title: Sasural Simar Ka 2

text: However, Gagan and Aditi get married. Meanwhile, Dhami, Aarav's ex-girlfriend comes Aarav and Simar's life and she marries Aarav through betrayal. However, later Yamini's real identity is revealed to the family as she is Gopichand's second wife and she cheated on Simar. Simar breaks up relation of music with her. Vivaan breaks his relationship with Chitra. Oswals' house was rented by Yamini Devi and her adopted son Samar. They move to Mamta Oberoi's House and she helped them where they meet Ranveer. However, they get their house. Dhami secretly attacks Simar, Aarav, Reema, and Vivaan. She takes Aarav with her and she tries to kill him but Simar saves him. Dhami falls off the cliff and dies leaving everyone happy. Reyansh’s marriage is fixed with Ishita Kapoor, but their alliance is broken off because of Kavya and Chitra gets Reema and throws Ishita out of the house. Reyansh accepts Kavya As his wife while Aditi gives birth to a baby girl names Her Geet.


title: Sasural Simar Ka 2

text: 2 cast members from "former season" (season one), were seen in a span of beginning episodes during April to June 2021, to introduce the main characters.


title: Sasural Simar Ka 2

text: Via first promo, Dipika Kakar was confirmed reprising her role of Simar Bhardwaj. Later it was revealed to be a cameo of 50 episodes. Jayati Bhatia was signed to reprise her role as Mataji in cameo and play a new role of Badi Maa. Avinash Mukherjee, Tanya Sharma, Radhika Muthukumar and Karan Sharma were selected for new leads.


title: Sasural Simar Ka 2

text: Aarav Chowdhary, Shital Thakkar, Vibha Bhagat, Rakshit Wahi, Rajeev Paul, Leena Prabhu, Anita Kulkarni, Akash Jagga, Shakti Singh and Shubhangi Tambale were cast for recurring roles of the show. Rakshit Wahi quit the show in 2021 but came back in June 2022. In March 2022, Jaya Prada to join as a cameo for Gajendra and Sandhya's wedding anniversary. Wasim Mushtaq quit the show in April 2022.


title: Sasural Simar Ka 2

text: Based on the backdrop of Agra, the series is mainly filmed at the sets in Naigaon, Maharashtra. In April, May and June 2021, several sequences were shot near the Taj Mahal in Agra due to the lockdown in Maharashtra


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Confess, Fletch is a 2022 American crime comedy film directed by Greg Mottola, who also co-wrote the screenplay with Zev Borow. Based on Gregory Mcdonald's 1976 novel of the same name, the film stars Jon Hamm, Lorenza Izzo, Marcia Gay Harden, Kyle MacLachlan, Roy Wood Jr. and John Slattery. It is the third installment in the "Fletch" series, following "Fletch" (1985) and "Fletch Lives" (1989), and the first not to star Chevy Chase.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: "Confess, Fletch" was released in a limited theatrical release and on premium video on demand on September 16, 2022, before a Showtime premiere on October 28, 2022. The film received generally positive reviews.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Irwin M. "Fletch" Fletcher is sent to Boston from Italy by his girlfriend Angela to recover her father’s multimillion-dollar paintings which were stolen and are in possession of an American art dealer named Ronald Horan. Angela’s father is an Italian billionaire who is kidnapped by the mob demanding his paintings as ransom.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: As Fletch arrives in a rented town house in Boston, he finds a dead woman, subsequently identified as barista Laurel Goodwin, inside. Despite being the one who called the police, Fletch becomes the prime suspect in Goodwin's murder per Sergeant Inspector Monroe and Junior Detective Griz of the Boston Police Department, who begin tailing Fletch.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Fletch meanwhile meets with Horan and Tatiana under fake names, Tatiana being the ex-wife of town house owner Owen, whom Fletch suspects to be the actual killer. Fletch also meets Owen's neighbor Eve, who tells him about Owen's dark personality. Meanwhile, the countess, Angela’s stepmother, invites herself to stay with Fletch. Angela is not happy with this development as she suspects that the countess and her brother kidnapped her father. She decides to visit Boston where she initially appears to be friendly with the countess.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: At dinner that night, Fletch, the countess, and Angela are visited by Owen, Tatiana, Eve, and Laura Godwin’s boyfriend who tries to kill Fletch. When the boyfriend is distracted by Eve's dog, Fletch snatches his gun and subsequently finds out that Angela knew and was in contact with Owen. Angela abruptly leaves in the middle of the evening.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Fletch follows Angela and discovers that she is meeting with Horan on his sailboat. Fletch assumes that Angela stole the paintings and transferred them to Horan to sell. Horan pulls a gun and tries to kill Fletch but is shot dead by Detective Griz.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: It is revealed that Horan killed Laurel Goodwin and framed Fletch to eliminate him from the painting transaction, as Horan planned to deceive Angela and pay off his debts by selling Angela's father's art.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Angela’s father, who was in fact in the Canary Islands and was not kidnapped, returns and persuades Fletch to keep the paintings. Fletch, from an undisclosed location in Latin America, sends a painting to Eve, his previous boss, and two street artists, and a check to the boyfriend of Laura Goodwin.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Following the release of "Fletch" (1985) and "Fletch Lives" (1989) starring Chevy Chase, attempts to reboot the series based on the Gregory Mcdonald novels frequently became mired in development hell. Names such as Kevin Smith and Jason Lee, Bill Lawrence and Zach Braff, and Jason Sudeikis were previously attached to the property.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: In July 2020, it was reported that Jon Hamm would star in and produce an adaptation of the Mcdonald novel "Confess, Fletch" directed by Greg Mottola. In June 2021, Marcia Gay Harden, Kyle MacLachlan, Roy Wood Jr., and John Slattery joined the cast. Filming began in Boston on June 28, 2021. In July 2021, Ayden Mayeri, Lorenza Izzo, and Annie Mumolo joined the cast. As of July 7, 2021, the film was spotted shooting scenes in Worcester. The film had only a 27 day shooting schedule and Hamm and Mottola returned a portion of their salaries in order to secure an additional 3 days of filming.


title: Confess, Fletch

text: Shortly after the film's release, Mottola said he'd been hired to write a sequel based on the 1978 novel "Fletch's Fortune", but said he was "not sure" if it would ever get made.


title: Cujo

text: Cujo () is a 1981 psychological horror novel by American writer Stephen King about a rabid Saint Bernard. The novel won the British Fantasy Award in 1982 and was made into a film in 1983.


title: Cujo

text: Cujo's name was based on the alias of Willie Wolfe, one of the men responsible for orchestrating Patty Hearst's kidnapping and indoctrination into the Symbionese Liberation Army. Stephen King discusses "Cujo" in "", referring to it as a novel he "barely remembers writing at all." King wrote the book during the height of his struggle with alcohol addiction. King goes on to say he likes the book and wishes he could remember enjoying the good parts as he put them on the page.


title: Cujo

text: According to King, the novel was partly inspired by his trip to a mechanic during the spring of 1977. In a 2006 interview with "The Paris Review", King describes how issues with his motorcycle led him to visit an auto shop on the northern outskirts of Bridgton, Maine. He claims his motorcycle died when he arrived at the shop, and moments after, a Saint Bernard emerged from the garage, growling at him and eventually lunging for his hand. Although the mechanic stopped the dog from harming King by hitting the dog's hindquarters with a wrench, King was still startled by the encounter. This incident, as well as a story published in a Portland, Maine, newspaper about a young child who was killed by a Saint Bernard, provided inspiration for the novel. King also owned a dysfunctional Ford Pinto at the time, which is the same car model the novel's protagonist, Donna Trenton, drives to the auto garage where she encounters the rabid Cujo.


title: Cujo

text: The story takes place in the setting for many King stories: the fictional town of Castle Rock, Maine. Revolving around two local families, the narrative is interspersed with vignettes from the seemingly mundane lives of various other residents. There are no chapter headings, but breaks between passages indicate when the narration switches to a different perspective.


title: Cujo

text: In the summer of 1980, the middle-class Trentons have recently moved to Castle Rock from New York City, bringing with them their four-year-old son, Tad. Vic Trenton discovers his wife, Donna, has recently had an affair with a tennis player named Steve Kemp. In the midst of this household tension, Vic's advertising agency, Ad Worx, is failing due to a scandal over a cereal called Red Razberry Zingers. Vic, and his business partner Roger Breakstone, are forced to travel out of town, leaving Tad and Donna at home alone.


title: Cujo

text: The blue-collar Cambers, meanwhile, are longtime residents of Castle Rock. Joe Camber is a mechanic who dominates and abuses his wife, Charity, and their ten-year-old son, Brett. Charity wins a $5,000 lottery prize and uses the proceeds to trick Joe into allowing her to take Brett on a trip to visit Charity's sister, Holly, in Connecticut. Joe acquiesces and secretly plans to use the time to take a pleasure trip to Boston with his friend, alcoholic WW2 veteran Gary Pervier.


title: Cujo

text: While the Cambers are getting ready for their respective trips, their dog Cujo, a large good-natured Saint Bernard, chases a wild rabbit in the fields around their house and inserts his head in the entrance to a small limestone cave. A bat bites him on the nose and infects him with rabies. Charity and Brett leave town, and while they are gone, Cujo kills Gary, and eventually Joe as well.


title: Cujo

text: Donna, home alone with Tad, takes their failing Ford Pinto to Joe for repairs. The car breaks down in the Cambers' dooryard, and as Donna attempts to find Joe, Cujo appears and attacks her. She climbs back in the car as Cujo starts to attack. Donna and Tad are trapped in their vehicle, the interior of which becomes increasingly hot in the summer sun. During one escape attempt, Donna is bitten in the stomach and leg, but manages to survive and escape back into the car. She plans to run for the house but abandons the idea because she fears the door will be locked and that she will be subsequently killed by Cujo, leaving her son alone.


title: Cujo

text: Vic returns to Castle Rock after several failed attempts to contact Donna and learns from the police that Steve Kemp, the man with whom Donna was having an affair, is suspected of ransacking his home and possibly kidnapping Donna and Tad. To explore all leads, the state police send Castle Rock Sheriff George Bannerman out to the Cambers' house, but Cujo attacks and kills him. Donna, after witnessing the attack and realizing Tad is in danger of dying of dehydration, battles Cujo and kills him. Vic arrives on the scene with the authorities soon after, but Tad has already died from dehydration and heatstroke. Donna is rushed to the hospital, and Cujo's head is removed for a biopsy to check for rabies prior to the cremation of his remains.


title: Cujo

text: The novel ends several months later with both the Trenton and Camber families trying to move on with their lives. Donna has completed her treatment for rabies and her marriage to Vic has survived. Charity gives Brett a new, vaccinated puppy named Willie. A postscript says that the hole Cujo chased the rabbit into was never discovered. It also reminds the reader that Cujo was a good dog who always tried to keep his owners happy, but the ravage of rabies drove him to violence.


title: Cujo

text: Upon its initial release in 1981, the novel earned and maintained a high position on bestseller lists in the United States. Some critics have criticized the novel for its ending. The 1983 film adaptation of the novel featured a more optimistic conclusion.


title: Cujo

text: Despite the above, according to the American Library Association, "Cujo" was the 49th most banned and challenged book in the United States between 1990 and 1999.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: The 2020 FIA Formula 2 Championship was a motor racing championship for Formula 2 cars, sanctioned by the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA). The championship was the fifty-fourth season of Formula 2 racing and the fourth season run under the FIA Formula 2 Championship moniker. It is an open-wheel racing category, that serves as the second tier of formula racing in the FIA Global Pathway. The category was run in support of selected rounds of the 2020 FIA Formula One World Championship. As the championship was a spec series, all teams and drivers competing in the championship ran the same car, the Dallara F2 2018.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Nyck de Vries was the 2019 drivers' champion, having won the title at the penultimate round of the 2019 championship in Russia, thus Mick Schumacher became the next driver to win the title at the final round in the Outer layout of the Bahrain International Circuit with 14 points ahead of runner-up Callum Ilott. DAMS were the reigning teams' champions, having secured their first Formula 2 title in Abu Dhabi. Prema Racing became the next team to clinch teams' title for the first time, after the finish of the feature race in the Outer layout of the Bahrain International Circuit.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: 2020 was due to be the final season with the Dallara F2 2018 chassis package which debuted in 2018 with a new chassis introduced for 2021. This was delayed for another three seasons due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: The following teams and drivers are under contract to compete in the 2020 championship. As the championship is a spec series, all competitors race with an identical Dallara F2 2018 chassis with a V6 turbo engine developed by Mecachrome and with tyres supplied by Pirelli.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Hitech Grand Prix joined the championship, bringing the total number of teams up to eleven. HWA Racelab replaced Arden International on the grid. HWA had formed a technical partnership with the team in 2019.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Reigning team champions DAMS fielded a new driver line-up. Sérgio Sette Câmara left to compete in Super Formula and Nicholas Latifi graduated to Formula One with Williams. They were replaced by Sean Gelael, who left Prema Racing, and two-time Macau Grand Prix winner Dan Ticktum.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Luca Ghiotto left UNI-Virtuosi to join the new Hitech Grand Prix team. Callum Ilott moved from Sauber Junior Team by Charouz to replace him.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Reigning champion Nyck de Vries left ART Grand Prix and the championship to join Mercedes in Formula E. Nikita Mazepin also left the team to join Ghiotto at Hitech Grand Prix. Their seats were taken by Marcus Armstrong and Christian Lundgaard, who finished second and sixth respectively in the 2019 FIA Formula 3 Championship. Lundgaard had made his Formula 2 debut with Trident at the final round of the 2019 season.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Carlin signed two new drivers for 2020. Louis Delétraz left the team to rejoin Charouz Racing System, the team he had competed with in , and Nobuharu Matsushita moved to MP Motorsport. They were replaced by Red Bull juniors Jehan Daruvala and Yuki Tsunoda, who graduated from the FIA Formula 3 Championship having finished third and ninth respectively in 2019.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Campos Racing did not retain reigning Euroformula Open champion Marino Sato, who competed for the team in the final rounds of 2019. Sato moved to Trident, with Campos hiring Formula 3 Brasil champion Guilherme Samaia to replace him.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Charouz Racing System driver Juan Manuel Correa was ruled out of the 2020 championship due to his injuries from the 2019 Spa-Francorchamps FIA Formula 2 round, while Matevos Isaakyan—who replaced Correa for the final rounds of the 2019 championship—was not retained. The team signed 2019 FIA Formula 3 fifth-placed finisher Pedro Piquet to partner Louis Delétraz for 2020.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Jordan King and Mahaveer Raghunathan both left MP Motorsport and the championship. The team hired 2018 Euroformula Open champion Felipe Drugovich to partner Nobuharu Matsushita.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: BWT HWA Racelab retained Artem Markelov, who raced for the team in the final rounds of 2019 as a replacement for the late Anthoine Hubert. Tatiana Calderón left the championship to compete in Super Formula and Giuliano Alesi switched from Trident to replace her.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Reigning FIA Formula 3 champion Robert Shwartzman graduated to the championship with Prema Racing, replacing Sean Gelael.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Trident hired Roy Nissany, who last competed in Formula 2 in 2018 with Campos, to partner Marino Sato.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Sean Gelael suffered a broken vertebra during the last lap of the feature race in Barcelona when he collided with Jack Aitken. As a result, Gelael was declared unfit to participate in Spa and the following three rounds, leaving his DAMS seat vacant. The team hired Red Bull Junior driver Jüri Vips as an interim driver.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Matsushita left the MP Motorsport team after the Mugello round, and Alesi moved across from BWT HWA Racelab to replace him with immediate effect. HWA's FIA Formula 3 Championship driver Jake Hughes graduated to Formula 2 to replace Alesi.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: 2020 FIA Formula 3 Championship runner-up Théo Pourchaire was promoted to Formula 2 for the last two races, replacing Hughes at BWT HWA Racelab.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: At the Formula One Sakhir Grand Prix, Campos Racing driver Jack Aitken was called up to the Williams Formula One team as a replacement for 2018 Formula 2 champion George Russell, who replaced an absent Lewis Hamilton. Ralph Boschung stood in for Aitken for the final round of the championship.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Both the original and revised calendars had twelve rounds scheduled to take place as part of the 2020 championship. Each round consists of two races: a Feature race, which is run on Saturday, over a distance of and includes a mandatory pit stop; and a Sprint race, which is run over and does not require drivers to make a pit stop.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: The Circuit Paul Ricard round that was run in support of the French Grand Prix was removed from the calendar. It was replaced by a round at the Circuit Zandvoort, running in support of the revived Dutch Grand Prix. The Bahrain and Barcelona rounds were postponed in response to the COVID-19 pandemic, while the Zandvoort, Monaco and Baku rounds were cancelled alongside the Dutch, Monaco and Azerbaijan Grands Prix. A revised calendar was published in June 2020, featuring two rounds at the Red Bull Ring and two at the Silverstone Circuit. On 10 July 2020, Mugello was added as the ninth round of the season. It was the first time for this circuit to be featured in the schedule of the main Formula One feeder series since the 1997 International Formula 3000 Championship. On 29 July 2020, Sochi was added to the calendar as the tenth round of the season. The championship used the Outer Circuit layout for the season finale at Bahrain.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: The championship increased the wheel rims from to allow Formula One tyre partner Pirelli to gather data on how the larger tyres would work ahead of Formula One's adoption of 460 mm wheels in 2022. In addition the Pirelli FIA Formula 2 Championship tyre sizes were also slightly altered with the front tyre width increased from while the rear tyre width remained same at . The overall tyre diameter (front and rear) sizes were increased from as a result of 460 mm wheel rim introduction. The conventional 330 mm wheel rims that had been used since 2005 were retired.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: UNI-Virtuosi's Guanyu Zhou started the season opener at the Red Bull Ring from pole position alongside series debutant Felipe Drugovich in second place. Zhou led the majority of the race and fought closely with teammate Callum Ilott and Prema Racing's Mick Schumacher. A technical issue later dropped Zhou to the back and Schumacher's chance of victory was lost after a trip through the gravel at turn six, allowing Ilott to claim his first Formula 2 race victory. Drugovich started the sprint race on pole position by virtue of finishing eighth in the feature race. He maintained the lead for the whole race distance to take his debut win in Formula 2. The opening round finished with Ilott leading the championship, four points ahead of Prema's Robert Shwartzman.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Formula 2 remained at the Red Bull Ring on the following weekend, where Carlin's Yuki Tsunoda took pole position. The feature race began under safety car conditions due to wet weather. Tsunoda led for most of the race, but radio issues prevented him from hearing his team's call to enter the pits, causing the gap behind him to close as his tyres degraded. After eventually making a pit stop, he had lost position to Shwartzman, Ilott and Zhou. Tsunoda recovered to second place but was unable to overtake Shwartzman, who took his first Formula 2 victory and the championship lead. Tsunoda and Shwartzman both retired from the sprint race, Tsunoda with a suspected clutch issue and Shwartzman after spinning on the opening lap. ART Grand Prix's Christian Lundgaard overtook reverse-grid pole sitter Dan Ticktum to claim his maiden Formula 2 victory. Despite his retirement, Shwartzman maintained the lead of the championship by five points over Ilott.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Ilott claimed pole position in the wet qualifying session at the Hungaroring. During the feature race he traded the lead with Schumacher, but fell down the order in the closing laps as his medium-compound tyres degraded. Conversely, Shwartzman and Hitech Grand Prix's Nikita Mazepin, who started the race 11th and 16th respectively, switched from medium to soft-compound tyres later in the race. This proved to be the superior strategy and Shwartzman came through the field to take his second consecutive feature race victory, with Mazepin second. Ilott started on pole position for the sprint race. Whilst most drivers elected to make a pit stop, Hitech's Luca Ghiotto did not. This left Ghiotto in the lead with a 40 second gap behind to Ilott, which rapidly closed over the final ten laps. Ilott was ultimately unable to pass Ghiotto, who took his sixth Formula 2 victory by less than half a second. After the Hungaroring round, Shwartzman had extended his championship lead over Ilott to 18 points.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: The first round at Silverstone saw MP Motorsport's Felipe Drugovich take his team's first ever Formula 2 pole position, whilst championship leader Shwartzman qualified 18th. Second-placed Ilott stalled on the formation lap and was forced to start from the pit lane. Schumacher took the lead at the start, but was overtaken by Mazepin soon after. Mazepin led the rest of the race to take his maiden Formula 2 race win. Dan Ticktum started the sprint race from pole position and maintained his lead. Ilott, who had been running closely behind Ticktum in the final laps, was forced into retirement after a spin, and Ticktum held off Christian Lundgaard on the final lap to achieve his first victory. Despite scoring no points, Shwartzman held his championship lead over Ilott by eight points after the fourth round.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Ilott returned to pole position for the second round at Silverstone and led the entire feature race to take his second victory of the season. Shwartzman finished eighth, losing his championship lead to Ilott but giving him reverse-grid pole position for the sprint race. He led for most of the race with teammate Schumacher close behind, but the two collided with two laps remaining, damaging Shwartzman's front wing and relegating him to the back. This allowed Yuki Tsunoda through to claim his first Formula 2 race win. After round five, Ilott led the championship by 19 points over Christian Lundgaard.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Ilott again took pole position at the Circuit de Barcelona-Catalunya. He traded the lead of the race with Shwartzman and Schumacher but had reclaimed first place by lap 25, when a collision between Sean Gelael and Giuliano Alesi brought out the safety car. Whilst most drivers had made a pit stop earlier in the race after starting on soft-compound tyres, MP Motorsport's Nobuharu Matsushita had stayed out after starting from 18th place on hard tyres. He made his first stop under safety car conditions, elevating him to third place. He was then able to pass Ilott and Tsunoda to take the lead and achieve MP Motorsport's first ever Formula 2 feature race victory. A collision between Gelael and Jack Aitken on the final lap resulted in Gelael suffering a broken vertebra, forcing him to miss the sprint race. Luca Ghiotto began the sprint race on pole position but was passed by Felipe Drugovich at the start, who held the position to take his second victory of the season. Ilott kept the championship lead after round six by 18 points over Shwartzman.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Tsunoda achieved his second pole position in the seventh round at Spa-Francorchamps, where Jüri Vips made his Formula 2 debut replacing the injured Gelael at DAMS. Tsunoda was closely followed by Nikita Mazepin in the feature race until a slow pit stop handed Mazepin the lead. Mazepin held off attacks from Tsunoda to cross the line in first place, but he was issued with a time penalty for forcing Tsunoda off the track, awarding Tsunoda his second win of the season. Trident's Roy Nissany started on pole position for the sprint race, in which championship leader Ilott was forced into retirement after a collision with Tsunoda. Nissany and Dan Ticktum traded the lead in the early laps before the two collided, sending Nissany into the barriers. This allowed Shwartzman through to claim his third win of the season, as well as the lead of the championship by 10 points over Ilott.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Ilott repeated his success in qualifying at Monza, claiming pole position. Mick Schumacher, who started seventh, passed multiple drivers at the start to take second behind Ilott at the first corner. Ilott stalled his car during his pit stop, dropping him to the back of the field and allowing Schumacher through to take his first victory of the season. Charouz Racing System driver Louis Delétraz started on reverse-grid pole position, but was passed by Dan Ticktum before the first corner, who controlled the rest of the race to claim what would have been his second win of the season. However, Ticktum ran out of fuel on his return to the pits, and his team were not able to supply a sufficient fuel sample to the FIA. Thus, Ticktum was disqualified, and Ilott inherited the win. This allowed Ilott to retake the championship lead, six points ahead of Schumacher in second.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Christian Lundgaard achieved his first pole position in qualifying at Mugello and controlled the feature race until the closing laps. Nikita Mazepin, who started 14th, was able to take advantage of an alternative tyre strategy and accidents ahead to claim the lead with two laps to go. He led a Hitech one-two at the finish line ahead of teammate Luca Ghiotto. Shwartzman, Ilott and Tsunoda all failed to score, allowing Schumacher to claim the championship lead for the first time after finishing fifth. HWA Racelab's Artem Markelov started on pole position in the sprint race, from which Mazepin and Ghiotto were eliminated after colliding with each other. Lundgaard took the lead of the race at the start and led the rest of the distance to take his second win of the season. Schumacher finished fourth ahead of Ilott in sixth, allowing Schumacher to extend his championship lead to eight points.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: In Sochi, Tsunoda started the feature race from pole position. He was overtaken by Schumacher with nine laps remaining, who went on to take his second victory of the season. Title challenger Ilott finished third. The sprint race began with Guanyu Zhou on pole position. On lap seven of 21, Luca Ghiotto attempted an overtake on Campos driver Jack Aitken for fourth place around the outside of the long turn four. The drivers made contact and both crashed into the barriers at high-speed, after which Ghiotto's car caught fire. Both drivers escaped unharmed, but the race was red-flagged and not restarted since the barriers could not be repaired in time. Zhou was awarded the race win, his first in Formula 2. Half-points were given as less than 75% of the scheduled race distance was completed. After round 10, Schumacher's championship lead over Ilott had extended to 22 points.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Round 11 at the Bahrain International Circuit began with Ilott on pole position and championship leader Schumacher qualifying 10th. Ilott and Felipe Drugovich traded the lead during the feature race. Drugovich eventually built a gap and finished ahead of Ilott to claim his third victory of the season. Robert Shwartzman started the sprint race from pole position and converted this into his fourth win of the season. Ilott failed to score after colliding with Carlin's Jehan Daruvala and receiving a drive-through penalty. Schumacher finished seventh to hold his championship lead over Ilott by 14 points.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Yuki Tsunoda took his fourth pole position for the final round on Bahrain's outer layout. Ilott qualified ninth, with Schumacher only 18th after colliding with Roy Nissany in qualifying. Tsunoda, Shwartzman and Nikita Mazepin battled for the lead during the feature race, before Tsunoda built a gap and claimed his third win of the season. Ilott and Schumacher were classified fifth and sixth respectively after Mazepin was penalised for illegal defending. Schumacher recorded the fastest lap of the race, meaning his 14 point advantage in the championship went unchanged going into the final race and guaranteeing him the title if Ilott failed to finish the sprint race in the top two. Dan Ticktum took reverse-grid pole position and was later passed by Jehan Daruvala, who claimed his first Formula 2 victory. Schumacher locked his tyres multiple times during the race and made two pit stops, dropping him to the back. Ilott had run in third place but dropped back due to tyre degradation, eventually finishing outside the points. Schumacher crossed the line 18th to become the 2020 Formula 2 champion.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Three drivers would graduate to Formula One at the end of the season. Champion Schumacher and fifth-placed Mazepin joined Haas F1 Team. Third-placed Tsunoda, who won the Anthoine Hubert Award as the highest-placed rookie in the championship, joined Scuderia AlphaTauri. Runner-up Ilott joined Scuderia Ferrari as a test driver.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Points are awarded to the top 10 classified finishers in the Feature race, and to the top 8 classified finishers in the Sprint race. The pole-sitter in the feature race also receives four points, and two points is given to the driver who sets the fastest lap inside the top ten in both the feature and sprint races. No extra points are awarded to the pole-sitter in the sprint race as the grid for the sprint race is based on the results of the feature race with the top eight drivers having their positions reversed.


title: 2020 Formula 2 Championship

text: Points are awarded to the top eight classified finishers, excluding the fastest lap points which are given to the top ten classified finishers.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: LisaRaye McCoy (born September 23, 1967), known as LisaRaye, is an American actress, fashion designer, model, businesswoman and former first lady of the Turks and Caicos Islands. McCoy is best known for portraying Diana "Diamond" Armstrong in the 1998 film "The Players Club", Neesee James on the UPN/The CW sitcom "All of Us" from 2003 until 2007 and Keisha Greene in the VH1 romantic comedy series "Single Ladies" which originally aired from 2011 to 2015. She was also married to Michael Misick, the first Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands, from 2006 until 2010; during that time she served as First Lady of Turks and Caicos.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: McCoy was born in Chicago, Illinois. McCoy is the daughter of David Ray McCoy, a Chicago businessman, and Katie McCoy, a former professional model. Her paternal half-sister is Da Brat. Growing up on the south side of Chicago, McCoy attended St. James College Prep, Kenwood Academy and later Thornridge High School; graduating in 1986. After high school, McCoy attended Eastern Illinois University before pursuing an acting career.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: McCoy made her acting debut as the lead in "Reasons", an independent film directed by Monty Ross. McCoy is perhaps best known for her role as Diamond in "The Players Club", directed and written by Ice Cube. She also appeared in "The Wood", opposite Taye Diggs, "Rhapsody", "All About You", and "Go for Broke". In 2003, McCoy starred as Neesee James in the UPN/ The CW sitcom "All of Us", where she played Duane Martin's ex-wife. The series ended in 2007. McCoy began her career as a model for fashion, but before that she was married to Archie Amerson. She did shows in churches and high schools in her native Chicago. In addition to acting, McCoy has also appeared in dozens of music videos, including "Know Filter 2" by Shleah, Tugoa, T.Lee, "Download" by Lil' Kim, Changing Faces's "Same Tempo", Ginuwine's "Last Chance", Ludacris' "Number 1 Spot", Calvin Richardson's "True Love," Sisqó's "Incomplete", Lil Jon and Ice Cube's "Roll Call", "I Don't Wanna See" and " I Really Want to Sex Your Body," by Link, Tupac Shakur's "Toss It Up", "Never Be The Same Again" by Ghostface Killah & Carl Thomas, ""Unpredictable" by Jamie Foxx, Ooohhhwwweee" by Master P, "Slip N' Slide by Danny Boy, and "Are You in the Mood" by Teddy & Dru Down. She also had a cameo in Seven's music video "Girls" & Jaheim's music video "Back Tight Wit You" McCoy also recorded the single "Would You?" with rapper Benzino. In 2005, McCoy launched two fashion lines: Luxe & Romance, a lingerie line that was introduced during New York's Fashion Week, and Xraye, a jeans line for women. In 2011, she launched her jean collection "The LisaRaye Collection" in partnership with PZI Jeans, and a hair line, "LisaRaye Glamour." That same year, she was the Ambassador/Grand Marshal for the 70th Magic City Classic parade and football game in Birmingham, Alabama.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: The actress has an upcoming movie "You Married Dat" release date to be announced. The movie stars Juhahn Jones, Michael Colyar, Trisha Mann, Apryl Jones, Trisha Mann, and Audra Kinkead.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: McCoy has a daughter named Kai Morae Pace (born December 5, 1989) with Kenji Pace. In 1992, McCoy married Tony Martin. They divorced in 1994. In April 2006, McCoy married Michael Misick, who had been elected the Premier of the Turks and Caicos Islands in a position previously known as Chief Minister of the Turks and Caicos Islands in 2003. They were married in a lavish ceremony before 300 guests, followed by a three-week honeymoon to Jerusalem, Bali and Dubai. During their marriage, McCoy's title was "First Lady of Turks and Caicos." In August 2008, Premier Misick released a statement announcing that he and McCoy were divorcing. Misick resigned from office in March 2009 after an investigation found "clear signs of corruption" involving selling off public land to fund his own investments. He fled Turks and Caicos, and was eventually arrested in Brazil and extradited back to the islands to stand trial.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: McCoy has incorrectly referred to herself as "Queen Mother of Ghana" on multiple occasions, including a 2019 appearance on "The Wendy Williams Show". Her claims and the uncritical reporting of American media outlets were widely mocked on Ghanaian social media, with journalist Nana Aba Anamoah accusing her of "ignorance" and noting that the title does not exist as Ghana is a republic not a monarchy. McCoy was crowned "queen mother" during a ceremony at a Los Angeles nightclub in September 2019. She was given the title by Yahweh ben Yahweh ben Yahweh, a self-proclaimed "imperial king" and former member of a hip hop group from Orange County, Florida. McCoy stated that "To have such an honor bestowed upon me by my own African people [sic] is a testament to my hard work and character". Yahweh, who refers to himself as "The Imperial Majesty King Yahweh The Holy Ghost", had in turn purchased the title of "nkosuohene" from a chief of the small town of Kwanyako in Ghana's Central Region. Granting of such honorary titles to foreigners is a common practice in Ghana.


title: LisaRaye McCoy

text: McCoy visited Kwanyako herself in July 2021, promising to finance a vocational centre for women and a local performance troupe.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Christian "Flake" Lorenz (; born 16 November 1966) is a German musician and keyboard player for Neue Deutsche Härte band Rammstein, as well as the main composer of the band along with guitarist Richard Kruspe. He was also a member of the East German punk band Feeling B.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: In 1983, at age 16, Lorenz began to play in the band Feeling B with Paul Landers and Aljoscha Rompe, a Swiss singer living in East Berlin. He stayed with the band for about ten years. Feeling B started out firmly grounded in the underground punk scene.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Lorenz lived in an apartment with Landers during their early years. When they were not playing gigs, they would sell jackets made from cut-up bed sheets and dusters on the black market. Two jackets a month meant as much money as an average salaried worker. "It was quite easy to make a living; not to work and stay out of trouble," said Landers, "You only got problems if you were caught."


title: Christian Lorenz

text: The group disbanded in the mid-1990s. On special occasions, the band members would get together for concerts at punk festivals, until Rompe died in November 2000 of an asthma attack.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: In 1994, Till Lindemann, Richard Kruspe, Oliver Riedel and Christoph Schneider entered and won the Berlin Senate Metro beat contest that allowed them to professionally record a four track demo. Paul Landers formally joined the band, followed by Lorenz. He was initially reluctant to join his five bandmates and had to be pestered into becoming a member of Rammstein, as he thought they would be too boring. Eventually, he agreed to join, and the group began work on their first album, "Herzeleid" ("Heartache").


title: Christian Lorenz

text: In early live performances of the song "Bück dich" ("Bend down" or "Bend over"), Lorenz and vocalist Till Lindemann engaged in simulated sodomy with a liquor-squirting dildo. On 23 September 1998, in Worcester, Massachusetts (USA) Lindemann and Lorenz were arrested and charged with lewd and lascivious behavior. A statement from Sergeant Thomas Radula of the Worcester Police Department stated that Lindemann was simulating sex with Lorenz onstage "using a phallic object that shot water over the crowd". They were held and released the following day on US$25 bail. After months of legal debate, they were eventually fined US$100.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Until 2002, Lorenz would "surf" the audience in an inflatable rubber dinghy during the performance of "Seemann" ("Seaman"). Riedel took his place in 2002. According to Lorenz, the change occurred because he was injured too often. During a 2001 concert in St. Petersburg, Lorenz was tipped out of the boat by the crowd and almost completely undressed. Despite this, Lorenz returned to riding the dinghy for Rammstein's 2009 tour during the performance of "Haifisch" ("Shark").


title: Christian Lorenz

text: During a concert in Gothenburg, Sweden on 30 July 2005, Till Lindemann suffered a knee injury when Lorenz accidentally ran into him with the Segway he rides during the performance of "Amerika" ("America"). This caused concerts scheduled in Asia to be cancelled.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: In January 2012, Lorenz, along with Lindemann, was interviewed by heavy metal anthropologist Sam Dunn for the VH1 Classic series "Metal Evolution", on the topic of shock rock.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Lorenz has been divorced once and has five children. On 12 September 2008, Lorenz married artist Jenny Rosemeyer, who provided the whistling for Rammstein's song "Roter Sand". He has a brother who is four years older. Lorenz is an amateur painter and likes classic cars. He has a Mercedes and is involved in the vintage car hire business. In November 2011 Lorenz's house was set on fire. The police managed to identify and capture the arsonist, a 28-year-old male with a criminal record who crashed his car nearby while fleeing from the scene.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Lorenz commonly goes by the nicknames "Flake" (pronounced as "Flak-eh" in German) and "Doktor". "Doktor" came about because at one point he wanted to be a surgeon, but he was unable to study to become one because of his refusal to join the East German military. In a 16 December 2000 interview, he stated that "Flake" is his proper name.


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Lorenz has stated "I disapprove of religions which are made into rigid institutions. I also think that religious fanaticism and missionary work are dangerous."


title: Christian Lorenz

text: Lorenz has a distaste towards the United States, which he has called a "sick and decadent country with no culture". On 5 October 2005, Lorenz appeared briefly on Deutsche Welle. When asked how he felt about the reunification of Germany, he said he misses the way things were then. "Even if the GDR survived, I still would've stayed a musician. The increased size of the world also brought the danger of being compared to all of the international acts. The bands which were in the east were the only ones there, and if you were successful there, you were successful. I miss the simplicity. You went into a bar, ordered a beer, and you got a beer!... They didn't ask if you wanted... with a head or without a head, foam top or bottom... It really gets on my nerves having all of these choices I really don't want". In 2014, in an essay titled "I'm missing the GDR" Flake Lorenz stated "I miss the GDR even today. More so than the bands from that time." In a 2014 interview with "Rolling Stone", Lindemann stated that "Flake is still a citizen of the GDR, and he will die a citizen of the GDR" In a 2019 interview with "Metal Hammer", he recalled life in East Germany as "free of trouble and pressure, we all had enough money to live".


title: SHAREit

text: SHAREit is a peer to peer file sharing, content streaming and gaming platform that supports online and offline sharing of files and contents. It allows users access to short format videos and a wide range of games making it a multimedia entertainment app for users. It works on various smartphone platforms allowing users to share files between devices directly. SHAREit was developed as part of Lenovo at its initial stage but was later spun off and operated under a separate Singapore based technology company Smart Media4U Technology Pte. Ltd.


title: SHAREit

text: SHAREit was first released under Lenovo before its ownership was transferred to Smart Media4U Technology based in Singapore. At its initial release, the app was only a peer to peer file sharing facilitator. SHAREit later introduced entertainment features into the app allowing users to watch videos by collaborating with entertainment providers such as Times Music. On 8 May 2018, SHAREit acquired South India OTT platform Fastfilmz app and appointed the founder Karam Malhotra as the Partner & vice president of the company.


title: SHAREit

text: Following upgrade of SHAREit from peer to peer file and content sharing app, a separate gaming center was introduced into the app allowing users to play HTML5 games and gaming videos.


title: SHAREit

text: In 2017, Indian Defence Ministry raised security concern against 42 popular apps including SHAREit, WeChat, Mi Store, Truecaller and ordered its armed forces to uninstall all such apps from their phones and computers. SHAREit refuted the allegation stating that its security metadata integration program with Google ensures that all apps transferred through SHAREit are screened by Google Play and certified malware free before allowing them to be shared between devices through SHAREit app. In June 2020, Indian government announced the ban of 59 apps including SHAREit, TikTok, UC Browser, Weibo, Xender as tensions along the Line of Actual Control (LAC) in Ladakh sparked fatal face-off between the Indian and Chinese armies.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe (; ; or "Elv"; Upper and ) is one of the major rivers of Central Europe. It rises in the Giant Mountains of the northern Czech Republic before traversing much of Bohemia (western half of the Czech Republic), then Germany and flowing into the North Sea at Cuxhaven, northwest of Hamburg. Its total length is .


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe's major tributaries include the rivers Vltava, Saale, Havel, Mulde, Schwarze Elster, and Ohře.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe river basin, comprising the Elbe and its tributaries, has a catchment area of , the twelfth largest in Europe. The basin spans four countries, however it lies almost entirely just in two of them, Germany (65.5%) and the Czech Republic (33.7%, covering about two thirds of the state's territory). Marginally, the basin stretches also to Austria (0.6%) and Poland (0.2%). The Elbe catchment area is inhabited by 24.4 million people, the biggest cities within are Berlin, Hamburg, Prague, Dresden and Leipzig.


title: Elbe

text: First attested in Latin as ', the name ' means "river" or "river-bed" and is nothing more than the High German version of a word ("*albī") found elsewhere in Germanic; cf. Old Norse river name ', Swedish ' "river", Norwegian ' "river", Old English river name ', and Middle Low German "" "river-bed".


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe (Labe) rises on the slopes of Mt. Violík at an elevation of in the Giant Mountains on the northwest borders of the Czech Republic. Of the numerous small streams whose waters compose the infant river, the most important is the Bílé Labe, or White Elbe. After plunging down the of the Elbe Falls, the latter stream unites with the steeply torrential Malé Labe, and thereafter the united stream of the Elbe pursues a southerly course, emerging from the mountain glens at Jaroměř, where it receives Úpa and Metuje.


title: Elbe

text: Here the Elbe enters the vast vale named Polabí (meaning "land along the Elbe"), and continues on southwards through Hradec Králové (where Orlice flows in) and then to Pardubice, where it turns sharply to the west. At Kolín some further on, it bends gradually towards the north-west. At the village of Káraný, a little above Brandýs nad Labem, the Jizera enters in.


title: Elbe

text: At Mělník its stream is more than doubled in volume by the Vltava, a major river which winds northwards through Bohemia. Upstream from the confluence the Vltava is in fact much longer ( against of the Elbe so far), and has a greater discharge and a larger drainage basin. Nonetheless, for historical reasons the river retains the name Elbe, also because at the confluence point it is the Elbe that flows through the main, wider valley while the Vltava flows into the valley to meet the Elbe at almost a right angle, and thus appears to be the tributary river.


title: Elbe

text: Some distance lower down, at Litoměřice, the waters of the Elbe are tinted by the reddish Ohře. Thus augmented, and swollen into a stream wide, the Elbe carves a path through the basaltic mass of the České Středohoří, churning its way through a picturesque, deep, narrow and curved rocky gorge.


title: Elbe

text: Shortly after crossing the Czech-German frontier, and passing through the sandstone defiles of the Elbe Sandstone Mountains, the stream assumes a north-westerly direction, which on the whole it preserves right to the North Sea.


title: Elbe

text: The river rolls through Dresden and finally, beyond Meissen, enters on its long journey across the North German Plain passing along the former western border of East Germany, touching Torgau, Wittenberg, Dessau, Magdeburg, Wittenberge, and Hamburg on the way, and taking on the waters of the Mulde and Saale from the west, and those of the Schwarze Elster, Havel and Elde from the east. In its northern section both banks of the Elbe are characterised by flat, very fertile marshlands (Elbe Marshes), former flood plains of the Elbe now diked.


title: Elbe

text: At Magdeburg there is a viaduct, the Magdeburg Water Bridge, that carries a canal and its shipping traffic over the Elbe and its banks, allowing shipping traffic to pass under it unhindered.


title: Elbe

text: From the sluice of Geesthacht (at kilometre 586) on downstream the Elbe is subject to the tides, the tidal Elbe section is called the Unterelbe (Low Elbe). Soon the Elbe reaches Hamburg. Within the city-state the Unterelbe has a number of branch streams, such as Dove Elbe, Gose Elbe, Köhlbrand, Norderelbe (Northern Elbe), Reiherstieg, Süderelbe (Southern Elbe). Some of which have been disconnected for vessels from the main stream by dikes. In 1390 the Gose Elbe (literally in ) was separated from the main stream by a dike connecting the two then-islands of Kirchwerder and Neuengamme. The Dove Elbe (literally in ) was diked off in 1437/38 at Gammer Ort. These hydraulic engineering works were carried out to protect marshlands from inundation, and to improve the water supply of the Port of Hamburg. After the heavy inundation by the North Sea flood of 1962 the western section of the Southern Elbe was separated, becoming the Old Southern Elbe, while the waters of the eastern Southern Elbe now merge into the Köhlbrand, which is bridged by the Köhlbrandbrücke, the last bridge over the Elbe before the North Sea.


title: Elbe

text: The Northern Elbe passes the Elbe Philharmonic Hall and is then crossed under by the old Elbe Tunnel (Alter Elbtunnel), both in Hamburg's city centre. A bit more downstream the Low Elbe's two main anabranches Northern Elbe and the Köhlbrand reunite south of Altona-Altstadt, a locality of Hamburg. Right after both anabranches reunited the Low Elbe is passed under by the New Elbe Tunnel (Neuer Elbtunnel), the last structural road link crossing the river before the North Sea. At the bay Mühlenberger Loch in Hamburg at kilometre 634, the Northern Elbe and the Southern Elbe (here now the cut-off meander Old Southern Elbe) used to reunite, which is why the bay is seen as the starting point of the Niederelbe (Lower Elbe). Leaving the city-state the Lower Elbe then passes between Holstein and the Elbe-Weser Triangle with Stade until it flows into the North Sea at Cuxhaven. Near its mouth it passes the entrance to the Kiel Canal at Brunsbüttel before it debouches into the North Sea.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe has always been navigable by commercial vessels, and provides important trade links as far inland as Prague. The river is linked by canals (Elbe Lateral Canal, Elbe-Havel Canal, Mittellandkanal) to the industrial areas of Germany and to Berlin. The Elbe-Lübeck Canal links the Elbe to the Baltic Sea, as does the Kiel Canal, whose western entrance is near the mouth of the Elbe. The Elbe-Weser Shipping Channel connects the Elbe with the Weser.


title: Elbe

text: By the Treaty of Versailles the navigation on the Elbe became subject to the International Commission of the Elbe, seated in Dresden. The statute of the commission was signed in Dresden on 22 February 1922. Following articles 363 and 364 of the Treaty of Versailles, Czechoslovakia was entitled to lease its own harbour basin, Moldauhafen in Hamburg. The contract of lease with Germany, and supervised by the United Kingdom, was signed on 14 February 1929, ending in 2028. Since 1993 the Czech Republic holds the former Czechoslovak legal position.


title: Elbe

text: Before Germany was reunited, waterway transport in Western Germany was hindered by the fact that inland navigation to Hamburg had to pass through the German Democratic Republic. The Elbe-Seitenkanal (Elbe Lateral Canal) was built between the West German section of the Mittellandkanal and the Lower Elbe to restore this connection. When the two nations were reunited, works were begun to improve and restore the original links: the Magdeburg Water Bridge now allows large barges to cross the Elbe without having to enter the river. The often low water levels of the Elbe no longer hinder navigation to Berlin.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe is crossed by many ferries, both passenger and car carrying. In downstream order, these include:


title: Elbe

text: Many of these ferries are traditional reaction ferries, a type of cable ferry that uses the current flow of the river to provide propulsion.


title: Elbe

text: Humans first lived in the northern Elbe region before about 200,000 years ago, during the Middle Paleolithic.


title: Elbe

text: Ptolemy recorded the Elbe as ' (Germanic for "river") in Germania Magna, with its source in the ' mountains (Giant Mountains), where the Germanic " then lived.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe has long served as an important delineator of European geography. The Romans knew the river as the "; however, they made only one serious attempt to move the border of their empire forward from the Rhine to the Elbe, and this attempt failed with the Battle of the Teutoburg Forest in 9 AD, after which they never seriously tried again. In the Middle Ages the Elbe formed the eastern limit of the Empire of Charlemagne (King of the Franks from 769 to 814). The river's navigable sections were essential to the success of the Hanseatic League in the Late Middle Ages, and much trade was carried on its waters.


title: Elbe

text: From the early 6th century Slavic tribes (known as the Polabian Slavs) settled in the areas east of the rivers Elbe and Saale (which had been depopulated since the 4th century). In the 10th century the Ottonian Dynasty (dominant from 919 to 1024) began conquering these lands; a slow process of Germanization ensued, including the Wendish Crusade of 1147.


title: Elbe

text: The Elbe delineated the western parts of Germany from the eastern so-called East Elbia, where soccage and serfdom were more strict and prevailed longer than westwards of the river, and where feudal lords held bigger estates than in the west. Thus incumbents of huge land-holdings became characterised as East Elbian Junkers. The Northern German area north of the Lower Elbe used to be called North Albingia in the Middle Ages. When the four Lutheran church bodies there united in 1977 they chose the name North Elbian Evangelical Lutheran Church. Other, administrative units were named after the river Elbe, such as the Westphalian "Elbe département" (1807–1813) and "Lower Elbe département" (1810), and the French département Bouches-de-l'Elbe (1811–1814).


title: Elbe

text: In 1945, as World War II drew to a close, Germany came under attack from the armies of the western Allies advancing from the west and those of the Soviet Union advancing from the east. On 25 April 1945 these two forces linked up near Torgau, on the Elbe. The victorious countries marked the event unofficially as Elbe Day. From 1949 to 1990 the Elbe formed part of the Inner German border between East Germany and West Germany.


title: Elbe

text: During the 1970s the Soviet Union stated that Adolf Hitler's ashes had been scattered in the Elbe following disinterment from their original burial-site.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: Lindsay Hartley (born Lindsay Nicole Korman; April 17, 1978) is an American actress. She first came to attention with three long-running soap opera roles: Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald on "Passions", Cara Castillo on "All My Children", and Arianna Hernandez on "Days of Our Lives". Since leaving soap operas, Korman has appeared in a number of made for television films on the Lifetime network.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: Born in Palm Springs, California, Korman is of Jewish, Greek, and Italian origin. Korman was a national pre-teen talent winner of the Young Miss America Beauty Pageant. Singing since age eleven, Korman won a role in the Broadway production of "Grease" at age eighteen. Then she was lead vocalist in the Las Vegas Sands Hotel afternoon show "Viva Las Vegas" as well as the lead role of Maria in the Civic Light Opera's "West Side Story" in Austin, Texas. Additionally, Korman has won several national vocal competitions, including The Los Angeles Philharmonic's Award-Vocal/Opera, The National Date Festival, and America's Showcase Starlet.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: In 1999, Korman won the role of Theresa Lopez-Fitzgerald on the NBC soap opera "Passions", for which she was nominated for the Soap Opera Digest Award for Outstanding Female Newcomer in 2000. She also made guest appearances on "The Weakest Link" and "The Other Half" in 2002.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: On April 9, 2009, Hartley made a guest appearance on "". In late July of that year, "Soap Opera Digest" announced that she would join the cast of "Days of Our Lives", another NBC soap opera, in the recast role of Arianna Hernandez. The role placed her opposite former "Passions" co-stars Galen Gering and Eric Martsolf, who would once again portray her brother and love interest, respectively. Hartley was written off "Days of Our Lives" in 2010.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: On September 18, 2010, it was announced that Hartley had signed on to play the new character of Cara Castillo on "All My Children"; she first aired on December 7. She was also cast as DC Comics character Mad Harriet during the tenth and final season of "Smallville". In January 2013, it was announced that Hartley signed on to play Cara Castillo on the new "All My Children" being revived by Prospect Park and to begin airing sometime in April 2013.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: Hartley has filled in as Sam McCall on ABC's "General Hospital" for Kelly Monaco on two occasions in August, 2020 and February, 2022.


title: Lindsay Hartley

text: In 2003, Korman began dating her former "Passions" co-star Justin Hartley (who played Fox Crane). After six months, the two became engaged on November 13, 2003. They married in a small ceremony on May 1, 2004. On July 3, 2004, she gave birth to their daughter Isabella Justice Hartley. They lived in Los Angeles. On May 6, 2012, Lindsay filed for divorce from Justin in the Los Angeles County Superior Court citing "irreconcilable differences", asking for joint physical and legal custody of their daughter.


title: Ken Howard

text: Kenneth Joseph Howard Jr. (March 28, 1944 – March 23, 2016) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as Thomas Jefferson in "1776" and as basketball coach and former Chicago Bulls player Ken Reeves in the television show "The White Shadow" (1978–1981). Howard won the Tony Award for Best Featured Actor in a Play in 1970 for his performance in "Child's Play", and later won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Miniseries or a Movie for his work in "Grey Gardens" (2009).


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard was elected president of the actors' union, Screen Actors Guild (SAG), in September 2009 and reelected to a second term, in September 2011. He was the last president of the Screen Actors Guild and the first president of the newly combined SAG-AFTRA union, after the Screen Actors Guild and another union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA), voted to merge in 2012. He was reelected in 2015.


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard was born on March 28, 1944, in El Centro, California, the son of Martha Carey (née McDonald) and Kenneth Joseph Howard, a stockbroker, being the elder of their two sons. His younger brother, the late Don Howard, was also an actor and director. His approximately 6-foot 6-inch (1.98 m) stature earned him the nickname "Stork" as a high school student. He grew up in Manhasset, New York, on Long Island.


title: Ken Howard

text: The nickname "The White Shadow" was given to him by the Long Island press in 1961, as, at age 17, Howard was the only white starter on the Manhasset High School varsity basketball team.


title: Ken Howard

text: A member of the National Honor Society in high school, Howard turned down several offers of basketball scholarships in favor of a more focused academic education. He graduated in 1966 from Amherst College, where he served as captain of the basketball team. He was also a member of the a cappella singing group The Zumbyes. He attended Yale School of Drama but left to make his Broadway debut before completing his master's degree – which he achieved in 1999.


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard began his career on Broadway in "Promises, Promises" with Jerry Orbach. In 1970, he won a Tony Award as Best Supporting or Featured Actor (Dramatic) for "Child's Play." Howard later starred on Broadway as Thomas Jefferson in "1776" and reprised the role in the 1972 film. His other Broadway appearances included "Seesaw" in 1973 and "The Norman Conquests". Howard portrayed several U.S. presidents in the 1975 Broadway musical "1600 Pennsylvania Avenue" and appeared as Warren G. Harding in "Camping with Henry and Tom" in 1995. He appeared in legitimate theater in many cities, most recently as Tip O'Neill in a one-man show "According to Tip", at the New Repertory Theatre in Watertown, Massachusetts.


title: Ken Howard

text: On television, Howard appeared as Ken Reeves, a Los Angeles high school basketball coach, in "The White Shadow", produced by Bruce Paltrow in 1978. Howard had the starring role in the 1973 TV series "Adam's Rib" opposite his good friend (and Paltrow's wife) Blythe Danner, who also played wife Martha to his Thomas Jefferson in the film version of "1776". He starred in "The Manhunter", a crime drama that was part of CBS's lineup for the 1974–75 television season.


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard starred in the TV movie "Father Damien" in 1980 and won a Daytime Emmy Award in 1981 for his performance as the ideal father in the CBS afternoon special "The Body Human: Facts for Boys". Howard's additional credits included "Sidney Sheldon's Rage of Angels, 1983", the 2000 miniseries "Perfect Murder, Perfect Town", and the feature film "", both co-starring Kris Kristofferson. He played the title character in the 1984 American Playhouse production of Mark Twain's "Pudd'nhead Wilson", having earlier played Twain on "Bonanza". Later, he appeared as Garrett Boydston in "Dynasty" and its spin-off "The Colbys". In the early 1990s, he appeared on "Murder, She Wrote" and, from 2001–04, in "Crossing Jordan" as the title character's father. In 2007, he appeared in the Jimmy Smits series "Cane".


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard guest-starred on numerous television dramas. He was guest villain in "Hart to Hart Returns", a 1993 made-for-TV movie. He also appeared in season one of "The West Wing" as President Bartlet's first choice for US Supreme Court Justice in the episode "The Short List". His other dramatic guest roles included "NYPD Blue", "The Practice", "Boston Legal", "Cold Case", "Dirty Sexy Money", "Eli Stone", "Brothers and Sisters", "", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Fairly Legal", "Crossing Jordan", "The Closer", "Blue Bloods", "The Golden Girls", "The Office", and "30 Rock".


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard made his movie debut in 1970, in "Tell Me That You Love Me, Junie Moon", opposite Liza Minnelli. Numerous dramatic and comedic movie roles followed, including: "Such Good Friends", "1776", "The Strange Vengeance of Rosalie", "Independence", "Second Thoughts", "Oscar" with Sylvester Stallone in 1991, "Ulterior Motives", "Clear and Present Danger" with Harrison Ford in 1994, "The Net" with Sandra Bullock in 1995, "Tactical Assault", "", and "In Her Shoes" in 2005.


title: Ken Howard

text: In 2007, Howard appeared again with Stallone in "Rambo", and in George Clooney's "Michael Clayton". In 2010, he starred in "The Numbers Game" with Steven Bauer. He next appeared as Harlan F. Stone in Clint Eastwood's "J. Edgar".


title: Ken Howard

text: He gave an acclaimed performance as Phelan Beale in the 2009 HBO film "Grey Gardens", playing opposite Jessica Lange, for which he received an Emmy Award. His last films were "Better Living Through Chemistry" (2013), "A.C.O.D."(2013), "The Judge" (2014), "The Wedding Ringer" (2015) and the biographical comedy-drama film "Joy" (2015).


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard was the author of the 2003 book "Act Natural: How to Speak to Any Audience", based on the drama courses he had taught at Harvard University. He was a popular reader for audiobooks.


title: Ken Howard

text: Howard was married three times. His first wife was actress Louise Sorel (m. 1973–75). His second wife was writer and advice columnist Margo Howard (m. 1977–91). His final marriage was to stuntwoman Linda Fetters Howard (m. 1992–2016).


title: Ken Howard

text: The SAG-AFTRA actors' union announced Howard's death on Wednesday, March 23, 2016, five days before his 72nd birthday, although no cause was given. "The Hollywood Reporter" noted that Howard "was diagnosed with stage four prostate cancer in 2007 and was recently hospitalized with a case of shingles." However, Howard died of pneumonia complicated by shingles and prostate cancer in Valencia, California. He was the first and, to date, only Screen Actors Guild or SAG-AFTRA national president to die in office.


title: Ken Howard

text: George Clooney, in whose 2007 legal thriller, "Michael Clayton", Howard appeared, remembered having met him for the first time, in 1983 at 20th Century Fox, as a fan of "The White Shadow".


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: There are seven sacraments of the Catholic Church, which according to Catholic theology were instituted by Jesus and entrusted to the Church. Sacraments are visible rites seen as signs and efficacious channels of the grace of God to all those who receive them with the proper disposition.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The sacraments are often classified into three categories: the sacraments of initiation (into the Church, the body of Christ), consisting of Baptism, Confirmation, and the Eucharist; the sacraments of healing, consisting of the Sacrament of Penance and the Anointing of the Sick; and the sacraments of service: Holy Orders and Matrimony.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The number of the sacraments in the early church was variable and undefined; Peter Damian for example had listed eleven, including the ordination of kings. Hugh of Saint Victor enumerated nearly thirty, although he put Baptism and Holy Communion first with special relevance. The current seven sacraments were set out in the Sentences by Peter Lombard, and these seven were confirmed by the Fourth Council of the Lateran in 1213.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" lists the sacraments as follows: "The whole liturgical life of the Church revolves around the Eucharistic sacrifice and the sacraments. There are seven sacraments in the Church: Baptism, Confirmation or Chrismation, Eucharist, Penance, Anointing of the Sick, Holy Orders, and Matrimony."


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The list of seven sacraments already given by the Council of Florence (1439) was reaffirmed by the Council of Trent (1545–1563), which stated:


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: "Sacred tradition and Sacred Scripture form one sacred deposit of the word of God, committed to the Church." "In the liturgy, above all that of the sacraments, there is an "immutable" part, a part that is divinely instituted and of which the Church is the guardian, and parts that "can be changed", which the Church has the power and on occasion also the duty to adapt to the cultures of recently evangelized peoples." Baptism cannot be changed to allow a non-Trinitarian formula. "Anyone conscious of a grave sin must receive the sacrament of Reconciliation before coming to communion." Regarding marriage, "basing itself on Sacred Scripture, which presents homosexual acts as acts of grave depravity, tradition has always declared that 'homosexual acts are intrinsically disordered' [...] contrary to the natural law." "The ordination of women is not possible."


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The efficacy of sacraments does not depend on the celebrant's being in the state of grace. Their power comes not from the celebrant nor from the recipient but from God. In them Christ himself is at work. However, the actual effects ("the fruits") of the sacrament depends also on the recipient's disposition: "in order that the liturgy may be able to produce its full effects, it is necessary that the faithful come to it with proper dispositions, that their minds should be attuned to their voices, and that they should cooperate with divine grace lest they receive it in vain".


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The Catholic Church teaches that the sacraments are "efficacious signs of grace, instituted by Christ and entrusted to the Church, by which divine life is dispensed to us." The Church teaches that the effect of a sacrament comes "ex opere operato", by the very fact of being administered, regardless of the personal holiness of the minister administering it. However, a recipient's own lack of proper disposition to receive the grace conveyed can block the effectiveness of the sacrament in that person. The sacraments presuppose faith and through their words and ritual elements, are meant to nourish, strengthen and give expression to faith.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: While the Church itself is the universal sacrament of salvation, the sacraments "of" the Catholic Church in the strict sense are seven sacraments that "touch all the stages and all the important moments of Christian life: they give birth and increase, healing and mission to the Christian's life of faith". "The Church affirms that for believers the sacraments of the New Covenant are necessary for salvation", although not all are necessary for every individual.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The Compendium of the Catechism of the Catholic Church states: "Christian initiation is accomplished by means of the sacraments which establish the foundations of Christian life. The faithful born anew by Baptism are strengthened by Confirmation and are then nourished by the Eucharist."


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The Roman Catholic Church sees baptism as the first and basic sacrament of Christian initiation. In the Western or Latin Church, baptism is usually conferred today by pouring water three times on the recipient's head, while reciting the baptismal formula: "I baptize you in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit" (cf. ). In the Eastern Catholic Churches of Byzantine Rite immersion or submersion is used, and the formula is: "The servant of God, N., is baptized in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit." Though sprinkling is not normally used, its validity is accepted, provided that the water flows over the skin, since otherwise it is not a washing.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Confirmation or Chrismation is the second sacrament of Christian initiation. "It is called Chrismation (in the Eastern Churches: anointing with holy myron or chrism) because the essential rite of the sacrament is anointing with chrism. It is called Confirmation because it confirms and strengthens baptismal grace." It is conferred by "the anointing with Sacred Chrism (oil mixed with balsam and consecrated by the bishop), which is done by the laying on of the hand of the minister who pronounces the sacramental words proper to the rite." These words, in both their Western and Eastern variants, refer to a gift of the Holy Spirit that marks the recipient as with a seal. Through the sacrament the grace given in baptism is "strengthened and deepened." Like baptism, confirmation may be received only once, and the recipient must be in a state of grace (meaning free from any known unconfessed mortal sin) in order to receive its effects. The "originating" minister of the sacrament is a validly consecrated bishop; if a priest (a "presbyter") confers the sacrament – as is done ordinarily in the Eastern Churches and in special cases (such as the baptism of an adult or in danger of the death of a young child) in the Latin Church (CCC 1312–1313) – the link with the higher order is indicated by the use of oil (known as "chrism" or "myron") blessed by the bishop on Holy Thursday itself or on a day close to it. In the East, which retains the ancient practice, the sacrament is administered by the parish priest immediately after baptism. In the West, where the sacrament is normally reserved for those who can understand its significance, it came to be postponed until the recipient's early adulthood; in the 20th century, after Pope Pius X introduced first Communion for children on reaching the age of discretion, the practice of receiving Confirmation later than the Eucharist became widespread; but the traditional order, with Confirmation administered before First Communion, is being increasingly restored.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The Eucharist, also called the Blessed Sacrament, is the sacrament – the third of Christian initiation, the one that the "Catechism of the Catholic Church" says "completes Christian initiation" – by which Catholics partake of the Body and Blood of Jesus Christ and participate in the Eucharistic memorial of his one sacrifice. The first of these two aspects of the sacrament is also called Holy Communion. The bread – which must be wheaten, and which is unleavened in the Latin, Armenian and Ethiopic Rites, but is leavened in most Eastern Rites – and wine – which must be from grapes – used in the Eucharistic rite are, in Catholic faith, transformed in their inner reality, though not in appearance, into the Body and Blood of Christ, a change that is called transubstantiation. "The minister who is able to confect the sacrament of the Eucharist in the person of Christ is a validly ordained priest alone." The word "priest" here (in Latin "sacerdos") includes both bishops and those priests who are also called presbyters. Deacons as well as priests ("sacerdotes") are ordinary ministers of Holy Communion, and lay people may be authorized to act as extraordinary ministers of Holy Communion. The Eucharistic celebration is seen as "the source and summit" of Christian living, the high point of God's sanctifying action on the faithful and of their worship of God, the point of contact between them and the liturgy of heaven. So important is it that participation in the Eucharistic celebration (see Mass) is seen as obligatory on every Sunday and holy day of obligation and is recommended on other days. Also recommended for those who participate in the Mass is reception, with the proper dispositions, of Holy Communion. This is seen as obligatory at least once a year, during Eastertide.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: During the second half of the 2010s some dioceses of Latin Rite in the United States, as elsewhere, returned to the original order of the three sacraments of Christian initiation, that is: Baptism, Confirmation and, lastly, first Communion.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" references this order at No. 1212, and at No. 1322 says: "The holy Eucharist completes Christian initiation.".


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Administering the Eucharist before Confirmation began in the Latin Rite, unlike other rites, in consequence of Pope Pius X's 1910 decree "Quam singulari Christus amore" (transl.: "How special was Christ's love"), which said Communion should not be delayed beyond when a child reaches the age of reason. U.S. dioceses complied but did not bring confirmation forward with it from a subsequent age.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The Sacrament of Penance (or Reconciliation) is the first of two sacraments of healing. The "Catechism of the Catholic Church" mentions in the following order and capitalization different names of the sacrament, calling it the sacrament of conversion, Penance, confession, forgiveness and Reconciliation. It is the sacrament of spiritual healing of a baptized person from the distancing from God resulting from sins committed. When people sin after baptism, they cannot have baptism as a remedy; Baptism, which is a spiritual regeneration, cannot be given a second time.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: "Many sins wrong our neighbour. One must do what is possible in order to repair the harm (e.g., return stolen goods, restore the reputation of someone slandered, pay compensation for injuries). Simple justice requires as much. But sin also injures and weakens the sinner himself, as well as his relationships with God and neighbour. Absolution takes away sin, but it does not remedy all the disorders sin has caused. Raised up from sin, the sinner must still recover his full spiritual health by doing something more to make amends for the sin: he must 'make satisfaction for' or 'expiate' his sins. This satisfaction is also called 'penance'" (CCC 1459). In early Christian centuries, this element of satisfaction was quite onerous and generally preceded absolution, but now it usually involves a simple task for the penitent to perform later, in order to make some reparation and as a medicinal means of strengthening against further temptation.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: The priest is bound by the "seal of confession", which is inviolable. "Accordingly, it is absolutely wrong for a confessor in any way to betray the penitent, for any reason whatsoever, whether by word or in any other fashion." A confessor who directly violates the sacramental seal incurs an automatic excommunication whose lifting is reserved to the Holy See.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: In some dioceses, certain sins are "reserved" which means only certain confessors can absolve them. Some sins, such as violation of the sacramental seal, consecration of bishops without authorization by the Holy See, direct physical attacks on the Pope, and intentional desecration of the Eucharist are reserved to the Holy See. A special case-by-case faculty from the Sacred Penitentiary is normally required to absolve these sins.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Anointing of the Sick is the second sacrament of healing. In this sacrament a priest anoints the sick with oil blessed specifically for that purpose. "The anointing of the sick can be administered to any member of the faithful who, having reached the use of reason, begins to be in danger by reason of illness or old age" (canon 1004; cf. CCC 1514). A new illness or a worsening of health enables a person to receive the sacrament a further time.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: When, in the Western Church, the sacrament was conferred only on those in "immediate" danger of death, it came to be known as "Extreme Unction", i.e. "Final Anointing", administered as one of the Last Rites. The other Last Rites are Confession (if the dying person is physically unable to confess, at least absolution, conditional on the existence of contrition, is given), and the Eucharist, which when administered to the dying is known as "bread for the journey" or by the Latin name "Viaticum", literally "provisions for a journey".


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Holy Orders is the Sacrament by which a layman is made a deacon, a deacon is made a priest and a priest is made a bishop, dedicated for service to the Church. In descending order of rank, the three degrees are referred to as episcopate, presbyterate and diaconate. The bishop is the only minister of this sacrament. Ordination as a bishop confers the fullness of the sacrament, with membership of the College of Bishops, the successor body in the Church to that of the Apostles, and entrusting to him the threefold office to teach, sanctify, and govern the People of God. Ordination as a priest calls the priest to take, in the Eucharistic celebration, the role of Christ, the Head of the Church, the one essential High Priest, and confers on him the power and responsibility, as the bishop's assistant, to celebrate the sacraments except for Holy Orders. Ordination as a deacon configures the man in the service of the bishop, especially in the Church's exercise of Christian charity towards the poor, and preaching of the word of God.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Men who discern a vocation to the priesthood are required by canon law (canon 1032 of the 1983 Code of Canon Law) to undertake a seminary program with graduate level philosophical and theological studies and a formation program that includes spiritual direction, retreats, apostolate experience, and learning some Latin. The course of studies in preparation for ordination as a "permanent" deacon (one not intending to become a priest) is decided by the regional episcopal conference.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Matrimony, or Marriage, is another sacrament that consecrates for a particular mission in building up the Church, and that provides grace for accomplishing that mission. This sacrament, seen as a sign of the love uniting Christ and the Church, establishes between the spouses a permanent and exclusive bond, sealed by God. Accordingly, a marriage between baptized people, validly entered into and consummated, cannot be dissolved. The sacrament confers on them the grace they need for attaining holiness in their married life and for responsible acceptance and upbringing of their children. As a condition for validity, the sacrament is celebrated in the presence of the local Ordinary or Parish Priest or of a cleric delegated by them (or in certain limited circumstances a lay person delegated by the diocesan Bishop with the approval of the Episcopal Conference and the permission of the Holy See) and at least two other witnesses, though in the theological tradition of the Latin Church the ministers of the sacrament uniquely are the couple themselves. For a valid marriage, a man and a woman must express their conscious and free consent to a definitive self-giving to the other, excluding none of the essential properties and aims of marriage. If one of the two is a non-Catholic Christian, their marriage is licit only if the permission of the competent authority of the Catholic Church is obtained. If one of the two is not a Christian (i.e. has not been baptized), the competent authority's dispensation is necessary for validity.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: As stated above, the effect of the sacraments comes "ex opere operato" (by the very fact of being administered). Since it is Christ who works through them, their effectiveness does not depend on the worthiness of the minister. The belief that the validity of the sacrament is dependent upon the holiness of the administrator was rejected in the Donatist crisis.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: However, an apparent administration of a sacrament is invalid if the person acting as minister does not have the necessary power (as if a deacon were to celebrate Mass). They are also invalid if the required "matter" or "form" is lacking. The matter is the perceptible material object, such as water in baptism or bread and wine for the Eucharist, or the visible action. The form is the verbal statement that specifies the signification of the matter, such as, (in the Western Church), "N., I baptize you in the name of the Father, and of the Son, and of the Holy Spirit". Furthermore, if the minister positively excludes some essential aspect of the sacrament, the sacrament is invalid. This last condition lies behind the 1896 judgement of the Holy See denying the validity of Anglican Orders, a judgment that, though questioned, is still upheld.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: A sacrament may be administered validly, but illicitly, if a condition imposed by canon law is not observed. Obvious cases are administration of a sacrament by a priest under a penalty of excommunication or suspension, or an episcopal ordination without the Pontifical mandate (except in certain circumstances outlined in Canon Law).


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Canon law specifies impediments to reception of the sacraments of orders and marriage. Some impediments are merely prohibitive and only concern liceity, but a diriment impediment renders invalid any attempt to confer the sacrament.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: In the Latin Church, only the Holy See can authentically declare when divine law prohibits or invalidates a marriage, and only the Holy See has the right to establish for those who are baptised other impediments to marriage (canon 1075). But individual Eastern Catholic Churches, after having fulfilled certain requirements that include consulting (but not necessarily obtaining approval from) the Holy See, may establish impediments.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: If an impediment is imposed by merely ecclesiastical law, rather than being a matter of divine law, the Church may grant a dispensation from the impediment.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Conditions for validity of marriage such as sufficient use of reason (canon 1095) and freedom from coercion (canon 1103), and the requirement that, normally, a marriage be contracted in the presence of the local Ordinary or parish priest or of the priest or deacon delegated by either of them, and in the presence of two witnesses (canon 1108), are not classified in the 1983 Code of Canon Law as impediments, but have much the same effect.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Three of the sacraments may not be repeated: Baptism, Confirmation and Holy Orders: their effect is permanent. This teaching has been expressed by the images of, in the West, an indelible character or mark and of, in the East, a seal (CCC 698). However, if there is doubt about the validity of the administration of one or more of these sacraments, a conditional form of conferral may be used, such as: "If you are not already baptized, I baptize you …"


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: In the recent past, it was common practice in the Catholic Church to baptize conditionally almost every convert from Protestantism because of a perceived difficulty in judging about the validity in any concrete instance. In the case of the major Protestant denominations, agreements involving assurances about the manner in which they administer baptism has ended this practice, which sometimes continues for other groups of Protestant tradition. The Catholic Church has always recognized the validity of sacraments in the Eastern Orthodox Church, but it has explicitly denied the validity of the baptism conferred in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints. It does not recognize a baptismal ceremony in which the names of the three divine persons (or hypostases) of the Trinity—Father, Son and Holy Spirit—are replaced by descriptors such as Creator, Redeemer and Sanctifier, or Creator, Liberator, and Sustainer, and requires that the conditional form should not be used when baptizing those who have received this kind of baptism.


title: Sacraments of the Catholic Church

text: Baptism being the first sacrament in an individual's life, the Seven Sacraments were adopted in the eastern counties of England as a decorative motif for fonts. An octagonal form allowed for relief sculptures of all seven, plus a crucifixion. Examples can be found at St Bartholomew's, Sloley, Norfolk (National Churches Trust FB public group post); All Saints, Great Glemham, Suffolk (photo by courtesy of Chris Droffats); St Andrew, Westfall, Suffolk; Weston St Peter, Suffolk; St Peter and St Paul, Salle, Norfolk; St Nicholas, East Dereham, Norfolk; The Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary, Great Witchingham, Norfolk; and Binham Priory, Norfolk.


title: Infamous (series)

text: Infamous (stylized as inFAMOUS) is a series of action-adventure platform games developed by Sucker Punch Productions and published by Sony Computer Entertainment for PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4. The series follows the adventures of Cole MacGrath, Delsin Rowe and Fetch, super-powered "Conduits" who must decide their own destinies of becoming either good or evil.


title: Infamous (series)

text: The series consists of three main games: "Infamous", "Infamous 2" and "Infamous Second Son", alongside expansion titles "" and "Infamous First Light. A" comic book series of the same name was published by DC Comics.


title: Infamous (series)

text: The series takes place in the present-day United States with real and alternate versions of real cities, such as the setting of "Infamous", Empire City, which resembles New York City; and the setting of "Infamous 2", New Marais, which resembles New Orleans ("Infamous: Festival of Blood" also takes place in this city). Washington, D.C. is occasionally mentioned, and "Infamous Second Son" takes place in Seattle. It features American government agencies such as the FBI, NSA and DARPA, along with agencies fabricated for the series, such as the DUP (Department of Unified Protection), an agency with the sole purpose of stopping conduits, now labeled "bio-terrorists", from causing mass destruction similar to what was caused by Cole MacGrath.


title: Infamous (series)

text: In the first two games, the player controls Cole MacGrath; in the third game, the player controls Delsin Rowe; in the 4th game, they control Fetch; the players freely roam around the city, while fighting crime or creating havoc along the way. Cole and Delsin can use their parkour skills to jump and climb buildings throughout the city, along with their powers to help them fight enemies. Their powers come from a gauge which depletes whenever they uses various attacks, and refills when they absorb electricity, ice, napalm, smoke, neon, video or concrete from nearby sources.


title: Infamous (series)

text: Morality, or "Karma", is a major factor in the gameplay and storyline. The player is able to control the course of the game by having Cole and Delsin use their powers for good or evil. The choice allows the player to have a different mixture of abilities, as both good and evil have their own set of powers. The game also uses a Karma meter which changes based on the main character's actions throughout the game and determines whether he eventually becomes a good or evil character.


title: Infamous (series)

text: The Infamous Collection is a collection of "Infamous", "Infamous 2", and "Infamous: Festival of Blood", bundled together as part of Sony's line of PlayStation Collections for PlayStation 3. The collection, along with the "God of War Saga" and the "Ratchet & Clank Collection", were the first releases in Sony's line, being released on August 28, 2012, in North America. The games feature the same features as their original releases. In addition to the games, the collection features bonus content, including extra missions, and additional character costumes, power ups and weapon styles.


title: Infamous (series)

text: The series is referenced in the PlayStation 5 game "Astro's Playroom" with one of the game's robots dressed as Cole, mimicking his Induction Grind ability.


title: Infamous (series)

text: The "Infamous" comic is a one-part comic, released in March 2011, and was published by DC Comics, in association with Sucker Punch, to coincide with the release of the second game in 2011. The comics take place in between the events of the first and the second game, showing how Cole escapes from Empire City to New Marais. The comic series was written by William Harms and drawn by Eric Nguyen, and also includes covers drawn by Doug Mahnke. A graphic novel titled "Infamous: Post Blast" was released on IGN, depicting the events that lead up to the events of "Infamous". There currently are four comics, each focusing on both Cole MacGrath and John White. The story of the comics takes place between the Introduction and First Glimpse.


title: Infamous (series)

text: In 2009, Sony had chosen screenwriter Sheldon Turner to adapt "Infamous" into a feature film in a seven figure deal. Brothers Ari and Avi Arad were hired to produce, and Sony executives Matt Tolmach and Jonathan Kadin as handlers for the studio. Turner told "The Hollywood Reporter" he was excited that the game had a "big idea and a character arc", which he believed was "the future of gaming". He believed the game was essentially "a love ballad to the underachiever". , no updates on the film adaptation have been made.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: In chemical nomenclature, the IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry is a method of naming organic chemical compounds as recommended by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). It is published in the "Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry" (informally called the Blue Book). Ideally, every possible organic compound should have a name from which an unambiguous structural formula can be created. There is also an IUPAC nomenclature of inorganic chemistry.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: To avoid long and tedious names in normal communication, the official IUPAC naming recommendations are not always followed in practice, except when it is necessary to give an unambiguous and absolute definition to a compound. IUPAC names can sometimes be simpler than older names, as with ethanol, instead of ethyl alcohol. For relatively simple molecules they can be more easily understood than non-systematic names, which must be learnt or looked over. However, the common or trivial name is often substantially shorter and clearer, and so preferred. These non-systematic names are often derived from an original source of the compound. Also, very long names may be less clear than structural formulas.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: In chemistry, a number of prefixes, suffixes and infixes are used to describe the type and position of the functional groups in the compound.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: The numbers for that type of side chain will be grouped in ascending order and written before the name of the side-chain. If there are two side-chains with the same alpha carbon, the number will be written twice. Example: 2,2,3-trimethyl- . If there are both double bonds and triple bonds, "en" (double bond) is written before "yne" (triple bond). When the main functional group is a terminal functional group (a group which can exist only at the end of a chain, like formyl and carboxyl groups), there is no need to number it.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: where each "#" represents a number. The group secondary functional groups and side chains may not look the same as shown here, as the side chains and secondary functional groups are arranged alphabetically. The di- and tri- have been used just to show their usage. (di- after #,#, tri- after #,#,#, etc.)


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: For simplicity, here is an image of the same molecule, where the hydrogens in the parent chain are removed and the carbons are shown by their numbers:


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: The final name is (6"E",13"E")-18-bromo-12-butyl-11-chloro-4,8-diethyl-5-hydroxy-15-methoxytricosa-6,13-dien-19-yne-3,9-dione.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: Straight-chain alkanes take the suffix "-ane" and are prefixed depending on the number of carbon atoms in the chain, following standard rules. The first few are:


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: For example, the simplest alkane is methane, and the nine-carbon alkane is named nonane. The names of the first four alkanes were derived from methanol, ether, propionic acid and butyric acid, respectively. The rest are named with a Greek numeric prefix, with the exceptions of nonane which has a Latin prefix, and undecane which has mixed-language prefixes.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: Cyclic alkanes are simply prefixed with "cyclo-": for example, is cyclobutane (not to be confused with butene) and is cyclohexane (not to be confused with hexene).


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: Branched alkanes are named as a straight-chain alkane with attached alkyl groups. They are prefixed with a number indicating the carbon the group is attached to, counting from the end of the alkane chain. For example, , commonly known as isobutane, is treated as a propane chain with a methyl group bonded to the middle (2) carbon, and given the systematic name 2-methylpropane. However, although the name 2-methylpropane "could" be used, it is easier and more logical to call it simply methylpropane – the methyl group could not possibly occur on any of the other carbon atoms (that would lengthen the chain and result in butane, not propane) and therefore the use of the number "2" is unnecessary.


title: IUPAC nomenclature of organic chemistry

text: If there is ambiguity in the position of the substituent, depending on which end of the alkane chain is counted as "1", then numbering is chosen so that the smaller number is used. For example, (isopentane) is named 2-methylbutane, not 3-methylbutane.