title: Benjamin Graham

text: After graduating from Columbia University at age 20, he started his career on Wall Street, eventually founding the Graham–Newman Partnership. After employing his former student Warren Buffett, he took up teaching positions at his "alma mater," and later at UCLA Anderson School of Management at the University of California, Los Angeles.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: His work in managerial economics and investing has led to a modern wave of value investing within mutual funds, hedge funds, diversified holding companies, and other investment vehicles. Throughout his career, Graham had many notable disciples who went on to receive substantial success in the world of investment, including Irving Kahn and Warren Buffett, the latter going on to describe him as the second most influential person in his life after his own father. Another one of Graham's famous students was Sir John Templeton.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham was born Benjamin Grossbaum in London, England, to Jewish parents. On his mother's side, he was the great-grandson of Rabbi Yaakov Gesundheit and a cousin of neuroscientist Ralph Waldo Gerard. He moved to New York City with his family when he was one year old. The family changed their name from Grossbaum to Graham in a desire to assimilate into American society and avoid anti-Semitic and anti-German sentiments.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: After the death of his father, who owned and managed a successful furniture store, the family experienced poverty which Graham said later influenced his investing theories by inspiring an early appreciation of buying low-priced bargains. Graham became a good student, graduating as salutatorian of his class at Columbia. He declined an offer to teach English, mathematics, and philosophy, choosing instead to take a job on Wall Street, where he eventually started his Graham-Newman Partnership. Early on, Graham made a name for himself with "The Northern Pipeline Affair", an early case of shareholder activism involving John D. Rockefeller. Graham's research indicated Northern Pipeline Co. held vast cash and bond assets that he believed were not being put to good use, and bought enough shares to force a proxy vote to distribute these assets to shareholders.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: His first book, "Security Analysis" with David Dodd, was published in 1934. In "Security Analysis", he proposed a clear definition of investment that was distinguished from what he deemed speculation. It read, "An investment operation is one which, upon thorough analysis, promises safety of principal and an adequate return. Operations not meeting these requirements are speculative."


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Warren Buffett describes "The Intelligent Investor" (1949) as "the best book about investing ever written." Graham exhorted the stock market participant to first draw a fundamental distinction between investment and speculation.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham wrote that the owner of equity stocks should regard them first and foremost as conferring part ownership of a business. With that perspective in mind, the stock owner should not be too concerned with erratic fluctuations in stock prices, since in the short term the stock market behaves like a voting machine, but in the long term it acts like a weighing machine (i.e. its true value will be reflected in its stock price in the long run). Graham distinguished between the passive and the active investor. The passive investor, often referred to as a defensive investor, invests cautiously, looks for value stocks, and buys for the long term. The active investor, in contrast, is one who has more time, interest, and possibly more specialized knowledge to seek out exceptional buys in the market. Graham recommended that investors spend time and effort to analyze the financial state of companies. When a company is available on the market at a price which is at a discount to its intrinsic value, a "margin of safety" exists, which makes it suitable for investment.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham wrote that investment is most intelligent when it is most businesslike. By that he meant that the stock investor is neither right nor wrong because others agreed or disagreed with him; he is right because his facts and analysis are right. Graham's favorite allegory is that of Mr. Market, a fellow who turns up every day at the stock holder's door offering to buy or sell his shares at a different price. Usually, the price quoted by Mr. Market seems plausible, but occasionally it is ridiculous. The investor is free to either agree with his quoted price and trade with him, or to ignore him completely. Mr. Market doesn't mind this, and will be back the following day to quote another price. The point is that the investor should not regard the whims of Mr. Market as determining the value of the shares that the investor owns. He should profit from market folly rather than participate in it. The investor is best off concentrating on the real life performance of his companies and receiving dividends, rather than being too concerned with Mr. Market's often irrational behavior.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham was critical of the corporations of his day for obfuscated and irregular financial reporting that made it difficult for investors to discern the true state of the business's finances. He was an advocate of dividend payments to shareholders rather than businesses keeping all of their profits as retained earnings. He also criticized those who advised that some types of stocks were a good buy at any price, because of the prospect of sustained stock price growth, without a good analysis of the business's actual financial condition. These observations remain relevant today.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham's average investment performance was ~20% annualized return over 1936 to 1956. The overall market performance for the same time period was 12.2% annually on average. Despite this, both Buffett and Berkshire Hathaway vice chairman Charlie Munger consider following Graham's method strictly to be outdated, with Buffett stating during a 1988 interview with journalist Carol Loomis for Fortune, "Boy, if I had listened only to Ben, would I ever be a lot poorer."


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham's largest gain was from GEICO, which his Graham-Newman Partnership purchased 50% of in 1948 for $712,000. The position grew to $400 million by 1972, contributing more to the portfolio than all of Graham-Newman's other investments combined. GEICO was eventually acquired in whole by Berkshire Hathaway in 1996, having previously been saved by Buffett and John J. Byrne in 1976.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Graham is considered the "father of value investing," and his two books, "Security Analysis" and "The Intelligent Investor," defined his investment philosophy, especially what it means to be a value investor. Arguably, his most famous student was Warren Buffett, who is consistently ranked among wealthiest persons in the world. According to Buffett, Graham used to say that he wished every day to do something foolish, something creative, and something generous. And Buffett noted, Graham excelled most at the last.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: While many value investors have been influenced by Graham, his most notable investing disciples include Charles Brandes, as well as William J. Ruane, Bert Olden, Irving Kahn and Walter J. Schloss. In addition, Graham's thoughts on investing have influenced the likes of Seth Klarman and Bill Ackman. While some of Graham's investing concepts are now regarded as superseded or outdated, many others are still recognized as important and "Security Analysis" or "The Intelligent Investor" are required reading for new hires at many investing firms around the world.


title: Benjamin Graham

text: Alongside his work in investment finance, Graham also made contributions to economic theory. Most notably, he devised a new basis for both U.S. and global currency as an alternative to the gold standard. Graham regarded this currency theory as his most important professional work; it was largely ignored in his lifetime but gained serious attention decades after his death in the aftermath of Financial crisis of 2007–2008.


title: Ian Ziering

text: Ian Andrew Ziering (; born March 30, 1964) is an American actor best known for his role as Steve Sanders on the television series "Beverly Hills, 90210", which he played from 1990 to 2000. He is also the voice of Vinnie on "Biker Mice from Mars". From 2013 to 2018, he starred as Fin Shepard in the "Sharknado" film series. In 2019, he played the DC Comics character Blue Devil on the series "Swamp Thing".


title: Ian Ziering

text: Ziering was born in Newark, New Jersey, the youngest of three boys for Muriel (1925–1998) and Paul M. Ziering (1921–2008), an educator, orchestra leader, and saxophonist. He grew up in West Orange, New Jersey and has two older brothers, Jeff and Barry. Ziering is Jewish (his family is from Russia and Austria). He graduated from West Orange High School in 1982, and from William Paterson University in 1988.


title: Ian Ziering

text: In 1990, Ziering began his portrayal of the character Steve Sanders on the hit series "Beverly Hills, 90210". Sanders was a high school student and friend of Brandon Walsh (Jason Priestly), one of the series' other central characters. He is one of only four series regulars to appear on the show for its entire duration of ten seasons until 2000.


title: Ian Ziering

text: In 1998, Ziering was cast as the voice of Dr. Niko "Nick" Tatopoulos in "", which was a direct follow-up to the 1998 Hollywood Godzilla re-imagining. Ziering replaced Matthew Broderick, who played Nick Tatopolous in the movie.


title: Ian Ziering

text: In 2006, Ziering produced, directed and starred in the short film "Man vs. Monday", which won the Audience Choice Award at the 2006 Fort Lauderdale International Film Festival. Also in 2006, he won the Best Actor Award at the 2006 Monaco Film Festival for his portrayal of Francis in the independent film "Stripped Down."


title: Ian Ziering

text: Ziering has also appeared in the television series "JAG," "What I Like About You," "The Doctors" as Erich Aldrich and "Guiding Light" as Cameron Stewart. He also had a role in the videogame "Freelancer" as the protagonist, Edison Trent.


title: Ian Ziering

text: He was a celebrity dancer in 2007 on Season 4 of "Dancing with the Stars". His professional dance partner was Cheryl Burke, who won the competition in Season 2 with partner Drew Lachey and Season 3 with partner Emmitt Smith. Ziering made it to the semi-finals, and received a perfect score (three 10s) from the judges for one of his two dances in the round. However, it was not enough to reach the finals: he and Burke were eliminated during the results show the next day on May 15, 2007. In 2016 Burke said the experience of working with Ziering made her want to "slit her wrists". She later apologized, not to Ziering, but for making a thoughtless reference to suicide. Ziering did not comment publicly on Burke's comments beyond re-tweeting a message from a former co-worker that praised him as a great person to be around.


title: Ian Ziering

text: On June 18, 2007, "Variety" reported that Ziering had auditioned the previous week for the opportunity to succeed Bob Barker as host of "The Price Is Right". The job ultimately went to Drew Carey. Ziering's ex-wife, Nikki, was a model on the show from 1999 to 2002.


title: Ian Ziering

text: In May, 2013, it was announced that Ziering would be performing with Chippendales as a celebrity guest star for four weeks at the Rio All Suite Hotel and Casino in Las Vegas.


title: Ian Ziering

text: In 2019, he was cast to play the superhero, Blue Devil, on the show Swamp Thing, in the DC Universe streaming service. The show ran for only one season, though it was positively received by critics and audience.


title: Ian Ziering

text: Ziering married "Playboy" model Nikki Schieler in July 1997. They filed for divorce in February 2002, citing irreconcilable differences. Nikki has said that the separation was contentious, and that she was not given any support or help moving out.


title: Ian Ziering

text: On February 3, 2010, Ziering announced his engagement to Erin Ludwig. The couple married at a ceremony in Newport Beach, California, on May 28, 2010. They have two daughters, Mia Loren (born April 25, 2011) and Penna Mae (born April 25, 2013). On October 31, 2019, Ziering announced that the couple had separated.


title: Color temperature

text: Color temperature is the color of light emitted by an idealized opaque, non-reflective body at a particular temperature measured in kelvins. The color temperature scale is used to categorize the color of light emitted by other light sources regardless of their temperature.


title: Color temperature

text: Color temperature is a characteristic of visible light that has important applications in lighting, photography, videography, publishing, manufacturing, astrophysics, horticulture, and other fields. In practice, color temperature is meaningful only for light sources that do in fact correspond somewhat closely to the color of some black body, i.e., light in a range going from red to orange to yellow to white to bluish white; it does not make sense to speak of the color temperature of, e.g., a green or a purple light. Color temperature is conventionally expressed in kelvins, using the symbol K, a unit of measure for absolute temperature.


title: Color temperature

text: Color temperatures over 5000 K are called "cool colors" (bluish), while lower color temperatures (2700–3000 K) are called "warm colors" (yellowish). "Warm" in this context is an analogy to radiated heat flux of traditional incandescent lighting rather than temperature. The spectral peak of warm-colored light is closer to infrared, and most natural warm-colored light sources emit significant infrared radiation. The fact that "warm" lighting in this sense actually has a "cooler" color temperature often leads to confusion.


title: Color temperature

text: The color temperature of the electromagnetic radiation emitted from an ideal black body is defined as its surface temperature in kelvins, or alternatively in micro reciprocal degrees (mired). This permits the definition of a standard by which light sources are compared.


title: Color temperature

text: To the extent that a hot surface emits thermal radiation but is not an ideal black-body radiator, the color temperature of the light is not the actual temperature of the surface. An incandescent lamp's light is thermal radiation, and the bulb approximates an ideal black-body radiator, so its color temperature is essentially the temperature of the filament. Thus a relatively low temperature emits a dull red and a high temperature emits the almost white of the traditional incandescent light bulb. Metal workers are able to judge the temperature of hot metals by their color, from dark red to orange-white and then white (see red heat).


title: Color temperature

text: Many other light sources, such as fluorescent lamps, or light emitting diodes (LEDs) emit light primarily by processes other than thermal radiation. This means that the emitted radiation does not follow the form of a black-body spectrum. These sources are assigned what is known as a correlated color temperature (CCT). CCT is the color temperature of a black-body radiator which to human color perception most closely matches the light from the lamp. Because such an approximation is not required for incandescent light, the CCT for an incandescent light is simply its unadjusted temperature, derived from comparison to a black-body radiator.


title: Color temperature

text: The Sun closely approximates a black-body radiator. The effective temperature, defined by the total radiative power per square unit, is about 5780 K. The color temperature of sunlight above the atmosphere is about 5900 K.


title: Color temperature

text: The Sun may appear red, orange, yellow, or white from Earth, depending on its position in the sky. The changing color of the Sun over the course of the day is mainly a result of the scattering of sunlight and is not due to changes in black-body radiation. Rayleigh scattering of sunlight by Earth's atmosphere causes the blue color of the sky, which tends to scatter blue light more than red light.


title: Color temperature

text: Some daylight in the early morning and late afternoon (the golden hours) has a lower ("warmer") color temperature due to increased scattering of shorter-wavelength sunlight by atmospheric particles – an optical phenomenon called the Tyndall effect.


title: Color temperature

text: Daylight has a spectrum similar to that of a black body with a correlated color temperature of 6500 K (D65 viewing standard) or 5500 K (daylight-balanced photographic film standard).


title: Color temperature

text: For colors based on black-body theory, blue occurs at higher temperatures, whereas red occurs at lower temperatures. This is the opposite of the cultural associations attributed to colors, in which "red" is "hot", and "blue" is "cold".


title: Color temperature

text: For lighting building interiors, it is often important to take into account the color temperature of illumination. A warmer (i.e., a lower color temperature) light is often used in public areas to promote relaxation, while a cooler (higher color temperature) light is used to enhance concentration, for example in schools and offices.


title: Color temperature

text: CCT dimming for LED technology is regarded as a difficult task, since binning, age and temperature drift effects of LEDs change the actual color value output. Here feedback loop systems are used, for example with color sensors, to actively monitor and control the color output of multiple color mixing LEDs.


title: Color temperature

text: In digital photography, the term color temperature sometimes refers to remapping of color values to simulate variations in ambient color temperature. Most digital cameras and raw image software provide presets simulating specific ambient values (e.g., sunny, cloudy, tungsten, etc.) while others allow explicit entry of white balance values in kelvins. These settings vary color values along the blue–yellow axis, while some software includes additional controls (sometimes labeled "tint") adding the magenta–green axis, and are to some extent arbitrary and a matter of artistic interpretation.


title: Color temperature

text: Photographic emulsion film does not respond to lighting color identically to the human retina or visual perception. An object that appears to the observer to be white may turn out to be very blue or orange in a photograph. The color balance may need to be corrected during printing to achieve a neutral color print. The extent of this correction is limited since color film normally has three layers sensitive to different colors and when used under the "wrong" light source, every layer may not respond proportionally, giving odd color casts in the shadows, although the mid-tones may have been correctly white-balanced under the enlarger. Light sources with discontinuous spectra, such as fluorescent tubes, cannot be fully corrected in printing either, since one of the layers may barely have recorded an image at all.


title: Color temperature

text: Photographic film is made for specific light sources (most commonly daylight film and tungsten film), and, used properly, will create a neutral color print. Matching the sensitivity of the film to the color temperature of the light source is one way to balance color. If tungsten film is used indoors with incandescent lamps, the yellowish-orange light of the tungsten incandescent lamps will appear as white (3200 K) in the photograph. Color negative film is almost always daylight-balanced, since it is assumed that color can be adjusted in printing (with limitations, see above). Color transparency film, being the final artefact in the process, has to be matched to the light source or filters must be used to correct color.


title: Color temperature

text: Filters on a camera lens, or color gels over the light source(s) may be used to correct color balance. When shooting with a bluish light (high color temperature) source such as on an overcast day, in the shade, in window light, or if using tungsten film with white or blue light, a yellowish-orange filter will correct this. For shooting with daylight film (calibrated to 5600 K) under warmer (low color temperature) light sources such as sunsets, candlelight or tungsten lighting, a bluish (e.g. #80A) filter may be used. More-subtle filters are needed to correct for the difference between, say 3200 K and 3400 K tungsten lamps or to correct for the slightly blue cast of some flash tubes, which may be 6000 K.


title: Color temperature

text: If there is more than one light source with varied color temperatures, one way to balance the color is to use daylight film and place color-correcting gel filters over each light source.


title: Color temperature

text: Photographers sometimes use color temperature meters. These are usually designed to read only two regions along the visible spectrum (red and blue); more expensive ones read three regions (red, green, and blue). However, they are ineffective with sources such as fluorescent or discharge lamps, whose light varies in color and may be harder to correct for. Because this light is often greenish, a magenta filter may correct it. More sophisticated colorimetry tools can be used if such meters are lacking.


title: Color temperature

text: In the desktop publishing industry, it is important to know a monitor's color temperature. Color matching software, such as Apple's ColorSync Utility for MacOS, measures a monitor's color temperature and then adjusts its settings accordingly. This enables on-screen color to more closely match printed color. Common monitor color temperatures, along with matching standard illuminants in parentheses, are as follows:


title: Color temperature

text: D50 is scientific shorthand for a standard illuminant: the daylight spectrum at a correlated color temperature of 5000 K. Similar definitions exist for D55, D65 and D75. Designations such as "D50" are used to help classify color temperatures of light tables and viewing booths. When viewing a color slide at a light table, it is important that the light be balanced properly so that the colors are not shifted towards the red or blue.


title: Color temperature

text: Digital cameras, web graphics, DVDs, etc., are normally designed for a 6500 K color temperature. The sRGB standard commonly used for images on the Internet stipulates (among other things) a 6500 K display white point.


title: Color temperature

text: The NTSC and PAL TV norms call for a compliant TV screen to display an electrically black and white signal (minimal color saturation) at a color temperature of 6500 K. On many consumer-grade televisions, there is a very noticeable deviation from this requirement. However, higher-end consumer-grade televisions can have their color temperatures adjusted to 6500 K by using a preprogrammed setting or a custom calibration. Current versions of ATSC explicitly call for the color temperature data to be included in the data stream, but old versions of ATSC allowed this data to be omitted. In this case, current versions of ATSC cite default colorimetry standards depending on the format. Both of the cited standards specify a 6500 K color temperature.


title: Color temperature

text: Most video and digital still cameras can adjust for color temperature by zooming into a white or neutral colored object and setting the manual "white balance" (telling the camera that "this object is white"); the camera then shows true white as white and adjusts all the other colors accordingly. White-balancing is necessary especially when indoors under fluorescent lighting and when moving the camera from one lighting situation to another. Most cameras also have an automatic white balance function that attempts to determine the color of the light and correct accordingly. While these settings were once unreliable, they are much improved in today's digital cameras and produce an accurate white balance in a wide variety of lighting situations.


title: Color temperature

text: Video camera operators can white-balance objects that are not white, downplaying the color of the object used for white-balancing. For instance, they can bring more warmth into a picture by white-balancing off something that is light blue, such as faded blue denim; in this way white-balancing can replace a filter or lighting gel when those are not available.


title: Color temperature

text: Cinematographers do not "white balance" in the same way as video camera operators; they use techniques such as filters, choice of film stock, pre-flashing, and, after shooting, color grading, both by exposure at the labs and also digitally. Cinematographers also work closely with set designers and lighting crews to achieve the desired color effects.


title: Color temperature

text: For artists, most pigments and papers have a cool or warm cast, as the human eye can detect even a minute amount of saturation. Gray mixed with yellow, orange, or red is a "warm gray". Green, blue, or purple create "cool grays". Note that this sense of temperature is the reverse of that of real temperature; bluer is described as "cooler" even though it corresponds to a higher-temperature black body.


title: Color temperature

text: Lighting designers sometimes select filters by color temperature, commonly to match light that is theoretically white. Since fixtures using discharge type lamps produce a light of a considerably higher color temperature than do tungsten lamps, using the two in conjunction could potentially produce a stark contrast, so sometimes fixtures with HID lamps, commonly producing light of 6000–7000 K, are fitted with 3200 K filters to emulate tungsten light. Fixtures with color mixing features or with multiple colors (if including 3200 K), are also capable of producing tungsten-like light. Color temperature may also be a factor when selecting lamps, since each is likely to have a different color temperature.


title: Color temperature

text: Black-body radiators are the reference by which the whiteness of light sources is judged. A black body can be described by its temperature and produces light of a particular hue, as depicted above. This set of colors is called "color temperature". By analogy, nearly Planckian light sources such as certain fluorescent or high-intensity discharge lamps can be judged by their correlated color temperature (CCT), the temperature of the Planckian radiator whose color best approximates them. For light source spectra that are not Planckian, matching them to that of a black body is not well defined; the concept of correlated color temperature was extended to map such sources as well as possible onto the one-dimensional scale of color temperature, where "as well as possible" is defined in the context of an objective color space.


title: Color temperature

text: The notion of using Planckian radiators as a yardstick against which to judge other light sources is not new. In 1923, writing about "grading of illuminants with reference to quality of color ... the temperature of the source as an index of the quality of color", Priest essentially described CCT as we understand it today, going so far as to use the term "apparent color temperature", and astutely recognized three cases:


title: Color temperature

text: These developments paved the way for the development of new chromaticity spaces that are more suited to estimating correlated color temperatures and chromaticity differences. Bridging the concepts of color difference and color temperature, Priest made the observation that the eye is sensitive to constant differences in "reciprocal" temperature:


title: Color temperature

text: Priest proposed to use "the scale of temperature as a scale for arranging the chromaticities of the several illuminants in a serial order". Over the next few years, Judd published three more significant papers:


title: Color temperature

text: The first verified the findings of Priest, Davis, and Judd, with a paper on sensitivity to change in color temperature.


title: Color temperature

text: The second proposed a new chromaticity space, guided by a principle that has become the holy grail of color spaces: perceptual uniformity (chromaticity distance should be commensurate with perceptual difference). By means of a projective transformation, Judd found a more "uniform chromaticity space" (UCS) in which to find the CCT. Judd determined the "nearest color temperature" by simply finding the point on the Planckian locus nearest to the chromaticity of the stimulus on Maxwell's color triangle, depicted aside. The transformation matrix he used to convert X,Y,Z tristimulus values to R,G,B coordinates was:


title: Color temperature

text: The third depicted the locus of the isothermal chromaticities on the CIE 1931 "x,y" chromaticity diagram. Since the isothermal points formed normals on his UCS diagram, transformation back into the xy plane revealed them still to be lines, but no longer perpendicular to the locus.


title: Color temperature

text: Judd's idea of determining the nearest point to the Planckian locus on a uniform chromaticity space is current. In 1937, MacAdam suggested a "modified uniform chromaticity scale diagram", based on certain simplifying geometrical considerations:


title: Color temperature

text: This (u,v) chromaticity space became the CIE 1960 color space, which is still used to calculate the CCT (even though MacAdam did not devise it with this purpose in mind). Using other chromaticity spaces, such as "u'v"', leads to non-standard results that may nevertheless be perceptually meaningful.


title: Color temperature

text: The distance from the locus (i.e., degree of departure from a black body) is traditionally indicated in units of formula_4; positive for points above the locus. This concept of distance has evolved to become Delta E, which continues to be used today.


title: Color temperature

text: Before the advent of powerful personal computers, it was common to estimate the correlated color temperature by way of interpolation from look-up tables and charts. The most famous such method is Robertson's, who took advantage of the relatively even spacing of the mired scale (see above) to calculate the CCT T using linear interpolation of the isotherm's mired values:


title: Color temperature

text: where formula_6 and formula_7 are the color temperatures of the look-up isotherms and "i" is chosen such that formula_8. (Furthermore, the test chromaticity lies between the only two adjacent lines for which formula_9.)


title: Color temperature

text: where formula_13 is the chromaticity coordinate of the "i"-th isotherm on the Planckian locus and "m" is the isotherm's slope. Since it is perpendicular to the locus, it follows that formula_14 where "l" is the slope of the locus at formula_13.


title: Color temperature

text: Although the CCT can be calculated for any chromaticity coordinate, the result is meaningful only if the light source somewhat approximates a Planckian radiator. The CIE recommends that "The concept of correlated color temperature should not be used if the chromaticity of the test source differs more than [formula_16] from the Planckian radiator."


title: Color temperature

text: Beyond a certain value of formula_17, a chromaticity co-ordinate may be equidistant to two points on the locus, causing ambiguity in the CCT.


title: Color temperature

text: If a narrow range of color temperatures is considered—those encapsulating daylight being the most practical case—one can approximate the Planckian locus in order to calculate the CCT in terms of chromaticity coordinates. Following Kelly's observation that the isotherms intersect in the purple region near ("x" = 0.325, "y" = 0.154), McCamy proposed this cubic approximation:


title: Color temperature

text: where is the inverse slope line, and is the "epicenter"; quite close to the intersection point mentioned by Kelly. The maximum absolute error for color temperatures ranging from 2856 K (illuminant A) to 6504 K (D65) is under 2 K.


title: Color temperature

text: A more recent proposal, using exponential terms, considerably extends the applicable range by adding a second epicenter for high color temperatures:


title: Color temperature

text: The author suggests that one use the low-temperature equation to determine whether the higher-temperature parameters are needed.


title: Color temperature

text: The inverse calculation, from color temperature to corresponding chromaticity coordinates, is discussed in .


title: Color temperature

text: The CIE color rendering index (CRI) is a method to determine how well a light source's illumination of eight sample patches compares to the illumination provided by a reference source. Cited together, the CRI and CCT give a numerical estimate of what reference (ideal) light source best approximates a particular artificial light, and what the difference is. See Color Rendering Index for full article.


title: Color temperature

text: Light sources and illuminants may be characterized by their spectral power distribution (SPD). The relative SPD curves provided by many manufacturers may have been produced using 10 nm increments or more on their spectroradiometer. The result is what would seem to be a smoother ("fuller spectrum") power distribution than the lamp actually has. Owing to their spiky distribution, much finer increments are advisable for taking measurements of fluorescent lights, and this requires more expensive equipment.


title: Color temperature

text: In astronomy, the color temperature is defined by the local slope of the SPD at a given wavelength, or, in practice, a wavelength range. Given, for example, the color magnitudes "B" and "V" which are calibrated to be equal for an A0V star (e.g. Vega), the stellar color temperature formula_20 is given by the temperature for which the color index formula_21 of a black-body radiator fits the stellar one. Besides the formula_21, other color indices can be used as well. The color temperature (as well as the correlated color temperature defined above) may differ largely from the effective temperature given by the radiative flux of the stellar surface. For example, the color temperature of an A0V star is about 15000 K compared to an effective temperature of about 9500 K.


title: Color temperature

text: For most applications in astronomy (e.g., to place a star on the HR diagram or to determine the temperature of a model flux fitting an observed spectrum) the effective temperature is the quantity of interest. Various color-effective temperature relations exist in the literature. There relations also have smaller dependencies on other stellar parameters, such as the stellar metallicity and surface gravity


title: Nisekoi

text: In May 2013, it was announced that an anime adaptation of "Nisekoi" had been greenlit. The anime is directed by Akiyuki Shinbo at Shaft, and aired from January 11 to May 24, 2014. Aniplex of America has licensed the series for streaming and home video distribution in North America. Daisuki, Crunchyroll, and Hulu have provided simulcast streams with English subtitles for audiences in the United States, Canada, South America and South Africa. A second season titled "Nisekoi:" aired from April to June 2015. A live-action film adaptation premiered in December 2018.


title: Nisekoi

text: "Nisekoi" follows high school students Raku Ichijo, the son of a leader in the Yakuza faction Shuei-gumi, and Chitoge Kirisaki, the daughter of a boss in a rival gang known as Beehive. They unexpectedly meet when Chitoge hops a wall and knees Raku in the face. After she runs off, Raku realizes he has lost his locket which was given to him by his childhood sweetheart with whom he made a secret promise. After discovering Chitoge is a new transfer student in his class, he forces her to help him look for the locket. During the search, they begin to dislike each other.


title: Nisekoi

text: Upon returning home, Raku learns that the Shuei-gumi and Beehive gangs have agreed to settle their feud by pairing their leaders' children. Raku learns that his girlfriend-to-be is none other than Chitoge. For the next three years, they must pretend to be in a relationship to maintain peace between the gangs. This turns out to be quite a challenging task, not only because of their hatred for one another but also because Raku has a crush on another schoolmate, Kosaki Onodera, whom he secretly wishes was the girl who bears the key to his locket. Various developments complicate the situation, including Chitoge's over-protective bodyguard, a female hitman, a girl who claims to be Raku's fiancée, and the existence of multiple keys. Yui Kanakura, the newly appointed head of the Char Siu Mafia and Raku's childhood friend, also joins in as a fiancée with yet another key to the locket.


title: Nisekoi

text: After numerous adventures with the girls, Raku realizes he has fallen for both Chitoge and Kosaki. When Chitoge learns that Raku and Kosaki have liked each other since they were in middle school, she tries to support their relationship by leaving Japan. This prompts Raku and the others to look for her. They discover more about the book that tells the story of the keys which helps them recall more of what actually happened ten years ago.


title: Nisekoi

text: "Nisekoi" is written and illustrated by Naoshi Komi and began as a one-shot manga, published in Shueisha's seasonal "Jump NEXT!" magazine on January 8, 2011, before beginning serialization in "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s 48th issue on November 7, 2011. A voice comic (vomic) was also produced and its first episode was released on June 1, 2012. The manga finished on August 8, 2016. "Nisekoi" individual chapters have been compiled into 25 "tankōbon" volumes, which were published under Shueisha's Jump Comics imprint between May 2, 2012, and October 4, 2016. The ninth volume was released simultaneously with a special edition, bundled with a drama CD, on November 1, 2013.


title: Nisekoi

text: In December 2011, Shueisha published the first chapter in English online. The manga has been licensed in English by Viz Media and published in their digital magazine, "Weekly Shonen Jump" since November 26, 2012, under the name "Nisekoi: False Love". They also released the first volume in print on January 7, 2014, and plan to release a new one every two months.


title: Nisekoi

text: A spin-off manga illustrated by Taishi Tsutsui titled "Magical Pâtissier Kosaki-chan", which features the character Kosaki Onodera as a magical girl, began serialization on Shueisha's "Shonen Jump+" website on December 1, 2014, and has been compiled into four "tankōbon" volumes.


title: Nisekoi

text: A 20-episode anime adaptation was produced by Aniplex, Shaft, Shueisha and Mainichi Broadcasting System and directed by Akiyuki Shinbo, with Shinbo and Shaft staff (credited as Fuyashi Tō) handling series composition, Nobuhiro Sugiyama designing the characters and Naoki "naotyu-" Chiba, Kakeru Ishihama and Tomoki Kikuya composing the music. The series aired from January 11 to May 24, 2014. The first opening theme is "Click" by ClariS. The first ending theme besides "Click" for episode 1 is "Heart Pattern" by Nao Toyama, starting from episode 2. The second ending theme is by Kana Hanazawa, starting from episode 8.


title: Nisekoi

text: The ending theme for episode 14 is "Step" by ClariS, while the same song is the second opening starting from episode 15. The third ending theme is "Trick Box" by Mikako Komatsu, starting from episode 15. The fourth ending theme is by Kana Asumi, starting from episode 18. The ending for episode 20 is by Toyama as Chitoge Kirisaki, Hanazawa as Kosaki Onodera, Komatsu as Seishirou Tsugumi, and Asumi as Marika Tachibana. On the Japanese Blu-ray version, the fourth ending theme is by Yumi Uchiyama.


title: Nisekoi

text: A second season aired between April 10 and June 26, 2015. The first opening theme is "Rally Go Round" by LiSA, and for episode 8, the opening theme is "Magical ☆ styling" by Kana Hanazawa. The ending theme for the first, third, and sixth episodes is by Toyama as Chitoge Kirisaki, Hanazawa as Kosaki Onodera, Komatsu as Seishirou Tsugumi, and Asumi as Marika Tachibana. The ending theme for the second episode is "TrIGgER" by Komatsu. The ending theme for the fourth episode is "Sleep Zzz" by Toyama. The ending theme for the fifth episode is by Asumi. The ending theme for the seventh episode is "marchen ticktack" by Ayane Sakura. The ending theme for the tenth episode is by Yumi Uchiyama.


title: Nisekoi

text: A live-action adaptation premiered in Japanese theaters on December 21, 2018. It was directed by Hayato Kawai and stars Kento Nakajima as Raku Ichijo and Ayami Nakajo as Chitoge Kirisaki, and was distributed by Toho.


title: Nisekoi

text: A three-volume novel series, titled was published by Shueisha under their Jump j-Books imprint. The novels are written by Hajime Tanaka and illustrated by Naoshi Komi. The first volume was published on June 4, 2013. It has stories concerning the main characters such as Kosaki sprouting cat ears from a virus, and Marika as a hit-woman. The second volume was released on December 28, 2013 with stories about the play and side stories such as the gang working at a maid café. The third volume was released on April 3, 2015.


title: Nisekoi

text: A vomic (voice comic) was released by Shonen Jump published in 3 videos covering chapter one. The first video was first released on September 6, 2013, and features Yoshitsugu Matsuoka as Raku Ichijo, Haruka Tomatsu as Chitoge Kirisaki, Hisako Kanemoto as Kosaki Onodera, and Daichi Kanbara as Shuu Maiko.


title: Nisekoi

text: A visual novel titled was developed by Konami and released for the PlayStation Vita on November 27, 2014. Konami also released a game for Android and iOS named from January 2014 until its closure on December 26, 2015. Chitoge appears as a support character in the Bandai Namco Games' crossover fighting game, "J-Stars Victory VS", released in Japan in March 2014 and in North America and Europe in June 2015. Two "Super Mario Maker" Event Courses designed by Komi, along with an unlockable Mystery Mushroom costume of Chitoge for the game, were released on February 18, 2016.


title: Nisekoi

text: "Nisekoi" was listed at number 30 out of Oricon's top 30 manga series sold in 2013, with 1,542,417 copies sold. In 2014 it was ranked 16 out of top 30 manga series sold in 2014, with 3,816,372 which is more than twice the sale of 2013. As of April 2018, the manga had 12 million copies in print.


title: Nisekoi

text: Rebecca Silverman of Anime News Network writes that the "Nisekoi" manga has a large lack of originality, such as "nearly every plot point can be traced back to another shounen series (primarily Sumomomo, Momomo in terms of Raku's home life)." Also "seasoned readers of shounen romance will recognize elements from at least three other series in there." However, she enjoyed the art and overall sense of fun.


title: Nisekoi

text: Andy Hanley of UK Anime Network found "Nisekoi: False Love" to be "packed to the rafters with clichés" but light-hearted and fun to read. He said the character designs were traditional but the author knows when to detail backgrounds or keep things simple. The translations were decent and the dialogue smooth.


title: Nisekoi

text: In reviewing the anime, Theron Martin of Anime News Network saw the "plot twist coming a mile away" but "the setup shows promise." Hope Chapman critiqued the show's pacing: "Telling a simple story in a complex way kills the pacing, in this case. Plot points and character moments that could be communicated in one minute take three in Shinbo-style, and it just doesn't add anything when the story is this small and straightforward." Carl Kimlinger found the "improbably romantic fantasy" done right, a story relatively enjoyable after having reviewed "No-Rin".


title: Nisekoi

text: In his UK Anime Network review of the first five episodes, Andy Hanley found the series an exercise in box ticking, if viewed cynically, but it "has simply taken old concepts and polished them until they're gleaming and immaculate - and it works." He felt that Shaft's animation style was a bit overbearing in the first episode, but settles well in accenting the important parts of the show. The voice cast captured the characters well, and the overall presentation was top notch.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Hannah Fry (born February 1984) is a British mathematician, author, and radio and television presenter. She is Professor in the Mathematics of Cities at the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis. She studies the patterns of human behaviour, such as interpersonal relationships and dating, and how mathematics can apply to them. Fry delivered the 2019 Royal Institution Christmas Lectures.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry is of mixed English and Irish heritage; her father is English, and her mother is from Ireland. One summer, her mother made her solve all the problems in a mathematics textbook, and this put her ahead of the other students in the next school year. She attended Presdales School in Ware, Hertfordshire, England, where a teacher inspired her to study mathematics. She subsequently graduated from University College London (UCL). In 2011, she submitted a thesis based on the Navier–Stokes equations, and was awarded a PhD from the department of Mathematics by UCL.<ref name="ucl.ac.uk/bartlett/casa/fry"></ref>


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry was appointed as a lecturer at University College London in 2012. At the UCL Centre for Advanced Spatial Analysis, following a number of years as a senior lecturer and then associate professor, she was appointed professor in the "Mathematics of Cities", in 2021.


title: Hannah Fry

text: For a year, Fry decided to say "yes" to everything, which led to her trying stand-up comedy, a TED Talk (invited by the German neuroscientist Alina Strasser), and television work.


title: Hannah Fry

text: On 30 March 2014, Fry gave a TED talk at TEDxBinghamtonUniversity titled "The Mathematics of Love", which has attracted over 5.2 million views. Her book "The Mathematics of Love: Patterns, Proofs, and the Search for the Ultimate Equation" – in which she applies statistical and data-scientific models to dating, sex and marriage – was published by Simon and Schuster under the TED Books imprint in February 2015.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry has appeared in several videos for a YouTube mathematics channel, "Numberphile", run by Brady Haran. She has also made an appearance on his podcast: "The Numberphile Podcast".


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry regularly appears on BBC Radio 4 in the UK, including in "Computing Britain" (2015, 12 episodes) and "The Curious Cases of Rutherford & Fry" (with Adam Rutherford), which aired its 17th series in 2020/21.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry has presented several BBC television programmes. In 2015, she presented a BBC Four film biography of Ada Lovelace. In 2016, she co-presented "Trainspotting Live" with Peter Snow, a three-part series about trains and trainspotting, for the same channel. In the BBC Two series "City in the Sky" Fry studied the logistics of aviation. She also hosted "The Joy of Data" on BBC Four, which examines the history and human impact of data. A further credit for 2016 was her co-hosting an episode of the BBC Two "Horizon" series with Dr Xand van Tulleken, titled "". In 2017, Fry presented an episode of "Horizon" titled "10 Things You Need to Know About the Future".


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2018, Fry presented "Contagion! The BBC Four Pandemic", about the possible impact of a flu pandemic, in which she said " ... we are about to simulate the outbreak of a fatal contagion throughout the UK. ... if I can succeed this will save lives when, not if, a real pandemic hits". The programme used Haslemere, Surrey as the site of the first simulated infection, and coincidentally in February 2020 the town saw the first recorded case of a person contracting COVID-19 from within the UK. In the same year she presented "Magic Numbers", also on BBC Four, a three-part series which explored mathematical concepts. She hosted a one-off 90-minute special of the BBC science programme "Tomorrow's World" alongside four presenters from the show's original run: Maggie Philbin, Howard Stableford, Judith Hann and Peter Snow.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2019, Fry presented a BBC Four programme titled "A Day in the Life of Earth" which explored how Earth changes in a single day and how these daily changes are essential to human existence. Fry also co-presented a Horizon episode titled "The Honest Supermarket", which covered a range of issues, including expiry dates and their impact on food waste, microplastics in the human food supply and the impact food consumption has on the environment. She presented the 2019 edition of the Royal Institution Christmas Lectures, entitled "Secrets and lies", on the hidden numbers, rules and patterns that control daily lives; the three lectures were broadcast on BBC Four.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2020, Fry co-presented both "The Great British Intelligence Test" and "Coronavirus Special – Part 2" with Michael Mosley on BBC Two. She has presented further programmes for the BBC explaining the mathematics behind COVID-19 and related pandemics.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2022, Fry was a panellist twice on "Have I Got News For You", with the episodes first airing on 15 April 2022 and 28 October 2022 on BBC One.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In July 2022, she presented the BBC Two documentary "Unvaccinated", in which she investigated why a portion of the British population remained unvaccinated against COVID-19.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Beginning 10 November 2022, Fry presented a new six-part series on BBC Two. In "The Secret Genius Of Modern Life" she investigates topics as diverse as how credit cards came into being, their manufacture and how they work, to how we use apps to order takeaway deliveries.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry has written three books. The first, "The Mathematics of Love: Patterns, Proofs, and the Search for the Ultimate Equation" (2015), includes the "37% rule", a form of the secretary problem according to which roughly the first third of any potential partners should be rejected. The second, "The Indisputable Existence of Santa Claus" (2016, co-authored with fellow mathematician Thomas Oléron Evans), discusses various Christmas-related topics and how mathematics can be involved in them, including a fair Secret Santa, decoration of Christmas trees, winning at "Monopoly", and comparing the vocabulary of the Queen's Christmas message to that of the lyrics of Snoop Dogg. Her third book is "Hello World: Being Human in the Age of Algorithms" (2018) (retitled, and reprinted, in the same year, as "Hello World: How to be Human in the Age of the Machine"), which looks at the impact of algorithms that affect lives.


title: Hannah Fry

text: Fry has attempted to overturn the stereotype that mathematics is "boring" and not worth studying. Although she acknowledges the subject is difficult, she believes it is possible to frame it using stories that people can relate to, such as the material in her books.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2013, Fry won the UCL "Provost's Public Engager of the Year" award. The award recognises the work that UCL's staff and students are doing to open up the university. Fry was nominated for her broad portfolio of public engagement activities.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2018, the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications and the London Mathematical Society announced that Fry had won that year's Christopher Zeeman Medal "for her contributions to the public understanding of the mathematical sciences".


title: Hannah Fry

text: In 2020, Fry won the Asimov Prize, a literary-scientific award organised by the Italian graduate school Gran Sasso Science Institute, for her book "Hello World". In 2020, Fry was also awarded the Honorary Fellowship of the Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET) on the 150th anniversary of the institution.


title: Hannah Fry

text: After meeting on a blind date in 2014, Fry married Phil, a sports writer and stay-at-home dad; they have two daughters.


title: Hannah Fry

text: In January 2021 she was diagnosed with cervical cancer, and the following month underwent radical hysterectomy. She was commissioned by BBC Two to write and present a "Horizon" documentary about her treatment and its long-term effects (in her case including lymphoedema), in which she explores the statistics behind screening and decision-making by patients and doctors. The 60-minute programme "Making Sense of Cancer with Hannah Fry" was first shown on 2 June 2022.


title: Desert climate

text: The desert climate or arid climate (in the Köppen climate classification "BWh" and "BWk"), is a dry climate sub-type in which there is a severe excess of evaporation over precipitation. The typically bald, rocky, or sandy surfaces in desert climates are dry and hold little moisture, quickly evaporating the already little rainfall they receive. Covering 14.2% of earth's land area, hot deserts are the second most common type of climate on earth after the polar climate.


title: Desert climate

text: There are two variations of a desert climate according to the Köppen climate classification: a hot desert climate ("BWh"), and a cold desert climate ("BWk"). To delineate "hot desert climates" from "cold desert climates", there are three widely used isotherms: most commonly a mean annual temperature of , or sometimes the coldest month's mean temperature of , so that a location with a "BW" type climate with the appropriate temperature above whichever isotherm is being used is classified as "hot arid subtype" ("BWh), and a location with the appropriate temperature below the given isotherm is classified as "cold arid subtype" ("BWk).


title: Desert climate

text: Most desert/arid climates receive between of rainfall annually, although some of the most consistently hot areas of Central Australia, the Sahel and Guajira Peninsula can be, due to extreme potential evapotranspiration, classed as arid with the annual rainfall as high as .


title: Desert climate

text: Although no part of Earth is known for certain to be absolutely rainless ever, in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile, the average annual rainfall over a period of 17 years was only just . Some locations in the Sahara Desert such as Kufra, Libya record an even drier of rainfall annually. The official weather station in Death Valley, United States reports annually, but in a 40-month period between 1931 and 1934 a total of just of rainfall was measured.


title: Desert climate

text: To determine whether a location has an arid climate, the precipitation threshold is determined. The precipitation threshold (in millimetres) involves first multiplying the average annual temperature in °C by 20, then adding 280 if 70% or more of the total precipitation is in the high-sun summer half of the year (April through September in the Northern Hemisphere, or October through March in the Southern), or 140 if 30–70% of the total precipitation is received during the applicable period, or 0 if less than 30% of the total precipitation is so received there. If the area's annual precipitation is less than half the threshold (50%), it is classified as a "BW" (desert climate), while 50-100% the threshold results in a semi-arid climate.


title: Desert climate

text: Hot desert climates ("BWh") are typically found under the subtropical ridge in the lower middle latitudes or the subtropics, often between 20° and 33° north and south latitudes. In these locations, stable descending air and high pressure aloft clear clouds and create hot, arid conditions with intense sunshine. Hot desert climates are found across vast areas of North Africa, Western Asia, northwestern parts of the Indian Subcontinent, interior Australia, and smaller areas of the Southwestern United States, and Chile. This makes hot deserts present in every continent except Antarctica, with Almería in Southern Spain also having this climate.


title: Desert climate

text: At the time of high sun (summer), scorching, desiccating heat prevails. Hot-month average temperatures are normally between , and midday readings of are common. The world absolute heat records, over , are generally in the hot deserts, where the heat potential can be the highest on the planet. This includes the record of in Death Valley, which is currently considered the highest temperature recorded on Earth. Some desert in the tropics consistently experience very high temperatures all year long, even during wintertime. These locations feature some of the highest annual average temperatures recorded on Earth, exceeding , up to nearly in Dallol, Ethiopia. This last feature is seen in sections of Africa and Arabia. During colder periods of the year, night-time temperatures can drop to freezing or below due to the exceptional radiation loss under the clear skies. However, very rarely do temperatures drop far below freezing under the cold subtype.


title: Desert climate

text: Hot desert climates can be found in the deserts of North Africa such as the wide Sahara Desert, the Libyan Desert or the Nubian Desert; deserts of the Horn of Africa such as the Danakil Desert or the Grand Bara Desert; deserts of Southern Africa such as the Namib Desert or the Kalahari Desert; deserts of Western Asia such as the Arabian Desert, the Syrian Desert or the Dasht-e Lut; deserts of South Asia such as Dasht-e Kavir or the Thar Desert of India and Pakistan; deserts of the United States and Mexico such as the Mojave Desert, the Sonoran Desert or the Chihuahuan Desert; deserts of Australia such as the Simpson Desert or the Great Victoria Desert and many other regions.


title: Desert climate

text: Hot deserts are lands of extremes: most of them are among the hottest, the driest and the sunniest places on Earth because of nearly constant high pressure; the nearly permanent removal of low-pressure systems, dynamic fronts and atmospheric disturbances; sinking air motion; dry atmosphere near the surface and aloft; the exacerbated exposure to the sun where solar angles are always high makes this desert inhospitable to most species.


title: Desert climate

text: Cold desert climates ("BWk") usually feature hot (or warm in a few instances), dry summers, though summers are not typically as hot as hot desert climates. Unlike hot desert climates, cold desert climates tend to feature cold, dry winters. Snow tends to be rare and sporadic in regions with this climate. The Gobi Desert in northern China and Mongolia is one example of cold deserts. Though hot in the summer, it shares the very cold winters of the rest of Inner Asia. Cold desert climates are typically found at higher altitudes than hot desert climates and are usually drier than hot desert climates.


title: Desert climate

text: Cold desert climates are typically located in temperate zones, usually in the leeward rain shadow of high mountains, which restricts precipitation from the westerly winds. An example of this is the Patagonian Desert in Argentina bounded by the Andes ranges to its west. In the case of Central Asia, mountains restrict precipitation from the eastern monsoon. The Kyzyl Kum, Taklamakan and Katpana Desert deserts of Central Asia are other major examples of "BWk" climates. The Ladakh region, and the city of Leh in the Great Himalayas in India also have a cold desert climate. In North America the cold desert climate occurs in the drier parts of the Great Basin Desert and in the Bighorn Basin in Big Horn and Washakie Counties in Wyoming. The Hautes Plaines, located in the northeastern section of Morocco and in Algeria is another major example of a cold desert climate. The Absheron Peninsula in eastern Azerbaijan is also an example of a cold desert climate.


title: Desert climate

text: Arctic and Antarctic regions also receive very little precipitation during the year, owing to the exceptionally cold dry air freezing most precipitation ; however, both of them are generally classified as having polar climates because they have average summer temperatures below even if they have such desert-like features as intermittent streams, hypersaline lakes, and extremely barren terrain in unglaciated areas such as the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica.


title: Tom Wopat

text: Thomas Steven Wopat (born September 9, 1951) is an American actor and singer. He first achieved fame as Lucas K. "Luke" Duke on the long-running television action/comedy series "The Dukes of Hazzard". Since then, Wopat has worked regularly, most often on the stage in musicals and in supporting television and movie roles. He was a semi-regular guest on the 1990s comedy series "Cybill", and he had a small role as U.S. Marshal Gil Tatum in "Django Unchained" (2012). Wopat also has a recurring role as Sheriff Jim Wilkins on the television series "Longmire". Additionally, Wopat has recorded several albums of country songs and pop standards, scoring a series of moderately successful singles in the 1980s and 1990s.


title: Tom Wopat

text: Wopat was born in Lodi, Wisconsin, the fifth of eight children born to Albin and Ruth Wopat. His father was a dairy farmer of Czech descent. He was raised a devout Roman Catholic.


title: Tom Wopat

text: Wopat attended the University of Wisconsin–Madison and made his television debut on "One Life to Live". He achieved television fame on the television series "The Dukes of Hazzard" (1979–85), then embarked on a music career. He has recorded eleven albums. Musically, he switches between rock and roll and country music styles, though two recent albums have been of classic pop standards. His 1980s albums were on EMI Nashville. A 2005 recording, "Dissertation on the State of Bliss", is a collection of Harold Arlen songs. Wopat first appeared on the Broadway stage as a replacement in the 1977 musical "I Love My Wife", as Wally. He later appeared as a replacement in the stage musicals "City of Angels" and "Guys and Dolls".


title: Tom Wopat

text: In 1981, he played the main character, Billy Bigelow, in the musical "Carousel", at the Augusta Barn Theatre in Augusta, Michigan. He appeared in the opening cast of the 1999 revival of "Annie Get Your Gun" as Frank Butler, opposite Bernadette Peters, Cheryl Ladd, Susan Lucci and Crystal Bernard, who played Annie Oakley (in consecutive order); he was nominated for a Tony Award in 1999 for his performance as Butler. He later appeared in revivals of "Chicago" and "42nd Street".


title: Tom Wopat

text: In 2005, Wopat appeared in the Broadway revival of David Mamet's Pulitzer Prize–winning play "Glengarry Glen Ross" as James Lingk. He starred in the North Carolina Theatre's production of "The Music Man" as Harold Hill in November 2006.


title: Tom Wopat

text: In 2008, Wopat starred on Broadway as the father of the bride-to-be in "A Catered Affair", written by Harvey Fierstein (book) and John Bucchino (score), which opened on April 17, 2008 at the Walter Kerr Theatre. He received his second Tony nomination for that performance.


title: Tom Wopat

text: In July 2009, he originated the role of Frank Abagnale Sr. in the musical "Catch Me If You Can" (based on the film of the same name) in July and August 2009 at Seattle's 5th Avenue Theatre.


title: Tom Wopat

text: He was featured in the new musical revue "Sondheim on Sondheim", conceived and directed by James Lapine, presenting the life and works of Stephen Sondheim. The revue premiered on Broadway at the Roundabout Theatre's Studio 54 on March 19, 2010 in previews and closed on June 27. He portrayed Ryan Hutton in the musical "Lovestruck".


title: Tom Wopat

text: Wopat was first married to Vickie Allen. That union ended in divorce. He is married to Kirsten S. Larvick, a filmmaker and audiovisual archivist.


title: Tom Wopat

text: Wopat was arrested on August 2, 2017 on indecent assault and battery (felony) and drug (misdemeanor) charges in Waltham, Massachusetts, where he was about to open in a production of "42nd Street" at Reagle Music Theater of Greater Boston. "The Boston Globe" reported "According to a Waltham police report, Wopat allegedly assaulted the woman during a rehearsal at the high school on July 23. The accuser said he came up behind her and grabbed her buttocks and continued touching her in that area. The show's producer and manager had previously spoken to Wopat regarding complaints from other female cast members about inappropriate comments and touching, the report said. The artistic director told police he had spoken with Wopat three times, and the actor was also reprimanded for being intoxicated at rehearsal, authorities said."


title: Tom Wopat

text: During his arrest by Waltham police on August 2, 2017, a search of him and his vehicle under warrant revealed "two bags of white powder believed to be cocaine." According to court documents, Wopat told police that he buys cocaine "in large quantities and uses it over time". Wopat pleaded not guilty at his arraignment on August 3, 2017 and was released on bail.


title: Tom Wopat

text: On July 20, 2018, Wopat pleaded guilty to two counts of "annoying and accosting a person of the opposite sex" and was sentenced to one year of probation.


title: Asunción

text: The city stands on the eastern bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the Pilcomayo River. The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and from Argentina in the south part of the city. The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department.


title: Asunción

text: Asunción is one of the oldest cities in South America and the longest continually inhabited area in the Río de la Plata Basin; for this reason it is known as "the Mother of Cities". From Asunción, Spanish colonial expeditions departed to found other cities, including the second foundation of Buenos Aires, that of other important cities such as Villarrica, Corrientes, Santa Fe, Córdoba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and 65 more.


title: Asunción

text: Administratively, the city forms an autonomous capital district, not a part of any department. The metropolitan area, called "Gran Asunción", includes the cities of San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora, Lambaré, Luque, Mariano Roque Alonso, Ñemby, San Antonio, Limpio, Capiatá and Villa Elisa, which are part of the Central Department. The Asunción metropolitan area has around two million inhabitants. The Asunción Stock Exchange lists the Municipality of Asunción as . Asunción is one of the best cities for investments, both in construction and services, thus being one of the cities in the region with the highest economic growth, nowadays.


title: Asunción

text: The Globalization and World Cities Research Network classifies Asunción as a "Gamma City". It is the home of the national government, principal port, and the chief industrial, political, economic and cultural center of Paraguay. Near Asunción are the headquarters of the CONMEBOL, the continental governing body of association football in South America. Asunción ranks as one of the cheapest cities in the world for foreign visitors, and the third safest capital in Latin America, behind Buenos Aires and Santiago, according to InSight Crime.


title: Asunción

text: The Spanish conquistador Juan de Ayolas (died c. 1537) may have first visited the site of the future city on his way north, up the Paraguay River, looking for a passage to the mines of Alto Perú (present-day Bolivia). Later, Juan de Salazar y Espinosa and Gonzalo de Mendoza, a relative of Pedro de Mendoza, were sent in search of Ayolas, but failed to find him. On his way up and then down the river, de Salazar stopped briefly at a bay in the left bank to resupply his ships. He found the natives friendly, and decided to found a fort there in August 1537. He named it Nuestra Señora Santa María de la Asunción (Our Lady Saint Mary of the Assumption – the Roman Catholic Church celebrates the Feast of the Assumption on August 15).


title: Asunción

text: In 1542 natives destroyed Buenos Aires, and the Spaniards there fled to Asunción. Thus the city became the center of a large Spanish colonial province comprising part of Brazil, present-day Paraguay and northeastern Argentina: the giant Province of the Indies. In 1603 Asunción was the seat of the First Synod of Asunción, which set guidelines for the evangelization of the natives in their lingua franca, Guaraní.


title: Asunción

text: In 1731 an uprising under José de Antequera y Castro was one of the first rebellions against Spanish colonial rule. The uprising failed, but it was the first sign of the independent spirit that was growing among the criollos, mestizos and natives of Paraguay. The event influenced the independence of Paraguay, which subsequently materialized in 1811. The secret meetings between the independence leaders to plan an ambush against the Spanish Governor in Paraguay (Bernardo de Velasco) took place at the home of Juana María de Lara, in downtown Asunción. On the night of May 14 and May 15, 1811, the rebels succeeded and forced governor Velasco to surrender. Today, Lara's former home, known as Casa de la Independencia (House of the Independence), operates as a museum and historical building.


title: Asunción

text: After Paraguay became independent, significant change occurred in Asunción. Under the rule of Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia (in office 1813–1840) roads were built throughout the city and the streets were named. However, during the presidency of Carlos Antonio López (President 1844–1862) Asunción (and Paraguay) saw further progress as the new president implemented new economic policies. More than 400 schools, metallurgic factories and the first railroad service in South America were built during the López presidency. After López died (1862), his son Francisco Solano López became the new president and led the country through the disastrous Paraguayan War that lasted for five years (1864–1870). On 1 January 1869, the capital city Asunción fell to Brazilian forces led by Gen. João de Souza da Fonseca Costa. After the end of the armed conflict, Brazilian troops occupied Asunción until 1876.


title: Asunción

text: Many historians have claimed that this war provoked a steady downfall of the city and country, since it massacred two-thirds of the country's population. Progress slowed down greatly afterwards, and the economy stagnated.


title: Asunción

text: After the Paraguayan War, Asunción began a slow attempt at recovery. Towards the end of the 19th century and during the early years of the 20th century, a flow of immigrants from Europe and the Ottoman Empire came to the city. This led to a change in the appearance of the city as many new buildings were built and Asunción went through an era more prosperous than any since the war.


title: Asunción

text: A tramway in Asunción opened in 1871, initially using horse-drawn trams and steam-powered trams but with electric trams being introduced in 1913. The last tram service was discontinued around 1995, followed by formal closure in November 1997.


title: Asunción

text: Being at the Argentina–Paraguay border, Asunción is located between the parallels 25° 15' and 25° 20' of south latitude and between the meridians 57° 40' and 57° 30' of west longitude. The city sits on the left bank of the Paraguay River, almost at the confluence of this river with the River Pilcomayo. The Paraguay River and the Bay of Asunción in the northwest separate the city from the Occidental Region of Paraguay and Argentina in the south part of the city. The rest of the city is surrounded by the Central Department.


title: Asunción

text: With its location along the Paraguay River, the city offers many landscapes; it spreads out over gentle hills in a pattern of rectangular blocks. Places such as Cerro Lambaré, a hill located in Lambaré, offer a spectacular show in the springtime because of the blossoming lapacho trees in the area. Parks such as Parque Independencia and Parque Carlos Antonio López offer large areas of typical Paraguayan vegetation and are frequented by tourists. There are several small hills and slightly elevated areas throughout the city, including Cabará, Clavel, Tarumá, Cachinga, and Tacumbú, among others.


title: Asunción

text: Asunción is organized geographically into districts and these in turn bring together the different neighborhoods.


title: Asunción

text: Asunción has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: "Cfa") that closely borders on a tropical savanna climate (Köppen "Aw"), characterized by hot, humid summers (average of in January), and mild winters (average of in July). Relative humidity is high throughout the year, so the heat index is higher than the true air temperature in the summer, and in the winter it can feel cooler. The average annual temperature is . The average annual precipitation is high, with distributed in over 80 days yearly. The highest recorded temperature was on 1 October 2020, while the lowest recorded temperature was on 27 June 2011.


title: Asunción

text: Asunción generally has a very short dry season between May and September, but the coldest months are June, July and August. Slight frosts can occur on average one or two days a year. The wet season covers the remainder of the year.


title: Asunción

text: During the wet season, Asunción is generally hot and humid though towards the end of this season, it becomes noticeably cooler. In contrast, Asunción's dry season is pleasantly mild. Asuncion's annual precipitation values observe a summer maximum, due to severe subtropical summer thunderstorms which travel southward from northern Paraguay, originating in the Gran Chaco region of the northwestern part of the country. The wettest and driest months of the year are April and July, on average receiving respectively and of precipitation.


title: Asunción

text: The population is approximately 540,000 people in the city proper. Roughly 30% of Paraguay's 6 million people live within Greater Asunción. Sixty-five percent of the total population in the city are under the age of 30.


title: Asunción

text: The population has increased greatly during the last few decades as a consequence of internal migration from other Departments of Paraguay, at first because of the economic boom in the 1970s, and later because of economic recession in the countryside. The adjacent cities in the Gran Asunción area, such as Luque, Lambaré, San Lorenzo, Fernando de la Mora and Mariano Roque Alonso, have absorbed most of this influx due to the low cost of the land and easy access to Asunción. The city has ranked as the least expensive city to live in for five years running by Mercer Human Resource Consulting.


title: Asunción

text: Approximately 90% of the population of Asunción professes Catholicism. The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Asunción covers an area of including the city and surrounding area and has a total population of 1,780,000 of whom 1,612,000 are Catholic. The Catholic Archbishop is Eustaquio Pastor Cuquejo Verga, C.SS.R. In Paraguay's capital there are also places of worship of other Christian denominations, the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, as well as of other religions including Islam, Buddhism and Judaism.


title: Asunción

text: Most people in Paraguay speak one of two languages as their principal language: Paraguayan Spanish (spoken by 56.9% of the population) and Guaraní (spoken by 11.2%). 27.4% of the population speaks the Jopará dialect, a mix of Guaraní with loanwords from Spanish (Creole). Other languages are represented by 4.5% of the population.


title: Asunción

text: The city has a large number of both public and private schools. The best-known public schools are the Colegio Nacional de la Capital (which is one of the oldest schools in the city, founded in 1877), Colegio Técnico Nacional, Colegio Nacional Presidente Franco and Colegio Nacional Asunción Escalada. The best-known private schools are, American School of Asunción, Colegio San José, St. Annes School, Colegio del Sol, Colegio Santa Clara, Colegio Goethe and Colegio de la Asunción, Colegio Las Almenas, Colegio Campoalto, Colegio Dante Alighieri, Colegio San Francisco, Colegio San Ignacio de Loyola, Colegio Santa Teresa de Jesús, Colegio Inmaculado Corazón de María, Salesianito, Colegio Cristo Rey, Colegio Internacional.


title: Asunción

text: The main universities in the city are the Universidad Americana and the Universidad Nacional de Asunción (state-run). The Universidad Nacional de Asunción was founded in 1889 and has an enrollment of just over 40,000 students. The Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción was founded in 1960 and has a current enrollment of around 21,000 students. The Católica has a small campus in the downtown area next to the cathedral and a larger campus in the Santa Ana neighborhood, outwards toward the adjoining city of Lambaré, while the Universidad Nacional has its main campus in the city of San Lorenzo, some eastward from Asunción. There are also a number of smaller, privately-run universities such as Uninorte, Universidad Católica Nuestra Señora de la Asunción and Universidad Autónoma de Asunción, among others.


title: Asunción

text: Commerce has expanded considerably in recent years stretching towards the suburbs where shopping malls and supermarkets have been built. Paraguay's only stock exchange, the BVPASA, is located here. The city itself is listed on it, as .


title: Asunción

text: In Asuncion, the most significant companies, businesses and investment groups are headquartered. The attractiveness of the city has been attributed to its easy going tax policies. Asunción has unrestrained taxes on the investments and movements of capital. In addition to this, the Asunción stock exchange traded up 485.7% in August 2012 relative to August 2011. There is also no income tax for investors in Bonds of Asunción Stock Exchange. Incentives like these attract significant foreign investment into the city. According to many Latin American experts, Paraguay is tapped as one of the top three counties with the best investment climate in Latin America and the Caribbean as well it remains the most attractive nation of the hemisphere in doing business and is equipped with a series of legislations that protect strategic investments and guarantee a friendly environment for the development of large industrial plants and infrastructure projects. The city is the economic center of Paraguay, followed by Ciudad del Este and Encarnación.


title: Asunción

text: Because the Paraguay River runs right next to Asunción the city is served by a river terminal in the downtown area. This port is strategically located inside a bay and it is where most freight enters and leaves the country. There is a lesser terminal in the Sajonia neighborhood, and a shuttle port in Ita Enramada, almost opposite the Argentine city of Clorinda, Formosa.


title: Asunción

text: Public transportation is used heavily and is served through buses (locally called "colectivos", "micros" or "buses") that reach all the regions of the city and surrounding dormitory communities. From October 23, 2020, an electronic card is required to use these buses. There are two cards available from two different providers: "Jaha" (Guarani for "Let's Go") and "Más" (Spanish for "More").


title: Asunción

text: The main long-distance bus terminal (TOA, or Terminal de Ómnibus de Asunción) is on the República Argentina Avenue and its bus services connect all of the Departments of Paraguay, as well as international routes to nearby countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia and Uruguay.


title: Asunción

text: Silvio Pettirossi International Airport is Paraguay's main national and international gateway, located at Luque, suburb of the capital, Asunción. It is named after Paraguayan aviator Silvio Petrossi and is formerly known as Presidente Stroessner International Airport. As Paraguay's busiest airport, it is the hub of Latam Paraguay and Paranair.


title: Asunción

text: The city is home to the Godoy Museum, the Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes (which contains paintings from the 19th century), the Church of La Encarnación, the Metropolitan Cathedral and the National Pantheon of the Heroes, a smaller version of Les Invalides in Paris, where many of the nation's heroes are entombed. Other landmarks include the Palacio de los López, the old Senate building (a modern building opened to house Congress in 2003) and the Casa de la Independencia (one of the few examples of colonial architecture remaining in the city).


title: Asunción

text: Calle Palma is the main street downtown where several historical buildings, plazas, shops, restaurants and cafés are located. The "Manzana de la Rivera", located in front of the Presidential Palace, is a series of old traditional homes that have been restored and serve as a museum showcasing the architectural evolution of the city. The old railway station operates as a museum. There is a proposed train route(2027) from here to the cities of Luque and Areguá. Near Asunción, about thirty minutes outside the city there is also a beautiful lake in the city of San Bernardino. People usually go here during the summer and it is a nice place to visit when the weather is warm.


title: Asunción

text: Asunción also has luxurious malls that contain shops selling well-known brands. The biggest shopping malls are Shopping del Sol; Mariscal López Shopping, Shopping Villa Morra in the central part of the city, Shopping Multiplaza on the outskirts of the city and the Mall Excelsior located downtown. Pinedo Shopping and San Lorenzo Shopping are the newest and also sizeable shopping malls located just from Asunción's boundaries respectively, in the city of San Lorenzo, part of Greater Asunción. In 2016 a new shopping mall, La Galeria, was inaugurated. It is in between the blue towers, and is now the largest shopping mall in the country.


title: Asunción

text: Association football is the main sport in Paraguay, and Asunción is home to some of the most important and traditional teams in the country. These include Olimpia, Cerro Porteño, Club Libertad, Club Nacional, Club Guaraní and Club Sol de América, which have their own stadiums and sport facilities for affiliated members. The Defensores del Chaco stadium is the main football stadium of the country and is located in the neighborhood of Sajonia, just a few blocks away from the center of Asunción. Since it is a national stadium sometimes it is used for other activities such as rock concerts. Asunción is also the heart of Paraguayan rugby union.


title: Asunción

text: Being the third-oldest capital city of South America, after Quito and Lima, Asunción has plenty to offer, culturally speaking, from Spanish colonial-era buildings (Baroque to neo-Gothic), museums or urban parks, this classic city also hosts several symphony orchestras, ballet, opera and theater companies. The most well known orchestras are the City of Asunción's Symphony Orchestra (OSCA), the National Symphony Orchestra and the Northern University Symphony Orchestra. Among professional ballet companies, most renowned are the Asunción Classic and Modern Municipal Ballet, the National Ballet and the Northern University Ballet. The main opera company is the Northern University Opera Company. A long-standing theater company is Arlequín Theater Foundation's. Traditional venues include the Municipal Theater, the Paraguayan-Japanese Center, the Central Bank's Great Lyric Theater, the Juan de Salazar Cultural Center, the Americas Theater, the Tom Jobim Theater, the Arlequín Theater and the Manzana de la Rivera. Among the many venues for concerts in the city, the Jockey Club (Asunción) is one of the most important. Asunción is also the center of Architecture in Paraguay.


title: Asunción

text: The choice of the seven treasures of cultural heritage material has been developed Asunción during the months of April and May 2009. Promoted by the "Organización Capital Americana de la Cultura", with the collaboration of the Paraguayan authorities participating in the election was carried out with the intention to disclose the material cultural heritage of Assumption.


title: Asunción

text: A total of 45 candidates have chosen to become one of the treasures of cultural heritage material Assumption. The result of the vote, which involved 12,417 people, is as follows:


title: Asunción

text: Nightlife revolves around two areas: one in the downtown part of the city and the other in the neighborhoods of Manora and Las Carmelitas, an area full of nightclubs and bars.


title: Asunción

text: The most read newspapers are: "Diario La Nación", "Diario Hoy", "Diario ABC", "Diario Última Hora", and "Diario Crónica", although the most successful are "ABC" and "Última Hora".


title: Asunción

text: The most important TV channel are SNT and the other free to air channels Paravisión, Sur TV, Unicanal, Latele, C9N, RPC, Telefuturo and the public station of TV Paraguay TV.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: Ahn So-hee (born June 27, 1992), better known by the mononym Sohee, is a South Korean actress and singer. As a singer, she is best known as a former member of the South Korean girl group Wonder Girls. As an actress, she is best known for her performance in the film "Train to Busan" (2016).


title: Ahn So-hee

text: Ahn So-hee was born on June 27, 1992, in South Korea. She was selected through auditions and, at the age of 12, she became a JYP Entertainment (JYPE) trainee.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2007, she was revealed as a third member of Wonder Girls, a girl group managed by JYP Entertainment, after two years of training. The group debuted with the single ""Irony"", featuring Sohee as a dancer and vocalist with the group. The group quickly rose to stardom with their hits "Tell Me", "So Hot" and "Nobody" in less than two years from their debut. Ahn was nicknamed "Nation's Little Sister" by the media.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: Ahn's career with JYPE and Wonder Girls came to an end in December 2013, when her contract with the company expired and she decided not to renew.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: Ahn made her acting debut at the age of 12 with a minor role in a short film "The Synesthesia For Overtone Construction" directed by Yu Dae-eol in 2004, where Ahn portrayed a deaf girl.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In early 2008, Ahn made her big screen debut alongside Lee Mi-sook and Kim Min-hee in the romantic comedy "Hellcats", directed by Kwon Chil-in of "Singles". The film is adapted from the popular Korean comic "10, 20 and 30", and is about the views of modern Korean women towards love and life.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2013, Ahn landed first leading role in "Happy! Rose Day" alongside Jung Woong-in, a drama about a girl in her early 20s who works at a flower shop.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2016, she starred in South Korea's first zombie movie, "Train to Busan", playing a high school student and a loyal supporter of the baseball team. The film premiered in the Midnight Screenings section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival on May 13, 2016 and later surpassed 11 million admissions. Despite the film's success, Ahn was criticized for her acting performance. Later that year, she featured in tvN's Korean remake of the American series "Entourage", playing the love interest of Seo Kang-joon's character.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2017, Ahn starred in the thriller "Single Rider" alongside Lee Byung-hun and Gong Hyo-jin, where she received praise for her portrayal of a solitary teenager.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2018, Ahn acted as Anu, who is a lively and assertive Mongolian woman with Yeon Woo-jin as Hyuga, a pure-hearted Mongolian man on the short movie "Anu and Hyuga", also known as "Mongolian Love Story".


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2019, Ahn was cast as one of the female lead roles in "Welcome to Waikiki 2". In July 2019, she starred in a short film "Memories", playing as a mysterious woman.


title: Ahn So-hee

text: In 2022, Ahn starred in the drama "Thirty-Nine" as Kim So-won, younger sister of Kim Seon-woo and a pianist.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: The 1999 Cricket World Cup (officially known as ICC Cricket World Cup '99) was the seventh edition of the Cricket World Cup, organised by the International Cricket Council (ICC). It was hosted primarily by England, with Scotland, Ireland, Wales and the Netherlands acting as co-hosts. The tournament was won by Australia, who beat Pakistan by 8 wickets in the final at Lord's Cricket Ground in London. New Zealand and South Africa were the other semi-finalists.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: The tournament was hosted three years after the previous Cricket World Cup, deviating from the usual four-year gap.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: It featured 12 teams, playing a total of 42 matches. In the group stage, the teams were divided into two groups of six; each team played all the others in their group once. The top three teams from each group advanced to the Super Sixes, a new concept for the 1999 World Cup; each team carried forward the points from the games against the other qualifiers from their group and then played each of the qualifiers from the other group (in other words, each qualifier from Group A played each qualifier from Group B and vice versa). The top four teams in the Super Sixes advanced to the semi-finals.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: The 1999 World Cup featured 12 teams, which was the same as the previous edition in 1996. The hosts England and the eight other test nations earned automatic qualification to the World Cup. The remaining three spots were decided at the 1997 ICC Trophy in Malaysia.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: 22 nations competed in the 1997 edition of the ICC Trophy. After going through two group stages, the semi-finals saw Kenya and Bangladesh qualify through to the World Cup. Scotland would be the third nation to qualify as they defeated Ireland in the third-place playoff.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: Scotland played two of their Group B matches in their home country becoming the first associate nation to host games in a World Cup. One Group B match was played in Wales and Ireland respectively, while one Group A match was played in the Netherlands.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: Teams who qualified for the Super Six stage only played against the teams from the other group; results against the other teams from the same group were carried forward to this stage. Results against the non-qualifying teams were therefore discarded at this point.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: As a result of League match losses against New Zealand and Pakistan, even though Australia finished second in their group, they progressed to the Super Six stage with no points carried forward (PCF). India faced similar circumstances, finishing 2nd in their group but carrying forward 0 points after losing to fellow qualifiers Zimbabwe and South Africa.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: During their super six clash, Pakistan and India were officially at war at the time of their match, the only time this has ever happened in the history of the sport.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: Lance Klusener of South Africa was declared the Player of the Tournament. Rahul Dravid of India scored the most runs (461) in the tournament. Geoff Allott of New Zealand and Shane Warne of Australia tied each other for most wickets taken (20) in the tournament.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: A new type of cricket ball, the white 'Duke', was introduced for the first time in the 1999 World Cup. British Cricket Balls Ltd claimed that the balls behaved identically to the balls used in previous World Cups, experiments showed they were harder and swung more.


title: 1999 Cricket World Cup

text: The host broadcasters for television coverage of the tournament were Sky and BBC Television. In the UK, live games were divided between the broadcasters, with both screening the final live. This was to be BBC's last live cricket coverage during that summer, with all of England's home Test series being shown on Channel 4 or Sky from 1999 onwards; the BBC did not show any live cricket again until August 2020.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: Stephen Joseph Cannell (; February 5, 1941 – September 30, 2010) was an American television producer, writer, novelist, occasional actor, and founder of Cannell Entertainment (formerly Stephen J. Cannell Productions) and the Cannell Studios.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: After starting his career as a television screenwriter, Cannell created or co-created several dozen successful TV series from the 1970s to the 1990s, often with his creative partner Frank Lupo. Cannell's creations include "The Rockford Files", "The A-Team", "Renegade", "The Greatest American Hero", "21 Jump Street", and "The Commish". He also wrote novels, notably the Shane Scully mystery series.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: Cannell was born in Los Angeles and raised in nearby Pasadena. He was the son of Carolyn (née Baker) and Joseph Knapp Cannell. Joseph owned the highly successful interior decorating company Cannell and Chaffin. Cannell struggled with dyslexia in school, but did graduate from the University of Oregon in 1964 with a Bachelor of Science degree in journalism. At UO, he joined the Sigma Chi fraternity.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: The 2009 documentary "" features an interview with Cannell, in which he discusses his struggles with dyslexia and how he managed to be such a successful writer despite his difficulties reading. During the interview, he mentions how he used to hire typists to overcome his spelling problem, as he refers to his dyslexia, but also describes how he feels his condition has enriched his life.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: After college, Cannell spent four years working with the family business before selling his first script to the Universal series "It Takes a Thief" in 1968. He was quickly hired by Universal Television, the television production branch of Universal Studios and was soon freelance writing for such other crime shows as "Ironside" (1970–1971) and "Columbo" (1973).


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: In 1971, he received a telephone call from friend Herman Saunders who was the producer on Jack Webb's police series "Adam-12". They needed a script right away and Saunders asked if Cannell would be interested in writing it. He delivered what they wanted in one day, his first full-time gig, and was soon hired as story editor of the series, then in its fourth season, until 1973.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: For Universal Television, Cannell created or co-created "Chase" (1973–1974), "The Rockford Files" (1974–1980), "Baretta" (1975–1978), "City of Angels" (1976), and "Baa Baa Black Sheep" (1976–1978). He won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in 1978 for "The Rockford Files".


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: In 1979, Cannell left Universal and formed his own company, Stephen J. Cannell Productions. For the first few years, Cannell's office was located on the lot at Paramount Studios in Hollywood, though his earlier work at Universal was still distributed by MCA-Universal. Cannell's first series under his new banner was "Tenspeed and Brown Shoe" (1980), and was soon followed by "The Greatest American Hero" (1981–1983), "The Quest" (1982), "The A-Team" (1983–1987), "Hardcastle and McCormick" (1983–1986), "Riptide" (1984–1986), and "Hunter" (1984–1991). Cannell offices relocated to larger facilities on Hollywood Boulevard in 1983.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: In 1986, Cannell was co-founder, along with Tri-Star Pictures and Witt/Thomas Productions, of the syndication distributor TeleVentures. In late 1988, Witt/Thomas Productions exited the TeleVentures venture and entered a distribution deal with Walt Disney Television, selling its share to Cannell. On July 11, 1990, both Tri-Star and Cannell dissolved the TeleVentures joint venture, and Tri-Star sold its shares to Stephen J. Cannell Productions. TeleVentures thus became Cannell Distribution Co.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: Also in 1986, with a favorable exchange rate between the US and Canadian dollars being a win/win for US producers, Cannell decided to shoot his new series "Stingray" (1985–1987) in Toronto. However, so many producers were shooting in Toronto that no crews were available to man any additional productions. Consequently, Cannell shot the first seven episodes of "Stingray"'s second season in Calgary with the remaining eight episodes being shot in Vancouver. His first series to entirely be shot in Vancouver was "21 Jump Street" (1987–1991), the highest-rated show of the new Fox network's first season.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: With more and more series being shot in Vancouver, Cannell said, "We were fighting with everybody for locations and stage space". His solution was to build a new, state-of-the-art facility, "The North Shore Studios" on 13 acres with one hundred thousand square feet of office space and seven sound stages. The series "21 Jump Street" was soon followed by "J.J. Starbuck" (1987–1988), "Wiseguy" (1987–1990), "Unsub" (1989), "Top of the Hill" (1989), "Booker" (1989–1990), "Broken Badges " (1990–1991), "Palace Guard" (1991), "Scene of the Crime" (1991–1992), "The Commish" (1991–1996), "Street Justice" (1991–1993), "Silk Stalkings" (1991–1999), "The Hat Squad" (1992–1993), "Renegade" (1992–1997), "Cobra" (1993–1994), and "Hawkeye" (1994–1995). A number of television films were also shot in Vancouver by Cannell's production company.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: On July 31, 1995, New World Communications acquired his Cannell Entertainment production company. Cannell then founded the Cannell Studios. One of the first shows produced by the newly established Cannell Studios was the short-lived but critically acclaimed corporate drama "Profit" (1996).


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: Cannell created or co-created nearly 40 television series, mostly crime dramas. In the process, he had by his own count, scripted more than 450 episodes, and produced or executive produced over 1,500 episodes.


title: Stephen J. Cannell

text: In May 1988, Cannell was a panelist in the John Davidson edition of "Hollywood Squares". He also served as the host of the 1991–92 series "Scene of the Crime", a mystery anthology series with a repertory cast, and of the 1995–1996 syndicated documentary series "U.S. Customs Classified", focusing on the work of the U.S Customs Service.