title: The Current War

text: Reviewing the film after its 2017 premiere, David Rooney for "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote, "For all its aggressive energy, "The Current War" is an uninvolving bore, making it unlikely to measure up as the kind of Oscar-baity prestige entry The Weinstein Co. obviously had in mind." Also reviewing the original cut, Andrew Barker of "Variety" called the film "flashy but unilluminating" and saying that "so little of "The Current War"s hustle and bustle serves much of a concrete purpose... "The Current War" feels like one of those earlier experiments – temporary flash providing too little illumination."


title: The Current War

text: Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "This [is] a watchably stylised period film, with interesting visual setpieces and faces looming up at us out of intricately contrived backgrounds." He concluded that the film "is illuminating – but perhaps not quite as much as it could have been." Dan Jolin of "Empire" magazine called the film a "stylish portrayal of a literal power struggle based on truly interesting historical figures and events. But it tries to take in too much in too little time, when all it needed was to centre on Edison and Westinghouse."


title: The Current War

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the Director's Cut version of the film has an approval rating of 61% based on 107 reviews, with an average rating of 6.39/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "If it lacks the powerful voltage that its impressive cast suggests, "The Current War: Director's Cut" represents a significant improvement over previous versions." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 55 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while those surveyed by PostTrak gave it an overall positive score of 81%.


title: The Current War

text: Michael Phillips, writing for the "Chicago Tribune", gave the film 2.5 out of 4 stars, writing, "I never saw the earlier version [of the film]. This one remains a bit of a mess but a pretty interesting one, as well as one of the few films this year deserving (in both admirable and dissatisfying ways) of the adjective 'instructive.'"


title: Atlas Air

text: Atlas Air, Inc., a wholly owned subsidiary of Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings, is a major American cargo airline, passenger charter airline, and aircraft lessor based in Purchase, New York. Atlas Air is the world's largest operator of the Boeing 747 aircraft, with a total fleet of 54 of this specific fleet type. In 2021, the airline had 4,056 employees and operated to more than 300 global destinations.


title: Atlas Air

text: In 1992, Atlas Air began operations when the airline's founder, Michael Chowdry, started leasing aircraft to airlines.


title: Atlas Air

text: In 1993, China Airlines, the first customer, initiated operations with Atlas Air with one airplane on an aircraft, crew, maintenance, and insurance (CMI) agreement.


title: Atlas Air

text: In 1997, Atlas placed an order for 10 new Boeing 747-400F aircraft with another two orders for 747-400Fs placed in 1998.


title: Atlas Air

text: On January 30, 2004, Atlas Air Worldwide entered Chapter 11 bankruptcy. In July 2004, the parent company completed its restructuring plan and emerged from Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.


title: Atlas Air

text: In 2006, Amnesty International released a report on extraordinary rendition claiming that Atlas Air was one of the airlines used by the US government for rendering detainees. This was the basis for the song "Atlas Air" recorded by Massive Attack for the album "Heligoland".


title: Atlas Air

text: In 2007, Atlas Air began a multiyear training contract with the United States Air Force to provide training for the pilots of Air Force One. The contract also provided training for the Presidential Airlift Group. This program has been renewed several times and remains in place today.


title: Atlas Air

text: In March 2010, Atlas Air was awarded the contract to operate the Boeing Dreamlifter (officially the Boeing 747 Large Cargo Freighter) transporting aircraft parts to Boeing from suppliers around the world. It commenced operation in September 2010 under a CMI contract.


title: Atlas Air

text: In 2011, Atlas Air took the first North American delivery of the Boeing 747-8 Freighter (Boeing 747-8F).


title: Atlas Air

text: On April 7, 2016, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings purchased Southern Air for in an all-cash deal. The transaction included Worldwide Air Logistics Group, Inc. and its two operating subsidiaries, Southern Air, Inc. and Florida West International Airways, Inc.


title: Atlas Air

text: On May 5, 2016, Amazon.com and Atlas Air announced a deal for Amazon.com to lease 20 Boeing 767s to fuel growth of its new Amazon air freight service, branded as Amazon Air. The deal also warranted Amazon the ability to buy up to 30% stake in the company over the next seven years. Under the agreement, Atlas Air Inc. would provide aircraft and CMI for seven years. This move came after Amazon's similar deal with Air Transport Services Group for 20 aircraft, also to be branded under Amazon Air.


title: Atlas Air

text: In March 2017, Atlas Air Worldwide Holdings shut down Florida West International Airways and cancelled the operating certificate.


title: Atlas Air

text: In January 2021, Atlas Air announced the purchase of an additional four 747-8 freighters from Boeing. They will be the final four 747s to be built. These are to be delivered in 2022, the same year that Boeing plans to shut the 747 production program.


title: Atlas Air

text: On November 17, 2021, Atlas Air and Southern Air Inc completed their merger with the transition to a single operating certificate.


title: Atlas Air

text: Atlas Air's headquarters are in Purchase, New York, with a flight operations center located in Erlanger, Kentucky. Atlas Air operates flights on an aircraft and CMI and air charter basis for airlines, express operators, freight forwarders, charter brokers, global shippers, and the U.S. military, along with dry-leasing freighter aircraft. Atlas Air has global operations established in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, Europe, the Middle East, North America, and South America.


title: Atlas Air

text: Crew bases are located at Anchorage–Ted Stevens, Chicago–O'Hare, Cincinnati, Los Angeles, Memphis, Miami, New York's New York–JFK, Ontario, CA, and Tampa.


title: Atlas Air

text: Atlas Air began operating a premium passenger private-charter service for the U.S.-Africa Energy Association in conjunction with SonAir in 2010. The charter service consisted of two customized Boeing 747-400 aircraft provided by SonAir. The aircraft were configured to serve 189 passengers in a three-class configuration. The charter service, which became known as the "Houston Express", included three dedicated weekly nonstop flights between Houston and Luanda, Angola.


title: Atlas Air

text: As of 2021, Atlas Air owned a fleet of 10 B747 and B767 passenger aircraft available for lease in the passenger charter market.


title: Vanessa Trump

text: Vanessa Kay Trump (née Pergolizzi, later Haydon; born December 18, 1977) is an American former model. She married Donald Trump Jr. in 2005 and they divorced in 2018. She was born in New York City.


title: Vanessa Trump

text: She grew up in a townhouse on the Upper East Side of Manhattan and attended The Dwight School, a private school. Charles Haydon, her stepfather, (who some news articles refer to as her father) was a lawyer whose clients included Marilyn Monroe and Broadway producer and real estate mogul Abe Hirschfeld. Her mother, Bonnie Kay Haydon, ran Kay Models, a modeling agency, and is of Danish origin. Her maternal grandfather was Danish jazz musician Kai Ewans.


title: Vanessa Trump

text: As an actress, she appeared in a scene of the 2003 film "Something's Gotta Give". She also appeared in a 2011 episode of "The Apprentice" (hosted by her father-in-law, Donald Trump) and "Bret Michaels: Life as I Know It" (2010).


title: Vanessa Trump

text: In 1998, she was linked with American actor Leonardo DiCaprio. From 1998 to 2001, she dated Saudi prince Khalid bin Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud. The relationship ended following the September 11 attacks when Khalid bin Bandar left the U.S. after his Saudi ambassador father, Bandar bin Sultan Al Saud, was suspected of having indirect ties to the Al Qaeda hijackers.


title: Vanessa Trump

text: Vanessa married Donald Trump Jr. on November 12, 2005. The wedding was held at the Mar-a-Lago club in Florida; the service was officiated by Trump Jr.'s aunt, Judge Maryanne Trump Barry. Trump Jr. proposed to her with a $100,000 ring which he received as a gift from a jeweler in exchange for proposing to her in front of paparazzi outside of the jeweler's store in a New Jersey mall. Together they have five children: daughter Kai Madison (b. May 2007), son Donald John III (b. February 2009), son Tristan Milos (b. October 2011), son Spencer Frederick (b. October 2012), and daughter Chloe Sophia (b. June 2014). The oldest daughter, Kai, is named after Trump's grandfather (Kai's great-grandfather), Kai Ewans.


title: Vanessa Trump

text: On March 15, 2018, it was reported that Vanessa filed for an uncontested divorce in New York; however, it was later revealed that the divorce was contested. In July 2018, they resolved a child custody issue, and the divorce was settled at the end of 2018.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Avram A. Glazer (born October 19, 1960) is an American businessman. He is a member of the Glazer family (a son of Malcolm Glazer), who own the Tampa Bay Buccaneers of the National Football League and hold a majority ownership stake in English football club Manchester United F.C.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Glazer was born to Linda and Malcolm Glazer, American businessman and billionaire. He has four brothers and a sister: Kevin E. Glazer; Bryan Glazer; Joel Glazer; Darcie S. Glazer Kassewitz; and Edward S. Glazer. Glazer grew up in Rochester, New York and attended Pittsford Mendon High School. Glazer received his Bachelor of Science in Business Administration from Washington University in St. Louis in 1982 and graduated from the Washington College of Law at American University. He also studied at Peking University and Fudan University in Shanghai. He is of Jewish descent.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Since 2005, Glazer has been the Executive Co-Chairman of Manchester United. Glazer was involved in the failed 2021 attempt to establish a European Super League, which would have pulled Manchester United out of the traditional European football system and placed them in a closed league without meritocratic relegation and promotion.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Avram Glazer has been an owner of the NFL's Tampa Bay Buccaneers since 1995. The Buccaneers have won two Super Bowls (Super Bowl XXXVII and Super Bowl LV) during the Glazers' tenure as owner.


title: Avram Glazer

text: It was reported in November 2022 that the Glazer family engaged Raine Group to advise on a sale of the Manchester United organization.


title: Avram Glazer

text: From 1995 until 2009 he was also the former chairman and chief executive officer of Zapata Corporation. He was also formerly chairman and chief executive officer of both Safety Components International and Omega Protein Corporation. He was formerly a member of the board of directors of Specialty Equipment Corporation.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Glazer helped fund the Glazer Children's Museum in Tampa, Florida. Glazer and his wife Jill also made possible the Glazer Family Club at Tulane University's Yulman Stadium. Glazer received the Distinguished Alumni award in 2013 from Washington University in St. Louis.


title: Avram Glazer

text: Glazer is married to Jill Henkin Glazer, a Tulane University graduate and former member of its board of trustees. They live in New Orleans in the Audubon Place neighborhood.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Advanced Video Coding (AVC), also referred to as H.264 or MPEG-4 Part 10, is a video compression standard based on block-oriented, motion-compensated coding. It is by far the most commonly used format for the recording, compression, and distribution of video content, used by 91% of video industry developers . It supports resolutions up to and including 8K UHD.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The intent of the H.264/AVC project was to create a standard capable of providing good video quality at substantially lower bit rates than previous standards (i.e., half or less the bit rate of MPEG-2, H.263, or MPEG-4 Part 2), without increasing the complexity of design so much that it would be impractical or excessively expensive to implement. This was achieved with features such as a reduced-complexity integer discrete cosine transform (integer DCT), variable block-size segmentation, and multi-picture inter-picture prediction. An additional goal was to provide enough flexibility to allow the standard to be applied to a wide variety of applications on a wide variety of networks and systems, including low and high bit rates, low and high resolution video, broadcast, DVD storage, RTP/IP packet networks, and ITU-T multimedia telephony systems. The H.264 standard can be viewed as a "family of standards" composed of a number of different profiles, although its "High profile" is by far the most commonly used format. A specific decoder decodes at least one, but not necessarily all profiles. The standard describes the format of the encoded data and how the data is decoded, but it does not specify algorithms for encoding video that is left open as a matter for encoder designers to select for themselves, and a wide variety of encoding schemes have been developed. H.264 is typically used for lossy compression, although it is also possible to create truly lossless-coded regions within lossy-coded pictures or to support rare use cases for which the entire encoding is lossless.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: H.264 was standardized by the ITU-T Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG) of Study Group 16 together with the ISO/IEC JTC 1 Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG). The project partnership effort is known as the Joint Video Team (JVT). The ITU-T H.264 standard and the ISO/IEC MPEG-4 AVC standard (formally, ISO/IEC 14496-10 – MPEG-4 Part 10, Advanced Video Coding) are jointly maintained so that they have identical technical content. The final drafting work on the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003, and various extensions of its capabilities have been added in subsequent editions. High Efficiency Video Coding (HEVC), a.k.a. H.265 and MPEG-H Part 2 is a successor to H.264/MPEG-4 AVC developed by the same organizations, while earlier standards are still in common use.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: H.264 is perhaps best known as being the most commonly used video encoding format on Blu-ray Discs. It is also widely used by streaming Internet sources, such as videos from Netflix, Hulu, Amazon Prime Video, Vimeo, YouTube, and the iTunes Store, Web software such as the Adobe Flash Player and Microsoft Silverlight, and also various HDTV broadcasts over terrestrial (ATSC, ISDB-T, DVB-T or DVB-T2), cable (DVB-C), and satellite (DVB-S and DVB-S2) systems.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: H.264 is restricted by patents owned by various parties. A license covering most (but not all) patents essential to H.264 is administered by a patent pool administered by MPEG LA.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The commercial use of patented H.264 technologies requires the payment of royalties to MPEG LA and other patent owners. MPEG LA has allowed the free use of H.264 technologies for streaming Internet video that is free to end users, and Cisco Systems pays royalties to MPEG LA on behalf of the users of binaries for its open source H.264 encoder.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The H.264 name follows the ITU-T naming convention, where Recommendations are given a letter corresponding to their series and a recommendation number within the series. H.264 is part of "H-Series Recommendations: Audiovisual and multimedia systems". H.264 is further categorized into "H.200-H.499: Infrastructure of audiovisual services" and "H.260-H.279: Coding of moving video". The MPEG-4 AVC name relates to the naming convention in ISO/IEC MPEG, where the standard is part 10 of ISO/IEC 14496, which is the suite of standards known as MPEG-4. The standard was developed jointly in a partnership of VCEG and MPEG, after earlier development work in the ITU-T as a VCEG project called H.26L. It is thus common to refer to the standard with names such as H.264/AVC, AVC/H.264, H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, or MPEG-4/H.264 AVC, to emphasize the common heritage. Occasionally, it is also referred to as "the JVT codec", in reference to the Joint Video Team (JVT) organization that developed it. (Such partnership and multiple naming is not uncommon. For example, the video compression standard known as MPEG-2 also arose from the partnership between MPEG and the ITU-T, where MPEG-2 video is known to the ITU-T community as H.262.) Some software programs (such as VLC media player) internally identify this standard as AVC1.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: In early 1998, the Video Coding Experts Group (VCEG – ITU-T SG16 Q.6) issued a call for proposals on a project called H.26L, with the target to double the coding efficiency (which means halving the bit rate necessary for a given level of fidelity) in comparison to any other existing video coding standards for a broad variety of applications. VCEG was chaired by Gary Sullivan (Microsoft, formerly PictureTel, U.S.). The first draft design for that new standard was adopted in August 1999. In 2000, Thomas Wiegand (Heinrich Hertz Institute, Germany) became VCEG co-chair.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: In December 2001, VCEG and the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG – ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 29/WG 11) formed a Joint Video Team (JVT), with the charter to finalize the video coding standard. Formal approval of the specification came in March 2003. The JVT was (is) chaired by Gary Sullivan, Thomas Wiegand, and Ajay Luthra (Motorola, U.S.: later Arris, U.S.). In July 2004, the Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt) project was finalized. From January 2005 to November 2007, the JVT was working on an extension of H.264/AVC towards scalability by an Annex (G) called Scalable Video Coding (SVC). The JVT management team was extended by Jens-Rainer Ohm (RWTH Aachen University, Germany). From July 2006 to November 2009, the JVT worked on Multiview Video Coding (MVC), an extension of H.264/AVC towards 3D television and limited-range free-viewpoint television. That work included the development of two new profiles of the standard: the Multiview High Profile and the Stereo High Profile.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Throughout the development of the standard, additional messages for containing supplemental enhancement information (SEI) have been developed. SEI messages can contain various types of data that indicate the timing of the video pictures or describe various properties of the coded video or how it can be used or enhanced. SEI messages are also defined that can contain arbitrary user-defined data. SEI messages do not affect the core decoding process, but can indicate how the video is recommended to be post-processed or displayed. Some other high-level properties of the video content are conveyed in video usability information (VUI), such as the indication of the color space for interpretation of the video content. As new color spaces have been developed, such as for high dynamic range and wide color gamut video, additional VUI identifiers have been added to indicate them.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The standardization of the first version of H.264/AVC was completed in May 2003. In the first project to extend the original standard, the JVT then developed what was called the Fidelity Range Extensions (FRExt). These extensions enabled higher quality video coding by supporting increased sample bit depth precision and higher-resolution color information, including the sampling structures known as Y′CC 4:2:2 (a.k.a. ) and 4:4:4. Several other features were also included in the FRExt project, such as adding an 8×8 integer discrete cosine transform (integer DCT) with adaptive switching between the 4×4 and 8×8 transforms, encoder-specified perceptual-based quantization weighting matrices, efficient inter-picture lossless coding, and support of additional color spaces. The design work on the FRExt project was completed in July 2004, and the drafting work on them was completed in September 2004.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Five other new profiles (see version 7 below) intended primarily for professional applications were then developed, adding extended-gamut color space support, defining additional aspect ratio indicators, defining two additional types of "supplemental enhancement information" (post-filter hint and tone mapping), and deprecating one of the prior FRExt profiles (the High 4:4:4 profile) that industry feedback indicated should have been designed differently.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The next major feature added to the standard was Scalable Video Coding (SVC). Specified in Annex G of H.264/AVC, SVC allows the construction of bitstreams that contain "layers" of sub-bitstreams that also conform to the standard, including one such bitstream known as the "base layer" that can be decoded by a H.264/AVC codec that does not support SVC. For temporal bitstream scalability (i.e., the presence of a sub-bitstream with a smaller temporal sampling rate than the main bitstream), complete access units are removed from the bitstream when deriving the sub-bitstream. In this case, high-level syntax and inter-prediction reference pictures in the bitstream are constructed accordingly. On the other hand, for spatial and quality bitstream scalability (i.e. the presence of a sub-bitstream with lower spatial resolution/quality than the main bitstream), the NAL (Network Abstraction Layer) is removed from the bitstream when deriving the sub-bitstream. In this case, inter-layer prediction (i.e., the prediction of the higher spatial resolution/quality signal from the data of the lower spatial resolution/quality signal) is typically used for efficient coding. The Scalable Video Coding extensions were completed in November 2007.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The next major feature added to the standard was Multiview Video Coding (MVC). Specified in Annex H of H.264/AVC, MVC enables the construction of bitstreams that represent more than one view of a video scene. An important example of this functionality is stereoscopic 3D video coding. Two profiles were developed in the MVC work: Multiview High profile supports an arbitrary number of views, and Stereo High profile is designed specifically for two-view stereoscopic video. The Multiview Video Coding extensions were completed in November 2009.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Additional extensions were later developed that included 3D video coding with joint coding of depth maps and texture (termed 3D-AVC), multi-resolution frame-compatible (MFC) stereoscopic and 3D-MFC coding, various additional combinations of features, and higher frame sizes and frame rates.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Versions of the H.264/AVC standard include the following completed revisions, corrigenda, and amendments (dates are final approval dates in ITU-T, while final "International Standard" approval dates in ISO/IEC are somewhat different and slightly later in most cases). Each version represents changes relative to the next lower version that is integrated into the text.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The H.264 video format has a very broad application range that covers all forms of digital compressed video from low bit-rate Internet streaming applications to HDTV broadcast and Digital Cinema applications with nearly lossless coding. With the use of H.264, bit rate savings of 50% or more compared to MPEG-2 Part 2 are reported. For example, H.264 has been reported to give the same Digital Satellite TV quality as current MPEG-2 implementations with less than half the bitrate, with current MPEG-2 implementations working at around 3.5 Mbit/s and H.264 at only 1.5 Mbit/s. Sony claims that 9 Mbit/s AVC recording mode is equivalent to the image quality of the HDV format, which uses approximately 18–25 Mbit/s.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: To ensure compatibility and problem-free adoption of H.264/AVC, many standards bodies have amended or added to their video-related standards so that users of these standards can employ H.264/AVC. Both the Blu-ray Disc format and the now-discontinued HD DVD format include the H.264/AVC High Profile as one of three mandatory video compression formats. The Digital Video Broadcast project (DVB) approved the use of H.264/AVC for broadcast television in late 2004.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The Advanced Television Systems Committee (ATSC) standards body in the United States approved the use of H.264/AVC for broadcast television in July 2008, although the standard is not yet used for fixed ATSC broadcasts within the United States. It has also been approved for use with the more recent ATSC-M/H (Mobile/Handheld) standard, using the AVC and SVC portions of H.264.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The CCTV (Closed Circuit TV) and Video Surveillance markets have included the technology in many products.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Many common DSLRs use H.264 video wrapped in QuickTime MOV containers as the native recording format.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: AVCHD is a high-definition recording format designed by Sony and Panasonic that uses H.264 (conforming to H.264 while adding additional application-specific features and constraints).


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: XAVC is a recording format designed by Sony that uses level 5.2 of H.264/MPEG-4 AVC, which is the highest level supported by that video standard. XAVC can support 4K resolution (4096 × 2160 and 3840 × 2160) at up to 60 frames per second (fps). Sony has announced that cameras that support XAVC include two CineAlta cameras—the Sony PMW-F55 and Sony PMW-F5. The Sony PMW-F55 can record XAVC with 4K resolution at 30 fps at 300 Mbit/s and 2K resolution at 30 fps at 100 Mbit/s. XAVC can record 4K resolution at 60 fps with 4:2:2 chroma sampling at 600 Mbit/s.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: H.264/AVC/MPEG-4 Part 10 contains a number of new features that allow it to compress video much more efficiently than older standards and to provide more flexibility for application to a wide variety of network environments. In particular, some such key features include:


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: These techniques, along with several others, help H.264 to perform significantly better than any prior standard under a wide variety of circumstances in a wide variety of application environments. H.264 can often perform radically better than MPEG-2 video—typically obtaining the same quality at half of the bit rate or less, especially on high bit rate and high resolution video content.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Like other ISO/IEC MPEG video standards, H.264/AVC has a reference software implementation that can be freely downloaded. Its main purpose is to give examples of H.264/AVC features, rather than being a useful application "per se". Some reference hardware design work has also been conducted in the Moving Picture Experts Group.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The above-mentioned aspects include features in all profiles of H.264. A profile for a codec is a set of features of that codec identified to meet a certain set of specifications of intended applications. This means that many of the features listed are not supported in some profiles. Various profiles of H.264/AVC are discussed in next section.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The standard defines several sets of capabilities, which are referred to as "profiles", targeting specific classes of applications. These are declared using a profile code (profile_idc) and sometimes a set of additional constraints applied in the encoder. The profile code and indicated constraints allow a decoder to recognize the requirements for decoding that specific bitstream. (And in many system environments, only one or two profiles are allowed to be used, so decoders in those environments do not need to be concerned with recognizing the less commonly used profiles.) By far the most commonly used profile is the High Profile.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: For camcorders, editing, and professional applications, the standard contains four additional Intra-frame-only profiles, which are defined as simple subsets of other corresponding profiles. These are mostly for professional (e.g., camera and editing system) applications:


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: As a result of the Scalable Video Coding (SVC) extension, the standard contains five additional "scalable profiles", which are defined as a combination of a H.264/AVC profile for the base layer (identified by the second word in the scalable profile name) and tools that achieve the scalable extension:


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: As a result of the Multiview Video Coding (MVC) extension, the standard contains two "multiview profiles":


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: As the term is used in the standard, a ""level"" is a specified set of constraints that indicate a degree of required decoder performance for a profile. For example, a level of support within a profile specifies the maximum picture resolution, frame rate, and bit rate that a decoder may use. A decoder that conforms to a given level must be able to decode all bitstreams encoded for that level and all lower levels.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The maximum bit rate for the High Profile is 1.25 times that of the Constrained Baseline, Baseline, Extended and Main Profiles; 3 times for Hi10P, and 4 times for Hi422P/Hi444PP.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The number of luma samples is 16×16=256 times the number of macroblocks (and the number of luma samples per second is 256 times the number of macroblocks per second).


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Previously encoded pictures are used by H.264/AVC encoders to provide predictions of the values of samples in other pictures. This allows the encoder to make efficient decisions on the best way to encode a given picture. At the decoder, such pictures are stored in a virtual "decoded picture buffer" (DPB). The maximum capacity of the DPB, in units of frames (or pairs of fields), as shown in parentheses in the right column of the table above, can be computed as follows:


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Where is a constant value provided in the table below as a function of level number, and and are the picture width and frame height for the coded video data, expressed in units of macroblocks (rounded up to integer values and accounting for cropping and macroblock pairing when applicable). This formula is specified in sections A.3.1.h and A.3.2.f of the 2017 edition of the standard.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: For example, for an HDTV picture that is 1,920 samples wide () and 1,080 samples high (), a Level 4 decoder has a maximum DPB storage capacity of = 4 frames (or 8 fields). Thus, the value 4 is shown in parentheses in the table above in the right column of the row for Level 4 with the frame size 1920×1080.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: It is important to note that the current picture being decoded is "not included" in the computation of DPB fullness (unless the encoder has indicated for it to be stored for use as a reference for decoding other pictures or for delayed output timing). Thus, a decoder needs to actually have sufficient memory to handle (at least) one frame "more" than the maximum capacity of the DPB as calculated above.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: In 2009, the HTML5 working group was split between supporters of Ogg Theora, a free video format which is thought to be unencumbered by patents, and H.264, which contains patented technology. As late as July 2009, Google and Apple were said to support H.264, while Mozilla and Opera support Ogg Theora (now Google, Mozilla and Opera all support Theora and WebM with VP8). Microsoft, with the release of Internet Explorer 9, has added support for HTML 5 video encoded using H.264. At the Gartner Symposium/ITXpo in November 2010, Microsoft CEO Steve Ballmer answered the question "HTML 5 or Silverlight?" by saying "If you want to do something that is universal, there is no question the world is going HTML5." In January 2011, Google announced that they were pulling support for H.264 from their Chrome browser and supporting both Theora and WebM/VP8 to use only open formats.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: On March 18, 2012, Mozilla announced support for H.264 in Firefox on mobile devices, due to prevalence of H.264-encoded video and the increased power-efficiency of using dedicated H.264 decoder hardware common on such devices. On February 20, 2013, Mozilla implemented support in Firefox for decoding H.264 on Windows 7 and above. This feature relies on Windows' built in decoding libraries. Firefox 35.0, released on January 13, 2015, supports H.264 on OS X 10.6 and higher.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: On October 30, 2013, Rowan Trollope from Cisco Systems announced that Cisco would release both binaries and source code of an H.264 video codec called OpenH264 under the Simplified BSD license, and pay all royalties for its use to MPEG LA for any software projects that use Cisco's precompiled binaries, thus making Cisco's OpenH264 "binaries" free to use. However, any software projects that use Cisco's source code instead of its binaries would be legally responsible for paying all royalties to MPEG LA. Target CPU architectures include x86 and ARM, and target operating systems include Linux, Windows XP and later, Mac OS X, and Android; iOS was notably absent from this list, because it doesn't allow applications to fetch and install binary modules from the Internet. Also on October 30, 2013, Brendan Eich from Mozilla wrote that it would use Cisco's binaries in future versions of Firefox to add support for H.264 to Firefox where platform codecs are not available. Cisco published the source code to OpenH264 on December 9, 2013.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Although iOS was not supported by the 2013 Cisco software release, Apple updated its Video Toolbox Framework with iOS 8 (released in September 2014) to provide direct access to hardware-based H.264/AVC video encoding and decoding.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Because H.264 encoding and decoding requires significant computing power in specific types of arithmetic operations, software implementations that run on general-purpose CPUs are typically less power efficient. However, the latest quad-core general-purpose x86 CPUs have sufficient computation power to perform real-time SD and HD encoding. Compression efficiency depends on video algorithmic implementations, not on whether hardware or software implementation is used. Therefore, the difference between hardware and software based implementation is more on power-efficiency, flexibility and cost. To improve the power efficiency and reduce hardware form-factor, special-purpose hardware may be employed, either for the complete encoding or decoding process, or for acceleration assistance within a CPU-controlled environment.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: CPU based solutions are known to be much more flexible, particularly when encoding must be done concurrently in multiple formats, multiple bit rates and resolutions (multi-screen video), and possibly with additional features on container format support, advanced integrated advertising features, etc. CPU based software solution generally makes it much easier to load balance multiple concurrent encoding sessions within the same CPU.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: The 2nd generation Intel "Sandy Bridge" Core i3/i5/i7 processors introduced at the January 2011 CES (Consumer Electronics Show) offer an on-chip hardware full HD H.264 encoder, known as Intel Quick Sync Video.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: ASIC encoders with H.264 encoder functionality are available from many different semiconductor companies, but the core design used in the ASIC is typically licensed from one of a few companies such as Chips&Media, Allegro DVT, On2 (formerly Hantro, acquired by Google), Imagination Technologies, NGCodec. Some companies have both FPGA and ASIC product offerings.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Texas Instruments manufactures a line of ARM + DSP cores that perform DSP H.264 BP encoding 1080p at 30fps. This permits flexibility with respect to codecs (which are implemented as highly optimized DSP code) while being more efficient than software on a generic CPU.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: In countries where patents on software algorithms are upheld, vendors and commercial users of products that use H.264/AVC are expected to pay patent licensing royalties for the patented technology that their products use. This applies to the Baseline Profile as well.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: A private organization known as MPEG LA, which is not affiliated in any way with the MPEG standardization organization, administers the licenses for patents applying to this standard, as well as other patent pools, such as for MPEG-4 Part 2 Video, HEVC and MPEG-DASH. The patent holders include Fujitsu, Panasonic, Sony, Mitsubishi, Apple, Columbia University, KAIST, Dolby, Google, JVC Kenwood, LG Electronics, Microsoft, NTT Docomo, Philips, Samsung, Sharp, Toshiba and ZTE, although the majority of patents in the pool are held by Panasonic ( patents), Godo Kaisha IP Bridge ( patents) and LG Electronics (990 patents).


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: On August 26, 2010, MPEG LA announced that royalties won't be charged for H.264 encoded Internet video that is free to end users. All other royalties remain in place, such as royalties for products that decode and encode H.264 video as well as to operators of free television and subscription channels. The license terms are updated in 5-year blocks.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: Since the first version of the standard was completed in May 2003 ( years ago) and the most commonly used profile (the High profile) was completed in June 2004 ( years ago), a number of the relevant patents that apply to the standard expires every year, although one of the US patents in the MPEG LA H.264 pool lasts at least until November 2030.


title: Advanced Video Coding

text: In 2005, Qualcomm sued Broadcom in US District Court, alleging that Broadcom infringed on two of its patents by making products that were compliant with the H.264 video compression standard. In 2007, the District Court found that the patents were unenforceable because Qualcomm had failed to disclose them to the JVT prior to the release of the H.264 standard in May 2003. In December 2008, the US Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the District Court's order that the patents be unenforceable but remanded to the District Court with instructions to limit the scope of unenforceability to H.264 compliant products.


title: Billboard Year-End Hot 100 singles of 2008

text: "Billboard" publishes annual lists of songs based on chart performance over the course of a year based on Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems and SoundScan information. This is a list of the magazine's Top Hot 100 songs of 2008.


text: The #1 song on the list was "Low" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, after having released the song in 2007 and spent 10 weeks at number-one. The song that came in at number two was "Bleeding Love" by Leona Lewis and at #3 was Alicia Keys' song "No One", after spending 5 weeks at #1 in December 2007.


title: Physical education

text: Physical education, often abbreviated to Phys Ed. or P.E., is a subject taught in schools around the world. It is usually taught during primary and secondary education, and encourages psychomotor learning by using a play and movement exploration setting to promote health and physical fitness. Activities in P.E. include football, netball, hockey, rounders, cricket, four square, racing, and numerous other children's games. Physical education also teaches nutrition, healthy habits, and individuality of needs.


title: Physical education

text: Physical education programs vary all over the world. When taught correctly, P.E. class can produce positive effects on students' health, behavior, and academic performance. As part of this, health education is the teaching of information on the prevention, control, and treatment of diseases. It is taught with physical education, or P.H.E. for short.


title: Physical education

text: It is critical for physical educators to foster and strengthen developing motor skills and to provide children and teens with a basic skill set that builds their movement repertoire, which allows students to engage in various forms of games, sports, and other physical activities throughout their lifetime.


title: Physical education

text: These goals can be achieved in a variety of ways. National, state, and local guidelines often dictate which standards must be taught in regards to physical education. These standards determine what content is covered, the qualifications educators must meet, and the textbooks and materials which must be used. These various standards include teaching sports education, or the use of sports as exercise; fitness education, relating to overall health and fitness; and movement education, which deals with movement in a non-sport context.


title: Physical education

text: These approaches and curriculums are based on pioneers in P.E., namely, Francois Delsarte, Liselott Diem, and Rudolf von Laban, who, in the 1800s focused on using a child's ability to use their body for self-expression. This, in combination with approaches in the 1960s, (which featured the use of the body, spatial awareness, effort, and relationships) gave birth to the modern teaching of physical education.


title: Physical education

text: When taught correctly and in a positive manner, children and teens can receive a storm of health benefits. These include reduced metabolic disease risk, cardiological fitness, and better mental health. Research has also shown that there is a positive correlation between brain development and exercising.


title: Physical education

text: Physical education can also help improve academic achievement. Researchers in 2007 found a profound gain in English Arts standardized test scores among students who had 56 hours of physical education in a year, compared to those who had 28 hours of physical education a year.


title: Physical education

text: Recent research has also explored the role of physical education for moral development in support of social inclusion and social justice agendas, where it is under-researched, especially in the context of disability, and the social inclusion of disabled people.


title: Physical education

text: Many physical education classes utilize technology to assist their pupils in effective exercise. One of the most affordable and popular tools is a simple video recorder. With this, students record themselves, and, upon playback, can see mistakes they are making in activities like throwing or swinging. Studies show that students find this more effective than having someone try to explain what they are doing wrong, and then trying to correct it.


title: Physical education

text: Educators may also use technology such as pedometers and heart rate monitors to make step and heart rate goals for students.


title: Physical education

text: Other technologies that can be used in a physical education setting include video projectors and GPS systems. Gaming systems and their associated games, such as the Kinect, Wii, and Wii Fit can also be used. Projectors are used to show students proper form or how to play certain games. GPS systems can be used to get students active in an outdoor setting, and active exergames can be used by teachers to show students a good way to stay fit in and out of a classroom setting.


title: Physical education

text: According to the World Health Organization (WHO), it is suggested that young children should be participating in 60 minutes of exercise per day at least 3 times per week in order to maintain a healthy body.


title: Physical education

text: In the Philippines, P.E. is mandatory for all years in school, unless the school gives the option for a student to do the Leaving Certificate Vocational Programme instead for their fifth and sixth year. Some schools have integrated martial arts training into their physical education curriculum.


title: Physical education

text: A Biennial compulsory fitness exam, NAPFA, is conducted in every school to assess pupils' physical fitness in Singapore. This includes a series of fitness tests. Students are graded by a system of gold, silver, bronze, or as a fail. NAPFA for pre-enlistees serves as an indicator for an additional two months in the country's compulsory national service training if they attain bronze or fail.


title: Physical education

text: In Ireland, one is expected to do two semesters worth of 80-minute P.E. classes. This also includes showering and changing times. So, on average, classes are composed of 60–65 minutes of activity.


title: Physical education

text: In Poland, pupils are expected to do at least three hours of PE a week during primary and secondary education. Universities must also organise at least 60 hours of physical education classes in undergraduate courses.


title: Physical education

text: In Sweden, the time school students spend in P.E. lessons per week varies between municipalities, but generally, years 0 to 2 have 55 minutes of P.E. a week; years 3 to 6 have 110 minutes a week, and years 7 to 9 have 220 minutes. In upper secondary school, all national programs have an obligatory course, containing 100 points of P.E., which corresponds to 90–100 hours of P.E. during the course (one point per hour). Schools can regulate these hours as they like during the three years of school students attend. Most schools have students take part in this course during the first year and offer a follow-up course, which also contains 100 points/hours.


title: Physical education

text: In England, pupils in years 7, 8, and 9 are expected to do two hours of exercise per week. Pupils in years 10 and 11 are expected to do one hour of exercise per week.


title: Physical education

text: In British Columbia, the government has mandated in the grade one curriculum that students must participate in physical activity daily five times a week. The educator is also responsible for planning Daily Physical Activity (DPA), which is thirty minutes of mild to moderate physical activity a day (not including curriculum physical education classes). The curriculum also requires students in grade one to be knowledgeable about healthy living. For example, they must be able to describe the benefits of regular exercise, identify healthy choices in activities, and describe the importance of choosing healthy food.


title: Physical education

text: Ontario, Canada has a similar procedure in place. On October 6, 2005, the Ontario Ministry of Education (OME) implemented a DPA policy in elementary schools, for those in grades 1 through 8. The government also requires that all students in grades 1 through 8, including those with special needs, be provided with opportunities to participate in a minimum of twenty minutes of sustained, moderate to vigorous physical activity each school day during instructional time.


title: Physical education

text: The 2012 "Shape Of The Nation Report" by the National Association for Sport and Physical Education (part of SHAPE America) and the American Heart Association found that while nearly 75% of states require physical education in elementary through high school, over half of the states permit students to substitute other activities for their required physical education credit, or otherwise fail to mandate a specific amount of instructional time. According to the report, only six states (Illinois, Hawaii, Massachusetts, Mississippi, New York, and Vermont) require physical education at every grade level. A majority of states in 2016 did not require a specific amount of instructional time, and more than half allow exemptions or substitution. These loopholes can lead to reduced effectiveness of the physical education programs.


title: Physical education

text: Zero Hour is a before-school physical education class first implemented by Naperville Central High School. In the state of Illinois, this program is known as Learning Readiness P.E. (LRPE). The program was based on research indicating that students who are physically fit are more academically alert, experience growth in brain cells, and enhancement in brain development. NCHS pairs a P.E. class that incorporates cardiovascular exercise, core strength training, cross-lateral movements, as well as literacy and math strategies which enhance learning and improve achievement.


title: John Light (actor)

text: John Andrew Light (born 30 September 1973) is an English television, theatre, and film actor. He has received a Laurence Olivier Award nomination for his supporting performance in the play "Taken at Midnight" (2014).


title: John Light (actor)

text: Light appeared as Henry Lennox (with Richard Armitage and Daniela Denby-Ashe) in the BBC production "North and South" from the novel by Elizabeth Gaskell. He played the title character (the son of Rudyard Kipling) in the original Hampstead Theatre production of David Haig's "My Boy Jack" (1997).


title: John Light (actor)

text: An early screen role came in "Cider with Rosie" (1998). He portrayed British pilot Robert Newman in the German film "Dresden", in which he spoke German; and played Geoffrey, Duke of Brittany in the 2003 film "The Lion in Winter" alongside Patrick Stewart, Glenn Close and Jonathan Rhys-Meyers. He played Satan in two films released in 2005 which were titled "" and "". He also appeared in the title role of the 2009 play "".


title: John Light (actor)

text: In 2013, he appeared as Chief Inspector Roger Nelson in the BBC TV series "WPC 56" (series 1), and he appeared as Hercule Flambeau, nemesis of Father Brown, in the BBC TV series "Father Brown", a role he has reprised in a recurring capacity.


title: John Light (actor)

text: Has appeared as Professor Felix Garwood in "Lewis" (2014 series 8 episode 2, both parts ("The Lions of Nemea")) and in the pilot episode of the prequel "Endeavour".


title: John Light (actor)

text: Light is a prolific stage actor. His theatre performances include the Complete Works Festival in Stratford-upon-Avon, where he starred in Sean Holmes' "Julius Caesar" as Brutus and in Rupert Goold's "The Tempest" as Caliban. In 2012, he appeared as the titular character in "Thom Pain (based on nothing)", a role for which critics praised him.


title: John Light (actor)

text: In 2015, Light starred in the play "Taken at Midnight" with Penelope Wilton. He received a nomination for an Olivier for Best Supporting Actor in a Play. Soon after he starred as Escamillo in "Carmen Disrupted" with Sharon Small.


title: John Light (actor)

text: In late 2016 through early 2017, he was in a limited run of "Mary Stuart" along with Juliet Stevenson and Lia Williams at the Almeida. He continued the role after the play transferred to the West End's Duke of York's Theatre in 2018.


title: John Light (actor)

text: The play ran at the Kiln Theatre from 20 February 2019 through 6 April 2019. He will reprise the role in the West End production, scheduled to run in autumn 2019 at the Duke of York's Theatre.


title: John Light (actor)

text: He also appeared in "Agatha Raisin" "The Curious Curate" as Richard Binser (2019) and in "Midsomer Murders" "Death of the small Coppers" as Luke Fawcett (2018)


title: John Light (actor)

text: Light joined the cast of "Uncle Vanya" at the Theatre Royal Bath for a limited run in summer 2019. The production marked the directorial debut of Rupert Everett. During rehearsals, Everett accidentally injured Light's eye, which later led to Light falling off stage. Light performed using a crutch.


title: John Light (actor)

text: In 2005, Light began dating Canadian film and television actress Neve Campbell. The couple became engaged in December 2005, and married on 5 May 2007 in Malibu, California. Campbell filed for divorce from Light on 30 June 2010 in Los Angeles.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: The Thursday Murder Club is the debut novel by "Pointless" and "House of Games" presenter Richard Osman. It was published on 3 September 2020 by Viking Press, a subsidiary of Penguin Random House.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: A group of pensioners (Elizabeth Best; Ron Ritchie; Joyce Meadowcroft; and Ibrahim Arif) set about solving the mystery of the murder of a property developer in the luxurious Cooper's Chase retirement village near the fictitious village of Fairhaven in Kent.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: Osman's inspiration for the book came from a visit he made to an upmarket retirement village. He wrote the book over 18 months in secret.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: After a 10-way publishing auction, Penguin Random House acquired the rights to "The Thursday Murder Club" and its sequel "The Man Who Died Twice" for a seven-figure sum in 2019.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: The book was published on 3 September 2020. It sold 45,000 copies in its first three days on sale and became a "Sunday Times" number one bestseller. As of 8 September, it had been sold in 16 countries. In the week leading up to 19 December, it sold 134,514 copies, making it the first debut novel ever to be Christmas number one.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: Steven Spielberg's production company Amblin Entertainment bought the book's global film rights. The film will be written and directed by Ol Parker.


title: The Thursday Murder Club

text: Book number two of the series, "The Man Who Died Twice", was released on 16 September 2021, and a third book, "The Bullet That Missed", was released in September 2022. The fourth book in the series is due for release 14 September 2023


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: Anthropoid is a 2016 war film directed by Sean Ellis and starring Cillian Murphy, Jamie Dornan, Charlotte Le Bon, Anna Geislerová, Harry Lloyd, and Toby Jones. It was written by Ellis and Anthony Frewin. It tells the story of Operation Anthropoid, the World War II assassination of Reinhard Heydrich by exiled Czechoslovak soldiers Jozef Gabčík and Jan Kubiš on 27 May 1942. It was released on 12 August 2016 in the United States and 9 September 2016 in the United Kingdom.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: In December 1941, German occupation in Europe has neared its height. Two agents from the Czechoslovak exile government, a Slovak soldier, Jozef Gabčík (Cillian Murphy) and a Czech, Jan Kubiš (Jamie Dornan) are parachuted into their occupied country. Jozef is injured when he crashes through a tree upon landing, but both men set out to find their contact in the resistance movement. They are discovered shortly afterwards by fake resistance fighters who turn out to be traitors; one is shot by Jozef but the other man escapes. Stealing their truck, the agents head for Prague.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: When they seek out their contact, they are directed to Dr. Eduard (Sean Mahon), a veterinary surgeon who stitches Jozef's foot, and arranges for them to meet other resistance members, led by "Uncle" Jan Zelenka-Hajský (Toby Jones). They are located in a concealed basement of the Saints Cyril and Methodius Cathedral in Prague. Gabčík and Kubiš reveal that they are to carry out "Operation Anthropoid," the assassination of Reinhard Heydrich (Detlef Bothe), the main architect of the Final Solution, and the "Reichsprotektor" of German–occupied Czechoslovakia.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: With limited sources of intelligence and equipment, Jozef and Jan must find a way to assassinate Heydrich, an operation which they hope will change the face of Europe. With the help of two young women, Marie Kovárníková (Charlotte Le Bon) and Lenka Fafková (Anna Geislerová) along with other plotters, the agents plan to ambush Heydrich as he arrives at his headquarters by car. When the agents learn that Heydrich is about to be transferred to France, the plan goes into effect straightaway with the duo bolstered by the addition of other agents who have been parachuted into Czechoslovakia and the remaining resistance fighters in Prague.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: On 27 May 1942 the assassination attempt is carried out; it nearly fails when Jozef's Sten submachine gun jams, but Heydrich is severely wounded by Jan's grenade, which shatters his limousine. Immediately afterward, both agents go on the run. In response, SS security forces round up thousands of Czech citizens and carry out reprisals, during which Lenka is killed trying to escape Nazi arrest. Heydrich soon dies from his injuries in the hospital.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: Reprisals continue with the village of Lidice destroyed, all the males over the age of 16 being shot, and the women and children sent to concentration camps. The family with whom Jozef and Jan stayed is punished, their house being attacked by numerous Gestapo officers. The mother commits suicide by taking a cyanide pill. The son is brutally tortured and reveals Jozef and Jan's hiding place. Hundreds of troops storm the cathedral where all the agents, including Jozef and Jan are killed in a fierce six hour battle, along with many German soldiers. In 1947, Resistance fighter Karel Čurda (Jiří Šimek) was convicted and executed for turning in his fellow resistance agents for the offered reward.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: Ultimately, a total of 5,000 Czechs and Slovaks were killed in the aftermath of the "Heydrich Terror". The assassination of Heydrich was the only successful Allied-organized assault on a top-ranking Nazi official in the Second World War.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: In March 2015, Jamie Dornan and Cillian Murphy were cast in "Anthropoid", with Sean Ellis directing a screenplay written by Ellis and Anthony Frewin. In May 2015, LD Entertainment boarded the film, announcing the casting of Charlotte Le Bon.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: The film was shot entirely in Prague during the summer of 2015, and where possible, at the actual locations of the events they depict. Director Sean Ellis stated in interview that scenes in the Orthodox Cathedral of Saints Cyril and Methodius were filmed on an exact replica of the church on a studio backlot, so as to make the location recognisable to Czech viewers. Gestapo and Czech contemporary reports allowed Ellis to recreate the film's final act (the assassination and church siege) with extreme accuracy, and intense planning was necessary to allow for the assassination itself to play in real time, with each resistance member's movements researched, planned and tracked in order to reflect actual events.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: The principal photography for "Anthropoid" includes backdrops such as Prague Castle and the Charles Bridge in Prague, the locations where Operation Anthropoid took place. At the premiere screening and later advance screenings, audience members noted that the authentic street scenes were featured in the film.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: In July 2015, the first image of Dornan and Murphy was released. In May 2016, Bleecker Street acquired U.S distribution rights to the film. In June 2016, the first trailer was released.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: "Anthropoid" had its world premiere at the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival on 1 July 2016 as the opening night film. It was released in the United States on 12 August 2016.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, "Anthropoid" has an approval rating of 66% based on 102 reviews, with an average rating of 6.39/10. On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 59 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". The film has garnered praise for its commitment to realism and true events.


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: In his review for "The Guardian", Peter Bradshaw wrote, "An intelligent, tough, and gripping movie.""Variety"s chief film critic Peter Debruge felt that "Jamie Dornan and Cillian Murphy spearhead a mission to assassinate a top-ranking Nazi officer in a thriller that doesn't actually get thrilling until after the deed is done." "The Washington Post"s Christopher Kompanek gave the film four out of four stars, writing: "Anthropoid" never feels formulaic—a surprise in a summer release. (With luck, Academy Award voters won't forget this one.)"


title: Anthropoid (film)

text: At the Czech Lion Awards, "Anthropoid" received 12 nominations, out of 14 categories in which it was eligible (all except best actress and best supporting actress). The film lost all 12 nominations to "A Prominent Patient". "Anthropoid" won the non-statutory Czech Lion in the "Film Fans Award" category.


title: Raffey Cassidy

text: Raffey Camomile Cassidy (born 12 November 2001) is an English actress. She has had roles in films including "Snow White and the Huntsman" (2012), "Mr Selfridge" (2013), "Tomorrowland" (2015) and "The Killing of a Sacred Deer" (2017).


title: Raffey Cassidy

text: Raffey Camomile Cassidy was born on 12 November 2001 in Salford, England. Her father teaches acting and she grew up in a family where her siblings were also involved in the entertainment business. Cassidy took acting classes at David Johnson Drama in Manchester. Her first part came unexpectedly as she was accompanying her older brother Mossie on an audition for a role on a BBC drama. The casting crew needed a girl and, according to Cassidy, she "just happened to be there”.


title: Raffey Cassidy

text: Cassidy's credits include Universal Pictures' "Snow White and the Huntsman", opposite Charlize Theron, Kristen Stewart, and Chris Hemsworth, and Tim Burton's "Dark Shadows", with Johnny Depp for Warner Bros. In 2015, Cassidy completed production as Molly in Amber Entertainment's "Molly Moon and the Incredible Book of Hypnotism", with Emily Watson and Dominic Monaghan, and starred as the Audio-Animatronic Athena in Disney's "Tomorrowland", with George Clooney, Hugh Laurie, and Britt Robertson.


title: Raffey Cassidy

text: In 2013 Cassidy was named to "Screen International" magazine's Stars of Tomorrow. At that time, she was the youngest actor ever to be featured on the annual list.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: Chatrapathi is a 2005 Indian Telugu-language action drama film co-written and directed by S. S. Rajamouli and produced by B. V. S. N. Prasad. The film stars Prabhas and Shriya Saran while Shafi, Bhanupriya, and Pradeep Rawat play supporting roles. Aarthi Agarwal and Mumaith Khan made a guest appearance.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: The film released on 29 September 2005. It collected an estimated distributors' share of 22 crore ($5 million) against a budget of 12.5 crore ($2.8 million). The film won two Nandi Awards - Best Supporting Actress for Bhanupriya and Best Music Director for M. M. Keeravani. The film was remade in Bengali as "Refugee" (2006), and in Kannada with the same name in 2013. A Hindi remake with the same title began its production in 2021.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: Sivaji and Ashok are the sons of Parvati. Sivaji is her stepson, but Parvati shows equal affection for both of them. This is not liked by Ashok, her biological son. They are one of the families living on the coast of Sri Lanka. One day, these villagers are forced to evacuate the coast. By Ashok's dislike on Sivaji, he lies to his mother that Sivaji died in the fire that was burning everything. Then, he is separated from his family. He ends up in a different boat and lands in Vizag port. He is brought up in the port itself, but his search for his mother never ceases. In that process, he comes across Neelu. Here, the port is dominated by Baji Rao and some goons using refugee labor for their own gain. Sivaji is an aggressive guy but is controlled by his well-wishers. One day, he reacts aggressively in defense of himself and the other refugees. People start calling him Chhatrapati. Meanwhile, Ras Bihari comes down to Vizag in the hunt for Sivaji since he killed his brother Baji Rao. Ashok, too lands in the same place. Realizing that Sivaji is his brother, he joins hands with the bad guys. The story is then of Chhatrapati, who is searching for his mother, and has a bunch of bad guys, including his brother, on his back while the entire port looks up to him.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: In an interview with "Idlebrain.com", Rajamouli described "Chatrapathi" as a "mother sentiment film", which also deals with the exploitation faced by immigrants who come to India from the places far away and live without any official identity. When questioned about similarities to the American film "Scarface", he said that his father V. Vijayendra Prasad, who wrote "Chatrapathi", watched "Scarface" got inspired by the point of immigrants' problems, but there were no scenic resemblances between the two films.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: The film has seven songs composed by M. M. Keeravani. The track "Gundusoodi" has been reused from the song "Kambangaadu" from the Tamil movie "Vaaname Ellai" (1992) also composed by M. M. Keeravani. The song "Agni Skalana" was inspired from the "Main Theme" of the video game "" (2004) composed by Jack Wall.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: A reviewer from "The Hindu" felt that though the storyline was routine, its screenplay and direction that did the trick for the film. "Sify" rated the film 2/5 and wrote, "a swell cast with a young action hero and add a dash of digital wizardry to the stunts and cook up an unimaginative script as an aftermath and serve it piping hot! "Chatrapati" works to a certain extent thanks to the tall handsome hunk Prabhas." Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" observed the film's similarities with "Scarface" and "Deewaar" but opined that Chatrapati stands on its own.


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: The film was dubbed and released in Tamil as "Chandramouli" (2013), Malayalam as "Chatrapathi" (2011) and in Hindi as "Hukumat Ki Jung" (2009).


title: Chatrapathi (2005 film)

text: The film was remade in Bengali as "Refugee" (2006) starring Prosenjit and Rambha, and in Kannada with the same name in 2013, with Siddhanth and Priyadarshini. It will be remade in Hindi with Bellamkonda Sreenivas making his debut in Hindi cinema.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Shut In is a 2022 American thriller film directed by D.J. Caruso, written by Melanie Toast, and starring Rainey Qualley, Jake Horowitz, Luciana VanDette and Vincent Gallo. "Shut In" is "The Daily Wire"'s first original film and their third to be released on their streaming platform (now DailyWire+).


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: "The Daily Wire" hosted a special viewing for the film (an original first), at 9 pm E.T. on February 10, 2022 on the company's YouTube channel. The film received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Young mother of two Jessica Nash is in the midst of fixing up the closet of her late grandmother’s house (that she inherited) so that she can sell it and move. However, she accidentally gets stuck. She tries to get her young daughter Lainey to help her get out, but Lainey is unable to bring her the key. Jessica's ex-boyfriend Rob shows up with his friend Sammy, and Rob gets her out. However, Jessica is furious with Rob for bringing Sammy, a pedophile, to her house. Sammy manipulates Rob into getting him to put Jessica back into the closet before they leave. However, Sammy later breaks in.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Jessica manages to trick Sammy into reaching under the closet door, where she nails his hand to the ground with a screwdriver that Lainey brought her earlier, trapping Sammy next to her. She yells for Lainey to stay upstairs with her baby brother Mason, but Lainey comes downstairs. Sammy grabs Lainey and threatens to assault her if Jessica doesn't free him, but Jessica sets his hand on fire. This makes Sammy let Lainey go without hurting her. Although Jessica is forced to put out the fire so she doesn't suffocate herself, Sammy's hand is severely burned and mutilated, and it appears as though Sammy is dead.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Jessica removes the screwdriver so she can escape by crawling through the ceiling onto the second story. She brings Lainey and Mason to the car, but it starts to rain heavily, so Jessica lets her kids go back inside while she gets the door open. However, Sammy is still alive and he grabs the kids. Jessica runs back inside, but Sammy has a knife to Mason’s throat.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Rob arrives with a gun and shoots Sammy in the head, and he and Jessica try to reconcile. However, Jessica realizes that Rob will always put his drugs before her and their children, so she slips him three grams of crystal meth. Rob overdoses, but before he dies he tries to force Jessica to do drugs, and she pushes him out a window to his death.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Some time later, Jessica and her kids are shown in the house, now cleaned up, making and selling her own apple butter (inspired by her mother’s recipe) and mostly happy.


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Producers Dallas Sonnier and Amanda Presmyk acquired the film's script in 2018 from screenwriter Melanie Toast. Toast's screenplay was featured on the 2019 Black List. The film was initially slated to be produced by New Line Cinema with Jason Bateman attached as the director. After a period of stasis, the film's option expired and Sonnier opted to take it to "The Daily Wire".


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: "The Daily Wire" revealed Vincent Gallo's casting in the film on December 1, 2021. This marks Gallo's first feature-film role since 2013. His last role was as Harold Marcus in "Human Trust".


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: Conservative reviewer Christian Toto gave the film a score of 3 out of 4, saying that "Shut In lacks the visceral thrills of some invasion films, but it more than compensates with a heart-tugging redemption arc and the return of an electric star." Randy Myers of "The Mercury News" gave the film a score of 2.5 out of 4, saying that it "doesn't redefine the genre by any means but it's a polished exercise in confined terror with a very nasty bite to it." Alan Ng of "Film Threat" wrote: "D.J. Caruso masterfully orchestrates this symphony of suspense, albeit a twenty-piece symphony, but a symphony nonetheless."


title: Shut In (2022 film)

text: John Semley of "The New Republic" was more critical, calling the film "dull" and writing: "for all its desperate edginess—drugs, guns, the implicit threat of a child being assaulted, the casting of Vincent Gallo, etc.—it plays like a moralizing Sunday school sermon." Cath Clarke of "The Guardian" gave it 2 out of 5 stars, calling it "a film with some excruciatingly wooden acting – though not by Gallo, whose presence makes every scene he's in about seven times more interesting."


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin ( ; 3 June 1946), known familiarly by Soviet citizens as "Kalinych", was a Soviet politician and Old Bolshevik revolutionary. He served as head of state of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and later of the Soviet Union from 1919 to 1946. From 1926, he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Born to a peasant family, Kalinin worked as a metal worker in Saint Petersburg and took part in the 1905 Russian Revolution as an early member of the Bolsheviks. During and after the October Revolution, he served as mayor of Petrograd (St. Petersburg). After the revolution, Kalinin became the head of the new Soviet state, as well as a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party and the Politburo.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin remained the titular head of state of the Soviet Union after the rise of Joseph Stalin, but held little real power or influence. He retired in 1946 and died in the same year. The former East Prussian city of Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad after him. The city of Tver was also known as "Kalinin" until 1990, one year before the fall of the Soviet Union.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin was born on 19 November 1875 to a peasant family of ethnic Russian origin in the village of Verkhnyaya Troitsa (), Tver Governorate, Russia. He was the elder brother of Fedor Kalinin.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin finished his education at a local school in 1889 and worked for a time on a farm. He moved to Saint Petersburg, where he found employment as a metal worker in 1895. He also worked as a butler and then as a railway worker at Tbilisi depot, where he met Sergei Alliluyev, the father of Stalin's second wife.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Mikhail Ivanovich Kalinin joined the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) in 1898, the year of its foundation. He came to know Stalin through the Alliluyev family.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Kalinin worked for the RSDLP and on the staff of the Central Union of Metal Workers. He later became active on behalf of the RSDLP in Tiflis, Georgia (now Tbilisi); Reval, Estonia (now Tallinn); and Moscow. In April 1906 he served as a delegate at the 4th Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin was an early and devoted adherent of the Bolshevik faction of the RSDLP, headed by Vladimir Lenin. He was a delegate to the 1912 Bolshevik Party Conference held in Prague, where he was elected an alternate member of the governing Central Committee and sent to work inside Russia. He did not become a full member because he was suspected of being an Okhrana agent (the real agent was Roman Malinovsky, a full member).


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin was arrested for his political activities in 1916 and freed during the February Revolution of 1917, which overthrew the tsarist state.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin joined the Petrograd Bolshevik committee and assisted in the organization of the party daily "Pravda," now legalized by the new regime.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: In April 1917 Kalinin, like many other Bolsheviks, advocated conditional support for the Provisional Government in cooperation with the Menshevik faction of the RSDLP, a position at odds with that of Lenin. He continued to oppose an armed uprising to overthrow the government of Alexander Kerensky throughout that summer.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: In the elections held for the Petrograd City Duma in autumn 1917, Kalinin was chosen as mayor of the city, which he administered during and after the Bolshevik Revolution of 7 November.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: In 1919, Kalinin was elected a member of the governing Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party as well as a candidate member of the Politburo. He was promoted to full membership on the Politburo in January 1926, a position which he retained until his death in 1946.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: When Yakov Mikhailovich Sverdlov died in March 1919 (from influenza, a beating or poisoning; sources differ), Kalinin replaced him as President of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the titular head of state of Soviet Russia. The name of this position was changed to Chairman of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR in 1922 and to Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet in 1938. Kalinin continued to hold the post without interruption until his retirement at the end of World War II.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: In 1920, Kalinin attended the Second World Congress of the Communist International in Moscow as part of the Russian delegation. He was seated on the presidium rostrum and took an active part in the debates.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin was a factional ally of Stalin during the bitter struggle for power after the death of Lenin in 1924. He delivered a report on Lenin and the Comintern to the Fifth World Congress in 1924.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin was one of the comparatively few members of Stalin's inner circle springing from peasant origins. The lowly social origins were widely publicised in the official press, which habitually referred to Kalinin as the "All-Union Elder" (Всесоюзный староста), a term harking back to the village commune, in conjunction with his role as titular head of state. In practical terms, by the 1930s, Kalinin's role as a decision-maker in the Soviet government was nominal.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Although he was a member of the Politburo, the de facto executive branch of the Soviet Union, and nominally held the second-highest state post in the Soviet Union, Kalinin held little power or influence. His role was mostly limited to receiving diplomatic letters from abroad. Recalling him, future Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev said, "I don't know what practical work Kalinin carried out under Lenin. But under Stalin he was the nominal signatory of all decrees, while in reality he rarely took part in government business. Sometimes he was made a member of a commission, but people didn't take his opinion into account very much. It was embarrassing for us to see this; one simply felt sorry for Mikhail Ivanovich."


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: On 5 March 1940, six members of the Politburo—Stalin, Vyacheslav Molotov, Lazar Kaganovich, Kliment Voroshilov, Anastas Mikoyan, and Mikhail Kalinin—signed an order to execute 25,700 Polish "nationalists and counterrevolutionaries" kept at camps and prisons in occupied western Ukraine and Belarus, part of the Katyn massacre.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin was unable to protect even his own wife, Ekaterina Kalinina, who was critical of Stalin's policies and was arrested on 25 October 1938 on charges of being a "Trotskyist". Although her husband was the chair of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1938–46), she was tortured in Lefortovo Prison and on 22 April 1939, she was sentenced to fifteen years' imprisonment in a labour camp. She was released shortly before her husband's death in 1946.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin retired in 1946 and died of cancer on 3 June of that same year in Moscow. He was honoured with a major state funeral and was buried in the Kremlin Wall Necropolis, in one of the twelve individual tombs located between the Lenin Mausoleum and the Kremlin wall.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Three large cities (Tver, Korolyov and Königsberg) were named or renamed in his honour. Only the last of those three, today known as Kaliningrad, has retained the name after the fall of the Soviet Union. Kaliningrad Oblast, the Russian exclave where Kaliningrad is located, has consequently also retained the name.


title: Mikhail Kalinin

text: Kalinin Square and Kalinin Street which were named after Kalinin are located in Minsk, Belarus. Prospekt Kalinin in Dnipro, Ukraine was renamed Prospekt Serhiy Nigoyan in January 2015.


title: Tabu filmography

text: Indian actress Tabu appears primarily in Hindi, Telugu, and Tamil films. Her first credited role came as a teenager in Dev Anand's "Hum Naujawan" (1985), and her first major role was in the Telugu film "Coolie No. 1" (1991). In 1994, Tabu received the Filmfare Award for Best Female Debut for the Hindi action drama "Vijaypath", which marked her first of many collaborations with co-star Ajay Devgn. The year 1996 was key for Tabu. Her performance as a young woman affected by the Punjab insurgency in Gulzar's "Maachis" proved to be a breakthrough, winning her the National Film Award for Best Actress. Also that year, Tabu won the Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Telugu for the romance "Ninne Pelladata", and featured alongside Govinda in the comedy film "Saajan Chale Sasural".


title: Tabu filmography

text: Tabu had a brief role in the war film "Border", the highest-grossing Hindi film of 1997, and portrayed a village girl opposite Anil Kapoor in the Priyadarshan-directed drama "Virasat". Among her 1999 releases were two of the top-grossing Bollywood films of the yearthe comedy "Biwi No.1", and the family drama "Hum Saath-Saath Hain". She also starred as the rebellious daughter of a corrupt politician in Gulzar's critically praised drama "Hu Tu Tu" (1999). The following year, she starred in "Kandukondain Kandukondain", a Tamil adaptation of "Sense and Sensibility", and played a submissive homemaker in the bilingual drama "Astitva". Tabu garnered a second National Film Award for Best Actress for portraying a bar dancer in Madhur Bhandarkar's crime drama "Chandni Bar" (2001). In 2003, she starred in the Bengali film "Abar Aranye", and portrayed a character based on Lady Macbeth, in "Maqbool"an adaptation of "Macbeth" from Vishal Bhardwaj. Following a few commercial failures, Tabu played triple roles in M. F. Husain's musical drama "". Tabu's first international project came with Mira Nair's adaptation of Jhumpa Lahiri's novel "The Namesake". In R. Balki's "Cheeni Kum" (2007), Tabu starred alongside Amitabh Bachchan as a woman romantically involved with a much older man; the role earned her a record fourth Filmfare Critics Award for Best Actress.


title: Tabu filmography

text: Following a brief role in Ang Lee's adventure film "Life of Pi" (2012), Tabu starred alongside Salman Khan in "Jai Ho", and garnered critical acclaim for playing the Gertrude character in Bhardwaj's "Haider". She won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress for the latter. Tabu's career continued to expand with starring roles opposite Devgn in the thriller "Drishyam" (2015), the horror comedy "Golmaal Again" (2017), and the romantic comedy "De De Pyaar De" (2019). She gained acclaim for playing a murderess in "Andhadhun" (2018), which ranks as one of the highest-grossing Indian films. In 2020, she featured in the top-grossing Telugu film "Ala Vaikunthapurramuloo", winning the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Telugu, and starred in the British miniseries "A Suitable Boy". Further commercial successes came in 2022 with the sequels "Bhool Bhulaiyaa 2" and "Drishyam 2".


title: Macuahuitl

text: A macuahuitl () is a weapon, a wooden club with several embedded obsidian blades. The name is derived from the Nahuatl language and means "hand-wood". Its sides are embedded with prismatic blades traditionally made from obsidian. Obsidian is capable of producing an edge sharper than high quality steel razor blades. The macuahuitl was a standard close combat weapon.


title: Macuahuitl

text: Use of the macuahuitl as a weapon is attested from the first millennium CE. By the time of the Spanish conquest the macuahuitl was widely distributed in Mesoamerica. The weapon was used by different civilisations including the Aztec (Mexicas), Maya, Mixtec and Toltec.


title: Macuahuitl

text: One example of this weapon survived the Conquest of the Aztec Empire; it was part of the Royal Armoury of Madrid until it was destroyed by a fire in 1884. Images of the original designs survive in diverse catalogues. The oldest replica is the macuahuitl created by the medievalist Achille Jubinal in the 19th century.


title: Macuahuitl

text: The maquahuitl (, other orthographic variants include and ; plural ), a type of , was a common weapon used by the Aztec military forces and other cultures of central Mexico. It was noted during the 16th-century Spanish conquest of the region. Other military equipment recorded includes the round shield (, ), the bow (, ), and the spear-thrower (, ). Its sides are embedded with prismatic blades traditionally made from obsidian (volcanic glass); obsidian is capable of producing an edge sharper than high-quality steel razor blades.


title: Macuahuitl

text: It was capable of inflicting serious lacerations from the rows of obsidian blades embedded in its sides. These could be knapped into blades or spikes, or into a circular design that looked like scales. The maquahuitl is not specifically a sword or a club, although it approximates a European broadsword. Historian John Pohl defines the weapon as a "kind of a saw sword".


title: Macuahuitl

text: According to conquistador , the macuahuitl was 0.91 to 1.22 m long, and 75 mm wide, with a groove along either edge, into which sharp-edged pieces of flint or obsidian were inserted and firmly fixed with an adhesive. Based on his research, historian John Pohl indicates that the length was just over a meter, although other models were larger, intended for use with both hands.


title: Macuahuitl

text: According to the research of historian Marco Cervera Obregón, the sharp pieces of obsidian, each about 3 cm long, were attached to the flat paddle with a natural adhesive, bitumen.


title: Macuahuitl

text: The rows of obsidian blades were sometimes discontinuous, leaving gaps along the side, while at other times the rows were set close together and formed a single edge. It was noted by the Spanish that the macuahuitl was so cleverly constructed that the blades could be neither pulled out nor broken. The macuahuitl was made with either a one-handed or two-handed grip, as well as in rectangular, ovoid, or pointed forms. Two-handed macuahuitl have been described as being "as tall as a man".


title: Macuahuitl

text: According to National School of Anthropology and History (ENAH) archaeologist Marco Cervera Obregón, there were two versions of this weapon: The macuahuitl, about long with six to eight blades on each side; and the mācuāhuitzōctli, a smaller club about long with only four obsidian blades.


title: Macuahuitl

text: According to Ross Hassig, the last authentic macuahuitl was destroyed in 1884 in a fire in the Real Armería in Madrid, where it was housed beside the last tepoztopilli. According to Marco Cervera Obregón, there is supposed to be at least one macuahuitl in a Museo Nacional de Antropología warehouse, but it is possibly lost.


title: Macuahuitl

text: No actual maquahuitl specimens remain and the present knowledge of them comes from contemporaneous accounts and illustrations that date to the 16th century and earlier.


title: Macuahuitl

text: The maquahuitl predates the Aztecs. Tools made from obsidian fragments were used by some of the earliest Mesoamericans. Obsidian used in ceramic vessels has been found at Aztec sites. Obsidian cutting knives, sickles, scrapers, drills, razors, and arrow points have also been found. Several obsidian mines were close to the Aztec civilisations in the Valley of Mexico as well as in the mountains north of the valley. Among these were the Sierra de las Navajas (Razor Mountains), named after their obsidian deposits. Use of the maquahuitl as a weapon is attested from the 1st millenniaCE. A Mayan carving at Chichen Itza shows a warrior holding a macuahuitl, depicted as a club having separate blades sticking out from each side. In a mural, a warrior holds a club with many blades on one side and one sharp point on the other, also a possible variant of the macuahuitl.


title: Macuahuitl

text: By the time of the Spanish conquest the macuahuitl was widely distributed in Mesoamerica, with records of its use by the Aztecs, Mixtecs, Tarascans, Toltecs and others. It was also commonly used by the Indian auxiliaries of Spain, though they favored Spanish swords. As Mesoamericans in Spanish service needed a special permission to carry European arms, metal swords brought Indian auxiliaries more prestige than maquahuitls in the eyes of Europeans as well as natives.


title: Macuahuitl

text: The macuahuitl was sharp enough to decapitate a man. According to an account by Bernal Díaz del Castillo, one of Hernán Cortés’s conquistadors, it could even decapitate a horse:


title: Macuahuitl

text: Another account by a companion of Cortés known as "The Anonymous Conqueror" tells a similar story of its effectiveness:


title: Macuahuitl

text: Given the importance of human sacrifice in Nahua cultures, their warfare styles, particularly those of the Aztec and Maya, placed a premium on the capture of enemy warriors for live sacrifice. Advancement into the elite "cuāuhocēlōtl" warrior societies of the Aztec, for example, required taking 20 live captives from the battlefield. The macuahuitl thus shows several features designed to make it a useful tool for capturing prisoners: fitting spaced instead of contiguous blades, as seen in many codex illustrations, would intentionally limit the wound depth from a single blow, and the heavy wooden construction allows weakened opponents to be easily clubbed unconscious with the flat side of the weapon. The art of disabling opponents using an un-bladed macuahuitl as a sparring club was taught from a young age in the Aztec Tēlpochcalli schools.


title: Macuahuitl

text: The macuahuitl had many drawbacks in combat versus European steel swords. Despite being sharper, prismatic obsidian is also considerably more brittle than steel; obsidian blades of the type used on the macuahuitl tended to shatter on impact with other obsidian blades, steel swords or plate armour. Obsidian blades also have difficulty penetrating European mail. The thin, replaceable blades used on the macuahuitl were easily dulled or chipped by repeated impacts on bone or wood, making artful use of the weapon critical. It takes more time to lift and swing a club than it does to thrust with a sword. More space is needed as well, so warriors advanced in loose formations and fought in single combat.


title: Macuahuitl

text: Replicas of the macuahuitl have been produced and tested against sides of beef for documentary shows on the History and Discovery channels, to demonstrate the effectiveness of this weapon. On the History show "Warriors", special forces operator and martial artist Terry Schappert injured himself while fencing with a macuahuitl; he cut the back of his left leg as the result of a back-swing motion.


title: Macuahuitl

text: For SpikeTV's reality program "Deadliest Warrior" a replica was created and tested against a model of a horse's head created using a horse's skeleton and ballistics gel. Actor and martial artist Éder Saúl López was able to decapitate the model, but it took three swings. Blows from the replica macuahuitl were most effective when it was swung and then dragged backwards upon impact, creating a sawing motion. This led Max Geiger, the computer programmer of the series, to refer to the weapon as "the obsidian chainsaw". This may have been due to the unrefined obsidian cutting edges of the weapon used in the show, compared with more finely made prismatic obsidian blades, as in the Madrid specimen.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: The Handmaid's Tale is a 1990 dystopian film adapted from Canadian author Margaret Atwood's 1985 novel of the same name. Directed by Volker Schlöndorff, the film stars Natasha Richardson (Offred), Faye Dunaway (Serena Joy), Robert Duvall (The Commander), Aidan Quinn (Nick), and Elizabeth McGovern (Moira). The screenplay was written by playwright Harold Pinter. The original music score was composed by Ryuichi Sakamoto. The film was entered into the 40th Berlin International Film Festival. It is the first filmed adaptation of the novel, succeeded by the Hulu television series which began streaming in 2017.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: In the near future, war rages across the Republic of Gilead (formerly the United States of America) and pollution has rendered 99% of the population sterile. Kate is a woman who attempts to emigrate to Canada with her husband Luke and daughter Jill. As they attempt to cross the border by foot on a dirt road, the Gilead Border Guard orders them to turn back or they will open fire. Luke draws their fire, telling Kate to run, and is shot. Kate is captured, while Jill wanders off into the back country, confused and unaccompanied. The authorities take Kate to a training facility with several other women, where the women are trained to become Handmaids, who are concubines for the privileged but barren couples who run the country's religious fundamentalist regime. Although she resists indoctrination into the cult of the Handmaids, which mixes Old Testament orthodoxy with scripted group chanting and ritualized violence, Kate is soon assigned to the home of "the Commander" (Fred) and his cold, inflexible wife, Serena Joy. There she is named "Offred" ("of Fred").


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: Her role as the Commander's latest concubine is emotionless, as she lies between Serena Joy's legs while the Commander rapes her, both of them hoping that she will bear them a child. Kate continually longs for her earlier life, but nightmares of her husband's death and her daughter's disappearance haunt her. A doctor explains that many of Gilead's male leaders are as sterile as their wives. Desperately wanting a baby, Serena Joy persuades Kate to risk the punishment for fornication (death by hanging) in order to be fertilized by another man who may impregnate her and consequently spare her life. When Kate agrees to this, Serena Joy informs Kate that her daughter Jill is alive, and provides a recent photograph of her living in another Commander's household, but tells Kate she can never see her daughter. The Commander also tries to get closer to Kate, sensing that if she enjoyed herself more she would become a better handmaid. Exploiting Kate's background as a librarian, he gets her hard-to-obtain items and allows her into his private library. However, during a night out, the Commander has sex with Kate in an unauthorized manner. The other man selected by Serena Joy turns out to be Nick, the Commander's sympathetic chauffeur. Kate grows attached to Nick and eventually becomes pregnant with his child.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: Kate ultimately kills the Commander, and a police unit then arrives to take her away. Believing the policemen are members of the Eyes, the government's secret police, she realizes that they are soldiers from the resistance movement (Mayday), of which Nick is also a part. Kate then flees with them, parting from Nick in an emotional scene.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: Now free once again and wearing non-uniform clothes, but facing an uncertain future, a pregnant Kate is living by herself in a trailer while receiving intelligence reports from the rebels. Wondering if — and hoping that — she and Nick will be reunited, she resolves — with the rebels' help — to find her daughter.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: According to Steven H. Gale, in his book "Sharp Cut", "the final cut of "The Handmaid's Tale" is less a result of Pinter's script than any of his other films. He contributed only part of the screenplay: reportedly he 'abandoned writing the screenplay from exhaustion.' … Although he tried to have his name removed from the credits because he was so displeased with the movie (in 1994 he told me that this was due to the great divergences from his script that occur in the movie), … his name remains as screenwriter".


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: Gale observes further that "while the film was being shot, director Volker Schlöndorff", who had replaced the original director Karel Reisz, "called Pinter and asked for some changes in the script"; however, "Pinter recall[ed] being very tired at the time, and he suggested that Schlöndorff contact Atwood about the rewrites. He essentially gave the director and author "carte blanche" to accept whatever changes that she wanted to institute, for, as he reasoned, 'I didn't think an author would want to fuck up her own work.' … As it turned out, not only did Atwood make changes, but so did many others who were involved in the shoot". Gale points out that Pinter told his biographer Michael Billington that


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: It became … a hotchpotch. The whole thing fell between several shoots. I worked with Karel Reisz on it for about a year. There are big public scenes in the story and Karel wanted to do them with thousands of people. The film company wouldn't sanction that so he withdrew. At which point, Volker Schlöndorff came into it as director. He wanted to work with me on the script, but I said I was absolutely exhausted. I more or less said, 'Do what you like. There's the script. Why not go back to the original author if you want to fiddle about?' He did go to the original author. And then the actors came into it. I left my name on the film because there was enough there to warrant it—just about. But it's not mine'.


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: In an essay on Pinter's screenplay for "The French Lieutenant's Woman", in "The Films of Harold Pinter", Gale discusses Pinter's "dissatisfaction with" the "kind of alteration" that occurs "once the script is tinkered with by others" and "it becomes collaborative to the point that it is not his product any more or that such tinkering for practical purposes removes some of the artistic element"; he adds: "Most notably "The Handmaid's Tale", which he considered so much altered that he has refused to allow the script to be published, and "The Remains of the Day", which he refused to allow his name to be attached to for the same reason …" (84n3).


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: Christopher C. Hudgins discusses further details about why "Pinter elected not to publish three of his completed filmscripts, "The Handmaid's Tale", "The Remains of the Day" and "Lolita"," all of which Hudgins considers "masterful filmscripts" of "demonstrable superiority to the shooting scripts that were eventually used to make the films"; fortunately ("We can thank our various lucky stars"), he says, "these Pinter filmscripts are now available not only in private collections but also in the Pinter Archive at the British Library." In this essay, which he first presented as a paper at the 10th Europe Theatre Prize symposium, Pinter: Passion, Poetry, Politics, held in Turin, Italy, in March 2006, Hudgins "examin[es] all three unpublished filmscripts in conjunction with one another" and "provides several interesting insights about Pinter's adaptation process".


title: The Handmaid's Tale (film)

text: In a retrospective account written after Natasha Richardson's death, for CanWest News Service, Jamie Portman cites Richardson's view of the difficulties involved with making Atwood's novel into a film script: