title: University of Birmingham

text: The Shakespeare Institute's library is a major United Kingdom resource for the study of English Renaissance literature.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Cadbury Research Library is home to the University of Birmingham's historic collections of rare books, manuscripts, archives, photographs and associated artefacts. The collections, which have been built up over a period of 120 years consist of over 200,000 rare printed books including significant incunabula, as well as over 4 million unique archive and manuscript collections. The Cadbury Research Library is responsible for directly supporting the university's research, learning and teaching agenda, along with supporting the national and international research community.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Cadbury Research Library contains the Chamberlain collection of papers from Neville Chamberlain, Joseph Chamberlain and Austen Chamberlain, the Avon Papers belonging to Anthony Eden with material on the Suez Crisis, the Cadbury Papers relating to the Cadbury firm from 1900 to 1960, the Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern Manuscripts of Alphonse Mingana, the Noël Coward Collection, the papers of Edward Elgar, Oswald Mosley, and David Lodge, and the records of the English YMCA and of the Church Missionary Society. The Cadbury Research Library has recently taken in the complete archive of UK Save the Children. The Library holds important first editions such as De Humani Corporis (1543) by Versalius, the Complete Works (1616) of Ben Jonson, two copies of The Temple of Flora (1799-1807) by Robert Thornton and comprehensive collections of the works of Joseph Priestley and D H Lawrence as well as many other significant works.


title: University of Birmingham

text: In 2015, a Quranic manuscript in the Mingana Collection was identified as one of the oldest to have survived, having been written between 568 and 645.


title: University of Birmingham

text: At the beginning of the 2016/17 academic year, a new main library opened on the Edgbaston campus and the old library has now been demolished as part of the plans to create a 'Green Heart' as per the original plans for the university whereby the clock tower would be visible from the North Gate. The Harding Law Library was closed and renovated to become the university's Translation and Interpreting Suite.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The University of Birmingham's medical school is one of the largest in Europe with well over 450 medical students being trained in each of the clinical years and over 1,000 teaching, research, technical and administrative staff . The school has centres of excellence in cancer, pharmacy, immunology, cardiovascular disease, neuroscience and endocrinology and renowned nationally and internationally for its research and developments in these fields. The medical school has close links with the NHS and works closely with 15 teaching hospitals and 50 primary care training practices in the West Midlands.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The University Hospital Birmingham NHS Foundation Trust is the main teaching hospital in the West Midlands. It has been given three stars for the past four consecutive years. The trust also hosts the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine, based at Selly Oak Hospital, which provides medical support to military personnel such as military returned from fighting in the Iraq War.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The 2022 "U.S. News & World Report" ranks Birmingham 91st in the world. In 2019, it is ranked 137th among the universities around the world by "SCImago Institutions Rankings".


title: University of Birmingham

text: In 2013, Birmingham was named 'University of the Year 2014' in the "Times Higher Education" awards. The 2013 QS World University Rankings placed Birmingham University at 10th in the UK and 62nd internationally. Birmingham was ranked 12th in the UK in the 2008 Research Assessment Exercise with 16 percent of the university's research regarded as world-leading and 41 percent as internationally excellent, with particular strengths in the fields of music, physics, biosciences, computer science, mechanical engineering, political science, international relations and law. Course satisfaction was at 85% in 2011 which grew to 88% in 2012.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Data from the "Higher Education Funding Council for England" (HEFCE) placed the university amongst the twelve elite institutions who among them take more than half of the students with the highest A-level grades.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham traditionally had a focus on science, engineering, commerce and coal mining, but has now expanded its provision. It hosted the first Cancer Research UK Centre, and making notable contributions to gravitational-wave astronomy, hosting the Institute of Gravitational Wave Astronomy.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The School of Computer Science ranked 1st in the 2014 Guardian University Guide, 4th in the 2013 Sunday Times League Table and 6th in the 2014 Sunday Times League Table.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Department of Philosophy ranked 3rd in the 2017 Guardian University League Tables, below the University of Oxford and above the University of Cambridge, with the first being the University of St Andrews.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The combined course of Computer Science and Information Systems, titled Computer Systems Engineering was ranked 4th in the 2016 Guardian University guide.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Department of Political Science and International Studies (POLSIS) ranked 4th in the UK and 22nd in the world in the Hix rankings of political science departments. The sociology department also ranked 4th by The Guardian University guide. The Research Fortnight's University Power Ranking, based on quality and quantity of research activity, put the University of Birmingham 12th in the UK, leading the way across a broad range of disciplines including Primary Care, Cancer Studies, Psychology and Sport and Exercise Sciences. The School of Physics and Astronomy also performed well in the rankings, being ranked 3rd in the 2012 Guardian University Guide and 7th in The Complete University Guide 2012. The School of Chemical Engineering is ranked second in the UK by the 2014 Guardian University Guide.


title: University of Birmingham

text: In terms of average UCAS points of entrants, Birmingham ranked 25th in Britain in 2014. According to the 2017 "Times" and "Sunday Times" Good University Guide, approximately 20% of Birmingham's undergraduates come from independent schools.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The university gives offers of admission to 79.2% of its applicants, the 8th highest amongst the Russell Group. In the 2016–17 academic year, the university had a domicile breakdown of 76:5:18 of UK:EU:non-EU students respectively with a female to male ratio of 56:44.


title: University of Birmingham

text: To highlight leading areas of research, the university has launched the Birmingham Heroes scheme. Academics who lead research that impacts on the lives of people regionally, nationally and globally can be nominated for selection. Heroes include:


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Birmingham Fellowship scheme was launched in 2011. The scheme encourages high potential early career researchers to establish themselves as rounded academics and continue pursuing their research interests. This scheme was the first of its kind, and has since been emulated in several other Russell Group universities across the UK. Since 2014, the scheme has been divided into Birmingham Research Fellowships and Birmingham Teaching Fellowships.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham Fellows are appointed to permanent academic posts (with two or three year probation periods), with five years protected time to develop their research.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham Fellows are usually recruited at a lecturer or senior lecturer level. In the first period of the fellowship, emphasis is placed on the research aspect, publishing high quality academic outputs, developing a trajectory for their work and gaining external funding. However, development of teaching skills is encouraged. Teaching and supervisory responsibilities, as well as administrative duties, then steadily increase to a normal lecturer's load in the Fellow's respective discipline by the fifth year of the fellowship. Birmingham Fellows are not expected to carry out academic administration during their term as Fellows, but will do once their posts turn into lectureships ('three-legged contract'). When accepted into the Birmingham Research Fellowship, Fellows receive a start-up package to develop or continue their research projects, an academic mentor and support for both research and teaching. All fellows are said to become part of the Birmingham Fellows Cohort, which provides them a university-wide network and an additional source of support and mentoring.


title: University of Birmingham

text: In Germany the University of Birmingham cooperates with the Goethe University in Frankfurt/Main. Both cities are linked by a long-lasting partnership agreement.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The University of Birmingham Guild of Students is the university's student union. Originally the Guild of Undergraduates, the institution had its first foundations in the Mason Science College in the centre of Birmingham around 1876. The University of Birmingham itself formally received its Royal Charter in 1900 with the Guild of Students being provided for as a Student Representative Council. It is not known for certain why the name 'Guild of Students' was chosen as opposed to 'Union of Students', however, the Guild shares its name with Liverpool Guild of Students, another 'redbrick university'; both organisations subsequently founded the National Union of Students. The Union Building, the Guild's bricks and mortar presence, was designed by the architect Holland W. Hobbiss.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Guild's official purposes are to represent its members and provide a means of socialising, though societies and general amenities. The university provides the Guild with the Union Building effectively rent free as well as a block grant to support student services. The Guild also runs several bars, eateries, social spaces and social events.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Guild supports a variety of student societies and volunteering projects, roughly around 220 at any one time. The Guild complements these societies and volunteering projects with professional staffed services, including its walk-in Advice and Representation Centre (ARC), Student Activities, Jobs/Skills/Volunteering, Student Mentors in halls, and Community Wardens around Bournbrook. The Guild of Students was where the international volunteering charity InterVol was conceived and developed as a student-led volunteering project; the group currently supports charitable organisations in four developing countries. Another two of the Guild's long-standing societies are Student Advice and Nightline (previously Niteline), which both provide peer-to-peer welfare support. The Guild was one of the first universities in the United Kingdom to publish a campus newspaper, "Redbrick", supported financially by the Guild of Students and advertising revenue.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Guild undertakes its representative function through its officer group, seven of whom are full-time, on sabbatical from their studies, and ten of whom are part-time and hold their positions whilst still studying. Elections are held yearly, conventionally February, for the following academic year. These officers have regular contact with the university's officer-holders and managers. In theory, the Guild's officers are directed and kept to account over their year in office by Guild Council, an 80-seat decision-making body. The Guild also supports the university "student reps" scheme, which aims to provide an effective channel of feedback from students on more of a departmental level.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The University of Birmingham opened the new Sport and Fitness Centre in May 2017 providing brand new facilities including gym, squash courts, 50m swimming pool, and climbing wall. The University has two international standard hockey pitches, completed in 2017, flexible 3G pitches which can be used for 5-a-side and 11-a-side football, as well as netball and tennis courts, and a 400m athletics track at Edgbaston Park Road.


title: University of Birmingham

text: As of the 2019 league, the university is ranked seventh in the British Universities and Colleges Sport league table.


title: University of Birmingham

text: University of Birmingham Sport provides a range of competitive and participation sports, for both the student and local community. Services include 180 fitness classes a week, 56 different sport clubs, including rowing, basketball, cricket, football, rugby union, netball, field hockey, American football, and triathlon. The wide selection has ensured the university has over 4,000 students participating in sport each year. The university also opened the Raymond Priestley Centre in 1981 on the shores of Coniston Water in the Lake District, offering students, staff and community alike to explore outdoor activities and learning in the area.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Sir Raymond Priestley, vice-chancellor of the university in 1938, and his Director of Sport A.D. Munrow, helped establish the first undergraduate courses in Physical Education in 1946, developed their sports facilities – starting with the gymnasium in 1939, and made participation in recreational sport compulsory for all new undergraduates from 1940 to 1968. Birmingham became the first UK university to offer a sports degree.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Many University of Birmingham students and alumni have competed at Olympics, Paralympics and Commonwealth Games. In 2004, six graduates and one student competed in the 2004 Athens Summer Olympics, and four alumni competed at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, including cyclist Paul Manning who won an Olympic Gold. In 2012, Pamela Relph MBE was part of the rowing mixed coxed four that won Paralympic gold, and she successfully defended her title in Rio: the only current international para-rower to be a double Paralympic Champion.


title: University of Birmingham

text: In the 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast, Australia, six students and eighteen alumni attended representing England, Scotland, Wales, and Guernsey, and competing in sports including hockey, 1500m, badminton, and cycling.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The university hosted the Jamaican track and field team prior to the 2012 London Olympics. The team, including the world's fastest man, Usain Bolt – who became the first man in history to defend his 100 metres and 200 metres titles at the Olympics – won team gold for the along with Nesta Carter, Yohan Blake and Michael Frater. Shelly-Ann Fraser-Pryce won gold in the women's 100 metres. The team returned to the university in 2017 to prepare for London's Indoor Championships, staying in the Chamberlain Hall on the Vale Village, and using the newly established Sport & Fitness facilities and athletics track.


title: University of Birmingham

text: University of Birmingham Sport has since been host to a number of international teams; the Australian and South Africa teams ahead of the men's Rugby World Cup in 2015, the Jamaican, England and New Zealand netball teams before the Vitality Nations Cup in January 2020, and 19 nations for the individual competition at the World University Squash Championships in 2018.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham was selected as the host for the 2022 Commonwealth Games and the University was chosen as the venue for hockey and squash, due to the ability of existing facilities to host the games with only temporary structures needing to be constructed for seating, lighting, and broadcasting. The University was the largest athletes village during the games, hosting 3,500 athletes in Tennis Courts and the Vale, and the University was the official training venue for both swimming and athletics.


title: University of Birmingham

text: University of Birmingham Sport also offers around 30 scholarships and bursaries to national and international students of exceptional athletic ability.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The university provides housing for most first-year students, running a guarantee scheme for all those UK applicants who choose Birmingham as their firm UCAS choice. 90 per cent of university-provided housing is inhabited by first-year students.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The university maintained gender-segregated halls until 1999 when Lake and Wyddrington "halls" (treated as two different halls, despite being physically one building) were renamed as Shackleton Hall. Chamberlain Hall (Eden Tower), a seventeen-storey tower block, was originally known as High Hall, for male students, and the connected Ridge Hall (later renamed to the Hampton Wing), for female students. University House was decommissioned as accommodation to house the expanding Business School, while Mason Hall has been demolished and rebuilt, opening in 2008. In the summer of 2006, the university sold three of its most distant halls (Hunter Court, the Beeches and Queens Hospital Close) to private operators, while later in the year and during term, the university was forced urgently to decommission both the old Chamberlain Tower (High Hall) and also Manor House over fire safety inspection failures. The university has rebranded its halls offerings into three villages.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Vale Village includes Chamberlain Hall, Shackleton, Maple Bank, Tennis Court, Elgar Court and Aitken residences. A sixth hall of residence, Mason Hall, re-opened in September 2008 following a complete rebuild. Approximately 2,700 students live in the village.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Shackleton Hall (originally Lake Hall, for male students, and Wyddrington Hall, for female students) underwent an £11 million refurbishment and was re-opened in Autumn 2004. There are 72 flats housing a total of 350 students. The majority of the units consist of six to eight bedrooms, together with a small number of one, two, three or five bedroom studio/apartments. The redevelopment was designed by Birmingham-based architect Patrick Nicholls while employed at Aedas, now a director of Glancy Nicholls Architects.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Maple Bank was refurbished and opened in summer 2005. It consists of 87 five bedroom flats, housing 435 undergraduates.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Elgar Court residence consists of 40 six bedroom flats, housing a total of 236 students. It opened in September 2003.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Aitken wing is a small complex consisting of 23 six and eight bedroom flats. It houses 147 students.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Construction of the new Mason Hall commenced in June 2006 following complete demolition of the original 1960s structures. It was designed by Aedas Architects. The entire project is thought to have cost £36.75 million. It has since been completed, with the first year of students moving in September 2008.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The new Chamberlain Tower and neighbouring low rise blocks opened in September 2015. Chamberlain is home to more than 700 first year students. It replaced the old 1964-built 18-storey (above ground level) High Hall (later renamed Eden Tower), for male students and low rise Ridge Hall (later renamed Hampton Wing) for female students, which closed in 2006. The 50-year-old Eden Tower was removed at the start of 2014. Previously known as High Hall, the tower and its associated low rise blocks were demolished after studies revealed it would be uneconomical to refurbish them and would not provide the quality of accommodation which the University of Birmingham desires for students.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The largest student-run event, the Vale Festival or 'ValeFest', is held annually on the Vale. The Festival celebrated its 10th event in 2014, raising £25,000 for charity. The 2019 event was headlined by The Hunna and Saint Raymond.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Pritchatts Park Village houses over 700 undergraduate and postgraduate students. Halls include 'Ashcroft', 'The Spinney' and 'Oakley Court', as well as 'Pritchatts House' and the 'Pritchatts Road Houses'.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The Spinney is a small complex of six houses and twelve smaller flats, housing 104 students in total.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Ashcroft consists of four purpose built blocks of flats and houses 198 students. The four-storey Pritchatts House consists of 24 duplex units and houses 159 students. Oakley Court consists of 21 individual purpose-built flats, ranging in size from five to thirteen bedrooms. Also included are 36 duplex units. A total of 213 students are housed in Oakley Court, made up of undergraduates. Oakley Court was completed in 1993 at a cost of £2.9 million. It was designed by Birmingham-based Associated Architects.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Pritchatts Road is a group of four private houses that were converted into student residences. There is a maximum of 16 bedrooms per house.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Selly Oak Village consists of three residences in the Selly Oak and Bournbrook areas: Jarratt Hall, which is owned by the university, Douper Hall, and The Metalworks. As of 2008, the village had 637 bed spaces for students.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Jarratt Hall is a large complex designed around a central courtyard and three landscaped areas. It housed 587 undergraduate students as of 2012. Jarratt Hall did not accommodate postgraduate students until September 2013, due to ongoing refurbishment of kitchens and the heating system.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham Student Housing Co-operative was opened in 2014 by students of the university to provide affordable self managed housing for its members. The co-operative manages a property on Pershore Road in Selly Oak.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The faculty and staff members connected with the university include Nobel laureates Sir Norman Haworth (Professor of Chemistry, 1925–1948), Sir Peter Medawar (Mason Professor of Zoology, 1947–1951), John Robert Schrieffer (NSF Fellow at Birmingham, 1957), David Thouless, Michael Kosterlitz, and Sir Fraser Stoddart.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Physicists include John Henry Poynting, Freeman Dyson, Sir Otto Frisch, Sir Rudolf Peierls, Sir Marcus Oliphant, Sir Leonard Huxley, Harry Boot, Sir John Randall, and Edwin Ernest Salpeter. Chemists include Sir William A. Tilden. Mathematicians include Jonathan Bennett, Henry Daniels, Daniela Kühn, Deryk Osthus, Daniel Pedoe and G. N. Watson. In music, faculty members include the composers Sir Edward Elgar and Sir Granville Bantock. Geologists include Charles Lapworth, Frederick Shotton, and Sir Alwyn Williams. In medicine, faculty members include Sir Melville Arnott and Sir Bertram Windle. Biologists include William Hillhouse and George Stephen West, both Mason Professors of Botany.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Author and literary critic David Lodge taught English from 1960 until 1987. Poet and playwright Louis MacNeice was a lecturer in classics 1930–1936. English novelist, critic, and man of letters Anthony Burgess taught in the extramural department (1946–50). Richard Hoggart founded the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies. Sir Alan Walters was Professor of Econometrics and Statistics (1951–68) and later became Chief Economic Adviser to Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher. Lord Zuckerman was Professor of Anatomy 1946–1968 and also served as chief scientific adviser to the British government from 1964 to 1971. Lord King of Lothbury was a Professor in the Faculty of Commerce and later became Governor of the Bank of England. Sir William James Ashley was first Dean and the founder of the Birmingham Business School.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Sir Nathan Bodington was Professor of Classics. Sir Michael Lyons was Professor of Public Policy from 2001 to 2006. Sir Kenneth Mather was Professor of genetics (1948) and recipient of the 1964 Darwin Medal. Sir Richard Redmayne was Professor of Mining and later became first Chief Inspector of Mines. The art historian Sir Nikolaus Pevsner held a research post at the university. Sir Ellis Waterhouse was Barber Professor of Fine Art (1952–1970). Lord Cadman taught petroleum engineering and is credited with creating the course 'Petroleum Engineering'. The philosopher Sir Michael Dummett held an assistant lectureship at the university. Lord Borrie was a professor of law and dean of the faculty of law. Sir Charles Raymond Beazley was Professor of History. Prison reformer Margery Fry was first warden of University House.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Vice-Chancellors and Principals include Sir Oliver Lodge, Lord Hunter of Newington, Sir Charles Grant Robertson, Sir Raymond Priestley, and Sir Michael Sterling.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Four Nobel Prize laureates are Birmingham University alumni: Francis Aston, Maurice Wilkins, Sir John Vane, and Sir Paul Nurse. In addition soil scientist Peter Bullock contributed to the reports of the IPCC, which was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 2007.


title: University of Birmingham

text: The university's alumni in the sphere of British government and politics include: British Prime Ministers Stanley Baldwin and Neville Chamberlain; Chief Minister of Gibraltar Joe Bossano; British cabinet minister and UN Under-Secretary-General Baroness Amos; Cabinet Ministers Julian Smith and Hilary Armstrong; British ministers of state Ann Widdecombe, Richard Tracey, Derek Fatchett, and Anna Soubry; British High Commissioner to New Zealand and Ambassador to South Africa Sir David Aubrey Scott; Governor of the Turks and Caicos Islands Nigel Dakin; Welsh Assembly Government minister Jane Davidson; and UN weapons inspector David Kelly.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Birmingham's alumni in the field of government and politics in other countries include Prime Minister of St. Lucia Kenny Anthony; Prime Minister of the Bahamas Perry Christie; Singapore Minister of Finance Hu Tsu Tau Richard; Singapore Senior Minister of State Matthias Yao; Minister of Defence of Kenya Mohamed Yusuf Haji; Tanzanian minister Mark Mwandosya; Tongan minister ʻAna Taufeʻulungaki; Ethiopian cabinet minister Junedin Sado; Deputy Prime Minister of Mauritius Rashid Beebeejaun; Saudi minister Abdulaziz bin Mohieddin Khoja; Foreign Minister of Gambia Bala Garba Jahumpa; Ghanaian minister Juliana Azumah-Mensah; Egyptian Minister William Selim Hanna; Nigerian minister Emmanuel Chuka Osammor; Saint Lucian minister Alvina Reynolds; Lebanese foreign minister Lucien Dahdah; Zambian President Hakainde Hichilema and Zimbabwean ministers David Karimanzira and Didymus Mutasa.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the world of business include: director of the Bank of England Lord Roll of Ipsden; CEO of J Sainsbury plc Mike Coupe; Chairman of the Shell Transport and Trading Company plc Sir John Jennings; automobile executive Sir George Turnbull; President of the Confederation of British Industry Sir Clive Thompson; CEO and chairman of BP Sir Peter Walters; Chairman of British Aerospace Sir Austin Pearce; mobile communications entrepreneur Mo Ibrahim; fashion designer and retailer George Davis; founder of Osborne Computer Corporation Adam Osborne; and chairman & CEO of Bass plc Sir Ian Prosser.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the legal arena include Hong Kong Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal Geoffrey Ma Tao-li; Hong Kong Judge of the Court of Final Appeal Robert Tang; Justice of Appeal at the Court of Appeal in Tanzania Robert Kisanga; Justice of the Supreme Court of Belize Michelle Arana; Lord Justice of Appeal Sir Philip Otton; and High Court Judges Dame Nicola Davies, Sir Michael Davies, Sir Henry Globe, and Dame Lucy Theis.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the armed forces include Chief of the General Staff General Sir Mike Jackson; and Director General of the Army Medical Services Alan Hawley.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the sphere of religion include Metropolitan Archbishop and Primate of the Anglican Church in South East Asia Bolly Lapok; Anglican Bishops Paul Bayes, Alan Smith, Stephen Venner, Michael Langrish, and Eber Priestley; Anglican Suffragan Bishops Brian Castle and Colin Docker; Catholic Archbishop Kevin McDonald; and Catholic bishop Philip Egan.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the field of healthcare include: chair of the National Institute for Clinical Excellence David Haslam; Dame Hilda Lloyd, the first woman to be elected as president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists; Chief Scientific Officer in the NHS Sue Hill; Chief Dental Officer for England Barry Cockcroft; and Chief Medical officer for England Sir Liam Donaldson.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the domain of engineering include: Chairman of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority and of the Central Electricity Generating Board Lord Marshall of Goring; Chairman of British Aerospace Sir Austin Pearce; Chief Engineer of the PWD Shaef in World War II Sir Francis McLean; and Director of Production at the Ministry of Munitions during World War I Sir Henry Fowler.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the creative industries include actors Madeleine Carroll, Tim Curry, Tamsin Greig, Matthew Goode, Nigel Lindsay, Elliot Cowan, Geoffrey Hutchings, Judy Loe, Jane Wymark, Mariah Gale, Hadley Fraser, Elizabeth Henstridge, and Norman Painting; actors and comedians Victoria Wood and Chris Addison; dancer/choreographer and co-creator of 'Riverdance' Jean Butler, social media influencer and YouTuber Hannah Witton, children's author and scholar Fawzia Gilani-Williams, author Polly Ho-Yen, musicians Simon Le Bon of Duran Duran and Christine McVie of Fleetwood Mac, and travel writer Alan Booth.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in academia include: University Vice-Chancellors Frank Horton, Sir Robert Howson Pickard, Sir Louis Matheson, Derek Burke, Sir Alex Jarratt, Sir Philip Baxter, Vincent Watts, P. B. Sharma, Berrick Saul, and Wahid Omar; neurobiologist and Emeritus Professor at the University of Cambridge Sir Gabriel Horn, physicians Sir Alexander Markham, Sir Gilbert Barling, Brian MacMahon, Aaron Valero, and Sir Arthur Thomson; neurologist Sir Michael Owen; physicists John Stewart Bell, Sir Alan Cottrell, Lord Flowers, Harry Boot, Elliott H. Lieb (recipient of the 2003 Henri Poincaré Prize), Stanley Mandelstam, Edwin Ernest Salpeter (recipient of the 1997 Crafoord Prize in Astronomy), Sir Ernest William Titterton, and Raymond Wilson (recipient of the 2010 Kavli Prize in Astrophysics); statistician Peter McCullagh; chemist Sir Robert Howson Pickard; biologists Sir Kenneth Murray and Lady Noreen Murray; zoologists Desmond Morris and Karl Shuker; behavioural neuroscientist Barry Everitt; palaeontologist Harry B. Whittington; computer scientist Mike Cowlishaw; Women's writing academic Lorna Sage; philosopher John Lewis; economist and historian Homa Katouzian; theologian and biochemist Arthur Peacocke; labour economist David Blanchflower; Professor of Social Policy at the London School of Economics Sir John Hills; geographer Geoffrey J.D. Hewings; Professor of Geology and ninth President of Cornell University Frank H. T. Rhodes; Government Chief Scientific Adviser Sir Alan Cottrell; and former astronaut Rodolfo Neri Vela.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Alumni in the world of sport are many. They include Lisa Clayton, the first woman to sail the globe single-handed; 400 metres runner Allison Curbishley, who won silver at the 1998 Commonwealth Games; team pursuit cyclist Paul Manning, who won bronze, silver and gold at the Olympics of 2004, 2008 and 2012; sports scholar Izzy Christiansen, who played football for Birmingham City, Everton and Manchester City before her call up to the senior England squad; Warwickshire and England cricketer Jim Troughton; and Adam Pengilly who competed as a skeleton racer at the 2006 and 2010 Winter Olympics and was elected to the International Olympic Committee Athletes' Commission in 2010.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Triathlete Chrissie Wellington and Rachel Joyce won the ITU Long Distance World Championship on 2008 and 2011, and Chrissie holds the four fastest times in the World Ironman competition. She received an OBE in 2009, and the current world-class gym at the Sport & Fitness club on campus is named in her honour.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Whilst still studying at the university, student Lily Owsley scored the field hockey gold medal-winning goal at the 2016 Rio Olympics with the help of teammate and fellow UoB graduate Sophie Bray.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Middle-distance athlete Hannah England won the World Championship 1500m silver in 2011 and after retiring from athletics officially in 2019, worked alongside fellow athlete and husband Luke Gunn in the Sport department at the university.


title: University of Birmingham

text: In recent years, Birmingham has seen scholars such as athletes Jonny Davies, 2020 British indoor champion over 3000m; Sarah McDonald, a former 1500m British Champion, and Mari Smith, the current British indoor silver medallist over 800m pass through the doors. Fran Williams, senior England netballer player, won Bronze with the England Roses at the Vitality Netball World Cup in Liverpool in 2019, the youngest player on the squad at 22 years old, and Laura Keates, England international rugby player, who was part of the 2014 World Cup-winning squad.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Barbara Slater, daughter of Wolverhampton Wanderer's legend and UoB's Director of Sport in 1972 Bill Slater, became Director of BBC Sport from 2009, and was the first woman to hold this title. She led the broadcast of the London 2012 Olympics – the biggest television event in British broadcasting history. Former Manchester United Chief Executive David Gill learned the ropes of financing at Birmingham, studying Industrial, Economic and Business Studies in 1978; sports commentator Simon Brotherton developed his career whilst studying at UoB, and Sir Patrick Head, founder of the Williams team which dominated Formula One in the 1990s, studied Mechanical Engineering.


title: University of Birmingham

text: Across disciplines, John Crabtree, who graduated in law in 1972, achieved success as a lawyer and businessman, was awarded the OBE for his charity work, and served as High Sheriff of the West Midlands and Lord Lieutenant of the West Midlands, and as chair of the 2022 Birmingham Commonwealth Games Organising Committee.


title: .277 Fury

text: The .277 Fury or 6.8×51mm Common Cartridge, (designated as the .277 SIG Fury by the SAAMI) is a centerfire rimless bottlenecked rifle cartridge announced by SIG Sauer in late 2019. Its hybrid three-piece cartridge case has a steel case head and brass body connected by an aluminum locking washer to support the high chamber pressure of .


title: .277 Fury

text: The cartridge was designed by SIG Sauer for the United States Army's Next Generation Squad Weapon Program (NGSW). It is dimensionally similar to the 7.62×51mm NATO service cartridge.


title: .277 Fury

text: The cartridge was announced for non-military usage along with the SIG Sauer CROSS—a bolt-action, magazine-fed rifle—in December 2019. As a short-action rifle cartridge (cartridges having an overall length of or less), increased internal ballistic performance for its cartridge case volume is accomplished by applying high gas pressure. In 2020, it was accepted by the Sporting Arms and Ammunition Manufacturers' Institute (SAAMI) as a new cartridge and chambering. In 2022 SIG Sauer announced that it intends to commercially chamber the SIG MCX Spear semi-automatic rifle in .277 Fury.


title: .277 Fury

text: The cartridge uses a case that is the same length and diameter as the .308 Winchester. Each "hybrid" cartridge case consists of a stainless steel base coupled to a brass body via an aluminum locking washer.


title: .277 Fury

text: Stainless steel has a significantly higher yield strength than brass, allowing the engineers to use higher maximum average pressure (MAP) chamber pressure levels. Bullets are either "match grade" with a G1 ballistic coefficient of ≈ .488 or "hunter tipped" with a G1 ballistic coefficient of ≈ .508 (ballistic coefficients are somewhat debatable).


title: .277 Fury

text: These projectile ballistic coefficients are equal to the publicized specifications of the Sierra .277 HPBT MatchKing and .277 TGK GameKing projectiles.


title: .277 Fury

text: The SAAMI warns that MAP levels greater than may present an increased risk of unsafe cartridge case or firearm rupture and thus require cartridge case and firearm designs that depart from traditional practices (materials, construction, and other design criteria).


title: .277 Fury

text: The .277 Fury SAAMI (voluntary) MAP chamber pressure of enables a projectile muzzle velocity of from a barrel. It also means that the .277 Fury is normally chambered in small arms that are capable of handling the accompanying bolt thrust safely.


title: .277 Fury

text: Commercially, reduced-power .277 Fury Elite ball FMJ ammunition using non-hybrid conventional cartridge cases is offered, that fires a projectile with a G1 ballistic coefficient of ≈ .475 at a muzzle velocity of from a barrel.


title: .277 Fury

text: SIG Sauer claims that the cartridge has performance superior to the 6.5mm Creedmoor, exhibiting less bullet drop at , while delivering 20–25% greater energy. Reduced-power .277 Fury ammunition, which does not employ the stainless steel case head (.277 Fury Elite ball FMJ), and thus cannot achieve pressure above current SAAMI brass specifications, is virtually identical to the commonly available 7mm-08 Remington, which was developed in 1980. The bullet diameter of the .277 Fury cartridge is close to that of the 7mm-08 Remington, the difference in diameter is 0.006 inch (0.15 mm) or approximately the thickness of two human hairs. The muzzle velocity and downrange energy of the reduced-power .277 Fury without stainless steel case head and 7mm-08 Remington are also practically identical in similarly weighted bullets with similar ballistic coefficients.


title: .277 Fury

text: Reduced-power .277 Fury ammunition (.277 Fury Elite ball FMJ) performs close to the brass-cased .270/308 Winchester wildcat rifle cartridge, that has a case capacity of 3.5 ml (54 grains) HO and the bullet, diameter-wise, fills a position between the .260 Remington and 7mm-08 Remington rifle cartridges.


title: .277 Fury

text: In January 2019, the United States military began the Next Generation Squad Weapon Program to find replacements for the M4 carbine and M249 light machine gun. On April 19, 2022, the United States Army announced that it had selected SIG Sauer to build the XM5 rifle to (partly) replace the M4 carbine; while the XM250 automatic rifle was to replace the M249 SAW in the LMG role. In both cases it had selected the company's Fury ammunition utilizing government provided projectiles and vendor-designed cartridges as the new weapons' ammunition.


title: .277 Fury

text: The XM5 was designed to fire the 6.8×51mm SIG Fury cartridge in response to concerns that improvements in body armor would diminish the effectiveness of the 5.56×45mm NATO round used in the M4 carbine and M249 SAW and increase their lethality and effective range compared to common battlefield rounds such as the 5.56×45mm NATO and 7.62×51mm NATO.


title: .277 Fury

text: Operational testing of the XM5 rifle, XM250 automatic rifle, XM157 fire control optic platform agnostic unit and the 6.8×51mm ammunition squad weaponry is expected to begin in 2024. However, this does not guarantee actual widespread future issue. The military designation for this round is "6.8 common cartridge".


title: .277 Fury

text: As of March 2022 the United States Army has a solicitation ongoing for a M240 machine gun 6.8×51mm conversion kit for the 7.62×51mm NATO-chambered M240B and M240L general-purpose machine guns.


title: Beef tenderloin

text: A beef tenderloin (US English), known as an eye fillet in Australasia, filet in France, filé mignon in Brazil, and fillet in the United Kingdom and South Africa, is cut from the loin of beef.


title: Beef tenderloin

text: As with all quadrupeds, the tenderloin refers to the psoas major muscle ventral to the transverse processes of the lumbar vertebrae, near the kidneys.


title: Beef tenderloin

text: The tenderloin is an oblong shape spanning two primal cuts: the short loin (called the sirloin in Commonwealth countries) and the sirloin (called the rump in Commonwealth countries). The tenderloin sits beneath the ribs, next to the backbone. It has two ends: the butt and the "tail". The smaller, pointed end—the "tail"—starts a little past the ribs, growing in thickness until it ends in the "sirloin" primal cut, which is closer to the butt of the cow. This muscle does very little work, so it is the tenderest part of the beef.


title: Beef tenderloin

text: Whole tenderloins are sold as either "unpeeled" (meaning the fat and silver skin remain), "peeled" (meaning that the fat is removed, but silver skin remains), or as PSMOs ("pismos"), which is short for peeled, silver skin removed, and side muscle (the "chain") left on. While the most expensive option pound-for-pound, PSMOs offer considerable savings over other tenderloin options as they require little handling by the chef, since the fat and trimmings have already been removed. Since it is the most tender part of the animal, beef dishes requiring exceptionally tender meat, such as steak tartare, are ideally made from the tenderloin.


title: Beef tenderloin

text: The three main "cuts" of the tenderloin are the butt, the center cut, and the tail. The butt end is usually suitable for carpaccio, as the eye can be quite large; cutting a whole tenderloin into steaks of equal weight will yield proportionally very thin steaks from the butt end. The center cut is suitable for portion-controlled steaks, as the diameter of the eye remains relatively consistent. The center cut can yield the traditional filet mignon or tenderloin steak, as well as the Chateaubriand Steak and Beef Wellington. The tail, which is generally unsuitable for steaks due to size inconsistency, can be used in recipes where small pieces of a tender cut are called for, such as Beef Stroganoff.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Yucca brevifolia is a plant species belonging to the genus "Yucca". It is tree-like in habit, which is reflected in its common names: Joshua tree, yucca palm, tree yucca, and palm tree yucca.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: This monocotyledonous tree is native to the arid Southwestern United States, specifically California, Arizona, Utah, and Nevada, and to northwestern Mexico It is confined mostly to the Mojave Desert between elevation. It thrives in the open grasslands of Queen Valley and Lost Horse Valley in Joshua Tree National Park. Other regions with large populations of the tree can be found northeast of Kingman, Arizona in Mohave County; and along U.S. 93 between the towns of Wickenburg and Wikieup, a route which has been designated the Joshua Tree Parkway of Arizona. The common name Joshua tree apparently comes from Christian iconography.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: The Joshua tree is also called "izote de desierto" (Spanish, "desert dagger"). It was first formally described in the botanical literature as "Yucca brevifolia" by George Engelmann in 1871 as part of the Geological Exploration of the 100th meridian (or "Wheeler Survey").


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: The name "Joshua tree" is commonly said to have been given by a group of Mormon settlers crossing the Mojave Desert in the mid-19th century: The tree's role in guiding them through the desert combined with its unique shape reminded them of a biblical story in which Joshua keeps his hands reached out for an extended period of time to enable the Israelites in their conquest of Canaan (). Further, the shaggy leaves may have provided the appearance of a beard. However, no direct or contemporary attestation of this origin exists, and the name Joshua tree is not recorded until after Mormon contact; moreover, the physical appearance of the Joshua tree more closely resembles a similar story told of Moses.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Ranchers and miners who were contemporaneous with the Mormon immigrants used the trunks and branches as fencing and for fuel for ore-processing steam engines. They referred to these fallen or collapsed Joshua trees as "tevis" stumps.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: In addition to the autonymic subspecies "Y. b." subsp. "brevifolia", two other subspecies have been described: "Y. b." subsp. "herbertii" (Webber's yucca or Herbert Joshua tree) and "Y. b." subsp. "jaegeriana" (the Jaeger Joshua tree or Jaeger's Joshua tree or pygmae yucca), though both are sometimes treated as varieties or forms. "Y.b." subsp. "jaegeriana" has also been treated as its own species.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Joshua trees are fast growers for a desert species; new seedlings may grow at an average rate of per year in their first 10 years, then only about per year. The trunk consists of thousands of small fibers and lacks annual growth rings, making determining the tree's age difficult. This tree has a top-heavy branch system, but also what has been described as a "deep and extensive" root system, with roots reaching down to . If it survives the rigors of the desert, it can live for hundreds of years; some specimens survive a thousand years. The tallest trees reach about . New plants can grow from seed, but in some populations, new stems grow from underground rhizomes that spread out around the parent tree.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: The evergreen leaves are dark green, linear, bayonet-shaped, 15–35 cm long, and 7–15 mm broad at the base, tapering to a sharp point; they are borne in a dense spiral arrangement at the apex of the stems. The leaf margins are white and serrated.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Flowers typically appear from February to late April, in panicles 30–55 cm tall and 30–38 cm broad, the individual flowers erect, 4–7 cm tall, with six creamy white to green tepals. The tepals are lanceolate and are fused to the middle. The fused pistils are 3 cm tall and the stigma cavity is surrounded by lobes. The semi-fleshy fruit that is produced is green-brown, elliptical, and contains many flat seeds. Joshua trees usually do not branch until after they bloom (though branching may also occur if the growing tip is destroyed by the yucca-boring weevil), and they do not bloom every year. Like most desert plants, their blooming depends on rainfall at the proper time. They also need a winter freeze before they bloom.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Once they bloom, the flowers are pollinated by the yucca moth ("Tegeticula synthetica"), which spreads pollen while laying eggs inside the flower. The larvae feed on the seeds, but enough seeds remain to reproduce. The Joshua tree is also able to actively abort ovaries in which too many eggs have been produced.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: The Joshua tree is native to the southwestern United States (Arizona, California, Nevada, and Utah) and northwestern Mexico. This range mostly coincides with the geographical reach of the Mojave Desert, where it is considered one of the major indicator species for the desert. It occurs at elevations between .


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Joshua trees are one of the species predicted to have their range reduced and shifted by climate change. Concern remains that they will be eliminated from Joshua Tree National Park, with ecological research suggesting a high probability that their populations will be reduced by 90% of their current range by the end of the 21st century, thus fundamentally transforming the ecosystem of the park. Wildfires, invasive grasses and poor migration patterns for the trees’ seeds are all additional factors in the species’ imperilment. As an example, more than a quarter—or more than 1.3 million Joshua trees—in of one of the densest Joshua tree populations in the world in Mojave National Preserve were killed in the Dome Fire in August 2020. Also, concern exists about the ability of the species to migrate to favorable climates due to the extinction of the giant Shasta ground sloth ("Nothrotheriops shastensis") 13,000 years ago; ground sloth dung has been found to contain Joshua tree leaves, fruits, and seeds, suggesting that the sloths might have been key to the trees' dispersal.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Different forms of the species are cultivated, including smaller plants native from the eastern part of the species range. These smaller plants grow 2.5 m tall and branch when about 1 m tall. Red-shafted flickers make nests in the branches, which are later used by other birds.


title: Yucca brevifolia

text: Cahuilla Native Americans, who have lived in the Southwestern United States for generations, identify this plant as a valuable resource and call it "hunuvat chiy’a" or "humwichawa". Their ancestors used the leaves of "Y. brevifolia" to weave sandals and baskets, in addition to harvesting the seeds and flower buds for meals. Native Americans also used the reddish roots to make dye. Yucca tree roots have saponin glycosides.


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo ( , ; Igbo: "Ásụ̀sụ́ Ìgbò" ) is the principal native language cluster of the Igbo people, a meta-ethnicity from Southeastern Nigeria.


title: Igbo language

text: The number of Igboid languages depends on how one classifies a language versus a dialect, so there could be around 15 different Igboid languages. The core Igbo cluster or Igbo proper is generally thought to be one language but there is limited mutual intelligibility between the different groupings (north, west, south and east). A standard literary language termed 'Igbo izugbe' (meaning "general igbo") was generically developed and later adopted around 1972, with its core foundation based on the Owerri (Isuama), Anambra (Awka) and Umuahia (Ohuhu) dialects, omitting the nasalization and aspiration of those varieties. However, nobody speaks "general Igbo" natively and it isn't accepted by all Igbo groups. The largest variety of the core Igbo cluster is Ngwa.


title: Igbo language

text: The first book to publish Igbo terms was "History of the Mission of the Evangelical Brothers in the Caribbean" (), published in 1777. Shortly afterwards in 1789, "The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano" was published in London, England, written by Olaudah Equiano, a former slave, featuring 79 Igbo words. The narrative also illustrated various aspects of Igbo life in detail, based on Equiano's experiences in his hometown of Essaka. Following the British Niger Expeditions of 1854 and 1857, a Yoruba priest, Samuel Ajayi Crowther, assisted by a young Igbo interpreter named Simon Jonas, produced a primer for the Igbo language in 1857.


title: Igbo language

text: Central Igbo, is based on the dialects of two members of the Ezinifite group of Igbo in Central Owerri Province between the towns of Owerri and Umuahia in Eastern Nigeria. From its proposal as a literary form in 1939 by Dr. Ida C. Ward, it was gradually accepted by missionaries, writers, and publishers across the region.


title: Igbo language

text: Standard Igbo aims to cross-pollinate Central Igbo with words from other Igbo dialects, with the adoption of loan words.


title: Igbo language

text: Chinua Achebe passionately denounced language standardization efforts, beginning with Union Igbo through to Central and finally Standard Igbo, in a 1999 lecture sponsored by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese in Owerri.


title: Igbo language

text: Lexical categories in Igbo include nouns, pronouns, numerals, verbs, adjectives, conjunctions, and a single preposition. The meaning of "na", the single preposition, is flexible and must be ascertained from the context. Examples from Emenanjo (2015) illustrate the range of meaning:


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo has an extremely limited number of adjectives in a closed class. Emenanjo (1978, 2015) counts just eight, which occur in pairs of opposites: "ukwu" 'big', "nta" 'small'; "oji" 'dark', "ọcha" 'light'; "ọhụrụ" 'new', "ochie" 'old'; "ọma" 'good'; "ọjọọ" 'bad' (Payne 1990). Adjectival meaning is otherwise conveyed through the use of stative verbs or abstract nouns.


title: Igbo language

text: Verbs, by far the most prominent category in Igbo, host most of the language's morphology and appear to be the most basic category; many processes can derive new words from verbs, but few can derive verbs from words of other classes.


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo pronouns do not index gender, and the same pronouns are used for male, female and inanimate beings. So the sentence, "ọ maka" can mean "he, she or it is beautiful".


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo is a tonal language. Tone varies by dialect but in most dialects there seem to be three register tones and three contour tones. The language's tone system was given by John Goldsmith as an example of autosegmental phenomena that go beyond the linear model of phonology laid out in "The Sound Pattern of English". Igbo words may differ only in tone. An example is "ákwá" "cry", "àkwà" "bed", "àkwá" "egg", and "ákwà" "cloth". As tone is not normally written, these all appear as in print.


title: Igbo language

text: In many cases, the two (or sometimes three) tones commonly used in Igbo dictionaries fail to represent how words actually sound in the spoken language . This indicates that Igbo may have many more tones than previously recognised. For example, the imperative form of the word "bia" "come" has a different tone to that used in statement "O bia" "he came". That imperative tone is also used in the second syllable of "abuo" "two". Another distinct tone appears in the second syllable of "asaa" "seven" and another in the second syllable of "aguu" "hunger".


title: Igbo language

text: The language features vowel harmony with two sets of oral vowels distinguished by pharyngeal cavity size described in terms of retracted tongue root (RTR). These vowels also occupy different places in vowel space: (the last commonly transcribed , in keeping with neighboring languages). For simplicity, phonemic transcriptions typically choose only one of these parameters to be distinctive, either RTR as in the chart at right and Igbo orthography (that is, as ), or vowel space as in the alphabetic chart below (that is, as ). There are also nasal vowels.


title: Igbo language

text: Adjacent vowels usually undergo assimilation during speech. The sound of a preceding vowel, usually at the end of one word, merges in a rapid transition to the sound of the following vowel, particularly at the start of another word, giving the second vowel greater prominence in speech. Usually the first vowel (in the first word) is only slightly identifiable to listeners, usually undergoing centralisation. /kà ó mésjá/, for example, becomes /kòó mésjá/ "goodbye". An exception to this assimilation may be with words ending in /a/ such as /nà/ in /nà àlà/, "on the ground", which could be completely assimilated leaving /n/ in rapid speech, as in "nàlà" or "n'àlà". In other dialects however, the instance of /a/ such as in "nà" in /ọ́ nà èrí ńrí/, "he/she/it is eating", results in a long vowel, /ọ́ nèèrí ńrí/.


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo does not have a contrast among voiced occlusives (between voiced stops and nasals): stops precede oral vowels, and nasals precede nasal vowels. Only a limited number of other consonants occur before nasal vowels, including .


title: Igbo language

text: In some dialects, such as Enu-Onitsha Igbo, the doubly articulated and are realized as a voiced/devoiced bilabial implosive. The approximant is realized as an alveolar tap between vowels as in "árá". The Enu-Onitsha Igbo dialect is very much similar to Enuani spoken among the Igbo-Anioma people in Delta State.


title: Igbo language

text: To illustrate the effect of phonological analysis, the following inventory of a typical Central dialect is taken from Clark (1990). Nasality has been analyzed as a feature of consonants, rather than vowels, avoiding the problem of why so few consonants occur before nasal vowels; has also been analyzed as .


title: Igbo language

text: Syllables are of the form (optional consonant, vowel) or N (a syllabic nasal). CV is the most common syllable type. Every syllable bears a tone. Consonant clusters do not occur. The semivowels and can occur between consonant and vowel in some syllables. The semi-vowel in is analyzed as an underlying vowel "ị", so that "-bịa" is the phonemic form of "bjá" 'come'. On the other hand, "w" in is analyzed as an instance of labialization; so the phonemic form of the verb "-gwá" "tell" is .


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo is an isolating language that exhibits very little fusion. The language is predominantly suffixing in a hierarchical manner, such that the ordering of suffixes is governed semantically rather than by fixed position classes. The language has very little inflectional morphology but much derivational and extensional morphology. Most derivation takes place with verbal roots.


title: Igbo language

text: Extensional suffixes, a term used in the Igbo literature, refer to morphology that has some but not all characteristics of derivation. The words created by these suffixes always belong to the same lexical category as the root from which they are created, and the suffixes' effects are principally semantic. On these grounds, Emenanjo (2015) asserts that the suffixes called extensional are bound lexical compounding elements; they cannot occur independently, though many are related to other free morphemes from which they may have originally been derived.


title: Igbo language

text: In addition to affixation, Igbo exhibits both partial and full reduplication to form gerunds from verbs. The partial form copies on the initial consonant and inserts a high front vowel, while the full form copies the first consonant and vowel. Both types are then prefixed with "o-". For example, "-go" 'buy' partially reduplicates to form "ògigo" 'buying,' and "-bu" 'carry' fully reduplicates to form "òbubu" 'carrying'. Some other noun and verb forms also exhibit reduplication, but because the reduplicated forms are semantically unpredictable, reduplication in their case is not synchronically productive, and they are better described as separate lexical items.


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo does not mark overt case distinctions on nominal constituents and conveys grammatical relations only through word order. The typical Igbo sentence displays subject-verb-object (SVO) ordering, where subject is understood as the sole argument of an intransitive verb or the agent-like (external) argument of a transitive verb. Igbo thus exhibits accusative alignment.


title: Igbo language

text: It has been proposed, with reservations, that some Igbo verbs display ergativity on some level, as in the following two examples:


title: Igbo language

text: In (4), the verb has a single argument, "nnukwu mmīri", which appears in subject position, and in the transitive sentence (5), that same argument appears in the object position, even though the two are semantically identical. On this basis, authors such as Emenanjuo (2015) have posited that this argument is an absolutive and that Igbo therefore contains some degree of ergativity.


title: Igbo language

text: However, others disagree, arguing that the relevant category is not alignment but underlying argument structure; under this hypothesis, (4) and (5) differ only in the application of a transformation and can be accounted for entirely by the unaccusative hypothesis and the Extended Projection Principle; the nominal argument is generated in object position, and either it is raised to the subject position, as in (4), or the subject position is filled with a pleonastic pronoun, as in (5).


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo relative clauses are externally headed and follow the head noun. They do not employ overt relative markers or resumptive pronouns, instead leaving a gap in the position of the relativized noun. Subjects and objects can be relativized. Examples include (relative clauses bracketed):


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo lacks the common valence-decreasing operation of passivization, a fact which has led multiple scholars to claim that "voice is not a relevant category in Igbo." The language does, however, possess some valence-increasing operations that could be construed as voice under a broader definition


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo also possess an applicative construction, which takes the suffix "-rV", where "V" copies the previous vowel, and the applicative argument follows the verb directly. The applicative suffix is identical in form with the past tense suffix, with which it should not be confused. For example:


title: Igbo language

text: Igbo permits verb serialization, which is used extensively to compensate for its paucity of prepositions. Among the meaning types commonly expressed in serial verb constructions are instruments, datives, accompaniment, purpose, and manner. (13) and (14) below illustrate instrumental and dative verb series, respectively:


title: Igbo language

text: The Igbo people have long used Nsibidi ideograms, invented by the neighboring Ekoi people, for basic written communication. They have been used since at least the 16th century, but died out publicly after they became popular amongst secret societies such as the Ekpe, who used them as a secret form of communication. Nsibidi, however, is not a full writing system, because it cannot transcribe the Igbo language specifically. In 1960, a rural land owner and dibia named Nwagu Aneke developed a syllabary for the Umuleri dialect of Igbo, the script, named after him as the Nwagu Aneke script, was used to write hundreds of diary entries until Aneke's death in 1991. The Nwagu Aneke Project is working on translating Nwagu's commentary and diary.


title: Igbo language

text: Before the existence of any official system of orthography for the Igbo language, travelers and writers documented Igbo sounds by utilizing the orthologies of their own languages in transcribing them, though they encountered difficulty representing particular sounds, such as implosives, labialized velars, syllabic nasals, and non-expanded vowels. In the 1850s, German philologist Karl Richard Lepsius published the Standard Alphabet, which was universal to all languages of the world, and became the first Igbo orthography. It contained 34 letters and included digraphs and diacritical marks to transcribe sounds distinct to African languages. The Lepsius Standard Alphabet contained the following letters:


title: Igbo language

text: The Lepsius orthography was replaced by the Practical Orthography of African Languages (Africa Orthography) in 1929 by the colonial government in Nigeria. The new orthography, created by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures (IIALC), had 36 letters and disposed of diacritic marks. Numerous controversial issues with the new orthography eventually led to its replacement in the early 1960s. The Africa Orthology contained the following letters:


title: Igbo language

text: The current Ọnwụ alphabet, a compromise between the older Lepsius alphabet and a newer alphabet advocated by the International Institute of African Languages and Cultures (IIALC), is presented in the following table, with the International Phonetic Alphabet equivalents for the characters:


title: Igbo language

text: The graphemes and are described both as coarticulated and and as implosives, so both values are included in the table.


title: Igbo language

text: Tones are sometimes indicated in writing, and sometimes not. When tone is indicated, low tones are shown with a grave accent over the vowel, for example → , and high tones with an acute accent over the vowel, for example → .


title: Igbo language

text: A variety of issues have made agreement on a standardized orthography for the Igbo language difficult. In 1976, the Igbo Standardization Committee criticized the official orthography in light of the difficulty notating diacritic marks using typewriters and computers; difficulty in accurately representing tone with tone-marking conventions, as they are subject to change in different environments; and the inability to capture various sounds particular to certain Igbo dialects. The Committee produced a modified version of the Ọnwụ orthography, called the New Standard Orthography, which substituted and for and , for , and for . The New Standard Orthography has not been widely adopted, although it was used, for example, in the 1998 "Igbo English Dictionary" by Michael Echeruo.


title: Igbo language

text: More recent calls for reform have been based in part on the rogue use of alphabetic symbols, tonal notations, and spelling conventions that deviate from the standard orthography.


title: Igbo language

text: There are also some modern movements to restore the use of and modernize nsibidi as a writing system, which mostly focus on Igbo as it is the most populous language that used to use nsibidi.


title: Igbo language

text: In 2009, a Nigerian software engineer and artist named Lotanna Igwe-Odunze developed a native script named Ndebe script. It was further redesigned and relaunched in 2020 as a standalone writing system completely independent of Nsibidi. The script gained notable attention after a write-up from Nigerian linguist Kola Tubosun on its "straightforward" and "logical" approach to indicating tonal and dialectal variety compared to Latin.


title: Igbo language

text: Proverbs and idiomatic expressions (ilu and akpalaokwu in Igbo, respectively) are highly valued by the Igbo people and proficiency in the language means knowing how to intersperse speech with a good dose of proverbs. Chinua Achebe (in "Things Fall Apart") describes proverbs as "the palm oil with which words are eaten". Proverbs are widely used in the traditional society to describe, in very few words, what could have otherwise required a thousand words. Proverbs may also become euphemistic means of making certain expressions in the Igbo society, thus the Igbo have come to typically rely on this as avenues of certain expressions.


title: Igbo language

text: As a consequence of the Atlantic slave trade, the Igbo language was spread by enslaved Igbo people throughout slave colonies in the Americas. Examples can be found in Jamaican Patois: the pronoun , used for 'you (plural)', is taken from Igbo, "Red eboe" refers to a fair-skinned black person because of the reported account of a fair or yellowish skin tone among the Igbo. "Soso" meaning "only" comes from Igbo. See List of Jamaican Patois words of African origin for more examples.


title: Igbo language

text: The word "Bim", a name for Barbados, was commonly used by enslaved Barbadians (Bajans). This word is said to derive from the Igbo language, derived from "bi mu" (or either "bem", "Ndi bem", "Nwanyi ibem" or "Nwoke ibem") (), but it may have other origins (see: Barbados etymology).


title: Igbo language

text: In Cuba, the Igbo language (along with the Efik language) continues to be used, albeit in a creolized form, in ceremonies of the Abakuá society, equivalent or derived from the Ekpe society in modern Nigeria.


title: Igbo language

text: In modern times, Igbo people in the diaspora are putting resources in place to make the study of the language accessible.


title: Igbo language

text: There are some discussions as to whether the Igbo language is in danger of extinction, advanced in part by a 2006 UNESCO report that predicted the Igbo language will become extinct within 50 years. Professor of African and African Diaspora Literatures at University of Massachusetts, Chukwuma Azuonye, emphasizes indicators for the endangerment of the Igbo language based on criteria that includes the declining population of monolingual elderly speakers; reduced competence and performance among Igbo speakers, especially children; the deterioration of idioms, proverbs, and other rhetorical elements of the Igbo language that convey the cultural aesthetic; and code-switching, code-mixing, and language shift.


title: Igbo language

text: External and internal factors have been proposed as causes of the decline of Igbo language usage. Preference for the English language in post-colonial Nigeria has usurped the Igbo language's role and function in society, as English is perceived by Igbo speakers as the language of status and opportunity. This perception may be a contributor to the negative attitude towards the Igbo language by its speakers across the spectrum of socio-economic classes. Igbo children's reduced competence and performance has been attributed in part to the lack of exposure in the home environment, which impacts intergenerational transmission of the language. English is the official language in Nigeria and is utilized in government administration, educational institutions, and commerce. Aside from its role in numerous facets of daily life in Nigeria, globalization exerts pressure to utilize English as a universal standard language in support of economic and technological advancement. A 2005 study by Igboanusi and Peter demonstrated the preferential attitude towards English over the Igbo language amongst Igbo people in the communication, entertainment, and media domains. English was preferred by Igbo speakers at 56.5% for oral communication, 91.5% for written communication, 55.5–59.5% in entertainment, and 73.5–83.5% for media.


title: Igbo language

text: The effect of English on Igbo languages amongst bilingual Igbo speakers can be seen by the incorporation of English loanwords into Igbo and code-switching between the two languages. English loanwords, which are usually nouns, have been found to retain English semantics, but typically follow phonological and morphological structures of Igbo. Lexical items conform to the vowel harmony intrinsic to Igbo phonological structures. For example, loanwords with syllable-final consonants may be assimilated by the addition of a vowel after the consonant, and vowels are inserted in between consonant clusters, which have not been found to occur in Igbo. This can be seen in the word "sukulu", which is a loanword derived from the English word school that has followed the aforementioned pattern of modification when it was assimilated into the Igbo language. Code-switching, which involves the insertion of longer English syntactic units into Igbo utterances, may consist of phrases or entire sentences, principally nouns and verbs, that may or may not follow Igbo syntactic patterns. Igbo affixes to English verbs determine tense and aspectual markers, such as the Igbo suffix -i affixed to the English word check, expressed as the word CHECK-i.


title: Igbo language

text: The standardized Igbo language is composed of fragmented features from numerous Igbo dialects and is not technically a spoken language, but it is used in communicational, educational, and academic contexts. This unification is perceived by Chukwuma Azuonye as undermining the survival of Igbo by erasing diversity between dialects. Each individual dialect possesses unique untranslatable idioms and rhetorical devices that represent Igbo cultural nuances that can be lost as dialects disappear or deteriorate. Newly coined terms may fail to conform to a dialect's lexical formation in assimilating loan words.


title: Igbo language

text: Proverbs are an essential component of the Igbo language that convey cultural wisdom and contextual significance to linguistic expression. Everyday usage of Igbo proverbs has declined in recent generations of speakers, which threatens loss in intergenerational transmission. A recent study of the Ogwashi dialect of Igbo demonstrated a steep decline in youth's knowledge and use of proverbs compared to elder speakers. In this study, youths employed simplified or incomplete proverbial expressions, lacked a diverse proverbial repertoire, and were deficient in their understanding of proper contextual usages as compared to elders who demonstrated competence to enhance linguistic expression with a diverse vocabulary of proverbs.


title: Annette Badland

text: Annette Badland (born 26 August 1950) is an English actress known for a wide range of roles on television, radio, stage, and film. She is best known for her roles as Margaret Blaine in the BBC science fiction series "Doctor Who", Mrs. Glenna Fitzgibbons in the first season of "Outlander," and Babe Smith in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". She was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role in 1993 for her performance in Jim Cartwright's play "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice."


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland was born on 26 August 1950 in Edgbaston, Birmingham. Her mother, originally from Loanhead, Scotland, relocated to Birmingham during World War II to work as a munitions and aircraft worker in the factories, where she met Badland's father. Her family often returned to Scotland for holidays and to visit family, or sometimes they holidayed in Wales. Badland trained in acting at East 15 Acting School in Loughton, Essex, working in "rep" at Southwold Summer Theatre during her time there. Her performance as the maid in "Private Lives" for the Summer 1970 season earned her an Equity Card and the right to work in the professional theatre.


title: Annette Badland

text: After drama school, Badland joined Ian McKellen's Actors' Company at the Cambridge Arts Theatre; her first professional productions were in director Noel Willman's "Three Arrows" (by Iris Murdoch) and Richard Cottrell's "Ruling the Roost" (Georges Feydeau) in October 1972. After pantomime ("Toad of Toad Hall" at the Dukes Theatre, Lancaster), at the end of that year she moved on to the 1973 season with the Royal Shakespeare Company at Stratford. Her Audrey in "As You Like It" was considered an auspicious debut in a leading company.


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland joined the cast of Jim Cartwright's play "The Rise and Fall of Little Voice", which centres on a shy young woman from Lancashire who expresses herself through song, at the Aldwych Theatre from October 1992 through February 1993. In 1994, she starred in Tony Kushner's post-communist tragic comedy "Slavs!", which explored the repercussions of the post Soviet era.


title: Annette Badland

text: "The Prime of Miss Jean Brodie," a play adapted from Muriel Sparks' novel about an otherwise inspirational teacher who transpires to have an unhealthy admiration for fascist leaders, saw Badland as headmistress Miss Mackay on London's West End in 1998. She went on to perform opposite Jude Law in both David Lan's 1999 production of "'Tis Pity She's a Whore" and his 2002 production of "Doctor Faustus" at the Young Vic Theatre in London.


title: Annette Badland

text: In 2006, Badland worked with The Peter Hall Company on two productions at the Theatre Royal in Bath, England. The first was Shakespeare's "Measure for Measure," a drama centring on protagonist Isabella's moral dilemma of whether or not to sacrifice her virginity to save her brother. Second was writer Alan Bennett's ensemble piece "Habeas Corpus", a farce penned in 1971 and set to modern music of that time. She went on to work with Hall again in 2007 in a production of Noël Coward's "The Vortex" at London's Apollo Theatre.


title: Annette Badland

text: During the Tiata Delights Festival in 2009, Badland performed in Zimbabwean playwright Michael Bhim's "The Golden Hour", a thriller set in a London hospital where the main character encounters a baby he thinks has been brought to the country illegally. That same year she participated in Hampstead Theatre's (London) fiftieth anniversary season by starring in Michael Frayn's play "Alphabetical Order", which is set in a provincial newspaper library. Finishing out 2009, Badland featured as psychic medium Madame Arcat in Noël Coward's comedy "Blithe Spirit" at the Royal Exchange Theatre in Manchester, England.


title: Annette Badland

text: With a cast consisting mostly of child actors, Badland starred as the headmistress in 2010's Royal Court Theatre production of "Kin", a disturbing play detailing the lives of young girls at boarding school. From there she went on to star in "Far Away", Caryl Churchill's dystopian drama where the future is war, at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre.


title: Annette Badland

text: In 2018, Badland signed on to work with The Globe Theatre in London in their production of Blanche McIntyre's "The Winter's Tale," which was broadcast live to theatres in October of that year"," and Matt Hartley's "Eyam", based upon the true story of a Derbyshire village that voluntarily quarantined themselves during an outbreak of the Black Plague. During the first quarter of 2019, Badland starred in two separate productions, featuring the same cast, at the Sam Wanamaker Playhouse in London. The first was "Edward II", where she portrayed Mortimer, and the second was "After Edward", a response to Marlowe's "Edward II", where she portrayed Gertrude Stein.


title: Annette Badland

text: In September 2019, Badland was made a patron of The Old Rep Theatre in Birmingham. The theatre dedicated a seat in her honour that reads ""Whatever you can do, or dream you can, begin it"".


title: Annette Badland

text: In March 2020 she appeared in "Our Lady of Blundellsands", a new play written by Jonathan Harvey as one of the two sisters in the dysfunctional Domingo family.


title: Annette Badland

text: In September 2021, she was the sole performer in a special event held on the Golden Hind in Brixham Harbour to mark the 131st anniversary of the birth of the crime writer Agatha Christie: fittingly, specific details of the event were not publicised in advance and the audience of 30 was sworn to secrecy.


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland's first professional television role was for Thames Television in 1975's feature length biopic "The Naked Civil Servant", where she portrayed the tap-dancing pupil. Between 1978 and 1980, she was featured in a series one episode of BBC Two's "The Devil's Crown", an episode of Southern Television’s "Spearhead", ATV's long running serial "Crossroads", made-for-TV film "Flat Bust", BBC One's "Shoestring," and Thames Television's "The Dick Emery Hour". From there she secured a recurring role as Charlotte in BBC's crime drama "Bergerac" (1981–84), a four-episode stint in Thames Television's "Bognor", BBC's mini-series "Great Expectations", and several episodes of BBC Two's comedy "The Last Song".


title: Annette Badland

text: 1982 saw Badland appear in several guest-starring roles in episodic television. ITV's crime drama "The Gentle Touch", a police drama set in 1980's Britain, featured her in the series three episode "Solution". She also guest-starred as a nurse in both BBC's period drama "Nanny" and Thames Television's crime series "Minder". In February 1983 she starred as Vera in PBS's comedic mini-series "Pictures", set during the era of silent films, which was broadcast on Masterpiece Theatre. Later that year, Badland guest-starred on an episode of BBC Two's satirical mini-series "The Old Men At The Zoo", which was based upon Angus Wilson's dystopian novel of the same name. ABC's drama "Lace", originally aired in 1984, featured Badland alongside Angela Lansbury and Phoebe Cates. She would reprise her role as Piggy Fassbinder in the 1985 made for TV sequel "Lace II". Between those appearances, Badland would feature in Channel 4's made for film TV film "Last Day of Summer", BBC's Two-part mini-series "Agatha Christie's Miss Marple:" "A Pocket Full of Rye" as Gladys Martin, BBC's made-for-TV film "Newstime" as Doreen, Channel 4's TV film "Sacred Hearts" as Sister Mercy and an episode of ITV's children's anthology series "Dramarama".


title: Annette Badland

text: From 1985 to 1986, Badland starred as Christine in ITV's sitcom "Troubles and Strife", which revolved around the effect a new young vicar had on the town's women. She went on, the next year, to co-star in the PBS mini-series "A Little Princess", based upon Frances Hodgson Burnett's classic children's novel (1905) and a series one episode of the BBC's sitcom "You Must Be the Husband". Badland was a regular guest in series one of ITV/Channel 4's comedy sketch series "Hale & Pace" in 1988 before a turn in a series four episode ("Chinese Whispers", 1989) of BBC's anthology series "Screenplay". Following that, she appeared in "The Rough and The Smooth", an episode of "All Creatures Great and Small", an episode of BBC's medical drama "Casualty", and CBS's made-for-TV film "The Pied Piper", alongside Peter O'Toole. From 1990 to 1991, Badland featured as multiple characters in BBC One's children's series "Happy Families", which was based upon a set of books by Janet and Alan Ahlberg.


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland guest-starred in a four-episode stint on BBC's Manchester based comedy "Making Out" early in 1991 and three episodes of the BBC One children's programme "Archer's Goon" in 1992. She also featured in two separate episodes, one in 1991 and one in 1993, of the family sitcom "2point4 Children". Returning to BBC's medical drama "Casualty" for a second time, Badland featured in 1993's series 8 episode "Born Loser". She also appeared in director Andy Wilson's mini-series "The Mushroom Picker" and director Carol Wiseman's mini-series "Goggle Eyes". Between 1993 and 1995, Badland starred as the nurse in BBC's comedy, "Inside Victor Lewis-Smith", which was presented as a look into comic and journalist Lewis-Smith's mind while he was in a coma. During that time, she had guest-starring roles on several television programs, including the BBC drama "Smokescreen", comedy "Love Hurts" with Zoë Wanamaker, "Frank Stubbs Promotes" with Timothy Spall, Channel 4's comedy "Blue Heaven", and children's program "Mike & Angelo".


title: Annette Badland

text: In 1995, Badland was featured in three episodes of BBC's BAFTA nominated children's program "Jackanory", which featured celebrities reading bedtime stories for younger audiences. From there, she guest-starred on a series one episode of Stewart Lee and Richard Herring's comedy sketch showcase "Fist of Fun" and a series three episode of the British Comedy Award winning show "Outside Edge". Between 1995 and 1996, Badland starred as Dolly Buckle in the BBC's drama "Black Hearts in Battersea", an adaptation of Joel Aiken's novel of the same name. During that time she also featured in NBC's two part mini-series "Gulliver's Travels", BBC's children's series "The Demon Headmaster", and director Martyn Friend's made-for-TV movie "Cuts".


title: Annette Badland

text: BBC's gritty crime mini-series "Holding On" (1997), set in London and following a series of unconnected characters, featured Badland as Brenda in four of the eight episodes. Between 1997 and 1998 she guest-starred in the BBC One children's comedy "Mr Wymi," which focused on a young boy who builds a robot butler for his family, and ITV's children's program "The Worst Witch". In 1999, Badland guest-starred for the fourth time on ITV's long-running police procedural "The Bill". She appeared in a series seven episode entitled "Vital Statistics" (1991), a series eleven episode entitled "Off Limits" (1995), a series fourteen episode entitled "The Fat Lady Sings" (1998), and a series fifteen episode entitled "Look Again" (1999). That same year, Badland guest-starred on the series two premiere of BBC's medical drama "Holby City", TNT's made-for-TV movie "A Christmas Carol" opposite Patrick Stewart, and ITV's Alan Bleasdale penned mini-series "Oliver Twist". In three episodes broadcast between 1999 and 2000, Badland portrayed Aunt Glenda in BBC's dramatic comedy series "Microsoap". She also featured in her first episode of BBC's medical drama "Doctors" in the series one episode "A Woman's Right to Choose".


title: Annette Badland

text: Children's series "The Queen's Nose", originally broadcast on CBBC, saw Badland in the role of Mrs. Dooley in series four and five (2000/2001). She went on to star in the made-for-TV film "The Gentleman Thief" and feature in Hallmark's two-part-mini series "The Lost Empire" (aka "The Monkey King"). Her next television role, in 2002, was a guest spot on BBC's family drama "Born and Bred." Badland followed this appearance with two made for television movies. First was "The Mayor of Casterbridge", an adaptation of Thomas Hardy's novel, and the second was "Indian Dream" for BBC Two. Between 2002 and 2005, Badland co-starred in BBC's "Cutting It", a drama series set in a Manchester, England hair salon. Badland was once again showcased in an "Agatha Christie's" adaptation in 2003, this time portraying Mrs. Spriggs in the episode "Five Little Pigs" in the series nine premiere of ITV's "Poirot". Following that role, she featured in her second episode of BBC's "Doctors" in the series six episode "An Inspector Called".


title: Annette Badland

text: 2005 saw Badland featured in a variety of television mediums. She began the year by portraying Einstein's nurse in an episode of BBC Two's documentary series "Horizon" entitled "Einstein's Unfinished Symphony". From there she returned to serialised television in a four-episode stint on long-running soap opera "Coronation Street," a two-episode guest-starring role on BBC's court drama "Judge John Deed," and an episode of BBC Three's dark comedy "Twisted Tales". In a crossover episode of medical dramas "Holby City" and "Casualty," where fans decided the fate of certain characters, Badland guest-starred as Wendy Wincott. She also portrayed the recurring villain Blon Fel-Fotch Pasameer-Day Slitheen a.k.a. "Margaret Blaine" in the 2005 series of "Doctor Who" and provided commentary on the "Doctor Who" Complete Series One Box Set for the episodes "World War Three" and "Boom Town".


title: Annette Badland

text: Portraying Angela Robbins, a disturbed inmate who suffered from Dissociative Identity Disorder, Badland appeared at Larkhall Prison in 2006 in an episode of the eighth series of ITV One's drama "Bad Girls". The next year she starred in Hat Trick Productions' made for TV Film "Miss Mary Lloyd" and featured in her third role on BBC's "Doctors" in the series nine episode entitled "Background Noise". Badland then featured in the series two premier of ITV's comedy "Kingdom" (2008), opposite Stephen Fry, Channel 4's "Coming Up", opposite Imelda Staunton, and made-for-TV film "Summerhill". She also portrayed the sharply conservative Ethel Tonks in BBC's "All the Small Things" (April/May 2009) alongside Sarah Lancashire, Neil Pearson, Sarah Alexander and Bryan Dick. BBC Three's mini-series "Personal Affairs", a candid look at office life among up and coming women, featured Badland as Mahiri Crawford, and the made-for-TV film "Whatever It Takes" saw her portray the role of Connie. Then, in a third appearance on BBC's medical drama "Casualty", she guest-starred in the series twenty-four episode entitled "Every Breath you Take" (2009).


title: Annette Badland

text: In 2010 Badland featured in her fourth stint on BBC's "Doctors" in the series twelve episode "Love Thy Neighbour" and the pilot episode of Sky One's "Little Crackers", a series of autobiographical shorts written by and starring some of Britain's top comedians. The next year she featured in an episode of BBC's WWI drama "Land Girls", which focused on the lives of several women in Britain's Women's Land Army, a second episode of "Little Crackers" based upon Sheridan Smith's life experiences, and an episode of BBC Two's documentary series "The Faces of..." focusing on the career of Michael Caine. From 2011 to 2015 on "The Sparticle Mystery", Badland appeared in four episodes as DoomsDay Dora and eight episodes as HoloDora. 2012 saw her appear in several episodic series, including Channel 4's cult-hit "Skins", her fifth and final episode of BBC's "Doctors", and her fourth and final episode of BBC's "Casualty". Badland also appeared as Ursula, from 2012 to 2014, in the CBBC science fiction series, "Wizards vs Aliens".


title: Annette Badland

text: Award-winning web series "3some" featured Badland as one of the main character's mother in 2013. She went on to star in an episode of Sky One's "Playhouse Presents" entitled "Snodgrass", which imagined what would have happened if John Lennon had left The Beatles prior to becoming famous. She rounded out 2013 by featuring in an episode of comedy series "You, Me & Them" and several episodes of Channel 4's sitcom "Man Down." On 12 December 2013, it was announced that Badland would appear as a regular in the BBC soap opera, "EastEnders", playing Babe Smith. She made her first on-screen appearance in the episode broadcast on 31 January 2014. In 2016 it was announced, by new executive producer Sean O'Connor, that Badland's character would be leaving the serial and making her final appearance on 9 February 2017.


title: Annette Badland

text: Beginning in 2014, Badland portrayed the featured recurring role of Mrs. Fitzgibbons in Starz's television adaptation of Diana Gabaldon's best selling Scottish time travel novel "Outlander". That same year she featured in an episode of BBC's mystery series "Father Brown ""The Daughters of Jerusalem" as Judith Bunyon"," before a turn as her "EastEnders" character Aunt Babe in the made for TV Film "Neighbours 30th Anniversary Tribute: Ramsey Square".


title: Annette Badland

text: In May 2018, Badland reached the final of BBC's charity series "Pointless Celebrity" with "Midsomer Murders"' Neil Dudgeon, eventually donating £500 to the Midland Langar Seva Society. 2018 also saw Badland in several episodic television roles such as BBC One's sitcom "Not Going Out", ITV Two's Roman sitcom "Plebs", CBBC's children's series "The Dumping Ground", BBC One's comedy "Hold the Sunset," and Sky One's mystery series "Agatha Raisin." "The Fairies of Fryfam" as Betty Jackson. In 2019 she guest-starred on BBC's dramatic daytime comedy "" "Nothing Will Come of Nothing" as Ms Rose King. Beginning in series twenty (2019) of ITV's long-running crime drama "Midsomer Murders", she has portrayed Dr. Fleur Perkins, Midsomer's resident pathologist.


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland's first film role was Terry Gilliam's 1977 film "Jabberwocky," based upon Lewis Carroll's epic poem, alongside Michael Palin and Harry H. Corbett"." She would not return to film again until 1986's independent feature "Knights & Emeralds", which explored the consequences of a white drummer joining a mostly black marching band. From there she landed roles in director Jonnie Turpie's film "Out of Order" (1987) and director Chris Newby's "Anchoress".


title: Annette Badland

text: Writer John Brosnan's horror film "Beyond Bedlam" (1994) and director Angela Pope's drama "Captives," which focused on a prison dentist's illicit affair with an inmate"," both featured Badland in 1994. Her next film was director Paul Unwin's Oscar nominated short "Syrup". She went on to Xingu Film's comedy"The Grotesque" (1995, aka "Gentlemen Don't Eat Poets"), director Philip Haas' drama "Angels & Insects", director Angela Pope's drama "Hollow Reed", and director Shane Meadows sports drama "TwentyFourSeven". In 1998, Badland co-starred in the SAG nominated drama "Little Voice" (1998) as the friend of Little Voice's mother Mari (Brenda Blethyn). The next year she starred in director Rachel Mathews' short film "Mrs. Buchan", a black comedy exploring religious conviction, director Mark Greenstreet's romantic comedy "Caught In the Act", and Tall Stories' dramatic comedy "Beautiful People," which centres on the conflict between two Bosnian refugees in London.


title: Annette Badland

text: 2000 saw Badland in two feature films, the first was director David A Stewart's drama "Honest," a black comedy set in London of the late 1960s alongside Peter Facinelli, and the second was Focus Films' "Secret Society," a comedy where several women working factory jobs by day are secretly sumo wrestling by night. Between 2001 and 2004, Badlland had roles in the comedy "Redemption Road", dramatic comedy "Club Le Monde", dramatic comedy "Mrs. Caldicot's Cabbage War", director Joe Perino's "A Village Tale", director Sonja Phillips' directing debut "The Knickerman", and Caspian Productions' short film "The Tale of Tarquin Slant". In 2005, Badland lent her voice to the Walt Disney's animated feature "Valiant", about a WWI carrier pigeon who joins the Royal Homing Pigeon Corps, alongside Ewan McGregor and Tim Curry. She went on to feature in Tim Burton's fill-length film "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (2005)"," thriller "The Kovak Box" (2006)"," and the drama "Almost Adult" (2006)"."


title: Annette Badland

text: "The Baker", a comedy from director Gareth Lewis about a hit man seeking refuge from his career, saw Badland feature as Martha Edwards early in 2007. From there she went on to star in director Nic Cornwall's short film "Mr Thornton's Change of Heart," feature in the comedy "Three and Out" opposite Colm Meaney, and appear in the thriller "Legacy: Black Ops" opposite Idris Elba. In 2009, Badland signed on for a role in "Jam", the first short film from three eighteen year old filmmakers, which was financed through crowdfunding after attracting the attention of the public and celebrities. Continuing with short films, she starred in the Oscar nominated "Wish 143," the story of a young man trying to live life before succumbing to cancer, from director Ian Barnes. 2012 saw Badland featured in "Mother's Milk", a drama based upon Edward St. Aubyn's novel of the same name, before returning to short films for 2013's "The Girl In A Bubble" and 2014's "A Quiet Courage".


title: Annette Badland

text: In 2017, Badland featured in two separate biopics. The first was the biographical drama "A Quiet Passion", directed by Terence Davies and starring Cynthia Nixon, which chronicled the life of poet Emily Dickinson. Second was the biographical dramatic comedy "The Man Who Invented Christmas", directed by Baharat Nalluri and starring Dan Stevens, which explored author Charles Dickens' journey to overcome writer's block and produce the novella "A Christmas Carol". In 2018, Badland starred in writer/director Callum Crawford's debut film, "Degenerates", a film which centres on a writer who, unable to sell his screenplay ideas, sets out to create his own.


title: Annette Badland

text: Badland began her radio career in 1992 with a role in David Halliwell's comedy "Little Malcolm and His Struggle Against the Eunuchs" for BBC Radio 3. In 1994, she was cast as the lead role of DI Gwen Danbury on BBC Radio 4 Extra's crime drama "An Odd Body," a role she would portray for three series. From 2000 to 2003, Badland was a regular on BBC Radio 4 Extra's comedy "Smelling of Roses" before being cast in the six-part BBC Radio 4 radio drama "Rolling Home", which centred on a group of people living in caravans (aka mobile homes/campers). In 2004, Badland starred in BBC Radio 4's play "The Pool", which focuses on a Londoner's adventures while stuck in Liverpool for the day, opposite Peter Wright, "The Diary of a Nobody" opposite Stephen Tompkinson, and "Bumps and Bruises," which focuses on an unqualified woman attempting to run an antenatal (prenatal) class opposite Penelope Wilton. Richard Monk's "Church", broadcast in February 2005 and starring Badland alongside Andrew Garfield, tells the story of sex and religion through the eyes of two different men. She then took over the role of Hazel Woolley, the "bad seed" adopted daughter of Jack Woolley in the long-running radio soap opera "The Archers," featured in the radio adaptation of an adaptation of George MacDonald's children's novel "At the Back of the North Wind," and starred as Mrs. Yeobright in BBC Radio 4 Extra's adaptation of Thomas Hardy's "The Return of the Native."


title: Annette Badland

text: In 2006 Badland starred in BBC Radio 4's "River's Up" alongside Peter Corey. The next year she featured in Jonathan Myerson's six-part radio dramatization of Boris Pasternak's epic story "Dr. Zhivago". From there, Badland featured as Tilly Carbury in BBC Radio 4's "15 Minute Drama" "The Way We Live Right Now" (2008), an adaptation of Anthony Trollope's satirical novel, and served as a narrator for Heather Couper's "Cosmic Quest", an educational history of astronomy. "Yerma", a poetic play touching on the themes of love, infertility, and isolation by Spanish author Frederico Garcia Lorca, saw Badland star alongside Emma Cunniffe and Concrad Nelson in 2010 on BBC Radio 3. That same year, she appeared in several episodes of BBC Radio 4's "Poetry Please", where poems of various themes are chosen by listeners, and Chris Wilson's play "Lump-Boy Logan", which focused on a boy with acne, for BBC Radio 3. BBC Radio 4 Extra's show "Poetry Extra" featured Badland in an episode showcasing the work of poet Molly Holden later that year. She later guest-starred in an episode of Sebastian Baczkiewicz's dark fantasy-adventure radio program "Pilgrim" (2013), a series of tales that followed the adventures of main character and immortal being William Palmer. In the two-part radio serial "The Aeneid" (2013)"," writer Hattie Naylor's adaptation of the epic poem by Virgil, saw Badland in the role of Roman Goddess Venus on BBC Radio 4. "Doing Time: The Last Ballad of Reading Gaol", based upon the poem by Oscar Wilde and showcasing odd historical facts from the prison's records, featured Badland in 2014. She went on to perform as a reader for series one, episode five of Jenny Eclaire's short story vignette series "Little Lifetimes" in an episode entitled "The Viewing". The next year, she scored the lead role of Mrs. Pickwick, a commissioner for local government, in director Jeremy Mortimer's drama "Mrs. Pickwick's Papers" on BBC Radio 4. It was announced in 2018 that Badland would reprise her role as "Doctor Who"'s Margaret Blaine in the spin-off radio series "Torchwood". The episode, entitled "Sync", was released in May 2019.