title: Chris Redfield

text: Chris returned for the eighth main installment in the series, titled "Resident Evil Village". During the three-year gap between "Resident Evil 7" and "Village", Chris has been running an off-the-books covert operation investigating an unidentified village suspected to have biohazards in Transylvania, Romania managed by Mother Miranda. His investigation reveals that Mother Miranda was directly responsible for being the original source of Eveline's outbreak in Louisiana, relocated the Winters family to a nearby village to authenticate his suspicions that Miranda would have an interest in Rosemary Winters. During the events of "Village", Chris and his Hound Wolf squad learn that Miranda was capable of shape-shifting and posed as Mia and promptly shot her in order to protect Ethan and Mia, only for his efforts to be foiled in the process. After revealing the nature of his mission to Ethan, Chris saves the real Mia, learning Miranda's connection to the late Oswell E. Spencer (who was killed by Wesker in "Resident Evil 5: Lost in Nightmares" storyline), and helps plant a bomb on a megamycete in order to destroy the village. During extraction, a dying Ethan gives a recently rescued Rosemary to Chris before sacrificing himself to ensure the village's destruction. With Mia and Rosemary rescued, Chris and his team head to B.S.A.A.'s European H.Q. to demand explanations over their use of Bio Organic Weapons as frontline soldiers.


title: Chris Redfield

text: In the rejected "Resident Evil" film script written by George A. Romero in 1998, Chris is a Native American civilian and ultimately one of the few survivors. In 2000, Capcom fired Romero and replaced him with Paul W. S. Anderson, who wrote a new script.


title: Chris Redfield

text: Chris appears in the 2010 live-action film "", portrayed by Wentworth Miller. In the film, Chris is found trapped in a maximum security cell after his unit's attempt to control the T-virus in Los Angeles goes haywire; the survivors who find him believe him to be a prisoner. He is reunited with his sister Claire, who cannot remember him because of memory damage caused by an Umbrella mind control device. He, Alice and Claire eventually defeat Albert Wesker and rescue imprisoned survivors being used for Umbrella's experiments. Miller said he prepared for the role by searching for images and videos of Chris on the Internet, as well as doing cardio for endurance. In the reboot film "" (2021), Robbie Amell portrayed Chris.


title: Chris Redfield

text: In 2017, Chris was one of the main characters in the film "", alongside Leon S. Kennedy and Rebecca Chambers. Unlike the live action films, the animated films are in the same continuity as the games.


title: Chris Redfield

text: During the release of the Japanese Sega Saturn version of the original game, Capcom published a promotional sourcebook "The True Story Behind Biohazard", containing an original short story titled "Biohazard: The Beginning" by Hiroyuku Ariga. It depicts the events before the first game and fleshes out Chris' character, describing the deaths of his parents in a car accident, and his service in the United States Air Force (USAF). Chris joined the USAF as a teenager, quickly becoming an accomplished pilot as well as a top marksman, but received a dishonourable discharge in the mid-90s for disobeying a direct order. He later became a drifter until enlisting (on Burton's recommendation) in the newly established Raccoon City branch of the S.T.A.R.S. Chris also appears in several "Resident Evil" comic books by WildStorm, Image Comics and Marvel Comics. The character was featured in "Resident Evil"-themed attraction at Universal Studios Japan's Halloween Horror Nights.


title: Chris Redfield

text: Outside the "Resident Evil" franchise, Chris also is a playable character in the crossover fighting games "" and "Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3". The game's first cinematic trailer showed him fighting against Hulk. He also appears in the crossover tactical role-playing game "Project X Zone", the first time in a non-Capcom game, wearing his "Resident Evil: Revelations" outfit. He returns in the game's sequel, "Project X Zone 2". Chris also appears as a playable character in "", and is featured in the story as one of the heroes fighting against Ultron Sigma. Chris appears as a Spirit in the Nintendo crossover video game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate". Chris makes a cameo appearance in the PlayStation 5 game "Astro's Playroom". Chris also appears in "Dead by Daylight" as a legendary costume for Leon S. Kennedy. On October 26, 2021, Chris and Jill made their appearance in "Fortnite Battle Royale". In February 2022, both Chris and Leon appeared as an easter egg in "Dying Light 2".


title: Chris Redfield

text: Chris Redfield has been well received by critics and fans alike. According to "PSU" in 2011, Chris is "as synonymous with the venerable horror series as the zombies and unintentionally hilarious, cheese-tastic dialogue" and along with Jill forms its "nucleus". "PSU" described the look as "a beastly, muscle-bound warrior with biceps the size of water melons". That same year, Chris and his sister Claire were included in "IGN"s "Ultimate Zombie Strike Team", Chris for his "long, fruitful career killing zombies" that "proved that Umbrella's fearsome bio-weapons are no match for a lone warrior with guts". Also in 2009, the "Gameplanet" website stated that if Chris and Leon S. Kennedy both appeared together in the next game it would be "awesome", adding that both are the series' main protagonists. Chris was also repeatedly compared with Leon by "IGN", both of them being regarded as the series' leading heroes. In 2010, "GamesRadar" website featured his team-up with Sheva in an article about gaming's "most violent double acts" for their actions in "Resident Evil 5". That same year, "Joystick Division"s James Hawkins ranked Chris and Jill as the fifth top duo in video game history, as "the two of them together make a force that cannot be slowed by even the most sophisticated; undead forces;" in 2012, Brittany Vincent of "Complex" ranked them as the 15th "most ass-kicking" game duo.


title: Chris Redfield

text: Negative criticism includes Chris ranking fifth on "IGN"s 2009 list of most overrated video game characters, with a suggestion that he should "ditch the 'roids and concentrate on getting the job done", and included in "UGO.com"s 2010 list of top ten out-of-luck game characters for his failures across the series. "GameSpy" called his new design in "Resident Evil 5" a cross between Colin Farrell and Hugh Jackman" in particular, and became a source of controversy and was often ridiculed. "GameSpot" gave Chris the special award for "character most likely to fail a performance-enhancing drug test" in the Dubious Honors awards in 2009, adding that "the man is clearly a walking pharmacy". Including him on its list of "ten game heroes who fail at the simple stuff" for his inability to shoot while moving in "RE5", "GameDaily" recommended he "spend a little more time on the shooting range and a little less time pumping iron in front of a mirror". "Joystiq" commented that during "The Umbrella Chronicles", Chris possibly started his "steroid abuse", a suggestion also made by "IGN". In 2011, "BeefJack" featured Chris among the five game characters who are supposed to be sexy but turned out awkward, as "he looks like the runner-up in a Popeye lookalike contest". On the other hand, when "GamesRadar" compared his "Code Veronica" and "RE5" designs while trying to evaluate which would fit better for a zombie apocalypse, they found the latter provided a better chance to survive to a zombie attack. It also judged Chris from the original game as "horribly ill-prepared". In 2021, several staff from "Kotaku" cited Chris is the worst of the "Resident Evil" heroes, considering him to be "bland" and "boring".


title: Chris Redfield

text: Several publications have noted the character's lack of consistent visual design for his appearances throughout the "Resident Evil" franchise. "Polygon"s Cass Marshall noted his variations in body mass throughout the games by repeatedly changing from lean to muscular and back again, while Ian Walker from "Kotaku" compared his appearances in "Resident Evil 7" and "Resident Evil Village" as "transition[ing] from global bio-terrorism agent to [...] a henchman in a British crime comedy written and directed by Guy Ritchie". Ravi Sinha of "GamingBolt" considered the character's design at "Resident Evil 7" among the worst in video games, noting that "the buffed and macho man's design" was replaced into "normal looking guy".


title: Chris Redfield

text: Chris has often been recognized for his sex appeal since his redesign in "Resident Evil 5". Natalie Romano of "GameZone" ranked Chris as fourth on a list of the top five "gaming gods" of 2009 for his new look, describing him as "one gorgeous hunk" with "a killer body and dreamy good-looks". "Joystick Division"s James Hawkins ranked Chris as the seventh sexiest video game character, commenting that despite Chris getting "matched up with some of the finest damsels in all of video gaming, he never comes across as sleazy" and shows loyalty to his partners. Hawkins moreover singles out Chris' "awesomely massive biceps". "Pixel Vulture"s Marco Cocomello included him in a 2016 list of the most attractive characters from recent video games, highlighting his muscular arms and abs.


title: Chris Redfield

text: Ed Nightingale of "PinkNews", an online newspaper marketed to the LGBT community, described Chris as "burly" and having arms "to thirst over". "Eurogamer"s Matt Wales, in reviewing "Resident Evil Revelations", described Chris as the "supreme beefcake". Within said game, Chris also has an unlockable outfit where he dresses as a sailor. Jason Wojnar of "TheGamer" described it as the best oufit Chris has worn throughout the franchise, describing it as "charming" and showing off his legs. While Chloi Rad described the Sailor outfit as one of the 11 weirdest alternate costumes in video games, she acknowledged that it is revealing akin to the costumes worn by female characters, further describing it as "sexy". While similarly describing it as "silly", Craig Pearson of "Rock Paper Shotgun" also found the outfit "sexy", highlighting a mod for "Resident Evil Village" that places Chris in said outfit. Trace Thurman of "Bloody Disgusting" also found Chris' Sailor outfit to be one of the "silliest" in the franchise, while recognizing that "never before has Chris looked sexier", further highlighting his shirtless Warrior outfit from "Resident Evil 5".


title: Chris Redfield

text: Near the climax of "Resident Evil 5", Chris Redfield and Sheva Alomar engage in a final confrontation against a heavily mutated Albert Wesker inside a volcano, but the duo become separated. In order for them to reunite, the player controlling Chris must engage in a button mashing sequence where Chris pushes and punches a large boulder until it falls into the lava. The scene became iconic and memorable within the "Resident Evil" series, largely due to its ridiculousness. It became the subject of memes, with fans using it to demonstrate Chris' masculinity. In "Resident Evil Village", during the boss fight with Karl Heisenberg, Karl calls Chris a "boulder-punching asshole".


title: Chris Redfield

text: Various types of merchandising have been released based on Chris. A statuette of Chris from the same game was also released in 2009 by Gaya Entertainment. A sand globe with Sheva and Chris was included among the pre-order bonuses for "Resident Evil 5". Three perfumes styled on Leon Kennedy, Chris Redfield, and Jill Valentine were produced by Capcom for Japan buyers in 2021. The publisher also released a replica of Chris' trench coat from "Resident Evil Village" the same year.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Jack David Harrison (born 20 November 1996) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger for Premier League club Leeds United. He had also represented England U21.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: He was selected as the #1 overall pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft and was rated as the second best player in MLS under the age of 24 the same year.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Harrison was born in Stoke-on-Trent and raised in Bolton, Greater Manchester where he attended Harwood Meadows Primary School and then Turton Secondary School. Harrison spent a short time at the Liverpool academy as a seven-year-old but eventually opted to attend Manchester United's academy, where he spent seven years. At age 14, Jack made the decision to leave the Manchester United academy to attend Berkshire School in Sheffield, Massachusetts, also representing their affiliated club team, Black Rock FC. In 2015, Harrison was the Gatorade National Player of the Year for high-school soccer. Harrison is one of five overseas players to move to the U.S. for high school and win Gatorade National Player of the Year on the men's side, all since 2012.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Harrison signed a National Letter of Intent to play college soccer for Wake Forest University in Winston-Salem, North Carolina. During the 2015 NCAA Division I men's soccer season, he made 22 appearances with Wake Forest, scoring eight goals, and providing 11 assists.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: In December 2015, reports emerged that New York City were attempting to claim Harrison as a homegrown player because he had played with club youth affiliate Manhattan Soccer Club for the previous three years, allowing them to sign him before the draft. However this claim was rejected by MLS, and Harrison entered the 2016 MLS SuperDraft as the youngest available player. On 14 January 2016, he was selected as the #1 overall pick in the 2016 MLS SuperDraft by Chicago Fire and traded to New York City for the #4 overall pick, Brandon Vincent, plus allocation money. Shortly after the draft it was discovered that Harrison had a fractured pelvic bone which left him on the sidelines for the first three months of his New York City career.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Harrison made his professional debut on 21 May 2016 as a 57th-minute substitute for Thomas McNamara in a 0–7 loss against New York Red Bulls at Yankee Stadium. Harrison's individual performance was described as a "silver lining" for his side. Harrison became the first teenage scorer for the club when he scored his first professional goal on his first professional start against Real Salt Lake at Yankee Stadium on 2 June. On 3 July, Harrison scored the opener in the Hudson River Derby in a man of the match performance as New York City recorded their first win over the Red Bulls. At the end of the season, Harrison was nominated for, but ultimately did not win, the MLS Rookie of the Year Award, which went to Jordan Morris of the Seattle Sounders FC. Harrison was also the runner up for the 2016 MLS Goal of the Year Award, which went to Shkëlzen Gashi of the Colorado Rapids.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: In March 2017, Harrison and NYCFC teammates Eirik Johansen and Rónald Matarrita earned U.S. green cards. Harrison scored his first goal of the new season on 1 April, in a 2–1 win over San Jose Earthquakes. On 29 April, he recorded his first professional multi-goal performance, scoring a brace to secure a 3–2 victory over Columbus Crew. Harrison also scored the game-winning opener in a 2–0 victory against New York Red Bulls to give the club its first ever win at Red Bull Arena on 24 June. Ahead of his move to Manchester City, Harrison was praised by former teammate Andrea Pirlo, who said of Harrison 'He is very young, he's fast and he is capable of playing in Europe. He's a good player.' and another former teammate Frank Lampard who said 'I think there a lot of big things to come from Jack. I like him, he's a great lad, great ability.'


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 30 January 2018, Harrison signed for Premier League side Manchester City, a partner club with his previous side New York City as part of the City Football Group, signing a contract running until the conclusion of the 2020–21 season. After Harrison's initial loan spell to Leeds United, he returned to Manchester City. Leeds were keen to sign Harrison permanently; however, it was reported that his parent club had put a £20 million valuation on him. On 1 July 2019, Harrison agreed a new one-year contract extension to his contract at Manchester City. On 27 June 2019, it was announced that Harrison was in talks with Leeds United to re-sign on another season long loan deal. City again loaned Harrison to Leeds for a third successive season with a view to make the move permanent the next year.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Immediately after signing a contract with City, Harrison was loaned out to Championship club Middlesbrough, under the management of recently appointed manager Tony Pulis. He made his first appearance for Middlesbrough on 17 February 2018, in the 83rd minute of a 1–0 loss to Cardiff City. He made 4 appearances for Middlesbrough in total, being unable to displace the regular wingers Adama Traoré and Stewart Downing.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: After taking part in Manchester City's pre-season tour of the United States, on 30 July 2018, Harrison signed for Championship side Leeds United on a season-long loan. He made his debut for Leeds in the opening game of the season on 5 August, as a substitute against his hometown club Stoke City at Elland Road in a 3–1 win. Nine days later, he made his first start in an EFL Cup match against Bolton Wanderers. Harrison made his first start in the League for Leeds on 31 August, coming into the starting lineup for the injured Pablo Hernández in a 0–0 draw against Middlesbrough. On 15 September, he scored his first goal for the club, an 89th-minute equaliser in the 1–1 draw against Millwall.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: He scored his second goal of the season on 11 January 2019 against his former New York teammate Frank Lampard's side Derby County in a 2–0 victory. In his 100th professional fixture, Harrison scored the winner in a 1–0 win (his fourth goal for 2018/19) over Sheffield Wednesday at Elland Road, the second game of the season in which he claimed the match-winner.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: During the 2018–19 Leeds United F.C. season, Harrison played 42 games in all competitions, scoring four goals. Leeds finished the regular season in third place having dropping out of the automatic promotion places with three games left after a defeat to Wigan Athletic on 19 April, Leeds qualified for the playoffs versus sixth-placed Derby County. Harrison started in both legs and gained an assist for Kemar Roofe's goal as Leeds won the first leg of the playoffs in a 1–0 win at Pride Park, to bring into a 1–0 aggregate lead into the home leg at Elland Road. However, Leeds lost 4–2 in the second leg in an encounter with Leeds down to 10 men after Gaetano Berardi was sent-off, the loss saw Derby progress 4–3 on aggregate to the final against Aston Villa.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 1 July 2019, Harrison re-signed for Leeds United on a season-long loan. As part of the deal Leeds also had the option to sign Harrison on a permanent transfer at the end of the 2019–20 season. He scored on his second debut on 4 August in Leeds' opening day 3–1 victory against Bristol City.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: For Harrison's two game-winning goals in November 2019 against Blackburn Rovers and Reading, as well as an additional goal and an assist the same month, he was nominated for the EFL Championship Player of the Month for November, losing out to eventual award-winner, Hull City's Jarrod Bowen. His fifth goal of the 2019–20 season came on 29 December 2019, in a 5–4 win at Birmingham City. Harrison ultimately helped Leeds gain promotion to the Premier League as EFL Championship champions.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 10 August 2020, it was announced that Harrison would join Leeds for a third successive season on loan, this time with a view to a permanent move, in preparation for the club's return to the Premier League. He scored his first Premier League goal for Leeds, and the club's first goal in the top flight of English football for 16 years, in their first league match of the season against Liverpool. Harrison made his 100th appearance for Leeds in a 1–0 victory against Everton on 28 November 2020 at Goodison Park in Leeds' first win at the opponent club's venue since 1990, and scored his second goal of the season in Leeds' 5–2 home win over Newcastle United on 16 December, a 30-yard top-corner "screamer" that he unleashed from just outside the Newcastle penalty area, having received the ball in his own half. Harrison scored again on 29 December 2020 in Leeds’ 5–0 win over West Bromwich Albion at The Hawthorns. On 15 May 2021, Harrison put in a man of the match performance in a 4–0 away win over Burnley.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 2 July 2021, Leeds officially announced the permanent signing of Harrison on a three year contract for a transfer fee of £11 million. He scored his first two goals of the season in a 3–0 victory over Crewe Alexandra in the second round of the EFL Cup on 24 August.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 16 January 2022, Harrison scored his first senior hat-trick, helping Leeds to a 3–2 victory over West Ham in the league.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 22 May 2022, Harrison scored a stoppage time winner in a 2–1 win against Brentford at the Brentford Community Stadium, with Leeds staying up in the Premier League as a result of the victory.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: On 1 October 2017, Harrison was called into the England U21 squad for the first time after injuries to Ruben Loftus-Cheek and Sheyi Ojo for games against Scotland and Andorra. He made his debut in the fixture against Scotland, replacing Tammy Abraham in the 88th minute. He subsequently made one other appearance for the team.


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: Harrison is a versatile left footed attacker, who plays as a winger, mainly on the left flank, he is also comfortable playing on the right side. He can also play as an attacking midfield playmaker. He is known for his pace, his dribbling ability and workrate. Former New York City teammate David Villa described Harrison, "I've spent a lot of years in this game, and he has something important that only a few players have, when he has the ball at his feet, you get the sensation something special is going to happen."


title: Jack Harrison (footballer, born 1996)

text: His former New York City manager Patrick Vieira said of Harrison, "He's a good player, technically he's really good, he understands the game, he can come and link with our No. 9, he can run behind the back four, his football brain is fantastic."


title: Hiccup

text: A hiccup (scientific name "singultus", from a Latin word meaning "to catch one's breath while sobbing"; also spelled hiccough) is an involuntary contraction (myoclonic jerk) of the diaphragm that may repeat several times per minute. The hiccup is an involuntary action involving a reflex arc. Once triggered, the reflex causes a strong contraction of the diaphragm followed about a quarter of a second later by closure of the vocal cords, which results in the "hic" sound.


title: Hiccup

text: Hiccups may occur individually, or they may occur in bouts. The rhythm of the hiccup, or the time between hiccups, tends to be relatively constant. A bout of hiccups generally resolves itself without intervention, although many home remedies are often used to attempt to shorten the duration. Medical treatment is occasionally necessary in cases of chronic hiccups.


title: Hiccup

text: Hiccups affect people of all ages, even being observed "in utero". They become less frequent with advancing age. Intractable hiccups, lasting more than a month, are more common in adults. While males and females are affected equally often, men are more likely to develop hiccups lasting more than 48 hours. Dogs may also get hiccups.


title: Hiccup

text: A hiccup consists of a single or a series of breathing diaphragm spasms, of variable spacing and duration, and a brief (less than one half second), unexpected, shoulder, abdomen, throat, or full body tremor. Hiccups may present as an audible chirp, squeak, "hupp", or if controlled, a quick inhaling gasp, sigh, or sniff. They may also present as brief but distracting or painful interruptions in normal breathing, with sudden momentary pain of the throat, chest, or abdomen.


title: Hiccup

text: Hiccups may be triggered by a number of common human conditions. In rare cases, they can be a sign of serious medical problems. In rare cases, hiccups can be the sole symptom of myocardial infarction.


title: Hiccup

text: An international respiratory research group composed of members from Canada, France, and Japan proposed that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier amphibian respiration. Amphibians such as tadpoles gulp air and water across their gills via a rather simple motor reflex akin to mammalian hiccuping. The motor pathways that enable hiccuping form early during fetal development, before the motor pathways that enable normal lung ventilation form. Thus, the hiccup is evolutionarily antecedent to modern lung respiration.


title: Hiccup

text: Additionally, this group (C. Straus et al.) points out that hiccups and amphibian gulping are inhibited by elevated CO and may be stopped by GABA receptor agonists, illustrating a possible shared physiology and evolutionary heritage. These proposals may explain why premature infants spend 2.5% of their time hiccuping, possibly gulping like amphibians, as their lungs are not yet fully formed.


title: Hiccup

text: The phylogenetic hypothesis may explain hiccups as an evolutionary remnant, held over from our amphibious ancestors. This hypothesis has been questioned because of the complexity of the mammalian hiccup reflex compared to the amphibian breathing reflex, the fact that it does not explain the reason for glottic closure, and because the very short contraction of the hiccup is unlikely to have a significant strengthening effect on the slow-twitch muscles of respiration.


title: Hiccup

text: Fetal intrauterine hiccups are of two types. The physiological type occurs prior to twenty-eight weeks after conception and tends to last five to ten minutes. These hiccups are part of fetal development and are associated with the myelination of the phrenic nerve, which primarily controls the thoracic diaphragm.


title: Hiccup

text: The phylogenetic and the burping hypotheses are not mutually exclusive. The phylogeny hypothesis could explain how the hiccup reflex might have evolved, while the "Burping Hypothesis" could explain why it would offer enough of an evolutionary advantage to persist and increase in complexity.


title: Hiccup

text: Episodes of hiccups usually last just a few minutes, doing nothing worse than annoying those affected and amusing bystanders, but prolonged attacks can be serious, with a cause difficult to diagnose. Such attacks can cause significant morbidity and even death. An episode lasting more than a few minutes is termed a bout; a bout of over 48 hours is termed persistent or protracted. Hiccups lasting longer than a month are termed intractable. In many cases, only a single hemidiaphragm, usually the left one, is affected, although both may be involved.


title: Hiccup

text: Hiccups are normally waited out, as any fit of them will usually pass quickly. Folk 'cures' for hiccups are common and varied. Hiccups are treated medically only in severe and persistent (termed "intractable") cases.


title: Hiccup

text: Numerous medical remedies exist but no particular treatment is known to be especially effective, generally because of a lack of high-quality evidence. Many drugs have been used, such as baclofen, chlorpromazine, metoclopramide, gabapentin, and various proton-pump inhibitors. Hiccups that are secondary to some other cause, like gastroesophageal reflux disease or esophageal webs, are dealt with by treating the underlying disorder. The phrenic nerve can be blocked temporarily with injection of 0.5% procaine, or permanently with bilateral phrenicotomy or other forms of surgical destruction. Even this rather drastic treatment does not cure some cases, however.


title: Hiccup

text: Haloperidol, metoclopramide, and chlorpromazine are used in cases of intractable hiccups. Effective treatment with sedatives often requires a dose that renders the person either unconscious or highly lethargic. Hence, medicating with sedatives is only appropriate short-term, as the affected individual cannot continue with normal life activities while under their effect.


title: Hiccup

text: A vagus nerve stimulator has been used with an intractable case of hiccups. "It sends rhythmic bursts of electricity to the brain by way of the vagus nerve, which passes through the neck. The Food and Drug Administration approved the vagus nerve stimulator in 1997 as a way to control seizures in some patients with epilepsy."


title: Hiccup

text: There are many superstitious and folk remedies for hiccups, including headstanding, drinking a glass of water upside-down, being frightened by someone, breathing into a bag, eating a large spoonful of peanut butter and placing sugar on or under the tongue. Infants rarely hiccup in feeding position, and one trick that works well is drinking water slowly in 45-degree laying position. It is also possible to mentally meditate and relax the muscles causing the hiccup and thus stop the hiccup.


title: Hiccup

text: Acupressure, either through actual function or placebo effect, may cure hiccups in some people. For example, one technique is to relax the chest and shoulders and find the deepest points of the indentations directly below the protrusions of the collarbones. The index or middle fingers are inserted into the indents and pressed firmly for sixty seconds as long, deep breaths are taken.


title: Hiccup

text: A simple treatment involves increasing the partial pressure of CO and inhibiting diaphragm activity by holding one's breath or rebreathing into a paper bag. Other potential remedies suggested by NHS Choices include pulling the knees up to the chest and leaning forward, sipping ice-cold water and swallowing some granulated sugar.


title: Hiccup

text: Drinking through a straw with the ears plugged is a folk remedy that can be successful. In 2021 a scientific tool with a similar basis was tested on 249 hiccups subjects; the results were published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA). This device is named FISST (Forced Inspiratory Suction and Swallow Tool) and branded as "HiccAway". This study supports the use of FISST as an option to stop transient hiccups, with more than 90% of participants reporting better results than home remedies. HiccAway stops hiccups by forceful suction that is being generated by diaphragm contraction (phrenic nerve activity), followed by swallowing the water, which requires epiglottis closure.


title: Hiccup

text: The word "hiccup" itself was created through imitation. The alternative spelling of "hiccough" results from the association with the word cough.


title: Hiccup

text: In Baltic, German, Hungarian, Indian, Romanian, Slavic, Turkish, Greek, Albanian and among some Tribes in Kenya, for example the Luos folklore, it is said that hiccups occur when the person experiencing them is being talked about by someone not present.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: Power Rangers S.P.D. is the thirteenth season of the television series, "Power Rangers", and is based on the 28th Super Sentai series "Tokusou Sentai Dekaranger". The season shares its title with the Korean dub of "Dekaranger" in South Korea, whose logo is similar to the American series. The initials in the title stand for "Space Patrol Delta"; in "Dekaranger", it stood for "Special Police Dekaranger", and in the South Korean dub of "Dekaranger", it stood for "Special Police Delta". The season debuted on February 5, 2005 as part of Jetix, originally airing on ABC Family; beginning with "Messenger, Part 2", the series moved to Toon Disney.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: A Japanese dub of "S.P.D." started airing on Toei's digital television channel in Japan starting in August 2011, with two DVD volumes released on August 5. It features the original "Dekaranger" cast members dubbing over the voices of their American counterparts (with the exception of Mako Ishino, who is the series' narrator rather than voicing her character's counterpart).


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: The story takes place in the year 2025, 21 years after the events of the previous season when Earth has welcomed alien beings to live peacefully with the human race. However, peace is short-lived as the planet-conquering Troobian Empire and its leader Emperor Gruumm turns its destructive attention to Earth. When the Earth's first line of defense, the Space Patrol Delta A-Squad mysteriously vanishes without a trace, the protection of the planet falls to their replacements: B-Squad Rangers Schuyler "Sky" Tate, Bridge Carson and Sydney "Syd" Drew, under the guidance of their dog-like alien commander, Anubis "Doggie" Cruger. When reformed thieves Jack Landors and Elizabeth "Z" Delgado join the team as the Red and Yellow S.P.D Rangers, tensions threaten to tear them apart. With the alien threat growing stronger every moment, the Rangers must put aside their differences and go into action as one.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: During B-Squad's attempts to hold off Gruumm's forces, including pictomancer Mora and bat-like Broodwing, the team discovers that Cruger used to be a Ranger himself, but fled to Earth and swore off his Ranger duties after failing to protect his home planet and the apparent death of his wife Isinia; however, attacks by old enemies reveal that Isinia is actually alive and in Gruumm's clutches, forcing him to return to active status as the Shadow Ranger. They are later joined by the Omega Ranger, a future version of a kid they saved sent back in order to prevent B-Squad's destruction from having a negative effect on his time.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: Things come to a head when A-Squad returns and reveals they had not disappeared but in fact defected upon believing that fighting against Gruumm's forces was a losing battle, resulting in both Cruger and B-Squad being captured, though they quickly escape. As B-Squad subdue their rogue teammates and route the Troobian's invasion, Cruger attacks Gruumm and rescues Isinia. However, Gruumm survives his army's destruction, leading to a final battle between him and Cruger and his arrest. Afterwards, Jack, having becoming disillusioned by the direction his life is going as a Ranger, abruptly quits the team, prompting Cruger to promote Sky as the replacement Red Ranger.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: There was one game produced for the "Space Patrol Delta" series, a side-scroller on the Game Boy Advance by THQ. The 6 rangers fight minor enemies until they encounter the main boss. There are racing levels which involve piloting the Red, Yellow, or Pink Delta Runners, a Space Invaders style targeting game with the Green Delta Runner, a racing level involving R.I.C. (the Rangers' robotic dog), and Megazord battle levels.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: A new monthly comic strip based on the series appeared in every issue of Jetix Magazine in the UK in 2005. Jetix Magazine is the official magazine of Jetix, the channel that showed "S.P.D." in the UK in 2006. The strip was the first Power Rangers strip to be written by Transformers writer Simon Furman, collaborating for the first time on the PR strip with equally popular TF artist Andrew Wildman, who had previously done artwork for other Power Rangers strips under Jetix Magazines' previous banner of Fox Kids' Wicked.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: During the strip, a running subplot involving a rogue Krybot who had become self-aware and rebelled against Grumm gradually unfolded, he would resurface to warn SPD of Grumm's invasion attempt in the final story and supply Jack with a device that once inserted on the Terror, would incapacitate the Krybot fleet.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: The strip ended with its own conclusion to the SPD series, the first time any comic strip version of Power Rangers has done a different take on a PR finale. In the strip, A-Squad is brainwashed instead of corrupted and turn against their superiors. The B-Squad regulars deal with them and help Cruger defeat and overcome both Grumm and Omni, before being promoted to A-Squad status.


title: Power Rangers S.P.D.

text: In 2018, the SPD Rangers appeared in Boom! Studios's "Shattered Grid", a crossover event between teams from all eras commemorating the 25th anniversary of the original television series. It was published in "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" #25-30 and various tie-ins. A "Power Rangers SPD" story by Caleb Goellner and Patrick Mulholland was published in "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers 2018 Annual" as part of the crossover.


title: Kim Pegula

text: Kim S. Pegula (née Kerr; born June 7, 1969) is an American businesswoman and with her husband Terry Pegula, one of the principal owners of the Buffalo Bills of the National Football League. She is also the president of Pegula Sports and Entertainment, the holding company that manages the Bills as well as the Buffalo Sabres of the National Hockey League; the Buffalo Bandits and Rochester Knighthawks of the National Lacrosse League; and the Rochester Americans of the American Hockey League. The company also manages the LECOM Harborcenter and Black River Entertainment, an independent record label based in Nashville. By extension she is the president of several teams under Pegula Sports and Entertainment, including the Bills and Sabres. Pegula, Shahid Khan, and Zygi Wilf are the only three NFL team owners who were not born in the United States.


title: Kim Pegula

text: Pegula was born in Seoul, South Korea. She has no recollection of her birth name, no record of her biological parents nor any account of her life in South Korea, only her date of birth, a secondhand account of being abandoned in the streets of Seoul at the age of five, and a DNA test that showed that one of her parents was likely Japanese. She was brought to the United States and was adopted by Ralph and Marilyn Kerr on December 30, 1974. She grew up with her adopted family in Fairport, New York, a suburb of Rochester. Pegula participated in cheerleading and the school band, playing bassoon. After following her brothers' footsteps in enrolling at Houghton College, she and a roommate made plans to venture to Alaska to work near a fishing camp upon hearing there was money to be made. Unable to afford the fare, she applied for work at a restaurant in Belfast, New York; while interviewing for a waitressing gig, she met Terry Pegula who was dining at the restaurant. In 1991, Terry offered her a job at his natural gas company and they eventually entered a relationship; they married in 1993.


title: Kim Pegula

text: Pegula was involved in her husband's company, East Resources, from 1991 to its sale in 2010. Shortly afterwards the Pegulas purchased the Buffalo Sabres and its two affiliated teams, the Buffalo Bandits of the NLL and the Rochester Americans of the AHL. She influenced the planning and construction of LECOM Harborcenter, a mixed-use development next to the Sabres' arena and part of the revitalization of downtown Buffalo. After the death of longtime Buffalo Bills owner Ralph Wilson, the football team was put up for sale. The Pegulas competed with real-estate mogul (and future U.S. president) Donald Trump and also a consortium of rock singer Jon Bon Jovi and key people in Toronto-based Maple Leaf Sports and Entertainment for the team. The Pegulas won with an NFL record $1.4 billion all-cash bid.


title: Kim Pegula

text: Following the acquisition Kim and Terry Pegula reorganized their sports franchises, along with record label Black River Entertainment into a new company, Pegula Sports and Entertainment. She helped coin the term "One Buffalo" and is also involved with the NFL Foundation. The Pegulas have also donated significant amounts of money to their alma maters, including $12 million to Houghton College, which allowed it to build a new athletics complex and transition to NCAA Division III. A fan of desserts, Pegula helped formulate "One Buffalo" branded premium ice cream and cupcake products. Since its formation Pegula Sports and Entertainment, with Kim Pegula as its president and CEO, has made several acquisitions of property in Buffalo and launched a regional sports network, MSG Western New York. The company also acquired two more professional sports teams, the Buffalo Beauts of the National Women's Hockey League (until divesting of the team a year later) and the Rochester Knighthawks of the National Lacrosse League.


title: Kim Pegula

text: In March 2018, Pegula was named to the National Football League’s business ventures committee, replacing Russ Brandon. Pegula is on the NFL’s Super Bowl and major-event advisory committee.


title: Kim Pegula

text: On May 1, 2018, after the abrupt resignation of Brandon as president of Pegula Sports and Entertainment as well as the Bills and Sabres, Pegula was installed as president over all of the Pegula Sports and Entertainment properties. She became the first female team president in the history of both the NFL and NHL when she became president of the Bills and Sabres franchises. Pegula is also one of a handful of female NFL owners, including Sheila Ford Hamp (Detroit Lions), Virginia Halas McCaskey (Chicago Bears), Amy Adams Strunk (Tennessee Titans), Carol Davis (Las Vegas Raiders), Denise DeBartolo York (San Francisco 49ers), Gayle Benson (New Orleans Saints), Janice McNair (Houston Texans), Jody Allen (Seattle Seahawks) and Dee Haslam (Cleveland Browns).


title: Kim Pegula

text: Terry and Kim Pegula have three children, Kelly, Matthew, and Jessica, who is a professional tennis player. Kim has two stepchildren, Michael and Laura, from Terry's previous marriage. The Pegulas have homes in East Aurora, New York, and Boca Raton, Florida.


title: Kim Pegula

text: In June 2022, Pegula was hospitalized in an intensive care unit in Boca Raton for reasons the family would not disclose. Pegula's daughter Jessica later stated that her mother's condition had improved by the time of Jessica's appearance at the 2022 Wimbledon Championships and was rehabilitating.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The Bombardier CRJ100 and CRJ200 (previously Canadair CRJ100 and CRJ200) is a regional jet designed and manufactured by Bombardier Aerospace between 1991 and 2006, the first of the Bombardier CRJ family.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The "Canadair Regional Jet" (CRJ) program, derived from the Challenger 600 business jet, was launched in early 1989. The first CRJ100 prototype made its maiden flight on 10 May 1991. Canada's first jet airliner to enter commercial service was introduced by launch customer Lufthansa in 1992.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The 50 seat aircraft is powered by two GE CF34 turbofans, mounted on the rear fuselage. The CRJ200 has more efficient turbofan engines for lower fuel consumption, increased cruise altitude and speed. During the late 1990s, it was stretched into the CRJ700 series. Production ended in 2006 but many remain in service. In 2020, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries purchased the entire CRJ line from Bombardier, and will continue support for the aircraft.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The CRJ family has its origins in the design of the earlier Canadair Challenger business jet. During the late 1970s, the relatively wide fuselage of the Challenger, which could seat a pair of passengers on each side of a central aisle, was observed by some Canadair officials to suggest that it would be somewhat straightforward to produce a stretch of the aircraft for the purpose of accommodating more seats. Accordingly, in 1980, the company publicised its proposal for an expanded model of the aircraft, designated as the "Challenger 610E", which would have had seating for an additional 24 passengers. However, such a lengthening did not occur as a result of work on the program being terminated during the following year.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: Despite the cancellation of the 610E, neither the concept or general interest in the development of an enlarged derivative had disappeared. During 1987, the year following Canadair's sale to Bombardier, design studies commenced into options for producing a substantially more ambitious stretched configuration of the Challenger.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: Over routes, the faster climb and cruise gave it a one third time advantage to 50 min compared to similarly sized turboprops.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The higher cost per seat of the RJ, of $270,000 each compared to $186,600, would be balanced by its higher productivity.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: During the spring of 1989, these investigations directly led to the formal launch of the "Canadair Regional Jet" program; it had been decided to retain the "Canadair" name despite the firm's purchase by Bombardier. The program was launched with the aim of selling at least 400 aircraft.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The Regional Jet program benefitted from the support of the Canadian government. Reportedly, the break even point for the type was considered to be relatively low amongst its contemporaries; it has been speculated that the bankruptcy and purchase of Learjet by Bombardier during 1990 had allowed for the development costs of the Challenger to be written off, which in turn had the impact of substantially lowering the cost of the Regional Jet program. In addition, the projected operating costs of the budding airliner was lower than some of its turboprop-powered rivals, including the Fokker 50, the ATR-42, and the Bombardier Dash 8-300.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: On 10 May 1991, the first of three development aircraft for the initial "CRJ100" variant performed its first flight from Montréal–Pierre Elliott Trudeau International Airport, starting a 1,000h flight test program with three prototypes. During the following year, the type was awarded airworthiness certification; on 29 October 1992, initial deliveries to customers occurred later on that year. On 26 July 1993, the first prototype (C-FCRJ) was lost in a spin mishap near the Bombardier test center in Wichita, Kansas.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The initial model was followed by the "CRJ100 ER" subvariant, featuring 20 percent greater range, and the "CRJ100 LR" subvariant, which possessed 40 percent more range than the standard CRJ100. This sub-variant was developed with the purpose of more closely conforming with the requirements of both corporate and executive operators. A cargo door retrofit has been developed for the installation of former passenger-configured aircraft to extend the useful life of early-built CRJ100s.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The CRJ200 is almost identical to the earlier CRJ100 model, except for the adoption of more efficient engines; these new engines have been attributed as having provided the CRJ200 with several improvements in performance, such as lower fuel consumption, as well as an increase in cruise altitude and cruise speed. Bombardier had specifically designed the new model to provide better performance and efficiencies than any of its nearest competitors at that time. There is also a CRJ200 freighter version, designated as the "CRJ200 PF" ("Package Freighter"), which was developed in cooperation with Cascade Aerospace on the request of Scandinavian operator West Air Sweden.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: During 1995, Bombardier embarked on design studies and a detailed market evaluation on the topic of producing a substantially enlarged derivative of the CRJ200. These efforts quickly transitioned into a $450 million program to produce such an aircraft, which was produced as the CRJ700. Many areas of commonality, such as the design of the cockpit, were retained between the CRJ200 and its newer, larger brethren, but various new systems and structures, such as an all-new wing, were incorporated into the design as well. Capable of seating up to 70 passengers, the first of these aircraft was delivered during 2001; the CRJ700 was soon joined by the even larger "CRJ900" and "CRJ1000" models.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: On June 1, 2020, the entire Bombardier CRJ regional airliner family was sold to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI), which plans to continue manufacturing spare parts and providing maintenance support.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The Bombardier CRJ100 and CRJ200 are a family of jet-propelled regional airliners, based upon the design of the Challenger CL-600 business jet. Roughly, the CL-600 was stretched 5.92 metres (19 feet 5 inches), which was achieved using fuselage plugs fore and aft of the wing, and was matched with the adoption of a reinforced and modified wing, an expanded fuel capacity, improved landing gear to handle the higher weights, and an additional pair of emergency exit doors. When installed in a typical seating configuration, the CRJ100 would accommodate 50 passengers; while in a maximum configuration, 52 passengers could be accommodated. It was powered by a pair of General Electric CF34-3A1 turbofan engines, each of which was capable of generating up to 41.0 kN (4,180 kgp / 9,220 lbf) of thrust. The CRJ100 featured a Collins-built ProLine 4 avionics suite, including a weather radar.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: German airline Lufthansa CityLine, a subsidiary of the nations flag carrier operator Lufthansa, served as the launch customer for the CRJ100. Throughout the type's production life, it continued to be a major customer of the CRJ series. During 2001, following Lufthansa's acquisition of 25 per cent of regional airliner Eurowings, the airline ordered 15 CRJ200s with options for 30 more as part of a strategic move towards fleet commonality with Lufthansa Skyline.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: During the airliner's first 100 days of operational service, the CRJ100 performed a total of 1,237 flights, during which it reportedly achieved a 99% dispatch reliability while its fuel economy was reportedly 8% superior to the originally projected figure. According to aviation author Dean Roberts, the CRJ100 had benefitted greatly from an industry-wide shift towards hub-and-spoke networks in the United States, which had resulted from the Airline Deregulation Act of 1978. Considerable demand across the North American market was experienced by both the CRJ100 and the CRJ200. The smaller size of the regional jets meant than, unlike traditional narrowbody jets, they could be used at the majority of secondary airports and avoid traditional hubs.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: Soon after the entry to service of the longer range CRJ200, the model proved to be a commercial success as well. According to aerospace publication Flight International, 1999 was a record year in terms of aircraft deliveries by Bombardier. Writing around this time, authors Bijan Vasigh, Reza Taleghani, and Darryl Jenkins declared that "the CRJ program [is] one of the most successful regional aircraft programs in the world". By the end of 2000, perhaps the most significant operators of the CRJ100 included the American airline Comair, German short-haul operator Lufthansa Cityline, and French regional airline Brit Air; of its CRJ200 sibling, key operators by this time included Delta Connection, SkyWest Airlines, and Independence Air.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: During early 1999, Bombardier announced the biggest ever order in the company's history; issued by Northwest Airlines, it involved a firm order for 54 CRJ200LRs along with options for a further 70 aircraft for $1.3 billion. In response to customer demand, the company stated that it was to increase production at its Montreal assembly line from 75 to 90 aircraft per year before the end of the year. By 2001, a total of 516 airliners were reportedly on order, of which 272 had been delivered. To address the backlog of nearly 250 aircraft, Bombardier worked to increase the rate of production from 9.5 regional jets per month to 12.5 regional jets. The boom in regional jets did not exclusively benefit the CRJ series; simultaneously, Brazilian manufacturer and rival firm Embraer also worked to increase their output of regional jets.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: For a time, the CRJ series was viewed by Bombardier as a means of entering new markets; around the turn of the century, considerable sales focus to the Asia Pacific region was implemented, leading to several sales of regional jets to airlines in nations such as China and Japan. The company's sales strategy was augmented by the availability of financing from the Canadian government, via which means customers of the CRJ would sometimes partially-finance their purchase. In order to appropriately provide services to the diverse customers for the CRJ series, Bombardier invested in a series of support facilities throughout the world.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The American operator Delta Connection was a major source of orders for the CRJ200 early on; during April 2000, it was announced that the airline had placed a $10 billion order for 500 CRJs to meet its needs and its subsidiaries, these were a combination of CRJ200s and CRJ700s. According to Flight International, during early 2000, Delta was operating more regional jets than any other North American airline. By June 2003, the airliner operated a fleet of 223 CRJs and was ordering yet more of the type. Delta's influence on the fortunes of the CRJ program was significant, during late 2004, when Bombardier announced an incoming cut in the type's production rate, amongst the reasons given was a delay in anticipated orders for additional CRJ200s.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: The American holding company Pinnacle Airlines Corporation operated a fleet of CRJ200s. Outfitted with a 44-seat configuration, designated as the "CRJ440", these aircraft had closets in the forward areas of the passenger cabin, though these were later converted to 50 seat airplanes. These modifications were designed to allow operations under their major airline contract "scope clause" which restricted major airlines' connection carriers from operating equipment carrying 50 or more passengers to guard against usurpation of Air Line Pilots Association and Allied Pilots Association pilots' union contract; these scope clauses have been since relaxed when union contracts were re-written between unions and the three remaining U.S. legacy carriers. Similarly, Comair's fleet of 40-seat CRJ200s were sold at a discounted price to discourage Comair from purchasing the less expensive and smaller Embraer 135.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: During the middle of the 2000s, Bombardier's commercial aircraft division had incurred persistent operational losses, which motivated management to initiate restructuring and cost-cutting efforts. As such, during 2004, repeated cuts to the production rate of the CRJ100/200 series were announced in conjunction with declining market forecasts, which had the effect of narrowing the division's losses. The company soon adopted a new market strategy, prioritising the newer and larger CRJ700 and its direct derivatives over other products, such as its turboprop range and the older CRJ100 and CRJ200 models that had spawned them. During early 2006, Bombardier terminated its activity on the CRJ program and the production line was closed down; according to Pierre Beaudoin, president and chief operating officer at Bombardier Aerospace, the decision was difficult but necessary for profitability.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: While no further CRJ100 or CRJ200 jet liners have been constructed since 2006, over the years since then, various technologies and innovations have been retrofitted onto examples of the type, which have largely remained in commercial service. Some of the operators of the larger versions, such as the CRJ700, have undertaken work to install Wi-Fi capabilities on board the type; however, to date, no airlines operating the CRJ200/100 had chosen to implement an onboard Wi-Fi compatibility.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: By 2013, fuel costs have made smaller 50-seat regional jets uneconomical on many US routes, accelerating the retirement of young CRJ100/200s, and lowering the ERJ-135/145 values. The last aircraft delivered had a value of $22 million, falling to $2 million 13 years later due to their operator concentration in the US.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: Airlines are replacing their CRJs with more modern and larger airliners like the Embraer E-Jet and Bombardier CRJ700 series.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: Several models of the CRJ have been produced, ranging in capacity from 40 to 50 passengers. The Regional Jet designations are marketing names and the official designation is CL-600-2B19.


title: Bombardier CRJ100/200

text: 1021 CRJ100/200 have been ordered and delivered: 226 CRJ100s, 709 CRJ200s and 86 CRJ440s. In July 2018, 498 CRJ100/200 were in airline service: 407 in North America, 58 in Europe, 16 in Africa, 16 in Asia Pacific and 1 in the Middle East.


title: Connie Sellecca

text: Connie Sellecca (born Concetta Sellecchia; May 25, 1955) is an American actress, producer, and former model, best known for her roles on the television series "Flying High", "The Greatest American Hero", and "Hotel", for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 1987.


title: Connie Sellecca

text: Sellecca was born Concetta Sellecchia in The Bronx, New York to Italian parents, Primo Sellecchia and Marianna (Acampora) Sellecchia, who were married from 1952 until Primo's death in 1987. At age 12, she moved to Pomona, Rockland County, New York, and attended Pomona Junior High School. While attending Ramapo High School in Spring Valley, she first became interested in the performing arts. Although she attended Boston College, she withdrew to pursue a career in acting.


title: Connie Sellecca

text: Sellecca first worked as a fashion model before making her acting debut in the 1978 television film "The Bermuda Depths". She starred in the short-lived CBS comedy-drama series, "Flying High" about the misadventures of three airline flight attendants from 1978 to 1979. In 1979, she starred in "," a television movie starring Reb Brown in the title role, and slasher film "She's Dressed to Kill" alongside Jessica Walter. In 1980, she starred in the another short-lived series, "Beyond Westworld".


title: Connie Sellecca

text: From 1981 to 1983, Sellecca starred as lawyer Pam Davidson in the ABC comedy drama series, "The Greatest American Hero", which starred William Katt and Robert Culp. After "Hero" ended, she was released from her contract in time to audition for the part of promotions manager Christine Francis on the another ABC television drama "Hotel", which starred James Brolin. She appeared in the series from 1983 to 1988. For her performance, she received Golden Globe Award nomination for Best Actress – Television Series Drama in 1987. In 1989, she starred in the high-rated miniseries "Brotherhood of the Rose".


title: Connie Sellecca

text: Sellecca played leading roles in a number of made-for-television films in 1980s and 1990s. From 1991 to 1992, she starred along with Greg Evigan in the CBS crime drama series "P.S. I Luv U". From 1993 to 1994, she starred in the CBS drama series, "Second Chances". Sellecca worked in two films in 2000s, "I Saw Mommy Kissing Santa Claus" (2001), and "The Wild Stallion" in 2009.


title: Connie Sellecca

text: Sellecca met Howard Platt in 1978, when they starred together on the television series "Flying High"; the couple became engaged, and moved in together when the show's filming schedule cancelled their original December 1978 wedding date. The relationship ended before any renewed wedding date could take place. Sellecca was married to actor Gil Gerard during the 1980s; they have a son, Gib. On April 4, 1992, she married pianist and then-"Entertainment Tonight" host John Tesh. They have one daughter, Prima. Like Tesh, Sellecca is a Christian.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: The Year of the Four Emperors, AD 69, was the first civil war of the Roman Empire, during which four emperors ruled in succession: Galba, Otho, Vitellius, and Vespasian. It is considered an important interval, marking the transition from the Julio-Claudians, the first imperial dynasty, to the Flavian dynasty. The period witnessed several rebellions and claimants, with shifting allegiances and widespread turmoil in Rome and the provinces.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: In 68, Vindex, legate of Gallia Lugdunensis, revolted against Nero and encouraged Galba, governor of Hispania, to claim the Empire. The latter was acclaimed emperor by his legion in early April. He was notably supported by Otho, legate of Lusitania. Soon after, the legate of a legion in Africa, Clodius Macer, also rebelled against Nero. Vindex was defeated by the Rhine legions at the Battle of Vesontio, but they too rebelled against Nero. Finally, on 9 June 68, Nero committed suicide after being declared a public enemy by the Senate, which made Galba the new emperor. However, Galba was unable to establish his authority over the Empire, as several of his supporters were disappointed by his lack of gratitude. He especially adopted Piso Licinianus as heir (Galba was childless and elderly), instead of Otho, who, it had widely been assumed, would be chosen. Angered by this disgrace, Otho murdered Galba on 15 January with the help of the Praetorian Guard, and became emperor instead. Unlike Galba he rapidly earned considerable popularity, notably by bestowing favours and emulating Nero's successful early years.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Otho still had to face another claimant, Vitellius, who had been acclaimed by the legions of the Rhine on 1 January 69. Vitellius won the First Battle of Bedriacum on 14 April. Otho committed suicide the next day, and Vitellius was appointed emperor by the Senate on 19 April. The new emperor had little support outside of his veterans from the German legions though. When Vespasian, legate of Syria, made his bid known, he received the allegiance of the legions of the Danube as well as many former supporters of Galba and Otho. After his acclamation in Alexandria on 1 July, Vespasian sent his friend Mucianus with a part of his army to fight Vitellius, but the Danubian legions commanded by Antonius Primus had not waited for Mucianus and defeated Vitellius' legions at the Second Battle of Bedriacum on 24 October. Vitellius was subsequently killed by a mob on 20 December. Mucianus arrived several days after and swiftly secured Vespasian's position in Rome (Primus had acted independently from him).


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: The death of Vitellius did not end the civil war, as the Rhine legions still rejected the rule of Vespasian and the new Flavian dynasty. Some Batavi provincials led by Civilis had fought them since Vitellius' acclamation. In 70, the new regime finally won the legions' surrender after negotiations, mainly because they lacked an alternative to Vespasian. Later, the new regime distorted the events—especially through the writings of the historian Tacitus—in order to remove the embarrassment of having relied on the Batavi to fight Roman legions. The Batavi were therefore said to have revolted against Rome, and the events dubbed the Revolt of the Batavi.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: The end of Nero's reign (54–68) was marked by political trials and plots, such as the Pisonian conspiracy in 65, showing the disenchantment of the senatorial elite towards the Emperor. In the winter of 67–68, Gaius Julius Vindex, the legate of Gallia Lugdunensis, looked for support among other governors and administrators in order to start a revolt against Nero. Aware of his relatively humble origins, Vindex did not covet the Empire for himself, nor did he name a candidate, probably to maximise his chances of finding someone interested. Plutarch tells that the people reached by Vindex forwarded his letters to Nero, except one: his southern neighbour Servius Sulpicius Galba, the governor of Hispania Tarraconensis, the largest Spanish province. In mid-March 68, Vindex proceeded with his plan and raised an army composed of Gallic tribesmen, which nevertheless cut short his attempts to win over the officers of the seven legions posted on the Rhine, whose soldiers would not accept fighting alongside Gauls. As a result, Vindex turned towards Galba, the only man who had not denounced him to Nero.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: In early April 68, Galba accepted Vindex's proposition, and was acclaimed emperor in Carthago Nova (now Cartagena, Spain). He rapidly received support from officials of Baetica and Lusitania, the other two Iberian provinces, who provided him the money to raise the VII Galbiana, a second legion, in addition to the VI Victrix based in Galba's province.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Meanwhile, Vindex had to besiege his own former capital, Lugdunum, as its citizens were particularly devoted to Nero, which led Lucius Verginius Rufus, the governor of Germania Superior, to march on Vindex. He besieged Vesontio, capital of the Sequani, a tribe that supported Vindex, who therefore had to leave the siege of Lugdunum to come to their aid. Before Vesontio, Verginius and Vindex had a talk, during which they agreed to unite their forces against Nero. However, Verginius' legions ignored the agreement and charged the unprepared troops of Vindex, of whom up to 20,000 died, while Vindex committed suicide. Soon after, the Rhine legions proclaimed Verginius emperor, but he refused to accept. The soldiers were motivated by their hatred of Galba, as they had not forgotten his term as governor of Germania Superior in 39–41, during which he harshly repressed the legions that had supported the rebellion of Lentulus Gaetilicus in 39.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: In Rome, Nero was unable to organise resistance to Galba's claim and was even thinking about fleeing to Egypt. The decisive move came from Nymphidius Sabinus, deputy prefect of the Praetorian Guard, who convinced his men to abandon Nero, by promising that Galba would give each of them 30,000 sesterces (equivalent to 10 years of wages), while he expected to be rewarded by the new emperor. On 9 June 68, the Senate declared Nero enemy of the state and proclaimed Galba emperor, which prompted Nero's suicide.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Galba was still in Spain when he received the news he had become emperor. He took at least a month to secure the Spanish provinces before leaving. He appointed Cluvius Rufus as his replacement in his own province, but also murdered several of his opponents there, including Obultronius Sabinus, the probable governor of Baetica. Escorted by the VII Galbiana, he left for Rome along the coastline, stopping at Narbo Martius. In Gaul, Galba executed Betuus Cilo, who as governor of Aquitania had fought Vindex. He also relieved Verginius Rufus from his post in Germania Superior because his acclamation by the legions could make him a dangerous rival. Meanwhile in Rome, Nymphidius Sabinus realised that Galba had no intention of rewarding him with the post of praetorian prefect he coveted. He then pretended to be an illegitimate son of Caligula and started to conspire against Galba to make himself emperor. However, he was murdered by the Praetorian Guards when he tried to read before them a speech announcing his bid for the Empire.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: During the first half of October, Galba finally completed his journey to Rome, which was described by Tacitus as "a long and bloody march", because of the officials he had murdered on his way and also for the massacre he committed on the Milvian Bridge, just before the city. In order to fight Galba, Nero had created the legion I Adiutrix from sailors of the Roman navy; when Galba arrived at Rome, the new legionaries pressed Galba to confirm their status, but he ordered his troops to charge them, killing thousands. He then accepted their request, but after they submitted to a decimation, a practice not used since Tiberius, which severely lowered the troops' morale. Galba also refused to pay the Praetorians the money promised by Nymphidius for overthrowing Nero.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Galba continued the practice set by Nero of appointing ineffectual men to the most important posts in the provinces: for example, he sent the old and disabled Hordeonius Flaccus to Germania Superior and Aulus Vitellius to Germania Inferior; the latter being mostly known at the time as a penniless glutton. In Rome, Galba considered with contempt anybody who had served under Nero. He only trusted three men who had been with him in Spain: Titus Vinius, Cornelius Laco, and Icelus, who had amassed money as Nero's protegés had, which likewise triggered popular resentment against the new emperor. Galba even turned against his first supporters, among them Aulus Caecina Alienus, former quaestor of Baetica, who had sent the money in his possession when Galba rebelled. The emperor had given him command of IV Macedonica in Germania Superior, but recalled him for embezzlement soon after.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Moreover, at the beginning of the civil year of 69 on 1 January, the legions of Germania Inferior refused to swear allegiance and obedience to Galba. On the following day, the legions acclaimed their governor Vitellius as emperor.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Hearing the news of the loss of the Rhine legions, Galba panicked. He adopted a young senator, Lucius Calpurnius Piso Licinianus, as his successor. By doing so he offended many, above all Marcus Salvius Otho, an influential and ambitious nobleman who desired the honor for himself. Otho bribed the Praetorian Guard, already very unhappy with the emperor. When Galba heard about the coup d'état, he went to the streets in an attempt to stabilize the situation. It proved a mistake, because he could not attract any supporters. Shortly afterward the Praetorian Guard killed him in the Forum, along with Lucius and impaled their heads on poles.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: On the day of Galba's murder, the Senate recognized Otho as emperor. They saluted the new emperor with relief. Although ambitious and greedy, Otho did not have a record of tyranny or cruelty and was expected to be a fair emperor. However, Otho's initial efforts to restore peace and stability were soon checked by the revelation that Vitellius had declared himself Imperator in Germania and had dispatched half of his army to march on Italy.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Backing Vitellius were the finest legions of the Empire, composed of veterans of the Germanic Wars, such as I "Germanica" and XXI "Rapax". These would prove to be the best arguments for his bid for power. Otho was not keen to begin another civil war and sent emissaries to propose a peace and convey his offer to marry Vitellius's daughter. It was too late to reason; Vitellius's generals were leading half of his army toward Italy. After a series of minor victories, Otho suffered defeat in the First Battle of Bedriacum. Rather than flee and attempt a counter-attack, Otho decided to put an end to the anarchy and committed suicide. He had been emperor for a little more than three months.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: On the news of Otho's suicide, the Senate recognized Vitellius as emperor. With this recognition, Vitellius set out for Rome; however, he faced problems from the start of his reign. The city remained very skeptical when Vitellius chose the anniversary of the Battle of the Allia (in 390 BC), a day of bad auspices according to Roman superstition, to accede to the office of "Pontifex Maximus".


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Events seemed to prove the omens right. With the throne tightly secured, Vitellius engaged in a series of banquets (Suetonius refers to three a day: morning, afternoon, and night) and triumphal parades that drove the imperial treasury close to bankruptcy. Debts quickly accrued, and moneylenders started to demand repayment. Vitellius showed his violent nature by ordering the torture and execution of those who dared to make such demands. With financial affairs in a state of calamity, Vitellius took to killing citizens who had named him as their heir, often together with any co-heirs. Moreover, he sought to rid himself of every possible rival, inviting them to the palace with promises of power, only to order their hasty assassination.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Meanwhile, the legions stationed in the African province of Egypt and the Middle Eastern provinces of Iudaea (Judea) and Syria acclaimed Vespasian as emperor. Vespasian had received a special command in Judaea from Nero in AD 67, with the task of putting down the First Jewish–Roman War. He gained the support of the governor of Syria, Gaius Licinius Mucianus. A strong force drawn from the Judaean and Syrian legions marched on Rome under the command of Mucianus. Vespasian himself travelled to Alexandria, where he was acclaimed emperor on 1 July, thereby gaining control of the vital grain supplies from Egypt. His son Titus remained in Judaea to deal with the Jewish rebellion. Before the eastern legions could reach Rome, the Danubian legions of the provinces of Raetia and Moesia also acclaimed Vespasian as emperor in August, and, led by Marcus Antonius Primus, invaded Italy. In October, the forces led by Primus won a crushing victory over Vitellius's army at the Second Battle of Bedriacum.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Surrounded by enemies, Vitellius made a last attempt to win the city to his side, distributing bribes and promises of power where needed. He tried to levy by force several allied tribes, such as the Batavians, but they refused. The Danube army was now very near Rome. Realizing the immediate threat, Vitellius made a last attempt to gain time by sending emissaries, accompanied by Vestal Virgins, to negotiate a truce and start peace talks. The following day, messengers arrived with news that the enemy was at the gates of the city. Vitellius went into hiding and prepared to flee, but decided on one last visit to the palace, where Vespasian's men caught and killed him. In seizing the capital, they burned down the temple of Jupiter.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Vespasian faced no direct threat to his imperial power after the death of Vitellius. He became the founder of the stable Flavian dynasty, which succeeded the Julio-Claudians. He died of natural causes in 79. The Flavians, each in turn, ruled from AD 69 to AD 96.


title: Year of the Four Emperors

text: Another source on the Year of the Four Emperors are "The Jewish War" and the "Antiquities of the Jews" of Josephus; while mainly focusing on the events of Palestine, these works also mention the revolts in Rome.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 8)

text: "The Vampire Diaries", an American supernatural drama, was renewed for an eighth and final season by The CW on March 11, 2016. On July 23, 2016, The CW announced that the upcoming season would be the series' last and would consist of 16 episodes. The season premiered on October 21, 2016, and concluded on March 10, 2017.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 8)

text: Filming for the season began on July 20, 2016. It was announced on July 23, 2016, that season 8 of "The Vampire Diaries" would be the series' last and co-creater Kevin Williamson would return as a showrunner. Filming for the season ended on February 8, 2017.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 8)

text: On January 26, 2017, it was announced that Nina Dobrev would return as Elena Gilbert in the series finale. At the end of the episode, "It's Been a Hell of a Ride" on February 24, 2017, it was revealed that Dobrev would reprise her role of Katherine Pierce as well.


title: The Vampire Diaries (season 8)

text: Based on 16 reviews, the eighth season holds a 100% on Rotten Tomatoes with an average rating of 8 out of 10. The site's critics' consensus reads, "Even into its eighth season, "The Vampire Diaries" exceeds genre expectations while still servicing fans with Nina Dobrev's return."


title: Fog of war

text: The fog of war () is the uncertainty in situational awareness experienced by participants in military operations. The term seeks to capture the uncertainty regarding one's own capability, adversary capability, and adversary intent during an engagement, operation, or campaign. Military forces try to reduce the fog of war through military intelligence and friendly force tracking systems. The term has become commonly used to define uncertainty mechanics in wargames.


title: Fog of war

text: The word "fog" (), but not the exact phrase, in reference to 'uncertainty in war' was introduced by the Prussian military analyst Carl von Clausewitz in his posthumously published book, "Vom Kriege" (1832), the English translation of which was published as "On War" (1873):


title: Fog of war

text: It has been pointed out that von Clausewitz does not use the exact phrase "fog of war", and also uses multiple similar metaphors, such as "twilight" and "moonlight", to describe a 'lack of clarity'. The first known use of the exact phrase in text dates to 1896 in a book titled "The Fog of War" by Sir Lonsdale Augustus Hale, where it is described as "the state of ignorance in which commanders frequently find themselves as regards the real strength and position, not only of their foes, but also of their friends."


title: Fog of war

text: The fog of war is a reality in all military conflict. Precision and certainty are unattainable goals, but modern military doctrine suggests a trade off of precision and certainty for speed and agility. Militaries employ command and control (C2) systems and doctrine to partially alleviate the fog of war.


title: Fog of war

text: The term also applies to the experience of individual soldiers in battle: often cited is the pure confusion of direction, location, and perspective on a battlefield. Officers and soldiers become separated, orders become confused and subject to revision with poor communication. Sounds and vision are limited from the perspective of the individual and may not be easily resolved, resulting in a continuing uncertainty, a perceptual "fog".


title: Fog of war

text: The fog of war has been decreasing as intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance technology is improving. In 2016, Chief of Staff of the United States Army Gen. Mark A. Milley stated that "On the future battlefield, if you stay in one place longer than two or three hours, you will be dead... With enemy drones and sensors constantly on the hunt for targets, there won't even be time for four hours' unbroken sleep."


title: Fog of war

text: Abstract and military board games sometimes try to capture the effect of the fog of war by hiding the identity of playing pieces, by keeping them face down or turned away from the opposing player (as in "Stratego") or covered (as in "Squad Leader"). Other games, such as the "Kriegspiel" chess-variant, playing pieces could be hidden from the players by using a duplicate, hidden game board.


title: Fog of war

text: Another version of fog of war emulation is used by block wargaming where, much like "Stratego", the blocks face each player, hiding their value. However, this also allows for incremental damage, where the block is rotated up to four times to indicate battle damage before the unit is eliminated from the playing field.


title: Fog of war

text: Solitaire games also by their nature attempt to recreate fog of war using random dice rolls or card draws to determine events. Complex double-blind miniature wargames, including military simulations, may make use of two identical maps or model landscapes, one or more referees providing limited intelligence to the opposing sides, participants in the roles of sub-unit leaders, and the use of radio sets or intercoms.


title: Fog of war

text: A computer's ability to effectively hide information from a player is seen as a distinct advantage over board games when simulating war. Fog of war in strategy video games refers to enemy units, and often terrain, being hidden from the player; this is lifted once the area is explored, but the information is often fully or partially re-hidden whenever the player does not have a unit in that area.


title: Fog of war

text: The earliest use of fog of war was in the 1977 game "Empire" by Walter Bright. Another early use of fog of war was the 1978 game "Tanktics" designed by Chris Crawford, which was criticized for its unreliable and "confusing" fog of war system. Crawford in 1982 suggested "limit[ing] the amount of information available to the human player" to compensate for the computer's lack of intelligence. In a 1988 "Computer Gaming World" article Dave Arneson called fog of war "one of the biggest 'plus' factors in computer simulations", while Crawford concluded, using "Tanktics" as an example, that video game fog of war systems became less "fun" the more realistic they were, leading the medium to instead use simplified systems.


title: Fog of war

text: Two large Blizzard franchises, "Warcraft" and "StarCraft", use a fog of war which only reveals terrain features and enemy units through a player's reconnaissance. Without a unit actively observing, previously revealed areas of the map are subject to a shroud through which only terrain is visible, but changes in enemy units or bases are not. This is also common in both turn-based and real-time strategy games, such as the "Close Combat" series, "Total War" series, "Age of Empires" series, , "Advance Wars" series, "Fire Emblem" series, Sid Meier's "Civilization" series, and the "Supreme Commander" series.


title: Fog of war

text: Fog of war gives players an incentive to uncover a game's world. A compulsion to reveal obscured parts of a map has been described to give a sense of exploring the unknown. Crawford said that "reasonable" uses of fog of war, such as needing to send out scouts, "not only seem natural, but ... add to the realism and excitement of the game" "Merchant Prince" displays over unexplored territory what "Computer Gaming World" described as a "renaissance-style map of dubious accuracy". In some strategy games that make use of fog of war, enemy AI may have knowledge of the positions of all other units and buildings on the map regardless, to compensate for lack of true intelligence, which players may consider as cheating if discovered. A designer may use fog of war to keep a game that has become impossible to win enjoyable, by hiding this fact from the player.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Tomb Raider is a 1996 action-adventure video game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive. It was first released on the Sega Saturn, followed shortly by versions for MS-DOS and the PlayStation. Later releases came for Mac OS (1999), Pocket PC (2002), N-Gage (2003), iOS (2013) and Android (2015). It is the debut entry in the "Tomb Raider" media franchise. The game follows archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft, who is hired by businesswoman Jacqueline Natla to find an artefact called the Scion of Atlantis. Gameplay features Lara navigating levels split into multiple areas and room complexes while fighting enemies and solving puzzles to progress.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The initial concept was created by Toby Gard, who is credited as Lara's creator and worked as lead artist on the project. Production began in 1994 and took 18 months, with a budget of £440,000. The character of Lara was based on several influences, including "Tank Girl", "Indiana Jones" and "Hard Boiled". The 3D grid-based level design, innovative for its time, was inspired by the structure of Egyptian tombs. The music was composed by Nathan McCree, who took inspiration from English classical music. Originally announced in 1995, the title went on to receive extensive press attention and heavy promotion from Eidos Interactive.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Reception of the game was very positive, with praise for its innovative 3D graphics, controls, and gameplay, and it went on to win several industry awards. The game is one of the best-selling video games for the PlayStation, with seven million units sold worldwide, and it remained the best-selling title in the "Tomb Raider" franchise until the release of the 2013 reboot. Lara Croft herself became a cultural icon, rising to prominence as one of gaming's most recognisable characters. Following the game's success, numerous sequels were released, beginning with "Tomb Raider II" in 1997. A remake set in a new continuity, "", was developed by Crystal Dynamics and released in 2007.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: "Tomb Raider" is an action-adventure video game in which the player assumes the role of archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft, who navigates through a series of ancient ruins and tombs in search of an ancient artefact. The game is split into four zones: Peru, Greece, Egypt and the lost continent of Atlantis. A training level set in Lara's home of Croft Manor can be accessed from the start menu. The game is presented in third person perspective. Lara is always visible, and the camera follows the action by focusing on Lara's shoulders by default, but the player can take manual control of the camera to get a better look at an area. The game automatically switches to a different camera view at key points, either to give the player a wider look at a new area or to add a cinematic effect. In the Sega Saturn and PlayStation versions, players save their progress in a level using Save Crystals, while in the PC versions the player can save at any point. If Lara is killed, the player must restart from a previous save.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The object of "Tomb Raider" is to guide Lara through a series of tombs and other locations in search of treasures and artefacts. On the way, she must kill dangerous animals and creatures while collecting objects and solving puzzles. The emphasis lies on exploring, solving puzzles, and navigating Lara's surroundings to complete each level. Movement in the game is varied and allows for complex interactions with the environment. In addition to standard movement using tank controls, Lara can walk, jump over gaps, shimmy along ledges, roll, and swim through bodies of water. Certain button combinations allow Lara to either perform a handstand from a hanging position or execute a swandive.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Lara has two basic stances: one with weapons drawn and one with her hands-free. When her weapons are drawn, she automatically locks on to any nearby targets. Locking onto nearby targets prevents her from performing other actions which require her hands, such as grabbing onto ledges to prevent falling. By default, she carries two pistols with infinite ammo. Additional weapons include a shotgun, dual magnums, and dual Uzis. A general action button is used to perform a wide range of movements, such as picking up items, pulling switches, firing guns, pushing or pulling blocks, and grabbing onto ledges. Items to pick up include ammo, small and large medi-packs, keys, and artefacts required to complete a stage. Any item that is collected is held onto in Lara's inventory until it is used. Throughout each stage, one or more secrets may be located. Discovering these secrets is optional, and when the player finds one a tune plays. The locations of these secrets vary in difficulty to reach. The player is usually rewarded with extra items.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Archaeologist-adventurer Lara Croft is approached by a mercenary named Larson, who is working for businesswoman Jacqueline Natla. Natla hires Lara to acquire the Scion, a mysterious artefact buried in the tomb of Qualopec within the mountains of Peru. After recovering the Scion from Qualopec's tomb, Lara is ambushed by Larson, who reveals after his defeat that she is holding merely a piece of the artefact, and Natla has sent rival treasure hunter Pierre DuPont to retrieve the other pieces. Breaking into Natla's offices to find out Pierre's whereabouts, Lara discovers a medieval monk's diary, and learns that the Scion is a powerful artefact composed of three pieces, which were divided between the three rulers of the ancient continent of Atlantis, and one of these pieces is buried alongside former Atlantean ruler Tihocan, beneath an ancient monastery, St. Francis' Folly, in Greece.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Navigating the monastery, and following several firefights with Pierre, Lara locates the tomb of Tihocan, where she finally kills Pierre and recovers the second piece of the Scion he had taken. From a mural, she learns that Tihocan unsuccessfully tried to resurrect Atlantis after a catastrophe struck the original continent. After combining both pieces of the Scion, Lara is shown a vision that reveals the third and final piece of the Scion was hidden in Egypt after the third Atlantean ruler, a traitor who used the artefact to create a breed of monsters, was captured and imprisoned by Tihocan and Qualopec. Making her way through Egypt to the lost city of Khamoon, Lara kills Larson and recovers the third Scion piece.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Emerging from the caves, Lara is ambushed by Natla and her three henchmen, who take the Scion. Lara escapes and stows away aboard Natla's yacht, which takes her to a volcanic island holding an Atlantean pyramid filled with monsters. After dispatching Natla's henchmen and making her way through the pyramid, Lara finds the Scion and sees the rest of the vision, revealing Natla to be the betrayer. Lara faces Natla, who reveals that she intends to use her army to push forward humanity's evolution, as she believes both Atlantis and current civilisation are too soft to withstand disaster. Lara decides to destroy the Scion, and Natla's attempt to stop her sends her into a crevasse. After fighting a large legless monster, Lara shoots the Scion, setting off a chain reaction that begins to destroy the pyramid. Lara kills a winged Natla and escapes the exploding island.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The initial concept for "Tomb Raider" was created by Toby Gard, who worked for Core Design, a game development studio based in Derby, England, that had established itself developing titles for home computers and Sega consoles. It was proposed by Gard to company head Jeremy Heath-Smith during a 1994 brainstorming session for game concepts for then-upcoming PlayStation console. The entire staff approved, and Heath-Smith gave Gard permission to start the project once he finished work on "BC Racers" for the Sega CD. The game concept was created before anything else, with the main hooks being its cinematic presentation and being a 3D character-driven experience.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The initial team was Gard and Paul Douglas who worked on design and pre-production for six months, before the team expanded to six people including programmers Gavin Rummery and Jason Gosling, and level designers/artists Neal Boyd and Heather Gibson. The team wanted to mix the adventuring style of "Ultima Underworld" and the 3D characters shown off in "Virtua Fighter". The development budget for the game at the time was approximately £440,000. The production atmosphere was fairly informal. Development began in 1994 and lasted eighteen months. The team endured excessive overtime and crunch during the last stages. During production, Core Design was sold to CentreGold, which in turn was purchased by Eidos Interactive in May 1996, who became publisher for the title.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: When Gard first presented the idea for the game, the concept art featured a male lead who strongly resembled Indiana Jones. Heath-Smith asked for a change for legal reasons. When Gard created the initial design document, he decided to give the player a choice of genders and created a female adventurer alongside the male character. Once he realized creating and animating two playable characters would require double the design work, he decided to slim back down to one. The female character, originally named Laura Cruz, was his favorite, so he discarded the male character before development work began. After Eidos became the game's publisher, they unsuccessfully lobbied for a selectable male lead. Speaking about his approach to the concept, Gard noted that he deliberately went against publisher trends when designing both the character and the gameplay. Laura went through several changes before the developers settled on the final version, including a name change to Lara Croft after Eidos executives in America objected to the original name. The inspirations for the character of Lara Croft included the character Tank Girl, the "Indiana Jones" series' titular lead, and the John Woo film "Hard Boiled". Lara's notably exaggerated physical proportions were a deliberate choice by Gard, as he wanted a caricatured personification of women who could be an action icon for the younger generation. Lara's movements were hand-animated and coordinated rather than created using motion capture. The reason for this was that the team wanted uniformity in her movement, which was not possible with motion capture technology of the time.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: From the game's earliest stages, the team wanted the title to involve tombs and pyramids. In the early story draft, Lara would be confronted by a rival group called the "Chaos Raiders". During the Greece levels, Lara and Pierre were to have been less hostile rivals, helping each other with puzzles in the first level. Larson evolved from an Afrikaans character called Lars Kruger, who shared a similar role in the original plot. The script itself was written by Vicky Arnold, who joined in 1995 and would work on later "Tomb Raider" titles. Gard and Douglas created the basic story draft alongside the initial game design, then Arnold turned it into a script after joining the project. It was Arnold's job to write the dialogue, and create a cohesive narrative around the locations selected by the team members. While Lara's character design and Gard's initial concept were present, much of the additional detail was worked out by Arnold.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The team kept the project deliberately simple and comparatively modest in scope. The platforming design drew extensively from "Prince of Persia", with the Doppelgänger enemy during the Atlantis section being an homage to the Shadow Prince from that game. The high number of animal enemies was meant to ground players in the world before the more fantastical elements appeared, in addition to being easier to animate and program than human enemies. The staff were also uncomfortable with Lara killing that many humans. The initial concept gave combat prominence, but as production began the focus shifted to platforming and puzzle-solving. A plan that made it into the final product was using enemy placement to shift the atmosphere from pure action-adventure to a horror-like tone. The team consciously set the story in real archaeological locations representing several cultures. Boyd and Gibson immersed themselves in literature and history about each culture for the first three areas, respectively inspired by the Inca Empire, Classical Greece and Ancient Egypt. The Greece levels were put in after planned levels in Angkor Wat, Cambodia were dropped. The Croft Manor training level was built by Gard over a weekend. Its design was based on pictures of Georgian manor houses taken from an unspecified reference book.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: The title was developed for Sega Saturn, MS-DOS personal computers (PC), and PlayStation, with all three versions in development simultaneously. Gosling led programming for the Saturn version. Douglas described the game code for each title as identical, with an additional layer of specific coding to tailor the game for each platform. While Sony Europe approved the game early on, making "Tomb Raider" one of the earliest approved third-party products for the PlayStation, Sony America initially rejected the game's concept and asked for more and better content. Douglas blamed the response on Core Design submitting "Tomb Raider" too early in production. In response the development team made several changes to the game design documentation and produced a version on Sony hardware which would lead to worldwide approval by Sony. For the Saturn version, Sega negotiated a timed exclusivity deal in Europe, meaning the Saturn version was released in that region ahead of other versions. Core Design and Sega made the deal during the last few months of development, so the team had to finish up the Saturn version six weeks earlier than they had planned, forcing them to work even longer hours.


title: Tomb Raider (1996 video game)

text: Following the release of the Saturn version, a number of bugs were discovered that affected all versions of the game; because of the timed exclusivity, the development team fixed these bugs for the PlayStation and PC versions. Two notable surviving bugs in all versions were the "corner bug", which allowed players to scale architecture by jumping repeatedly against a corner; and a bug which caused the game to not recognise the collection of a secret in the final level. In 1997 Core Design opened negotiations with Nintendo to release a Nintendo 64 version of the game and started work on the port in anticipation of the negotiations being successful. The planning took place between 1996 and 1997, with Douglas wanting to redesign the game mechanics to incorporate the platform's analogue stick controls. The team never received Nintendo 64 development kits, and the port was scrapped when Sony finalised a deal to keep subsequent "Tomb Raider" games exclusive to PlayStation until the year 2000.