Queens rapper Action Bronson. The music video he released for his collaboration with Fraud and Bronson, "Bird on a Wire", hit the one million plays-mark in roughly two months. "Bird on a Wire" was listed as the 27th best song of 2012 by Complex Music.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: In early 2012 he would release music videos for the songs, "Larry Bird", "Time" and the Chief Keef collaboration "Cuz My Gear", among others. In April 2012, Riff Raff also announced a collaborative album with Diplo tentatively titled "Jody Highroller" with guests Skrillex, Usher, Soulja Boy, Gucci Mane, Mystikal and Rusko. In June 2012, Riff Raff released the "Summer of Surf" mixtape. He signed with Diplo's label Mad Decent in June 2012. The same year he released the album, "The Golden Alien", independently in July which feature tracks produced by MikeChekMusic, "Freeze Dried", "Obtuse Angle". It was followed by the release of the mixtape, "Birth of an Icon", in August, which was listed by Stereogum as their "Mixtape of the Week".


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Following the release of his mixtape "Hologram Panda" with producer Dame Grease, Riff Raff told MTV that his upcoming Mad Decent second studio album would be titled "Riff Raff, The Neon Icon", later shortened to "Neon Icon". In February 2013 he told "Complex" that his second studio album is due out some time during the third quarter of 2013.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On June 25, 2013, he released a single titled "Dolce & Gabbana", produced by DJ Carnage as the first single from "Neon Icon", however two days later he announced that the song wouldn't be included on the album. He was also featured on Far East Movement's single "The Illest" around the same time. Then on July 12, 2013, he released another non album single titled "Mr. Popular", and four days later released the music video for the song. In August 2013, Riff Raff announced that he would be releasing a collaboration album with Action Bronson titled "Galaxy Gladiators" in 2014.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On November 26, 2013, he released the first official single for "Neon Icon" titled "How To Be the Man" and produced by DJ Mustard. That same month, Riff Raff told "Rolling Stone" in an interview that leading up to the album's release he would release various "left-over" tracks from the album's recording sessions These notably included the Boi-1da produced "Real Boyz", featuring rappers OJ da Juiceman and Cap 1, as well as "Suckas Askin' Questions" with Lil Debbie and "Shoulda Won a Grammy" with Action Bronson. In March 2014, prior to the album's release, Rolling Stone included the album on their list of "27 Must-Hear Albums of 2014". On May 20, 2014, Riff Raff announced through his Twitter that after much delay, "Neon Icon" was scheduled for a June 24, 2014, release date. The same day the official track listing for the album was revealed, which included previously announced collaborations Mac Miller, Childish Gambino, Paul Wall, Mike Posner and Amber Coffman of Dirty Projectors as well as Slim Thug.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On the 2015 Vans Warped Tour, Riff Raff hired We Came As Romans' bassist Andy Glass to play bass for him on the tour.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Riff Raff announced his intention to release his second studio album "Peach Panther" on June 1, 2015. The first single, "Spazz Out" featuring production from Travis Barker was released around this time, however the album itself would end up being delayed until 2016. He then released an EP entitled "Trench Coat Towers" in early November 2015. He extended the release date for "Peach Panther" several times, with early 2016 being cited on his Instagram as the current date. He was also featured on several singles during 2015, including "Doctor Pepper" with Diplo, CL, and OG Maco, and Flux Pavilion's single "Who Wants to Rock". In early 2016 he released the first single from "Peach Panther", "Carlos Slim". The album was eventually released on June 24, 2016.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: In April 2016, Riff Raff announced a partnership with Stampede Management and BMG, raising US$4 million for his Neon Nation Corporation to invest in music as well as in "movies and talent across the globe to build an entertainment empire." Since his second studio album "Peach Panther" he has released 3 projects with DJ Afterthought starting out with 2016 Halloween mixtape, "BALLOWEEN" featuring Quavo, Skepta, Trae tha Truth, Travis Barker and many more. Most of the songs off "BALLOWEEN" have been stashed away for month's and were finally released. Next, January 30, 2017 "Aquaberry Aquarius" dropped having super stars Wiz Khalifa and Lisa Cimorelli from the 6 sister group Cimorelli, also having underground famous rap stars Bones, Fat Nick and Germ. "The White West", referring himself as "the white Kanye West" dropped August 4, 2017, having upcoming artists like Dice SoHo and Jimmy Wopo on the project.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On February 9, 2018, Riff Raff and DJ Afterthought released the album "Cool Blue Jewels" with features from Wiz Khalifa, Chevy Woods, Jimmy Wopo, Young Buck and Project Pat, among others. On November 9, 2018, Riff Raff released a mixtape titled "Tangerine Tiger" with guest appearances from Z-Ro, Lil Tracy, Ricki Rich among others. On April 12, 2019, Riff Raff released his third studio album titled "Pink Python" with guest appearances from Chief Keef, J-Dawg, and Killah Priest. Riff Raff premiered his single "Jazzmine" with Houston Chronicle, a remake of "A Whole New World" from Aladdin featuring Iliana Eve, Jonathan Hay, Aneesa Badshaw, Ranna Royce and others.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On "Double Cup", an episode of FXX's "Major Lazer", he made a guest appearance as Double Cup, The Codeine Scientist.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Riff Raff competed on a special for the MTV reality series "The Challenge", premiering November 21, 2017, and titled "".


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: In 2017, Riff Raff partnered with Reef Dispensaries to develop and endorse two new strains of marijuana. Riff Raff has also collaborated with the cannabis subscription box company Daily High Club to create a Riff Raff smoking supply box containing smoking products and accessories inspired by his stage persona.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On February 15, 2012, film director Harmony Korine contacted Riff Raff about appearing in an upcoming movie of his, which would turn out to be "Spring Breakers". Once the details of the movie came out, there was speculation that the main character Alien was based on Riff Raff. However, according to James Franco, his character was based on the underground rap artist Dangeruss. He said "Of course Harmony and I looked at some of Riff Raff's videos as inspiration, but he was one of a number of people we looked at. I would say the biggest influence on the role was this local Florida rapper named Dangeruss. He's fairly unknown, but he was down there in the place, living the life, and he became the biggest model for me, and he's in the movie."


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: There was much back and forth between both camps about the issue, including Riff Raff appearing in a cameo for "One Life to Live" playing a character called "Jamie Franko". In July 2013, Riff Raff announced he was suing the creators of "Spring Breakers" for $10 million for using his image without permission. However, a search for court documents by "LA Weekly" in September 2013 resulted in no findings.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: Riff Raff has a large number of tattoos, including the logos for WorldStarHipHop, NBA, and MTV, which he had acquired during auditions for the 2009 reality TV show "From G's to Gents". Previously, he had a BET tattoo on the front of his right shoulder, which was later covered up with a tattoo of his dog, "Jody Husky". He is a fan of "The Simpsons", with a tattoo of Bart holding test tubes that reads "The Freestyle Scientist" on his chest. He also has a large gothic cross below his left shoulder, framed by a prayer that reads, "Dear Jesus, Please Let Me In. Your Child, Horst Simco."


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On August 11, 2013, Riff Raff was arrested in Greensboro, North Carolina after police found an open container of alcohol, marijuana, another unspecified illegal substance and drug paraphernalia in his vehicle. Riff Raff was booked into jail along with the two passengers in his vehicle, and was released without bail later that night.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On May 31, 2018, Riff Raff was accused of drugging and raping a woman after a 2013 show in Melbourne. All venues on his Australian and New Zealand tour subsequently canceled his scheduled concerts. Afterward, a second woman, aged 17 at the time, alleged that in Milwaukee, Riff Raff invited her on his tour bus; according to the accuser, he proceeded to touch her repeatedly while making suggestive comments.


title: Riff Raff (rapper)

text: On January 22, 2020, Riff Raff settled a lawsuit related to a sexual assault claim made against him, from a 2014 incident at a Nevada brothel.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: Martin Sensmeier (born June 27, 1985) (Tlingit/Koyukon-Athabascan) is an American actor and model. Of Alaska Native and European-American descent, he is known for playing various Native American roles. He starred in the 2016 remake "The Magnificent Seven" and had a recurring role as "Wanahton" in the HBO television series "Westworld" (2018). More recently, he has played a physical therapist in the TV series "Yellowstone" and a Comanche warrior named Sam in the prequel "1883", both directed by Taylor Sheridan.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: He is expected to star in the biopic "Bright Path: The Jim Thorpe Story", expected to go into production in mid-2021. Sensmeier would be the first indigenous person to play the star athlete, who was Sac and Fox and won two Olympic gold medals in 1912.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: Sensmeier was born in 1985 in Anchorage, Alaska, to Raymond and Eva Sensmeier, but was raised in Yakutat. His father is German-Tlingit and his mother is Koyukon-Athabascan from Ruby, Alaska, on the Yukon River. Sensmeier identifies with the cultures of his Alaska Native grandmothers, which his parents stressed. Martin’s paternal grandfather, Gilbert Michael Sensmeier, was born in Indiana of German descent.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: Sensmeier began his working career as a welder, then worked on an oil rig for Doyon Drilling. He quit to pursue an acting career in Los Angeles. There and in New York, Sensmeier worked as a professional model; he gradually found work as an actor in Los Angeles.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: His first feature film was the sci-fi thriller "Beyond the Sky". He appeared in a leading role, as one of the "seven", in the 2016 feature film "The Magnificent Seven", a remake of an earlier version. Interestingly, the remake also included Luke Grimes, who plays Kayce Dutton in "Yellowstone".


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: In 2017, Sensmeier was cast in the lead role in the biopic "The Chickasaw Rancher", portraying Montford Johnson (Chickasaw), a man who built a ranching empire near the Chisholm Trail. That year he also had a role as Chip Hanson in the movie "Wind River", and will reprise the role in the upcoming sequel "".


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: Sensmeier joined the cast in the second (2018) season of the HBO television series "Westworld", in the recurring role of "Wanahton".


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: In 2020, he took on the role of Chief Eddy in the original English version of the video game "Tell Me Why" from Dontnod Entertainment. The game is set in Alaska and the character belongs to the indigenous Tlingit people, as does Sensmeier.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: More recently, he has played a physical therapist in Season 2 of Taylor Sheridan's "Yellowstone", the four-season saga of the Dutton family and their patriarch's determination to keep the ranch intact, and the character of Sam, a Comanche warrior, in "1883", Sheridan's prequel to "Yellowstone". "1883" centers on a group of covered-wagon settlers seeking a new life in Oregon after banding together in Texas. It stars Sam Elliot, Tim McGraw, Faith Hill & newcomer Isabel May as Elsa Dutton, the series narrator and love interest of Sam's.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: He has been tapped to star in a biopic entitled "Bright Path: The Jim Thorpe Story", which is expected to go into production by Pictureworks Entertainment in mid-2021. Thorpe (Sac and Fox) won two gold medals in the 1912 Olympics, played professional football and baseball, and is considered one of the greatest athletes of the 20th century. The screenplay was written by Abraham Taylor, with Alex Nibley and Sterlin Harjo. The major producer is Angelina Jolie.


title: Martin Sensmeier

text: Sensmeier is a member of the Native Wellness Institute, a youth advocacy group. He is proud of his Alaska Native heritage.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound is a hound that is distinguished by its thick, fine, silky coat and its tail with a ring curl at the end. The breed is selectively bred for its unique features in the cold mountains of Afghanistan. Its local name is () or (). Other names for this breed are Tāzī, Balkh Hound, Baluchi Hound, Barakzai Hound, Shalgar Hound, Kabul Hound, Galanday Hound or sometimes incorrectly African Hound. They have the ability to run and turn well.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound has been identified as a basal breed that predates the emergence of the modern breeds in the 19th century. It is most closely related to the Saluki.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Connections with other types and breeds from the same area may provide clues to the history. A name for a desert coursing Afghan hound, Tazi (Sag-e-Tazi), suggests a shared ancestry with the very similar Tasy breed from the Caspian Sea area of Russia and Turkmenistan. Other types or breeds of similar appearance are the Taigan from the mountainous Tian Shan region on the Chinese border of Afghanistan, and the Barakzay, or Kurram Valley Hound.


title: Afghan Hound

text: There are at least 13 types known in Afghanistan, and some are being developed (through breeding and record keeping) into modern purebred breeds.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Once out of Afghanistan, the history of the Afghan Hound breed became entwined with that of the very earliest dog shows and the Kennel Club (UK). Various sighthounds were brought to England in the 1800s by army officers returning from British India (which at the time included Afghanistan and Persia) and were exhibited at dog shows, which were then just becoming popular, under various names, such as Barukzy hounds. They were also called "Persian Greyhounds" by the English, in reference to their own indigenous sighthound.


title: Afghan Hound

text: One dog in particular, Zardin, was brought in 1907 from India by Captain Bariff, and became the early ideal of breed type for what was still called the Persian Greyhound. Zardin was the basis of the writing of the first breed standard in 1912, but breeding of the dogs was stopped by World War I.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Out of the longhaired sighthound types known in Afghanistan, two main strains make up the modern Afghan Hound breed. The first were a group of hounds brought to Scotland from Balochistan by Major and Mrs. G. Bell-Murray and Miss Jean C. Manson in 1920, and are called the Bell-Murray strain. These dogs were of the lowland or steppe type, and are less heavily coated.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The second strain was a group of dogs from a kennel in Kabul owned by Mrs. Mary Amps, which she shipped to England in 1925. She and her husband came to Kabul after the Afghan war in 1919, and the foundation sire of her kennel (named Ghazni) in Kabul was a dog that closely resembled Zardin. Her Ghazni strain were the more heavily coated mountain type. Most of the Afghans in the United States were developed from the Ghazni strain from England. The first Afghans in Australia were imported from the United States in 1934, also of the Ghazni strain. The French breed club was formed in 1939 (FALAPA). The mountain and steppe strains became mixed into the modern Afghan Hound breed, and a new standard was written in 1948, which is still used today.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound can also come with a much more "patterned" coat. This descends from the Bell-Murray's and the Ghazni lines, and is displayed in much lighter feathering of coat, deeper saddle (often actually looking like a saddle) and much shorter hair on the face and neck. It is believed that these particular Afghan Hounds were a product of much hotter parts of the country.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The beauty of Afghan Hound dogs caused them to become highly desirable show dogs and pets, and they are recognised by all of the major kennel clubs in the English-speaking world. One of the Amps Ghazni, Sirdar, won BIS at Crufts in 1928 and 1930. An Afghan hound was featured on the cover of Life Magazine, November 26, 1945. Afghan Hounds were the most popular in Australia in the 1970s, and won most of the major shows. An Afghan Hound won BIS (Best in Show) at the 1996 World Dog Show in Budapest. Afghan hounds were BIS at the Westminster Kennel Club Dog Show in 1957 and again in 1983. That win also marked the most recent win at Westminster for breeder-owner-handler, Chris Terrell.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound breed is no longer used for hunting, although it can be seen in the sport of lure coursing.


title: Afghan Hound

text: On August 3, 2005, Korean scientist Hwang Woo-Suk announced that his team of researchers had become the first team to successfully clone a dog, an Afghan Hound named Snuppy. In 2006 Hwang Woo-Suk was dismissed from his university position for fabricating data in his research. Snuppy, nonetheless, was a genuine clone, and thus the first cloned dog in history.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound is tall, standing in height and weighing . The coat may be any colour, but white markings, particularly on the head, are discouraged; many individuals have a black facial mask. A specimen may have facial hair that looks like a Fu Manchu mustache, sometimes called "mandarins". Some Afghan Hounds are almost white, but parti-color hounds (white with islands of red or black) are penalized in the AKC standard, but not by the FCI.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Their long, fine-textured coat requires considerable care and grooming. The long topknot and the shorter-haired saddle on the back of the dog are distinctive features of the Afghan Hound coat. The high hipbones and unique small ring on the end of the tail are also characteristics of the breed.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The temperament of the typical Afghan Hound can be aloof and dignified, but happy and clownish when playing. This breed, as is the case with many sighthounds, has a high prey drive and may not get along with small animals. The Afghan Hound can be a successful competitor in dog agility trials as well as an intuitive therapy dog and companion. Genomic studies have pointed to the Afghan Hound as one of the oldest of dog breeds.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The breed has a reputation among dog trainers of having a relatively slow "obedience intelligence"; Stanley Coren, in his book "The Intelligence of Dogs", ranked the breed last among 138 breeds mentioned in ability to understand and obey commands, requiring more than 80 repetitions to understand a new command and obeying on the first command less than 25% of the time. Coren noted that Afghan Hounds were consistently ranked among the least obedient dog breeds among all of the trainers he consulted, with a majority (121 out of 199) ranking the Afghan Hound in the lowest ten breeds out of 133 listed.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Although seldom used today for hunting in Europe and America, where they are popular, Afghan Hounds are frequent participants in lure coursing events and are also popular in the sport of conformation showing.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Khalag Tazi is a variety of the Afghan Hound introduced to Europe in 1920, when an Indian Army officer, Major G Bell-Murray, brought some animals back from Afghanistan. "Tazi" is a current and ancient name for hunting dogs of the sighthound type in Western Asia. It has been used to denote the Saluki, Afghan, Taigan, Persian Greyhound, greyhound types of hound.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Bakhmull (also Bakhmull Tazi or Tazi Bakhmull, also called the Aboriginal Afghan Hound) is a long-haired variety of sighthound. It has been bred mostly in Russia and claimed to represent an Afghan Hound aboriginal to Afghanistan. In Pashto the word means "velvet", applied in reference to the dog's silky coat, which is rather abundant and long on the whole body, except the "saddle" (middle to lower back), front parts of all four legs, and the muzzle. Its color is always fawn, ivory, or white, with a darker "saddle", thus it produces an impression of a (yellowish) dog whose coat color matches the khaki sandstone and limestone of the Hindu Kush mountain landscape and deserts. The following colors are not permissible: red, red with white spots, black, and black with white spots.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Since the 1980s, the centre of Bakhmull breeding has been Russia, beginning in Moscow, then spreading to various other places in the CIS. The foundation stock was brought to Russia in the 1970s by military men returning from Afghanistan. Natalia Gherasiova (a breeder, of the Blue Dale el Bark Bakhmull kennel, and dog show judge) established the National Bakhmull Club, affiliated with the Russian Federation for Hunting Dogs (RFOS) and Russian Kynological Federation (RKF). A breed standard was first published in 1985, and a shared RFOS–RKF revision was produced in 1997.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Bakhmulls hunt solo and in couples. Although its coat is long, it does not require much grooming. Paws are well protected from injuries by "feathering" (thick additional paw fur). Its long, velvety coat and its stamina makes more suitable than many breeds for harsh weather. The breed standard calls for "aristocratic gait and a beautiful head with gazelle-like ... eyes". The eyes should be large, brown, slanting upwards, and of almond shape, with rims outlined black. Black coloration is required on the nose and lips for both white and fawn bakhmulls. The dog's height should be between , for bitches. The height at the withers is higher than at the croup.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Saluki is a breed with ancient origins (though its establishment as a standardised breed was primarily carried out in the United Kingdom and Germany) and is the most closely related to the Afghan Hound out of modern and internationally accepted breeds. The Sloughi, with a name of the same derivation, is primarily of North African stock and is a separate breed.


title: Afghan Hound

text: In various surveys conducted within the UK, Afghan Hounds were shown to have an average lifespan of about 12 years, similar to other breeds of their size. In the 2004 UK Kennel Club survey, the most common causes of death were cancer (31%), old age (20%), cardiac (10.5%), and urologic (5%). Those that died of old age had a median lifespan of 12 years, with 12% living to at least 14.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Major health issues are allergies, cancer, and hip dysplasia (not typical of bakhmulls). Sensitivity to anesthesia is an issue the Afghan Hound shares with the rest of the sighthound group, as sighthounds have relatively low levels of body fat. Afghan Hounds are also among the dog breeds most likely to develop chylothorax, a rare condition which causes the thoracic ducts to leak, allowing large quantities of chyle fluid to enter the dog's chest cavity. This condition commonly results in a lung-lobe torsion (in which the dog's lung twists within the chest cavity, requiring emergency surgery), due to the breed's typically deep, "barrel"-shaped chest. If not corrected through surgery, chylothorax can ultimately cause fibrosing pleuritis, or a hardening of the organs, due to scar tissue forming around the organs to protect them from the chyle fluid. Chylothorax is often fatal.


title: Afghan Hound

text: Among other health problems are laryngeal paralysis, dilated cardiomyopathy (twice as common in males as females), and dermatological issues such as testosterone-responsive dermatosis of male dogs (often seen in castrated males), nasal depigmentation (also known as Dudley nose), and skin tumours. Afghans are also prone to Central diabetes insipidus (CDI), hypothyroidism and tricholemmoma, a rare condition which mainly affects older dogs in the Middle Ages. Ocular conditions that can occur include medial canthal pocket syndrome (breed predisposition due to shape of head), corneal dystrophy, cataract and generalized progressive retinal atrophy (GPRA). Afghan myelopathy (causing pelvic limb ataxia) is sometimes reported.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan hound has been represented in multiple animated feature films and TV shows, including Universal Pictures' "Balto" (Sylvie), Disney's "" (Ruby) and Hasbro Studios's "Pound Puppies" (Twiggy). An Afghan hound also appeared in the movies "One Hundred and One Dalmatians," "101 Dalmatians," "102 Dalmatians, and ." Other examples include Prince Amir of Kinjan from "What-a-Mess," Persia from "Road Rovers," Burt from "Foofur," and Brainy Barker from "Krypto the Superdog""." Malory Archer in the show "Archer" also had an Afghan hound named Duchess at some point in her childhood.


title: Afghan Hound

text: In the novel "Between the Acts", Virginia Woolf uses an Afghan hound named Sohrab to represent aspects of one of the book's human characters.


title: Afghan Hound

text: The Afghan Hound features prominently in the avant-garde music video of popular French band M83's, "Set in Stone (M83 Remix)".


title: USAA

text: The United Services Automobile Association (USAA) is a San Antonio-based Fortune 500 diversified financial services group of companies including a Texas Department of Insurance-regulated reciprocal inter-insurance exchange and subsidiaries offering banking, investing, and insurance to people and families who serve, or served, in the United States Armed Forces. At the end of 2020, it had more than 13 million members.


title: USAA

text: USAA was founded in 1922 in San Antonio by a group of 25 U.S. Army officers as a mechanism for mutual self-insurance when they were unable to secure auto insurance because of the perception that they, as military officers, were a high-risk group. USAA has since expanded to offer banking and insurance services to past and present members of the Armed Forces, officers and enlisted, and their families. The company ranked No. 96th in the 2020 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by total revenue and appeared on Fortune's 2021 Blue Ribbon list of companies, placing No. 355 on the Fortune Global 500, No. 94 on the Fortune 500, No. 55 on the 100 Best Companies to Work For and World’s Most Admired Companies.