title: Mosasaur

text: A 2020 study published in "Nature" described a large fossilized hatched egg from Antarctica from the very end of the Cretaceous, about 68 million years ago. The egg is considered one of the largest amniote eggs ever known, rivalling that of the elephant bird, and due to its soft, thin, folded texture, it likely belonged to a marine animal. While the organism that produced it remains unknown, the egg's pore structure is very similar to that of extant lepidosaurs such as lizards and snakes, and presence of mosasaur fossils nearby indicates that it may have been a mosasaur egg. It is unknown whether the egg was laid on land or in the water. The egg was assigned to the newly described oospecies "Antarcticoolithus bradyi".


title: Mosasaur

text: Paleontologists compared the taxonomic diversity and patterns of morphological disparity in mosasaurs with sea level, sea surface temperature, and stable carbon isotope curves for the Upper Cretaceous to explore factors that may have influenced their evolution. No single factor unambiguously accounts for all radiations, diversification, and extinctions; however, the broader patterns of taxonomic diversification and morphological disparity point to niche differentiation in a "fishing up" scenario under the influence of "bottom-up" selective pressures. The most likely driving force in mosasaur evolution was high productivity in the Late Cretaceous, driven by tectonically controlled sea levels and climatically controlled ocean stratification and nutrient delivery. When productivity collapsed at the end of the Cretaceous, coincident with bolide impact, mosasaurs became extinct.


title: Mosasaur

text: Sea levels were high during the Cretaceous period, causing marine transgressions in many parts of the world, and a great inland seaway in what is now North America. Mosasaur fossils have been found in the Netherlands, Belgium, Denmark, Portugal, Sweden, South Africa, Spain, France, Germany, Poland, the Czech Republic, Italy Bulgaria, the United Kingdom, Russia, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Japan, Egypt, Israel, Jordan, Syria, Turkey, Niger, Angola, Morocco, Australia, New Zealand, and on Vega Island off the coast of Antarctica. Tooth taxon "Globidens timorensis" is known from the island of Timor; however, the phylogenetic placement of this species is uncertain and it might not even be a mosasaur.


title: Mosasaur

text: Mosasaurs have been found in Canada in Manitoba and Saskatchewan and in much of the contiguous United States. Complete or partial specimens have been found in Alabama, Mississippi, New Jersey, Tennessee, and Georgia, as well as in states covered by the Cretaceous seaway: Texas, southwest Arkansas, New Mexico, Kansas, Colorado, Nebraska, South Dakota, Montana, Wyoming, and the Pierre Shale/Fox Hills formations of North Dakota. Lastly, mosasaur bones and teeth are also known from California, Mexico, Colombia, Brazil, Peru, and Chile.


title: Mosasaur

text: Many of the so-called 'dinosaur' remains found on New Zealand are actually mosasaurs and plesiosaurs, both being Mesozoic predatory marine reptiles.


title: Mosasaur

text: The first publicized discovery of a partial fossil mosasaur skull in 1764 by quarry workers in a subterranean gallery of a limestone quarry in Mount Saint Peter, near the Dutch city of Maastricht, preceded any major dinosaur fossil discoveries, but remained little known. However, a second find of a partial skull drew the Age of Enlightenment's attention to the existence of fossilized animals that were different from any known living creatures. When the specimen was discovered between 1770 and 1774, Johann Leonard Hoffmann, a surgeon and fossil collector, corresponded about it with the most influential scientists of his day, making the fossil famous. The original owner, though, was Godding, a canon of Maastricht cathedral.


title: Mosasaur

text: When the French revolutionary forces occupied Maastricht in 1794, the carefully hidden fossil was uncovered, after a reward, it is said, of 600 bottles of wine, and transported to Paris. After it had been earlier interpreted as a fish, a crocodile, and a sperm whale, the first to understand its lizard affinities was the Dutch scientist Adriaan Gilles Camper in 1799. In 1808, Georges Cuvier confirmed this conclusion, although "le Grand Animal fossile de Maëstricht" was not actually named "Mosasaurus" ('Meuse reptile') until 1822 and not given its full species name, "Mosasaurus hoffmannii," until 1829. Several sets of mosasaur remains, which had been discovered earlier at Maastricht but were not identified as mosasaurs until the 19th century, have been on display in the Teylers Museum, Haarlem, procured from 1790.


title: Mosasaur

text: The Maastricht limestone beds were rendered so famous by the mosasaur discovery, they have given their name to the final six-million-year epoch of the Cretaceous, the Maastrichtian.


title: Mosasaur

text: The specific placement of mosasaurs within the Squamata has been controversial since its inception. Cuvier was the first scientist to deeply analyze their possible taxonomic placement through "Mosasaurus". While his original 1808 hypothesis that the genus was a lizard with affinities to monitor lizards remained the most popular, Cuvier was uncertain, even at the time, about the accuracy of this placement. He simultaneously proposed a number of alternative hypotheses, with one such alternative suggesting that "Mosasaurus" instead had closer affinities with iguanas due to their shared presence of pterygoid teeth. With the absence of sufficient fossil evidence, researchers during the early and mid-19th century had little to work with. Instead, they primarily relied on stratigraphic associations and Cuvier's 1808 research on the holotype skull. Thus, in-depth research on the placement of "Mosasaurus" was not undertaken until the discovery of more complete mosasaur fossils during the late 19th century, which reignited research on the placement of mosasaurs among squamates.


title: Mosasaur

text: In a span of about 30 to 40 years during the late 19th to early 20th centuries, paleontologists fiercely debated the issue, which created two major schools of thought: one that supported a monitor lizard relationship and one that supported a closer relationship with snakes.


title: Mosasaur

text: The proposition of a snake relationship was spearheaded by Cope, who first published such a hypothesis in 1869 by proposing that mosasaurs, which he classified under a group called the Pythonomorpha, was the sister group of snakes. Some scientists went as far as to interpret mosasaurs as direct ancestors of snakes. Opponents supporting a relationship with monitor lizards argued that mosasaurs should be placed within the infraorder Anguimorpha, with lower classifications varying from placing mosasaurs within Varanoidea or its sister taxa, or as true monitor lizards within Varanidae. These debates spawned higher taxonomic groups that were erected in attempts to classify the placement of mosasaurs (although not all are compatible). One of these was the Mosasauria, a loosely-defined group erected by Marsh in 1880 but is still used by some researchers today that includes all descendants of the last common ancestor of "Mosasaurus" and some of its ancestral relatives, including the marine squamates dolichosaurs "Dolichosaurus" and "Coniasaurus" and "Adriosaurus".


title: Mosasaur

text: In 1923, Charles Lewis Camp published "Classification of the Lizards", in which he proposed through the review and rebuttal of previous arguments using his own anatomical observations that all taxa more closely related to "Mosasaurus" than "Dolichosaurus" should be classified into a superfamily called the Mosasauroidea, which would be a sister superfamily to the Varanoidea. Camp's take on the subject virtually ended the snake-monitor lizard debate for approximately 70 years, with nearly all subsequent studies supporting a relationship with monitor lizards. However, many studies continued to support going further than Camp in the monitor lizard relationship, placing mosasaurs within the Varanoidea.


title: Mosasaur

text: The debate was reignited with the publication of a 1997 cladistical study by Michael S. Y. Lee, which recovered the Mosasauroidea as a sister taxon to the snake suborder Serpentes and resurrected the argument for a snake relationship. Prior, there had never been a modern phylogenetic study specifically testing the relationships between mosasaurs or snakes. Lee also resurrected the defunct Pythonomorpha and redefined it to unify the Mosasauroidea and Serpentes under one clade. Multiple subsequent studies conducted by scientists such as Lee, Caldwell, and Alessandro Palci refined this hypothesis. In some studies, the Mosasauria clade was used to represent mosasaurs. However, there still remained little consensus. For example, a large-scale 2008 phylogenetic study by paleontologist Jack Conrad of the American Museum of Natural History recovered the Mosasauria clade in a polytomy, or a clade with unresolved relationships, with monitor lizards and beaded lizards; and a 2012 study by Gauthier "et al." recovered Mosasauria as a clade basal to both monitor lizards and snakes.


title: Mosasaur

text: With the advent of molecular genetics during the 2010s, some scientists argued for the combining of molecular and morphological data to examine relationships between mosasaurs and living squamates. An early study was Lee (2009), which based on nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in living squamates and morphological data recovered mosasaurs as a stem group to snakes, which some later authors interpreted as placement of snakes within the Mosasauria clade itself. However, a 2010 study by Weins "et al." attempted to replicate Lee (2009) using a larger dataset but instead yielded results that recovered the Mosasauria as a sister clade to the monitor lizards. The frequent discrepancies are due to the high prevalence of convergent evolution in squamates, which creates much room for interpreting molecular and morphological data; many of these studies had results that often contradicted each other, for example in completely different phylogenetic results by simply adding more datasets or varying which taxa are represented, which resulted in various conflicts creating even more uncertainty. Due to this, some scientists argued that a molecular perspective should be abandoned entirely. Nevertheless, other scientists have attempted to resolve these problems. One approach was utilized by a 2015 study by Reeder "et al.": it closely integrated morphological, molecular, and paleontological data in a large dataset to overcome previous conflicts, which revealed new morphological support for molecular results that recovered Mosasauria as a sister clade to Serpentes. Another approach was developed by R. Alexander Pyron in a 2016 study, which also recovered Mosasauria as a sister clade to the Serpentes.


title: Mosasaur

text: The traditional view of mosasaur evolution held that all paddle-limbed (hydropedal) mosasaurs originated from a single common ancestor with functional legs (plesiopedal). However, this was shaken with the discovery of "Dallasaurus", a plesiopedal mosasauroid that was found by multiple phylogenetic analyses to be an ancestor of the Mosasaurinae but unrelated to other mosasaurs. Bell and Polycn (2005) grouped these outside mosasaurs into two clades: the Russellosaurina, whose basal members include plesiopedal genera (Tethysaurinae) of their own and derived members consisting of the Plioplatecarpinae and Tylosaurinae; and the Halisauromorpha, containing the Halisaurinae. The placement of "Dallasaurus" suggested that the Russellosaurina and Halisauromorpha may have evolved a hydropedal form independently, the former through the tethysaurines, meaning that their placement within the Mosasauridae creates an unnatural polyphyly and thus potentially invalid. Caldwell informally proposed in a 2012 publication that the definition of a mosasaur must thus be redefined into one that does not consider russellosaurines and halisauromorphs as true mosasaurs, but as an independent group of marine lizards.


title: Mosasaur

text: However, phylogenetic studies of mosasaurs can be fickle, especially when wild card taxa like "Dallasaurus" remain poorly understood. For example, some studies such as a 2009 analysis by Dutchak and Caldwell instead found that "Dallasaurus" was ancestral to both russellosaurines and mosasaurines, although results were inconsistent in later studies. A 2017 study by Simoes "et al." noted that utilization of different methods of phylogenetic analyses can yield different findings and ultimately found a consistent indication that tethysaurines were a case of hydropedal mosasaurs reversing back to a plesiopedal condition rather than an independent ancestral feature.


title: Mosasaur

text: Though no individual genus or subfamily is found worldwide, the Mosasauridae as a whole achieved global distribution during the Late Cretaceous with many locations typically having complex mosasaur faunas with multiple different genera and species in different ecological niches.


title: Mosasaur

text: Mosasaurs, along with other extinct aquatic Mesozoic reptiles, are often erroneously depicted as 'swimming dinosaurs' in popular culture. The belief that mosasaurs are dinosaurs is a common misconception.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Rubén Blades Bellido de Luna (born July 16, 1948), known professionally as Rubén Blades (, ), is a Panamanian musician, singer, composer, actor, activist, and politician, performing musically most often in the salsa, and Latin jazz genres. As a songwriter, Blades brought the lyrical sophistication of Central American "nueva canción" and Cuban "nueva trova" as well as experimental tempos and politically inspired Son Cubano salsa to his music, creating "thinking persons' (salsa) dance music". Blades has written dozens of hit songs, including "Pedro Navaja" and "El Cantante" (which became Héctor Lavoe's signature song). He has won ten Grammy Awards out of seventeen nominations and twelve Latin Grammy Awards.


title: Rubén Blades

text: His acting career began in 1983, and has continued, sometimes with several-year breaks to focus on other projects. He has prominent roles in films such as "Crossover Dreams" (1985), "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988), "The Super" (1991), "Predator 2" (1990), "Color of Night" (1994), "Safe House" (2012), "The Counselor" (2013) and "Hands of Stone" (2016), along with three Emmy Award nominations for his performances in "The Josephine Baker Story" (1991), "Crazy from the Heart" (1992) and "The Maldonado Miracle" (2003). He portrayed Daniel Salazar, a main character on the TV series "Fear the Walking Dead" (2015–2017; 2019–present).


title: Rubén Blades

text: He is an icon in Panama and is much admired throughout Latin America and Spain, and managed to attract 17% of the vote in his failed attempt to win the Panamanian presidency in 1994. In September 2004, he was appointed minister of tourism by Panamanian president Martín Torrijos for a five-year term. He holds a ""' Law degree from the University of Panama and an LL.M in International Law from Harvard University. He is married to singer Luba Mason.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades was born in Panama City, Panama. He is the son of Cuban musician and actress Anoland Díaz (real surname Bellido de Luna), and Colombian Rubén Darío Blades Sr., an athlete, percussionist and graduate of the Federal Bureau of Narcotics in Washington, D.C. His mother's great-uncle, Juan Bellido de Luna, was active in the Cuban revolutionary movement against Spain and was a writer and publisher in New York City. Blades's paternal grandfather, Rubén Blades, was an English-speaking native of St. Lucia who came to Panama as an accountant. His family is uncertain how the Blades family ended up in St. Lucia, but when his grandfather moved to Panama, he lived in the Panamanian Bocas del Toro Province. Blades thought that his grandfather had come to Panama to work on the Panama Canal, as he tells in the song "West Indian Man" on the album "Amor y Control" ("That's where the Blades comes from") (1992). He explains the source and the pronunciation () of his family surname, which is of English origin, in his web show "Show De Ruben Blades" (SDRB).


title: Rubén Blades

text: In Blades's early days, he was a vocalist in Los Salvajes del Ritmo, and also a songwriter and guest singer with a professional Latin music conjunto (ensemble), Bush y sus Magníficos. His strongest influence of the day was the Joe Cuba sextet and Cheo Feliciano, whose singing style he copied to the point of imitating his voice tone and vocal range.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades earned degrees in political science and law at the Universidad Nacional de Panamá and performed legal work at the Bank of Panama as a law student. After graduating in 1974, he moved to the U.S. and stayed with his exiled parents in Miami, Florida, before moving to New York City. Andy Harlow said that "he used to sleep on my couch while he worked at Fania (Records); used to say "I write songs, too."


title: Rubén Blades

text: His first recording in the United States of America was the solo album, "De Panamá a New York", with the Pete Rodriguez Orchestra, which included original compositions such as "Juan Gonzalez", "Descarga Caliente" and "De Panamá a New York", which were recorded in New York City by Alegre Records in 1970. He then returned to Panamá and finished his degree.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades began his career in New York City writing songs while working in the mailroom at Fania Records. Soon Blades was working with salseros Ray Barretto and Larry Harlow. Shortly thereafter, Blades started collaborating with trombonist and bandleader Willie Colón. They recorded several albums together and participated in albums by plena singer Mon Rivera and the Fania All Stars.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades's first notable hit was a song on the 1977 album "Metiendo Mano" that he had composed in 1968: "Pablo Pueblo", a meditation about a working-class father who returns to his home after a long day at work. The song later became his unofficial campaign song when he ran for president of Panama. The Colón and Blades recording on the same album of Tite Curet Alonso's composition, "Plantación Adentro", which dealt with the brutal treatment of Indian natives in Latin America's colonial times, was a hit in various Caribbean countries. He wrote and performed several songs with the Fania All Stars and as a guest on other artists' releases, including the hits "Paula C", written about a girlfriend at the time; "Juan Pachanga", about a party animal who buries his pain for a lost love in dance and drink; and "Sin Tu Cariño", a love song, featuring a bomba break. The latter two songs feature piano solos by the Puerto Rican pianist Papo Lucca.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 1978, Blades wrote the song "El Cantante"; Colón convinced him to give the song to Colón's former musical partner, Héctor Lavoe, to record, since Lavoe's nickname was already "El Cantante de los Cantantes" ("the singer of singers"). Lavoe recorded it that same year, and it became both a big hit and Lavoe's signature song; a biographical film, "El Cantante" about Lavoe took the same title. (The film "El Cantante", starring executive producer Marc Anthony and then wife Jennifer López, told a fictionalized version of this story, in which Blades tells Lavoe he wrote the song for him.)


title: Rubén Blades

text: The Colón and Blades album "Siembra" (1978) became the best-selling salsa record in history. It has sold over 25 million copies, and almost all of its songs were hits at one time or another in various Latin American countries. Its most famous song was "Pedro Navaja", a song inspired by the 1928 song "Mack the Knife"; it tells the story of a neighborhood thug who is killed by a street walker who knows him (he stabs her, she shoots him, they both die, a bum finds them, and takes his belongings). The song inspired a 1980 Puerto Rican musical, "La verdadera historia de Pedro Navaja", and a 1984 Mexican film, "Pedro Navaja", neither of which had Blades' involvement. Blades wrote and sang a sequel song, "Sorpresas", (surprises) on his 1985 album, "Escenas", which revealed that Pedro had survived the incident and was still alive.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades became dissatisfied with Fania and tried to terminate his contract, but was legally obliged to record several more albums. "Maestra Vida" and its follow-up "Canciones del Solar de los Aburridos" are highlights.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 1982, Blades got his first acting role, in "The Last Fight", portraying a singer-turned-boxer vying for a championship against a fighter who was played by real-life world-champion boxer Salvador Sánchez. In 1984, he released "Buscando América", and in 1985, Blades gained widespread recognition as co-writer and star of the independent film "Crossover Dreams" as a New York salsa singer willing to do anything to break into the mainstream. Blades also began his career in films scoring music for soundtracks. Also in 1985, he earned a master's degree in international law from Harvard Law School. He was the subject of Robert Mugge's documentary "The Return of Rubén Blades", which debuted at that year's Denver Film Festival. He also recorded a segment for the "60 Minutes" television program, interviewed by Morley Safer.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 1984, Blades left Fania, and signed with Elektra, although Fania continued to release recordings compiled from their archives for some years afterwards. Blades assembled a top-notch band (known variously as Seis del Solar or Son del Solar) and began touring and recording with them. His first album with them, "Escenas", included a duet with Linda Ronstadt (1985), won Blades his first Grammy Award, for Best Tropical Latin Album. He then recorded the album "Agua de Luna", based on the short stories of writer Gabriel García Márquez, in 1987. The next year he released the English-language collaboration "Nothing But the Truth", with rock artists Sting, Elvis Costello, and Lou Reed whose song "The Hit" aka its main chorus "Don't Double Cross the Ones You Love", appeared in the opening and closing credits of Sidney Lumet's 1990 crime drama film "Q & A"; also in 1988 he released the more traditionally salsa "Antecedente", again with Seis del Solar, which again won a Grammy Award.


title: Rubén Blades

text: During the 1990s, he acted in films and continued to make records with Seis/Son del Solar. In 1994, he mounted his unsuccessful Panamanian presidential bid, founding the party, Movimiento Papa Egoró. The album that followed this experience was titled, "La Rosa de los Vientos". He also made the award-winning music such as Pena and Amor y Control, won the 1997 Grammy for Best Tropical Latin Performance, and all its songs were by Panamanian songwriters, recorded using all Panamanian musicians. In 1996, Blades along with Son Miserables performed "No Te Miento (I Am Not Lying [to you])" for the AIDS benefit album "" produced by the Red Hot Organization. In 1997, Blades headed the cast of singer/songwriter Paul Simon's first Broadway musical, "The Capeman", based on a true story about a violent youth who becomes a poet in prison, which also starred Marc Anthony and Ednita Nazario. His many film appearances include "The Milagro Beanfield War" (1988), "The Two Jakes" (1990), "Predator 2" (1990), "Mo' Better Blues" (1990), "Color of Night" (1994), and "Devil's Own" (1997). He also guest-starred in an amusing episode of "The X Files" titled, "El Mundo Gira" ("As The World Turns"). He played immigration agent (la migra), Conrad Lozano, who works with Mulder and Scully to solve unexplained murders involving both rural California migrant workers and the Mexican folklore of El Chupacabra. In 1999, he played Mexican artist Diego Rivera in Tim Robbins' "Cradle Will Rock". In the 2003 film "Once Upon a Time in Mexico", starring Johnny Depp, Antonio Banderas, and Willem Dafoe, he played the role of a retired FBI agent.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Blades's 1999 album "Tiempos", which he recorded with musicians from the Costa Rican groups Editus and Sexteto de Jazz Latino, represented a break from his salsa past and a further rejection of commercial trends in Latin music. Ironically, the album won a Grammy Award for Best Latin Pop Album. Blades was inducted into the International Latin Music Hall of Fame in 2001. Even more eclectic was the 2002 album "Mundo" with the 11-member Editus Ensemble and bagpiper Eric Rigler, which incorporated instruments from around the world. "Mundo" won the Grammy Award for Best World Music Album, and was also nominated for a Latin Grammy Award for Album of the Year. The same year, Blades guested on world music artist Derek Trucks' album, "Joyful Noise". In 2003 he followed "Mundo" with a web site free-download project. Blades was presented with the Founders Award at the 2005 ASCAP Latin Awards. In 2004, he put his artistic career on hold when he began serving a five-year appointment as Panama's minister of tourism. Beginning in June 2007, however, Blades turned some of his attention back to his artistic career, presenting an online TV show titled "Show de Ruben Blades (SDRB)" on his website.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In May 2007, Blades was sued by his former bandmate, Willie Colón for breach of contract. This led to a series of suits and countersuits that lasted over five years. A book titled "Decisiones" detailing the inside story of this legal battle was written by Blades' former agent, Robert J. Morgalo and published in 2016 in English and Spanish.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In the middle of 2008 he took a leave of absence for a mini-tour in Europe, backed by the Costa Rican band Son de Tikizia. When his government service was completed in June 2009, he reunited the members of Seis del Solar for the 25th anniversary of "Buscando América" in an ambitious tour of the Americas.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 2015, Blades was cast in the regular role of Daniel Salazar in the AMC post-apocalyptic drama "Fear the Walking Dead", a companion series to "The Walking Dead". Blades first appears in the second episode "So Close, Yet So Far".


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 2017, Blades performed as one of the featured artists for Puerto Rico in Lin-Manuel Miranda's charity single "Almost Like Praying" to raise money for victims of Hurricane Maria.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In September 2018, Blades was appointed as NYU Steinhardt Dean's Inaugural Scholar-in-Residence at New York University.


title: Rubén Blades

text: In 2021, Blades was honored as the Latin Recording Academy Person of the Year for his contributions to Latin music and activism.


title: Rubén Blades

text: Note: At the 4th Annual Latin Grammy Awards, "Mundo" also received a nomination for Best Engineered Album, which went to engineers Walter Flores, Oscar Marín, Daniela Pastore and Edín Solís.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom is a group of supervillains who originated in "Challenge of the Super Friends", an animated series from Hanna-Barbera based on DC Comics' Justice League. The Legion of Doom has since been incorporated into the main DC Universe, appearing in comics, as well as further animated and live-action adaptations, and also video games.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In each episode of "Challenge of the Super Friends" that they appeared, the Legion of Doom would enact a plot against the Super Friends and a plot to take over the world only to be met with defeat by the end of the story. In some episodes, they would escape capture through a last-minute escape plan often contrived by Luthor. Other times, the Legion of Doom (or portions of it) would end up apprehended.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The episode "History of Doom" showed that Lex Luthor assembled 12 supervillains in order to form the most powerful and sinister group the world had ever seen.


title: Legion of Doom

text: When the "Challenge of the Super Friends" season was originally conceived, it was named "Battle of the Superheroes" and featured the introduction of Captain Marvel to the Super Friends. The group that challenged the heroes was to be called the "League of Evil", led by Captain Marvel's nemesis Doctor Sivana. However, Filmation was producing "Shazam!" and "The New Adventures of Batman" which prevented the use of characters such as Mister Atom, King Kull, Beautia Sivana, Joker, Penguin, Mr. Freeze, and Catwoman. Early conceptual art drawn by Alex Toth also included Heat Wave, Poison Ivy, and Abra Kadabra.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom's headquarters was the Hall of Doom that was located in Slaughter Swamp (just outside Gotham City). The facility, which has a close resemblance to Darth Vader's helmet, could be lowered or raised above the swamp water's surface. It could fly or enter space using rockets. The Hall of Doom's mobility could be controlled through remote control helping the Legion to escape on several occasions. Its defenses included laser weapons and the ability to time travel.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In "Doomsday" after Sinestro, Black Manta and Cheetah are abandoned by the rest of the Legion after they take control of a mental device, they use it to create another Hall of Doom, which attacks the original one and enables the Legion to be captured.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In "History of Doom", the Hall is shown being constructed in a barn just after the Legion formed. Black Manta proposed that they have it in the ocean, Captain Cold proposes to have underneath the polar ice caps, and Gorilla Grodd proposes that they have it in the jungle. As a compromise, Lex Luthor decides to have it within the waters of Slaughter Swamp as it is then flown to that location.


title: Legion of Doom

text: While "Challenge of the Super Friends" was the series spotlighting the Legion of Doom, they appear in a few "Super Friends" shorts:


title: Legion of Doom

text: Scarecrow makes an appearance in "" episode "The Fear" which also introducing his real name of Jonathan Crane.


title: Legion of Doom

text: Members of the Legion of Doom made some appearances in the "Super Friends" spin-off comic title based on the TV series:


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appeared in the NBC televised special, "Legends of the Superheroes", led by Mordru and consisting of Doctor Sivana, Riddler, Giganta, Sinestro, Weather Wizard, and Solomon Grundy.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom is alluded to in "Smallville" season ten and assembled by Toyman. Despite still being in jail, he created Marionette Ventures, an organization composed of supervillains like Metallo, Roulette, the Dark Archer, Black Manta, Captain Cold, and Solomon Grundy that worked to control Smallville's waterfront properties. The Toyman used a brainwashed Courtney Whitmore to do his organization's bidding, and later brainwashed Lois Lane remotely in an attempt to kill Clark Kent.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom serves as the main antagonists of the second season of the Arrowverse series "Legends of Tomorrow". This incarnation is led by Eobard Thawne / Reverse-Flash (Matt Letscher) and consists of Damien Darhk (Neal McDonough), Malcolm Merlyn (John Barrowman), and a time-displaced Leonard Snart / Captain Cold (Wentworth Miller). For brief periods of time, the Legion is assisted by a brainwashed Rip Hunter (Arthur Darvill) and a reluctant Mick Rory / Heat Wave (Dominic Purcell). They are termed "The Legion of Doom" by Legends member Nate Heywood, after a cartoon he enjoyed as a kid.


title: Legion of Doom

text: Thawne and Darhk found the group after the former cheats death as a result of Flashpoint and recruits the latter from 1987 with the goal of changing their destined deaths in conflict with Barry Allen and Oliver Queen, respectively, by obtaining the Spear of Destiny. Amidst encounters with the Legends and the Black Flash, the latter of whom was sent by the Speed Force to pursue Thawne as a result of him cheating death, the Legion recruit Merlyn from 2016, promising him to help avert his family's deaths, and Snart from before he joined the Legends, promising to help him avert his future death. After Snart convinces Rory to betray the Legends, the Legion obtains the Spear and rewrite reality so that they live improved lives without opposition while the Legends are reduced to various demeaning positions. However, Rory comes to regret his decision and reunites the Legends, restoring their memories of the original timeline and helping them retrieve the Spear, with help from the Legion after they discover Thawne intended to destroy it. In the ensuing battle, Thawne succeeds, apparently stabilizing the altered reality, but the Legends travel back in time and join forces with their past selves to combat the Legion. In the end, Sara Lance obtains the Spear and uses its power against itself, restoring reality and summoning the Black Flash, who kills Thawne, while the rest of the Legion are taken back to their original places in the timeline.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appears in the Cartoon Network Latin America spoof series "The Aquaman & Friends Action Hour" as bankrupt enemies of Aquaman.


title: Legion of Doom

text: While never directly referred to as such in the 2000s animated series "Justice League Unlimited", with only the DVD box set for the third season explicitly doing so, the Legion of Doom served as inspiration for the show's incarnation of the Secret Society. The group is initially led by Gorilla Grodd, and consists of the following:


title: Legion of Doom

text: Solicitations for future episodes indicated that the team had a secret backer, but have turned out to be incorrect. Series producer Bruce Timm had also said he wanted to include Riddler and Scarecrow as villains in the group as a nod to the original Legion, but was prevented from doing this by the "Bat-embargo", which limited the use of Batman-related characters at the time.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The group operates out of a swamp-based headquarters and functions as a co-operative, a loose organization of super-villains that primarily work on their own, but assist each other when a member is challenged by the Justice League in exchange for Grodd receiving 25% of the requesting member's take of the crime commissioned at that time. After discovering Grodd planned on turning humanity into apes however, Luthor ousts him and assumes leadership with no objections from the membership. In the two-part series finale "Alive!" and "Destroyer", Luthor leads the Society in converting their headquarters into a spaceship so he can resurrect Brainiac, but Grodd launches a coup, leading to a battle between supervillains loyal to the latter and those loyal to Luthor. In the end, Luthor shunts Grodd out of the air lock while Killer Frost freezes Grodd's remaining allies. With Atomic Skull, Bizarro, Cheetah, Evil Star, Giganta, Heat Wave, Toyman, Volcana, Star Sapphire, and Sinestro left, Luthor forces Tala use her powers to resurrect Brainiac, apparently killing her. However, she resurrects Darkseid instead, who thanks Luthor by destroying the Society's ship. Despite this, Star Sapphire and Sinestro protect Luthor and their allies before helping them steal Lightray's Mother Box so they can return to Earth and join forces with the Justice League to defeat Darkseid. After Luthor acquires the Anti-Life Equation and vanishes with Darkseid, the Justice League gives the surviving Society members a head start.


title: Legion of Doom

text: Of this final appearance for the group, series writer Matt Wayne stated that he consciously tried to round up the original 13 Legion of Doom members in Luthor's team, citing this English Wikipedia page as one source.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appear in the "" animated series, consisting of Lex Luthor, the Joker, Cheetah, Weather Wizard, Felix Faust, Chronos, Clock King, and Amazo. In the teaser for the episode "Triumvirate of Terror", the Legion of Doom play a game of baseball against the Justice League International. Luthor, Joker, and Cheetah later adjourn to the Legion's headquarters.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In the "Young Justice" episode "Revelation", the team battles the Light's Injustice League in the Louisiana bayou. The group's headquarters and location is a homage to the Hall of Doom.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appeared prominently in the ongoing story arc of the "Robot Chicken" DC Comics Special. Along with the original 13 members of the group, they are joined by the Joker, Penguin, and mailroom worker Glen. In the final act, the Legion is joined by Aquaman, who did so after the Justice League pushed him too far, as well as Bane, Catwoman, Two-Face, Icicle, Mirror Master, Harley Quinn, Deathstroke, Mr. Freeze, Mister Banjo, Chillblaine, Darkseid, and original "Robot Chicken" character Humping Robot.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In the second "Robot Chicken" DC Comics Special, titled "", the Legion of Doom's core membership includes Luthor, Bizarro, Poison Ivy, Black Manta, Joker, Penguin, Brainiac, Captain Cold, Scarecrow, Gorilla Grodd, Sinestro, Catwoman, Riddler, Toyman, and Two-Face while Weather Wizard, Black Adam, Darkseid, Harley Quinn, Mr. Freeze, Professor Zoom, Starro, Killer Croc, and Clayface make cameo appearances.


title: Legion of Doom

text: In the "Teen Titans Go!" episode "Snuggle Time", the Teen Titans decide to become supervillains and become the "Legion of Doooom", with Starfire becomes Starfire the Terrible, Cyborg becomes The Cyborg, Raven becomes the Demon of Azarath, Robin becomes Dick Gravestone, and Beast Boy becomes Beast Monster. After hiring an army of henchmen, constructing their own Hall of Doom, and eliminating Earth's heroes, the Legion of Doooom draw in and defeat the H.I.V.E. Five to finalize their plans for conquering Earth.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The "Harley Quinn" animated web series follows the titular character's adventures after she breaks up with the Joker, with her initial goal being to join the Legion of Doom. This iteration of the group is described as a supportive community of elite supervillains dedicated to making the world a horrible place and having been behind some of the most evil plots in the 21st century. The Legion is led by Lex Luthor and consists of the Joker, Scarecrow, Cheetah, Bane, Gorilla Grodd, Black Manta, Sinestro, Black Adam, the Reverse-Flash, Toyman, Solomon Grundy, Metallo, Captain Cold, Parasite, Riddler, Penguin, Two-Face, Man-Bat, Calendar Man, Killer Croc, Killer Frost, Felix Faust, and Livewire. Doctor Psycho was originally a member as well, but was ousted from the group for calling Wonder Woman and Giganta the "C word" on live television, which led to him siding with Harley Quinn's crew. In the episode "L.O.D.R.S.V.P.", Harley and her crew are offered a position in the Legion of Doom after stealing jewels from Atlantis, with Psycho being reinstated as well while Harley had to wait to be voted in, competing against KGBeast for the spot. However, Lex reveals to Poison Ivy that he has no intention of allowing Harley to join unless she joins as well. When Aquaman attacks the Hall of Doom to retrieve the jewels Harley stole, she proves herself and defeats him on her own, which leads to her being voted into the Legion. In "Devil's Snare", the Hall of Doom is destroyed by a giant tower operated by the Joker in his plot to take over Gotham City. Following the Joker's defeat at Harley's hands in the season one finale "The Final Joke", Gotham is left in ruins, leaving Legion members the Penguin, Riddler, Two-Face, and Bane, as well as Mr. Freeze, to join forces and form the Injustice League in order to rule Gotham in the Legion's absence. Most of the other members of the Legion are later revealed to have also survived the Hall of Doom's destruction as Luthor appears in the episode "Bachelorette" while numerous other members appear in the season two finale "Something Borrowed, Something Green", attending Poison Ivy and Kite Man's wedding prior to Commissioner Gordon leading a raid on it. In the episode "The Horse and the Sparrow", Luthor approaches Poison Ivy with an offer to lead the Legion of Doom in exchange for eliminating Joker.


title: Legion of Doom

text: A variation of the Legion of Doom called the Legion of Zoom appear in "Batwheels", consisting of the Joker's Jokermobile Prank, Harley Quinn's ATV Jestah, Riddler's helicopter Quizz, Penguin's boat Ducky, Mr. Freeze's snowcrawler Snowy, the Batcomputer's rival Badcomputer, and a crash test dummy-esque robot named Crash.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appear as the central antagonists in the animated film "", led by Vandal Savage and consisting of the Cheetah, Star Sapphire, Metallo, Bane, Mirror Master, and Ma'alefa'ak. They intend to use a solar flare to end half of humanity, but are foiled by the Justice League.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appear in the animated film "", consisting of Lex Luthor, Toyman, Cheetah, Captain Cold, Black Manta, Solomon Grundy, Bizarro, and Gorilla Grodd. The Legion of Doom travel back in time to eliminate Superman, with the help of Time Trapper.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appear in the animated film "", consisting of Lex Luthor, Cheetah, Captain Cold, Sinestro, Black Manta, and Gorilla Grodd. The Joker, Penguin, Man-Bat, Giganta, and Deathstroke also appear as potential recruits who are all rejected for various reasons. This version of the group was formed by Luthor on Darkseid's orders. The Legion attacks Area 52 to obtain a capsule containing J'onn J'onzz and escape following a fight with the Justice League. The villains free J'onzz and persuade him to help them discredit the Justice League before seeing them banished from Earth. However, J'onzz poses as Black Manta and saves Cyborg and assists him in saving the Justice League. With Darkseid's help, the Legion fight the Justice League once more before defeating them. Afterwards, the Justice League are cleared of all charges and the Legion of Doom are arrested by the police.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appears in "", consisting of Lena Luthor and Lashina while Harley Quinn, Catwoman, Poison Ivy, Frost, and Cheetah join temporarily.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appears in the animated direct-to-DVD film "Justice League vs. Teen Titans", consisting of Lex Luthor, Toyman, Cheetah, Weather Wizard, and Solomon Grundy.


title: Legion of Doom

text: The Legion of Doom appears in "", consisting of Lex Luthor, Cythonna (voiced by Missi Pyle), the Riddler, Solomon Grundy, Toyman, Giganta, Catwoman, Poison Ivy, Livewire, Star Sapphire, Cheetah, and Harley Quinn.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The petroleum industry in India dates back to 1889 when the first oil deposits in the country were discovered near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam. The natural gas industry in India began in the 1960s with the discovery of gas fields in Assam and Maharashtra (Mumbai High Field). As on 31 March 2018, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 594.49 million metric tonnes (Mt) and natural gas reserves of 1339.57 billion cubic metres of natural gas (BCM).


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India imports 82% of its oil needs and aims to bring that down to 67% by 2022 by replacing it with local hydrocarbon exploration, renewable energy and indigenous ethanol fuel. India was the second top net crude oil (including crude oil products) importer of 205.3 Mt in 2019.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: By March 2021, India’s domestic crude oil production output fell by 5.2% and natural gas production by 8.1% in the FY21 as producers extracted 30.4917 Mt of crude oil and 28.67 BCM of natural gas in the fiscal year. In August 2021, crude oil production decreased by 2.3%, but there was a 20.23% increase in homegrown natural gas.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The first oil deposits in India were discovered in 1889 near the town of Digboi in the state of Assam.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The natural gas industry in India began in the 1960s with the discovery of gas fields in Assam and Gujarat. Natural gas gained further significance after the discovery of large reserves in the South Basin fields by ONGC in the 1970s.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: As of 1 April 2021, India had estimated crude oil reserves of 587.335 Mt, decreasing by 2.65% from the previous year. The largest reserves are found in the Western Offshore (37%) and Assam (27%). The estimated reserves of natural gas in India as of 1 April 2021 was 1,372.62 BCM, increasing by 0.52% from the previous year. The largest reserves of natural gas are located in the Eastern Offshore (40.6%) and the Western Offshore (23.7%).


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The following table shows the estimated crude petroleum and natural gas reserves in India by state/region as on 31 March 2017.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Building petroleum reserves like underground tank storage, above-ground tank storage, and fully developed and ready-to-exploit "in situ" reserves is a lucrative proposition for an oil-importing country like India as the oil exporters charge exorbitant prices when the oil demand is little more than supply. The Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserve (SPR) is an emergency fuel store of total 5 Mt or of strategic crude oil enough to provide 10 days of consumption which are maintained by the Indian Strategic Petroleum Reserves Limited. Strategic crude oil storages are at 3 underground locations in Mangalore, Visakhapatnam and Padur, Udupi district, Karnatka with ready access to the refineries on the east and west coasts. Another method to build up strategic petroleum reserve at low cost is to develop a proven oil field for higher oil extraction rate and keeping it reserved for full production on an intermittent basis when the global oil price cross the set upper limit.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Two more SPRs will add strategic petroleum reserves of 12 days in addition to 10 days of reserves achieved in Phase I. These SPRs under Phase II will be located at Chandikhol in Odisha and Padur in Karnataka. Indian refiners maintain 65 days of crude storage, and when added to the SPR storage planned and achieved takes the Indian crude storage tally to 87 days. This is very close to the storage of 90 days mandated by IEA for member countries. The total storage figure is excluding the storage capacity of petroleum products with the marketing agencies and bulk consumers. India is also considering to store crude oil in other countries.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India's domestic crude oil and natural gas production has declined steadily since 2011-12. India produced 30.49 Mt of crude petroleum in 2020–21, declining by 5.21% over the previous fiscal. The production of natural gas was 28.67 BCM in 2020–21, declining by 8.05% over the previous year. Production of crude oil and natural gas declined by a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 2.44% and 5.47% respectively over the previous decade.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India also produces petroleum products and produced 233.51 Mt in 2020–21, a decline of 11.19% over the previous year. Among petroleum products, high speed diesel oil accounted for 43%, followed by motor gasoline (15%). Production of petroleum products grew by a CAGR of 1.56% over the previous decade.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: ONGC is developing the KG-DWN-98/2 block in Krishna Godavari basin with Capital expenditure (capex) of about US$5.07 billion (approximately INR 340 billion) leading to oil production from the field to the extent of 25 million tons and 45 billion m natural gas . The capex works out to nearly US$11 per barrel of oil equivalent (BOE) only for the total production of oil and gas. ONGC already has proved oil and gas reserves to the extent of 462.12 MMTOE at very low capex comparable with that of OPEC countries. Oil fields in Rajasthan state are emerging as a major oil and gas producer. In 2021, Reliance BP also started production from Krishna Godavari basin gas fields substantially enhancing the indigenous gas production.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India has deployed 159 rigs and drilled 545 production wells during 2017-18 which stands globally fifth but the oil and gas production is not commensurate with the wells drilled. India has planned to produce 15 Mt/year of compressed biogas (CBG), a carbon neutral fuel, by 2023. CBG replaces the CNG which is imported in the form of LNG.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: As on 31 March 2021, there were 23 crude oil refineries in India, of which 18 were state-owned, 3 were privately owned and 2 were joint ventures. The total oil refining capacity in India stood at 248.87 Mt per year, remaining unchanged from the previous year. Refineries in India processed 221.37 Mt of oil in 2020-21 achieving a capacity utilization of 88.8%. With a total refining capacity of 69.2 , the state-owned Indian Oil Corporation was the largest refiner in the country by capacity. Indian Oil's refineries processed 62.35 Mt of crude oil in 2020–21.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Many refineries are using the lower end residual oil with higher sulphur content to produce more lighter oils (petrol, diesel, etc.) by installing petroleum coker units. This process generates a solid fuel called Pet coke which has higher calorific value and sulphur. As developed countries have banned use of high sulphur pet coke and residual oils, these fuels further are converted in to synthetic natural gas and methanol in Methanation plants to avoid their disposal problem. Nearly 38% of residual fuel oils are consumed in the shipping sector. The International Convention for Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL), adopted by the IMO, has mandated that marine vessels shall not consume residual fuel oils (bunker fuel, etc.) with a sulphur content greater than 0.1% from the year 2020. Thus complete use of residual oil or pet coke in gasification unit would be part of petroleum refining complexes/plants in future to avoid waste products disposal.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic of 2020, refineries are forced to operate at lower capacities as the demand for petroleum products (mainly aviation turbine fuel and petrol) have fallen steeply. After the implementation of IMO rules restricting use of high sulfur fuel oil (HSFO) by the marine vessels, the prices of HSFO have fallen so low compared to crude oil and using it has become more economical by the advanced refineries with vacuum distillation and coker units to produce petrol, diesel, pet coke, etc. Pet coke is in high demand for use in cement production.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India is the third largest consumer of crude oil in the world, after the United States and China. The estimated total consumption of crude oil in India rose from 204.12 Mt in 2011–12 to 221.77 Mt in 2020–21 with a CAGR of 0.93%. Consumption declined by 12.82% in 2020–21 compared to the previous fiscal primarily due to disruptions caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. The estimated total consumption of natural gas was 60.64 BCM, declining by 0.67% over the previous fiscal year.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: High speed diesel oil accounted for 37.42% of total consumption of all types of petroleum products in 2020–21, followed by petrol (14.40%), liquefied petroleum gas (14%), petroleum coke (8.03%), and naphtha (7%). The largest consumers of natural gas are the fertilizer industry (29%), power generation (18%), and transportation (15%). Natural gas is consumed for both energy (57.08%) and non-energy (35.45%) related uses.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Crude oil and natural gas are the second and third largest sources of electricity generated in India, after coal. Crude oil accounted for 10.34% and natural gas accounted for 8.7% of the total electricity produced in 2017–18. As of 31 March 2021, the installed capacity of gas-based power plants in India was 24,924 MW, accounting for 6.5% of the total installed capacity. Most of these gas-based power plants are not working due to shortage of natural gas. Diesel is a minor source for electricity generation in India. The total installed capacity of diesel-based power plants in utility sector of India is 927.89 MW accounting for a mere 0.3% of total installed capacity.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Excluding the utility sector DG sets, there are more than 90,000 MW DG sets (above 100 kVA capacity range) installed for back up power needs which is nearly 36% of the total installed capacity in utility sector of India. In addition, there are innumerable DG sets of capacity less than 100 kVA to cater to emergency power needs during the power outages in all sectors such as industrial, commercial, domestic and agriculture.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India's electricity sector consumed 24.28% of the natural gas produced in the country in 2016–17. Moreover, at least one KL per GW×h (nearly 1 Mt per year) of fuel oil is consumed as secondary fuel by coal fired power plants for start-up and low-load operations.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India is the second biggest oil importer after China and is highly dependent on imported crude oil. The net imports of crude oil rose from 171.73 Mt during 2011–12 to 226.95 Mt during 2020–21. The net imports of natural gas increased from 18 BCM in 2011–12 to 32.86 BCM in 2020–21, recording a CAGR of 9.44%. Despite the dependence on imports, India has developed sufficient processing capacity over the years to produce different petroleum products. As result, India is a net exporter of petroleum products. The export of petroleum products increased from 38.94 Mt in 2008–09 to 56.76 Mt during 2020–21.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India has an 82.8% import dependence for crude oil and 45.3% for natural gas. Due to lack of adequate petroleum reserves, India has to depend mostly on crude oil imports for the near future till its renewable energy resources, such as solar, wind, hydro and biomass, are developed adequately to achieve energy security by replacing petroleum products consumption, which also significantly contributes to air pollution.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: By transacting in crude futures trading in MCX or BSE, crude oil products consumers (petrol, diesel, jet fuel, etc.) in India can hedge their risk while purchasing the crude oil products in Indian currency. The futures trading is cash settled on expiry date taking WTI crude or Brent crude settlement price as reference.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The quality of crude oil which is imported by India from Persian Gulf is called Indian Basket crude. It is weighted average of Dubai and Oman (sour) and the Brent Crude (sweet) crude oil prices. However, the exporting countries charge premium or give rebate on the Indian Basket price by declaring official selling price (OSP) depending on market conditions every month.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Indian Gas Exchange (IGX) is the online trading platform for natural gas with delivery hubs at Dabhol and Jaigad, both in Ratnagiri, Maharashtra; Dahej and Hazira in Gujarat; and Kakinada in Andhra Pradesh. The Petroleum and Natural Gas Regulatory Board (PNGRB) was created in the year 2005 to regulate downstream activities in the petroleum and natural gas sector. Buyers can transport the purchased natural gas from these hubs on a daily basis to their consumption points through the existing cross country gas pipelines (owned by GAIL and others) for a fee.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: In India, the pricing of fuel varies by state, though central taxes still are part of the pump price of fuel. The Central and state government's taxes make up nearly half of petrol's pump price. The Central government has different taxes, which amount to about 24–26% of the final cost. The states taxes vary, but on average end up making about 20–25% of the final cost. In addition, royalty and oil development tax is collected on oil and natural gas produced locally. As a result, approximately 50% of the pump cost goes to the government in the form of different taxes.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: For example, in Bengaluru, Karnataka as of May 16, 2011, price of petrol was per litre. Out of this, went to Government of India in the form of excise and customs tax. was collected by the state government in the form of sales tax and entry tax. Thus, a total of was collected as various taxes that amounted to approximately 47% of the retail price.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: For Delhi petrol per liter price on April 2, 2018, the price charged to dealers was , while central government excise tax and local tax was , state government VAT was and dealer commission was . So the price of petrol for the end user was .


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The natural gas purchase price from the natural gas producers, like ONGC, Oil India Ltd. and private companies, is fixed by the government based on prices prevailing in the USA, Russia, the UK and Canada. LNG price is linked to the prevailing crude oil price in global markets.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The purchase price would be cut to around US$2.5 per million BTU for the six-month period beginning April 1, 2020 compared to US$3.23 for the earlier period. In March 2020, India announced that is increasing taxes on petrol and diesel to raise government revenues.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: In March 2020, global crude oil consumption fell substantially, causing oil prices to decline steeply due to the COVID-19 pandemic. However, Indian government has not passed the benefit to the retail buyers /consumers.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: City Gas Distribution (CGD) Projects, under Ministry of Petroleum and Natural Gas, are network of gas pipelines planned across the country to improve connectivity to piped (PNG) and compressed (CNG) natural gas fillings stations


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: India had 60,799 petrol stations as of November 2017. 26,849 of these belonged to Indian Oil (IOCL), 14,675 to Bharat Petroleum (BPCL) and 14,161 to Hindustan Petroleum. The Punjab state of India has approximately 3,300 petrol stations, and the state of Haryana alone has more than 2,500. Many additional auto LPG and CNG stations have been planned due to high crude prices.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Reliance Industries Ltd, Nayara Energy, Shell India and ONGC have also opened petrol stations in India. Shell currently has 88 petrol stations in India.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: As of October 2014, Essar had 2,225 petrol stations in India which were supplied with petrol and diesel from its refinery in Vadinar, Gujarat.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: Indraprastha Gas Limited has opened exclusive CNG fuel stations in India, particularly in the capital city of Delhi. In recent years, state oil marketing companies have been opening petrol stations, constructed with minimal investment, in remote rural areas to help local farmers. These stations sell pesticides, seeds, lanterns, and other goods that are needed by farmers besides petrol and diesel.


title: Oil and gas industry in India

text: The numbers of petrol stations per owning company in the states and union territories of India as of 31 March 2016 were:


title: We Are the Champions

text: "We Are the Champions" is a song by the British rock band Queen, released from the band's sixth album "News of the World" (1977). Written by lead singer Freddie Mercury, it remains among rock's most recognisable anthems. The song was a worldwide success, reaching number two in the UK Singles Chart, number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the US, number three in Canada and the top ten in many other countries. In 2009 it was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame and was voted the world's favourite song in a 2005 Sony Ericsson world music poll. In 2011, a team of scientific researchers concluded that the song was the catchiest in the history of popular music.


title: We Are the Champions

text: Written with audience participation in mind, Mercury said "We" in the song’s title refers to everyone who is singing it. Brian May called the song "unifying and positive". "We Are the Champions" has become an anthem for victories at sporting events, including as an official theme song for the 1994 FIFA World Cup, and has been often used or referenced in popular culture. The song has also been covered by many artists.


title: We Are the Champions

text: On 7 October 2017, Queen released a "Raw Sessions" version of the track to celebrate the 40th anniversary of the release of "News of the World". It was made from previously unheard vocal and instrumental takes from the original multi-track tapes. It also presents for the first time the original recorded length of the track, which is two choruses more than the 1977 edited single.


title: We Are the Champions

text: Written by Freddie Mercury, "We Are the Champions" was built on audience response following a concert at Bingley Hall, Stafford in which the audience sang "You'll Never Walk Alone" to the band. It embodies numerous elements of arena rock, with Brian May stating, "We wanted to get the crowds waving and singing. It's very unifying and positive."


title: We Are the Champions

text: Musically, it is based on Mercury's piano part, with Roger Taylor and John Deacon providing a drums and bass guitar backing. May overdubbed some guitar sections, initially subtle, but building to a "solo" played simultaneously with the last chorus. Mercury employed many jazz chords (major and minor 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th and 13th harmonies), and the choruses featured these voiced as four- and five-part vocal harmonies. The lead vocal is very demanding and strident (highest point is a C5 both belted and in falsetto), with one of Mercury's most notable performances taking place at the Live Aid concert, at Wembley Stadium, London in 1985.


title: We Are the Champions

text: The single featured "We Will Rock You", which preceded the song on the album, as its B-side. The two songs were often played consecutively at the close of Queen concerts, and are customarily played together on radio broadcasts (in album order). Keeping with tradition, the two songs were also used to close the 1992 Freddie Mercury Tribute Concert with all the show's acts joining in behind the lead vocal of Liza Minnelli.


title: We Are the Champions

text: "Cash Box" said that it contains "heroic lyrics and rapid changes in dynamics and emotional intensity" and praised guitarist Brian May's "dark backing lines and rippling fills."


title: We Are the Champions

text: The video for "We Are the Champions" was filmed at a special video shoot with fan club members at the New London Theatre on 6 October 1977 and was directed by Derek Burbridge. Mercury performs in a trademark Harlequin outfit – a half black, half white version – in front of an enthusiastic crowd who wave Queen scarves in a manner similar to English football fans. An alternate version which starts in monochrome before blasting into colour as the drums and guitars kick in was broadcast on the BBC's "Top of the Pops 2" and comprises alternate footage shot on the same day.


title: We Are the Champions

text: In 2011, a team of scientific researchers concluded that "We Are the Champions" was the catchiest song in the history of pop music, despite its not reaching #1 in the charts in any major market. Dr. Daniel Mullensiefen said of the study: "Every musical hit is reliant on maths, science, engineering and technology; from the physics and frequencies of sound that determine pitch and harmony, to the hi-tech digital processors and synthesisers which can add effects to make a song catchier. We’ve discovered that there’s a science behind the sing-along and a special combination of neuroscience, math and cognitive psychology that can produce the elusive elixir of the perfect sing-along song."


title: We Are the Champions

text: The song is popular at sporting events, often being played after a major victory by the home team. For example, it was played at Highmark Stadium after the Buffalo Bills defeated the New England Patriots in the 2021 NFL playoffs.


title: We Are the Champions

text: In 1977–1978, "We Are the Champions" was released as a single in many countries, reaching number 2 on the UK Singles Chart. number 4 on "Billboard" in the US, number 3 in Canada, the top 10 in Ireland, Netherlands, and Norway, and top 15 in Germany, Austria and Sweden.


title: We Are the Champions

text: In 1992, 1993 and 1998, the single was re-released in France, totalling 45 weeks on the chart and peaking respectively at #19, #14, and #10 during the 1998 FIFA World Cup.


title: We Are the Champions

text: A cover version by Crazy Frog titled "We Are the Champions (Ding a Dang Dong)" was released as a single on 5 June 2006, to coincide with the 2006 FIFA World Cup. Vocal arrangements include a sample portion of Queen's original recording.


title: We Are the Champions

text: The music video depicts Crazy Frog in bed dreaming that he is competing in a football match against Killbots. When the music video was originally released online, it appeared as it was released. However, the current version lacks the ball being kicked and the accompanying sound effects.


title: We Are the Champions

text: The single had its greatest success in France. It went straight to #1 on 10 June 2006, and stayed at this position for five weeks. It remained for nine weeks in the Top 10, seventeen weeks in the top fifty, and twenty five weeks in the chart. On 30 August 2006, it was certified Gold disc two months after its release by SNEP, the French certifier, and became the fifteenth best selling single in 2006 in that country.


title: We Are the Champions

text: In 1992 Hank Marvin recorded a version of the song featuring Brian May on the guitar. Royalties from the single were donated to the Terrence Higgins Trust. The song peaked at number 66 on the UK charts.


title: We Are the Champions

text: In 2004, German rock band Scorpions with Michael Kleitman released their version retitled "You Are the Champion". This special version was recorded in honor of Michael Schumacher winning his seventh F1 Formula One Championship. The song was slightly re-written, most notably changing "We" to "You" which is a direct reference to Schumacher. The song peaked at number 92 on the German Singles Chart. It was subsequently included on the album "Stand Up for the Champion – Michael Schumacher" in 2006 when he decided to retire from Formula One racing.


title: We Are the Champions

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, May, Taylor and Adam Lambert released "You Are the Champions" on 1 May 2020, with proceeds going to the COVID-19 Solidarity Response Fund. In 2020, "You Are the Champions" peaked at #46 on the "Billboard" Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. The song also debuted on the UK Singles Chart at #95 in 2020. On 5 August 2020 limited edition CD and 7" vinyl versions of the single were announced with 3,000 copies each. The physical versions both charted on #1 in their specific UK Official Charts on 28 August 2020.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Jonathan Gresham (born March 20, 1988) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to Impact Wrestling. He has previously wrestled for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) and Ring of Honor (ROH), where he is a former ROH World Champion, ROH Pure Champion, and ROH World Tag Team Champion with Jay Lethal.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Earlier in his career, Gresham wrestled regularly on the independent circuit, in such promotions as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) where he is a former CZW World Heavyweight Champion as well as Chikara, IWA Mid-South, Full Impact Pro (FIP), and Evolve among others.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: He also has international experience, having wrestled in over 15 countries, including in Germany with Westside Xtreme Wrestling (wXw), and in England for Progress Wrestling, where he is a former Progress World Champion.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Joanathan Gresham was born on March 20, 1988 in Atlanta, Georgia. Gresham competed in amateur wrestling until he was 17. Some of Gresham's influences were Rey Mysterio, Hayabusa, Bam Bam Bigelow, Dean Malenko, Jushin Thunder Liger, Low Ki, The Hardy Boyz, Ikuto Hidaka and Alex Shelley among others.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham trained under Mr. Hughes, Jay Fury and the WWA4 wrestling school in Atlanta. His first match was in Douglasville, Georgia against Heath Miller. At the time he was only 16 years old. Gresham made his National Wrestling Alliance debut in 2006 as Jonathan Davis in a four-way tag team match losing to Darin Childs and Seth Shai. In 2007, he defeated Amien Rios in his debut match for Great Championship Wrestling in Alabama. In 2010, Gresham defeated A. R. Fox for GCW.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham debuted for Booker T's Pro Wrestling Alliance in 2008 as Hero Tiger defeating Chaotix. He returned to the company in 2010 defeating Ryan Davidson to become the PWA Iron Man Championship. He once again returned to the company (now known as Reality of Wrestling) in 2014 as Jonathan Gresham. In the first round of Full Impact Pro's Jeff Peterson Memorial Cup in 2011, Gresham debuted losing to Bobby Fish. At Declaration Of Independence, Gresham successfully defended his ZERO1 International Junior Heavyweight Championship against Lince Dorado.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In 2015, Gresham made his Evolve debut losing to Matt Riddle. At Evolve 65 he lost to Catch Point. Gresham defeated Drastik Boy to win Desastre Total Ultraviolento's Alto Rendimiento title at Coyotes Hambrientos in 2015. He lost the championship to Kim Ray on a Westside Xtreme Wrestling tour.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham debuted for International Wrestling Cartel in 2016 in the Super Indy 15 tournament making it to the finals only to be eliminated by Josh Alexander. At Reloaded 3.0, Gresham won a four-way Super Indy 16 qualifying match. Gresham later won the IWC Super Indy title in June 2017 by defeating Chris LeRusso in the Super Indy 16 tournament in the semi-final only to lose it to Adam Cole in the finals.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham defeated Tracy Williams at Beyond Wrestling's Battle Of Who Could Care Less. Gresham beat Zack Sabre Jr. at Beyond Ripped Off In The Prime Of Life. The following month he defeated Sabre once again at Flesh. This led to a two out of three falls match between the two later that month at Americanrana 2016. Gresham defeated Sabre by pinning him twice. At Americanrana 2017, Gresham defeated Brian Cage. Gresham defeated Joey Lynch to become the inaugural Independent champion in October 2017. He successfully defended the title at Wazzup against Nick Gage. Gresham lost the Independent championship to Tracy Williams in a three-way elimination match at Beyond Abbondanza.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham made his Chikara debut in 2010 teaming with The Osirian Portal and defeating Bruderschaft des Kreuzes (Lince Dorado, Delirious and Pinkie Sanchez). In January 2011, Gresham now as Hieracon and now part of the Osirian Portal stable defeated Team F.I.S.T (Johnny Gargano, Icarus and Chuck Taylor). The group disbanded after Amasis retired. Ophidian attacked Amasis and unmasked him, turning "rudo" (heel). Gresham's last match in Chikara was a loss to Ophidian. After the match Ophidian took Hieracon's mask.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham debut for Combat Zone Wrestling in 2010 at CZW Fist Fight. Gresham picked up his first win against Greg Excellent in November 2010. Gresham won Best of the Best 15 after defeating David Starr. At Down With The Sickness 2016, Gresham won the CZW World Heavyweight Championship for the first time. At Cage of Death 18, Gresham lost the CZW World Heavyweight Championship to Joe Gacy thus ending his reign.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham debuted for Westside Xtreme Wrestling in 2011 winning against Bernd Föhr in the first round of the Chase The Mahamla Tournament. He would make it to the semi final only to lose to Shinya Ishikawa. At wXw Payback 5, Gresham alongside Jay Skillet challenged the Sumerian Death Squad (Michael Dante and Tommy End) for the wXw World Tag Team Championship in a losing effort. Gresham and Skillet formed RockSkillet in 2012. In August 2012, RockSkillet defeated Dante and End in a two out of three falls match to become wXw World Tag Team Champions for the first time as well as ending Dante and End's record breaking reign. At Fight Club 2012, RockSkillet defeated OI4K. RockSkillet defeated The Young Bucks at wXw Back To The Roots XII. In March 2013, RockSkillet lost the wXw World Tag Team Championship to AUTsiders (Big van Walter and Robert Dreissker).


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham debuted for Pro Wrestling Zero1 at Beach Pro Wrestling ~ Chapter 5. Gresham defeated Oliver Cain for the Zero1 USA Midwest X-Division Championship in a cage match at Zero1 USA Supreme in 2013.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: Gresham made his return to Zero1 USA Supreme in 2017 to take part in the Zero1 USA Tenkaichi Junior Tournament. Gresham made it to the finals only to lose to Joey O'Riley.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In 2015, Gresham returned to Ring Of Honor at the Winter Warriors tour. In December 2015, he defeated Cedric Alexander.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In 2017, it was announced that Ring of Honor had signed Gresham to a contract. In April 2017, Gresham teamed with Chris Sabin where they defeated Cheeseburger and Will Ferrara. Gresham, along with Jay White, Chris Sabin and Alex Shelley formed Search and Destroy. On June 24, Gresham defeated Flip Gordon. At Best in the World, Search and Destroy defeated the Rebellion (Rhett Titus, Kenny King, Shane Taylor and Caprice Coleman) were the losing team must disband. Gresham took part of the Honor Rumble in 2017. On the September 9th, 2017 episode of Ring Of Honor, Search and Destroy defeated The Bullet Club. At Final Battle, Gresham defeated Josh Woods in a pre-show dark match. Gresham then went on to lose to Jay Lethal at Honor Reigns Supreme and to Chuckie T at Supercard of Honor XII. At Final Battle in 2019, Gresham teamed with Jay Lethal to defeat The Briscoe Brothers to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: For most of 2020, Gresham was inactive, as ROH had taken an extended hiatus due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but when ROH resumed in August 2020, Gresham became part of a 16-man tournament to crown a new ROH Pure Champion, a title that was being revived after being retired 14 years earlier. Gresham would go on to win the tournament, defeating Tracy Williams in the finals on August 23 (airing on October 31) to win the title and become a double champion in ROH. On the November 28th, 2020 episode of Ring of Honor Wrestling, Gresham appeared with "Hot Sauce" Tracy Williams, Jay Lethal and Rhett Titus as the newly formed faction The Foundation.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In September 2021, Gresham lost the Pure Championship to Josh Woods at Death Before Dishonor XVIII. Gresham would then go on to win the vacant ROH World Championship by defeating Jay Lethal at Final Battle.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: On April 1, 2022, at Supercard of Honor XV, Gresham defeated Bandido to become the undisputed ROH World Champion. On the July 8 episode of AEW Rampage, Gresham turned heel on Lee Moriarty aligning himself with the Tully Blanchard Enterprises. This partnership proved to be short-lived as on the Zero Hour before Death Before Dishonor, Prince Nana announced he purchased all of Tully Blanchard Enterprises from Tully. In the opening match, Gresham lost his ROH championship to Claudio Castagnoli. A few hours prior to the event, Gresham requested a release from his AEW/ROH contract.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In 2016, Gresham made an appearance at One Night Only: X-Travaganza, an event held by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). At the event, he lost to DJZ. He later portrayed Suicide, defeating David Starr on the same night. On December 23, 2021, it was announced by Impact Wrestling that Gresham would defend the ROH World Championship at Hard To Kill against Chris Sabin, who has been owed a ROH World Championship match since 2018. Gresham retained the title over Sabin at the event, and then defeated Steve Maclin two weeks later. On December 16th, 2022, It was announced that Gresham had officially signed with IMPACT Wrestling.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: On the December 15, 2022 episode of "Impact!", Gresham made his return to Impact Wrestling, saving Delirious from an attack by Eddie Edwards. It was later confirmed that Gresham signed with Impact.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In March 2022, Gresham challenged Cara Noir for the Progress Wrestling World Championship at Chapter 130. Gresham won the match and the championship after interference from Spike Trivet. After Chapter 134, Gresham was stripped of the Progress World Championship following a defence against Gene Munny in a match with the stipulation that Gresham would lose the championship if Lykos Gym (Kid Lykos & Kid Lykos II) interfered, which they did.


title: Jonathan Gresham

text: In December 2018, Gresham got engaged to fellow professional wrestler, Jordynne Grace. The couple married in September 2020.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced (JEE-Advanced) (formerly the Indian Institute of Technology - Joint Entrance Examination (IIT-JEE)), is an academic examination held annually in India. It is organised by one of the seven zonal IITs (IIT Roorkee, IIT Kharagpur, IIT Delhi, IIT Kanpur, IIT Bombay, IIT Madras, and IIT Guwahati) under the guidance of the Joint Admission Board (JAB) on a round-robin rotation pattern for the qualifying candidates of the JEE-Main (exempted for Foreign Candidates). It was used to be the sole prerequisite for admission to the Indian Institutes of Technology bachelor's programs before the introduction of UCEED, Online B.S. and Olympiad entries, but seats through these new mediums are very low (except IITM Online B.S. which has open enrolment).


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Other universities—such as the Marine Engineering and Research Institute, Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy (IIPE), the Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology, the Indian Institute of Space Technology (IIST), the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISERs), and the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) — use the score obtained on the JEE-Advanced exam as the basis for admission. The JEE-Advanced score is also used as a possible basis for admission by Indian applicants to non-Indian universities such as the University of Cambridge and National University of Singapore.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The first institute among IITs, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, started in 1951. In its initial years before 1961, students were admitted based on their academic results, followed by an interview in several locations across the country. From 1955 to 1960, admissions for the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur were conducted via a national examination. Academic disciplines were allotted to the students via interviews and counselling sessions held at Kharagpur.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 1978, the English paper was not considered when ranking participants' performance in the examination. In 1998, the English test was discontinued.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Between 2000 and 2005, an additional screening test was used alongside the main examination, intended to reduce pressure on the main examination by allowing only about 20,000 top candidates to appear for the examination, out of more than 450,000 applicants.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2002, an additional exam called the AIEEE was introduced, and it was used for admissions to many institutions of national importance other than the IITs.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In June 2005, The Hindu newspaper led a campaign for reforming the IIT-JEE to eradicate the "coaching mania" and to improve gender and socio-economic diversity. Two possible solutions were proposed - either a convergence between the screening test and the All India Engineering Entrance Examination (AIEEE), or a two-tier examination. Whereas ranks from the first tier can be used to gain admission to the NITs and other engineering colleges in the country.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In September 2005, the group of directors of all the IITs announced significant revisions to the examination. These were implemented from 2006 onward. The revised examination consisted of a single objective test, replacing and abolishing the earlier two-test system with screener. In the revised examination, to be eligible for taking it, candidates in the general category had to obtain at least 60% aggregate marks in the 12th-grade examinations organized by various educational boards of India, while candidates belonging to Scheduled Castes (SC), Scheduled Tribes (ST), and Persons With Disabilities (PwD) categories needed a minimum score of 55%.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2008, the director and the dean of IIT Madras proposed further revisions to the examination, arguing that the coaching institutes were "enabling many among the less-than-best students to crack the test and keeping girls from qualifying". They expressed concern that the present system did not allow for applicants' 12 years of schooling to have a bearing on admissions into IIT.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2008, the Indian Institutes of Technology began offering their admission tests in Dubai. Annually, the number of candidates for the examination in Dubai varies between 200 and 220.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2013, the AIEEE was renamed JEE (Main), and IIT-JEE was renamed JEE (Advanced); the JEE (Main) had become the screening exam for JEE (Advanced).


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The two-tier reform suggested in 2005 may become a reality as the Indian government has announced plans for a single entrance exam for all engineering colleges from 2018, with students aspiring for the IITs having to pass the nationwide standardized engineering entrance exam JEE (Main) with high marks, and then take the JEE (Advanced) to qualify for the IITs. In 2018, the JEE (Advanced) exam started being conducted online.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In addition, candidates are required to either be within the category-wise top 20th percentile of successful candidates in the Class XII Board Examination or secure a 75% mark (65% for SC (scheduled castes), ST (scheduled tribes), and PwD (people with disabilities). Foreign Candidates are exempted from the requirement of JEE (Main).


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Minimum percentage of aggregate/subject marks may be lowered subsequently considering the toughness of the paper and the need of students.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The number of students taking the examination increased substantially each year with 506,484 candidates registered for JEE (Advanced) 2012. However, with the two stage JEE (Main) + JEE (Advanced) structure from 2013, the number of candidates in JEE (Advanced) is fixed at 1.5 lakh students in 2013 and it is increased in subsequent years to 2.5 lakhs as of 2022. The total seats available in each institute (Seat Matrix) is summarized in table below, year wise.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Note: This intake is only about bachelor's program intake through JEE Advanced and it is not about intake in IITs, because some IITs also admit students through UCEED, Olympiads.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2011, additional courses were introduced in the IITs. IIT Tirupati and IIT Palakkad were started in 2015 and four more institutes (IIT Bhilai, IIT Dharwad, IIT Goa, and IIT Jammu) opened in 2016. In 2018, to ensure minimum female enrollment of 14%, the IITs introduced "female-only" and "gender-neutral" seats based on 2017 enrollment statistics; and "super-numerary" seats were allocated per-institute and per-course to reach a 14% target. With these, and slight overall seat increases, the total seat availability was over 12,000, including 801 "super-numerary female-only" seats. For 2019, with the partial rollout of a 10% EWS quota (without a reduction in non-reserved seats) and the increase of the female enrollment target to 17%, the total seats available went up to over 13,500, with over 1200 super-numerary female-only seats. In 2020, with the full rollout of the 10% EWS quota and a 20% female enrolment target, total available seats increased further to 16,053, with over 1500 super-numerary female-only seats.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: In 2012, Super 30 founder and mathematician Anand Kumar criticized the New Admission Norms, saying that the decision of the IITs' council to give a chance to students in the top 20% from various boards in the class 12 examinations was "a decision in haste". "This is one decision that will go against the poor, who don't have the opportunity to study in elite schools," he added.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The IIT-JEE is conducted only in English and Hindi; it has been criticized as being harder for students from places where other Indian languages, like Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Urdu, Oriya, Bengali, Marathi, Assamese, or Gujarati, are more prominent. In September 2011, the Gujarat High Court acted on a Public Interest Litigation by the Gujarati Sahitya Parishad, demanding the examinations be conducted in Gujarati also. A second petition was made that October by Navsari's Sayaji Vaibhav Sarvajanik Pustakalaya Trust. Another petition was made at the Madras High Court for conducting the exam in Tamil. In the petition, it was claimed that not conducting the exam in the regional languages violates article 14 of the Constitution of India. The Pattali Makkal Katchi (PMK) party, a political party in Tamil Nadu, held a demonstration at Chennai for conducting the IIT-JEE and other national entrance exams in regional languages also, particularly Tamil in Tamil Nadu.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The PMK party filed Public Interest Litigation in the Madras High Court to conduct the IIT-JEE entrance exam in Tamil. They claimed that every year 763,000 students were completing grade 12 in Tamil Nadu, 75% of them from Tamil Medium. They had to take the entrance exam in English or Hindi, neither of which was their medium of instruction nor their mother tongue, and so were denied their fundamental right to take the entrance exam in a language familiar to them. Shiv Sena urged the MHRD to conduct the IIT-JEE and other national undergraduate entrance exams in regional languages, particularly Marathi in Maharashtra. In 2017, the Supreme Court ordered JAB to put a bar on the ongoing counseling process. There were three questions comprising a total of 11 marks that were unclear.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: There were several changes made to the exam in 2018. The Joint Admission Board (JAB) decided to conduct the entire exam online from 2018 onwards, hoping to reduce the chances of paper leak and make logistics and evaluation easier. It said that the online exam would neutralize the problem of misprinting.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: Preparation for the Joint Entrance Exam begins typically two to four years before students take the test. More than 90% of students who passed this exam attended coaching institutes, which had created a ₹232.61 billion industry with annual tuition of up to ₹250,000. These academies included mock tests multiple times a week, up to 200 students per class, and long hours, ranging from 4 to 7 hours a day, in addition to regular high school work. There were hundreds of academies across the country, and the most famous—in Kota, Rajasthan—attracted approximately 125,000 students each year. Coaching programs are major corporations, listed on the Indian stock market and also attracting billions of dollars of investment from private equity firms. The high-pressure environment at these coaching institutes have been blamed for a significant number of suicides.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: The former HRD minister of India, Ramesh Pokhriyal confirmed the dates and the nature of conduct for the JEE Main and Advanced examinations for the academic year 2021. The JEE-Main exam was slated to be conducted in eight sessions over four days— two sessions each day— for each phase, with a total of four phases being held in four different months. The first phase was organized from the 23 to 28 February, while the other phases were scheduled to be organized in the subsequent months of March, April and May. The JEE-Advanced exam was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2021 but was postponed— together with the third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examination that were to be held in the respective months of April and May— due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The third and fourth phases of the JEE-Main examinations were later held on 20 July - 3 August and 26 August – 2 September, respectively. The JEE-Advanced exam was held on 3 October 2021.


title: Joint Entrance Examination – Advanced

text: JEE-Advanced 2022 was scheduled to be held on 3 July 2022 in the usual two sessions - Morning and Afternoon (both compulsory). However, with 2022 JEE-Main being postponed from April / May to 20–29 June / 21–30 July, JEE-Advanced 2022 was also postponed and subsequently held on 28 August 2022.


title: John Tesh

text: John Frank Tesh (born July 9, 1952) is an American pianist and composer of pop music, as well as a radio host and television presenter. He hosts the "Intelligence for Your Life" radio show. In addition, since 2014, he has hosted "Intelligence for Your Life TV" with his wife Connie Sellecca.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh has won six Emmys, has four gold albums, two Grammy nominations, and an Associated Press award for investigative journalism. Tesh has sold over eight million records. His live concerts have raised more than $7 million for PBS. He wrote the "NBA on NBC" basketball theme "Roundball Rock". He has co-hosted the television program "Entertainment Tonight". He has previously worked as a sportscaster and host for the Olympic Games, Wimbledon, the US Open, the Tour De France, Ironman Triathlon, and as a news anchor and reporter. In 2018, Tesh was inducted into the North Carolina Music Hall of Fame.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh was born in Garden City, New York, on Long Island, the son of Mildred (Bunny), a nurse, and John F. Tesh, a textile chemist. He graduated from Garden City High School in 1970. Playing piano and trumpet from the age of six, he was named to the New York State Symphonic Orchestra in high school, while also playing the organ in a rock band. Tesh studied communications and music at North Carolina State University. He was also a "walk on" with the varsity lacrosse and soccer teams.


title: John Tesh

text: While at North Carolina State, studying physics and chemistry, he took a TV and radio course. Tesh worked part-time reading later the news for Rick Dees at WKIX (AM) Raleigh in 1974. His roommate, Bill Leslie, anchor at WRAL-TV, helped him get into the radio and TV field. While in the area, Tesh worked as a news anchor in Raleigh, Orlando, Nashville, then moving to WCBS-TV in New York; this portion of his career spanned 12 years.


title: John Tesh

text: His television career included a stint as a news anchor and reporter at WSM-TV (now WSMV-TV) in Nashville, Tennessee, in the 1970s, where he often covered the same stories as Oprah Winfrey, who worked at a competing Nashville station. From Nashville, Tesh shuffled to WTVD in Durham, North Carolina, then down to WFTV in Orlando, and finally up to New York's WCBS-TV, where, at age 22, he was their youngest reporter. In the fall of 1978, Tesh was a roving reporter for CBS during the 1978 New York City Marathon, which he ran and completed in 3:51:56. However, he became more well known when he co-hosted the television show "Entertainment Tonight" from 1986 to 1996.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh also served as a sportscaster for CBS and later NBC, anchoring events such as the Tour de France bicycle race from 1983 through 1986 (Tesh has the distinction of being the anchor for the first American broadcast of this event), the US Open, and gymnastics at the 1992 and 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh hosted the short-lived "One on One with John Tesh" talk show in 1991–92 on NBC daytime, and co-hosted the show "John & Leeza From Hollywood" with fellow "Entertainment Tonight" personality Leeza Gibbons from 1993 to 1994, also on NBC daytime. In 2014, Tesh returned to syndicated television in the series "Intelligence for Your Life TV", based on his radio show.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh appeared in "The Icarus Factor", an episode of "", playing a Klingon warrior. He also appeared as himself in a 1987 episode of the daytime serial "Santa Barbara".


title: John Tesh

text: In 1987, Yanni was putting together his first touring band to promote his album "Out of Silence", as well as selections from "Keys to Imagination". Being good friends, Tesh asked Yanni if he could join the band as keyboardist along with Joyce Imbesi and drummer Charlie Adams, as he'd never been onstage for a live performance, and he needed the experience. Despite already having a full-time job with "Entertainment Tonight", and the long hours of rehearsal for the band, he did very well, although he did only one tour with Yanni, playing in about 12 shows, including the "1988 Concert Series", before being replaced by Bradley Joseph. Later, Yanni helped Tesh get his first recording contract with Private Music.


title: John Tesh

text: In the 1990s, John Tesh was credited with the theme music to "Bobby's World", hosted by Howie Mandel, and the "NBA on NBC" theme, known as "Roundball Rock". Tesh composed the "NBA on NBC" theme after an idea hit him while traveling. In order to recall his idea at a later juncture, Tesh recorded the initial beat vocally on his answering machine, by ringing his home phone and leaving a message for himself. The theme was used for the "NBA on NBC" before the network stopped carrying NBA games following the 2001–02 season (as well as an electric guitar-driven spinoff that was used on NBC's WNBA telecasts from 1997 to 2002), though NBC would revive the theme for its basketball coverage during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Tesh would later license the song to Fox Sports for its college basketball coverage.


title: John Tesh

text: In August 1994, John performed at the Red Rocks Amphitheatre in Morrison, Colorado, for his first "Live at Red Rocks" concert. Tesh performed with conductor John Bisharat and the 70-piece Colorado Symphony Orchestra. The concert featured Tesh playing grand piano, Charlie Bisharat playing electric violin, and Everette Harp playing alto saxophone. Also featured were Olympic gold medal-gymnasts Nadia Comaneci (1976) and Bart Conner (1984) performing gymnastic routines specially-choreographed to Tesh's music.


title: John Tesh

text: After Tesh left his ten-year job as co-host for "Entertainment Tonight" in 1996, he turned to his career as a contemporary keyboardist. This led to him starting "The John Tesh Radio Show" in 2003.


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh currently has a nationally syndicated radio show called the "John Tesh Radio Show", which typically airs on adult contemporary, classic hits, Christian and soft rock radio formats. The music is interspersed with various factoids and other information Tesh considers useful to listeners, often with topics such as health and well-being.


title: John Tesh

text: These factoids are called "Intelligence for Your Life", played on radio stations across the United States and Canada, and the Armed Forces Network. Select pieces of "Intelligence for Your Life" are broken up and distributed in vignette form to other radio stations (including talk radio formats) and for use on morning shows. There is also a three-hour weekend show, "Intelligence for Your Health", launched in 2010, hosted by Connie Sellecca.


title: John Tesh

text: Across all of its versions, Tesh's radio programs reach listeners across the United States, Canada, and United Kingdom, placing it on the list of most-listened-to radio programs. Tesh's main rival is "Delilah", and these two shows are sometimes aired in the same market on competing stations, or occasionally on the same stations in differing time slots.


title: John Tesh

text: The show started as a weekend show in 2000 on Clear Channel's KKDJ-FM/Bakersfield and then a few other stations, expanding to a daily version in 2003. The program was originally syndicated by Westwood One under the name "On the Air with John Tesh", albeit with a slightly different format. It is produced by Tesh with a staff of 35 and still distributed by syndicator Westwood One. In September 2016, the partnership with Westwood One was renewed in a new multi-year agreement. At the time, Westwood One indicated that it was airing on 280 radio stations. As of 2022, the programs are distributed through a partnership with Compass Media Networks.


title: John Tesh

text: In late 2014, a television version of these factoids, "Intelligence for Your Life TV", debuted in syndication to local stations. In April 2016, the TV program was seen on 174 stations. The series also features health segments hosted by his wife, Connie Sellecca, based on her own radio program, "Intelligence for Your Health".


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh also authored a book, "Intelligence for Your Life: Powerful Lessons for Personal Growth", in 2008, reprinted in 2012 (, publisher Thomas Nelson).


title: John Tesh

text: Tesh has been married to actress Connie Sellecca since 1992. They have one daughter together named Prima. His wife also has a son named Gib, with actor Gil Gerard, who now appears on some of Tesh's radio and TV programs. Tesh and Sellecca reside in Los Angeles.