text: Several sites and individuals publish ratings of competitive seats. The seats listed below are considered competitive (not "safe" or "solid") by at least one of the rating groups. These ratings are based upon factors such as the strength of the incumbent (if the incumbent is running for re-election), the strength of the candidates, and the partisan history of the district (the Cook Partisan Voting Index (CPVI) is one example of this metric). Each rating describes the likelihood of a given outcome in the election.


title: 2022 United States House of Representatives election ratings

text: The following is a list of generic party ballot polls conducted in advance of the 2022 House of Representatives elections.


text: The campaign committees for the two parties (the DCCC and NRCC) publish their own lists of targeted seats.


text: The NRCC is now targeting 85 Democratic held seats. They released their initial list February 10, 2021 and added 10 seats to the initial list on May 4, 2021 and a further 13 seats November 3, 2021 after the favorable election night results. They added eight additional seats on March 30, 2022. The first two lists were published before redistricting, however the 3rd list begins to incorporate redistricting impacts such as Colorado's 7th congressional district.


text: Seats in bold were included in the DCCC's frontline seats in March 2021 or were added in January 2022.


text: On April 6, 2021, the DCCC released their list of target seats, including open and Republican-held seats. This list was published before redistricting. Several seats were added in January 2022.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Ballroom dance is a set of partner dances, which are enjoyed both socially and competitively around the world, mostly because of its performance and entertainment aspects. Ballroom dancing is also widely enjoyed on stage, film, and television.


title: Ballroom dance

text: "Ballroom dance" may refer, at its widest definition, to almost any recreational dance with a partner. However, with the emergence of dance competition (now known as Dancesport), two principal schools have emerged and the term is used more narrowly to refer to the dances recognized by those schools.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Note that dances of the two schools that bear the same name may differ considerably in permitted patterns (figures), technique, and styling.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Exhibitions and social situations that feature ballroom dancing also may include additional partner dances such as Lindy Hop, Night Club Two Step, Night Club Swing, Bachata, Country Two Step, and regional (local or national) favorites that normally are not regarded as part of the ballroom family, and a number of historical dances also may be danced in ballrooms or salons. Additionally, some sources regard Sequence Dancing, in pairs or other formations, to be a style of ballroom dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The term 'ballroom dancing' is derived from the word "ball" which in turn originates from the Latin word "ballare" which means 'to dance' (a ball-room being a large room specially designed for such dances). In times past, ballroom dancing was social dancing for the privileged, leaving folk dancing for the lower classes. These boundaries have since become blurred. The definition of ballroom dance also depends on the era: balls have featured popular dances of the day such as the Minuet, Quadrille, Polonaise, Polka, Mazurka, and others, which are now considered to be historical dances.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The first authoritative knowledge of the earliest ballroom dances was recorded toward the end of the 16th century, when Jehan Tabourot, under the pen name "Thoinot-Arbeau", published in 1588 his "Orchésographie", a study of late 16th-century French renaissance social dance. Among the dances described were the solemn basse danse, the livelier branle, pavane, and the galliarde which Shakespeare called the "cinq pace" as it was made of five steps.


title: Ballroom dance

text: In 1650, the Minuet, originally a peasant dance of Poitou, was introduced into Paris and set to music by Jean-Baptiste Lully and danced by the King Louis XIV in public. The Minuet dominated the ballroom from that time until the close of the 18th century.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Toward the later half of the 17th century, Louis XIV founded his 'Académie Royale de Musique et de Danse', where specific rules for the execution of every dance and the "five positions" of the feet were formulated for the first time by members of the Académie. Eventually, the first definite cleavage between ballet and ballroom came when professional dancers appeared in the ballets, and the ballets left the Court and went to the stage. Ballet technique such as the turned out positions of the feet, however, lingered for over two centuries and past the end of the Victoria era.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The waltz with its modern hold took root in England in about 1812; in 1819 Carl Maria von Weber wrote "Invitation to the Dance", which marked the adoption of the waltz form into the sphere of absolute music. The dance was initially met with tremendous opposition due to the semblance of impropriety associated with the closed hold, though the stance gradually softened. In the 1840s several new dances made their appearance in the ballroom, including the polka, mazurka, and the Schottische. In the meantime a strong tendency emerged to drop all 'decorative' steps such as "entrechats" and "ronds de jambes" that had found a place in the Quadrilles and other dances.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Modern ballroom dance has its roots early in the 20th century, when several different things happened more or less at the same time. The first was a movement away from the sequence dances towards dances where the couples moved independently. This had been pre-figured by the waltz, which had already made this transition. The second was a wave of popular music, such as jazz. Since dance is to a large extent tied to music, this led to a burst of newly invented dances. There were many dance crazes in the period 1910–1930.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The third event was a concerted effort to transform some of the dance crazes into dances which could be taught to a wider dance public in the U.S. and Europe. Here Vernon and Irene Castle were important, and so was a generation of English dancers in the 1920s, including Josephine Bradley and Victor Silvester. These professionals analysed, codified, published, and taught a number of standard dances. It was essential, if popular dance was to flourish, for dancers to have some basic movements they could confidently perform with any partner they might meet. Here the huge Arthur Murray organisation in America, and the dance societies in England, such as the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing, were highly influential. Finally, much of this happened during and after a period of World War, and the effect of such a conflict in dissolving older social customs was considerable.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Later, in the 1930s, the on-screen dance pairing of Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers influenced all forms of dance in the U.S. and elsewhere. Although both actors had separate careers, their filmed dance sequences together, which included portrayals of the Castles, have reached iconic status. Much of Astaire and Rogers' work portrayed social dancing, although the performances were highly choreographed (often by Astaire or Hermes Pan) and meticulously staged and rehearsed.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Competitions, sometimes referred to as dancesport, range from world championships, regulated by the World Dance Council (WDC), to less advanced dancers at various proficiency levels. Most competitions are divided into professional and amateur, though in the USA pro-am competitions typically accompany professional competitions. The International Olympic Committee now recognizes competitive ballroom dance. It has recognized another body, the World DanceSport Federation (WDSF), as the sole representative body for dancesport in the Olympic Games.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Ballroom dance competitions are regulated by each country in its own way. There are about 30 countries which compete regularly in international competitions. There are another 20 or so countries which have membership of the WDC and/or the WDSF, but whose dancers rarely appear in international competitions. In Britain there is the British Dance Council, which grants national and regional championship titles, such as the British Ballroom Championships, the British Sequence Championships and the United Kingdom Championships. In the United States, the member branches of the WDC (National Dance Council of America) and the WDSF (USA Dance) both grant national and regional championship titles.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Ballroom dancing competitions in the former USSR also included the Soviet Ballroom dances, or "Soviet Programme". Australian New Vogue is danced both competitively and socially. In competition, there are 15 recognized New Vogue dances, which are performed by the competitors in sequence. These dance forms are not recognized internationally, neither are the US variations such as American Smooth, and Rhythm. Such variations in dance and competition methods are attempts to meets perceived needs in the local market-place.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Internationally, the Blackpool Dance Festival, hosted annually at Blackpool, England is considered the most prestigious event a dancesport competitor can attend.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Formation dance is another style of competitive dance recognized by the WDSF. In this style, multiple dancers (usually in couples and typically up to 16 dancers at one time) compete on the same team, moving in and out of various formations while dancing. The Blackpool Dance Festival also holds an annual event for competitive formation dancing.


title: Ballroom dance

text: In competitive ballroom, dancers are judged by diverse criteria such as poise, the hold or frame, posture, musicality and expression, timing, body alignment and shape, floor craft, foot and leg action, and presentation. Judging in a performance-oriented sport is inevitably subjective in nature, and controversy and complaints by competitors over judging placements are not uncommon. The scorekeepers—called scrutineers—will tally the total number recalls accumulated by each couple through each round until the finals when the Skating system is used to place each couple by ordinals, typically 1–6, though the number of couples in the final may vary. Sometimes, up to 8 couples may be present on the floor during the finals.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Competitors dance at different levels based on their ability and experience. The levels are split into two categories, syllabus and open. The syllabus levels are newcomer/pre-bronze, bronze, silver, and gold—with gold the highest syllabus level and newcomer the lowest. In these levels, moves are restricted to those written in a syllabus, and illegal moves can lead to disqualification. Each level, bronze, silver, and gold, has different moves on their syllabus, increasing in difficulty. There are three levels in the open category; novice, pre-champ, and champ in increasing order of skill. At those levels, dancers no longer have restrictions on their moves, so complex routines are more common.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Medal evaluations for amateurs enable dancers' individual abilities to be recognized according to conventional standards. In medal evaluations, which are run by bodies such as the Imperial Society of Teachers of Dancing (ISTD) and the United Kingdom Alliance (UKA), each dancer performs two or more dances in a certain genre in front of a judge. Genres such as Modern Ballroom or Latin are the most popular. Societies such as the ISTD and UKA also offer medal tests on other dance styles (such as Country & Western, Rock 'n Roll or Tap). In some North American examinations, levels include Newcomer, Bronze, Silver, Gold, Novice, Pre-championship, and Championship; each level may be further subdivided into either two or four separate sections.


title: Ballroom dance

text: There is a part of the ballroom world dedicated to college students. These chapters are typically clubs or teams that have an interest in ballroom dancing. Teams hold fundraisers, social events, and ballroom dance lessons. Ballroom dance teams' goals are to have fun and learn to dance well. There is a strong focus on finding a compatible dance partner and bonding with teammates. There is also a competitive side to collegiate ballroom - collegiate teams often hold competitions and invite other teams to participate. These competitions are often run with many of the same rules are regular amateur competitions as outlined above, but are usually organized entirely by collegiate teams. Examples include the MIT Open Ballroom Dance Competition, Big Apple Dancesport Challenge, Purdue Ballroom Classic, Cardinal Classic, Berkeley Classic, and Harvard Invitational.


title: Ballroom dance

text: "Ballroom dance" refers most often to the ten dances of Standard and Latin, though the term is also often used interchangeably with the five International Ballroom dances. Sequence dancing, which is danced predominantly in the United Kingdom, and its development New Vogue in Australia and New Zealand, are also sometimes included as a type of Ballroom dancing.


title: Ballroom dance

text: In the United States and Canada, the American Style (American Smooth and American Rhythm) also exists. The dance technique used for both International and American styles is similar, but International Ballroom allows only closed dance positions, whereas American Smooth allows closed, open and separated dance movements. In addition, different sets of dance figures are usually taught for the two styles. International Latin and American Rhythm have different styling, and have different dance figures in their respective syllabi.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Other dances sometimes placed under the umbrella "ballroom dance" include nightclub dances such as Lindy Hop, West Coast swing, nightclub two step, hustle, salsa, and merengue. The categorization of dances as "ballroom dances" has always been fluid, with new dances or folk dances being added to or removed from the ballroom repertoire from time to time, so no list of subcategories or dances is any more than a description of current practices. There are other dances historically accepted as ballroom dances, and are revived via the vintage dance movement.


title: Ballroom dance

text: In Europe, Latin Swing dances include Argentine tango, mambo, Lindy Hop, swing boogie (sometimes also known as nostalgic boogie), and discofox. One example of this is the subcategory of cajun dances that originated in Acadiana, with branches reaching both coasts of the United States.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Standard/Smooth dances are normally danced to Western music (often from the mid-twentieth century), and couples dance counter-clockwise around a rectangular floor following the line of dance. In competitions, competitors are costumed as would be appropriate for a white tie affair, with full gowns for the ladies and bow tie and tail coats for the men; though in American Smooth it is now conventional for the men to abandon the tailsuit in favor of shorter tuxedos, vests, and other creative outfits.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Latin/Rhythm dances are commonly danced to contemporary Latin American music and (in case of jive) Western music. With the exception of a few traveling dances like samba and pasodoble, couples do not follow the line of dance but perform their routines more or less in one spot. In competitions, the women are often dressed in short-skirted Latin outfits while the men are outfitted in tight-fitting shirts and pants, the goal being to emphasize the dancers' leg action and body movements.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Waltz began as a country folk dance in Austria and Bavaria in the 17th century. In the early 19th century it was introduced in England. It was the first dance where a man held a woman close to his body. When performing the dance, the upper body is kept to the left throughout all figures, follow's body leaves the right side of the lead while the head is extended to follow the elbow. Figures with rotation have little rise. The start of the rise begins slowly from the first count, peaks on the 2nd count and lowers slowly on the 3rd. Sway is also used on the second step to make the step longer and also to slow down the momentum by bringing the feet together. Waltz is performed for both International Standard and American Smooth.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Viennese waltz originated in Provence area in France in 1559 and is recognized as the oldest of all ballroom dances. It was introduced in England as German waltz in 1812 and became popular throughout the 19th century by the music of Josef and Johann Strauss. It is often referred to as the classic “old-school” ballroom. Viennese Waltz music is quite fast. Slight shaping of the body moves towards the inside of the turn and shaping forward and up to lengthen the opposite side from direction. Reverse turn is used to travel down long side and is overturned. While natural turn is used to travel short side and is underturned to go around the corners. Viennese waltz is performed for both International Standard and American Smooth.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Tango originated in Buenos Aires in the late 19th century. Modern Argentine tango is danced in both open and closed embraces which focuses on the lead and follow moving in harmony of the tango's passionate charging music. The tango's technique is like walking to the music while keeping feet grounded and allowing ankles and knees to brush against one another during each step taken. Tango is a flat-footed dance and unlike the other dances, has no rise and fall. Body weight is kept over the toes and the connection is held between the dancers in the hips.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Ballroom tango, however, is a dance with a far more open frame, often utilising strong and staccato movements. Ballroom tango, rather than Argentine tango, is performed in international competition.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The foxtrot is an American dance, believed to be of African-American origin. It was named by a vaudeville performer Harry Fox in 1914. Fox was rapidly trotting step to ragtime music. The dance therefore was originally named as the “Fox’s trot”. The foxtrot can be danced at slow, medium, or fast tempos depending on the speed of the jazz or big band music. The partners are facing one another and frame rotates from one side to another, changing direction after a measure. The dance is flat, with no rise and fall. The walking steps are taken as slow for the two beats per steps and quick for one beat per step. Foxtrot is performed for both International Standard and American Smooth.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The quickstep is an English dance and was invented in the 1920s as a combination of faster tempo of foxtrot and the Charleston. It is a fast moving dance, so men are allowed to close their feet and the couples move in short syncopated steps. Quickstep includes the walks, runs, chasses, and turns of the original foxtrot dance, with some other fast figures such as locks, hops, run, quick step, jump and skips. Quick step is performed as an International Standard dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The pasodoble originated from Spain and its dramatic bullfights. The dance is mostly performed only in competitions and rarely socially because of its many choreographic rules. The lead plays the role of the matador while the follow takes the role of the matador's cape, the bull, or even the matador. The chasse cape refers to the lead using the follow to turn them as if they are the cape, and the appel is when the lead stomps their foot to get the bull's attention. Pasodoble is performed as an International Latin dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The Spanish bolero was developed in the late 18th century out of the "seguidilla", and its popularization is attributed to court dancers such as Sebastián Cerezo. It became one of the most popular ballroom dances of the 19th century and saw many classical adaptations. However, by the 20th century it had become old-fashioned. A Cuban music genre of the same name, bolero, which became popular in the early 20th century, is unrelated to the Spanish dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Although Cuban bolero was born as a form of "trova", traditional singer/songwriter tradition from eastern Cuba, with no associated dance, it soon became a ballroom favorite in Cuba and all of Latin America. The dance most commonly represents the couple falling in love. Modern bolero is seen as a combination of many dances: like a slow salsa with contra-body movement of tango, patterns of rhumba, and rise and fall technique and personality of waltz and foxtrot. Bolero can be danced in a closed hold or singly and then coming back together. It is performed as an American Rhythm dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Samba is the national dance of Brazil. The rhythm of samba and its name originated from the language and culture of West African slaves. In 1905, samba became known to other countries during an exhibition in Paris. In the 1940s, samba was introduced in America through Carmen Miranda. The international version of Ballroom Samba has been based on an early version of Brazilian Samba called Maxixe, but has since developed away and differs strongly from Brazilian Ballroom Samba, which is called Samba de Gafieira. International Ballroom Samba is danced with a slight bounce which is created through the bending and straightening the knee. It is performed as an International Latin dance, although most of its modern development has occurred outside Latin America.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Rumba came to the United States from Cuba in the 1920s and became a popular cabaret dance during prohibition. Rumba is a ballroom adaptation of son cubano and bolero (the Cuban genre) and, despite its name, it rarely included elements of Cuban rumba. It includes Cuban motions through knee-strengthening, figure-eight hip rotation, and swiveling foot action. An important characteristic of rumba is the powerful and direct lead achieved through the ball of the foot. Rumba is performed for both International Latin and American Rhythm.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Mambo was developed as an offshoot of danzón, the national dance of Cuba, in the late 1930s by Orestes López and his brother Cachao, of Arcaño y sus Maravillas. They conceived a new form of danzón influenced by son cubano, with a faster, improvised final section, which allowed dancers to more freely express themselves, given that danzón had traditionally a very rigid structure. In the 1940s, Dámaso Pérez Prado transformed the mambo from the charanga into the big band format, and took it to Mexico and the United States, where it became a "dance craze".


title: Ballroom dance

text: Cha Cha (sometimes wrongly called Cha Cha Cha based on a "street version" of the dance with shifted timing) was developed by Enrique Jorrín in the early 1950s, as a slower alternative to Mambo—and, in fact, was originally called Triple Mambo. The Cha Cha is a flirtatious dance with many hip rotations and partners synchronising their movements. The dance includes bending and straightening of the knee giving it a touch of Cuban motion. Cha-cha is performed for both International Latin and American Rhythm.


title: Ballroom dance

text: Swing in 1927 was originally named the Lindy Hop named by Shorty George Snowden. There have been 40 different versions documented over the years; most common is the East Coast swing which is performed in the American Smooth (or American Rhythm) only in the U.S. or Canada. The East Coast swing was established by Arthur Murray and others only shortly after World War II. Swing music is very lively and upbeat and can be danced to jazz or big band music. The swing dancing style has much bounce and energy. Swing also includes many spins and underarm turns. East Coast swing is performed as an American Rhythm dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: The jive is part of the swing dance group and is a very lively variation of the jitterbug. Jive originated from African American clubs in the early 1940s. During World War II, American soldiers introduced the jive in England where it was adapted to today's competitive jive. In jive, the man leads the dance while the woman encourages the man to ask them to dance. It is danced to big band music, and some technique is taken from salsa, swing and tango. Jive is performed as an International Latin dance.


title: Ballroom dance

text: On the European continent, the Viennese waltz is known simply as "waltz", while the waltz is recognized as "English waltz" or "Slow Waltz".


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock was affiliated originally with Amuse, Inc. ever since their debut in 2007. The band left Amuse on April 1, 2021 and established their own management agency, named 10969 Inc. In the United States, they are signed with record label Fueled by Ramen.


title: One Ok Rock

text: The band's name comes from "one o'clock", the time that the band used to practice their music on weekends. They chose to play at one o'clock in the morning because it was cheaper to use the rehearsal space during such hours. However, noticing that the Japanese language made no distinction between R's and L's, "O'CLOCK" transformed into "O'CROCK" or "O'KROCK", which later transformed into "OK ROCK". In addition, One Ok Rock can be expressed as "10969" (wan-ō-ku-ro-ku). The band uses both Japanese and English lyrics in their songs.


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock rose to international fame with their 2012 single "The Beginning" from their sixth album "Jinsei×Boku=", which led them to concerts and music festivals outside Asia. Following the success, the band started to release their later albums in two versions (Japanese-English and full English) with 2 to 3 different tracks in each version. Their seventh studio album, "35xxxv", became their first album which charted on US "Billboard". It peaked at No. 11 on Heatseekers Albums, No. 43 on Independent Albums, No. 23 on the Hard Rock Albums, and No. 1 on the World Albums Chart. The band's eighth album, "Ambitions", debuted at No. 106 on the US "Billboard" 200 and international charts while incorporated more American pop and pop-rock. In 2019, the band adopted a more electronic and pop sound on their ninth album "Eye of the Storm". In 2022, they continued with this sound for their tenth album "Luxury Disease".


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock won Classic Rock Roll of Honour Awards for Eastern Breakthrough Male Band in 2016, and "Rock Sound" Awards for Best International Band in 2017 and Best Live Performance in 2018. The band was also nominated for two "Alternative Press" Music Awards – Best International Band in 2016 and Best Breakthrough Band in 2017.


title: One Ok Rock

text: The foundation for One Ok Rock began on July 29, 2005, when Toru Yamashita, a high school student, wanted to start a band. He invited his childhood friend Ryota Kohama, who was also a member of the hip-hop dance group HEADS they were both in years prior. He told Ryota to learn the bass and asked Alexander Onizawa, who was their senior in school, to join to be their guitarist and his classmate, Yu Koyanagi, to play drums. Toru was searching for a vocalist and found Takahiro Moriuchi, who was in another band performing. Impressed by Taka’s singing skill, Toru insisted him to join One Ok Rock instead. At first, Taka refused despite repeated attempts to sway him, but eventually, he joined the band. The band released their self-produced demo CD “Do You Know A Christmas?”. On December 21, 2005. There were only 200 copies of the CD. In 2006, they released 2 EPs, "ONE OK ROCK" and "KEEP IT REAL". After signing with Amuse, Inc. Yu Koyanagi left the band to pursue an acting career and replaced by Tomoya Kanki who was a student at the ESP (Musical Academy) and was already in a band that was not going well. He then joined One Ok Rock in 2006 and became an official member when they debuted in 2007.


title: One Ok Rock

text: In 2007, the band released their debut single, "Naihishinsho", reached number 48 on the Oricon Charts and sold 15,000 copies. Followed by their second and third single, " Yume Yume" and "Et Cetera" , followed that success and charted at number 43. After those singles, they released their debut album "Zeitakubyō" on November 21, 2007, and had their first tour, the "Tokyo-Osaka-Nagoya Quattro Tour". They released their second album "Beam of Light" in May 2008. In an interview with "Rockin'On Japan" magazine in June 2012, One Ok Rock said they did not count this album as an album, but rather as a part of growing up as a band. When they made the album, they had not been in the right mood, but felt that they had to make it to grow as a band. The band came up with many sound sources and ended up making a punk album. The album's confused origins were the reason why they would not play any songs from Beam of Light in live performances until now. Shortly after releasing "Beam of Light", later they performed a gig at Shibuya AX.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On April 5, 2009, Alex was arrested for groping the leg of a twenty-one-year-old female student on a train. He admitted to the charges and the case was settled out of court. The band's next single, "Around the World Shounen", which was planned for a May 6 release as the theme song for the TV drama "GodHand Teru", and their nationwide tour were both cancelled. In May 2009, it was announced that One Ok Rock would continue on without Alex, who went back to the United States. Toru took his place as lead guitar, and the band re-arranged their songs to be played for one guitar.


title: One Ok Rock

text: With the new four-member formation, One Ok Rock released the single "Kanzen Kankaku Dreamer" on February 3, 2010. The song peaked at number nine on the "Oricon" Singles Chart in Japan. After four months, the band released their fourth studio album titled "Niche Syndrome". Released on June 9, 2010, the album peaked at number three on the Billboard's Top Albums Sales chart. For the promotion of "Niche Syndrome", One Ok Rock embarked on the "This is my own judgement!" tour initially in five Zepp music halls across the nation in 6 days, starting Sendai, Osaka, Nagoya, Fukuoka and ending in a 2-day concert in Tokyo. The second part the tour took place at sixteen different venues until December 11, 2010. They held a final performance in Nippon Budokan, Tokyo on November 28, followed by the release of a concert DVD "This is My Budokan?!" on February 16, 2011. On August 6, 7 and 8, One Ok Rock headlined Rock in Japan Festival and Summer Sonic Festival, followed by Rising Sun Rock Festival, Monster Bash, Treasure05X, Mad Ollie, Countdown Japan 2010/2011, and Radio Crazy. The band supported Pay Money to My Pain in their 2010 "Stay Real" tour, The Hiatus in their "Anomaly 2010" tour, and Totalfat in their "Overdrive" tour.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On February 16, 2011, the band released the single "Answer is Near", later, from April to June of the same year, they performed the tour "Answer is Alive 2011". After that, One Ok Rock released their first double A-side single "" on July 20, 2011, one of which's songs was the main theme for the "" video game. The band's fifth album, "Zankyo Reference", was released on October 5, 2011. One Ok Rock announced fourteen dates between November and December 2011 for the "Zankyo Reference Tour". The band also announced their final tour for this album as a two-day concert in Yokohama Arena on January 21 and 22, 2012. This was their first time playing in Yokohama Arena, the biggest venue in Kantō region. The concert was sold out with more than 24,000 attendees. Later, the documentary of the "Zankyo Reference Tour" and the performance from the second night in Yokohama Arena was released on Blu-ray and DVD on May 30, 2012.


title: One Ok Rock

text: During 2011, One Ok Rock headlined many music festivals, including Jisan Valley Rock Festival in South Korea. In July the band headlined Setstock 2011, followed by Rock in Japan Festival, Rising Sun Rock Festival, Summer Sonic Festival, Monster Bash, Sky Jamboree, and Space Shower's Sweet Love Shower. At the end of the year, they headlined Radio Crazy and Countdown Japan once more.


title: One Ok Rock

text: The band declared their first overseas tour in "Start Walking The World" on May and June 2012, covering Japan, South Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore. They headlined Rock in Japan Festival on the main stage, as well as Summer Sonic 2012, and headlined Oga Namahage Rock Festival, Rising Sun Rock Festival, and Sweet Love Shower. Their next single, "The Beginning", was chosen as the theme song for the live action movie adaptation of the "Rurouni Kenshin" manga, and was released on August 22, 2012, reaching number 2 on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100. Later, "The Beginning" won two awards - Best Rock Video from the 2013 MTV Video Music Awards Japan and a second award as Best Your Choice in Space Shower Music Video Awards.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On January 9, 2013, One Ok Rock released the double single "Deeper Deeper/Nothing Helps", and hit 2nd place on the Oricon charts. The song "Nothing Helps" was used for the Japanese version of the video game "", and "Deeper Deeper" was used for the commercial of Suzuki Swift Sport in Japan. Their sixth full-length album "Jinsei×Boku=" was released on March 6, 2013, and managed to reach second place on the Oricon weekly chart. In October 2013 the band went on their first tour outside Asia and visited Europe for five concerts. Four out of the five concerts in Europe were sold out almost immediately.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On January 12, 2014, their album producer John Feldmann related that One Ok Rock had already started recording their forthcoming album. In February 2014 they visited the US to hold two concerts in New York and Los Angeles and added two more dates in Philadelphia and Toronto in May. They also performed at Rock on the Range in Columbus, Ohio, their first festival outside Asia. On May 16, the documentary film about their last Europe and Asia Tour, "Fool Cool Rock", was released and played for a limited time of four weeks at select theaters. The film, directed by Hiroyuki Nakano, was released on DVD and Blu-ray in November 2014, with promotional screenings in Bangkok, Thailand, and Hong Kong.


title: One Ok Rock

text: In June and July 2014 they joined Vans Warped Tour 2014 and performed in eighteen cities in North America. On July 30, 2014, One Ok Rock released the double A-side single "Mighty Long Fall/Decision", and while "Mighty Long Fall", was the theme song for the movie sequel of "Rurouni Kenshin" entitled "", the song "Decision" is the theme song for their documentary film "Foo Cool Rock". The music video for "Decision" released on August 20, 2014, is a compilation of footage from their tours in Europe and Asia. In September 2014, the song "Heartache" became part of the ""'s soundtrack. Subsequently, in September 2014, One Ok Rock held a two-day stadium concert in Yokohama Stadium in front of 60,000 people called "Mighty Long Fall Live at Yokohama Stadium 2014". This was their first time performing in a stadium.


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock announced U.S., South American and European tours in late 2014. They performed at Knotfest, in both Japan and the United States, with an additional two dates for the United States in October. At the end of October 2014, the band started their first tour in Latin America visiting five countries. On November 27, they were a guest performer in Hoobastank's Japan tour and returned their tour, this time in Europe, performing in ten more countries in December.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On January 12, 2014, their album producer John Feldmann tweeted that One Ok Rock had already started recording their new album. Their first single from the forthcoming album, "Mighty Long Fall", was the theme song for the movie sequel of "Rurouni Kenshin". One Ok Rock released the new single "Mighty Long Fall/Decision" on July 30, 2014. The song "Decision" is also the theme song for their documentary film "FOOL COOL ROCK". The music video for "Decision" released on August 20, 2014, is a compilation of footage from their tours in Europe and Asia. They also revealed the theme song for another movie sequel of "Rurouni Kenshin" entitled "Heartache".


title: One Ok Rock

text: In September 2014, One Ok Rock held a two-day stadium concert in Yokohama Stadium in front of 60,000 people called "Mighty Long Fall Live at Yokohama Stadium 2014". This was their first time performing in a stadium. They played more than twenty songs, including three new songs and one cover of A Thousand Miles by Vanessa Carlton.


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock announced U.S., South American and European tours in late 2014. They performed at Knotfest, in both Japan and the United States, with an additional two dates for the United States in October. They visited Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Peru and Mexico for South America in November and France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, the Netherlands, Belgium, United Kingdom and Russia in December. They performed alongside Ghost Town in the US and UK, and with Tonight Alive and Mallory Knox for most dates in Europe. On November 27, they were a guest performer for Hoobastank's Japan tour.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On October 9, 2014, the band announced that next album would be released in February 2015. The official website of the band was redesigned along with this announcement. Around December 16, 2014, the band revealed the cover and name of their new Japanese upcoming album, "35xxxv". The album peaked at #11 on "Billboard"s Heatseekers Albums. This chart is for new and upcoming musicians, which is usually a stepping stone towards the "Billboard" 200. On the same week, it peaked at number 43 on "Billboard" Independent Albums. Then it peaked at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hard Rock Albums Chart and reached #1 on the "Billboard" World Albums Chart.


title: One Ok Rock

text: In April 2015, they opened alongside Finch for Yellowcard's U.S. tour. Following that, the band returned to Japan for their extensive album tour starting from May to September. The final concerts included bands like Issues and Against the Current. In July 2015, One Ok Rock officially announced that they have signed with Warner Bros. Records and planned to re-release "35xxxv" as a deluxe edition containing all English tracks on September 25, 2015. The band was set to have a North American tour in fall 2015 with a few selected cities as headlining artists, but will spend the majority of their time as the opening act for All Time Low and Sleeping with Sirens. One Ok Rock also toured Europe and Asia to promote their album.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On October 17, 2015, "35xxxv (Deluxe Edition)" debuted at No. 20 on "Billboard"s Heatseekers Albums and its highest peak position is at No. 17.


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock returned to Japan for their One Thousand Miles Tour 2016 concert along with All Time Low and PVRIS. In early 2016, it was announced that One Ok Rock would open for Issues and Crown the Empire on the Monster Energy Outbreak Tour in to promote their English album in the U.S. They also continued to tour in Europe at different music festivals and solo shows.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On March 11, 2016, the band released a new song "Always Coming Back" that was featured in NTT Docomo's phone commercial series, "Kanjou no Subete / Nakama". In mid-2016, One OK Rock joined 5 Seconds of Summer on the first North American leg of their Sounds Live Feels Live World Tour.


title: One Ok Rock

text: To commemorate the 10th anniversary of My Chemical Romance's album "The Black Parade", "Rock Sound" announced a special cover album, including One Ok Rock. The band covered the first track, "The End".


title: One Ok Rock

text: On September 10 and 11, the band held a special live concert at Nagisaen, Shizuoka, Japan for a crowd of 110,000 spectators. One Ok Rock also announced the digital single release of "Taking Off" on September 16, 2016, under Fueled by Ramen. The song was used as a theme song for the Japanese film "Museum" starring Shun Oguri. The movie debuted on November 12, 2016. Later at a special live concert, Taka announced that their 8th studio album would be released the following year following an album tour.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On October 8, Sum 41 released the Japanese edition of their album, "13 Voices", including the song "War" featuring Taka. Deryck Whibley from Sum 41 mentioned to Alternative Press Japan that "It was great to collaborate with Taka on our new song called War. I am a huge fan of his voice and of One Ok Rock and I think that our voices work very well together".


title: One Ok Rock

text: After signing with Fueled by Ramen on September 11, 2016, they released the lead single "Taking Off" from their eighth album, "Ambitions". The Japanese version of the album was released on January 11, 2017, with A-Sketch. The English version of the album was released on January 13, 2017, with Fueled by Ramen. "Ambitions" features collaborations from Avril Lavigne on the Japanese version of the album, Alex Gaskarth from All Time Low on the English version of the album, and the Australian band 5 Seconds of Summer on both. "Alternative Press" declared the collaboration song "Jaded" (with Alex Gaskarth) as the best collaboration song of 2017.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On November 13, 2016, NHK ("Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai", a Japan Broadcasting Corporation) held "ONE OK ROCK 18 Festival (18 FES)" where One Ok Rock and 1,000 youths (17 – 19 years old from the whole country) sang together on one stage.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On November 18, 2016, One Ok Rock released "Bedroom Warfare", the second single from the album. The third single, "I was King", was released on December 15, 2016.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On January 1, 2017, One Ok Rock opened a special site "WORLD AMBITIONS", in celebration of "Ambitions" released on January 11, 2017. WORLD AMBITIONS is a website that visually represents images of "hope" being shared and spread from users around the world through the website and Twitter/Instagram. People from all over the world can upload pictures with yellow in it, symbolizing hope and connecting them all. Users can share their images through SNS (Twitter, Instagram). On January 9, 2017, the band released their single "We Are".


title: One Ok Rock

text: In January 2017, the band went on their North American tour for 6 concerts. From February to May 2017, they will held 32 concerts in Japanese arenas.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On February 9, 2017, the band released the limited CD single "Skyfall", which was only sold during the "Ambitions" Japan Tour at the show venues. The CD contains 3 songs: "Skyfall" (featuring MAH from SiM, Masato Hayakawa from Coldrain, and Koie from Crossfaith), "Right by your side", and "Manhattan Beach".


title: One Ok Rock

text: On May 2, 2017, it was announced that One Ok Rock would open Linkin Park's "One More Light Tour" in North America for 4 dates and in Japan for 3 shows. Later on July 21, 2017, it was announced that their North American Tour got cancelled because of Linkin Park frontman Chester Bennington's suicide on July 20, 2017, a week before their shows; while Linkin Park's final leg in Japan was cancelled on October 3, 2017. One Ok Rock paid tribute to Chester Bennington by covering Linkin Park's song "One More Light" on their live performances.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On February 16, 2018, they released their first single of 2018, "Change". The song was made by vocalist Taka alongside the band's producer for a HondaJet commercial. The band remained relatively silent throughout the rest of the year (with the exception of embarking on their Ambitions Dome Tour in Japan, announced the previous year), until the announcement of a small, four date tour with an orchestra in Japan in late October, as well as a small European tour in December.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On November 23, the band announced their forthcoming album, "Eye of the Storm". The second single, "Stand Out Fit In", considered the lead single for the album, was released the same day with a music video. "Change" was also featured on the album. On February 1, 2019, the band released the third and final single from the album, "Wasted Nights". The song will serve as the theme song for the film "Kingdom". American singer-songwriter Kiiara is the sole guest feature on the album on the track "In the Stars", which serves as the theme song for the film "Fortuna's Eye".


title: One Ok Rock

text: The band toured with Waterparks and Stand Atlantic in a headlining North American tour during February and March to support "Eye of the Storm". They also supported Ed Sheeran on the second Asian leg of the ÷ Tour throughout April and early May, and performed a headlining tour in Europe throughout the rest of May, with support from dream pop band Anteros and producer Dan Lancaster. One Ok Rock played a short U.S. tour of Oregon, California, and Mexico during July, during which they also played the Vans Warped Tour. Rock band Weathers served as support during this tour. One Ok Rock performed an arena tour of Japan from September 2019 to January 2020. In March 2020, the band toured Australia with American pop rock band Set It Off and Australian pop punk band Stateside serving as support. The band was set to finish their tour with an Asian leg spanning from April to July 2020. However, on March 17, 2020, the band announced that the tour dates would be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the shows ultimately being cancelled.


title: One Ok Rock

text: "Eye of the Storm" was released in Japan on February 13, 2019, via A-Sketch and outside of Japan on February 15, 2019, via Fueled By Ramen.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On August 24, 2020, the band announced a livestreamed, stadium concert, entitled Field of Wonder, which took place at the Zozo Marine Stadium in Chiba City, Japan on October 11, 2020. The concert was broadcast to worldwide audiences, and was the band's first performance since the beginning of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: One Ok Rock

text: In 2021, the band left Amuse, Inc. and established their own management agency 10969 Inc. The band provided a soundtrack song for "" titled "Renegades". The song was co-written by Ed Sheeran and Coldrain's frontman Masato Hayakawa and was released on April 16, 2021, via Fueled By Ramen for both Japanese and International versions. The band provided a new song for "" in 2021, titled "Broken Heart of Gold" and released a trailer of the movie featuring the song on their official YouTube channel. The song was released on May 27, 2021.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On July 31, 2021, One Ok Rock held a livestreamed acoustic performance titled "Day to Night Acoustic Session" from the Kawaguchiko Stellar Theater in Yamanashi, Japan. They played more than ten songs, including a cover of Hikaru Utada's 1999 song "First Love".


title: One Ok Rock

text: On October 21, 2021, One Ok Rock released the documentary, "Flip a Coin", on Netflix, their first to be hosted by them. The next day, on October 22, the band released the single, "Wonder" through Fueled By Ramen.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On June 21, 2022, it was announced that they will release a new single, "Save Yourself", on June 24 along with the music video. One Ok Rock announced their new album, "Luxury Disease", will be available on September 9, 2022.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On August 28, 2022, they announced another single "Let Me Let You Go" to be released on August 30 along with a Live Documentary Video.


title: One Ok Rock

text: On September 6, 2022, the band released a new single, "Vandalize", which was simultaneously announced to be featured as one of the ending themes for the video game "Sonic Frontiers". One Ok Rock announced tour as the opening act for Muse's Will of the People World Tour along with Evanescence in United States and Canada in 2023.


title: One Ok Rock

text: One Ok Rock's influences are Linkin Park, Foo Fighters, Good Charlotte, Ellegarden, and the Used. The group's initial idea began when Yamashita wanted to start a rock band and invited Kohama to join him. Good Charlotte's influences are seen on their first album, "Zeitakubyō"; while the Foo Fighters' influences can be seen on their second and third albums, "Beam of Light" and "Kanjō Effect".


title: One Ok Rock

text: In their sixth album "Jinsei×Boku=", they expressed how this album was influenced by Linkin Park's and Coldrain's screaming and yell-rapping. Their seventh album "35xxxv", was produced along with producer John Feldmann. The album managed to reach first place on the Oricon Album weekly ranking, making it the first time the band had reached the top of the list. And, in addition, it was the first One Ok Rock's album to be released in a separate English language international edition in addition to the Japanese version. Their eighth album "Ambitions" also topped the Oricon Album weekly ranking, and incorporated more pop-rock.


title: Atticus Finch

text: Atticus Finch is a fictional character in Harper Lee's Pulitzer-Prize-winning novel of 1960, "To Kill a Mockingbird". A preliminary version of the character also appears in the novel "Go Set a Watchman", written in the mid-1950s but not published until 2015. Atticus is a lawyer and resident of the fictional Maycomb County, Alabama, and the father of Jeremy "Jem" Finch and Jean Louise "Scout" Finch. He represents the African-American man Tom Robinson in his trial where he is charged with rape of Mayella Ewell. Lee based the character on her own father, Amasa Coleman Lee, an Alabama lawyer, who, like Atticus, represented black defendants in a highly publicized criminal trial. "Book" magazine's list of "The 100 Best Characters in Fiction Since 1900" names Finch as the seventh best fictional character of 20th-century literature. In 2003, the American Film Institute voted Atticus Finch, as portrayed in an Academy Award-winning performance by Gregory Peck in the 1962 film adaptation, as the greatest hero of all American cinema. In the 2018 Broadway stage play adapted by Aaron Sorkin, Finch has been portrayed by various actors including Jeff Daniels, Ed Harris, Greg Kinnear, Rhys Ifans, and Richard Thomas.


title: Atticus Finch

text: Claudia Durst Johnson has commented about critiques of the novel, saying, "A greater volume of critical readings has been amassed by two legal scholars in law journals than by all the literary scholars in literary journals". Alice Petry remarked, "Atticus has become something of a folk hero in legal circles and is treated almost as if he were an actual person". Examples of Atticus Finch's impact on the legal profession are plentiful. Richard Paul Matsch, the federal judge who presided over the Timothy McVeigh trial, counts Atticus as a major judicial influence. One law professor at the University of Notre Dame stated that the most influential textbook from which he taught was "To Kill a Mockingbird", and an article in the "Michigan Law Review" asserts, "No real-life lawyer has done more for the self-image or public perception of the legal profession", before questioning whether "Atticus Finch is a paragon of honor or an especially slick hired gun."


title: Atticus Finch

text: In 1992, Monroe H. Freedman, a professor of law and noted legal ethicist, published two articles in the national legal newspaper "Legal Times" calling for the legal profession to set aside Atticus Finch as a role model. Freedman argued that Atticus still worked within a system of institutionalized racism and sexism and should not be revered. Freedman's article sparked a flurry of responses from attorneys who entered the profession holding Atticus Finch as a hero and the reason for which they became lawyers. Freedman argued that Atticus Finch is dishonest, unethical, sexist, and inherently racist, and that he did nothing to challenge the racist status quo in Maycomb. Freedman's article sparked furious controversy, with one legal scholar opining, "What Monroe really wants is for Atticus to be working on the front lines for the NAACP in the 1930s, and, if he's not, he's disqualified from being any kind of hero; Monroe has this vision of lawyer as prophet. Atticus has a vision of lawyer not only as prophet, but as parish priest".


title: Atticus Finch

text: In 1997, the Alabama State Bar erected a monument dedicated to Atticus in Monroeville marking his existence as the "first commemorative milestone in the state's judicial history".


title: Atticus Finch

text: Atticus Finch's willingness to support social outcasts and victims of prejudice is the eponymous inspiration for the name of the Atticus Circle, which is an organization composed of "straight allies" (that is, heterosexual people supportive of the LGBT rights movement).


title: Atticus Finch

text: In 2016, the lawyer Joseph Madison Beck published the memoir "My Father & Atticus Finch", in which he noted the numerous parallels between his father Foster Beck's defense of a black man accused of raping a white woman in the 1938 trial "State of Alabama vs. Charles White, Alias," and Atticus Finch's defense of Tom Robinson in "To Kill a Mockingbird". In a letter to the author, Harper Lee herself noted the "obvious parallels" between the cases (Lee was 12 at the time of the Charles White trial) and between Atticus Finch and Foster Beck, though she also stated that she could not recall the trial, and that "To Kill a Mockingbird" was a work of fiction.


title: Atticus Finch

text: Former President Barack Obama referenced Atticus Finch as an ideal American character, and mentioned him during his farewell address to the nation on January 11, 2017.


title: Atticus Finch

text: In July 2015, days before Lee's highly anticipated second novel, "Go Set a Watchman", was officially published, the first chapter was released on "The Guardian" for public viewing. On that day, a "New York Times" review of the book (which is set about twenty years after the time period depicted in "Mockingbird" but is not a chronological sequel) revealed that Atticus, depicted in this version as being in his early seventies, is portrayed as a far less progressive character. He makes comments that favor segregation and has attended a Citizens' Council meeting. This has proved controversial to many readers, unaware perhaps that although "To Kill a Mockingbird" was published first, "Watchman" is the first draft of the text that later became "Mockingbird" and the characterizations and key plot details between the two books are not only different but sometimes contradictory.


title: Atticus Finch

text: In terms of plot, Tom Robinson is acquitted in "Watchman" while in "Mockingbird" his unjust conviction as the result of prejudice was a central part of not only the story but why Atticus is seen culturally as such a righteous and progressive character. His defense is based on not just Robinson's innocence but on his fundamental equality. His closing argument is a more polished version of the progressive argument the adult Jean Louise makes in "Watchman" and there are other instances where both versions contain the same descriptions word for word. This kind of character development, where motivations and ideals between characters, for reasons of plot, are changed is not unusual in the process of creative writing. Apart from the more progressive depiction of Atticus, the depiction of the town itself, especially the African-American characters, is also dramatically altered between the two drafts. Real-life comparisons with Lee's father, Amasa Coleman Lee, have also been made in the two differing versions of Atticus in that originally Amasa Lee was in favor of segregation but became more liberal later in life, later changing his views to those of Integration.


title: Atticus Finch

text: Tay Hohoff, Lee's editor, has also been argued to have played a major part in the character development of the novel and particularly Atticus' liberal transformation. Jonathan Mahler of "The New York Times" notes in his article "The Invisible Hand Behind Harper Lee's 'To Kill a Mockingbird" that Ms. Hohoff, at the same time as she was guiding Ms. Lee through the "Mockingbird" re-write, was working on her own biography of the early-20th-century New York activist and humanist John Lovejoy Elliot. He notes that the book, "A Ministry to Man", was published in 1959, a year before "Mockingbird."


title: Peacock Throne

text: The Peacock Throne (Hindustani: "Mayūrāsana", Sanskrit: मयूरासन, Urdu: تخت طاؤس, , "Takht-i Tāvūs") was a famous jewelled throne that was the seat of the emperors of the Mughal Empire in India. It was commissioned in the early 17th century by Emperor Shah Jahan and was located in the Diwan-i-Khas (Hall of Private Audiences, or Ministers' Room) in the Red Fort of Delhi. It was named after a peacock as two peacocks are shown dancing at its rear.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Shah Jahan ruled in what is considered the Golden Age of the vast Mughal Empire, which covered almost all of the Indian subcontinent. He ruled from the newly constructed capital of Shahjahanabad. The emperor was the focus around which everything else revolved, giving audiences and receiving petitioners. The ruler's court was to be a mirror image of paradise on earth, in the very centre of the empire; and such a ruler would be worthy of a Throne of Solomon (تخت سليمان, Takht-e-Sulaiman) to underscore his position as a just king. Just like Solomon's throne, the Peacock Throne was to be covered in gold and jewels, with steps leading up to it, with the ruler floating above ground and closer to heaven. Said Gilani and his workmen from the imperial goldsmiths' department were commissioned with the construction of this new throne. It took seven years to complete. Large amounts of solid gold, precious stones and pearls were used, creating a masterful piece of Mughal workmanship that was unsurpassed before or after its creation. It was an opulent indulgence that could only be seen by a small number of courtiers, aristocrats, and visiting dignitaries. The throne was, even by Golden Age Mughal standards, supremely extravagant, costing twice as much as the construction of the Taj Mahal.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The appearance of this new throne was in stark contrast to the older throne of Jahangir, a large rectangular slab of engraved black basalt constructed in the early 1600s, used by the father of Shah Jahan.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The new throne was not initially given the name by which it became known. It was simply known as the "Jeweled Throne" or "Ornamented Throne" ("Takht-Murassa"). It received its name from later historians because of the peacock statues featured on it.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The Peacock Throne was inaugurated in a triumphant ceremony on 22 March 1635, the formal seventh anniversary of Shah Jahan's accession. The date was chosen by astrologers and was doubly auspicious, since it coincided exactly with Eid al-Fitr, the end of Ramadan, and Nowruz, the Persian New Year. The emperor and the court were returning from Kashmir and it was determined that the third day of Nowruz would be the most auspicious day for him to enter the capital and take his seat on the throne.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Muhammad Qudsi, the emperor's favourite poet, was chosen to compose twenty verses that were inscribed in emerald and green enamel on the throne. He praised the matchless skill of the artisans, the "heaven-depleting grandeur" of its gold and jewels, and included the date in the letters of the phrase "the throne of the just king".


title: Peacock Throne

text: Poet Abu-Talib Kalim was given six pieces of gold for each verse in his poem of sixty-three couplets.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The master goldsmith Said Gilani was summoned by the emperor and showered with honours, including with his weight in gold coins and given the title "Peerless Master" ("Bibadal Khan"). Gilani produced a poem of 134 couplets, filled with chronograms, the first twelve couplets giving the date of the emperor's birth, the following thirty-two the date of his first coronation, then ninety couplets giving the date of the throne's inauguration.


title: Peacock Throne

text: After Shah Jahan's death, his son Aurangzeb, who had the regnal name of Alamgir, ascended the Peacock Throne. Aurangzeb was the last of the strong Mughal emperors. After his death, in 1707, his son Bahadur Shah I reigned from 1707 to 1712. Bahadur Shah I was able to keep the empire stable, by maintaining a relaxed religious policy; however, after his death the empire was in inexorable decline. A period of political instability, military defeats, and court intrigues led to a succession of weak emperors: Jahandar Shah ruled for one year from 1712–1713, Farrukhsiyar from 1713–1719, Rafi ud-Darajat and Shah Jahan II only for a couple of months in 1719. By the time Muhammad Shah came to power, Mughal power was in serious decline and the empire was vulnerable. Nevertheless, under the generous patronage of Muhammad Shah, the court at Delhi became again a beacon of the arts and culture. Administrative reforms could not however stop the later Mughal-Maratha Wars, which greatly sapped the imperial forces. It was only a question of time until forces from neighbouring Persia saw their chance to invade.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire culminated in the Battle of Karnal, on 13 February 1739, and the defeat of Muhammad Shah. Nadir Shah entered Delhi and sacked the city, in the course of which tens of thousands of inhabitants were massacred. Persian troops left Delhi at the beginning of May 1739, taking with them the throne as a war trophy, their haul of treasure amounting to a large reduction in Mughal wealth and an irreplaceable loss of cultural artefacts. Among the known precious stones that Nadir Shah looted were the Akbar Shah, Great Mughal, Great Table, Koh-i-Noor, and Shah diamonds, as well as the Samarian spinel and the Timur ruby. These stones were either part of the Peacock Throne or were in possession of the Mughal emperors. The Akbar Shah Diamond was said to form one of the eyes of a peacock, as did the Koh-i-Noor. The Shah diamond was described by Jean-Baptiste Tavernier as being on the side of the throne. Many of these stones ended up becoming part of the Persian crown jewels and, later, the British crown jewels as a result of Great Britain's colonial expansion into the region.


title: Peacock Throne

text: When Nadir Shah was assassinated by his own officers on 19 June 1747, the throne disappeared, most probably being dismantled or destroyed for its valuables, in the ensuing chaos. One of the unsubstantiated rumours claimed the throne was given to the Ottoman Sultan, although this could have been a minor throne produced in Persia and given as a gift. The Persian emperor Fath-Ali Shah commissioned the Sun Throne to be constructed in the early 19th century. The Sun Throne has a platform in the shape of that of the Peacock Throne. Some rumours claim that parts of the original Peacock Throne were used in its construction, although there is no evidence for that. Over time, the Sun Throne was erroneously referred to as the Peacock Throne, a term that was later appropriated by the West as a metonym for the Persian monarchy. No structural parts proven to be of the original Peacock Throne survived. Only some of diamonds and precious stones that are attributed to it have survived and re-worked.


title: Peacock Throne

text: A Sikh legend has it that a rectangular stone slab measuring by by was uprooted, enchained, and brought by Ramgarhia Misl chief Jassa Singh Ramgarhia to Ramgarhia Bunga, in Amritsar, after the capture of the Red Fort by the combined Dal Khalsa forces of Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Baghel Singh in 1783, as war booty. However, that this stone pedestal does indeed come from the Peacock Throne has not been independently corroborated by scientists and historians.


title: Peacock Throne

text: A replacement throne that closely resembled the original was probably constructed for the Mughal emperor, after the Persian invasion. The throne was located on the eastern side of the "Divan-i-Khas", towards the windows. This throne however was also lost, possibly during or after the Indian Rebellion of 1857 and the subsequent looting and partial destruction of the Red Fort by the British. The marble pedestal on which it rested has survived and can still be seen today.


title: Peacock Throne

text: In 1908, the New York Times reported that Caspar Purdon Clarke, Director of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, obtained what was purported to be a marble leg from the pedestal of the throne. Although mentioned in the 1908 annual report, the status of this pedestal leg remains unknown. There is another marble leg in the Victoria and Albert Museum in London. Where exactly these two pedestal legs originate from, and if they are connected to the Peacock Throne at all, remains unclear.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Inspired by the legend of the throne, King Ludwig II of Bavaria installed a romanticised version of it in his "Moorish Kiosk" in Linderhof Palace, constructed in the 1860s.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The contemporary descriptions that are known today of Shah Jahan's throne are from the Mughal historians Abdul Hamid Lahori and Inayat Khan, and the French travellers François Bernier and Jean-Baptiste Tavernier. No known painting that would match their descriptions exists of the throne.


title: Peacock Throne

text: The French physician and traveller François Bernier described, in his "Travels in the Mogul Empire A.D. 1656-1668", the throne in the "Diwan-i-Khas":


title: Peacock Throne

text: The French jeweler Jean-Baptiste Tavernier made his sixth voyage to India between 1663 and 1668. It was his great privilege to be invited to visit the court at Delhi by emperor Aurangzeb himself, where he remained as Aurangzeb's guest for two months, from 12 September 1665 to 11 November 1665.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Tavernier was invited so the emperor could inspect the jewels he had brought from the west, with the intent of purchasing them. During this visit, Tavernier not only sold several jewels to the emperor and the emperor's uncle Jafar Khan, but established a close relationship with the emperor that led to a longer stay. Tavernier was invited to stay until the conclusion of the emperor's annual birthday celebrations, during which time he had the opportunity to visit the Red Fort and inspect the Peacock Throne. He was also given the opportunity to inspect the valuable jewels and stones belonging to the emperor, but was not able to see those still kept by Aurangzeb's father Shah Jahan, who was imprisoned at Agra Fort. In January 1666, only few months after Tavernier's stay, Shah Jahan died and Aurangzeb claimed the remaining stones.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Tavernier gives a detailed description of the Peacock Throne in his book "Les Six Voyages de J. B. Tavernier", which was published in 1676 in two volumes. The account of the throne appears in Chapter VIII of Volume II, in which he describes the preparations for the emperor's annual birthday festival, and also the magnificence of the court. Tavernier is considered among the least reliable from a conventionally historical perspective.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Tavernier, however, describes seeing the throne in what is probably the "Diwan-i-Am". One theory is that the throne was sometimes moved between the two halls, depending on the occasion. Tavernier also describes five other thrones in the "Diwan-i-Khas".


title: Peacock Throne

text: The descriptions of Lahori, from before 1648, and Tavernier's, published in 1676, are generally in broad agreement on the most important features of the thrones, such as its rectangular shape, standing on four legs at its corners, the 12 columns on which the canopy rests, and the type of gemstones embedded on the throne, such as balas rubies, emeralds, pearls, diamonds, and other coloured stones. There are however some significant differences between the two descriptions:


title: Peacock Throne

text: Apart from the significant differences between the two accounts given above, there are several details given in Lahori's account that are not mentioned in Tavernier's, and vice versa.


title: Peacock Throne

text: Tavernier was allowed to closely inspect the throne and its jewels and wrote the most well known detailed description to date.


title: Peacock Throne

text: After Nadir Shah took the original, another throne was made for the Mughal emperor. Along with the Peacock Throne, Nadir had also taken the fabulous Koh-i Noor and Darya-i Noor diamonds to Persia, where some became part of the Persian crown jewels, and others were sold to the Ottomans. The plunder taken by Nadir was so great that he stopped taxation for 3 years. The bottom half of the Peacock Throne might have been converted into the Sun Throne also a part of the Persian crown jewels. Various 19th-century Indian paintings of this later throne exist. It was located in the "Diwan-i-Khas" and might have been smaller in size than the original. However, the appearance would have been similar, based on either the original plans or from memory and eye-witness accounts. The replacement throne was made out of gold, or was gilded, and was studded with precious and semi-precious stones. Just like the original, it featured 12 columns. The columns carried a Bengali "do-chala" roof, which was graced with two peacock statues on the two ends, carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks, and two peacocks at the top, also carrying pearl necklaces in their beaks. The two lower peacocks were in the center underneath a flower bouquet made out of jewels, or under a royal umbrella. This throne was protected by a canopy made out of precious and colorful textiles, and gold and silver threads. The canopy was carried by four slender columns or beams made out of metal. Underneath the throne, colorful and precious carpets were laid out.


title: Fallon Fox

text: Fallon Fox (born November 29, 1975) is an American former mixed martial artist (MMA), and the first MMA fighter who is openly transgender.


title: Fallon Fox

text: Fox was born in Toledo, Ohio. She recalls struggling with her gender as early as age five or six. As a teenager, Fox believed she may have been a gay man, but learned the term "transgender" at the age of 17. Fox continued living as a heterosexual man and married her then-girlfriend at the age of 19, when the latter became pregnant with their daughter. Fox then joined the US Navy to support her new family and served as an operations specialist on the USS "Enterprise".


title: Fallon Fox

text: After leaving the Navy, Fox enrolled at the University of Toledo, but dropped out after ongoing psychological stress from her unresolved gender issues.


title: Fallon Fox

text: After leaving college, Fox worked as a truck driver in order to afford sex reassignment surgery. Fox and her daughter moved to Chicago, Illinois and in 2006, Fox traveled to Bangkok, Thailand, to undergo feminizing gender reassignment surgery, breast augmentation, and hair transplant surgeries at a hospital in Bangkok.


title: Fallon Fox

text: Fallon Fox came out as transgender on March 5, 2013, during an interview with "Outsports" writer Cyd Zeigler and "Sports Illustrated", following her two initial professional fights in the women's division. Controversy swelled over confusion with the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) and Florida's athletic commission over the licensing process Fox chose to complete in Coral Gables. After publications shed light on the licensing procedure and Fox's coming out many commentators brought up the issue of whether a woman who was assigned male at birth should be able to fight in women's divisions in MMA fighting.


title: Fallon Fox

text: UFC color commentator and stand-up comedian Joe Rogan opposed Fallon Fox receiving licensing, saying,First of all, she's not really a she. She's a transgender, post-op person. The operation doesn't shave down your bone density. It doesn't change. You look at a man's hands and you look at a woman's hands and they're built different. They're just thicker, they're stronger, your wrists are thicker, your elbows are thicker, your joints are thicker. Just the mechanical function of punching, a man can do it much harder than a woman can, period.Due to controversy and the licensing procedure CFA co-founder Jorge De La Noval, who promoted Fox's fight on March 2 in Florida, postponed Fox's April 20 fight. However, De La Noval later stated his organization will not "turn our backs on her ... As long as she's licensed, she's always welcome in our promotion. We stand behind her and we give her all of our support." Fox claimed in her video interview with Cyd Zeigler to be within the rules of organizations like the International Olympic Committee (IOC) for postoperative transsexuals and wishes to continue fighting in MMA.


title: Fallon Fox

text: On April 8, 2013, Matt Mitrione, in an appearance on "The MMA Hour", said that Fox was "still a man", and called Fox an "embarrassment" and a "lying, sick, sociopathic, disgusting freak". UFC "was appalled by the transphobic comments" he made, and, referring to itself as "a friend and ally of the LGBT community", immediately suspended Mitrione, and fined him an undisclosed amount. The next day Fox issued a response stating that Mitrione "personally attacked me as a fighter, as a woman, and as a human being".


title: Fallon Fox

text: Whether or not Fox possesses an advantage over cisgender female fighters was a topic on the April 2014 edition of HBO's "Real Sports with Bryant Gumbel".


title: Fallon Fox

text: In an interview with the "New York Post", former UFC women's bantamweight champion Ronda Rousey stated she would be willing to fight Fox, saying "I can knock out anyone in the world", although she believes Fox has male bone density and structure, leading to an unfair advantage. In an interview with "Out", Rousey said: "I feel like if you go through puberty as a 'man' it's not something you can reverse. ... There's no undo button on that." UFC president Dana White claimed that "bone structure is different, hands are bigger, jaw is bigger, everything is bigger" and said "I don't think someone who used to be a man and became a woman should be able to fight a woman."


title: Fallon Fox

text: During Fox's fight against Tamikka Brents on September 13, 2014, Brents suffered a concussion, an orbital bone fracture, and seven staples to the head in the 1st round. After her loss, Brents took to social media to convey her thoughts on the experience of fighting Fox: "I've fought a lot of women and have never felt the strength that I felt in a fight as I did that night. I can't answer whether it's because she was born a man or not because I'm not a doctor. I can only say, I've never felt so overpowered ever in my life and I am an abnormally strong female in my own right," she stated. "Her grip was different, I could usually move around in the clinch against other females but couldn't move at all in Fox's clinch ...".


title: Fallon Fox

text: Eric Vilain, the director of the Institute For Society And Genetics at UCLA, worked with the Association of Boxing Commissions when they wrote their policy on transgender athletes. He stated in "Time" magazine that "Male to female transsexuals have significantly less muscle strength and bone density, and higher fat mass, than males" and said that, to be licensed, transgender female fighters must undergo complete "surgical anatomical changes ..., including external genitalia and gonadectomy" and subsequently a minimum of two years of hormone replacement therapy, administered by a board certified specialist. In general concurrence with peer-reviewed scientific literature, he states this to be "the current understanding of the minimum amount of time necessary to obviate male hormone gender related advantages in sports competition". Vilain reviewed Fox's medical records and said she has "clearly fulfilled all conditions." When asked if Fox could, nonetheless, be stronger than her competitors, Vilain replied that it was possible, but noted that "sports is made up of competitors who, by definition, have advantages for all kinds of genetics reasons". Fox herself responded to the controversy with an analogy comparing herself to Jackie Robinson in a guest editorial for a UFC and MMA news website:


title: Fallon Fox

text: The documentary "Game Face" provides an inside look into Fox's life during the beginning of her MMA controversy.


title: Fallon Fox

text: In July 2022, the BBC apologised for interviewing Fox on the BBC Radio 4 Today programme. The BBC had been criticised for not informing listeners that Fox had taken pride in violence against women. A tweet from Fox in 2020 said: "For the record, I knocked two out. One woman’s skull was fractured, the other not. And just so you know, I enjoyed it. See, I love smacking up TEFS (sic) in the cage who talk transphobic nonsense. It’s bliss!" In response to the BBC, Fox said: "It’s part of MMA culture to talk smack about opponents. You see it all the time. Only when I do it people take issue with it."


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Subha Nagalakshmi Munchetty-Chendriah (born 25 February 1975), also known as Naga Munchetty, is a British television presenter, newsreader and journalist. She regularly presents "BBC Breakfast". She is also a former presenter of BBC World News and BBC Two's weekday financial affairs programme "Working Lunch".


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty was born and grew up in Streatham, South London. Her mother is from Tamil Nadu, India and her father is from Mauritius; they each moved to Wales, in the early 1970s, to study, her mother for dentistry and her father training to be a nurse. They married in London, without telling their parents until they had done it. She has a younger sister, Mimi. Her early education was at Graveney School in Tooting. She studied English Literature and Language at the University of Leeds, graduating in 1997. Her first job was as a journalist on the City Pages of the London "Evening Standard". She also worked on the Business Section of "The Observer".


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty's television career began as a reporter for Reuters Financial Television, after which she worked as a senior producer for CNBC Europe, a business producer and reporter for "Channel 4 News" and a presenter on Bloomberg Television.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty joined "Working Lunch" after the show was revamped in October 2008 and stayed with the programme until it was cancelled in July 2010. Munchetty has hosted Radio 4's "Money Box". She also reports from the City for BBC News, gauging the reaction to breaking financial stories such as the Budget, and the Pre-Budget Report.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Since August 2010, Munchetty has presented early morning bulletins (UKT) on the BBC News Channel and BBC World News. She is a regular presenter on BBC One's "Breakfast".


title: Naga Munchetty

text: From January 2021 Munchetty became the presenter on the 10am to 1pm Radio 5 programme on Mondays to Wednesdays replacing Emma Barnett. who moved to Radio 4's Woman's Hour.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty co-hosted "The Spending Review – The South Today Debate" on BBC One with Sally Taylor in September 2010.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty also presented "Paranormal Investigation: Live" on Living on 30–31 October 2010 to celebrate Hallowe'en. Munchetty narrated the BBC documentary "Fear and Faith in Paris" looking at anti-Semitic attacks in Paris and their impact on the Jewish community of France. She won "Celebrity Mastermind", which was broadcast on 2 January 2013. In June 2016, she replaced Sian Williams as presenter of "Sunday Morning Live" on BBC One. In 2017, she was replaced by Emma Barnett and Sean Fletcher. On 26 August 2016, Munchetty presented an episode of "Newsnight" on BBC Two.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: She was a contestant on the fourteenth series of "Strictly Come Dancing", having been paired with Pasha Kovalev, and being voted out in week four (Sunday 16 October 2016). She co-presented "Britain's Classroom Heroes" with Sean Fletcher in October 2017.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: In 2017, Munchetty joined the cast of CBBC sketch show "Class Dismissed" playing a fictionalised version of herself as a Media Studies teacher who acts like a newsreader.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: In September 2019, Munchetty was ruled to have breached the BBC's guidelines by criticising US President Donald Trump for perceived racism. That July, while presenting "BBC Breakfast" with Dan Walker, Munchetty took issue with Trump's comments telling his opponents to "go back" to the "places from which they came". Munchetty said: "Every time I have been told, as a woman of colour, to go back to where I came from, that was embedded in racism. Now I'm not accusing anyone of anything here, but you know what certain phrases mean."


title: Naga Munchetty

text: The BBC was criticised for its decision to uphold complaints over Munchetty's comments. Several public figures, including Lenny Henry and Adrian Lester, signed an open letter asking the corporation to reconsider its ruling against her.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: On 30 September 2019 it was reported in "The Guardian" that the complaint was also made against her co-host Dan Walker but his comments were not the focus of the BBC's executive complaints unit (ECU) investigation. Later that day the Director-General of the BBC Tony Hall overturned the decision after looking into it personally.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Naga married ITV broadcast consultant James Haggar in 2007 in Uckfield, Sussex. She lives in Rickmansworth, Hertfordshire and has three cats.


title: Naga Munchetty

text: Munchetty plays jazz trumpet and classical piano. She plays golf, with a handicap of nine in 2015. In October 2012, she won the Hertfordshire de Paula Cup at Bishop's Stortford Golf Club. She is now a committee member of Moor Park Golf Club, where she presents the annual Charity Golf Day in June.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre is the name given to several fictional antiheroes who have appeared in numerous comic books published by DC Comics. The character first appeared in "More Fun Comics" #52 (February 1940). He was created by Jerry Siegel and Bernard Baily, although several sources attribute creator credit solely to Siegel, limiting Baily to being merely the artist assigned to the feature.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre debuted in "More Fun Comics" #52 (February 1940) when hard-boiled cop Jim Corrigan, on his way with his fiancée Clarice to their engagement party, is murdered by thugs who stuff him into a barrel filled with cement and then throw it into a body of water. His spirit is refused entering into the afterlife, however, and he is sent back to Earth by an entity referred to only as "the Voice" to eliminate evil.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre seeks bloody vengeance against Corrigan's murderers in grim, supernatural fashion. One of them was turned into a skeleton upon touching him. Corrigan soon creates his signature costume, breaks off his romance with Clarice, and continues to live as Jim Corrigan, assuming the secret identity of the Spectre whenever he is needed. He eventually turns down an offer to relinquish his mission to destroy all evil.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre is soon awarded charter membership in the first-ever superhero team, the Justice Society of America in "All Star Comics". Jim Corrigan is resurrected in "More Fun" #75 (January 1942), after which the Spectre's ghostly form enters and emerges from Jim Corrigan, functioning independently of him. During the mid-1940s, the popularity of superhero comics began to decline and the Spectre was reduced to playing the role of guardian angel to a bumbling character called "Percival Popp, the Super Cop", who first appeared in "More Fun" #74 (December 1941). When Corrigan enlisted in the military and departed to serve in World War II, in "More Fun" #90 (April 1943), the Spectre became permanently invisible, becoming a secondary player in his own series. The feature's final installment was in issue #101 (February 1945) and the Spectre made his last appearance in the superhero group the Justice Society of America at roughly the same time in "All Star Comics" #23 (winter 1944–1945).


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In the mid-1950s and 1960s Silver Age of Comic Books, DC Comics editor Julius Schwartz revived the Spectre and returned him to the role of an avenging undead spirit, beginning in "Showcase" #60 (February 1966). Under writer Gardner Fox and penciller Murphy Anderson, his power was vastly increased and at times he approached omnipotence. A 1987 magazine retrospective on the character said this revival had been initially announced as a team-up with Doctor Mid-Nite. After a three-issue try-out in "Showcase", the Spectre appeared in the superhero-team comic "Justice League of America" #46–47 in that year's team-up of the titular group and its 1940s predecessors, the Justice Society of America: written by Gardner Fox. A few months later, he co-starred with the Silver Age Flash in "The Brave and the Bold" #72 (July 1967).


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre was given his own title, premiering in December 1967, while simultaneously making another appearance in "The Brave and the Bold" #75 (January 1968), this time teamed with Batman. In "The Spectre", the creative credits varied widely over the 10 issues published, with introduction of a then-newcomer to comics, Neal Adams, who drew issues #2–5 and wrote issues #4–5. For its final two issues, the comic became in effect a horror anthology, with the title character being little more than a narrator in several short stories. The Spectre title suffered from the same problem that vexed the Golden Age series: writing meaningful stories using a character who was virtually omnipotent.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The end to this era came at the climax of another JLA/JSA crossover, when Doctor Fate frees the Ghostly Guardian from a crypt in time to block a collision between Earth-One and Earth-Two caused by an alien device planted in the Red Tornado II. The Spectre's body is torn apart when Doctor Fate creates a massive explosion to destroy the device and return the colliding Earths to their own dimensions.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In the 1970s, DC revived the Spectre again in the superhero anthology series "Adventure Comics". Editor Joe Orlando explained that this was the Earth-One version of the Spectre, though some at DC said otherwise. Later stories explained that the Spectre had moved from Earth-Two and taken over the body of the Jim Corrigan of Earth-One. Beginning with the 12-page "The Wrath of ... the Spectre" in issue #431 (February 1974), writer Michael Fleisher and artist Jim Aparo produced 10 stories through issue #440 (July 1975) that became controversial for what was considered gruesome, albeit bloodless, violence. Comics historian Les Daniels commented that the Spectre had


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In the series' letter column, some fans indicated uneasiness with this depiction. In issue #435 (October 1974), Fleisher introduced a character that shared their concerns, a reporter named Earl Crawford. The series was cancelled with three scripts written, but not yet drawn. Several years later, these remaining three chapters were penciled by Aparo, lettered and inked by others, and published in the final issue of "Wrath of the Spectre", a four-issue miniseries in 1988 that reprinted the 10 original Fleisher-Aparo stories in its first three issues and three newly drawn stories in the fourth one. Fleisher had stated in 1980 that only two scripts were left undrawn.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre also made a guest appearance in the "Doctor Thirteen" feature in "Ghosts" #97–99 (February–April 1981) and would go on to periodic guest appearances in such other DC titles as "The Brave and the Bold", "DC Comics Presents" and "All-Star Squadron".


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: A new Spectre series was planned for 1986, with Steve Gerber as writer and Gene Colan as penciler. However, Gerber missed the deadline for the first issue so that he could watch the last day of shooting on the film "Howard the Duck" and DC cancelled the series in response.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Among the many changes made to DC Comics' characters during the latter half of the 1980s following the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" miniseries, the Spectre fought the Anti-Monitor largely depowered. Prior to this, the Spectre is revealed to be guarding an entrance to Hell in "Swamp Thing" (vol. 2) Annual #2 by writer Alan Moore and artists Stephen R. Bissette and John Totleben. Then, in the conclusion to Moore's "American Gothic" storyline in "Swamp Thing" (vol. 2) #35-50, the Spectre is defeated by the Great Evil Beast. Next, in the "Last Days of the Justice Society of America" special, the Spectre fails to resolve a situation and is punished by God for his failure.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In his fourth solo series and second self-titled comic, "The Spectre", under writer Doug Moench, Corrigan became the central figure in this story of an occult-oriented private detective agency. The Spectre's powers were significantly reduced here, with even the act of emerging from Corrigan's physical body being painful to both. This run ended with issue #31 (November 1989). A few months after this, the Spectre had a cameo in writer Neil Gaiman's "The Books of Magic", a four-issue miniseries starring many DC occult characters.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Three years after the cancellation of the Doug Moench version, the Spectre was again given his own series, this time written by writer and former theology student John Ostrander, who chose to re-examine the Spectre in his aspects as both the embodied Avenging Wrath of the Murdered Dead and as a brutal 1930s policeman.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Ostrander placed the Spectre in complex, morally ambiguous situations that posed certain ethical questions, one example being: What vengeance should be wrought upon a woman who killed her abusive husband in his sleep? Other notable dilemmas included:


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Ostrander also added several new concepts into the Spectre's history: He revealed that the Spectre was meant to exist as the embodiment of the Wrath of God, and Jim Corrigan was but the latest human spirit assigned to guide him while he existed on Earth. It was also shown that the Spectre was a fallen angel named Aztar who had participated in Lucifer's rebellion, but then repented, and that serving as the embodiment of God's anger was its penance.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Furthermore, the Spectre was not the first embodiment of God's anger, but was the replacement for the previously minor DC character Eclipso. Ostrander chose to portray this as a distinction between the Spectre's pursuit of "vengeance" and Eclipso's pursuit of "revenge". In a historical context, Eclipso was responsible for the biblical Flood, while the Spectre was the Angel of Death who slew the firstborn Egyptian children. The Spectre and Eclipso have battled numerous times through history, but neither entity can be fully destroyed.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre has also played a pivotal role in the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" and "" storylines. In both cases, in the final struggle against the main villain (the Anti-Monitor and Parallax, respectively), the Spectre is the only hero capable of standing against the villains directly, allowing the other heroes time to put a plan into action that would destroy the villains once and for all.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Although all of these versions are usually considered to be from the Earth-Two of the Pre-"Crisis" DC Multiverse, the same continuity started during the Golden Age, as an Earth-One version of the Spectre was shown to team up with Batman and Superman on a few occasions.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Eventually, Corrigan's soul finds peace. He relinquishes the Spectre-Force and goes on to Heaven. The role of the Spectre is later assumed by Hal Jordan, the spirit of the former Green Lantern, during the "Day of Judgment" storyline written by Geoff Johns, when a fallen angel attempts to gain the Spectre's power. Corrigan is asked to come back, but refuses as he has found peace. The Spectre-Force chooses Jordan as his new host because Jordan seeks to atone for his universe-threatening actions as the villainous Parallax. His next appearance was in a four-part story arc in "Legends of the DC Universe" #33–36. In the series "The Spectre" (vol. 4), written by J. M. DeMatteis, Jordan bends the Spectre's mission from one of vengeance to one of redemption and makes appearances elsewhere in the DC Universe, such as advising Superman during the "Emperor Joker" storyline or helping Wally West keep his family safe by erasing public knowledge of his true identity.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In the 2001 Green Arrow storyline "Quiver" written by Kevin Smith and the final Supergirl story arc, "Many Happy Returns" by Peter David, revealed that the Spectre (Hal Jordan) is aware of the "Crisis on Infinite Earths". He is one of the few DC Universe characters with this knowledge.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: After "The Spectre" (vol. 4) was cancelled, Jordan was forced to return, temporarily, to the Spectre's mission of vengeance, following a confrontation between the new Justice Society of America and the Spirit King, who had managed to "resurrect" the ghosts of all those the Spectre had damned to Hell when Hal's attempt to turn the Spectre's mission to redemption weakened his hold on the damned until Hal 'accepted' his original mission of vengeance. In "", written by Johns, the Spectre-Force's decision of choosing Jordan as his host was retconned into being not because of Jordan's worthiness, but as an effort to destroy the Parallax entity, which was infecting Jordan's soul. After the Spectre-Force was able to purge Parallax from Jordan, it departed to move on to the next recipient of the spirit.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Without a human host, the Spectre-Force becomes unstable and goes on a vengeance-fueled rampage. Not only is it killing murderers, it also kills people for minor crimes, such as petty theft. Its lack of a human host deprives him of the ability to effectively judge the sins in their appropriate context. As detailed in the miniseries "Day of Vengeance", Jean Loring is transformed into the new Eclipso. She goes after the Spectre and seduces him into removing all magic in the DC Universe. Eclipso explains to the Spectre that all things that follow the rules of the physical universe follow God's law. Anything that breaks those rules thus breaks God's law and is therefore evil. Consequently, as magic breaks the rules of the physical universe, it is an originating source of tremendous evil (this line of logic makes sense to the unstable Spectre-Force). The Spectre destroys magical constructs, institutions that teach magic and magical dimensions. In one such dimension, his acts include the mass murder of over 700 battle-hardened magicians. His actions cause havoc to other very powerful magic-based characters:


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The Spectre also destroys the magic-fueled kingdom of Atlantis (the home of Aquaman) during his rampage.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In "Day of Vengeance: Infinite Crisis Special" #1, the Spectre kills Nabu, the last of the Great Lords of the Ninth Age and the Presence's attention is finally drawn into action. The Spectre is once again forced into a human host, stopping his mad rampage. Nabu reveals before dying that originally he and the other Lords had been working towards forming the perfect host for the Spectre, but those plans are cut short.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: The text of the story is unclear on who the Great Lords were. Nabu (introduced in 1942 as the powerful entity responsible for Kent Nelson becoming Doctor Fate) was one of the Lords of Order. The Spectre had apparently killed the others, along with their counterparts the Lords of Chaos, with the exception of Mordru and Amethyst (whom he battled on Gemworld). Amethyst is among those gathered by the Phantom Stranger to aid in rebuilding the Rock of Eternity, and survives into the Tenth Age.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: Alexander Luthor also revealed that he was indirectly responsible for the Spectre's actions in "Day of Vengeance". Under Alexander Luthor's orders, the Psycho-Pirate gave Eclipso's diamond to Jean Loring, making her manipulate the Spectre-Force so that magic could be undone and used as fuel for Luthor's Multiverse tower.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: In "Gotham Central" #38, Crispus Allen is killed by a corrupt policeman coincidentally named Jim Corrigan (not the same Corrigan that was formerly associated with the Spectre). While Allen's body is in the morgue, the Spectre-Force is forced against its will to enter Crispus Allen, taking Allen as its new host.


title: Spectre (DC Comics character)

text: During the 2009–2010 "Blackest Night" storyline, Black Hand reveals that the Spectre must be moved out of the way in order for the universe to be at peace. For that, he uses the Black Lantern Pariah, who unleashes more black rings which latch themselves onto Crispus' body (who was killed by Eclipso), turning him into a Black Lantern and sealing the Spectre-Force inside its host. Changing into a giant version, the Black Lantern Spectre declares that it wants Hal Jordan back. The Phantom Stranger and Blue Devil work together in an attempt to distract the Black Lantern Spectre from seeking out Hal Jordan. The Phantom Stranger manages to temporarily free the real Spectre, only for the Black Lantern to repress it again and, discarding the Stranger and Blue Devil, leaves to carry out its intention to cast vengeance on Hal Jordan.