title: Hopi

text: The Spanish colonized near the Rio Grande and, because the Hopi did not live near rivers that gave access to the Rio Grande, the Spanish never left any troops on their land. The Spanish were accompanied by missionaries, Catholic friars. Beginning in 1629, with the arrival of 30 friars in Hopi country, the Franciscan Period started. The Franciscans had missionaries assigned and built a church at Awatovi.


title: Hopi

text: Spanish Roman Catholic priests were only marginally successful in converting the Hopi and persecuted them for adhering to Hopi religious practices. The Spanish occupiers enslaved the Hopi populace, forcing them to labor and hand over goods and crops. Spanish oppression and attempts to convert the Hopi caused the Hopi over time to become increasingly intolerant towards their occupiers. The documentary record shows evidence of Spanish abuses. In 1655, a Franciscan priest by the name of Salvador de Guerra beat to death a Hopi man named Juan Cuna. As punishment, Guerra was removed from his post on the Hopi mesas and sent to Mexico City. In 1656, a young Hopi man by the name of Juan Suñi was sent to Santa Fe as an indentured servant because he impersonated the resident priest Alonso de Posada at Awatovi, an act believed to have been carried out in the spirit of Hopi clowning. During the period of Franciscan missionary presence (1629-1680), the only significant conversions took place at the pueblo of Awatovi. In the 1670s, the Rio Grande Pueblo Indians put forward the suggestion to revolt in 1680 and garnered Hopi support.


title: Hopi

text: The Pueblo Revolt was the first time that diverse Pueblo groups had worked in unison to drive out the Spanish colonists. In the Burning of Awatovi, Spanish soldiers, local Catholic Church missionaries, friars, and priests were all put to death, and the churches and mission buildings were dismantled stone by stone. It took two decades for the Spanish to reassert their control over the Rio Grande Pueblos but the Catholic Inquisition never made it back to Hopiland. In 1700, the Spanish friars had begun rebuilding a smaller church at Awatovi. During the winter of 1700–01, teams of men from the other Hopi villages sacked Awatovi at the request of the village chief, killed all the men of the village, and removed the women and children to other Hopi villages, then completely destroyed the village and burned it to the ground. Thereafter, despite intermittent attempts during the 18th century, the Spanish never re-established a presence in Hopi country.


title: Hopi

text: In 1849, James S. Calhoun was appointed official Indian agent of Indian Affairs for the Southwest Territory of the U.S. He had headquarters in Santa Fe and was responsible for all of the Indian residents of the area. The first formal meeting between the Hopi and the U.S government occurred in 1850 when seven Hopi leaders made the trip to Santa Fe to meet with Calhoun. They wanted the government to provide protection against the Navajo, an Apachean-language tribe, but distinct from other Apache. At this time, the Hopi leader was "Nakwaiyamtewa".


title: Hopi

text: The US established Fort Defiance in 1851 in Arizona, and placed troops in Navajo country to deal with their threats to the Hopi. General James J. Carleton, with the assistance of Kit Carson, was assigned to travel through the area. They "captured" the Navajo natives and forced them to the fort. As a result of the Long Walk of the Navajo, the Hopi enjoyed a short period of peace.


title: Hopi

text: In 1847, Mormons settled in Utah and tried to convert the Indians to Mormonism. Jacob Hamblin, a Mormon missionary, first made a trip into Hopi country in 1858. He was on good terms with the Hopi Indians, and in 1875 an LDS Church was built on Hopi land.


title: Hopi

text: In 1875, the English trader Thomas Keam escorted Hopi leaders to meet President Chester A. Arthur in Washington D.C. "Loololma," village chief of Oraibi at the time, was very impressed with Washington. In 1887, a federal boarding school was established at Keams Canyon for Hopi children.


title: Hopi

text: The Oraibi people did not support the school and refused to send their children from their villages. The Keams Canyon School was organized to teach the Hopi youth the ways of European-American civilization. It forced them to use English and give up their traditional ways. The children were made to abandon their tribal identity and completely take on European-American culture. Children were forced to give up their traditional names, clothing and language. Boys, who were also forced to cut their long hair, were taught European farming and carpentry skills. Girls were taught ironing, sewing and "civilized" dining. The school also reinforced European-American religions. The American Baptist Home Mission Society made students attend services every morning and religious teachings during the week. In 1890, Commissioner of Indian Affairs Thomas Jefferson Morgan arrived in Hopi country with other government officials to review the progress of the new school. Seeing that few students were enrolled, they returned with federal troops who threatened to arrest the Hopi parents who refused to send their children to school, with Morgan forcibly taking children to fill the school.


title: Hopi

text: Agriculture is an important part of Hopi culture, and their villages are spread out across the northern part of Arizona. The Hopi and the Navajo did not have a conception of land being bounded and divided. The Hopi people had settled in permanent villages, while the nomadic Navajo people moved around the four corners. Both lived on the land that their ancestors did. On December 16, 1882, President Chester A. Arthur issued an executive order creating a reservation for the Hopi. It was smaller than the Navajo reservation, which was the largest in the country.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi reservation was originally a rectangle 55 by 70 miles (88.5 by 110 km) in the middle of the Navajo Reservation, with their village lands taking about half of the land. The reservation prevented encroachment by white settlers, but it did not protect the Hopis against the Navajos.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi and the Navajo fought over land, and they had different models of sustainability, as the Navajo were sheepherders. Eventually the Hopi went before the Senate Committee of Interior and Insular Affairs to ask them to help provide a solution to the dispute. The tribes argued over approximately of land in northern Arizona. In 1887 the U.S government passed the Dawes Allotment Act. The purpose was to divide up communal tribal land into individual allotments by household, to encourage a model of European-American style subsistence farming on individually owned family plots of or less. The Department of Interior would declare remaining land "surplus" to the tribe's needs and make it available for purchase by U.S citizens. For the Hopi, the Act would destroy their ability to farm, their main means of income. The Bureau of Indian Affairs did not set up land allotments in the Southwest.


title: Hopi

text: The chief of the Oraibi, Lololoma, enthusiastically supported Hopi education, but his people were divided on this issue. Most of the village was conservative and refused to allow their children to attend school. These natives were referred to as "hostiles" because they opposed the American government and its attempts to force assimilation. The rest of the Oraibi were called "friendlies" because of their acceptance of white people and culture. The "hostiles" refused to let their children attend school. In 1893, the Oraibi Day School was opened in the Oraibi village. Although the school was in the village, traditional parents still refused to allow their children to attend. Frustrated with this, the US Government often resorted to intimidation and force in the form of imprisonment as a means of punishment.


title: Hopi

text: In November 1894, Captain Frank Robinson and a group of soldiers were dispatched to enter the village and arrested eighteen of the Hopi resisters. Among those arrested were Habema (Heevi'ima) and Lomahongyoma. In the following days, they realized they had not captured all Hopi resisters and Sergeant Henry Henser was sent back to capture Potopa, a Hopi medicine man, known as "one of the most dangerous of resisters". Eager to rid Orayvi of all resisters, government officials sent 19 Hopi men who they saw as troublesome to Alcatraz Prison, where they stayed for a year. The US Government thought they undermined the Hopi resistance, however this only intensified ill feelings of bitterness and resistance towards the government. When the Hopi prisoners were sent home, they claimed that government officials told them that they did not have to send their children to school, but when they returned, Indian agents denied that this was promised to them. Another Oraibi leader, "Lomahongyoma", competed with "Lololoma" for village leadership. In 1906 the village split after a conflict between hostiles and friendlies. The conservative hostiles left and formed a new village, known as "Hotevilla".


title: Hopi

text: At the dawn of the 20th century, the U.S. government established day schools, missions, farming bureaus, and clinics on every Indian reservation. This policy required that every reservation set up its own police force, tribal courts, and appoint a leader who would represent their tribe to the U.S. government. In 1910 in the Census for Indians, the Hopi Tribe had a total of 2,000 members, which was the highest in 20 years. The Navajo at this time had 22,500 members and have consistently increased in population. During the early years of this century, only about three percent of Hopis lived off the reservation. In 1924 Congress officially declared Native Americans to be U.S citizens with the Indian Citizenship Act.


title: Hopi

text: Under the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934, the Hopi established a constitution to create their own tribal government, and in 1936 elected a Tribal Council. The Preamble to the Hopi constitution states that they are a self-governing tribe, focused on working together for peace and agreements between villages in order to preserve the "good things of Hopi life." The constitution consists of 13 articles, addressing territory, membership, and organization of their government with legislative, executive and judicial branches.


title: Hopi

text: From the 1940s to the 1970s, the Navajo moved their settlements closer to Hopi land, causing the Hopi to raise the issue with the U.S government. This resulted in the establishment of "District 6" which placed a boundary around the Hopi villages on the first, second, and third mesas, thinning the reservation to . In 1962 the courts issued the "Opinion, Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law and Judgment," which stated that the U.S. government did not grant the Navajo any type of permission to reside on the Hopi Reservation that was declared in 1882; and that the remaining Hopi land was to be shared with the Navajo, as the "Navajo–Hopi Joint Use Area".


title: Hopi

text: From 1961 to 1964, the Hopi tribal council signed leases with the U.S government that allowed companies to explore and drill for oil, gas, and minerals in Hopi country. This drilling brought over three million dollars to the Hopi Tribe. In 1974, The Navajo-Hopi Land Settlement Act was passed,(Public Law 93–531; 25 U.S.C. 640d et seq.), followed by the Navajo-Hopi Land Dispute Settlement Act of 1996, settling some issues not resolved in 1974. The 1974 Act created the Office of Navajo and Hopi Indian Relocation, which forced the relocation of any Hopi or Navajo living on the other's land. In 1992, the Hopi Reservation was increased to .


title: Hopi

text: Today's Hopi Reservation is traversed by Arizona State Route 264, a paved road that links the numerous Hopi villages.


title: Hopi

text: On October 24, 1936, the Hopi people ratified a constitution. That constitution created a unicameral government where all powers are vested in a Tribal Council. While there is an executive branch (tribal chairman and vice chairman) and judicial branch, their powers are limited under the Hopi Constitution. The traditional powers and authority of the Hopi villages was preserved in the 1936 constitution.


title: Hopi

text: Representatives to the council are selected either by a community election or by an appointment from the village kikmongwi, or leader. Each representative serves a two-year term. Representation on the Tribal Council as of December 2017 is as follows:


title: Hopi

text: First Mesa Consolidated Villages: Albert T. Sinquah, Ivan Sidney Sr., Wallace Youvella Jr., Dale Sinquah


title: Hopi

text: Currently, the villages of Shungopavi, Oraibi, Hotevilla, and Lower Moenkopi do not have a representative on council. The Hopi Villages select council representatives, and may decline to send any representative. The declination has been approved by the Hopi Courts.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi Tribal Government operates a Trial Court and Appellate Court in Keams Canyon. These courts operate under a Tribal Code, amended August 28, 2012.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi tribe earns most of its income from natural resources. On the Navajo Reservation, a significant amount of coal is mined yearly from which the Hopi Tribe shares mineral royalty income. Peabody Western Coal Company is one of the largest coal operations on Hopi land, with long-time permits for continued mining.


title: Hopi

text: The tribe's 2010 operating budget was $21.8 million, and projected mining revenues for 2010 were $12.8 million.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi Tribe Economic Development Corporation (HTEDC) is the tribal enterprise charged with creating diverse, viable economic opportunities. The HEDC oversees the Hopi Cultural Center and Walpi Housing Management. Other HTEDC businesses include the Hopi Three Canyon Ranches, between Flagstaff and Winslow and the 26 Bar Ranch in Eagar; Hopi Travel Plaza in Holbrook; three commercial properties in Flagstaff; and the Days Inn Kokopelli in Sedona. Tourism is a source of income. The Moenkopi Developers Corporation, a non-profit entity owned by the Upper village of Moenkopi, opened the 100-room Moenkopi Legacy Inn and Suites in Moenkopi, Arizona, near Tuba City, Arizona. It is the second hotel on the reservation. It provides non-Hopi a venue for entertainment, lectures, and educational demonstrations, as well as tours and lodging. The project is expected to support 400 jobs. The village also operates the Tuvvi Travel Center in Moenkopi. The Tribally owned and operated Hopi Cultural Center on Second Mesa includes gift shops, museums, a hotel, and a restaurant that serves Hopi dishes.


title: Hopi

text: On November 30, 2017, in his last day as Chairman of the Hopi Tribe, Herman G. Honanie and Governor Doug Ducey signed the Hopi Tribe-State of Arizona Tribal Gaming Compact, a year after the Tribe approved entering into a compact with the State of Arizona. The historic agreement, which gives the Hopi Tribe the opportunity to operate or lease up to 900 Class III gaming machines, makes Hopi the 22nd and last Arizona tribe to sign a gaming compact with the State.


title: Hopi

text: The "Hopi Dictionary" gives the primary meaning of the word "Hopi" as: "behaving one, one who is mannered, civilized, peaceable, polite, who adheres to the Hopi Way". Some sources contrast this to other warring tribes that subsist on plunder, considering their autonym, "Hopisinom" to mean "The Peaceful People" or "Peaceful Little Ones". However, Malotki maintains that "neither the notion 'peaceful' nor the idea 'little' are semantic ingredients of the term".


title: Hopi

text: According to Barry Pritzker, "...many Hopi feel an intimate and immediate connection with their past. Indeed, for many Hopi, time does not proceed in a straight line, as most people understand it. Rather, the past may be past and present more or less simultaneously.". In the present Fourth World, the Hopi worship Masauwu, who admonished them to "always remember their gods and to live in the correct way". The village leader, "kikmongwi", "promoted civic virtue and proper behavior".


title: Hopi

text: Traditionally, Hopi are organized into matrilineal clans. When a man marries, the children from the relationship are members of his wife's clan. These clan organizations extend across all villages. Children are named by the women of the father's clan. On the 20th day of a baby's life, the women of the paternal clan gather, each woman bringing a name and a gift for the child. In some cases where many relatives would attend, a child could be given over 40 names, for example. The child's parents generally decide the name to be used from these names. Current practice is to either use a non-Hopi or English name or the parent's chosen Hopi name. A person may also change the name upon initiation into one of the religious societies, such as the Kachina society, or with a major life event.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi practice a complete cycle of traditional ceremonies although not all villages retain or had the complete ceremonial cycle. These ceremonies take place according to the lunar calendar and are observed in each of the Hopi villages. Like other Native American groups, the Hopi have been influenced by Christianity and the missionary work of several Christian denominations. Few have converted enough to Christianity to drop their traditional religious practices.


title: Hopi

text: The most widely publicised of Hopi Kachina rites is the "Snake Dance", an annual event during which the performers danced while handling live snakes.


title: Hopi

text: Traditionally the Hopi are micro or subsistence farmers. The Hopi also are part of the wider cash economy; a significant number of Hopi have mainstream jobs; others earn a living by creating Hopi art, notably the carving of Kachina dolls, the crafting of earthenware ceramics, and the design and production of fine jewelry, especially sterling silver.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi collect and dry a native perennial plant called Thelesperma megapotamicum, known by the common name Hopi tea, and use it to make an herbal tea, as a medicinal remedy and a yellow dye.


title: Hopi

text: The Hopi have a high rate of albinism. Primarily in Second Mesa and west villages towards Hotevilla—about 1 in 200 individuals.


title: Robert Morse

text: Robert Alan Morse (May 18, 1931 – April 20, 2022) was an American actor, who starred in "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying", both the 1961 original Broadway production, for which he won a Tony Award, and its 1967 film adaptation; and as Bertram Cooper in the critically acclaimed AMC dramatic series "Mad Men" (2007–2015). He won his second Tony Award for playing Truman Capote in the 1989 production of the one-man play "Tru". He reprised his role of Capote in an airing of the play for "American Playhouse" in 1992, winning him a Primetime Emmy Award.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse was born on May 18, 1931, in Newton, Massachusetts, the second child of May (Silver), a pianist, and Charles Morse, who worked at a record store and managed a chain of movie theaters. He was Jewish. He attended a number of different schools until finding his inspiration in Henry Lasker, a music teacher at Newton High School who, according to Morse, "knew what I had burning in me and wanted to express". Upon graduation, he left home for New York City to fulfill his ambition of becoming an actor, joining his elder brother Richard who was already studying acting at the Neighborhood Playhouse. He received an uncredited role in "The Proud and Profane" (1956), a film starring William Holden and Deborah Kerr. Soon thereafter, he was cast as Barnaby Tucker in the original Broadway production of Thornton Wilder's "The Matchmaker", launching his career.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse earned multiple nominations and wins for Tony, Drama Desk, and Emmy awards over a period of five decades. He is well known for his appearances in musicals and plays on Broadway, as well as roles in movies and television shows. Perhaps best known for his role as young 1960s New York City businessman J. Pierrepont Finch in the 1961 Broadway production and 1967 film version of the Frank Loesser and Abe Burrows musical, "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying", Morse gained new prominence in the late 2000s for his recurring role of elder 1960s New York City businessman Bertram Cooper on the AMC television show "Mad Men".


title: Robert Morse

text: Having already played Barnaby on Broadway, Morse reprised the role in the 1958 film adaptation of "The Matchmaker", this time opposite Shirley Booth. That same year, he won the Theatre World Award and was nominated for the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor in a Play for "Say, Darling". In 1959 he received his second Tony nomination, for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical for his performance in Take Me Along. What was considered the final step toward full stardom was his performance as J. Pierrepont Finch in the Pulitzer Prize-winning "How to Succeed in Business Without Really Trying". It won him the Tony Award for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Musical in 1962, and although he was not named on the award, he contributed to the Grammy Award-winning cast album. He also starred in the 1967 movie version.


title: Robert Morse

text: In 1964, Morse co-starred in the comedy film "Quick, Before It Melts". In 1965, Morse appeared in the black comedy film "The Loved One", a movie based on the Evelyn Waugh novel of the same name which satirized the funeral business in Los Angeles, in particular Forest Lawn Cemetery. In 1967, he co-starred in Gene Kelly's "A Guide for the Married Man", opposite Walter Matthau. In 1968, he appeared in the comedy "Where Were You When the Lights Went Out?" opposite Doris Day. In the same year, he appeared in the 1968 television series "That's Life", which attempted to blend the musical genre with a situation comedy centered on newlyweds "Robert" and "Gloria" (played by E. J. Peaker). In 1968, he guest-starred on "The Smothers Brothers Comedy Hour". In 1987, Morse also appeared in the movie "The Emperor's New Clothes", which starred Sid Caesar and was part of the Cannon Movie Tales series.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse was in the original Broadway cast of "Sugar", a 1972 musical stage adaptation of "Some Like It Hot", for which he was nominated for another Tony. He won a Tony for Best Performance by a Leading Actor in a Play and the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding One-Person Show for his portrayal of Truman Capote in "Tru" (1989). He starred in the 1976 musical "So Long, 174th Street", which was based on the play "Enter Laughing". The play received poor reviews and closed quickly. It was his last Broadway role for more than a decade.


title: Robert Morse

text: In 1992, he recreated his performance for the PBS series "American Playhouse" and won the Emmy Award as Best Actor in a Miniseries or Special. In 1999, Morse was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame for his long career as a stage actor. In 2002, Morse was cast in the role of the Wizard of Oz in the San Francisco run of the musical "Wicked", but quit the show before it opened on Broadway. He was replaced by Joel Grey.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse joined other performers, including Marlo Thomas, in creating the 1972 "Free to Be... You and Me" children's album. He also provided the voice for the cartoon character Howler in Hanna-Barbera's "Pound Puppies". He was the voice of Jack in the 1979 animated Rankin/Bass special "Jack Frost". In "The First Easter Rabbit", also by Rankin/Bass, he was the voice of the main character, Stuffy.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse appeared in dozens of TV shows, including "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" and "The Twilight Zone". He also appeared on "CBS Radio Mystery Theater".


title: Robert Morse

text: Beginning in 2007, Morse took on a recurring role in the critically acclaimed AMC dramatic series "Mad Men" as Bertram Cooper, a founding partner in the advertising agency Sterling Cooper, for which role he was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series in 2008, 2010, 2011, 2013, and 2014.


title: Robert Morse

text: At the age of 85, Morse returned to Broadway in the 2016 revival of "The Front Page" with Nathan Lane, John Slattery, John Goodman, and Holland Taylor at the Broadhurst Theatre.


title: Robert Morse

text: Morse was married twice and had five children. He died from heart failure at his home in Los Angeles, California, on April 20, 2022, at the age of 90.


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: Rolf Jacob Sartorius (born October 2, 2002) is an American singer and internet personality who rose to fame via social media after posting lip-syncing videos on Musical.ly. In 2016, he released his debut single "Sweatshirt", which charted on the Hot 100 in the United States and in Canada.


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: Sartorius was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Shortly after his birth, he was adopted and moved to Virginia because his birth parents were unable to take care of him. He was raised in Reston, Virginia by his adoptive parents. At age seven, he began acting in musicals, where he discovered his love for performing.


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: His lip-syncing videos on Vine acquired more than 8 million followers as of August 2016 before its closure in 2017. He believed social media offered him an escape from bullying, stating, "Before Musical.ly, I wasn't the most outgoing. The app helped me goof off. It's like no one is watching besides the camera."


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: Sartorius' debut single "Sweatshirt" was released on May 3, 2016, and peaked at No. 90 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: In 2016, he undertook the All My Friends Tour, a solo mini-tour where he performed in six cities. Three months later, he announced The Last Text World Tour, where he would perform in seven countries in 2017 in support of his debut extended play "The Last Text", which was released on January 20, 2017. In March 2018, he attended the Los Angeles March for Our Lives protest and spoke at the event. After the tour, he released two more singles, "Hit or Miss" and "All My Friends". With "Hit or Miss" debuting at No. 72 in the United States, it is his highest-charting single to date.


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: In 2016, Google announced he was the ninth-most-searched musical artist of the year. On November 1, 2018, Sartorius released his EP "Better with You".


title: Jacob Sartorius

text: In 2016, Mashable reported that an anonymous user by the name of "aly" on Twitter said that Sartorius forced her to send nude photos of herself through Facebook direct messages, sharing screenshots of the conversation as evidence. Representatives for Sartorius denied that the account was Sartorius', pointing to the fact that Sartorius' official Facebook page was created on March 18, almost two months after aly said the messages were sent; BuzzFeed News described it as being a catfish account.


title: Action game

text: An action game is a video game genre that emphasizes physical challenges, including hand–eye coordination and reaction-time. The genre includes a large variety of sub-genres, such as fighting games, beat 'em ups, shooter games, and platform games. Multiplayer online battle arena and some real-time strategy games are also considered action games.


title: Action game

text: In an action game, the player typically controls a character often in the form of a protagonist or avatar. This player character must navigate a level, collecting objects, avoiding obstacles, and battling enemies with their natural skills as well as weapons and other tools at their disposal. At the end of a level or group of levels, the player must often defeat a boss enemy that is more challenging and often a major antagonist in the game's story. Enemy attacks and obstacles deplete the player character's health and lives, and the player receives a game over when they run out of lives.


title: Action game

text: Alternatively, the player gets to the end of the game by finishing a sequence of levels to complete a final goal, and see the credits. But some action games, such as early arcade games, are unbeatable and have an indefinite number of levels; with the player's only goal being to get as far as they can to maximize their score.


title: Action game

text: The action genre includes any game where the player overcomes challenges by physical means such as precise aim and quick response times. Action games can sometimes incorporate other challenges such as races, puzzles, or collecting objects, but they are not central to the genre. Players may also encounter tactical and exploration challenges, but these games first-and-foremost require high reaction speed and good hand–eye coordination. The player is often under time pressure, and there is not enough time for complex strategic planning. In general, faster action games are more challenging. Action games may sometimes involve puzzle solving, but they are usually quite simple because the player is under immense time pressure.


title: Action game

text: Players advance through an action game by completing a series of levels. Levels are often grouped by theme, with similar graphics and enemies called a world. Each level involves a variety of challenges, whether dancing in a dance game or shooting things in a shooter, which the player must overcome to win the game. Older games force players to restart a level after dying, although action games evolved to offer saved games and checkpoints to allow the player to restart partway through a level. Increasingly, though, some games allow for 'resurrection' or 'cloning' and the opportunity to regain lost items upon death for a certain sum of ingame currency, typically increasing exponentially the more times the player dies. The obstacles and enemies in a level do not usually vary between play sessions, allowing players to learn by trial and error. However, levels sometimes add an element of randomness, such as an enemy that randomly appears or that takes an unpredictable path.


title: Action game

text: Levels in an action game may be linear or nonlinear, and sometimes include shortcuts. For levels that require exploration, the player may need to search for a level exit that is hidden or guarded by enemies. Such levels can also contain secrets—hidden or hard-to-reach objects or places that contain something valuable. The prize can be a bonus (see below) or a non-standard exit that allows a player to access a hidden level, or jump ahead several levels. Action games sometimes offer a teleporter that will cause the player's avatar to re-appear elsewhere in the same level. Levels often make use of locked doors that can only be opened with a specific key found elsewhere in the level.


title: Action game

text: Action games sometimes make use of time restrictions to increase the challenge. However, game levels typically do not react to time passing, and day/night cycles are rare. When the timer expires, the player typically loses a life, although some games generate a difficult enemy or challenge. If the level is completed with time remaining, this usually adds to the player's score.


title: Action game

text: In most action games, the player controls a single avatar as the protagonist. The avatar has the ability to navigate and maneuver, and often collects or manipulates objects. They have a range of defenses and attacks, such as shooting or punching. Many action games make use of a powerful attack that destroys all enemies within a limited range, but this attack is rare.


title: Action game

text: Players may find a power-up within the game world that grants temporary or permanent improvements to their abilities. For example, the avatar may gain an increase in speed, more powerful attacks, or a temporary shield from attacks. Some action games even allow players to spend upgrade points on the power ups of their choice.


title: Action game

text: In action games that involve navigating a space, players will encounter obstacles, traps, and enemies. Enemies typically follow fixed patterns and attack the player, although newer action games may make use of more complex artificial intelligence to pursue the player. Enemies sometimes appear in groups or waves, with enemies increasing in strength and number until the end of the level. Enemies may also appear out of thin air. This can involve an invisible spawn point, or a visible generator which can be destroyed by the player. These points may generate enemies indefinitely, or only up to a certain number. At the end of a level or group of themed levels, players often encounter a boss. This boss enemy will often resemble a larger or more difficult version of a regular enemy. A boss may require a special weapon or attack method, such as striking when the boss opens their mouth or attacking particular part of the Boss.


title: Action game

text: In many action games, the avatar has a certain number of hit-markers or health, which are depleted by enemy attacks and other hazards. Sometimes health can be replenished by collecting an in-game object. When the player runs out of health, the player dies. The player's avatar is often given a small number of chances to retry after death, typically referred to as lives. Upon beginning a new life, the player resumes the game either from the same location they died, a checkpoint, or the start of the level. Upon starting a new life, the avatar is typically invincible for a few seconds to allow the player to re-orient themselves. Players may earn extra lives by reaching a certain score or by finding an in-game object. Arcade games still limit the number of player lives, while home video games have shifted increasingly to unlimited lives.


title: Action game

text: Action games take place in either 2D or 3D from a variety of perspectives. 2D action games typically use a side view or top-down view. The screen frequently scrolls as the player explores the level, although many games scroll through the level automatically to push the player forward. In 3D action games, the perspective is usually tied to the avatar from a first-person or third-person perspective. However, some 3D games offer a context-sensitive perspective that is controlled by an artificial intelligence camera. Most of what the player needs to know is contained within a single screen, although action games frequently make use of a heads-up display that display important information such as health or ammunition. Action games sometimes make use of maps which can be accessed during lulls in action, or a mini-map that is always visible.


title: Action game

text: Action games tend to set simple goals, and reaching them is obvious. A common goal is to defeat the end-of-game boss. This is often presented in the form of a structured story, with a happy ending upon winning the game. In some games, the goal changes as the player reveals more of the story.


title: Action game

text: Many action games keep track of the player's score. Points are awarded for completing certain challenges, or defeating certain enemies. Skillful play is often rewarded with point multipliers, such as in "Pac-Man" where each ghost that the avatar eats will generate twice as many points as the last. Sometimes action games will offer bonus objects that increase the player's score. There is no penalty for failing to collect them, although these bonus objects may unlock hidden levels or special events. In many action games, achieving a high score is the only goal, and levels increase in difficulty until the player loses. Arcade games are more likely to be unbeatable, as they make their money by forcing the player to lose the game. On the other hand, games sold at home are more likely to have discrete victory conditions, since a publisher wants the player to purchase another game when they are done.


title: Action game

text: Action games have several major subgenres. However, there are a number of action games that don't fit any particular subgenres, as well as other types of genres like adventure or strategy games that have action elements.


title: Action game

text: Character action games (also called "character-driven" games, "character games" or just "action games") are a broad category of action games, referring to a variety of games that are driven by the physical actions of player characters. The term dates back to the golden age of arcade video games in the early 1980s, when the terms "action games" and "character games" began being used to distinguish a new emerging genre of character-driven action games from the space shoot 'em ups that had previously dominated the arcades in the late 1970s. Classic examples of character action games from the early 1980s include "Frogger", maze games like "Pac-Man", and platformers like "Donkey Kong".


title: Action game

text: Shooter games allow the player to take action at a distance using a ranged weapon, challenging them to aim with accuracy and speed. This subgenre includes first-person shooters, third-person shooters, light gun shooters, rail shooters, run-and-gun shooters, and a plethora of shoot 'em up games taking place from a top-down or side-scrolling perspective. Space shooters were initially categorized as a separate genre from action games in the early 1980s, when the term was used to refer to character action games, up until character-driven shooters (particularly scrolling run-and-gun shooters) became popular by the late 1980s. The setting of shooter games often involves military conflicts, whether historical (such as World War II), contemporary (such as Middle East conflicts) or fictional (such as space warfare). Shooter games do not always involve military conflicts; other settings include hunting games, or follow the story of a criminal (as seen in the popular "Grand Theft Auto" franchise). Although shooting is almost always a form of violence, non-violent shooters exist as well, such as "Splatoon" which focuses on claiming more territory than the opposing team by covering the playable environment with colored paint or ink.


title: Action game

text: Studies have shown that people can improve their eyesight by playing action video games. Tests by scientists at the University of Rochester on college students showed that over a period of a month, performance in eye examinations improved by about 20% in those playing "Unreal Tournament" compared to those playing "Tetris". Most arcade games are action games, because they can be difficult for unskilled players, and thus make more money quickly.


title: Action game

text: Researchers from "Helsinki School of Economics" have shown that people playing a "first-person shooter" might secretly enjoy that their character gets killed in the game, although their expressions might show the contrary. The game used in the study was "".


title: Action game

text: Shooter games have been around since the beginning of the video game industry. Notable examples of shooting arcade video games during the early-to-mid-1970s include Syzygy Engineering's "Computer Space" (1971), "Galaxy Game" (1971), "Tank" (1974) by Kee Games, "Gun Fight" (1975) by Taito and Midway Manufacturing, and Midway's "Sea Wolf" (1976). In turn, early arcade shooter video games were inspired by early mainframe games such as "Spacewar!" (1962) as well as arcade electro-mechanical games such as "Periscope" (1965) and gun games.


title: Action game

text: A major turning point for action video games came with the 1978 release of Taito's shoot 'em up game "Space Invaders", which marked the beginning of the golden age of arcade video games. The game was designed by Tomohiro Nishikado, who drew inspiration from Atari's "Breakout" (1976) and the science fiction genre. Nishikado added several interactive elements to "Space Invaders" that he found lacking in earlier video games, such as the ability for enemies to react to the player's movement and fire back and a game over triggered by enemies killing the player (either by getting hit or enemies reaching the bottom of the screen) rather than a timer running out. In contrast to earlier arcade games which often had a timer, "Space Invaders" introduced the "concept of going round after round." It also gave the player multiple lives before the game ends, and saved the high score. It also had a basic story with animated characters along with a "crescendo of action and climax" which laid the groundwork for later video games, according to Eugene Jarvis, who said many games "still rely on the multiple life, progressively difficult level paradigm" of "Space Invaders".


title: Action game

text: Following the mainstream success of "Space Invaders", the industry came to be dominated by action games, which have remained a dominant genre in video arcades and on game consoles through to the present day. "Space Invaders" set the template for later games in the shooter subgenre, and it is considered one of the most influential games of all time.


title: Action game

text: During the arcade golden age, from the late 1970s to early 1980s, a wide variety of new subgenres were created. The success of "Space Invaders" led to space shooters becoming the dominant genre in arcades for a few years, before a new genre of character-driven action games emerged in the early 1980s.


title: Action game

text: The term "action games" began being used in the early 1980s, in reference to a new genre of character action games that emerged from Japanese arcade developers, drawing inspiration from manga and anime culture. According to Eugene Jarvis, these new character-driven Japanese action games emphasized "character development, hand-drawn animation and backgrounds, and a more deterministic, scripted, pattern-type" of play. Terms such as "action games" or "character games" began being used to distinguish these new character-driven action games from the space shooters that had previously dominated the video game industry. The emphasis on character-driven gameplay in turn enabled a wider variety of subgenres.


title: Action game

text: Namco's hit maze game "Pac-Man" (1980) popularized the genre of "character-led" action games. It was one of the first popular non-shooting action games, defining key elements of the genre such as "parallel visual processing" which requires simultaneously keeping track of multiple entities, including the player character, the character's location, the enemies, and the energizers. Other classic examples of character action games that followed include Nintendo's "Donkey Kong" (1981), which established the template for the platform game subgenre, as well as Konami's "Frogger" (1981) and Universal Entertainment's "Lady Bug" (1981). Martial arts action games eventually emerged in the mid-1980s, with Data East's "Karate Champ" (1984) establishing the one-on-one fighting game subgenre.


title: Action game

text: While Japanese developers were creating a character-driven action game genre in the early 1980s, American developers largely adopted a different approach to game design at the time. According to Eugene Jarvis, American arcade developers focused mainly on space shooters during the late 1970s to early 1980s, greatly influenced by Japanese space shooters but taking the genre in a different direction from the "more deterministic, scripted, pattern-type" gameplay of Japanese games, towards a more "programmer-centric design culture, emphasizing algorithmic generation of backgrounds and enemy dispatch" and "an emphasis on random-event generation, particle-effect explosions and physics" as seen in arcade games such as his own "Defender" (1981) and "" (1982) as well as Atari's "Asteroids" (1979).


title: Action game

text: In the mid-1980s, side-scrolling character action games emerged, combining elements from earlier side-view, single-screen character action games, such as single-screen platformers, with the side-scrolling of space shooters. These new side-scrolling character-driven action games featured large character sprites in colorful, side-scrolling environments, with the core gameplay consisting of fighting large groups of weaker enemies using attacks/weapons such as punches, kicks, guns, swords, ninjutsu or magic. The most notable early example was Irem's "Kung-Fu Master" (1984), the first beat 'em up and the most influential side-scrolling martial arts action game; in turn, it was based on two Hong Kong martial arts films, Bruce Lee's "Game of Death" (1973) and Jackie Chan's "Wheels on Meals" (1984), This side-scrolling arcade action format became popular during the mid-to-late 1980s, with examples including ninja action games such as Taito's "The Legend of Kage" (1985) and Sega's "Shinobi" (1987), run-and-gun shooters such as Namco's "Rolling Thunder" (1986), and beat 'em ups such as Technōs Japan's "Renegade" (1986) and "Double Dragon" (1987).


title: Action game

text: Shigeru Miyamoto combined the platforming of "Donkey Kong" and "Mario Bros." (1983) with side-scrolling elements from racing game "Excitebike" (1984) and beat 'em up "Kung-Fu Master" to create "Super Mario Bros." (1985) for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES). It went on to have a significant impact on the video game industry, establishing the conventions of the side-scrolling platformer sub-genre and helping to reinvigorate the North American home video game market (after it had crashed in 1983).


title: Action game

text: Alongside side-scrollers, rail shooters and light gun shooters also became popular during the mid-to-late 1980s. Popular examples include first-person light gun shooting gallery games such as Nintendo's "Duck Hunt" (1984), pseudo-3D third-person rail shooters such as Sega's "Space Harrier" (1985) and "After Burner" (1987), and Taito's "Operation Wolf" (1987) which popularized military-themed first-person light gun rail shooters.


title: Action game

text: A trend that was popularized for action games in the early 1990s was competitive multiplayer, including what would later be known as esports tournaments. The arcade fighting game "Street Fighter II" (1991) by Capcom popularized the concept of direct, tournament-level competition between two players. Previously, action games most often relied on high scores to determine the best player, but this changed with "Street Fighter II", where players would instead challenge each other directly, "face-to-face," to determine the best player, paving the way for the competitive multiplayer and deathmatch modes found in modern action games. Inspired by "Street Fighter II", along with the SNK fighting games "Fatal Fury" (1991) and "Art of Fighting" (1992), John Romero created the deathmatch mode in id Software's "Doom" (1993), which popularized competitive multiplayer online games.


title: Action game

text: In the 1990s, there was a "3D Revolution" where action games made the transition from 2D and pseudo-3D graphics to real-time 3D polygon graphics. 3D arcade system boards that were originally designed for 3D racing games during the late 1980s to early 1990s, such as the Namco System 21, Sega Model 1 and Sega Model 2, were used to produce 3D arcade action games in the early 1990s, including 3D rail shooters such as Namco's "Galaxian 3" (1990) and "Solvalou" (1991), 3D fighting games such as Sega AM2's "Virtua Fighter" (1993) and Namco's "Tekken" (1994), and 3D light gun shooters such as Sega AM2's "Virtua Cop" (1994) and Namco's "Time Crisis" (1995). On personal computers, the first-person shooter (FPS) genre was popularized by "Doom"; it is also considered, despite not using 3D polygons, a major leap forward for three-dimensional environments in action games. 3D polygon texture mapping appeared in action games around the mid-1990s, introduced to fighting games by Sega AM2's "Virtua Fighter 2" (1994), to light gun shooters by Sega AM2's "Virtua Cop" in 1994, and to FPS games by Parallax Software's "Descent" (1995).


title: Islam and abortion

text: Muslim views on abortion are shaped by the Hadith as well as by the opinions of legal and religious scholars and commentators. The Quran does not directly address intentional abortion, leaving greater discretion to the laws of individual countries. Although opinions among Islamic scholars differ over when a pregnancy can be terminated, there are no explicit prohibitions on a woman's ability to abort under Islamic law.


title: Islam and abortion

text: There are four Sunni Islam schools of thought—Hanafi, Shafi‘i, Hanbali and Maliki—and they have their own reservations on if and when abortions can happen in Islam. The Maliki madhhab holds "that the fetus is ensouled at the moment of conception" and thus "most Malikis do not permit abortion at any point, seeing God's hand as actively forming the fetus at every stage of development." On the other hand, some Hanafi scholars believe that abortion before the hundred twenty day period is over is permitted, though some Hanafi scholars teach that an abortion within 120 days is "makruh" (disapproved). Abortion is recommended any time where the mother's life is in danger. The mother's life is paramount in this decision. "Sahih al-Bukhari" writes that the fetus is believed to become a living soul after 120 days' gestation. American academic Azizah Y. al-Hibri claims that "the majority of Muslim scholars permit abortion, although they differ on the stage of fetal development beyond which it becomes prohibited." According to Sherman Jackson, "while abortion, even during the first trimester, is forbidden according to a minority of jurists, it is not held to be an offense for which there are criminal or even civil sanctions."


title: Islam and abortion

text: In Shia Islam, abortion is "forbidden after implantation of the fertilised ovum." As with other Shiite scholars, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that "Termination of pregnancy even at the earliest possible stage under normal circumstances without any reason is not allowed" and that "The shari'a does not permit the abortion of a fetus."


title: Islam and abortion

text: In practice, access to abortion varies greatly between Muslim-majority countries. In Turkey and Tunisia, abortions are unconditionally legal on request . However, in 18 out of 47 Muslim-majority countries, including Iraq, Egypt and Indonesia, abortion is only legally permitted if the life of the mother is threatened by the pregnancy while 10 countries provide it on request. No Muslim-majority country bans abortion in the case of the mother's life being at risk. Other reasons that are permitted by certain Muslim-majority countries include preserving a woman's physical or mental health, foetal impairment, cases of incest or rape, and social or economic reasons. There is great variation within Muslim-majority countries as to which are legally accepted reasons for abortion.


title: Islam and abortion

text: A majority of scholars during the medieval age viewed abortion as permissible if the pregnancy was terminated before 120 days. The fetus was viewed as not being ensouled at conception but rather at after 120 days. According to Islamic law scholar Abed Awad, this meant that abortion was not seen as a termination of life. These views towards abortion are still referenced and used by several modern Islamic theologians and scholars.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Religious studies scholar Zahra Ayubi stated that in historical Muslim thought in regards to abortion, ways to preserve human life was a topic scholars devoted more time into and considered more important while determining when life begins was given less attention. The preservation of life was viewed as the safeguarding of the mother's life as it's her life that exists. Several contemporary Muslim writers have also stated that premodern Islamic scholars were more tolerant on abortion.


title: Islam and abortion

text: The controversial Hanbali jurist Ibn Taymiyyah stated in his fatwa collection "Fatawa Ibn Taymiyyah", "Aborting a fetus has been declared unlawful (haram) with the consensus of all the Muslim scholars. It is similar to burying an infant alive as referred to by Allah Almighty in the verse of the Qur’an: 'And when the female infant, buried alive, will be asked as to what crime she was killed for' (Surah al-Takwir, verse 8)".


title: Islam and abortion

text: In Shia Islam, abortion is "forbidden after implantation of the fertilised ovum." As with other Shiite scholars, Ayatollah Khomeini declared that "Termination of pregnancy even at the earliest possible stage under normal circumstances without any reason is not allowed" and that "The shari'a does not permit the abortion of a fetus." In Sunni Islam, the period when a fetus becomes ensouled can vary within the same madhab even if consensus exists. The Hanafi, Shi'is, Zaydi and some Shafi schools view the fetus as being ensouled at 120 days. However, other Shafi schools set the ensoulment stage of a fetus at 80 days. In the Maliki and Hanbali school of thought, ensoulment is placed at 40 days. The Ibadi position states that a fetus becomes ensouled right at the time of conception. Most schools consider abortion permissible if the pregnancy poses a physical or psychological harm to the mother. Socio-economic factors or the presence of fetal anomalies is also viewed as justifiable reasons to abort in many schools. However, Islamic jurists in all schools state that abortion is permissible even after the ensoulment stage of a fetus if the mother's life is in danger.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Allah's Messenger gave a verdict regarding an aborted fetus of a woman from Bani Lihyan that the killer (of the fetus) should give a male or female slave (as a Diya) but the woman who was required to give the slave, died, so Allah's Messenger gave the verdict that her inheritance be given to her children and her husband and the Diya be paid by her 'Asaba.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Umar consulted the companions about the case of a woman's abortion (caused by somebody else). Al-Mughira said: The Prophet gave the verdict that a male or female slave should be given (as a Diya). Then Muhammad bin Maslama testified that he had witnessed the Prophet giving such a verdict.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Umar consulted the people about the compensation of abortion of woman. Al-Mughirah b. Shu'bah said: I was present with the Messenger of Allah when he gave judgement that a male or female slave should testify you. So he brought Muhammad b. Maslamah to him. Harun added: He then testified him.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Abu Dawud said: I have been informed that Abu 'Ubaid said: It (abortion) is called imlas because the woman causes it to slip before the time of delivery. Similarly, anything which slips from the hand or from some other thing is called malasa (slipped).


title: Islam and abortion

text: Umar asked about the decision of the Prophet about that (i.e. abortion). Haml b. Malik b. al-Nabhigah got up and said: I was between two women. One of them struck another with a rolling-pin killing both her and what was in her womb. So the Messenger of Allah gave judgement that the bloodwit for the unborn child should be a male or a female slave of the best quality and then she should be killed.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Among Muslims, the permissibility of abortion depends on factors such as time and extenuating circumstances. The four Sunni schools of thought have differing perspectives in which parts of gestation where abortion is permissible. It is important to note that Malikites do not permit abortion in any of the stages of gestation.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Sayyid al-Sabiq, author of "Fiqh al-Sunnah", has summarized the views of the classical jurists in this regard in the following words:


title: Islam and abortion

text: Abortion is not allowed after four months have passed since conception because at that time it is akin to taking a life, an act that entails penalty in this world and in the Hereafter. As regards the matter of abortion before this period elapses, it is considered allowed if necessary. However, in the absence of a reasonable excuse it is detestable. The author of ‘Subul-ul-Maram’ writes: "A woman’s treatment for aborting a pregnancy before the spirit has been blown into it is a matter upon which scholars differed on account of difference of opinion on the matter of ‘Azal (i.e. measures to hinder conception). Those who allow ‘Azal consider abortion as allowable and vice versa." The same ruling should be applicable for women deciding on sterilization. Imam Ghazzali opines: "Induced abortion is a sin after conception". He further says: "The sin incurred thus can be of degrees. When the sperm enters the ovaries, mixes with the ovum and acquires potential of life, its removal would be a sin. Aborting it after it grows into a germ or a leech would be a graver sin and the graveness of the sin increases very much if one does so after the stage when the spirit is blown into the fetus and it acquires human form and faculties."


title: Islam and abortion

text: This is the stage from conception to 40 days since the semen has fertilized the ovum. In this stage, Hanafites permit abortions, the majority of Shafites permit abortions, some Hanbalites permit it, but Malikites do not.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Among contemporary Sunni scholars, Yasir Qadhi states that abortion may be performed within the first 40 days of pregnancy "for a very legitimate reason", but is prohibited after that period, at which point ensoulment occurs.


title: Islam and abortion

text: This is the stage 40-80 days after conception when the fertilized egg has become blood clot-like. In this stage, Hanafites permit abortions, while only some Shafites and Hanbalites permit it.


title: Islam and abortion

text: This is the stage 80-120 days after conception where the blood clot has now formed into flesh. In this stage, Hanafites permit abortions, only some Shafites and Hanbalites permit it.


title: Islam and abortion

text: This is the stage 120 days after conception when based on Islam a soul/spirit has entered the body. In this stage none of the four schools of thought permit abortions.


title: Islam and abortion

text: On the issue of the life of the woman, Muslims universally agree that her life takes precedence over the life of the fetus. This is because the woman is considered the "original source of life," while the fetus is only "potential" life. Muslim jurists agree that abortion is allowed based on the principle that "the greater evil [the woman's death] should be warded off by the lesser evil [abortion]." In these cases the physician is considered a better judge than the scholar.


title: Islam and abortion

text: According to the Twelvers, there is consensus among ayatollahs that abortion is allowed only when it is medically proven that the life of a mother is in danger. Other than that, before or after 120 days, abortion is always forbidden, no matter the circumstances (such as problems with the fetus or poverty, etc.).


title: Islam and abortion

text: Some Muslim scholars have held that the child of rape is a legitimate child and thus it would be sinful to kill this fetus. Scholars permit its abortion only if the fetus is less than four months old, or if it endangers the life of its mother.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Muslim scholars were urged to make exceptions in the 1990s following the rape of Bosnian and Albanian women by Serb soldiers. In 1991, the Grand Mufti of Palestine, Ekrima Sa'id Sabri took a different position than mainstream Muslim scholars. He ruled that Muslim women raped by their enemies during the Kosovo War could take abortifacient medicine, because otherwise the children born to those women might one day fight against Muslims.


title: Islam and abortion

text: Some Sunni Muslim scholars argue that abortion is permitted if the newborn might be sick in some way that would make its care exceptionally difficult for the parents (e.g. deformities, mental handicaps). Widely quoted is a resolution of the Saudi-led jurisprudence council of Mekkah Al Mukaramah (the Muslim World League) passing a fatwa in its 12th session held in February 1990. This allowed abortion if the fetus was grossly malformed with untreatable severe condition proved by medical investigations and decided upon by a committee formed by competent trustworthy physicians, and provided that abortion is requested by the parents and the foetus is less than 120 days computed from moment of conception.


title: Islam and abortion

text: In all, there are 57 members in the Organization of Islamic Conference—an organisation of countries with Muslim majorities or pluralities. Most Muslim countries have restrictive abortion laws that permit abortions only when the life of the mother is threatened. Twelve members of the Organization of Islamic Conference allow unrestricted access to abortion. With the exception of Turkey and Tunisia, they are mainly former Soviet Bloc states. Bahrain, a politically and socially conservative Muslim state, is the 12th among these countries to permit unrestricted access to abortion. Among socially conservative Muslim countries, seven countries permit abortion in the first 4 months of gestation for fetal deformities, four countries in subSaharan Africa (Benin, Burkina Faso, Chad and Guinea) and three in the Middle East (Kuwait, Qatar and, now, Iran).


title: Richard Conte

text: Nicholas Peter Conte (March 24, 1910 – April 15, 1975), known professionally as Richard Conte, was an American actor. He appeared in more than 100 films from the 1940s through 1970s, including "I'll Cry Tomorrow", "Ocean's 11", and "The Godfather".


title: Richard Conte

text: Richard Conte was born Nicholas Peter Conte on March 24, 1910, in Jersey City, New Jersey, the son of Italian-Americans Julia (Fina), a seamstress, and Pasquale Conte, a barber. He graduated from William L. Dickinson High School in Jersey City.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte worked as a truck driver, messenger, shoe salesman, and singing waiter before starting his acting career. He was discovered by actors Elia Kazan and John Garfield during his job at a Connecticut resort, which led to Conte finding stage work.


title: Richard Conte

text: He eventually earned a scholarship to study at the Neighborhood Playhouse in New York City, where he became a standout actor.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte was a Republican who campaigned for Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. He practiced Roman Catholicism.


title: Richard Conte

text: He made his film debut under the name Nicholas Conte in "Heaven with a Barbed Wire Fence" (1939) at 20th Century Fox. He played Tony, a hobo who meets up with Joe (Glenn Ford who was also making his film debut) and Anita (Jean Rogers). The three of them make their way west hopping trains. They are later joined by Professor B (Raymond Walburn).


title: Richard Conte

text: He made his Broadway debut in "My Heart's in the Highlands" (1939) for the Group Theatre. Also for the Group he was in Clifford Odets' "Night Music" (1940). He performed in the road company of "Golden Boy".


title: Richard Conte

text: On Broadway he was in "Heavenly Express" (1941), and "Walk Into My Parlor" (1941). He was in a hit in "Jason" (1942) then was in "The Family" (1943).


title: Richard Conte

text: During World War II, Conte served in the United States Army, but was discharged because of eye trouble.


title: Richard Conte

text: In May 1943, Conte signed a long-term contract with 20th Century Fox, changing his name to Richard Conte. His first Fox film was "Guadalcanal Diary" (1943), where he was billed fourth.


title: Richard Conte

text: He followed it with another war drama, "The Purple Heart" (1944), directed by Lewis Milestone; he was billed second, beneath Dana Andrews.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte had a smaller part in "Captain Eddie" (1945), a biopic about Eddie Rickenbacker, and played an Italian POW in "A Bell for Adano" (1945).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte had the star role in another war film for Milestone, "A Walk in the Sun" (1945), where he was teamed again with Andrews.


title: Richard Conte

text: Fox promoted Conte to top billing with a film noir, "The Spider" (1945). Although a "B" film for the studio, it was successful enough to establish Conte in film noir.


title: Richard Conte

text: He had a good support role in "Somewhere in the Night" (1946) directed by Joseph Mankiewicz then supported James Cagney in a spy film, "13 Rue Madeleine" (1946), directed by Henry Hathaway.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte was borrowed by Enterprise Productions for "The Other Love" (1947) with Barbara Stanwyck and David Niven. Back at Fox he had an excellent part in Hathaway's crime drama "Call Northside 777" (1948), as the prisoner whose innocence is proved by James Stewart.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte was teamed with Victor Mature in "Cry of the City" (1948). MGM borrowed him to support Wallace Beery in "Big Jack" (1949), Beery's final film, then he did another for Mankiewicz at Fox, "House of Strangers" (1949) with Edward G. Robinson, playing Max Monetti, a lawyer who defends his father (Robinson) against government charges of banking irregularities and goes to prison for jury tampering.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte was top billed in "Thieves' Highway" (1949), directed by Jules Dassin, and co-starred with Gene Tierney in Otto Preminger's classic film noir "Whirlpool" (1950).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte signed a contract with Universal Pictures, for whom he starred in some crime films: "The Sleeping City" (1950); "Hollywood Story" (1951), directed by William Castle; and "The Raging Tide" (1951).


title: Richard Conte

text: After doing a boxing film for United Artists, "The Fighter" (1952), he returned to Universal for "The Raiders" (1952).


title: Richard Conte

text: (1953) directed by Fritz Lang. Back at Universal Conte supported Alan Ladd in "Desert Legion" (1953). He made "Slaves of Babylon" (1953) for Sam Katzman at Columbia. Conte started guest starring on TV shows such as "Medallion Theatre", "Ford Television Theatre", and "General Electric Theater".


title: Richard Conte

text: In 1953 Conte signed a contract with Bill Broidy to make six films over three years, under which he would be paid 25% of the profits. The first was a crime drama, "Highway Dragnet" (1954), based on a story by Roger Corman and went to England to make "Mask of Dust" (1954) for Hammer Films director Terence Fisher. He was going to direct "The Wolf Pack" for Broidy but it was not made.


title: Richard Conte

text: Back in the US Conte did "The Big Combo" (1955) for Cornel Wilde's own company, replacing Jack Palance; "New York Confidential" (1955) for producer Edward Small; and "The Big Tip Off" (1955) for Broidy.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte went back to England for "Little Red Monkey" (1955) and over to RKO for "Bengazi" (1955) and Warners for a Korean War movie "Target Zero" (1955).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte broke out of B movies with the second lead in "I'll Cry Tomorrow" (1955), an MGM biopic about Lillian Roth starring Susan Hayward. Conte and director Daniel Mann announced they would make "Play by Play" together but it was not made.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte made a series of films for Columbia. He was co-starred with Judy Holliday in "Full of Life" (1956); played the lead in "The Brothers Rico" (1957); supported Anthony Perkins and Silvana Mangano in "This Angry Age" (1957); was one of several names in "They Came to Cordura" (1959).


title: Richard Conte

text: He continued to guest on TV shows like "The 20th Century-Fox Hour" and "The Twilight Zone" ("Perchance to Dream") and played the lead in a TV adaptation of "The Gambler, the Nun and the Radio" (1960). He had his first regular TV role in "The Four Just Men" (1959–60).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte supported Frank Sinatra in "Ocean's 11" (1961) but then focused on TV: "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", "Bus Stop", "Naked City", "Checkmate", "Frontier Circus", "The DuPont Show of the Week", "The Untouchables", "Alcoa Premiere", "Going My Way", "Kraft Mystery Theater", "77 Sunset Strip", "The Reporter", "Kraft Suspense Theatre" and "Arrest and Trial".


title: Richard Conte

text: He had a support role in "Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed?" (1963), "Circus World" (1964) and "The Greatest Story Ever Told" (1965) (playing Barabbas) and the lead in "The Eyes of Annie Jones" (1964) for Robert L. Lippert. After "Synanon" (1965) he had the lead in "Stay Tuned for Terror" (1965), shot in Argentina.


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte supported Frank Sinatra in "Assault on a Queen" (1966) and was one of several stars in "Hotel" (1967). In 1966, Conte landed a supporting role in the short-lived CBS sitcom, "The Jean Arthur Show".


title: Richard Conte

text: He appeared as Lieutenant Dave Santini in two Frank Sinatra crime films, "Tony Rome" (1967) and "Lady in Cement" (1968). In between he did a Western in Europe, "Sentenza di morte" (1968).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte had one of his most memorable performances in "The Godfather" (1972) as Don Barzini. He was at one time also considered for the title role, Don Vito Corleone, a role that Marlon Brando eventually filled.


title: Richard Conte

text: The success of the film led to Conte being cast in a series of "mob" roles: "Murder Inferno" (1973), "The Big Family" (1973), "Pete, Pearl & the Pole" (1973), "My Brother Anastasia" (1973), "The Violent Professionals" (1973), "No Way Out" (1973) with Alain Delon, "Anna, quel particolare piacere" (1973), "Shoot First, Die Later" (1974) and "Violent Rome" (1975). He did horror films, "Evil Eye" (1975), "A Diary of a Murderess" (1975) and "Naked Exorcism" (1975).


title: Richard Conte

text: Conte was married to actress Ruth Storey, with whom he adopted a son, film editor Mark Conte. In 1950, Conte and Storey were living at 1366 San Ysidro Drive in Beverly Hills. They divorced in 1963. He married his second wife, Shirlee Garner, in 1973; they remained married until Conte's death. His grandson is National Football League free safety Chris Conte. Chris is the son of Mark Conte.


title: Richard Conte

text: On April 3, 1975, Conte suffered a massive heart attack and a stroke. He was taken to UCLA Medical Center where the staff worked for eight hours to keep him alive. He was put in intensive care and died on April 15. He is buried in the Westwood Memorial Park in Los Angeles.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Eldridge Wayne Coleman (born June 7, 1943), better known by his ring name "Superstar" Billy Graham, is an American former professional wrestler. He gained recognition for his tenure as the WWWF Heavyweight Champion in 1977–1978. He is a three-time world champion in major professional wrestling promotions. As an award-winning bodybuilder, he was a training partner and close friend of Arnold Schwarzenegger. He is most remembered for revolutionizing the interview and physique aspects of the professional wrestling industry, and for his charismatic performance style. Some of his wrestling protégés include Hulk Hogan, Jesse Ventura, and Ric Flair.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Coleman was born into a working-class family in Phoenix, Arizona, on June 7, 1943. His father was from Mississippi, and his mother, who claimed Cherokee ancestry, was from Arkansas. Coleman was attracted to weight lifting in the fifth grade. As a teenager he was an avid reader of bodybuilding magazines, his idols being Steve Reeves and John Grimek. As a teenager, he became a devout Christian and traveled to religious revivals where he incorporated feats of strength into his sermons.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Coleman was a shot put champion in high school. He also dabbled in amateur and professional boxing, participating in the 1959 Golden Gloves. At age 26, he tried out for the Canadian Football League's Calgary Stampeders but was traded to the Montreal Alouettes. He played in only a couple of games. In between football engagements, he worked as a bouncer in various nightclubs in Phoenix, New York and Los Angeles. After tearing his Achilles tendon, he decided to pursue a career in professional wrestling.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In 1961 Coleman was the winner of the West Coast division of the Mr. Teenage America bodybuilding contest (Frank Zane winning in the East Coast division), and his photo appeared soon after in Bob Hoffman's "Strength and Fitness" magazine. Coleman began to train intensively in 1968 at Gold's Gym in Santa Monica, where he worked out with Dave Draper, Franco Columbu and Arnold Schwarzenegger. At this time he was able to bench press 605 lbs (the world record, held by his friend Pat Casey, was 616 lbs). One of Coleman's photo shoots with Schwarzenegger was featured that year in Joe Weider's "Muscle Fitness" magazine.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: When Coleman decided to become a professional wrestler two years later, he had the inspiration of marrying wrestling to bodybuilding. As a wrestler he weight-trained continually, and in 1975 prepared for the World Bodybuilding Guild's Pro. Mr. America contest in New York City, where his 22-inch biceps won first place in the Best Developed Arms division. At the peak of his wrestling career in 1977, Coleman weighed 275 lbs. From 1978 he gained more weight and in 1980, at 325 lbs, he took part in the World's Strongest Man competition in Great Gorge, New Jersey. He finished seventh in this contest in spite of injuring himself in one of the events. On December 6 of the same year Coleman hosted the U.S. Invitational Powerlifting Championship in Phoenix, Arizona.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In 1969, Coleman was encouraged by professional wrestler Bob Lueck to train with Stu Hart for the latter's Stampede Wrestling promotion. He trained under Hart in Calgary before debuting on January 16, 1970 in a match with Dan Kroffat. After wrestling briefly under his real name, Coleman traveled back to the United States in May, wrestling for a few months with Dr. Jerry Graham, Brick Darrow, Rick Cahill and Ron Pritchard in Arizona before he and Jerry Graham joined the National Wrestling Alliance's Los Angeles promotion (run by Mike LeBell) as a tag team the following August. He changed his ring name to Billy Graham, as a tribute to the famous evangelist of the same name. Later, while wrestling in Championship Wrestling from Florida, the name would serve both as his ring name and to make him the (kayfabe) youngest brother of Jerry and the other Graham Brothers (Eddie and Luke).


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In late December 1970 Graham went north to join Roy Shire's NWA San Francisco promotion, working with Pat Patterson (his tag-team partner), Ray Stevens, Cyclone Negro, and Peter Maivia. Graham's nearly two-year run in central California included a stint wrestling in Hawaii in February and March 1972. It was during his Californian period that Graham developed a new aspect of his character; before a match he would stage an arm wrestling contest, encouraging public challenges to his title of "Arm Wrestling Champion of the World".


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: On October 2, 1972, Graham premiered in Verne Gagne's American Wrestling Association (AWA) based in Minneapolis, where he took on the moniker "Superstar". As he toured the north-central states and adjacent areas of Canada, Graham feuded with Gagne, The Crusher, The Bruiser, Wahoo McDaniel, Billy Robinson, Ken Patera and Ivan Koloff, the latter becoming his tag-team partner. By this time, Graham was integrating into his performances not only arm wrestling contests but also weightlifting challenges (mainly involving ex-Olympian Ken Patera) and posing routines. One of his most memorable feuds was against McDaniel, with whom he wrestled numerous bouts with between 1973 and 1974. Among the matches they participated in were Indian Strap matches. It was during the feud with McDaniel that Superstar also teamed with Koloff to take on McDaniel and The Crusher in tag team matches. It was also during his time in the AWA that he began wrestling Ivan Putski.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In September and October 1974 Graham took leave from the AWA to join the International Wrestling Alliance's "Super Wide Series" tour of Japan, where he fought such local stars as Mighty Inoue, Animal Hamaguchi and Rusher Kimura. Following his return from Japan, Graham formed a tag team with Dusty Rhodes. He left the AWA and returned to the NWA in May 1975, signing up with Red Bastien's Dallas-based promotion for five months and taking the local "Brass Knucks" title from Mad Dog Vachon on August 8. For most of October, Graham worked for the Mid Atlantic promotion in North Carolina, standing in for Ric Flair, who had just been injured in a plane crash.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham made his in–ring debut in the World Wide Wrestling Federation (WWWF) on October 25, 1975, in a tag-team match at the Boston Garden in which he and Spiros Arion defeated WWWF Heavyweight Champion Bruno Sammartino and Dominic De Nucci. At this time The Grand Wizard became Graham's manager. Another major feud at this time was with Polish muscleman Ivan Putski.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: A brief contract with the NWA in Houston, Texas followed from June to August 1976, after which Graham went on his second tour of Japan, this time accompanied by Ivan Koloff. He feuded with Antonio Inoki during this Japanese run. After returning to America, Graham and Koloff made an unsuccessful attempt to launch their own wrestling promotion in Southern California. In November 1976, on the invitation of Dusty Rhodes, Graham joined the NWA promotion in Florida, beating Rhodes for the Florida heavyweight title on November 22 at the West Palm Beach Auditorium. His work in this period included occasional visits to St Louis, Missouri, where he took on NWA World Heavyweight Champion Harley Race.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham returned to the WWWF in April 1977 after an agreement with promoter Vincent J. McMahon "Senior". Graham defeated Bruno Sammartino for the WWWF Heavyweight Championship on April 30, 1977, in Baltimore, Maryland. Graham held the title for nine and a half months.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: During his reign, he wrestled across America and in Japan (February 1978), facing challengers such as former champion Bruno Sammartino, Jack Brisco, Dusty Rhodes, Pedro Morales, Don Muraco, Mil Mascaras, Strong Kobayashi, Carlos Rocha and Riki Choshu. He would also resume his feud with Ivan Putski. On 25 January 1978 in Miami, Florida at the Orange Bowl football stadium, Graham wrestled against then-NWA World Heavyweight Champion Harley Race in a WWWF World Heavyweight Championship vs. NWA World Heavyweight Championship unification match which ended in a one-hour time-limit draw. Although a defeat by Bob Backlund, who was to embody the virtuous "all-American" wrestler, had been written into Graham's current contract with the WWWF, Graham suggested another outcome to McMahon: that Ivan Koloff should turn on him, thus starting a feud that would make Graham a fan favorite. McMahon refused because of the handshake deal to make Backlund the new fan favorite champion and he did not want to go back on his word. It was also unheard of for a counter-cultural character like Graham to be a fan favorite, because McMahon and many old promoters saw Graham as a confirmed heel and therefore a negative role model. Graham eventually lost the title to Backlund on February 20, 1978.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Another feud Graham had as champion was with Dusty Rhodes, which culminated in a Texas Bullrope match. His confrontations with Rhodes continued after Graham had been forced to drop the belt to Backlund. Rhodes himself, a long-time friend of Graham's, recalled these matches with Graham in 1978 as among the most exciting and memorable of his career.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Disillusioned by the loss of his belt, Graham left the WWWF in December 1978 and accepted an offer to join Paul Boesch's promotion in Houston, Texas, lending himself out for other NWA events in California and Florida as well. In April 1979 he embarked on his third IWA tour of Japan, where he wrestled the same men he had worked with in 1974. On October 8, 1979, Graham became the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) World Champion. On November 8, 1979 Graham lost the belt to Jerry Lawler in Lexington, Kentucky. His following NWA engagements in Kentucky, Tennessee, Georgia and Texas became fewer and rarer until he stopped wrestling in April 1980. Graham wrestled only two matches (one in Canada and one in Los Angeles) in the whole of 1981. He spent some time competing in Japan in 1982, where he added some martial arts techniques to his repertoire.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham returned to the now renamed World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in September 1982. He debuted in the promotion with an entirely new look: lean, with a bald head and mustache, and sporting black karate pants. Graham later stated that he wanted to retire the "Superstar" character out of frustration with Vince McMahon Sr. for not letting him become a fan favorite. After his return, he attacked Backlund, destroying his championship belt. He challenged Backlund for the WWF Championship, but was unable to win the title. He left the promotion in April 1983.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham signed up with the AWA again in October 1983, wrestling mainly in the Mid West. By the following year he had regained his earlier body weight and in April 1984 he began his NWA run with Championship Wrestling from Florida, first as a member of Kevin Sullivan's Army of Darkness and later as the group's opponent after he tired of Sullivan's abuse of his valet, The Lock, and stopped Sullivan from beating her at ringside. From November 1984 Graham joined Jim Crockett Promotions (Mid-Atlantic Wrestling) in North Carolina, working for Paul Jones in his feud against Jimmy Valiant. It was during this stint, in the summer of 1985, that Graham bulked up further, and returned to his tie-dyed look, growing a full goatee and dyeing the mustache blond.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham returned to the WWF one more time in June 1986, now as a fan favorite. After a few appearances, it was diagnosed in August that he required a hip replacement. The footage of Graham's hip replacement surgery was shown on WWF TV on September 27 as a means of promoting his comeback. He returned in mid-1987 and worked a heavy schedule from mid July to late October, feuding with Harley Race and Butch Reed. However, the strain on his hip as well as his ankles also deteriorating proved to be too much. In Syracuse on October 27, the One Man Gang supposedly retired him from active competition permanently with a running splash on the concrete floor after Graham's win over Reed. In this incident, aired on the November 14, 1987 episode of "Superstars", Don Muraco came to Graham's aid, and Graham subsequently became Muraco's manager. Graham's last wrestling match, also against Butch Reed and at 44 years of age, actually took place on November 7, 1987, in St Louis, Missouri. Over the next year, in between bouts of surgery, Graham worked for the WWF as a commentator.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: On March 14, 2004, Graham was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2004, the night before "WrestleMania XX", by then-World Heavyweight Champion Triple H, whom Graham had helped inspire to become a professional wrestler. Graham later sold his WWE Hall of Fame ring to purchase anti-rejection medications to help treat his liver transplant.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Several months later, Graham joined WWE on a swing of nine televised events where he was interviewed by Jonathan Coachman (on December 28) before performing a skit which ended with Coachman getting knocked out. On February 25, 2005, Graham appeared at another live event and was again interviewed by Coachman before knocking him out. Three days later, Graham appeared on "Raw", where he encouraged Randy Orton to do something to make himself notable. On October 3 at "WWE Homecoming", Graham participated in a Legends Ceremony with 24 other WWE legends. On the January 23, 2006 episode of "Raw", he promoted his book and DVD. Graham parted ways with WWE in 2009.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In November 2015, Graham announced that he had signed a legends contract (a long-term deal to make infrequent, non-wrestling appearances) in a Facebook post.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Roberta Morgan's 1979 kayfabe book "Main Event" stated, "Although he is a rule bender, [Graham] has managed to stay very popular with the fans, probably because of his skill, strength, and colorful personality". As a headliner in Madison Square Garden, which was the WWF's primary arena throughout his tenure, Graham sold out 19 of 20 shows.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Many wrestlers have based their looks and styles on Billy Graham. Some examples are Ric Flair, Austin Idol, Steve Austin, Scott Steiner, Triple H, Hulk Hogan and Jesse "The Body" Ventura. Graham was also famous for his characteristic use of the word "brother" in his promos, referring to either commentators or fellow wrestlers. This stems from his background attending evangelical revival meetings, where everybody referred to each other as "brother" or "sister" (in Christ). Graham's use of the word caught on, and since then countless wrestlers have also used "brother" in their own respective promos, most notably Hulk Hogan.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham has often lectured young athletes on the dangers of steroids. His autobiography, "Tangled Ropes", was released by WWE on January 10, 2006. WWE also released a DVD about Graham's career, titled "20 Years Too Soon: The "Superstar" Billy Graham Story". Graham had a new DVD released in 2013 through Hannibal Pro Wrestling and Seriocity Productions titled ""Superstar" Billy Graham: Full Disclosure".


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Shortly after WrestleMania 35 on April 7, 2019, Graham was highly critical of WWE booking Kofi Kingston to win the WWE Championship, citing Kingston as being "too small" to be taken seriously as champion, and going as far as urging Kingston to take steroids to increase his muscle mass. Graham's comments were received with widespread backlash from fans, including WWE Hall of Famer Booker T, who referred to Graham as "one of the old guys who need to wake up and realize their era is gone". Graham has since defended himself, comparing his box office drawing to Kingston's, as well as saying he only suggested Kingston consume, but not abuse of steroids, while also claiming he was glad to have been part of "the era of the big man" instead of WWE's current "era of the small man" and referred to Kingston's rise as a "comedy act".


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In the early 1990s, U.S. federal agents were investigating Dr. George Zahorian, a Harrisburg, Pennsylvania physician who had been dispensing anabolic steroids and other drugs to wrestlers at WWF events. In 1991, Dr. Zahorian was convicted under the U.S. federal Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 which prohibited the prescription of steroids for non-therapeutic purposes. This led to WWF owner Vince McMahon Jr., who admitted to being a steroid user himself, being put on trial on charges of steroid distribution in 1994. The trial concluded with McMahon's acquittal. During this time Graham personally sued Zahorian and the WWF, claiming that they had forced him to take steroids to maintain his position in the company. His lawsuit was unsuccessful, partly because he had been using steroids for a decade preceding his WWF debut. Recalling the lawsuit on a 2003 episode of "WWE Confidential", he attributed the litigation to his bitterness and claimed that he was an innovator of steroid use in the organization.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham went on a public awareness campaign regarding the dangers of steroids during this time, including an appearance with McMahon on "The Phil Donahue Show" in 1992. During the "Donahue" taping Graham claimed to have witnessed WWF officials sexually abuse children. McMahon claimed the abuse had never taken place, and Graham later admitted that he made up the allegations, hoping to extort "hush money" out of the WWF. In his autobiography, Graham describes making the allegations as being "my most shameful moment, not only in the wrestling profession, but in my life". Graham wrote an apology to McMahon but received no response until his 2002 liver transplant.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Five years after being inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame, Graham was released from his consultancy position in WWE. He sold his Hall of Fame ring on eBay to help pay for medical bills and requested that he be entirely removed from the Hall of Fame after Abdullah the Butcher was inducted. Graham complained that Abdullah had never wrestled in the promotion. Abdullah did however wrestle for the WWWF in 1972.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham spoke out against Linda McMahon during her 2010 Senate campaign, claiming that she was distancing herself from the racy programming that she profited from while acting as CEO for WWE. Upon learning that his liver condition had worsened, Graham reached out to apologize to the McMahons, even offering to be a spokesman for Linda McMahon's campaign.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In July 2015, Graham sent a letter to Vince McMahon requesting to take the position of Dusty Rhodes, who had recently died, at NXT. Graham received criticism from fans due to his timing and opportunism. He defended himself, calling his critics "evil subhumans", and compared a possible reconciliation with McMahon to that of long-time WWE critic Bruno Sammartino, who reconciled with McMahon and was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2013.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: As stated in his autobiography "Tangled Ropes", Graham and his wife Valerie, whom he married in 1978, were never able to have children. Graham has two children from a previous marriage to Madelyn Miluso. His daughter Capella was born on June 8, 1972. She was named after a star he read about in the "Atlas of the Universe". His son Joey was born on March 18, 1975. Joey was born with double pneumonia and an enlarged heart, which was later surgically corrected. His godfather was wrestler Dusty Rhodes.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: Graham received a liver transplant in 2002 from a 26-year-old female donor, who had died in a car crash. Graham had cirrhosis at the time of his transplant. Graham was again hospitalized on May 24, 2006, due to a bowel obstruction from an earlier surgery.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: In July 2010, Graham was hospitalized due to liver problems. Afterward, he announced that he probably only had one year left to live without another liver transplant. Graham reserved a burial spot at the Green Acres cemetery in Scottsdale, Arizona, next to Eddie Guerrero. On March 31, 2011, "The Phoenix New Times" reported that Graham's doctor, Hector Rodriguez-Luna, acknowledged that Graham's advanced fibrosis may be early cirrhosis and that he could live for two more years if he took Interferon—a drug to help slow his hepatitis C—and stayed in shape. By 2012, Graham was diagnosed with third-stage liver disease and cirrhosis.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: On January 17, 2013, Graham was hospitalized with double pneumonia and possible heart failure. He was re-hospitalized for a liver complication in October 2014.


title: Superstar Billy Graham

text: On August 2, 2016, Graham was hospitalized while undergoing a medical procedure due to internal bleeding; he underwent surgery on August 3 to identify the cause of the issues.


title: Loan shark

text: A loan shark is a person who offers loans at extremely high interest rates, has strict terms of collection upon failure, and generally operates outside the law.


title: Loan shark

text: Because loan sharks operate mostly illegally, they cannot reasonably expect to be able to use the legal system to collect such debts, they often resort to enforcing repayment by terms of blackmail and threats of violence. Historically, many moneylenders skirted between legal and criminal activity. In the recent western world, loan sharks have been a prominent feature of the criminal underworld.


title: Loan shark

text: Loan sharking is not to be confused with predatory lending with extremely high interest rates such as payday or title loans, which is sometimes considered to be "loan sharking" (or, at least, unfavorably compared to loan sharking by critics) regardless of whether it is legal. A key difference between "traditional" loan sharking and predatory lending is that lenders alleged to be engaged in the latter practice are expected to stay within the law when making and collecting loans, and thus the debate into such practices often focuses on whether they are ethical as opposed to whether they are legal. However, laws regulating lending practices vary so widely between jurisdictions (even in the same country, particularly between states in the United States) that particular practices that might be technically legal (if arguably unethical) "predatory lending" in one jurisdiction might be considered illegal "loan sharking" if attempted in an identical manner in a different locale.


title: Loan shark

text: Regulation of moneylenders is typically much looser than that of banks. In Japan, the Moneylending Control Law requires only registration in each prefecture. In Japan, as the decades-long depression lingers, banks are reluctant to loan money and regulation has become tighter, illegal moneylending has become a social issue. Illegal moneylenders typically charge interest of 30 or 50% in 10 days (in Japanese, these are called "to-san" ('to' meaning ten and 'san' meaning three, or 10-3) or "to-go" ('to' meaning ten and 'go' meaning five, or 10-5), which is about 1.442 million % or 267.5 million % per annum. This is against the law that sets the maximum interest rate at 20%. These lenders usually do business with those who cannot get more money from banks, legitimate consumer loans, or credit cards.


title: Loan shark

text: The Central Bank of Ireland were criticized for doing nothing to protect those with low incomes, the vulnerable or those who have low levels of financial literacy, from loan sharks, when it emerged in 2015 that up to 100,000 of the 360,000 loans given by the moneylenders broke the law.


title: Loan shark

text: The National Bank of Kazakhstan has been consistently fighting loan sharks since 2018. Thus, the maximum interest rate on a loan was limited to no more than 100% of the loan amount.


title: Loan shark

text: In 2020, a financial market regulation agency was separated from the National Bank of Kazakhstan to monitor the rights and legitimate interests of borrowers, to identify and eliminate systemic problems of the financial sector of the economy. A unified state register of microfinance organizations was introduced to legalize lenders.


title: Loan shark

text: Ah Long (derived from the Cantonese phrase '大耳窿' ('big ear hole')) is a colloquial term for illegal loan sharks in Malaysia and Singapore. They lend money to people who are unable to obtain loans from banks or other legal sources, mostly targeting habitual gamblers. Often, they discreetly advertise by sticking notices, mostly on lamp posts and utility boxes around a neighbourhood, thus vandalising public property, as authorities must remove such advertisements. They charge high interest rates (generally about 40% per month/fortnight) according to Anti-Crime, Drug and Social Development Voluntary Organisation and frequently threaten violence (and administer it) towards those who fail to pay on time.


title: Loan shark

text: When a person fails to pay on time, the "Ah Long" will set fire, spray paint, lock up gates, splash, or write threats in paint or markers on the walls of the property of that person as a threat of violence and to scare, and perhaps shame, the borrower into repaying the loan. A common use of painting includes the characters "O$P$" meaning "owe money, pay money", as well as the debtors' unit number. According to local police authorities, there have been cases where borrowers and their family members were beaten or had their property damaged or destroyed, and some victims have committed suicide.


title: Loan shark

text: Just like Ah Longs, loan sharks in Vietnam are very common, especially in high population density area and industrial parks' surroundings and they mostly focus on poor worker, person that needs money urgently, gamblers... Many of these sharks offer a very high loan rates at 20% to 1000% per month. They mostly advertise on walls, electric poles...to advertising online on platforms such as Google and Facebook. Their operation varies from pawn shops to online operations via illegal applications. These operations aren't usually controlled by Vietnamese, but rather Vietnamese people living in Cambodia or Chinese operators. When the borrower is unable to pay debt, they will force the borrower to loan via apps or other loaners, then another, until they are able to pay(but mostly impossible since this case generate compound interests). If the borrower is unable to pay on time, the sharks will use every single ways to force borrower to repay, like sending threatening emails, text messages, annoying phone calls...to both borrower and their families and friends, sometimes they'll take gangsters to come over the borrower's properties like their house, companies...and spray mắm tôm(Belacans), spraying paints and feces. Most borrowers only loan a small amount of money, mostly below 10 million VNĐ, but with rates and compound rates, the true amount that they have to pay will always be much larger, about 10 to 100 time larger than what they have to pay if use official credit service suppliers. There are a lot of cases reported and most are solved by the police, but there are cases that can't be solved, thus, the unlucky borrower has to commit suicide or commit crime. Sometimes their children(if available) would be kidnapped.


title: Loan shark

text: In recent years the government are trying to do everything to stop these loaners from operating and propaganda people to not loan or borrow money from them, but it's very hard since the victims are mostly undereducated people and people that has limited knowledge about financials.