title: Teen Beach Movie

text: "Teen Beach Movie" received generally favorable reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an 86% approval rating based on 7 reviews, while Metacritic reported a score of 54 based on 6 reviews. "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a C grade, saying "The good news? Two tunes in this attempt to reverse-engineer a new "High School Musical" are decent...But the rest is dull as sand." Brian Lowry from "Variety" wrote, "It’s too bad the makers didn’t do a slightly better job casting the key roles, but taken on its own terms the (overlong) 95-minute Disney Channel original plays like a brightly colored beach blanket, albeit one that’s a little rough around its sandy edges."


title: Teen Beach Movie

text: The premiere in the United Kingdom had 597,000 viewers. The United States premiere just hours later received 8.4 million viewers during its first airing and 13.5 million viewers in L+7, becoming the second-highest rated Disney Channel Original Movie. The Dance Along version on July 27, 2013, garnered 3.7 million viewers. In Canada, the movie delivered 818,000 viewers. The Australian premiere had 113,000 viewers.


title: Teen Beach Movie

text: The film originally premiered on July 19, 2013, in the United States, Canada, the UK, and Ireland on Disney Channel. It premiered on August 4, 2013, in Southeast Asia and on August 9, 2013, in Australia and New Zealand, both on Disney Channel.


title: Teen Beach Movie

text: Teen Beach Movie was released on DVD on July 16, 2013. According to The Numbers, the domestic DVD sales are $12,505,311.


title: Teen Beach Movie

text: The soundtrack album for the film was released on July 15, 2013 by Walt Disney Records. The album was the fourth best-selling soundtrack of 2013 in the United States with 407,000 copies sold for the year. The album peaked at number three on the "Billboard" 200 chart. As of July 2015, it has sold 462,000 copies in the United States.


title: Teen Beach Movie

text: On April 27, 2014, the sequel, "Teen Beach 2" was announced as slated to premiere in 2015 on Disney Channel, with production set for July 2014 in Puerto Rico. Ross Lynch, Maia Mitchell, Grace Phipps, Garrett Clayton and John DeLuca reprised their roles in the sequel. The remaining actors who portray the bikers and surfers, Jordan Fisher, Chrissie Fit, William Loftis, Kent Boyd, Jessica Lee Keller and Mollee Gray, are also confirmed to return for the sequel. The sequel revolves around the characters from "Wet Side Story" after the first film's post-credits scene, when they were transported into the real world. "Teen Beach 2" premiered June 26, 2015, with 5.8 million viewers.


title: Truth Seekers

text: Truth Seekers is a 2020 British supernatural comedy horror streaming television series created by Nick Frost, Simon Pegg, James Serafinowicz, and Nat Saunders. The series was directed by Jim Field Smith and stars Nick Frost and Simon Pegg, with Emma D'Arcy, Samson Kayo, Julian Barratt, Susan Wokoma, and Malcolm McDowell in supporting roles.


title: Truth Seekers

text: The first two episodes premiered at the CannesSeries Festival, on 10 October 2020, followed by an Amazon Prime Video release on 30 October 2020.


title: Truth Seekers

text: On 11 February 2021, Frost announced, via his Instagram page, that the show was cancelled after one series.


title: Truth Seekers

text: Gus Roberts is the number one engineer at Smyle, Britain's biggest mobile network operator and Internet service provider. In his spare time he's also a keen investigator of the paranormal. Gus is initially disappointed when his boss David partners him up with new recruit Elton John, but the two rapidly form a friendship, working together both professionally and in the paranormal, however Elton is less enthusiastic than Gus in this area. They are joined by Astrid, a young woman who is chased through a house and later a hospital by several ghosts. She escapes the hospital and runs through the countryside before meeting Gus and Elton. Also introduced are Elton's agoraphobic sister Helen, a nervous cosplayer, and Gus' grumpy father-in-law Richard.


title: Truth Seekers

text: In January 2018, it was announced that Stolen Picture was developing their first television project "Truth Seekers", a half-hour comedy-horror series about a three-person paranormal investigation team. In August 2019, Amazon Prime Video signed a full series order on "Truth Seekers". The series starred Simon Pegg and Nick Frost, alongside Emma D'Arcy, Samson Kayo, Malcolm McDowell, Susie Wokoma, and Julian Barratt. Jim Field Smith directed all 8 episodes of the first season. On 19 October 2020, executive producer and Stolen Picture CEO Miles Ketley passed away 11 days before the series premiere.


title: Truth Seekers

text: The first two episodes premiered at the CannesSeries Festival, on 10 October 2020, followed by a 30 October 2020 wide release on Amazon Prime Video. The series was canceled by Prime Video in February 2021.


title: Truth Seekers

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the series has an approval rating of 76% based on reviews from 38 critics, with an average rating of 6.89/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "It may not be as laugh-out-loud funny as Nick Frost and Simon Pegg's previous collaborations, but "Truth Seekers" is genuinely eerie, balancing out its silly sensibilities with creeping terror and a scary talented cast." On Metacritic, the series has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100 based on reviews from ten critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: The Outsider (2018) is a horror novel by the American author Stephen King. The novel was published by Scribner.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: In Flint City, Oklahoma, the mutilated and raped corpse of Frankie Peterson is found. Fingerprints and DNA at the crime scene as well as witness accounts all clearly show local sports coach Terrence Maitland as the killer, so detective Ralph Anderson orders a public arrest.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Maitland claims innocence, having been at a conference with several other teachers in Cap City at the time, which the other teachers all confirm. Footage of Maitland at the conference as well as fingerprints are found, casting confusion on the case.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: On the day of Maitland's arraignment a large crowd has gathered around the courthouse. In the chaos, Ollie Peterson, the brother of Frankie Peterson, starts shooting at Maitland, blaming him for his brother's murder and mother's subsequent heart attack. Maitland is fatally wounded before Ollie is killed by the police. In his dying words Maitland still claims innocence. Ralph Anderson is placed on administrative leave, but continues to investigate the case.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Detective Jack Hoskins, who holds a grudge against Anderson, is sent to investigate an abandoned ranch outside of town, where clothes that the murderer wore are found. Jack is embraced by a shrouded figure from behind, causing what feels like sunburn on the back of his neck. The figure reappears later in Hoskin's home, informing him that it is cancer and it can take the disease away if Hoskins does what it asks of him.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Alec Pelley, an investigator hired by Maitland's attorney Howard Gold, hires private investigator Holly Gibney. During her investigation, Holly learns of a case in which two girls were killed in a similar fashion to Frankie Peterson. All the evidence in that case pointed directly to Heath Holmes. Holmes claims that he was out of town when the two girls were killed, and upon being arrested, committed suicide.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Ralph and his wife Jeannie, Howie, Pelley, police lieutenant Yune Sablo, district attorney Bill Samuels, Marcy, and Holly meet at Howie Gold's office. Holly shows them a few minutes of a Mexican luchadora film that depicts a mysterious presence kidnapping and murdering a child, leaving evidence that points directly to one man, who expresses his innocence but is found guilty and subsequently hanged. At the hanging, the man sees the presence, called El Cuco.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Holly states how she believes El Cuco, which she refers to as an "outsider", is responsible and is able to mimic a person's appearance by absorbing their blood. Since Maitland was cut by the Outsider imitating Holmes before the murder, they realize that Claude Bolton, a witness who testified being cut by Maitland's fingernail the day of the murder, is the Outsider's next victim.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: The group deduce the Outsider is hiding in a cave and when they arrive, they are immediately fired upon by Hoskins, who's in a sniper position overlooking them after being sent there by the Outsider. Howie and Pelley are both killed and Sablo is wounded. Following a brief standoff, Ralph kills Jack Hoskins. Ralph and Holly make their way further into the cave where they are then greeted by the Outsider, who resembles a mixture of Claude and Terry Maitland.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Ralph prepares to shoot the Outsider, but is told that a gunshot could cause another cave-in, killing all of them. Instead, Holly insults the Outsider and hits him repeatedly over the head with a sock full of ball bearings when he lunges at her. The Outsider begins to disintegrate and worm-like creatures begin crawling from his body. With the Outsider appearing destroyed, Ralph and Holly exit the cave. Holly and Sablo go to the Bolton residence to get their stories straight with them, while Ralph waits with the bodies of Howie and Pelley.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: Later, DA Bill Samuels announces Terry Maitland's exoneration, alleging defective DNA samples as well as planted fingerprints, and confirming the video proof supporting Maitland's alibi. Ralph says goodbye to Holly, thanking her for telling him to keep an open mind.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: The novel was first mentioned in an interview for "USA Today" on August 7, 2017. The book cover was first revealed on January 18, 2018. An excerpt was published in the May 25, 2018, issue of "Entertainment Weekly".


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: The review aggregator website Book Marks reported that 10 of 14 critics gave "The Outsider" a "rave" review, while the remaining four expressed "positive" impressions, signifying that the novel received critical acclaim.


title: The Outsider (King novel)

text: In June 2018, it was announced that MRC and Aggregate Films had optioned the novel to be produced as a 10-part miniseries with Richard Price scripting, and executive producers Jack Bender, Jason Bateman, Michael Costigan and Marty Bowen. On December 3, 2018, it was ordered to series by HBO, starring Ben Mendelsohn as Ralph Anderson, along with Jason Bateman, Paddy Considine, Cynthia Erivo, Bill Camp, and Mare Winningham. Julianne Nicholson, Yul Vázquez, Jeremy Bobb, and Marc Menchaca are to appear as regulars, with Hettienne Park and Michael Esper set to recur.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Fitzcarraldo () is a 1982 West German epic adventure-drama film written, produced and directed by Werner Herzog, and starring Klaus Kinski as would-be rubber baron, Brian Sweeney Fitzgerald, an Irishman known in Peru as Fitzcarraldo, who is determined to transport a steamship over a steep hill to access a rich rubber territory in the Amazon Basin. The film is derived from the historic events of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fitzcarrald and his real-life feat of transporting a disassembled steamboat over the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The film had a troubled production, chronicled in the documentary "Burden of Dreams". Herzog had his crew attempt to manually haul the 320-ton steamship up a steep hill, leading to three injuries. The film's original star Jason Robards became sick halfway through filming, so Herzog hired Kinski, with whom he had previously clashed violently during production of "Aguirre, the Wrath of God", "Nosferatu the Vampyre" and "Woyzeck". Their fourth partnership fared no better. When shooting was nearly complete, the chief of the Machiguenga tribe who were used extensively as extras, asked Herzog if they should kill Kinski for him. Herzog declined.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Brian Sweeney "Fitzcarraldo" Fitzgerald is an Irishman living in Iquitos, a small city east of the Andes in the Amazon Basin in Peru in the early part of the 20th century, when the city grew exponentially during the rubber boom. He has an indomitable spirit, but is little more than a dreamer with one major failure already behind him – the bankrupted and incomplete Trans-Andean railways. A lover of opera and a great fan of the internationally known Italian tenor Enrico Caruso, he dreams of building an opera house in Iquitos.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Numerous Europeans and North African Sephardic Jewish immigrants have settled in the city at this time, bringing their cultures with them. The opera house will require considerable amounts of money, which the booming rubber industry in Peru should yield in profits. The areas in the Amazon Basin known to contain rubber trees have been parceled up by the Peruvian government and are leased to private companies for exploitation.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Fitzcarraldo explores entering the rubber business. A helpful rubber baron points out on a map the only remaining unclaimed parcel in the area. He explains that while it is located on the Ucayali River, a major tributary of the Amazon, it is cut off from the Amazon (and access to Atlantic ports) by a lengthy section of rapids. Fitzcarraldo sees that the Pachitea River, another Amazon tributary, comes within several hundred meters of the Ucayali upstream of the parcel. He plans to investigate that.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: He leases the inaccessible parcel from the government. His paramour, Molly, a successful brothel owner, funds his purchase of an old steamship (which he christens the SS "Molly Aida"). After recruiting a crew, he takes off up the Pachitea, the parallel river. This river has dangerous interior areas because of its indigenous people hostile to outsiders.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Fitzcarraldo plans to go to the closest point between the two rivers and, with the manpower of impressed natives (who are nearly enslaved by many rubber companies), physically pull his three-deck, 320-ton steamer over the muddy 40° hillside across a portage from one river to the next. Using the steamer, he will collect rubber produced on the upper Ucayali and bring it down the Pachitea and the Amazon to market at Atlantic ports.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The majority of the ship's crew, at first unaware of Fitzcarraldo's plan, abandon the expedition soon after entering indigenous territory, leaving only the captain, engineer, and cook. Impressed by Fitzcarraldo and his ship, the natives start working for him without fully understanding his goals. After great struggles, they successfully pull the ship over the mountain with a complex system of pulleys, worked by the natives and aided by the ship's anchor windlass. When the crew falls asleep after a drunken celebration, the chief of the natives severs the rope securing the ship to the shore. It floats down the river. The chief wanted to appease the river gods, who would otherwise be angered that Fitzcarraldo defied nature by circumventing them.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Though the ship traverses the Ucayali rapids without major damage, Fitzcarraldo and his crew are forced to return to Iquitos without any rubber. Despondent, Fitzcarraldo sells the ship back to the rubber baron, but first sends the captain on a last voyage. He returns with the entire cast for the first opera production, including Caruso. The entire city of Iquitos comes to the shore as Fitzcarraldo, standing on top of the ship, proudly displays the cast.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The story was inspired by the historical figure of Peruvian rubber baron Carlos Fermín Fitzcarrald. In the 1890s, Fitzcarrald arranged for the transport of a steamship across an isthmus from one river into another, but it weighed only 30 tons (rather than over 300), and was carried over in pieces to be reassembled at its destination.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: In his autobiographical film "Portrait Werner Herzog", Herzog said that he concentrated in "Fitzcarraldo" on the physical effort of transporting the ship, partly inspired by the engineering feats of ancient standing stones. The film production was an incredible ordeal, and famously involved moving a 320-ton steamship over a hill. This was filmed without the use of special effects. Herzog believed that no one had ever performed a similar feat in history, and likely never will again, calling himself "Conquistador of the Useless". Three similar-looking ships were bought for the production and used in different scenes and locations, including scenes that were shot aboard the ship while it crashed through rapids. The most violent scenes in the rapids were shot with a model of the ship. Three of the six people involved in the filming were injured during this passage.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Casting of the film was difficult. Jason Robards was originally cast in the title role, but he became ill with dysentery during early filming. After leaving for treatment, he was forbidden by his doctors to return. Herzog considered casting Jack Nicholson, or playing the role of Fitzcarraldo himself, before Klaus Kinski accepted the role. Herzog had done considerable film work with Kinski. By that point, forty percent of shooting with Robards was complete. For continuity, Herzog had to begin a total reshoot with Kinski. Mick Jagger as Fitzcarraldo's assistant Wilbur and Mario Adorf as the Ship's captain were originally cast, but due to the delays, their shooting schedule expired. Jagger parted to tour with the Rolling Stones. Herzog dropped Jagger's character from the script altogether as he reshot the film from the beginning.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Kinski displayed erratic behavior throughout the production and fought virulently with Herzog and other members of the crew. A scene from Herzog's documentary of the actor, "My Best Fiend", shows Kinski raging at production manager Walter Saxer over trivial matters, such as the quality of the food. Herzog notes that the native extras were greatly upset by the actor's behavior. Kinski claimed to feel close to them. In "My Best Fiend", Herzog says that one of the native chiefs offered in all seriousness to kill Kinski for him, but that he declined because he needed the actor to complete filming. According to Herzog, he exploited these tensions: in a scene in which the ship's crew is eating dinner while surrounded by the natives, the clamor the chief incites over Fitzcarraldo was inspired by their hatred of Kinski.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Locations used for the film include: Manaus, Brazil; Iquitos, Peru; Pongo de Mainique, Peru; an isthmus between the Urubamba and the Camisea rivers, Peru at -11.737294,-72.934542, 36 miles west of the actual historical fiction, the Isthmus of Fitzcarrald.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Herzog's first version of the story was published as "Fitzcarraldo: The Original Story" (1982) from Fjord Press (). He made alterations while writing the screenplay.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The production was also affected by the numerous injuries and deaths of several indigenous extras who were hired to work on the film as laborers, and two small plane crashes that occurred during the film's production which resulted in a number of injuries, including one case of paralysis. Another incident during the production included a local Peruvian logger who was bitten by a venomous snake, who made the dramatic decision to cut off his own foot with a chainsaw to prevent the spread of the venom, thus saving his own life.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Herzog has been accused of exploiting indigenous people in the making of the film and comparisons have been made between Herzog and Fitzcarrald himself. In 1982 Michael F. Brown, now a professor of anthropology at Williams College, claimed in the magazine "The Progressive" that while Herzog originally got along with the Aguaruna people, some of whom were hired as extras for the film and for construction, relations deteriorated when Herzog began the construction of a village on Aguaruna land. He allegedly failed to consult the tribal council and attempted to obtain protection from the local militia when the tribe turned violent. Aguaruna men burned down the film set in December 1979, reportedly careful to avoid casualties.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The soundtrack album (released in 1982) contains music by Popol Vuh, taken from the albums "Die Nacht der Seele" (1979) and "Sei still, wisse ich bin" (1981), performances by Enrico Caruso, and others. The film uses excerpts from the operas: Verdi's "Ernani", Leoncavallo's "Pagliacci" ("Ridi, Pagliaccio"), Puccini's "La bohème", Bellini's "I puritani", and from Richard Strauss' orchestral work "Death and Transfiguration".


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The film holds a 77% Fresh rating on the movie aggregate Rotten Tomatoes based on 30 reviews, with an average rating of 7.5 out of 10. The movie critic Roger Ebert gave the movie four stars in his original 1982 review; he added it to his "Great Movie" collection in 2005. Ebert compared it to films like "Apocalypse Now" and "", noting that "we are always aware both of the film, and of the making of the film" and concluding that "[t]he movie is imperfect, but transcendent".


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The film won the German Film Prize in Silver for Best Feature Film. The film was nominated for the BAFTA Award for Best Foreign Film, the Palme d'Or award of the Cannes Film Festival, and the Golden Globe Award for Best Foreign Language Film. Herzog won the award for Best Director at the 1982 Cannes Film Festival. The film was selected as the West German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 55th Academy Awards, but did not make the shortlist of nominees.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Les Blank's documentary "Burden of Dreams" (1982), filmed during the production of this drama, documents its many hardships. Blank's work contains some of the only surviving footage of Robards' and Jagger's performances in the early filming of "Fitzcarraldo." Herzog later used portions of this work in his documentaries: "Portrait Werner Herzog" (1986) and "My Best Fiend" (1999). "Burden of Dreams" has many scenes documenting the arduous transport of the ship over the mountain.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Herzog's personal diaries from the production were published in 2009 as the book "Conquest of the Useless" by Ecco Press. The book includes an epilogue with Herzog's views on the Peruvian jungle 20 years later.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: In her 1983 parody "From the Diary of Werner Herzog" in "The Boston Phoenix", Cathleen Schine describes the history of a fictitious film, "Fritz: Commuter", as "a nightmarish tale of a German businessman obsessed with bringing professional hockey to Westport, Connecticut".


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: Glen Hansard wrote a song entitled "Fitzcarraldo", which appears on The Frames' 1995 album of the same name. On their live album "Set List", Hansard says that Herzog's film inspired this song.


title: Fitzcarraldo

text: The film was referred to in the "Simpsons" episode "On a Clear Day I Can't See My Sister", in which the students are forced to pull the bus up a mountain. Üter complains, "I feel like I'm 'Fitzcarraldo'!" Nelson replies "That movie was flawed!", punching Üter in the stomach. A later episode's title, "Fatzcarraldo", referenced the title of the film and parodied aspects of it as well.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Henry V is a history play by William Shakespeare, believed to have been written near 1599. It tells the story of King Henry V of England, focusing on events immediately before and after the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War. In the First Quarto text, it was titled "The Cronicle History of Henry the fift", and "The Life of Henry the Fifth" in the First Folio text.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The play is the final part of a tetralogy, preceded by "Richard II", "Henry IV, Part 1", and "Henry IV, Part 2". The original audiences would thus have already been familiar with the title character, who was depicted in the "Henry IV" plays as a wild, undisciplined young man. In "Henry V", the young prince has matured. He embarks on an expedition to France and, his army badly outnumbered, defeats the French at Agincourt.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The Elizabethan stage lacked scenery. It begins with a Prologue, in which the Chorus (a lone speaker addressing the audience) apologizes for the limitations of the theatre, wishing for "a Muse of fire", with real princes and a kingdom for a stage, to do justice to King Henry's story. Then, says the Chorus, King Henry would "[a]ssume the port [bearing] of Mars". The Chorus encourages the audience to use their "imaginary forces" to overcome the limitations of the stage: "Piece out our imperfections with your thoughts ... turning the accomplishment of many years / Into an hour-glass".


title: Henry V (play)

text: Shakespeare's plays are in five acts. In "Henry V", the first act deals largely with the king and his decision to invade France, persuaded that through ancestry, he is the rightful heir to the French throne. The French Dauphin, son of King Charles VI, answers Henry's claims with a condescending and insulting gift of tennis balls, "as matching to his youth and vanity".


title: Henry V (play)

text: The Chorus reappears at the beginning of each act to advance the story. At the beginning of Act II, he describes the country's dedication to the war effort: "Now all the youth of England are on fire... They sell the pasture now to buy the horse, / Following the mirror of all Christian kings ..." Act II includes a plot by the Earl of Cambridge and two comrades to assassinate Henry at Southampton. Henry's clever uncovering of the plot and his ruthless treatment of the conspirators show that he has changed from the earlier plays in which he appeared.


title: Henry V (play)

text: In Act III Henry and his troops besiege the French port of Harfleur after crossing the English Channel. The Chorus appears again: "Grapple your minds to sternage of this navy/And leave your England, as dead midnight still". The French king, says the Chorus, "doth offer him / Catharine his daughter, and with her, to dowry, / Some petty and unprofitable dukedoms." Henry is not satisfied.


title: Henry V (play)

text: At the siege of Harfleur, the English are beaten back at first, but Henry urges them on with one of Shakespeare's best-known speeches. "Once more unto the breach, dear friends, once more; / Or close the wall up with our English dead..." After a bloody siege, the English take Harfleur, but Henry's forces are so depleted that he decides not to go on to Paris. Instead, he decides to move up the coast to Calais. The French assemble a powerful army and pursue him.


title: Henry V (play)

text: They surround him near the small town of Agincourt, and in Act IV, the night before the battle, knowing he is outnumbered, Henry wanders around the English camp in disguise, trying to comfort his soldiers and determine what they really think of him. He agonizes about the moral burden of being king, asking God to "steel my soldiers' hearts". Daylight comes, and Henry rallies his nobles with the famous St Crispin's Day Speech (Act IV Scene iii 18–67): "We few, we happy few, we band of brothers". The French herald Montjoy returns to ask if Henry will surrender and avoid certain defeat, and ransom his men's survival; Henry bids him "bear my former answer back", saying the French will get no ransom from him "but these my joints".


title: Henry V (play)

text: Shakespeare does not describe the battle in the play. Though the French in one scene complain that 'Tout est perdu', the outcome is not clear to Henry, until the French Herald Montjoy tells him the 'day is yours'. The battle turns out to be a lop-sided victory: the French suffered 10,000 casualties; the English, fewer than 30. "O God, thy arm was here," says Henry.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Act V comes several years later, as the English and French negotiate the Treaty of Troyes, and Henry tries to woo the French princess, Catherine of Valois. Neither speaks the other's language well, but the humour of their mistakes actually helps achieve his aim. The scene ends with the French king adopting Henry as heir to the French throne, and the prayer of the French queen "that English may as French, French Englishmen, receive each other, God speak this Amen."


title: Henry V (play)

text: The play concludes with a final appearance of the Chorus who foreshadows the tumultuous reign of Henry's son Henry VI of England, "whose state so many had the managing, that they lost France, and made his England bleed, which oft our stage hath shown". Shakespeare had previously brought this tale to the stage in a trilogy of plays: "Henry VI Part 1", "Henry VI Part 2", and "Henry VI Part 3".


title: Henry V (play)

text: As in many of Shakespeare's history and tragedy plays, a number of minor comic characters appear, contrasting with and sometimes commenting on the main plot. In this case, they are mostly common soldiers in Henry's army, and they include Pistol, Nym, and Bardolph from the "Henry IV" plays. The army also includes a Scot, an Irishman, and an Englishman, and Fluellen, a comically stereotyped Welsh soldier. The play also deals briefly with the death of Sir John Falstaff, Henry's estranged friend from the "Henry IV" plays, whom Henry had rejected at the end of "Henry IV, Part 2".


title: Henry V (play)

text: Shakespeare's primary source for "Henry V", as for most of his chronicle histories, was Raphael Holinshed's "Chronicles"; the publication of the second edition in 1587 provides a "terminus post quem" for the play. Edward Hall's "The Union of the Two Illustrious Families of Lancaster and York" appears also to have been consulted, and scholars have supposed that Shakespeare was familiar with Samuel Daniel's poem on the civil wars. An earlier play, the "Famous Victories of Henry V" is also generally believed to have been a model for the work.


title: Henry V (play)

text: On the basis of an apparent allusion to Essex's mission to quell Tyrone's Rebellion, the play is thought to date from early 1599. "The Chronicle History of Henry the fifth" was entered into the Register of the Stationers Company on 14 August 1600 by the bookseller Thomas Pavier; the first quarto was published before the end of the year—though by Thomas Millington and John Busby rather than Pavier. Thomas Creede did the printing.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Q1 of "Henry V" is a "bad quarto", a shortened version of the play that might be an infringing copy or reported text. A second quarto, a reprint of Q1, was published in 1602 by Pavier; another reprint was issued as Q3 in 1619, with a false date of 1608—part of William Jaggard's False Folio. The superior text was first printed in the First Folio in 1623.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Readers and audiences have interpreted the play's attitude to warfare in several different ways. On the one hand, it seems to celebrate Henry's invasion of France and military prowess. Alternatively, it can be read as a commentary on the moral and personal cost of war. Gathered, Shakespeare presents warfare in all its complexity.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The American critic Norman Rabkin described the play as a picture with two simultaneous meanings. Rabkin argues that the play never settles on one viewpoint towards warfare, Henry himself switching his style of speech constantly, talking of "rape and pillage" during Harfleur, but of patriotic glory in his St Crispin's Day Speech.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Some scholars have connected the nationalistic glorification of warfare with contemporary military ventures in Spain and Ireland. The Chorus directly refers to the looked-for military triumphs of the Earl of Essex, in the fifth act. Henry V himself is sometimes seen as an ambivalent representation of the stage machiavel, combining apparent sincerity with a willingness to use deceit and force to attain his ends.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Other commentators see the play as looking critically at the reason for Henry's violent cause. The noble words of the Chorus and Henry are consistently undermined by the actions of Pistol, Bardolph, and Nym. Pistol talks in a bombastic blank verse that seems to parody Henry's own style of speech. Pistol and his friends, thus, show up the actions of their rulers. Indeed, the presence of the Eastcheap characters from "Henry IV" has been said to emphasise the element of adventurer in Henry's character as monarch.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The play's ambiguity has led to diverse interpretations in performance. Laurence Olivier's 1944 film, made during the Second World War, emphasises the patriotic side, ignoring the fact that the enemy of the play, the French, were in fact allies in that conflict, while Kenneth Branagh's 1989 film stresses the horrors of war. A 2003 Royal National Theatre production featured Henry as a modern war general, ridiculing the Iraq invasion.


title: Henry V (play)

text: In recent years, there has been scholarly debate about whether or not Henry V can be labeled a war criminal. Some denounce the question as anachronistic, arguing that contemporary legal terminology cannot be applied to historical events or figures like those depicted in the play. However, other scholars have supported the proposed viewpoint. For instance, Christopher N. Warren looks to Alberico Gentili's "De armis Romanis", along with "Henry V" itself, to show how early modern thinkers (including Shakespeare) were themselves using juridical approaches to engage with the past. As a result, Warren argues, the question of whether Henry V was a war criminal is not only legitimate, but also "historically appropriate".


title: Henry V (play)

text: In a rhetorical display intended to intimidate the Governor of Harfleur into surrendering the city to the English, Henry denies personal responsibility for his soldiers' actions if battle is resumed — "What rein can hold licentious wickedness / When down the hill he holds his fierce career?" — and describes in graphic detail the violence they will do to the townsfolk if his demands are not met:


title: Henry V (play)

text: On the other hand, Henry is portrayed as a great leader, as he keeps his temper when insulted: "we are glad the Dauphin is so pleasant with us". He also admits to his past mistakes: "did give ourselves to barbarous licence" and is shown to have great confidence: "I will rise there with so full a glory that I will dazzle all the eyes of France".


title: Henry V (play)

text: A mock trial of for the crimes associated with the legality of the invasion and the slaughter of prisoners was held in Washington, DC in March 2010, drawing from both historical record and Shakespeare's play. Titled "The Supreme Court of the Amalgamated Kingdom of England and France", participating judges were Justices Samuel Alito and Ruth Bader Ginsburg. The outcome was originally to be determined by an audience vote, but due to a draw, it came down to a judges' decision. The court was divided on Henry's justification for war, but unanimously found him guilty on the killing of the prisoners after applying "the evolving standards of the maturing society". Previously, the fictional Global War Crimes Tribunal ruled that Henry's war was legal, no noncombatant was killed unlawfully, and Henry bore no criminal responsibility for the death of the POWs. The fictional French Civil Liberties Union, who had instigated the tribunal, then attempted to sue in civil court. The judge concluded that he was bound by the GWCT's conclusions of law and also ruled in favour of the English. The Court of Appeals affirmed without opinion, thus leaving the matter for the Supreme Court's determination.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Very brief snippets of "Henry V" are written originally in the French language; Act 5, Scene 2 is an example.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The Chorus refers to Essex's 1599 campaign in Ireland without any sense that it would end in disaster. The campaign began in late March and was scuttled by late June, strongly suggesting that the play was first performed during that three-month period.


title: Henry V (play)

text: A tradition, impossible to verify, holds that "Henry V" was the first play performed at the new Globe Theatre in the spring of 1599—the Globe would have been the "wooden O" mentioned in the Prologue—but Shapiro argues that the Chamberlain's Men were still at The Curtain when the work was first performed, and that Shakespeare himself probably acted the Chorus. In 1600, the first printed text states that the play had been played "sundry times". The earliest performance for which an exact date is known, however, occurred on 7 January 1605, at Court at Whitehall Palace.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Samuel Pepys saw a "Henry V" in 1664, but it was written by Roger Boyle, 1st Earl of Orrery, not by Shakespeare. Shakespeare's play returned to the stage in 1723, in an adaptation by Aaron Hill.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The longest-running production of the play in Broadway history was the staging starring Richard Mansfield in 1900 which ran for 54 performances. Other notable stage performances of "Henry V" include Charles Kean (1859), Charles Alexander Calvert (1872), and Walter Hampden (1928).


title: Henry V (play)

text: In the Shakespeare's Globe's 2012 Globe to Globe festival, "Henry V" was the UK entry, one of 37 and the only one performed in spoken English. Jamie Parker performed the role of Henry.


title: Henry V (play)

text: In 2017, the Pop-up Globe, the world's first temporary replica of the second Globe Theatre, based in Auckland, New Zealand, performed 34 "Henry V" shows. London-trained Australian actor Chris Huntly-Turner took on the role of Henry, Irish actor Michael Mahony as Chorus, and UK–New Zealand actor Edward Newborn as Pistol/King of France.


title: Henry V (play)

text: Three major film adaptations have been made. The first, "Henry V" (1944), directed by and starring Laurence Olivier, is a colourful and highly stylised version which begins in the Globe Theatre and then gradually shifts to a realistic evocation of the Battle of Agincourt. Olivier's film was made during the Second World War and was intended as a patriotic rallying cry at the time of the invasion of Normandy.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The second major film, "Henry V" (1989), directed by and starring Kenneth Branagh, attempts to give a more realistic evocation of the period, and lays more emphasis on the horrors of war. It features a mud-spattered and gruesome Battle of Agincourt.


title: Henry V (play)

text: The third major film, "The King" (2019), starring Timothée Chalamet as Henry V, was adapted from Shakespeare's plays "Henry IV Part I", "Henry IV Part II", and "Henry V".


title: Henry V (play)

text: In 2012, the BBC commissioned a television adaptation of the play as part of "The Hollow Crown" series. It was part of a tetralogy that televised the entirety of Shakespeare's Henriad. Produced by Sam Mendes and directed by Thea Sharrock, it starred Tom Hiddleston as Henry V, who had played Prince Hal in The Hollow Crown's adaptations of "Henry IV, Part I" and "Henry IV, Part II". The BBC scheduled the screening of Shakespeare's history plays as part of the 2012 Cultural Olympiad, a celebration of British culture coinciding with the 2012 Summer Olympics.


title: Henry V (play)

text: In 2004, post-modern choreographer David Gordon created a dance-theatre version of the play called "Dancing Henry Five", which mixed William Walton's music written for the Olivier film, recorded speeches from the film itself and by Christopher Plummer, and commentary written by Gordon. The piece premiered at Danspace Project in New York, where it was compared favorably to a production of "Henry IV" (parts 1 and 2) at Lincoln Center. It has been revived three times—in 2005, 2007, and 2011—playing cities across the United States, and received a National Endowment for the Arts American Masterpieces in Dance Award.


title: Henry V (play)

text: "Suite from Henry V" is a 1963 orchestral arrangement of music that composer William Walton wrote for the 1944 Olivier film. The arrangement is by Muir Mathieson, and is in five movements.


title: Henry V (play)

text: "Henry V – A Shakespeare Scenario" is a 50-minute work for narrator, SATB chorus, boys' choir (optional), and full orchestra. The musical content is taken from Walton's score for the Olivier film, edited by David Lloyd-Jones and arranged by Christopher Palmer. It was first performed at the Royal Festival Hall in London, in May 1990. Performers for this premiere were Christopher Plummer (narrator), the Academy Chorus, Choristers of Westminster Cathedral, and Academy of St Martin-in-the-Fields. The conductor was Sir Neville Marriner. A CD of the work with these performers was released by Chandos in 1990.


title: Henry V (play)

text: "O For a Muse of Fire" is a symphonic overture for full orchestra and vocal soloist, written by Darryl Kubian. The work is 12 minutes long, and was premiered by the New Jersey Symphony Orchestra in March 2015. The work is scored for full orchestra, with vocal soloist. The vocal part incorporates selected lines from the text, and the vocal range is adaptable to different voice types. The soloist for the premiere performances with the New Jersey Symphony was former October Project lead singer (and former Sony Classical artist) Mary Fahl.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Shaun William George Ryder (born 23 August 1962) is an English singer/songwriter and poet. As lead singer of Happy Mondays, he was a leading figure in the Madchester cultural scene during the late 1980s and early 1990s. In 1993, he formed Black Grape with former Happy Mondays dancer Bez. He was the runner-up on the tenth series of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Shaun William George Ryder was born on 23 August 1962 in Little Hulton, Lancashire, the son of nurse Linda and postman Derek (who would later become Happy Mondays' tour manager). By the age of 13, he had left school to work on a building site.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: As Ryder was singer for Happy Mondays, his struggle with drugs led to the band's initial break-up in 1992. The film "24 Hour Party People" featured the (semi-fictional) story of Ryder's youth and the life of Happy Mondays whilst signed with Factory Records in the late 1980s and early 1990s. In the film, Ryder is portrayed by Danny Cunningham.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder has taken part in two reformations of Happy Mondays (1999–2000 and 2004–present). He has also released a solo album, "Amateur Night in the Big Top", to a mixed critical reception.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2000, following the Big Day Out Festival in Australia with Happy Mondays, Ryder stayed on in Perth, Western Australia with Pete Carroll, who had a record label called Offworld Sounds. While in Perth he recorded "Amateur Night in the Big Top", an album of punk electronica with Carroll, Shane Norton, Stephen Mallinder from Cabaret Voltaire and Lucky Oceans from American country band Asleep at the Wheel. "UnCut" called it, "exhilarating stuff. Another wildly implausible Ryder comeback" while Ministry of Sound said it was "A remarkable album. The most vitriolic lyrics this side of Dylan's 'Ballad of a Thin Man' and Sex Pistols 'EMI. The album was recorded quickly during a few late night sessions in Carroll's garage studio during an extremely hot Perth summer. The album was subsequently released on Offworld Sounds.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2004, Happy Mondays reunited to play a comeback gig called "Get Loaded in the Park" on Clapham Common, with only original members. Two years later they released the single "Playground Superstar", featured in the football film "Goal", which was released after Bez had won "Celebrity Big Brother". In 2007 Happy Mondays produced the album, "Uncle Dysfunktional". In 2009 he made a cameo appearance (Ryder later revealed that it was also a non-speaking role) as himself in Channel 4 drama "Shameless".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 1995 Ryder launched his new project, Black Grape. Its first release, "It's Great When You're Straight... Yeah", topped the British album chart for a week. However, the follow-up album, "Stupid Stupid Stupid", did not achieve the same critical nor commercial success, and the group split in 1998. The group reformed briefly in 2010, and released a single in 2015. In August 2017, the group released "Pop Voodoo", their first full album since 1997.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder collaborated with Intastella in 1993 and in 1996 he worked with Jerry Harrison, Tina Weymouth, and Chris Frantz on "No Talking, Just Head".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: 1997 Ryder featured on the Agent Provocateur album Where the Wild Things Are on track "Agent Dan" the track was also released as a single and remixed by Propellerheads.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: He appeared on British tenor Russell Watson's 2001 debut album "The Voice", lending his vocals to a cover version of the Freddie Mercury and Montserrat Caballé song "Barcelona".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2004, Ryder had a voice acting role in the video game "" in which he played Maccer, a washed-up, masturbation-addicted musician who was planning a major comeback tour.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder appeared in Peter Kay's "Is This the Way to Amarillo?" charity music video in 2005. Also in 2005, he collaborated with Gorillaz on "Dare", a song on their "Demon Days" album. Chris Evans stated at the 2006 Brit Awards that the song was originally called "It's There", but was changed as Ryder's thick Mancunian accent made him pronounce the word "there" as "dare".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2010 he supported The Charlatans on a UK tour, as well as one-off headline show at the Assembly, Leamington Spa. In November 2011 Ryder played saxophone onstage at the Barbican in York as a special guest in Jools Holland's Rhythm and Blues Orchestra for the Sky television series "First Love".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder wrote a column for the "Daily Sport", in which he commented on current events and celebrities. The column was ghostwritten with journalist John Warburton, who would write a book about the Happy Mondays reunion in the late 1990s, and co-credited it to Ryder. He said he "didn't really have anything to do with it at all," explaining that Warburton had approached him to write a biography. Ryder said he was not interested in the idea at the time, but allowed him to accompany the band on tour and document the proceedings.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2011, Ryder published his autobiography, "". It was optioned by Granada Television and writer Danny Brocklehurst enlisted to write the screenplay.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2004 he was the subject of Richard Macer's BBC3 documentary "Shaun Ryder: The Ecstasy and the Agony".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder was a contestant on the tenth series of ITV's reality game show "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" in 2010, where he finished second behind Stacey Solomon. In January 2011 Ryder appeared on the first series of the ITV programme "That Sunday Night Show", and again on the second series in September 2011. He collaborated with fellow "I'm a Celebrity" contestant Stacey Solomon at the 2011 National Television Awards.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2013, Ryder hosted the television show "Shaun Ryder on UFOs" on The History Channel UK. He has a lifelong interest in UFOs and claims that he has personally encountered space aliens, stating that he saw a UFO for the first time in 1978.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Two years later, Ryder has appeared repeatedly on the panel of RT UK's "News Thing". In October 2016, he appeared on "Would I Lie to You?". In 2017 Ryder appeared on "Celebrity Juice" as a member of Fearne Cotton's team. The next year he starred in ITVs "100 years younger in 21 days" and appeared on "Celebrity Mastermind", with the specialist subject of Manchester.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In August 2020, Ryder appeared in BBC Two comedy "Mandy" created by Diane Morgan in which he portrayed a fictional version of himself.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder has six children. For some time, he was addicted to heroin, saying he overcame it by taking up cycling.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder contested contracts he drew up with his Black Grape management team, compiled in 1993. Following his dismissal of the company, they sued him for £160,000. The income from his £30,000 a year "Daily Sport" column went solely to cover his costs. His appearance on "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" (2010) and a £130,000 book deal financed Ryder out of the contract.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder was diagnosed with ADHD and dyslexia later in life, saying in the 60s and 70s there was "no such thing as learning difficulties". "When I was at school they didn't know about ADHD, there were just four sets, one being the brightest and four being crowd control"... so "for the first 40-something years of my life I didn't know I had it [ADHD]".


title: Shaun Ryder

text: In 2021 he took part in Channel 4's "Stand Up and Deliver"; mentored by Jason Manford, he developed his own stand-up set. Manford explained in an interview “Shaun’s got severe ADHD, so remembering things, collecting information and taking on new thoughts, it’s been a real challenge."


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder took part in Channel 4's "Fame in the Family"; where Ryder discovered three long lost relatives, Tracey and James had the most direct blood connection, both second cousins.


title: Shaun Ryder

text: Ryder left school unable to read the alphabet. “But, y’see, there’s different ways of learning. I was 26 years old when I learnt the alphabet. My girlfriend at the time taught it to me through singing, and I learnt it in five minutes. It also helps me to learn when I have a stress ball in my hand, it’s called fiddling. When I have nothing in my hand, I can’t take anything in. I can’t retain any information.”


title: Shaun King

text: Jeffery Shaun King (born September 17, 1979) is an American writer, civil rights activist and co-founder of Real Justice PAC. King uses social media to promote social justice causes, including the Black Lives Matter movement.


title: Shaun King

text: King was raised in Kentucky and received his undergraduate degree from Morehouse College in Atlanta, Georgia. While at Morehouse, King was elected president of the Student Government Association and was awarded the Oprah Winfrey Scholarship. After college, he worked as a high school teacher in Atlanta. He then went on to work as a pastor and founded a church in Atlanta called Courageous Church. During this time, King launched a number of internet campaigns, including HopeMob.org. He later received a master's degree from Arizona State University.


title: Shaun King

text: King was a writer-in-residence at Harvard Law School's Fair Punishment Project and contributed to "The Intercept" and "The Appeal". Previously, he contributed to the "New York Daily News", Daily Kos, the "Tom Joyner Morning Show" and "The Young Turks." In 2018, King co-founded Real Justice PAC, which supports progressive candidates running for district attorney offices, and launched "The North Star" website.


title: Shaun King

text: Jeffery Shaun King was born in Franklin, Kentucky and raised in Versailles, Kentucky. Although his birth certificate names Jeffery Wayne King as the father, King stated in 2015 that his mother told him his actual biological father is a light-skinned black man. By second grade, King's mother, Naomi Kay (Fleming) King, was raising King and his brother as a single parent. King attended Huntertown Elementary School and Woodford County High School.


title: Shaun King

text: King reports that he was the victim of racism and hate crimes while growing up in Kentucky. He told reporters that one day a pickup truck full of youths attempted to run him over with the vehicle on school property. After reporting the incident to school authorities, King recalls that the authorities protected the youths rather than punishing them. King later reported that a second assault occurred, wherein "a dozen self-described 'rednecks'" beat him and the injuries caused him to miss a portion of two years of high school due to multiple spinal surgeries. King characterized the assault as a racially motivated hate crime. In 2015, media outlets questioned King's account of the assault and, citing interviews with the investigating detective Keith Broughton and police reports on the case, characterized the fight as a one-on-one between King and another boy over a girl and that the injuries were minor. Broughton reportedly interviewed multiple witnesses, including a teacher who broke up the fight. A band teacher, two fellow students from King's high school, as well as King's wife, posted their recollection of the event to Facebook, backing King's account.


title: Shaun King

text: King attended Morehouse College, a private, historically black men's college in Atlanta, Georgia, where he majored in history. In 1999, King was elected president of the student government association based on a campaign of inclusion for all students. Midway through his education, he had to take a medical leave. Upon his return, he was named an Oprah Winfrey Scholar by Morehouse. Oprah scholars are given financial support and are required to maintain their grade point average and do community service. King fulfilled his community service requirement by tutoring and mentoring students at Franklin Lebby Stanton Elementary School in Atlanta. After graduation in 2002, King was a research assistant for Morehouse history professor Alton Hornsby Jr.


title: Shaun King

text: After graduation, King was a high school civics teacher for about a year and then worked in Atlanta's juvenile justice system. King left teaching and worked as a pastor at Total Grace Christian Center in DeKalb County, Georgia. He had been inspired to become a pastor when he was in high school; while King was recovering from injuries after an assault, King was regularly visited by his best friend's father, who was a pastor. He recalled growing up without a father figure and said, "I just found myself so impacted by this man coming to visit me that I wanted to be like him.” In 2008, King founded a church in Atlanta called "Courageous Church". He made use of social media to recruit new members and was known as the "Facebook Pastor". In 2012, King resigned from the Courageous Church, citing personal stress and disillusionment.


title: Shaun King

text: King has written extensively about his experiences as a biracial person, and has also written about the Black Lives Matter movement, gaining prominence during the events following the shooting of Michael Brown. King wrote an article analyzing the Brown crime scene, and argued that the evidence suggested that officer Darren Wilson's life was not in danger during the shooting.


title: Shaun King

text: King became a contributing blogger for the politically liberal website, the Daily Kos, in September 2014. His contributions to the website have focused on civil rights, violence in Ferguson, Missouri, and Charleston, South Carolina, as well as allegations of police brutality, especially toward the black community. On October 2, 2015, King joined "New York Daily News" as a senior justice writer, where focused on reporting and commentary on social justice, police brutality and race relations. On December 28, 2016, Cenk Uygur announced that King had been hired as a political commentator for "The Young Turks". King left the Daily News in August 2017.


title: Shaun King

text: In 2019, King launched the crowdfunded website "The North Star", calling it an online revival of the anti-slavery newspaper of the same name, and saying that he had the support of relatives of Frederick Douglass, the original paper's editor. The site has articles, podcast episodes, and videos for a subscription fee, with a focus on social justice issues such as police brutality and mass incarceration. "The Daily Beast" reported that the site did not deliver all the features that were promised to fundraisers, such as a daily video broadcast and an app. King said he had been overzealous with the project and that he should have listened to advisors who told him that his plans for the site were too ambitious. After leaving "The North Star", historian and former editor-in-chief Keisha Blain accused King of being "a liar & a fraud" but said that she was prevented from saying much because of a non-disclosure agreement. Another former employee claimed that employees had to fight for months to receive health care benefits they were promised, while King claimed that all employees received full health care coverage.


title: Shaun King

text: In August 2015, King launched Justice Together, an organization to identify police brutality and lobby local politicians for change. He unilaterally disbanded the organization in the fall of 2016 to the surprise of many of the group's members. In September 2016, King proposed an Injustice Boycott for December of that year.


title: Shaun King

text: In 2018, King co-founded Real Justice PAC, a political action committee to help elect prosecutors who support criminal justice reform at the county and city levels.


title: Shaun King

text: In an October 11, 2017, article in "The Washington Post", Shaun King was credited with leading a successful months-long and far-reaching social media campaign which led to the identification and arrest of three of the men behind the August 12, 2017, assault on DeAndre Harris during the Unite the Right rally. 18-year-old Daniel P. Borden from Mason, Ohio; 33-year-old Alex Michael Ramos of Marietta, Georgia; and 22-year-old Jacob Scott Goodwin from Ward, Arkansas, were arrested for the parking-garage beating. "The Washington Post" described how the attack on Harris became a "symbol of the violence and racial enmity that engulfed Charlottesville when white supremacists, Klan members and neo-Nazis clashed with counterprotesters." Two were subsequently convicted while two others are awaiting trial.


title: Shaun King

text: Harris was later served with an arrest warrant sought by 48-year-old Harold Crews, North Carolina's League of the South chairman and a real estate lawyer, who alleged that Harris had hit him with a flashlight during an altercation prior to the Market Street Garage brawl. Crews used a law by which alleged crime victims who have filed a police report can get a warrant if they can convince a local judge to sign it. In the interview with "The Washington Post", King criticized the arrest and stated, "I and others had to fight like hell to get that same justice system to prosecute people who were vicious in their attacks against Harris and others." Harris was later acquitted of misdemeanor assault by a local judge.


title: Shaun King

text: On May 20, 2018, King accused a white Texas state trooper of raping Sherita Dixon-Cole, a black human resources professional. The trooper arrested Dixon-Cole for drunk driving, and King based his accusation on statements she and her family made to King and Philadelphia lawyer S. Lee Merritt. King's social media posts, which identified the trooper by name, went viral, and "substantial harassment and threats" were made against the arresting trooper as well as another trooper with the same last name. The Texas Department of Public Safety released nearly two hours of body-cam footage on May 22 that exonerated the trooper. Merritt subsequently apologized for the false accusation and national attention he had brought to the case. King deleted his social media posts after the body-cam video was released.


title: Shaun King

text: Seven-year-old Jazmine Barnes was killed in a drive-by shooting in Houston at 7 a.m. December 30, 2018. The unknown assailant pulled up alongside the family's truck and opened fire, injuring the mother and other child. King used his Twitter and Instagram following to spread information and awareness. He also collected information from eyewitnesses to help the Harris County Sheriff's Office. King and former classmate S. Lee Merritt offered a $25,000 award for information leading to an arrest of the unknown suspect. After no information for 24 hours, the reward was later raised to $60,000, with $35,000 from their private funds, and an additional $25,000 from donors.


title: Shaun King

text: Police credited King with providing a tip that helped lead them to suspect Eric Black Jr., who later admitted he was involved in the shooting. He faces a charge of capital murder. On January 6, Texas authorities charged Black Jr. Prosecutors named a second person, Larry Woodruffe, as an additional suspect in the shooting. Police do not believe Jazmine's family was the intended target and that they may have been shot at "as a result of mistaken identity."


title: Shaun King

text: On Twitter, King initially posted the mugshot of a white male, Robert Paul Cantrell, who he identified as involved in the shooting. King said in a deleted tweet, "We've had 20 people call or email us and say he is a racist, violent asshole and always has been. Just tell me everything you know." Police later said the man was not connected with the crime, and King deleted the tweet, though not until the man had received threats on social media.


title: Shaun King

text: The incident was revived in late July 2019 when Cantrell committed suicide in his jail cell, where he was being held on separate robbery and evasion charges. Just before he died, he allegedly told his lawyer that he was concerned about the death threats his family was still receiving in the aftermath of his false involvement in Jazmine Barnes’ murder.


title: Shaun King

text: In March 2010, while still a pastor, he founded aHomeinHaiti.org as a subsidiary of Courageous Church and used eBay and Twitter to raise $1.5 million to send tents to Haiti after the 2010 Haiti earthquake. "Desperate Housewives" star Eva Longoria was a spokesperson for the campaign. King's work for Haiti inspired him to launch TwitChange.com, a charity auction site. TwitChange held Twitter charity auctions on eBay where celebrities offered to retweet winning bidders' tweets in exchange for support of a particular charity. One campaign raised funds to build an orphanage in Bonneau, Haiti. In 2010, TwitChange won the Mashable Award for "Most Creative Social Good Campaign".


title: Shaun King

text: In 2012, King and web designer Chad Kellough founded HopeMob.org, a charity site that used voting to select a particular person's story and then raise money for that story until its goal was met. The money went to an organization which provided for the person's needs, not to the person individually. After one goal was met, the next story in line would then get funds raised. HopeMob initially raised funds to build their platform in January 2012 on the crowdfunding site Kickstarter. Their campaign raised about $125,000.


title: Shaun King

text: King has also raised money for multiple causes incidents where the Black Lives Matter movement has been involved, including the shooting of Tamir Rice. Through the fund-raising website, YouCaring.com, King raised $60,000 for Rice's family after the 12-year-old Cleveland, Ohio resident was killed in 2014 by two city policemen After learning that Rice had not been buried as of five months after the shooting and that Rice's mother had moved into a homeless shelter, he started the fund to assist the Rice family. In May 2015, however, family attorney Timothy Kucharski stated that neither he nor the Rice family had heard of King or the fundraiser, and they had not received any money. The money raised was then seized by the court and placed into Tamir Rice's estate instead of being freely available to the family. Rice's mother publicly called out King, saying “Personally I don’t understand how you sleep at night." King and the Rice family's new legal counsel, Benjamin Crump, then started a second charity drive with the proceeds going directly to the family. An additional $25,000 was raised.


title: Shaun King

text: King has been accused of raising funds for causes that were never received by those he was fundraising for, including at Justice Together after King abruptly closed the organization. A former member of the organization who asked to have a donation returned said that King refused to refund her money. An investigation by Goldie Taylor of "The Daily Beast" detailed discrepancies in amounts raised for different charities such as a Haiti relief project, and in one case, starting a crowdfunding project for the family of Tamir Rice without their knowledge. Activists on Twitter questioned if he took the $100,000 reward money for information that led to the arrest of the men who shot Jazmine Barnes. On September 12, 2019, Black Lives Matter activist DeRay Mckesson wrote a lengthy article raising multiple concerns in regards to King, especially related to fundraising.


title: Shaun King

text: King has denied all allegations of wrongdoing. On January 15, 2019, he tweeted that he was pursuing legal action against social justice activists on Twitter who questioned his previous fundraisers, and his attorneys later sent cease-and-desist letters. David Dennis Jr. wrote in NewsOne that the purpose of the cease-and-desist letters seemed to be "old-fashioned intimidation and forcible silencing". King wrote an editorial explaining the purpose of taking legal action and addressed some specific critiques levied against him.


title: Shaun King

text: In August 2022 King was criticized for having his political action committee, The Grassroots Law PAC, pay over $40,000 for a trained guard dog. King stated the dog was for protection from "white supremacists", but failed to explain why his political action committee was paying for it.


title: Shaun King

text: King is married, with five children. Three of his children are biological with his wife, and two are legally adopted. He also has had foster children, nieces, and nephews living with him.


title: Shaun King

text: King left the Democratic Party after the 2016 election, alleging corruption and lack of neutrality during the 2016 primaries.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Nominal Pipe Size (NPS) is a North American set of standard sizes for pipes used for high or low pressures and temperatures. "Nominal" refers to pipe in non-specific terms and identifies the diameter of the hole with a non-dimensional number (for example – 2-inch nominal steel pipe" consists of many varieties of steel pipe with the only criterion being a outside diameter). Specific pipe is identified by pipe diameter and another non-dimensional number for wall thickness referred to as the Schedule (Sched. or Sch., for example – "2-inch diameter pipe, Schedule 40"). NPS is often incorrectly called National Pipe Size, due to confusion with the American standard for pipe threads, "national pipe straight", which also abbreviates as "NPS". The European and international designation equivalent to NPS is "DN" ("diamètre nominal"/nominal diameter/Nennweite), in which sizes are measured in millimetres, see ISO 6708. The term NB (nominal bore) is also frequently used interchangeably with DN.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: In March 1927 the American Standards Association authorized a committee to standardize the dimensions of wrought steel and wrought iron pipe and tubing. At that time only a small selection of wall thicknesses were in use: standard weight (STD), extra-strong (XS), and double extra-strong (XXS), based on the iron pipe size (IPS) system of the day. However these three sizes did not fit all applications. Also, in 1939, it was hoped that the designations of STD, XS, and XXS would be phased out by schedule numbers, however those original terms are still in common use today (although sometimes referred to as "standard, extra-heavy (XH), "and" double extra-heavy (XXH)", respectively). Since the original schedules were created, there have been many revisions and additions to the tables of pipe sizes based on industry use and on standards from API, ASTM, and others.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Stainless steel pipes, which were coming into more common use in the mid 20th century, permitted the use of thinner pipe walls with much less risk of failure due to corrosion. By 1949 thinner schedules 5S and 10S, which were based on the pressure requirements modified to the nearest BWG number, had been created, and other "S" sizes followed later. Due to their thin walls, the smaller "S" sizes can not be threaded together according to ASME code, but must be fusion welded, brazed, roll grooved, or joined with press fittings.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Based on the NPS and schedule of a pipe, the pipe outside diameter (OD) and wall thickness can be obtained from reference tables such as those below, which are based on ASME standards B36.10M and B36.19M. For example, NPS 14 Sch 40 has an OD of and a wall thickness of . However, the NPS and OD values are not always equal, which can create confusion.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: The reason for the discrepancy for NPS to 12 inches is that these NPS values were originally set to give the same "inside" diameter (ID) based on wall thicknesses standard at the time. However, as the set of available wall thicknesses evolved, the ID changed and NPS became only indirectly related to ID and OD.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: For a given NPS, the OD stays fixed and the wall thickness increases with schedule. For a given schedule, the OD increases with NPS while the wall thickness stays constant or increases. Using equations and rules in ASME B31.3 Process Piping, it can be shown that pressure rating decreases with increasing NPS and constant schedule.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Some specifications use pipe schedules called standard wall (STD), extra strong (XS), and double extra strong (XXS), although these actually belong to an older system called iron pipe size (IPS). The IPS number is the same as the NPS number. STD is identical to SCH 40S, and 40S is identical to 40 for NPS to NPS 10, inclusive. XS is identical to SCH 80S, and 80S is identical to 80 for NPS to NPS 8, inclusive. XXS wall is thicker than schedule 160 from NPS  in to NPS 6 in inclusive, and schedule 160 is thicker than XXS wall for NPS 8 in and larger.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: When a pipe is welded or bent the most common method to inspect blockages, misalignment, ovality, and weld bead dimensional conformity is to pass a round ball through the pipe coil or circuit. If the inner pipe dimension is to be measured then the weld bead should be subtracted, if welding is applicable. Typically, the clearance tolerance for the ball must not exceed . Allowable ovality of any pipe is measured on the inside dimension of the pipe, normally 5% to 10% ovality can be accepted. If no other test is conducted to verify ovality, or blockages, this test must be seen as a standard requirement. A flow test can not be used in lieu of a blockage or ball test. See pipe dimensional table, Specification ASME B36.10M or B36.19M for pipe dimensions per schedule.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Stainless steel pipe is most often available in standard weight sizes (noted by the "S" designation; for example, "NPS Sch 10S"). However stainless steel pipe can also be available in other schedules.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: Both polyvinyl chloride pipe (PVC) and chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe (CPVC) are made in NPS sizes.


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: DN does not exactly correspond to a size in millimeters, because ISO 6708 defines it as being a dimensionless specification only indirectly related to a diameter. The ISO 6708 sizes provide a metric name for existing inch sizes, resulting in a 1:1 correlation between NPS and DN sizes. ISO 6708 does not include values for "DN 6" or "DN 8", however ASME B36.10M list the "DN 6" and "DN 8" . Also, the European Standard EN 12 516-1 (Industrial valves - Shell design strength - Part 1: Tabulation method for steel valve shells) specifies the dimensions "DN 6" and "DN 8", respectively their equivalents NPS "and NPS ".


title: Nominal Pipe Size

text: As per ASME B36.10M -2018 Pipe wall thickness are rounded to nearest , while converting wall thickness from inch to millimetre.


title: Teide

text: Teide, or Mount Teide, (, , "Peak of Teide") is a volcano on Tenerife in the Canary Islands, Spain. Its summit (at ) is the highest point in Spain and the highest point above sea level in the islands of the Atlantic.


title: Teide

text: If measured from the ocean floor, its height of makes Teide the third-highest volcano in the world, and is described by UNESCO and NASA as Earth's third-tallest volcanic structure. However, as Teide was formed just 170,000 years ago due to volcanic activity following a catastrophic landslide, Teide's base is actually situated in the Las Cañadas crater (the remains of an older, eroded, extinct volcano) at a height of around above sea level. Teide's elevation above sea level makes Tenerife the tenth highest island in the world. Teide is an active volcano: its most recent eruption occurred in late 1909 from the El Chinyero vent on the northwestern Santiago rift. The United Nations Committee for Disaster Mitigation designated Teide a Decade Volcano because of its history of destructive eruptions and its proximity to several large towns, of which the closest are Garachico, Icod de los Vinos and Puerto de la Cruz. Teide, Pico Viejo and Montaña Blanca form the Central Volcanic Complex of Tenerife.


title: Teide

text: The volcano and its surroundings make up Teide National Park, which has an area of and was named a World Heritage Site by UNESCO in 2007. Teide is the most visited natural wonder of Spain, the most visited national park in Spain and Europe and – by 2015 – the eighth most visited in the world, with some 3 million visitors yearly. In 2016, it was visited by 4,079,823 visitors and tourists, reaching a historical record. Teide Observatory, a major international astronomical observatory, is located on the slopes of the mountain.


title: Teide

text: Before the 1496 Spanish colonization of Tenerife, the native Guanches referred to a powerful figure living in the volcano, which carries light, power and the sun. "El Pico del Teide" is the modern Spanish name.


title: Teide

text: Teide was a sacred mountain for the aboriginal Guanches, so it was considered a mythological mountain, as Mount Olympus was to the ancient Greeks. When going on to Teide during an eruption, it was customary for the Guanches to light bonfires to scare Guayota. Guayota is often represented as a black dog, accompanied by his host of demons (Tibicenas).


title: Teide

text: The Guanches also believed that Teide held up the sky. Many hiding places found in the mountains contain the remains of stone tools and pottery. These have been interpreted as being ritual deposits to counter the influence of evil spirits, like those made by the Berbers of Kabylie. The Guanches believed the mountain to be the place that housed the forces of evil and the most evil figure, Guayota.


title: Teide

text: Guayota shares features similar to other powerful deities inhabiting volcanoes, such as the goddess Pele of Hawaiian mythology, who lives in the volcano Kīlauea and is regarded by the native Hawaiians as responsible for the eruptions of the volcano. The same was true for the ancient Greeks and Romans, who believed that Vulcano and Mount Etna were chimneys of the foundry of the fire god Hephaestus (Vulcan in Latin).


title: Teide

text: In 1492, when Christopher Columbus arrived at the island of Tenerife, his crew claimed to see flames coming from the highest mountain of the island (Teide).


title: Teide

text: The stratovolcanoes Teide and Pico Viejo (Old Peak, although it is in fact younger than Teide) are the most recent centres of activity on the volcanic island of Tenerife, which is the largest () and highest () island in the Canaries. It has a complex volcanic history. The formation of the island and the development of the current Teide volcano took place in the five stages shown in the diagram on the right.


title: Teide

text: Like the other Canary Islands, and volcanic ocean islands in general, Tenerife was built by accretion of large shield volcanoes, three of which developed in a relatively short period. This early shield stage volcanism formed the bulk of the emerged part of Tenerife. The shield volcanoes date back to the Miocene and early Pliocene and are preserved in three isolated and deeply eroded massifs: Anaga (to the northeast), Teno (to the northwest) and Roque del Conde (to the south). Each shield was apparently constructed in less than three million years, and the entire island in about eight million years.


title: Teide

text: The initial juvenile stage was followed by a period of 2–3 million years of eruptive quiescence and erosion. This cessation of activity is typical of the Canaries; La Gomera, for example, is currently at this stage. After this period of quiescence, the volcanic activity became concentrated within two large edifices: the central volcano of Las Cañadas, and the Anaga massif. The Las Cañadas volcano developed over the Miocene shield volcanoes and may have reached in diameter and in height.


title: Teide

text: Around 160–220 thousand years ago the summit of the Las Cañadas I volcano collapsed, creating the Las Cañadas (Ucanca) caldera. Later, a new stratovolcano, Las Cañadas II, formed in the vicinity of Guajara and then catastrophically collapsed. Another volcano, Las Cañadas III, formed in the Diego Hernandez sector of the caldera. All of the Las Cañadas volcanoes attained a maximum altitude similar to that of Teide (which is sometimes referred to as the Las Cañadas IV volcano).


title: Teide

text: Two theories on the formation of the caldera exist. The first states that the depression is the result of a vertical collapse of the volcano triggered by the emptying of shallow magma chambers at around sea level under the Las Cañadas volcano after large-volume explosive eruptions. The second theory is that the caldera was formed by a series of lateral gravitational collapses similar to those described in Hawaii. Evidence for the latter theory has been found in both onshore observations and marine geology studies.


title: Teide

text: From around 160,000 years ago until the present day, the stratovolcanoes of Teide and Pico Viejo formed within the Las Cañadas caldera.


title: Teide

text: Teide last erupted in 1909 from the El Chinyero vent, on the Santiago Ridge. Historical volcanic activity on the island is associated with vents on the Santiago or northwest rift (Boca Cangrejo in 1492, Montañas Negras in 1706, Narices del Teide or Chahorra in 1798, and El Chinyero in 1909) and the Cordillera Dorsal or northeast rift (Fasnia in 1704, Siete Fuentes and Arafo in 1705). The 1706 Montañas Negras eruption destroyed the town and principal port of Garachico, as well as several smaller villages.


title: Teide

text: Historical activity associated with the Teide and Pico Viejo stratovolcanoes occurred in 1798 from the Narices del Teide on the western flank of Pico Viejo. Eruptive material from Pico Viejo, Montaña Teide and Montaña Blanca partially fills the Las Cañadas caldera. The last explosive eruption involving the central volcanic centre was from Montaña Blanca around 2000 years ago. The last eruption within the Las Cañadas caldera occurred in 1798 from the Narices del Teide or Chahorra (Teide's Nostrils) on the western flank of Pico Viejo. The eruption was predominantly strombolian in style and most of the lava was ʻaʻā. This lava is visible beside the Vilaflor–Chio road.


title: Teide

text: Christopher Columbus reported seeing "a great fire in the Orotava Valley" as he sailed past Tenerife on his voyage to discover the New World in 1492. This was interpreted as indicating that he had witnessed an eruption there. Radiometric dating of possible lavas indicates that in 1492 no eruption occurred in the Orotava Valley, but one did occur from the Boca Cangrejo vent.


title: Teide

text: The last summit eruption from Teide occurred about the year 850 AD, and this eruption produced the "Lavas Negras" or "Black Lavas" that cover much of the flanks of the volcano.


title: Teide

text: About 150,000 years ago, a much larger explosive eruption occurred, probably of Volcanic Explosivity Index 5. It created the Las Cañadas caldera, a large caldera at about 2,000 m above sea level, around from east to west and from north to south. At Guajara, on the south side of the structure, the internal walls rise as almost sheer cliffs from . The summit of Teide itself, and its sister stratovolcano Pico Viejo (), are both situated in the northern half of the caldera and are derived from eruptions later than this prehistoric explosion.


title: Teide

text: Future eruptions may include pyroclastic flows and surges similar to those that occurred at Mount Pelée, Merapi, Vesuvius, Etna, the Soufrière Hills, Mount Unzen and elsewhere. During 2003, there was an increase in seismic activity at the volcano and a rift opened on the north-east flank. No eruptive activity occurred but a quantity of material, possibly liquid, was emplaced into the edifice and is estimated to have a volume of ~10 m. Such activity can indicate that magma is rising into the edifice, but is not always a precursor to an eruption.


title: Teide

text: Teide additionally is considered structurally unstable and its northern flank has a distinctive bulge. The summit of the volcano has a number of small active fumaroles emitting sulfur dioxide and other gases, including low levels of hydrogen sulfide.


title: Teide

text: A scientific assessment in 2006, published in the journal Eos, observed that "in the past 30,000 years, eruptions have occurred at a rate of only four to six per millennium, with a predominance (70%) of very low hazard, basaltic eruptions". The authors further commented that "the recent eruptive record, combined with the available petrological and radiometric data, provides a rather optimistic outlook on major volcanic hazards related to Teide and its rift zones, posing only very localized threats to the one million inhabitants of Tenerife and the 4.5 million annual visitors to Teide National Park." However, another study in 2009 concluded that Teide will probably erupt violently in the future, and that its structure is similar to that of Vesuvius and Etna. Thus the magnitude of the risk posed by Teide to the public remains a source of debate.


title: Teide

text: In a publication of 1626, Sir Edmund Scory, who probably stayed on the island in the first decades of the 17th century, gives a description of Teide, in which he notes the suitable paths to the top and the effects its considerable height causes for travellers, indicating that the volcano had been accessed via different routes before the 17th century. In 1715 the English traveler J. Edens and his party made the ascent and reported their observations in the journal of the Royal Society in London.


title: Teide

text: After the Enlightenment, most of the expeditions that went to East Africa and the Pacific had Teide as one of the most rewarding targets. The expedition of Lord George Macartney, George Staunton and John Barrow in 1792 almost ended in tragedy, as a major snowstorm and rain swept over them and they failed to reach the peak of Teide, just barely getting past Montaña Blanca.


title: Teide

text: The German scientist Alexander von Humboldt stopped in Tenerife during his voyage to South America in 1799 and climbed Teide with his travelling companion Aimé Bonpland and some local guides.


title: Teide

text: During an expedition to Kilimanjaro, the German adventurer Hans Heinrich Joseph Meyer visited Teide in 1894 to observe ice conditions on the volcano. He described the two mountains as "two kings, one rising in the ocean and the other in the desert and steppes".


title: Teide

text: More recently in November 2017, Gema Hassen-Bey became the first Paralympic athlete in the world in a wheelchair to reach 3,000 meters altitude with only the momentum of her arms. Initially, Gema wanted to reach the top of Teide, although, due to weather conditions, she could not meet this objective.


title: Teide

text: The lava flows on the flanks of Teide weather to a very thin but nutrient- and mineral-rich soil that supports a wide variety of plant species. Vascular flora consists of 168 plant species, 33 of which are endemic to Tenerife.


title: Teide

text: Forests of Canary Island Pine ("Pinus canariensis") with Canary Island juniper ("Juniperus cedrus") occur from , covering the middle slopes of the volcano and reaching an alpine tree line lower than that of continental mountains at similar latitudes. Within the Las Cañadas caldera and at higher altitudes, plant species endemic to the Teide National Park include: the Teide white broom ("Spartocytisus supranubius"), which has white flowers; "Descurainia bourgaeana", a shrubby crucifer with yellow flowers; the Canary Island wallflower ("Erysimum scoparium"), which has violet flowers; and the Teide bugloss ("Echium wildpretii"), whose red flowers form a pyramid up to in height. The Teide daisy ("Argyranthemum teneriffae") can be found at altitudes close to above sea level, and the Teide violet ("Viola cheiranthifolia") can be found right up to the summit, making it the highest flowering plant in Spain.


title: Teide

text: These plants are adapted to the tough environmental conditions on the volcano, such as high altitude, intense sunlight, extreme temperature variations, and lack of moisture. Adaptations include hemispherical forms, a downy or waxy cover, a reduction of the exposed leaf area, and high flower production. Flowering takes place in the late spring or early summer, in May and June.


title: Teide

text: Teide National Park contains a large number of invertebrate species, over 40% of which are endemic species, and 70 of which are found only in the National Park. The invertebrate fauna includes spiders, beetles, dipterans, hemipterans, and hymenopterae.


title: Teide

text: In contrast, Teide National Park has only a limited variety of vertebrate fauna. Ten species of bird nest there, including the blue chaffinch ("Fringilla teydea"), Berthelot's pipit ("Anthus berthelotii berthelotii"), the Atlantic canary ("Serinus canaria") and a subspecies of kestrel ("Falco tinnunculus canariensis").


title: Teide

text: Three endemic reptile species are found in the park: the Canary Island lizard ("Gallotia galloti galloti"), the Canary Island wall gecko ("Tarentola delalandii"), and the Canary Island skink ("Chalcides viridanus viridanus").


title: Teide

text: The only mammals native to the park are bats, the most common of which is Leisler's bat ("Nyctalus leisleri"). Other mammals, such as the mouflon, the rabbit, the house mouse, the black rat, the feral cat, and the North African hedgehog, have all been introduced to the park.


title: Teide

text: Teide casts the world's largest shadow projected on the sea. The shadow is cast for more than 40 km from the mountain's summit, reaching as far as the island of La Gomera at dawn, and the island of Gran Canaria at sunset. The shadow has a perfectly triangular shape, even though Teide's silhouette does not; this is an effect of aerial perspective. Visitors and tourists climb to the top of the volcano at sunset to witness this phenomenon.


title: Teide

text: Teide National Park is a useful volcanic reference point for studies related to Mars because of the similarities in their environmental conditions and geological formations. In 2010 a research team tested the Raman instrument at Las Cañadas del Teide in anticipation of its use in the 2016–2018 ESA-NASA ExoMars expedition. In June 2011 a team of researchers from the UK visited the park to test a method for looking for life on Mars and to search for suitable places to test new robotic vehicles in 2012.


title: Teide

text: The volcano and its surroundings, including the whole of the Las Cañadas caldera, are protected in the Teide National Park. Access is by a public road running from northeast to southwest across the caldera. TITSA runs a return service to Teide once a day from both Puerto de la Cruz and Playa de las Americas. The park has a Parador (hotel) and a small chapel. A cable car goes from the roadside at most of the way to the summit, reaching , carrying up to 38 passengers (34 in a high wind) and taking eight minutes to reach the summit. Access to the summit itself is restricted; a free permit is required to climb the last . Numbers are normally restricted to 200 per day. Several footpaths take hikers to the upper cable car terminal, and then onto the summit.


title: Teide

text: Because of the altitude, the air is significantly thinner than at sea level. This can cause people (especially with heart or lung conditions) to become light-headed or dizzy, to develop altitude sickness, and in extreme cases to lose consciousness. The only treatment is to return to lower altitudes and acclimatise.


title: Teide

text: An astronomical observatory is located on the slopes of the mountain, taking advantage of the good weather, and the altitude, which puts it above most clouds, and promotes stable Astronomical seeing. The Teide Observatory is operated by the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias. It includes solar, radio and microwave telescopes, in addition to traditional optical night-time telescopes.


title: Teide

text: Teide is the main symbol of Tenerife and the most emblematic natural monument of the Canary Islands. An image of Teide, gushing flames, appears at the centre of Tenerife's coat of arms. Above the volcano appears St. Michael, the patron saint of Tenerife. The flag colors of the island are dark blue, traditionally identified with the sea that surrounds the island, and white for the whiteness of the snow-covered peaks of Mount Teide during winter. The logo of the Cabildo de Tenerife (governing body of the island) includes a symbol of Teide in eruption.


title: Teide

text: Teide has been depicted frequently throughout history, from the earliest engravings made by European conquerors to typical Canarian craft objects, on the back of 1000-peseta notes, in oil paintings and on postcards.


title: Teide

text: In the Canary Islands, especially on Tenerife, Teide has cultural symbolism deeply rooted in traditions and history. It is popularly referred to as "Padre Teide" (Father Teide).


title: Teide

text: Mons Pico, one of the Montes Teneriffe range of lunar mountains in the inner ring of the Mare Imbrium, was named by Johann Hieronymus Schröter after the "Pico von Teneriffe", an 18th-century name for Teide.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In mathematics, a plane is a Euclidean (flat), two-dimensional surface that extends indefinitely. A plane is the two-dimensional analogue of a point (zero dimensions), a line (one dimension) and three-dimensional space. Planes can arise as subspaces of some higher-dimensional space, as with one of a room's walls, infinitely extended, or they may enjoy an independent existence in their own right, as in the setting of two-dimensional Euclidean geometry. Sometimes the word "plane" is used more generally to describe a two-dimensional surface, for example the hyperbolic plane and elliptic plane.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: When working exclusively in two-dimensional Euclidean space, the definite article is used, so "the" plane refers to the whole space. Many fundamental tasks in mathematics, geometry, trigonometry, graph theory, and graphing are performed in a two-dimensional space, often in the plane.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Euclid set forth the first great landmark of mathematical thought, an axiomatic treatment of geometry. He selected a small core of undefined terms (called "common notions") and postulates (or axioms) which he then used to prove various geometrical statements. Although the plane in its modern sense is not directly given a definition anywhere in the "Elements", it may be thought of as part of the common notions. Euclid never used numbers to measure length, angle, or area. The Euclidean plane equipped with a chosen Cartesian coordinate system is called a "Cartesian plane"; a non-Cartesian Euclidean plane equipped with a polar coordinate system would be called a "polar plane".


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In a Euclidean space of any number of dimensions, a plane is uniquely determined by any of the following:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: The following statements hold in three-dimensional Euclidean space but not in higher dimensions, though they have higher-dimensional analogues:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In a manner analogous to the way lines in a two-dimensional space are described using a point-slope form for their equations, planes in a three dimensional space have a natural description using a point in the plane and a vector orthogonal to it (the normal vector) to indicate its "inclination".


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Specifically, let be the position vector of some point , and let be a nonzero vector. The plane determined by the point and the vector consists of those points , with position vector , such that the vector drawn from to is perpendicular to . Recalling that two vectors are perpendicular if and only if their dot product is zero, it follows that the desired plane can be described as the set of all points such that


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In mathematics it is a common convention to express the normal as a unit vector, but the above argument holds for a normal vector of any non-zero length.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Conversely, it is easily shown that if , , , and are constants and , , and are not all zero, then the graph of the equation


title: Plane (geometry)

text: is a plane having the vector as a normal. This familiar equation for a plane is called the "general form" of the equation of the plane.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Thus for example a regression equation of the form (with ) establishes a best-fit plane in three-dimensional space when there are two explanatory variables.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: where and range over all real numbers, and are given linearly independent vectors defining the plane, and is the vector representing the position of an arbitrary (but fixed) point on the plane. The vectors and can be visualized as vectors starting at and pointing in different directions along the plane. The vectors and can be perpendicular, but cannot be parallel.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: The plane passing through , , and can be described as the set of all points ("x","y","z") that satisfy the following determinant equations:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: If is non-zero (so for planes not through the origin) the values for , and can be calculated as follows:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: These equations are parametric in "d". Setting "d" equal to any non-zero number and substituting it into these equations will yield one solution set.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: This plane can also be described by the "point and a normal vector" prescription above. A suitable normal vector is given by the cross product


title: Plane (geometry)

text: For a plane formula_18 and a point formula_19 not necessarily lying on the plane, the shortest distance from formula_20 to the plane is


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Another vector form for the equation of a plane, known as the Hesse normal form relies on the parameter "D". This form is:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: where formula_26 is a unit normal vector to the plane, formula_27 a position vector of a point of the plane and "D" the distance of the plane from the origin.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: The general formula for higher dimensions can be quickly arrived at using vector notation. Let the hyperplane have equation formula_28, where the formula_26 is a normal vector and formula_30 is a position vector to a point in the hyperplane. We desire the perpendicular distance to the point formula_31. The hyperplane may also be represented by the scalar equation formula_32, for constants formula_33. Likewise, a corresponding formula_26 may be represented as formula_35. We desire the scalar projection of the vector formula_36 in the direction of formula_26. Noting that formula_38 (as formula_39 satisfies the equation of the hyperplane) we have


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In analytic geometry, the intersection of a line and a plane in three-dimensional space can be the empty set, a point, or a line.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: The line of intersection between two planes formula_41 and formula_42 where formula_43 are normalized is given by


title: Plane (geometry)

text: This is found by noticing that the line must be perpendicular to both plane normals, and so parallel to their cross product formula_47 (this cross product is zero if and only if the planes are parallel, and are therefore non-intersecting or entirely coincident).


title: Plane (geometry)

text: The remainder of the expression is arrived at by finding an arbitrary point on the line. To do so, consider that any point in space may be written as formula_48, since formula_49 is a basis. We wish to find a point which is on both planes (i.e. on their intersection), so insert this equation into each of the equations of the planes to get two simultaneous equations which can be solved for formula_50 and formula_51.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: If we further assume that formula_52 and formula_53 are orthonormal then the closest point on the line of intersection to the origin is formula_54. If that is not the case, then a more complex procedure must be used.


title: Plane (geometry)

text: Given two intersecting planes described by formula_55 and formula_56, the dihedral angle between them is defined to be the angle formula_57 between their normal directions:


title: Plane (geometry)

text: In addition to its familiar geometric structure, with isomorphisms that are isometries with respect to the usual inner product, the plane may be viewed at various other levels of abstraction. Each level of abstraction corresponds to a specific category.