title: The Chase (American game show)

text: On July 20, 2020, it was reported that ABC was casting for a US revival of "The Chase." Three days later, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the network was in talks to cast Rutter and fellow "Jeopardy!" champions Ken Jennings and James Holzhauer to serve as the chasers. Holzhauer, Jennings and Rutter had recently competed on "Jeopardy! The Greatest of All Time", a primetime "Jeopardy!" tournament aired on ABC in January, while Holzhauer was also a previous contestant on the GSN version, which led to him appearing on "Jeopardy!" in 2019. On November 2, 2020, it was reported that ABC had ordered "The Chase" to series for a nine-episode run, with Sara Haines of ABC's daytime talk show "The View" as host and Jennings, Holzhauer and Rutter each rotating as the Chaser. On the show, Jennings is nicknamed "The Professor," Holzhauer as "The High Roller" and Rutter as "The Buzzsaw." The revival premiered on January 7, 2021. The season premiere was dedicated to Alex Trebek, who died on November 8, 2020, at the age of 80, and hosted "Jeopardy!" when Jennings, Holzhauer and Rutter were contestants.


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: On April 7, 2021, the revival was renewed for a second season, which premiered on June 6, 2021. In May 2021, it was reported that Labbett would be rejoining the American version of the series as the ABC version's fourth chaser. The second half of the second season premiered on January 5, 2022.


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: On March 15, 2022, the revival was confirmed for a third season, featuring Victoria Groce, Brandon Blackwell, and Buzzy Cohen as new chasers, alongside returning chasers Rutter and Holzhauer. It premiered on May 3, 2022.


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: "The Chase" was generally well-received by critics. Michael Tyminski of "Manhattan Digest" reviewed the series positively, calling it "a breath of fresh air" and praising Burns and Labbett in their respective roles. Tyminski added that while each question's level of difficulty is not always on par with those on other quiz shows such as "Jeopardy!", the show avoids a "painfully slow pace." Similarly, John Teti of "The A.V. Club" called the show a "pretty good adaptation" of its UK counterpart. While he preferred the British version of the show, saying that it had "a more varied cast and stronger production values,” Teti felt that the American version "still holds its own." "The Chase" was also ranked ninth on Douglas Pucci's (of "TV Media Insights") list of best new television shows of 2013.


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: "The Chase" was one of two GSN originals (the other being "The American Bible Challenge") to be honored at the 41st Daytime Emmy Awards in 2014 with an Emmy nomination for Outstanding Game Show, "Jeopardy!" was the eventual winner. Two years later, Burns received an Emmy nomination at the 43rd Daytime Emmy Awards for Outstanding Game Show Host, losing to Craig Ferguson of "Celebrity Name Game".


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: Writing for "Decider," Joel Keller stated that the ABC version "could be slightly faster-paced, but the excitement of people going head-to-head with three of the best quiz show contestants in American television history is something game show aficionados can really sink their teeth into." Linda Maleh of "TV Insider" was critical of some elements of the revival, but still noted, "A chance to face off with some of the most well known trivia buffs is a good premise for a game show, it just needs to cut the fat."


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: "The Chase" became one of the highest-rated original programs in GSN's history. The series debuted to 511,000 total viewers during its premiere while maintaining 90% of its audience with 461,000 total viewers during the second episode airing that night. On January 28, 2014, "The Chase" set a new series high for total viewers and adults 18–49, with 827,000 and 234,000 viewers, respectively. Although the season three premiere fell in the ratings from its series high, earning 494,000 viewers with only 73,000 in the 18–49 demographic, the premiere of the fourth season saw a sizeable rise over the previous season's premiere, earning 749,000 total viewers. With a strong lead-in from "Celebrity Wheel of Fortune," the 2021 ABC version premiered to a 0.9/5 rating/share and 6.2 million viewers. The second season of the 2021 version premiered to 4.23 million viewers. The third season of the 2021 version premiered to 2.29 million viewers.


title: The Chase (American game show)

text: On December 18, 2013, Barnstorm Games released a mobile version of the game for iOS and Android. The only differences between the app and the show are that four choices are presented for questions in the Cash Builder and Final Chase rounds and that no Final Chase is played if all players are caught in their individual chases. The app features Labbett (referred to by his "Beast" nickname) as a simulated chaser and can be played by up to four people.


title: Sunnah

text: In Islam, ', also spelled ' (), are the traditions and practices of the Islamic prophet Muhammad that constitute a model for Muslims to follow. The sunnah is what all the Muslims of Muhammad's time evidently saw and followed and passed on to the next generations. According to classical Islamic theories, the sunnah are documented by hadith (the verbally transmitted record of the teachings, deeds and sayings, silent permissions or disapprovals of Muhammad), and along with the Quran (the book of Islam), are the divine revelation ("Wahy") delivered through Muhammad that make up the primary sources of Islamic law and belief/theology. Differing from Sunni classical Islamic theories are those of Shia Muslims, who hold that the Twelve Imams interpret the sunnah, and Sufi who hold that Muhammad transmitted the values of sunnah "through a series of Sufi teachers."


title: Sunnah

text: According to Muslim belief, Muhammad was the best exemplar for Muslims, and several verses in the Quran declare his conduct exemplary, and enjoin his followers to obey him. Sunnah provides a basis not only for major laws and rituals in Islam like how to pray salat, but for "even the most mundane activities", such as the order in which to cut fingernails or the proper length of a beard.


title: Sunnah

text: In the pre-Islamic period, "sunnah" was used to mean "manner of acting", whether good or bad. During the early Islamic period, the term referred to any good precedent set by people of the past, including both Muhammad, and his companions. In addition, the sunnah of Muhammad was not necessarily associated with hadith.


title: Sunnah

text: The classical meaning that now prevails was introduced later in the late second century of Islam, when under the influence of the scholar Al-Shafi‘i, Muhammad's example as recorded in hadith was given priority over all other precedents set by other authorities. The term "al-sunnah" then eventually came to be viewed as synonymous with the "sunnah" of Muhammad, based on hadith reports. Recording the "sunnah" was also an Arabian tradition and once they converted to Islam, Arabians brought this custom to their religion.


title: Sunnah

text: The "sunnah" of Muhammad as based on hadith includes his specific words ("Sunnah Qawliyyah"), habits, practices ("Sunnah Fiiliyyah"), and silent approvals ("Sunnah Taqririyyah"). In Islam, the word ""sunnah"" is also used to refer to religious duties that are optional, such as "Sunnah salat".


title: Sunnah

text: It was first used with the meaning of "law" in the Syro-Roman law book before it became widely used in Islamic jurisprudence.


title: Sunnah

text: In the context of biographical records of Muhammad, "sunnah" often stands synonymous with "hadith" since most of the personality traits of Muhammad are known from descriptions of him, his sayings and his actions from hadith. According to Seyyed Nasr, the hadith contains the words of Muhammad, while the sunnah contains his words and actions along with pre-Islamic practices of which he approved. In the context of sharia, Malik ibn Anas and the Hanafi scholars are assumed to have differentiated between the two: for example Malik is said to have rejected some traditions that reached him because, according to him, they were against the "established practice of the people of Medina".


title: Sunnah

text: In addition to being "the way" of Islam or the traditional social and legal custom and practice of the Islamic community, sunnah is often used as a synonym for "mustahabb" (encouraged) rather than "wajib"/"fard" (obligatory), regarding some commendable action (usually the saying of a prayer).


title: Sunnah

text: Sunni Muslims are also referred to as "Ahl as-Sunnah wa'l-Jamā'ah" ("people of the tradition and the community (of Muhammad)") or "Ahl as-Sunnah" for short. Some early Sunnî Muslim scholars (such as Abu Hanifa, al-Humaydî, Ibn Abî 'Âsim, Abû Dâwûd, and Abû Nasr al-Marwazî) reportedly used the term "the sunnah" narrowly to refer to Sunni Doctrine as opposed to the creeds of Shia and other non-Sunni Islamic sects. Sunnah literally means face, nature, lifestyle, etc. In the time of Muhammad's companion, newly converted Muslims accepted and rejected some set of creed by using reason. So many early Muslim scholars started writing books on creed entitled as 'sunnah'.


title: Sunnah

text: The word "sunna" appears several times in the Qur’an, but there is no specific mention of sunnah of the messenger or prophet ("sunnat al-rasool", "sunnat al-nabi" or "sunna al-nabawiyyah"), i.e. the way/practice of Muhammad (there "are" several verses calling on Muslims to obey Muhammad—see below). Four verses (8.38, 15.13, 18.55) use the expression “"sunnat al-awwalin"”, which is thought to mean "the way or practice of the ancients". It is described as something "that has passed away" or prevented unbelievers from accepting God. “"Sunnat Allah"” (the "way of God") appears eight times in five verses. In addition, verse 17.77 talks of both the way of other, earlier Muslim messengers (Ibrahim, Musa, etc.), and of "our way", i.e. God's way.


title: Sunnah

text: [This is] the way ("sunna") of those whom we sent [as messengers] before you, and you will not find any change in Our way ("sunnatuna").


title: Sunnah

text: This indicates to some scholars (such as Javed Ahmad Ghamidi) that sunnah predates both the Quran and Muhammad, and is actually the tradition of the prophets of God, specifically the tradition of Abraham. Christians, Jews and the Arab descendants of Ishmael, the Arabized Arabs or Ishmaelites, when Muhammad reinstituted this practice as an integral part of Islam.


title: Sunnah

text: Prior to the "golden age of classical Islamic jurisprudence", the "ancient schools" of law prevailed.


title: Sunnah

text: The tradition which not directly sourced from Hadith or practice of Muhammad and instead traced to solely some Sahabah were also acknowledged as one of the source of jurisprudence, as it was regarded by scholars of Islam such as Nawawi as "unrecorded Hadith" which not explicitly attributed to Muhammad himself but clearly practiced by the first generation of Muhammad's follower. Al-Nawawi has listed Zubayr ibn al-Awwam ruling regarding ethics of sitting down during eat and drinks in his book, Riyadh as Shaliheen, by basing the ethic in az-Zubayr practice, which narrated by his son, Abdulah. another manners and ethic ruling based on az-Zubayr covering such as prohibition for sleeping during Sübh, And ethics of sitting down while drinking. Meanwhile, another example of this kind of Sunnah also included:


title: Sunnah

text: According to historians (particularly Daniel W. Brown), the classical Islamic definition of sunnah as the customs and practices of Muhammad (only) was not the original one.


title: Sunnah

text: In al-Ṭabarī's history of early Islam, the term "Sunnah of the Prophet" is not only used "surprisingly infrequently", but used to refer to "political oaths or slogans used by rebels", or "a general standard of justice and right conduct", and not "to specific precedents set by Muhammad", let alone hadith. An early theological writing by Hasan al-Basri ("Risala fi'l Qadar") also is "empty of references to specific cases" when mentioning "Sunnah of the Prophet".


title: Sunnah

text: Daniel Brown states that the first extant writings of Islamic legal reasoning were "virtually hadith-free" and argues that other examples of a lack of connection between sunnah and hadith" can be found in:


title: Sunnah

text: According to one source (Ahmad Kazemi Moussavi and Karim Douglas Crow), early Sunni scholars often considered "sunnah" equivalent to the biography of Muhammed ("sira"). As the "hadith" came to be better documented and the scholars who validated them gained prestige, the "sunnah" came often to be known mostly through the "hadith", especially as variant or fictional biographies of Muhammad spread.


title: Sunnah

text: The golden age, starting with the creation of the Hanafi, Maliki, Shafi'i, Hanbali, etc. schools of fiqh in the second century of Islam, limited sunnah to "traditions traced back to the Prophet Muhammad himself" ("sunna al-nabawiyyah"). But the ancient "regional" schools of law, located in several major cities of the new Arab empire of Islam -- Mecca, Kufa, Basra, Syria, etc.,—had a more flexible definition of sunnah than is now commonly used. This being the "acceptable norms" or "custom", which included examples of the Muhammad's companions, the rulings of the Caliphs, and practices that "had gained general acceptance among the jurists of that school".


title: Sunnah

text: Abū ʿAbdullāh Muhammad ibn Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī (150-204 AH), known as al-Shafi'i, argued against flexible sunnah and the use of precedents from multiple sources, emphasizing the final authority of a hadith of Muhammad, so that even the Qur'an was "to be interpreted in the light of traditions (i.e. hadith), and not vice versa." While the sunnah has often been called "second to the Quran", hadith has also been said to "rule over and interpret the Quran".


title: Sunnah

text: Al-Shafiʿi "forcefully argued" that the sunnah stands "on equal footing with the Quran", (according to scholar Daniel Brown) both being divine revelation. As Al-Shafi'i put it, "the command of the Prophet is the command of God" (notwithstanding the triumph of this theory, in practice the schools of fiqh resisted the thorough application of hadith and fiqh was little changed from the days before Al-Shafi'i). This, though, contradicts another point Shafi made which was the sunnah was below the Quran.


title: Sunnah

text: Sunnah of Muhammad outranked all other, and "broad agreement" developed that "hadith must be the basis for authentication of any Sunnah," (according to M.O. Farooq). Al-Shafiʿi's success was such that later writers "hardly ever thought of sunnah as comprising anything but that of the Prophet".


title: Sunnah

text: While the earliest Muslim lawyers "felt no obligation" to provide documentation of hadith when arguing their case, and the sunnah was not recorded and written during Muhammad's lifetime, (according to scholar Khaled Abou El Fadl), all this changed with the triumph of Al-Shafi‘i and a "broad agreement" that Hadith should be used to authenticate sunnah, (according to Mohammad Omar Farooq), over the course of the second century, when legal works began incorporating Prophetic hadith.


title: Sunnah

text: Hadith was now systematically collected and documented, but several generations having passed since the time of its occurrence meant that "many of the reports attributed to the Prophet are apocryphal or at least are of dubious historical authenticity," (according to Abou El Fadl). "In fact, one of the most complex disciplines in Islamic jurisprudence is one which attempts to differentiate between authentic and inauthentic traditions."


title: Sunnah

text: Islam jurists divide sunnah into that which has no legal consequences --"al-sunna al-ʿādīyah" -- (the "personal habits and preferences" of Muhammad); and that which is binding on Muslims -- "al-sunna al-hudā". The literalist Zāhirī school disagrees holding that there was no sunnah whose fulfillment is not rewarded or neglect punished, while classical Islam holds that following non-binding "al-sunna al-ʿādīyah" is meritorious but not obligatory.


title: Sunnah

text: Sufis see the "division between binding and non-binding" sunnah as "meaningless". Muhammad is "al-insān al-kāmil", the perfect man, "labib-Allah" beloved of God, an intercessor, a "channel of divine light". Imitating his every action is "the ultimate expression" of piety. or in the words of Al-Ghazālī:


title: Sunnah

text: Know that the key to joy is following the sunnah and imitating the Prophet in all his comings and goings, words and deeds, extending to his manner of eating, rising, sleeping and speaking. I do not say this only in relation to requirements of religion ["ʿibādāt"], for there is no escaping these; rather, this includes every area of behavior ["ʿādāt"].


title: Sunnah

text: In the 19th century, "social and political turmoil" starting with the decline of the Moghal empire, caused some Muslims to seek a more humanized figure of Muhammad. The miracle-performing "larger than life" prophetic figure was de-emphasized in favor of "a practical model for restoration of the Muslim community," a virtuous, progressive social reformer. Nasserist Egypt, for example, celebrated the "imam of socialism" rather than the cosmic "perfect man". One who argued against the idea of sunnah as divine revelation, and for the idea that Muhammad's mission was simply to transmit the Quran was Ghulam Ahmed Perwez (1903–1985). He quoted the Quranic verse "The messenger has no duty except to proclaim [the message]," (Q.5:99) and pointed out several other verses where God corrects something Muhammad has done or said (8:67),(9:43), (66:1), thus demonstrating Muhammad's lack of supernatural knowledge.


title: Sunnah

text: This era of rapid social and technological change, decline of Muslim power, and replacement of classical madhhab by Western-inspired legal codes in Muslim lands, also suggested a turn away from the "detailed precedents in civil and political affairs," called for by traditional Hadith, "for if worldly matters require detailed prophetic guidance, then every age will require a new prophet to accommodate changing circumstances".


title: Sunnah

text: With de-colonialization in the late 20th century, a new Islamic revival emerged. Activists rather than theorists, they sought "to restore Islam to ascendency", and in particular to restore Sharia to the law of the lands of Islam it had been before being replaced by "secular, Western-inspired law codes" of colonialism and modernity. Like modernists, revivalists "vehemently rejected" "taqlid" and were not particularly interested in the classical schools of law ("madhhab"). But revivalists like Abul A'la Maududi and Mustafa al-Siba'i support for "the authority of Sunnah and the authenticity of Hadith in general" was "unwavering", as was their opposition to "Hadith denialism". At the same time they agreed that restoring "relevant" Sharia required "some reformulation" of the law, which would require a return to sources, which required agreement on how the sources were to be "interpreted and understand" and reassessment of hadith. This involved examining hadith content ("matn") for its spirit and relevance "within the context of the Sharia as a whole" according to the method of scholars of Islamic law ("fuqaha") and weeding out corrupted hadith inconsistent with "reason, with human nature, and with historical conditions". Shibli Nomani, Abul A'la Maududi, Rashid Rida, and Mohammed al-Ghazali being proponents of this effort.


title: Sunnah

text: Although "most writers agree", including skeptics, that "sunnah and hadith must stand or fall together", some (Fazlur Rahman Malik, Javed Ahmad Ghamidi) have attempted to "establish a basis for sunnah independent of hadith", working around problem of hadith authenticity raised by modernist and Western critics, while reaching back to pre-al-Shafiʿi meaning of sunnah.


title: Sunnah

text: In the 1960s, Fazlur Rahman Malik, an Islamic modernist and former head of Pakistan's Central Institute for Islamic Research, advanced another idea for how the (prophetic) sunnah—the normative example of Muhammad—should be understood: as "a general umbrella concept" but not one "filled with absolutely specific content", or that was static over the centuries. He argued that Muhammad had come as a "moral reformer" and not a "pan-legit", and that the specifics of the sunnah would be agreed upon community of his followers, evolving with changing times as a "living and on-going process". He accepted the criticism of Western and Muslim scholars that the content of many hadith and isnad (chain of transmitters) had been tampered with by Muslims trying to prove the Muhammad had made a specific statement—but this did not make them fraudulent or forgeries, because if "Hadith verbally speaking does not go back to the Prophet, its spirit certainly does". Instead these collections of ahadith of al-Bukhari and al-Muslim's were "ijma" (consensus or agreement of the Muslim scholars—which is another classical source of Islamic law). Doing so they follow the spirit of Muhammad's mission, and "resurrect" the legal methodology of the pre-Shafi'i "Ancient schools". But just as second and third century Muslims could re-formulate hadith and law around a prophetic spirit, so can modern Muslims—redefining "riba" and replacing medieval laws against bank interest with measures that help the poor without harming economic productivity.


title: Sunnah

text: Some of the most basic and important features of the sunnah – worship rituals like "salat" (ritual prayer), "zakat" (ritual tithing), "hajj" (pilgrimage to Mecca), "sawm" (dawn to dusk fasting during Ramadan) – are known to Muslim from being passed down 'from the many to the many' (according to scholars of fiqh such as Al-Shafi'i), bypassing books of hadith, (which were more often consulted for answers to details not agreed upon or not frequently practiced) and issues of authenticity.


title: Sunnah

text: Modernist Rashid Rida thought this "the only source of sunnah that is beyond dispute". S.M. Yusuf argued "practice is best transmitted through practice", and a more reliable way to establish sunnah than hadith. He also believed that the passing down of practice from generation to generation independent of hadith explained why early schools of law did not differentiate between sunnah of the caliphate and sunnah of the prophet.


title: Sunnah

text: According to Javed Ahmad Ghamidi, another Modernist, this passing down by continuous practice of the Muslim community (which also indicates consensus, "ijma") was similar to how the Qur’ān has been "received by the "ummah"" (Muslim community) through the consensus of the Muhammad's companions and through their perpetual recitation. Consequently, Ghamidi sees this more limited sunnah of continuous practice as the true sunnah – equally authentic to the Quran, but shedding orthodox sunnah and avoiding problematic basis of the hadith.


title: Sunnah

text: According to the view of some Sufi Muslims who incorporate both the outer and inner reality of Muhammad, the deeper and true sunnah are the noble characteristics and inner state of Muhammad -- "Khuluqin Azim" or 'Exalted Character'. To them Muhammad's attitude, his piety, the quality of his character constitute the truer and deeper aspect of what it means by sunnah in Islam, rather than the external aspects alone. They argue that the external customs of Muhammad loses its meaning without the inner attitude and also many hadiths are simply custom of the Arabs, not something that is unique to Muhammad.


title: Sunnah

text: The Qur'an contains numerous commands to follow Muhammad. Among the Quranic verses quoted as demonstrating the importance of hadith/sunnah to Muslims are


title: Sunnah

text: Your companion [Muhammad] has not strayed, nor has he erred, Nor does he speak from [his own] inclination or desire.


title: Sunnah

text: "A similar (favour have ye already received) in that We have sent among you a Messenger of your own, rehearsing to you Our Signs, and sanctifying you, and instructing you in Scripture and Wisdom, and in new knowledge.


title: Sunnah

text: "Ye have indeed in the Messenger of Allah a beautiful pattern (of conduct) for any one whose hope is in Allah and the Final Day, and who engages much in the Praise of Allah."


title: Sunnah

text: The teachings of "wisdom" ("hikma") have been declared to be a function of Muhammad along with the teachings of the scripture. Several Quranic verses mention "wisdom" ("hikmah") coupled with "scripture" or "the book" (i.e. the Quran) -- "al-kitāb wa al-ḥikma". Mainstream scholars starting with al-Shafi'i believe "hikma" refers to the sunnah, and this connection between sunnah and the Quran is evidence of the sunnah's divinity and authority.


title: Sunnah

text: Therefore, along with the Quran, the "sunnah" was revealed. Modern Sunni scholars have examined both the "sira" and the "hadith" in order to justify modifications to jurisprudence ("fiqh"). Hense, the imitation of Muhammad helps Muslims to know and be loved by God.


title: Sunnah

text: Another piece of evidence for the divinity of the Sunnah—according to its supporters—are verses in the Quran that refer to revelations not found "in" the Quran. For example, there is no verse mentioning the original direction of prayer (the "qibla") in the Quran, but God in the Quran does say He appointed the original qibla (). Other events mentioned in the Quran that already happened without Quranic command or description include a dream in which Muhammad would enter Mecca (); Muhammad's marriage to Zayd's ex-wife (); and the dispute over the division of spoils after the Battle of Badr (); all "definitive proof that besides the Quran other commands came to the Prophet by the agency of waḥy," according to revivalist Abul A'la Maududi.


title: Sunnah

text: Yet another piece of evidence offered is that "Prophet witness" is "the chief guarantee" of what is divine revelation. In other words, "Muslims only know the Quran is revelation because of Muhammad's testimony to this fact. If prophetic word is not to be trusted, then the Quran itself is open to suspicion." Since the Quran is not, the sunnah must be trustworthy.


title: Sunnah

text: The minority argument against the sunnah of Muhammad being divine revelation ("waḥy") goes back to the "ahl al-Kalam" who al-Shāfiʿī argued against in the second century of Islam. Their modern "Quranists", the modern successors of the "ahl al-Kalam", argue that the sunnah falls short of the standard of the Quran in divinity. Specifically because


title: Sunnah

text: According to John Burton, paraphrasing Al-Shafi'i, "it must be remembered that the Quran text are couched in very general terms which it is the function of the sunnah to expand and elucidate, to make God's meaning absolutely clear."


title: Sunnah

text: There are a number of verses in the Quran where "to understand the context, as well as the meaning", Muslims need to refer to the record of the life and example of Muhammad.


title: Sunnah

text: It is thought that verses 16:44 and 64 indicate that Muhammed's mission "is not merely that of a deliveryman who simply delivers the revelation from Allah to us, rather, he has been entrusted with the most important task of explaining and illustrating" the Quran.


title: Sunnah

text: And We have also sent down unto you (O Muhammad) the reminder and the advice (the Quran), that you may explain clearly to men what is sent down to them, and that they may give thought.


title: Sunnah

text: And We have not sent down the Book (the Quran) to you (O Muhammad), except that you may explain clearly unto them those things in which they differ, and (as) a guidance and a mercy for a folk who believe. [Quran 16:64]


title: Sunnah

text: For example, while the Quran presents the general principles of praying, fasting, paying zakat, or making pilgrimage, they are presented "without the illustration found in Hadith, for these acts of worship remain as abstract imperatives in the Qur’an".


title: Sunnah

text: It may be also divided into sunnah that is binding for Muslims and that which is not. Ibn Qutaybah (213-276 AH) distinguished between:


title: Sunnah

text: In the terminology of "fiqh" (Islamic jurisprudence), sunnah denotes whatever though not obligatory, is "firmly established ("thabata") as called for ("matlub")" in Islam "on the basis of a legal proof ("dalîl shar`î").


title: Sunnah

text: the biography of the Prophet ("as-sîra"), the chronicle of his battles ("al-maghâzî"), his everyday sayings and acts or "ways" ("sunan"), his personal and moral qualities ("ash-shamâ'il"), and the host of the ancillary hadîth sciences such as the circumstances of occurrence ("asbâb al-wurûd"), knowledge of the abrogating and abrogated hadîth, difficult words ("gharîb al-hadîth"), narrator criticism ("al-jarh wat-ta`dîl"), narrator biographies ("al-rijâl"), etc., as discussed in great detail in the authoritative books of al-Khatîb al-Baghdâdî.


title: Sunnah

text: Shia Islam does not use the "Kutub al-Sittah" (six major "hadith" collections) followed by Sunni Islam, therefore the sunnah of Shia Islam and the sunnah of Sunni Islam refer to different collections of religious canonical literature.


title: Sunnah

text: The primary collections of sunnah of Shia Islam were written by three authors known as the 'Three Muhammads', and they are:


title: Sunnah

text: Unlike Akhbari Twelver Shiites, Usuli Twelver Shiite scholars do not believe that everything in the four major books of the sunnah of Shia Islam is authentic.


title: Sunnah

text: In Shia "hadees" one often finds sermons attributed to Ali in The Four Books or in the Nahj al-Balagha.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: Rocksteady Studios Limited is a British video game developer based in London, England. The company is a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Interactive Entertainment and the studio is best known for its work in the "" series.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: Rocksteady Studios was founded on 13 December 2004, by Sefton Hill and Jamie Walker, formerly employed by the previously closed Argonaut Games as creative director and head of production, respectively. Several other Argonaut employees were also hired. SCi Entertainment (later renamed Eidos) was a founding investor in the studio.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: Rocksteady's first release was the 2006 first-person shooter "", developed using the Havok engine and published by Eidos Interactive for PlayStation 2 and Xbox. The player controls Nick Mason, a member of the newly formed "T-Zero" riot control squad, in an unnamed, modern city that has been overtaken by the brutal Burners gang. The game received "average" reviews on both platforms according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: After Eidos obtained the rights to make a Batman game in spring 2007, they approached Rocksteady who presented their take on the "Batman" license. By May 2007, Rocksteady had started developing the concept of "", with full production beginning in September 2007.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "Batman: Arkham Asylum" was released worldwide for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 video game consoles in August 2009, followed by a Windows PC version a month later. The game received critical acclaim, particularly for its narrative and combat. Reviewers called it the "greatest comic book game of all time," and the "best superhero game of modern times." It won several awards, including Best Action Adventure game, Best Game, and Game of the Year from various media outlets.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "", an action-adventure game and direct sequel to "Batman: Arkham Asylum", was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 on 18 October 2011 and for PC on 22 November 2011. The game was later released on the Wii U on 18 November 2012. The game also received a mobile game spin-off, "", developed by NetherRealm Studios and released in December 2011 on iOS and June 2013 on Android.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: Rocksteady developed ideas for the sequel's story and setting so that the games' narratives could be effectively connected. A secret room containing hints, blueprints, and concept art for the next game was hidden in the asylum warden's office in "Arkham Asylum". The room remained hidden for six months following the game's release until Rocksteady revealed its presence.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "" was released for the PlayStation 4, Xbox One and Windows on 23 June 2015. The game was the third of Rocksteady's Arkham series and introduced new gameplay elements to the series including a drivable version of the Batmobile. The game received “generally favorable” reviews from critics for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions and “mixed or average” reviews from critics for the PC version.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "" is a virtual reality adventure video game and the first instalment in the series to use virtual reality headsets. "Batman: Arkham VR" was released worldwide on 11 October 2016 for PlayStation VR, and on 25 April 2017 for PC VR headsets HTC Vive and Oculus Rift. The game's storyline takes place between 2011's "Batman: Arkham City" and 2015's "Batman: Arkham Knight".


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: In contrast with previous games in the Arkham series, Batman: Arkham VR is presented from a first-person perspective, with a primary focus on using Batman's skills and gadgets to explore the environment and solve puzzles.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "" is the fifth installment in the Arkham series and is set to release in early 2023 for Windows, PlayStation 5, and Xbox Series X/S. Rocksteady first confirmed the game was in development on 7 August 2020 with the reveal of official artwork for the game. The game is the first in the series to not feature Batman as the main protagonist and will feature four playable characters: Harley Quinn, Deadshot, Captain Boomerang, and King Shark. It is to be the last featuring Kevin Conroy as the voice of Batman.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: On 26 October 2022 the founders, Sefton Hill and Jamie Walker, announced that they are leaving the studio at the end of 2022.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: "The Guardian" reported in August 2020 that the studio had failed to address issues related to sexual harassment and inappropriate behaviour that more than half of the female employees had written to the studios executives about in a November 2018 letter. Such actions had included "slurs regarding the transgendered community", "discussing a woman in a derogatory or sexual manner with other colleagues", and sexual harassment "in the form of unwanted advances, leering at parts of a woman's body, and inappropriate comments in the office". Rocksteady said to "The Guardian", "In 2018 we received a letter from some of our female employees expressing concerns they had at that time, and we immediately took firm measures to address the matters that were raised. Over the subsequent two years we have carefully listened to and learned from our employees, working to ensure every person on the team feels supported. In 2020 we are more passionate than ever to continue to develop our inclusive culture, and we are determined to stand up for all of our staff."


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: The following day, a letter signed by all current female employees from the company was released to say that they did not agree with the Guardian article and that they hadn't been consulted nor did they agree with the allegations spoken on their behalf.


title: Rocksteady Studios

text: Rocksteady Studios was named Studio of the Year at the 2009 Spike Video Game Awards and Developer of the Year at Official Xbox Magazine's 2009 Game of the Year Awards. Rocksteady Studios also won the British Academy Games Awards’ “Best Game in 2010” award for Batman: Arkham Asylum and the SXSW “Excellence in Convergence” award in 2016 for Batman: Arkham Knight.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is a city in Clark County, Nevada, United States, about southeast of downtown Las Vegas. It is the second largest city in Nevada, after Las Vegas, with an estimated population of 320,189 in 2019. The city is part of the Las Vegas Valley. Henderson occupies the southeastern end of the valley, at an elevation of .


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is known for its supply of magnesium during World War II. With the decline of magnesium production, the Nevada legislature approved a bill that gave Nevada's Colorado River Commission the authority to purchase the industrial plants, and Henderson was incorporated in 1953. Henderson is the location of Lake Las Vegas.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The township of Henderson first emerged in the 1940s during World War II with the building of the Basic Magnesium Plant. Henderson quickly became the main supplier of magnesium in the United States, which was called the "miracle metal" of World War II. The plant supplied the US War Department with magnesium for incendiary munition casings and airplane engines, frames, and other parts. A quarter of all US wartime magnesium came from the Henderson Plant to strengthen aluminum, using 25% of Hoover Dam's power to separate the metal from its ore by electrolysis. Mayor Jim Gibson's grandfather, Fred D. Gibson, was one of the original engineers sent to Great Britain to learn the secret of creating the "miracle metal" which would help the United States and its allies win the war. The British liaison officer sent to Henderson, Major Charles Ball, had a main thoroughfare named after him. Because of concerns about having a street named “Ball Avenue”, the name was later changed to “Major Avenue”.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Although "born in America's defense", Henderson's future after World War II was uncertain. In 1947, magnesium production was no longer necessary for defense, and most of the Black Mountain Industrial (BMI) Complex's 14,000 employees moved away. Enrollment in the school system was reduced by two thirds, and well over half the townsite houses, built to house plant workers, became vacant. In 1947, the United States War Asset Administration offered Henderson for sale as war surplus property.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: In an effort to save the city, the Nevada Legislature spent a weekend visiting Henderson, evaluating the possibility of state administration of Basic Magnesium. Within days of the visit, the legislators unanimously approved a bill that gave Nevada's Colorado River Commission the authority to purchase the industrial plants. Governor Vail Pittman signed the bill on March 27, 1947, helping save Henderson from becoming war surplus property.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: With the help of local industry, Henderson was incorporated on April 16, 1953 as the City of Henderson. On May 23, 1953, Henderson, with its population of 7,410, elected Dr. Jim French as the first mayor. Originally only about in size, the city quickly began to grow, reaching over in size today.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: In 1988, the Pacific Engineering and Production Company of Nevada (PEPCON) rocket fuel factory, in the modern-day Gibson Springs neighborhood of Henderson, caught fire. The blaze quickly engulfed the factory, spewing rocket fuel, smoke, and toxic fumes from the building, eventually obliterating it in a massive explosion, followed by six smaller explosions. Smoke was seen from away, and two major blasts measured 3.0 and 3.5, respectively, on the Richter magnitude scale at observatories in California and Colorado. These explosions sent shockwaves throughout Henderson and parts of the Las Vegas Valley that shattered glass and damaged buildings. Two people were killed and 372 were injured. Investigators surveying the damage in the surrounding communities estimated the blast as similar to a 1-kiloton airblast nuclear detonation.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The events of the PEPCON factory disaster spurred development in Henderson years later, from its historical industrial development to residential and commercial development. There are now no signs of the explosion where it happened. Today, the site consists mostly of office buildings.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The city is in the Mojave Desert with wildlife and vegetation typical of the Mojave. The mountains that surround Henderson mostly have gentle slopes. The McCullough Range is closest to the city; most of this range is covered by black rocks from a volcanic explosion millions of years ago. These mountains reach an average height of about . The landscape consists of the desert; the only water in the city is found in washes like Duck Creek.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Residential neighborhoods in Henderson include Anthem, Anthem Country Club, Ascaya, Black Mountain Vistas, Cadence, Calico Ridge, Champion Village, The Fountains, Grand Legacy, Green Valley, Green Valley Estates, Green Valley Ranch, Hillsboro Heights, Inspirada, Lake Las Vegas, MacDonald Highlands, MacDonald Ranch, Madeira Canyon, Club at Madeira Canyon, Roma Hills, Seven Hills, Sun City Anthem, Sun City MacDonald Ranch, Tuscany Village, and Whitney Ranch.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is classified as having a hot desert climate (BWh) in the Köppen climate classification. It has mild winters and hot summers. Snow can occasionally fall in the winter. The monsoon can bring storms in the summer, which can cause flash flooding and thunderstorms. The hottest month is July and the coldest month is December. On average there are 292 clear days per year.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: At the census of 2010, 257,729 people resided in Henderson. The racial makeup was 76.9% White, 5.1% African American, 0.7% Native American, 7.2% Asian, 0.6% Pacific Islander, and 4.8% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 14.9% of the population and 68.7% of the population was non-Hispanic White.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: According to the 2000 census, there were 175,381 people, 66,331 households, and 47,095 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 71,149 housing units at an average density of . The city's racial makeup was 80.49% White, 3.76% African American, 0.70% Native American, 3.98% Asian, 0.42% Pacific Islander, 3.16% from other races, and 3.49% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 13.71% of the population.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: There were 66,331 households, out of which 33.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.4% were married couples living together, 10.0% had a female householder with no husband present, and 29.0% were non-families. 20.3% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.63 and the average family size was 3.05.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 25.1% under the age of 18, 7.9% from 18 to 24, 32.5% from 25 to 44, 24.4% from 45 to 64, and 10.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age for the city was 36 years. For every 100 females, there were 98.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The city's median household income was $63,830, and the median family income was $74,120. The per capita income for the city was $33,238. The Henderson zip code 89012 where MacDonald Highlands is located, has the 7th highest per-capita income in the United States at $148,899. About 3.9% of families and 5.6% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 4.7% of those age 65 or over.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: According to the city's Comprehensive Annual Financial Report, fiscal year ending June 30, 2016, the city's largest employers are:


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: An increasing number of major shopping malls, movie theater complexes, concert venues, restaurants and casino resorts offer residents a variety of choices for leisure time in Henderson. The city also sits a few miles southeast of Las Vegas and is not too far from the world-famous Las Vegas Strip. "Shakespeare in the Park" celebrated its tenth anniversary in 1996, a testament to Henderson's long-standing support for the arts and cultural programs. The city also boasts the largest recreational facility – the Multigenerational Facility at Liberty Pointe – in Nevada as well as Nevada's only scenic Bird Preserve. The city supports a variety of other cultural events, many of which are held at the outdoor amphitheater, the largest one of its kind in Nevada.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The city received its charter from the Nevada State Legislature in 1953, formally incorporating the city with a council/manager form of government.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is divided into four wards. A mayor and four council members are elected citywide, but no more than one council member are allowed to reside in each ward.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Fire prevention services are provided by the Henderson Fire Department and police services by the Henderson Police Department.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: In 2013, the Department of Justice (DOJ) announced it had reached a cooperative settlement agreement with the city of Henderson under the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). The DOJ received complaints by individuals who are deaf that officers for the city of Henderson did not provide them with qualified sign language interpreters and other auxiliary aids and services when needed for effective communication. One of the complainants was arrested and detained for two days in the Henderson detention facility, while the other was an alleged crime victim.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: During its investigation into the allegations, the department inquired whether the city of Henderson would be interested in resolving the matter voluntarily. The city expressed its full commitment to ensure compliance with the ADA. Under the settlement, the city of Henderson will pay $35,000 to the complainants. The city agreed to provide sign language interpreters, usually within an hour of a person's request to law enforcement officers. Henderson also agreed to modify its handcuffing policies for people who use sign language or hand writing to communicate, and to adopt other policies consistent with the ADA.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The Clark County School District provides elementary and secondary public education. Henderson is the location for 29 elementary schools, nine middle schools, and nine high schools. Five of the nine high schools are public schools, being Basic, Coronado, Green Valley, Foothill, and Liberty. The remaining four are private college preparatory schools, including the Henderson International School. A tenth high school, Silverado High School, also serves parts of Henderson but is in the unincorporated Clark County (Paradise).


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Findlay Prep was a high school basketball program sponsored by the Henderson International School. Henderson International School – a private preparatory school owned by Meritas – hosted Findlay College Prep. Since its creation in 2006 by businessman Cliff Findlay, its dozen students comprised the school's only high school students. Findlay has had several McDonald's All-Americans and alumni playing in the National Basketball Association (NBA).


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is home to several colleges and universities. Nevada State College, a baccalaureate college in the Nevada System of Higher Education. The Roseman University of Health Sciences, a private university which awards degrees in nursing, pharmacy, and business, is in Henderson. The College of Southern Nevada, a community college based in Las Vegas, maintains a branch campus in Henderson. California's National University, Touro University Nevada and Devry University also maintain a campus in Henderson.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Several for-profit colleges also operate in the city, including the International Academy of Design & Technology (Henderson campus closed in 2016), The Art Institute of Las Vegas, and Everest College.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is home to the headquarters of the Las Vegas Raiders. In February 2018, the then Oakland Raiders (who in 2017 announced they would relocate to Las Vegas in time for the 2020 NFL season) announced the signing of a deal for 55 acres of land near Henderson Executive Airport, on which the team's executive offices and practice facility were built. The Intermountain Healthcare Performance Center opened in June 2020.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is scheduled to be home to the headquarters of the Las Vegas Aces of the Women's National Basketball Association. In February 2021, ground was broken for a Aces facility next to the Raiders facility. The 50,000 square foot facility will house the Aces’ practice facility, offices, training room, weight room, hydrotherapy space, physical therapy area, locker rooms, a lecture hall, player and alumni lounges, and an on-site day care center and is expected to be completed by March 2023.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The Henderson Silver Knights of the American Hockey League play in a 6,000-seat arena, the Dollar Loan Center in Henderson. The arena is also home to the Vegas Knight Hawks of the Indoor Football League, and the NBA G League Ignite of the NBA G League.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: KVVU-TV (channel 5) is the Las Vegas Valley's Fox affiliate and licensed to Henderson, and is based from studios on the northwest side of the city.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The city is served by RTC Transit (formerly Citizens Area Transit/CAT) with its network of bus routes which run throughout the Las Vegas Valley.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is served by four major highways: Henderson Black Hills and (State Route 582), which is the main thoroughfare connecting with Las Vegas and Boulder City; Lake Mead Parkway (State Route 564); Interstate 515 and Interstate 215. State Route 146, also known as Saint Rose Parkway, connects Interstate 15 near Sloan with Interstate 215 in Green Valley. This stretch is formally a part of Lake Mead Parkway which is a direct link to Henderson for motorists traveling in and out of Southern California.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The city of Henderson has a low percentage of households without a car. In 2015, 2.8 percent of Henderson households lacked a car, and increased to 5 percent in 2016. The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Henderson averaged 1.74 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Henderson is home for the Henderson Executive Airport. The main airport for the metropolitan area is Harry Reid International Airport, northwest of Henderson.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: Street numbering is different within the city of Henderson than with the rest of the Las Vegas Valley. The center of Henderson lies within the intersection of Water Street and Lake Mead Parkway. The Henderson Police Department for years referred to Lake Mead Parkway (and its former name Lake Mead Drive) as "146", while Boulder Highway is often referred as "93", its former highway designation.


title: Henderson, Nevada

text: The Union Pacific Railroad serves Henderson over a branch line originally built to support construction of Hoover Dam. The final few miles of the line, owned by the U.S. Government, were abandoned after the dam was completed. The line still extends to Boulder City; in 1985, the state purchased the section east of appropriately I-515, with the Nevada Southern Railroad Museum operating excursion trains over the easternmost seven miles (11 km).


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The Black Dahlia Murder is an American melodic death metal band from Waterford, Michigan, formed in 2001. Their name is derived from the 1947 unsolved murder of Elizabeth Short, often referred to as Black Dahlia. Currently, the band consists of lead vocalist Brian Eschbach, bassist Max Lavelle, drummer Alan Cassidy, and guitarists Brandon Ellis and Ryan Knight. The Black Dahlia Murder has undergone various lineup changes, with Trevor Strnad and Eschbach remaining the only constant members, until the former's death in 2022, which then saw Eschbach take over lead vocals. Out of the nine studio albums they have released to date, the last eight have charted on the U.S. "Billboard" 200, with their fifth album "Ritual" peaking at No. 31 in 2011, marking them as one of the most popular contemporary American extreme metal bands. Their ninth and latest album "Verminous" was released on April 17, 2020.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The Black Dahlia Murder began its inception during late 2000 and gained the final band lineup in January 2001. The group released their demo entitled "What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse", and a four-track EP, "A Cold-Blooded Epitaph", the latter of which the group released on Lovelost Records. After appearing in concerts such as the Milwaukee Metal Fest, The Black Dahlia Murder signed to Metal Blade Records in 2003.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: Bassist Ryan "Bart" Williams left his former band, Detroit's Today I Wait, to tour with the Black Dahlia Murder. After touring with the band on their co-headlining gig with Throwdown and their European dates with Liar, he joined the group full-time, replacing former bassist David Lock. Frontman Trevor Strnad said that Lock was fired for incompetency. Williams was one of two engineers (the other being Walls of Jericho's Mike Hasty) on the band's first album, "Unhallowed". The band then went on a tour in late 2004 supporting Unearth alongside Terror and Remembering Never throughout the United States.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The band's second album "Miasma" was released on July 12, 2005, and peaked at No. 118 on the "Billboard" 200. After touring for "Miasma", drummer Zach Gibson left the band along with Pierre Langlois. While Gibson went on to join Abigail Williams, Langlois left the band for a more secure lifestyle, and the band finished their search for a replacement drummer when they found former All That Remains drummer, Shannon Lucas. The group played at Ozzfest 2005.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: Their third album, entitled "Nocturnal", was released on September 18, 2007. The album debuted at No. 72 on the Billboard 200. The Black Dahlia Murder announced via their MySpace profile that they were going on a U.S. tour with Cannibal Corpse to promote their new album "Nocturnal" and celebrate the 25 years that Metal Blade Records had been in business. They were joined by label-mates The Red Chord, Aeon, The Absence, and Goatwhore. In January/February 2008, the band embarked on a U.S. headlining tour with 3 Inches of Blood, Hate Eternal, and Decrepit Birth, followed by another alongside Brain Drill and Animosity. They were on Hot Topic's "Summer Slaughter Tour" with Kataklysm, Cryptopsy, Vader, Whitechapel, and Despised Icon.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: Their longtime lead guitarist, John Kempainen left the band and was replaced by Ryan Knight during the beginning of 2009. In May 2009, The Black Dahlia Murder released their first DVD, "Majesty". The DVD contains a documentary and live footage from the Summer Slaughter tour and their tour supporting Children of Bodom in late 2008. The DVD also contains all of their music videos and behind the scenes footage.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The Black Dahlia Murder released "Deflorate" on September 15, 2009, via Metal Blade Records. The album sold 12,000 copies in the United States in the first week of the release, debuted at position No. 43 Billboard's Top 200 charts, No. 5 on Billboard's Independent Albums chart, No. 4 on Billboard's Top Hard Music Albums chart, and No. 50 on HITS Top 50 Albums chart. They toured with Children of Bodom and Skeletonwitch in support of the album. After their 2010 headlining tour with Goatwhore and Arkaik, the band began writing and recording their next full-length album.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: In February 2011, The Black Dahlia Murder completed the songwriting process for their fifth studio album, entitled "Ritual". It was released on June 21, 2011, in North America. The band supported Amon Amarth on their May 2011 European tour, as well as headlined the 2011 Summer Slaughter tour, both in support of "Ritual". Before the record's release, the track "Moonlight Equilibrium" was posted to the Metal Blade Records website on April 29, 2011, to critical and fan acclaim. A music video for "Moonlight Equilibrium" was released on February 20, 2012. In April 2012 during the New England Metal and Hardcore Festival on the first night performance, Trevor Strnad officially welcomed new bassist Max Lavelle into the band after former bassist Ryan Williams parted ways. On November 7, Shannon Lucas announced via a YouTube video that he would be stepping down as drummer of The Black Dahlia Murder to pursue other aspirations. Alan Cassidy of Abigail Williams filled in for Shannon's touring duties.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: In early 2013, despite the news of the departure of two band members (drummer Shannon Lucas and bassist Bart Williams), plans were announced for an upcoming album release, to be entitled "Everblack". Tentative plans estimated its release to be early summer 2013; likely June. On April 10, 2013, the iTunes Store was updated with official release and availability information, including cover art, a full track listing, and an official U.S. release date of June 11, 2013. The album has 10 tracks in total. On the same day, the band's first single from "Everblack" was made available for purchase and download, titled "Into The Everblack". The album itself was then released on June 11 and peaked at No. 32 on the U.S. "Billboard" 200.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: On November 28, 2014 (the day after Thanksgiving), The Black Dahlia Murder released a 7" EP titled "Grind 'Em All" featuring 3 short grindcore covers of punk rock songs: a cover of "Ripped Up" by Left for Dead, of "Rebel Without a Car" by Sedition and of "Populous" by Gyga. The covers were originally recorded almost 10 years earlier during the era of "Miasma". The EP was released as part of Record Store Day's Black Friday event via A389 Recordings (rather than the band's label, Metal Blade Records), made available for purchase on the band's online merchandise store and also streamed in its entirety via Exclaim!. The album art for "Grind 'Em All" was designed by Szymon Siech.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: Lead guitarist Ryan Knight confirmed in early 2015 that the band will deliver a seventh studio release that year, followed by extensive touring, and that he is planning to start working on a solo album afterwards. Vocalist Trevor Strnad stated that the band's new album, titled "Abysmal", will be "more raw and natural sounding" and feature "more dynamic and developed songs" than their previous work. "Vlad, Son of the Dragon", the first song from the album, was released online on June 24, followed by "Receipt" on July 22 and "Threat Level No. 3" on August 19. "Abysmal" was produced by Mark Lewis and Ryan Williams and released worldwide through Metal Blade on September 18. In early February 2016, it was announced that Knight had left the band. He was replaced on lead guitar by Brandon Ellis of Arsis.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The band's 8th album "Nightbringers" was released on October 6, 2017, to critical and commercial acclaim, charting at 35 on the Billboard 200.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: On May 11, 2022, it was announced that the band's frontman Trevor Strnad had died. While no official cause of death has been given, the phone number for the National Suicide Prevention Lifeline was provided at the end of the statement.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: On September 14, 2022, The Black Dahlia Murder announced a tribute concert taking place for Trevor Strnad on October 28 at Saint Andrew's Hall in Detroit, Michigan, supported by Darkest Hour and Plague Years. It was also announced that Brian Eschbach will be stepping down from guitar and taking over as lead vocalist as he states in an interview with Decibel Magazine; "I know Trevor would keep this band going if I went down a deep, dark path and weren’t here.". In Brian's place, Ryan Knight will be returning to the band as the rhythm guitarist.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The Black Dahlia Murder headlined the 2008 Summer Slaughter Tour with Kataklysm, Vader, Cryptopsy, The Faceless, Despised Icon, Aborted, Born of Osiris, Psycroptic, and Whitechapel.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: In late 2008, they joined a U.S. tour with Finland's Children of Bodom and Raleigh, NC's Between the Buried and Me. They were initially announced as "... with special guests" at the start of the tour, though it was later confirmed by Revolver Magazine that they were on tour. They appeared on the Hot Topic Stage in the 2009 Rockstar Energy Mayhem Festival. In late 2009, they embarked on a U.S. tour with Finland's Children of Bodom and Skeletonwitch. The band headlined the Bonecrusher Fest tour of Europe in Spring 2010 alongside 3 Inches of Blood, Necrophobic, Obscura, The Faceless, Carnifex and Ingested. In August 2010 they played at the Hevy Music Festival near Folkestone, UK. The band played the entire Warped Tour 2013. As a tribute to the 10th anniversary of the "Nocturnal" album, they headlined the 2017 Summer Slaughter Tour, performing the album in its entirety.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: The Black Dahlia Murder has been described as melodic death metal, or simply death metal. Their 2001 demo "What a Horrible Night to Have a Curse" has been described as metalcore.


title: The Black Dahlia Murder (band)

text: Influences for the band include heavy metal bands such as Carcass, At the Gates, Darkane, Dissection, Darkthrone, Morbid Angel, The Haunted, In Flames, Dimension Zero, Iron Maiden, Judas Priest, Metallica, Pantera and Megadeth. Vocalist Trevor Strnad cited on many occasions that he was primarily influenced by Carcass in vocalizing technique.


title: Larry Hankin

text: Larry Hankin (born ) is an American character actor, performer, director, comedian and producer. He is known for his major film roles as Charley Butts in "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979), Ace in "Running Scared" (1986), and Carl Alphonse in "Billy Madison" (1995). He had smaller roles as Doobie in "Planes, Trains and Automobiles", Sergeant Larry Balzak in "Home Alone", Mr. Heckles in "Friends", and Joe in "Breaking Bad" and "".


title: Larry Hankin

text: Hankin is a graduate of Far Rockaway High School and Syracuse University, where he befriended Carl Gottlieb. He was homeless at one point.


title: Larry Hankin

text: Hankin was an early member of the Second City, training with improvisational theater legends Viola Spolin and Paul Sills, and in 1963 moved to San Francisco to co-found another influential improv troupe, The Committee. His first notable supporting role was as Pt. Romero in "Viva Max!" in 1969.


title: Larry Hankin

text: He is known for his roles in TV shows "Breaking Bad", "Matlock", "Friends" (as Mr. Heckles) and "Seinfeld" (as Tom Pepper), as well as for his major role in "Escape from Alcatraz" (1979) with Clint Eastwood. He also acted in "How Sweet It Is!" (1968) with Debbie Reynolds and James Garner and the Adam Sandler movie "Billy Madison" (1995). He had cameo appearances in three John Hughes films, "Planes, Trains and Automobiles" (1987); "She's Having a Baby" (1988); and "Home Alone" (1990); which coincidentally featured Roberts Blossom (playing Old Man Marley), whom he co-starred with in "Escape from Alcatraz". He had brief appearances in "Pretty Woman" as the landlord (1990), as well as minor roles in "Loose Shoes" (1980), "The Sure Thing" (1985), and "Running Scared" (1986). Hankin also appeared in "Married... with Children", as well as one of the Halloween specials of "Home Improvement". Hankin also appeared in three episodes of "" as Gaunt Gary and one episode of "". Hankin and Curtis Armstrong played the hippie entrepreneurs who purchased "Buy the Book" (the bookstore where the titular character works at) on "Ellen".


title: Larry Hankin

text: On "Seinfeld", Hankin portrayed Tom Pepper, the actor cast as Kramer on the pilot-within-a-TV-show "Jerry". He portrayed a homeless man in season 5 of "Malcolm in the Middle". He then appeared again with Bryan Cranston in seasons three and five of "Breaking Bad" as junkyard owner Old Joe. He reprised his old role from "Breaking Bad" in the Netflix sequel film "".


title: Larry Hankin

text: One of Hankin's earliest roles was playing the lead character of Farley in the 1964 educational film "Too Tough to Care".


title: Larry Hankin

text: In 1977, Hankin appeared in the episode "The Bums vs. the Reds" of the situation comedy "The San Pedro Beach Bums". He also played Mickey the Bartender in a "WKRP in Cincinnati" episode called "Hotel Oceanview" that also has a cameo appearance by Dr. Joyce Brothers as "Vicky Von Vicky".


title: Larry Hankin

text: In 1980, Hankin's short film "Solly's Diner" earned him and the film's producers a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Live Action Short Film.


title: Larry Hankin

text: Hankin was a founding member of the "commedia dell'arte" improvisation group The Committee in 1963, located at an indoor bocce ball court in San Francisco's North Beach district.


title: Larry Hankin

text: He appeared in the Janet Jackson music video for her 1986 hit single "What Have You Done for Me Lately" as a cook/waiter.


title: Larry Hankin

text: He has been doing work with the online comedy group "Magic Hugs", and has appeared in a number of their sketches, as well as the series "Baby Mentalist" for Channel 101.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Irene Dunne (born Irene Marie Dunn; December 20, 1898 – September 4, 1990) was an American actress who appeared in films during the Golden Age of Hollywood. She is best known for her comedic roles, though she performed in films of other genres.


title: Irene Dunne

text: After her father died when she was 14, Dunne's family relocated from Kentucky to Indiana. She became determined to become an opera singer, but when she was rejected by The Met, she performed in musicals on Broadway until she was scouted by RKO and made her Hollywood film debut in the musical "Leathernecking" (1930). She later starred in the successful musical "Show Boat" (1936). Overall, she starred in 42 movies and was nominated five times for the Academy Award for Best Actress—for her performances in the western drama "Cimarron" (1931), the screwball comedies "Theodora Goes Wild" (1936) and "The Awful Truth" (1937), the romance "Love Affair" (1939), and the drama "I Remember Mama" (1948). Dunne is considered one of the finest actresses never to have won an Academy Award. Some critics feel that her performances have been underappreciated and largely forgotten, often overshadowed by later remakes and better-known co-stars.


title: Irene Dunne

text: After the success of "The Awful Truth", she was paired with Cary Grant, her co-star in that movie, two further times; in another screwball comedy, "My Favorite Wife" (1940), and in the melodrama "Penny Serenade" (1941). She has been praised by many during her career, and after her death, as one of the best comedic actresses in the screwball genre. The popularity of "Love Affair" also led to two additional movies with her co-star of that film, Charles Boyer; those were "When Tomorrow Comes" (1939) and "Together Again" (1944). Her last film role was in 1952 but she starred in and hosted numerous television anthology episodes until 1962 after having done numerous radio performances from the late 1930s until the early 1950s. She was nicknamed "The First Lady of Hollywood" for her regal manner despite being proud of her Irish-American, country-girl roots.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne devoted her retirement to philanthropy and was chosen by President Dwight D. Eisenhower as a delegate for the United States to the United Nations, in which she advocated world peace and highlighted refugee-relief programs. She also used the time to be with her family—her husband, dentist Dr. Francis Griffin, and their daughter Mary Frances, whom they adopted in 1938. She received numerous awards for her philanthropy, including honorary doctorates, a Laetare Medal from the University of Notre Dame, and a papal knighthood—Dame of the Order of the Holy Sepulchre. In 1985, she was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor for her services to the arts.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Irene Marie Dunn was born on December 20, 1898, at 507 East Gray Street in Louisville, Kentucky, to Joseph John Dunn, an Irish-American steamboat engineer/inspector for the United States government, and Adelaide Antoinette Dunn (née Henry), a concert pianist/music teacher of German descent from Newport, Kentucky. She was their second child and second daughter, and had a younger brother named Charles; Dunne's elder sister died soon after her birth. The family alternated between living in Kentucky and St. Louis, due to her father's job offers, but he died in April 1913 from a kidney infection when she was fourteen. She saved all of his letters and both remembered and lived by what he told her the night before he died: "Happiness is never an accident. It is the prize we get when we choose wisely from life's great stores."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Following her father's death, Dunne's family moved to her mother's hometown of Madison, Indiana, living on W. Second St., in the same neighborhood as Dunne's grandparents. Dunne's mother taught her to play the piano as a very small girl — according to Dunne, "Music was as natural as breathing in our house," — but unfortunately for her, music lessons frequently prevented her from playing with the neighborhood kids. Her first school production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream" began her interest in drama, so she took singing lessons as well, and sang in local churches and high school plays before her graduation in 1916. Wanting to become a music teacher, she studied at the Indianapolis Conservatory of Music, earning a diploma in 1918. Later, she auditioned for the Chicago Musical College when she visited friends during a journey to Gary, Indiana, and won a college scholarship, officially graduating in 1926. Hoping to become a soprano opera singer, she moved to New York after finishing her second year in 1920, but failed two auditions with the Metropolitan Opera Company due to her inexperience and her "slight" voice.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne took more singing lessons and then dancing lessons to prepare for a possible career in musical theater. On a New York vacation to visit family friends, she was recommended to audition for a stage musical, eventually starring as the leading role in the popular play "Irene", which toured major cities as a roadshow throughout 1921. "Back in New York," Dunne reflected, "I thought that with my experience on the road and musical education it would be easy to win a role. It wasn't." Her Broadway debut was December 25 the following year as Tessie in Zelda Sears's "The Clinging Vine". She then obtained the leading role when the original actress took a leave of absence in 1924. Supporting roles in musical theater productions followed in the shows "The City Chap" (1925), "Yours Truly" (1927) and "She's My Baby" (1928). Her first top-billing, leading role "Luckee Girl" (1928) was not as successful as her previous projects. She would later call her career beginnings "not great furor." At this time, Dunne added the extra "e" to her surname, which had ironically been misspelled as "Dunne" at times throughout her life until this point; until her death, "Dunne" would then occasionally be misspelled as "Dunn". Starring as Magnolia Hawks in a road company adaptation of "Show Boat" was the result of a chance meeting with its director Florenz Ziegfeld Jr. in an elevator the day she returned from her honeymoon, when he mistook her for his next potential client, eventually sending his secretary to chase after her. A talent scout for RKO Pictures attended a performance, and Dunne signed the studio's contract, appearing in her first movie, "Leathernecking" (1930), an adaptation of the musical "Present Arms". Already in her 30s when she made her first film, she would be in competition with younger actresses for roles, and found it advantageous to evade questions that would reveal her age, so publicists encouraged the belief that she was born in 1901 or 1904; the former is the date engraved on her tombstone.


title: Irene Dunne

text: The "Hollywood musical" era had fizzled out, so Dunne moved to dramatic roles during the Pre-Code era, leading a successful campaign for the role of Sabra in "Cimarron" (1931) with her soon-to-be co-star Richard Dix, earning her first Best Actress nomination. A "Photoplay" review declared, "[This movie] starts Irene Dunne off as one of our greatest screen artists." Other dramas included "Back Street" (1932) and "No Other Woman" (1933); for "Magnificent Obsession" (1935), she reportedly studied Braille and focused on her posture with blind consultant Ruby Fruth. This was after she and Dix reunited for "Stingaree" (1934), where overall consensus from critics was that Dunne had usurped Dix's star power. Under a new contract with Warner Bros., the remake of "Sweet Adeline" (1934) and "Roberta" (1935) were Dunne's first two musicals since "Leathernecking"; "Roberta" also starred dancing partners Fred Astaire and Ginger Rogers, and she sang "Smoke Gets in Your Eyes". In 1936, she starred as Magnolia Hawks in "Show Boat" (1936), directed by James Whale. Dunne had concerns about Whale's directing decisions, but she later admitted that her favorite scene to film was "Make Believe" with Allan Jones because the blocking reminded her of "Romeo and Juliet". It was during this year that Dunne's Warner Bros. contract had expired and she had decided to become a freelance actor, with the power to choose studios and directors. She was apprehensive about attempting her first comedy role as the title character in "Theodora Goes Wild" (1936), but discovered that she enjoyed the production process, and received her second Best Actress Oscar nomination for the performance.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne followed "Theodora Goes Wild" with other romantic and comedic roles. "The Awful Truth" (1937) was the first of three films also starring Cary Grant and was later voted the 68th best comedy in American cinema history by the American Film Institute. Their screwball comedy "My Favorite Wife" (1940) was praised as an excellent spiritual successor, whereas "Penny Serenade" (1941) was a "romantic comedy that frequently embraced melodrama." Dunne also starred in three films with Charles Boyer: "Love Affair" (1939), "When Tomorrow Comes" (1939), and "Together Again" (1944). "Love Affair" was such an unexpected critical and financial success that the rest of Dunne and Boyer's films were judged against it; "When Tomorrow Comes" was considered the most disappointing of the "trilogy," and the advertising for "Together Again" promoted the actors' reunion more than the movie. Dunne and Grant were praised as one of the best romantic comedy couples, while the Dunne and Boyer pairing was praised as the most romantic in Hollywood.


title: Irene Dunne

text: On her own, Dunne showed versatility through many film genres. Critics praised her comedic skills in "Unfinished Business" (1941) and "Lady in a Jam" (1942), despite both movies' negative reception. When the United States entered the Second World War, Dunne participated in celebrity war bond tours around the country, announcing at a rally in 1942, "This is no time for comedy. I'm now a saleswoman, I sell bonds." She followed the tour with her only two war films: "A Guy Named Joe" (1943) and "The White Cliffs of Dover" (1944). Despite "A Guy Named Joe"s troubled production and mixed reviews, it was one of the most successful films of the year. "Over 21" (1945) was Dunne's return to comedy but the themes of war (such as her character's husband enlisting in the army) immediately dated the story, which may have contributed to its lack of success. Strong but ladylike motherly roles in the vein of "Cimarron"s Sabra would follow throughout her next films, such as Anna Leonowens in the fictionalized biopic "Anna and the King of Siam" (1946), and mothers Vinnie Day in "Life with Father" (1947), and Marta Hanson in "I Remember Mama" (1948). Dunne openly disliked Vinnie's ditziness and had rejected "Life with Father" numerous times, eventually taking the role because "it seemed to be rewarding enough to be in a good picture that everyone will see." For "I Remember Mama", Dunne worked on her Norwegian accent with dialect coach Judith Sater, and wore body padding to appear heavier; Marta Hanson was her fifth and final Best Actress nomination.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne's last three films were box-office failures. The comedy "Never a Dull Moment" (1950) was accused of trying too hard. Dunne was excited to portray Queen Victoria in "The Mudlark" (1950) for a chance to "hide" behind a role with heavy makeup and latex prosthetics. It was a success in the UK, despite initial critical concern over the only foreigner in a British film starring as a well-known British monarch, but her American fans disapproved of the prosthetic decisions. The comedy "It Grows on Trees" (1952) became Dunne's last movie performance, although she remained on the lookout for suitable film scripts for years afterwards. She filmed a television pilot based on "Cheaper by the Dozen" that was not picked up. On the radio, she and Fred MacMurray respectively played a feuding editor and reporter of a struggling newspaper in the 52-episode comedy-drama "Bright Star", which aired in syndication between 1952 and 1953 by the Ziv Company. She also starred in and hosted episodes of television anthologies, such as "Ford Theatre", "General Electric Theater", and the "Schlitz Playhouse of Stars". Faye Emerson wrote in 1954, "I hope we see much more of Miss Dunne on TV," and Nick Adams called Dunne's performance in "Saints and Sinners" worthy of an Emmy nomination. Dunne's last acting credit was in 1962, but she was once rumored to star in unmaterialized movies named "Heaven Train" and "The Wisdom of the Serpent", and rejected an offer to cameo in "Airport '77". In 1954, Hedda Hopper reported a rumor that Dunne would star alongside Robert Mitchum in Charles Laughton's stage adaptation of "The Web and the Rock". "I never formally retired," Dunne later explained, "but an awful lot of the girls my age soldiered on in bad vehicles. [I] couldn't run around with an ax in my hand like Bette [Davis] and Joan [Crawford] did to keep things going."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was a presenter at the 1950 BAFTAs when she was in London filming "The Mudlark", and then represented Hollywood for the 12th Venice International Film Festival in 1951. She later appeared at 1953's March of Dimes showcase in New York City to introduce two little girls nicknamed the Poster Children, who performed a dramatization about polio research.


title: Irene Dunne

text: She accepted Walt Disney's offer to present at Disneyland's "Dedication Day" in 1955, and christened the Mark Twain Riverboat with a bottle containing water from several major rivers across the United States. Years before, Dunne had also christened the "SS Carole Lombard".


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was the only actress to be appointed a member of the California Arts Commission between 1967 and 1970. The three years were spent developing a museum exhibit called "Dimension" for visually impaired visitors which officially opened on January 12, 1970, in the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum, and toured California for eleven months. Dunne recorded a talking booklet, explaining the history of the 30 sculptures on display and inviting guests to touch.


title: Irene Dunne

text: During the Second World War, Dunne joined the Beverly Hills United Service Organization, and co-founded the Clark Gable's Hollywood Victory Committee. It organized servicemen entertainment and war-bond sales tours on behalf of willing Hollywood participants. The National War Savings Program awarded her a certificate for her work from their Treasury Department.


title: Irene Dunne

text: In her retirement, she devoted herself primarily to humanitarianism. Some of the organizations she worked with include the Sister Kenny Foundation, the American Cancer Society (becoming Chairwoman of its Field Army in 1948), the Los Angeles Orphanage, the Archdiocesan Council of Catholic Women, and was Co-Chairman of the American Red Cross. She was elected president of Santa Monica's St. John's Hospital and Health Clinic in 1950 (she resigned in 1966 to work in the developing council) and became a board member of Technicolor in 1965, the first woman ever elected to the board of directors. She established an African American school for Los Angeles, negotiated donations to St. John's through box office results, and Hebrew University Rebuilding Fun's sponsors committee. Harold E. Stassen appointed her chairwoman for the American Heart Association's women's committee on February 7, 1949, and she held the position until February 28. She appeared in a celebrity-rostered television special "Benefit Show for Retarded Children" (1955) with Jack Benny as host. Dunne also donated to refurbishments in Madison, Indiana, funding the manufacture of Camp Louis Ernst Boy Scout's gate in 1939 and the Broadway Fountain's 1976 restoration. In 1987, she founded the Irene Dunne Guild, a foundation which remains "instrumental in raising funds to support programs and services at St. John's." It was reported that the Guild had raised $20 million by the time of her death.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne reflected in 1951: "If I began living in Hollywood today, I would certainly do one thing that I did when I arrived, and that is to be active in charity. If one is going to take something out of a community—any community—one must put something in, too." She also hoped that charity would encourage submissive women to find independence: "I wish women would be more direct. [...] I was amazed when some quiet little mouse of a woman was given a job which seemed to be out of all proportion to her capabilities. Then I saw the drive with which she undertook that job and put it through to a great finish. It was both inspiring and surprising. I want women to be individuals. They should not lean on their husbands' opinions and be merely echoes of the men of the family[.]"


title: Irene Dunne

text: In 1957, President Eisenhower appointed Dunne one of five alternative U.S. delegates to the United Nations in recognition of her interest in international affairs and Roman Catholic and Republican causes. Dunne admired the U.N.'s dedication to creating world peace, and was inspired by colleagues' beliefs that Hollywood influenced the world. On September 12, she was sworn in with Herman B. Wells, Walter H. Judd, A. S. J. Carnahan, Philip M. Klutznick and George Meany. She held delegacy for two years and addressed the General Assembly twice. She gave her delegacy its own anthem: "Getting to Know You" because "it's so simple, and yet so fundamental in international relations today." Dunne later described her Assembly request for $21 million to help Palestinian refugees as her "biggest thrill," and called her delegacy career the "highlight of my life." She also concluded, "I came away greatly impressed with the work the U.N. does in its limited field—and it does have certain limits. I think we averted a serious situation in Syria, which might have been much more worse without a forum to hear it... And I'm much impressed with the work the U.N. agencies do. I'm especially interested in UNICEF's work with children[,] and the health organization [.]"


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was a lifelong Republican and served as a member of the Californian delegation in 1948's Republican National Convention and campaigned for Thomas Dewey in the 1944 United States presidential election and Ronald Reagan in the 1966 California gubernatorial election. She accepted the U.N. delegacy offer because she viewed the U.N. as apolitical. She later explained: "I'm a Nixon Republican, not a Goldwater one. I don't like extremism in any case. The extreme rights do as much harm as the extreme lefts." Her large input in politics created an assumption that she was a member of the "Hollywood right-wing fringe," which Dunne denied, calling herself "foolish" for being involved years before other celebrities did.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne's father frequently told Dunne about his memories of traveling on bayous and lazy rivers. Dunne's favorite family vacations were riverboat rides and parades, later recalling a voyage from St. Louis to New Orleans, and watching boats on the Ohio River from the hillside. She admitted, "No triumph of either my stage or screen career has ever rivaled the excitement of trips down the Mississippi on the riverboats with my father."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was an avid golfer, playing the sport since high-school graduation; her husband and she often played against each other and she made a hole in one in two different games. They often socialized with Californian business people, but she was good friends with Loretta Young, Jimmy Stewart, Bob Hope, Rosalind Russell, Van Johnson, Ronald Reagan, Carole Lombard, and George Stevens Jr., and became godmother to Young's son, Peter. She and Charles Boyer's blossoming friendship in "Love Affair" seeped through the movie so strongly, they both wrote essays about each other in the October issue of "Photoplay". Dunne also bonded with Leo McCarey over numerous similar interests, such as their Irish ancestry, music, religious backgrounds, and humor. School friends nicknamed her "Dunnie" and she was referred to as this in Madison High School's 1916 yearbook, along with the description "divinely tall and most divinely fair." John Cromwell, however, reportedly described her as "always [having] the look of a cat who had swallowed the canary."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was popular with co-workers off-camera, earning a reputation as warm and approachable, and having a "poised, gracious manner" like royalty, which spilled into her persona in movies. On observing life behind the scenes of a typical day of filming in Hollywood, Jimmie Fidler noted, "There is something about Irene Dunne that makes every man in the room unconsciously straighten his tie." Dunne earned the nickname "The First Lady of Hollywood" because "she was the first real lady Hollywood has ever seen," said Leo McCarey, with Gregory La Cava adding, "If Irene Dunne isn't the first lady of Hollywood, then she's the last one." Ironically, this title had been bestowed on her when she was a little girl when an aunt cooed "What a little lady!" When approached about the nickname in 1936, Dunne admitted it had grown tiresome but approved if it was meant as "the feminine counterpart of 'gentleman'"; a later interview she did have with the "Los Angeles Times" would ironically be titled "Irene Dunne, Gentlewoman."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Her fashion tastes were often the talk of newspapers, and Best Dressed lists featured her as one of the most stylish celebrities in the world. Dunne explained in a 1939 fashion-advice interview that her husband was partially responsible because he was equally stylish, but also chooses outfits based on personality, color scheme and the context of where the outfits will be worn. "McCall's" magazine later revealed Dunne chose outfits specifically designed for her by Mainbocher and Jean Louis because she did not like buying clothes in stores.


title: Irene Dunne

text: One of Dunne's later public appearances was in April 1985, when she attended the unveiling of a bronze bust in her honor at St. John's Hospital and Health Clinic. The artwork, commissioned by the hospital from artist Artis Lane, has a plaque reading "IRENE DUNNE First Lady Of Saint John's Hospital and Health Center Foundation."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Between 1919 and 1922, Dunne was close to Fritz Ernst, a businessman based in Chicago who was 20 years older than she, and a member of one of the richest families in Madison, Indiana. They frequently corresponded while Dunne was training for musical theater but when Fritz proposed, Dunne declined, due to pressure from her mother and wanting to focus on acting. They remained friends and continued writing letters until Ernst died in 1959.


title: Irene Dunne

text: At a New York, Biltmore Hotel supper party in 1924, Dunne met Northampton, Massachusetts-born dentist Francis Griffin. According to Dunne, he preferred being a bachelor, yet tried everything he could to meet her. To her frustration, he did not telephone her until over a month later, but the relationship had strengthened and they married in Manhattan on July 13, 1927. They had constantly argued about the state of their careers if they ever got married, with Dunne agreeing to consider theater retirement sometime in the future and Griffin agreeing to support Dunne's acting. Griffin later explained: "I didn't like the moral tone of show business. [...] Then Ziegfeld signed her for "Show Boat" and it looked like she was due for big things. Next came Hollywood and [she] was catapulted to the top. Then I didn't feel I could ask her to drop her career. [I] really didn't think marriage and the stage were compatible but we loved each other and we were both determined to make our marriage work."


title: Irene Dunne

text: When Dunne decided to star in "Leathernecking", it was meant to be her only Hollywood project, but when it was a box-office bomb, she took an interest in "Cimarron". Soon after, she and her mother moved to Hollywood and maintained a long-distance relationship with her husband and brother in New York until they joined her in California in 1936. A family friend described their dynamic as "like two pixies together," and they remained married until Griffin's death on October 14, 1965, living in the Holmby Hills in a "kind of French Chateau" they designed. A hobby they both shared was astronomy. Griffin explained the marriage had lasted so long because: "When she had to go on location for a film I arranged my schedule so I could go with her. When I had to go out of town she arranged her schedule so she could be with me. We co-operate in everything. [...] I think a man married to a career woman in show business has to be convinced that his wife's talent is too strong to be dimmed or put out. Then, he can be just as proud of her success as she is and, inside he can take a bow himself for whatever help he's been." Due to Dunne's privacy, Hollywood columnists struggled to find scandals to write about her—an eventual interview with "Photoplay" included the disclaimer, "I can guarantee no juicy bits of intimate gossip. Unless, perhaps she lies awake nights heartsick about the kitchen sink in her new home. She's afraid it's too near to the door. Or would you call that juicy? No? No, I thought not." When the magazines alleged that Dunne and Griffin would divorce, Griffin released a statement denying any marital issues.


title: Irene Dunne

text: After retiring from dentistry, Griffin became Dunne's business manager, and helped negotiate her first contract. The couple became interested in real estate, later investing in the Beverly Wilshire and throughout Las Vegas (including co-founding and chairing the board of Huntridge Corporation), and partnering with Griffin's family's businesses (Griffin Equipment Company and The Griffin Wellpoint Company.) Griffin sat as a board member of numerous banks, but his offices were relocated from Century City to their home after his death, when Dunne took over as president. They had one daughter, Mary Frances (née Anna Mary Bush; 1935 – 2020), who was adopted by the couple in 1936 (finalized in 1938) from the New York Foundling Hospital, run by the Sisters of Charity of New York.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne was a devout Catholic laywoman, who became a daily communicant. She was a member of the Church of the Good Shepherd and the Catholic Motion Picture Guild in Beverly Hills, California. In 1953, Pope Pius XII awarded Dunne and her husband papal knighthoods as Dame and Knight of the Holy Sepulchre, respectively. Griffin also became a Knight of Malta in 1949.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne died at the age of 91 in her Holmby Hills home on September 4, 1990, and was entombed four days later next to her husband in the Calvary Cemetery, East Los Angeles. She had been unwell for a year with an irregular heartbeat, and became bedridden about a month before. The funeral was private with family friend Loretta Young being the only celebrity allowed to attend. Her personal papers are housed at the University of Southern California. She was survived by her daughter, two grandchildren and two great-grandchildren.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne is considered one of the best actresses of The Golden Age of Hollywood never to win an Academy Award. After "I Remember Mama" was released, "Liberty" magazine hoped she would "do a Truman" at the 1949 Oscars whereas Erskine Johnson called her and Best Actor nominee Montgomery Clift the dark horses of that ceremony. In 1985, Roger Fristoe said "a generation of filmgoers is mostly unfamiliar with her work" because eleven of her movies had been remade, including "Love Affair" (remade as "An Affair to Remember"), "Show Boat" (remade in 1951), "My Favorite Wife" (remade as "Move Over, Darling"), and "Cimarron" (remade in 1960). Dunne explained she had lacked the "terrifying ambition" of some other actresses, commenting in 1977, "I drifted into acting and drifted out. Acting is not everything. Living is."


title: Irene Dunne

text: Although known for her comedic roles, Dunne admitted that she never saw comedy as a worthy genre, even leaving the country to attend the London premiere of "Show Boat" with her husband and James Whale to get away from being confronted with a script for "Theodora Goes Wild". "I never admired a comedienne," she said retrospectively, "yet it was very easy for me, very natural. It was no effort for me to do comedy at all. Maybe that's why I wasn't so appreciative of it." She ascribed her sense of humor to her late father, as well as her "Irish stubbornness." Her screwball comedy characters have been praised for their subversions to the traditional characterisation of female leads in the genre, particularly Susan (Katharine Hepburn) in "Bringing Up Baby" and Irene (Carole Lombard) in "My Man Godfrey". "Unlike the genre's stereotypical leading lady, who exhibits bonkers behaviour continuously, Dunne's screwball heroine [in "Theodora Goes Wild"] chooses when she "goes wild"," writes Wes D. Gehring, who also described Dunne's screwball as situational because her characters often obfuscate wackiness to attract the male lead, and could turn it off when needed.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Biographers and critics argue that Dunne's groundedness made her screwball characters more attractive than her contemporaries. In his review for "My Favorite Wife", Bosley Crowther wrote that a "mere man is powerless" to "her luxurious and mocking laughter, her roving eyes and come-hither glances." Maria DiBattista points out that Dunne is the "only comic actress working under the strictures of the Production Code" who ends both of her screwball movies alongside Cary Grant with a heavy implication of sharing a bed with him, "under the guise of keeping him at bay." Frankie Teller claimed Dunne's sexiness had been overshadowed by her melodramatic movies until "The Awful Truth" was released. Meanwhile, outside of comedy, Andrew Sarris theorized that Dunne's sex appeal is due to the common narrative in her movies about a good girl "going bad." Dunne's backstage "First Lady" reputation furthered Sarris' sex appeal claims, admitting the scene when she shares a train carriage with Preston Foster in "Unfinished Business" was practically his "rite of passage" to a sex scene in a film, theorizing that the sex appeal of Dunne came from "a good girl deciding thoughtfully to be bad." On the blatant eroticism of the same train scene, Megan McGurk wrote, "The only thing that allowed this film to pass the censors was that good-girl Irene Dunne can have a one-night stand with a random because she loves him, rather than just a once-off fling. For most other women of her star magnitude, you could not imagine a heroine without a moral compass trained on true north. Irene Dunne elevates a tawdry encounter to something justifiably pure or blameless. She's just not the casual sex type, so she gets away with it."


title: Irene Dunne

text: The "Los Angeles Times" referred to Dunne's publicity in their obituary as trailblazing, noting her as one of the first actors to become a freelancer in Hollywood during its rigid studio system through her "non-exclusive contract that gave her the right to make films at other studios and to decide who should direct them," and her involvement with the United Nations as a decision that allowed entertainers from movies and television to branch out into philanthropy and politics, such as Ronald Reagan and George Murphy.


title: Irene Dunne

text: Dunne later said, "Cary Grant always said that I had the best timing of anybody he ever worked with." Lucille Ball admitted at an American Film Institute seminar that she based her comedic skills on Dunne's performance in "Joy of Living", Joan Leslie called her an "outstanding example as a woman and a star." Charles Boyer described her having "an irrepressible youthfulness" and Ralph Bellamy described working in three films with her as "like a three-layered cake with candles[. She was] truly professional, extremely talented, and socially attractive and beautiful." When asked about life after retiring from baseball, Lou Gehrig stated he would want Dunne as a screen partner if he ever became a movie actor. Charles Mendl once called her one of the most attractive and fascinating women in the world "who has beauty as an accomplished actress and sophisticated conversationalist." Dunne told James Bawden in 1977: "Now don't you dare call me normal. I was never a Pollyanna. There was always a lot of Theodora in me."