title: Stockport

text: Poet and electroclash musician Elise Hadgraft aka Corporationpop is from Stockport. Her home town features in many of her poems and songs, including "Seven Miles South". Her "Meet me by the Viaduct" ep was released on cult indie label Odd Box Records in 2018


title: Stockport

text: The BBC Radio comedy programme "Stockport, so good they named it once" was set in the town. Two series were recorded.


title: Stockport

text: The singer Barb Jungr released an album entitled "Stockport to Memphis" in 2012 inspired by her memories of 1960s Stockport.


title: Stockport

text: The town was 'honoured' by the single "Stockport" released in 1983 by Frankie Vaughan (written by Geoff Morrow and recorded at The Plaza)


title: Stockport

text: The 18th century composer and organist of the Manchester Collegiate Church (later Manchester Cathedral), John Wainwright, composed the hymn tune, "Yorkshire (Stockport)", to the Christmas hymn, "Christians Awake, Salute the Happy Morn", by John Byrom.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport has three athletics clubs: Manchester Harriers & AC, Stockport Harriers & AC and DASH Athletics Club. Manchester Harriers train at William Scholes' Playing Fields in Gatley and they organise highly regarded schools cross country races throughout the winter. Stockport Harriers are based at Woodbank Park in Offerton; they have several international middle-distance and endurance athletes including Andy Nixon. DASH Athletics Club are the newest club in Stockport based at both Hazel Grove Recreation Centre and the Manchester Regional Arena at Sportcity in Manchester. In 2006, DASH AC Coach Geoff Barratt was UK Athletics' Development Coach of the Year and, in 2007, the club won England Athletics North West Junior Club and North West Overall Club of the Year accolades.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport County F.C. play in the EFL League Two . The club was formed in 1883 as Heaton Norris Rovers, changing its name to Stockport County in 1890 to reflect the town's status as a county borough. It joined the Football League in 1900. Its most successful season was the 1996–97 season, when it reached the Football League Cup semi-finals and won promotion to Division One.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport Sports F.C. (formerly Woodley Sports) was another non-League football club that played within the Borough. In their final season, the club competed in the NWCFL Premier Division before dissolving in 2015, due to a breach of numerous league rules.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport Lacrosse Club which plays at Stockport Cricket Club, Cale Green, was founded in 1876 and its first match was played as Shaw Heath Villa. It is reputed to be the oldest club in the world and has men's, ladies' and junior teams. There are lacrosse clubs at Norbury (Hazel Grove) Cheadle, Cheadle Hulme, Heaton Mersey, Heaton Mersey Guild (now merged with Manchester Waconians) and Mellor. Stockport Grammar School Old Boys (Old Stopfordians) merged with Norbury in 2013.


title: Stockport

text: When the rugby football schism occurred in 1895, Stockport RFC, founded in 1895, became a founder member of the Northern Rugby Football Union (now Rugby Football League). Stockport played for eight seasons from the 1895–96 season to the end of 1902–1903 season, the latter two seasons played at Edgeley Park, the club finished 17th of 22 in the initial combined league, then 5th, 11th, 11th, 9th, 12th, 6th, in the 14-club Lancashire Senior Competition, and then 18th of 18 in Division 2 of the recombined league, after which it withdrew from the Northern Rugby Football Union.


title: Stockport

text: In the early 1980s, the Stockport Amateur Rugby League club played in the BARLA North West Counties League. They played at Lancashire Hill although changed at The Three Crowns. The founder was a local postman, Graham Tonge. They used the same colours as the original club - claret and black.


title: Stockport

text: Sale Sharks Rugby Union Club played at Edgeley Park from 2002 to 2012, when they moved to the AJ Bell Stadium in Barton-upon-Irwell.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport Metro Swimming Club is based at Grand Central Pools. At the 1996 Summer Olympics in Atlanta, Graeme Smith won bronze in the 1500m freestyle, and, at the 2004 Summer Olympics in Athens, Steve Parry won bronze in the 200m butterfly. Most recently, at the 2008 Summer Olympics in Beijing, Keri-anne Payne and Cassie Patten won silver and bronze, respectively, in the 10 km open water swim.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport is the birthplace of former World No.1 tennis player Fred Perry; winner of 8 Grand Slam singles titles, 2 Pro Slams singles titles, 2 doubles titles and 4 mixed-double titles. He was the first person to complete a Career Grand Slam and also won the Davis Cup on four consecutive occasions (1933-1936). Liam Broady and his sister Naomi Broady, the tennis professionals, were born in Stockport, attending Tithe Barn and then Priestnall School.


title: Stockport

text: The Stockport area is covered by several different cadet units. A unit of Sea Cadet Corps based near the Pear Mill Industrial Estate and several squadrons of the Air Training Corps, based on the A6 opposite St George's Church and others on Reddish Road in South Reddish.


title: Stockport

text: Stockport also has a youth council, Stockport Youth Council, which is based in Grand Central. Young people under the age of 18 directly elect two individuals into the UK Youth Parliament.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The Pentagon UFO videos are selected visual recordings of cockpit instrumentation displays from United States Navy fighter jets based aboard aircraft carriers USS "Nimitz" and USS "Theodore Roosevelt" in 2004, 2014 and 2015, with additional footage taken by other Navy personnel in 2019. The four grainy, monochromic videos, widely characterized as officially documenting UFOs, have received extensive coverage in the media since 2017. The Pentagon later addressed and officially released the first three videos in 2020, and confirmed the provenance of the leaked 2019 videos in two statements made in 2021.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Publicity surrounding the videos has prompted a number of explanations, including drones or unidentified terrestrial aircraft, anomalous or artefactual instrument readings, physical observational phenomena (e.g., parallax), human observational and interpretive error, and, as is typical in the context of such incidents, extraordinary speculations of alien spacecraft.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: On November 14, 2004, fighter pilot Commander David Fravor of the USS "Nimitz" Carrier Strike Group claims to have investigated radar indications of a possible target off the coast of southern California. Fravor said the operator had told him that the USS "Princeton" (CG-59), part of the strike group, had been tracking unusual aircraft for two weeks prior to the incident. The aircraft would appear at before descending rapidly toward the sea, and stopping at and hovering. Fravor reported that he saw an object, white and oval, hovering above an ocean disturbance. He estimated that the object was about long. Fravor and another pilot, Alex Dietrich, said in an interview that a total of four people (two pilots and two weapons systems officers in the back seats of the two airplanes) witnessed the object for about 5 minutes. Fravor says that as he spiraled down to get closer to the object, the object ascended, mirroring the trajectory of his airplane, until the object disappeared. A second wave of fighters, including pilot Lieutenant Commander Chad Underwood, took off from "Nimitz" to investigate. Unlike Fravor, Underwood's fighter was equipped with an advanced infrared camera (FLIR). Underwood recorded the FLIR video, and coined the description "Tic Tac" to describe the infrared image, but did not himself see any unusual object.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: During 2014–2015, fighter pilots associated with the carrier strike group were operating off the East Coast of the United States when they recorded the GIMBAL and GOFAST videos while reporting instrument detections of unknown aerial objects which the pilots were unable to identify.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: On December 16, 2017, "The New York Times" reported on the incidents, and published two videos, termed "FLIR" and "GIMBAL", purporting to show encounters by jets from "Nimitz" and "Theodore Roosevelt" with unusually shaped, fast-moving aircraft. Additionally, the Washington Post published a video of a similar encounter, titled "GOFAST". The reports became subject to "fevered speculation by UFO investigators". Those stories have been criticized by journalism professor Keith Kloor as "a curious narrative that appears to be driven by thinly-sourced and slanted reporting". According to Kloor, "Cursory attention has been given to the most likely, prosaic explanations. Instead, the coverage has, for the most part, taken a quizzical, mysterious frame that plays off the catchy 'UFO' tag in the headline".


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The videos, featuring cockpit display data and infrared imagery, along with audio of communications between the pursuing pilots, were initially provided to the press by Christopher Mellon, the former Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Intelligence. Around the same time, Luis Elizondo, the director of the Advanced Aerospace Threat Identification Program, had resigned from the Pentagon in October 2017 to protest government secrecy and opposition to the investigation, stating in a resignation letter to Defense Secretary James Mattis that the program was not being taken seriously. According to "Wired" magazine, a copy of one of the videos had been online, in a UFO forum, since at least 2007. In September 2019, a Pentagon spokeswoman confirmed that the released videos were made by naval aviators, and that they are "part of a larger issue of an increased number of training range incursions by unidentified aerial phenomena in recent years". On April 27, 2020, the Pentagon formally released the three videos.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: In February 2020, the United States Navy confirmed that, in response to inquiries, intelligence briefings presented by naval intelligence officials have been provided to members of Congress.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: In April 2021, Pentagon spokesperson Sue Gough confirmed that publicly-available video footage of what appeared to be an unidentified triangular object in the sky had been taken by Navy personnel aboard USS "Russell" in 2019. Science writer and expert UFO investigator Mick West suggested the image was the result of an optical effect called a bokeh, which can make out of focus light sources appear triangular or pyramidal due to the shape of the aperture of some camera lenses. The Pentagon also confirmed photographs of objects described as "sphere", "acorn" and "metallic blimp."


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The following month, Gough further confirmed a second video had been recorded by Navy personnel and is under review by the UAP Task Force. The video, recorded on July 15, 2019, aboard the USS "Omaha", purportedly shows a spherical object flying over the ocean as seen through an infrared camera at night, moving rapidly across the screen before stopping and easing down into the water.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: As of 2020, the aerial phenomena recorded from the "Nimitz" and "Roosevelt" events are characterized by the Department of Defense as "unidentified". Widespread media attention to these events has motivated theories and speculations from private individuals and groups about the underlying explanation(s), including those focused upon pseudoscientific topics such as ufology. Regarding the pseudoscientific explanations, writer Matthew Gault stated that these events "reflect the same pattern that's played out dozens of times before. Someone sees something strange in the sky ... and the public jumps to an illogical conclusion". Writing in "The New York Times", author and astrophysicist Adam Frank stated that with respect to claims of "evidence of extraterrestrial technology that can defy the laws of physics", the pilot's reports and cockpit instrumentation videos "doesn't amount to much".


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Mundane, skeptical explanations include instrument or software malfunction, anomaly or artifact, human observational illusion (e.g., parallax) or interpretive error, or common aircraft (e.g., a passenger airliner) or aerial device (e.g., weather balloon). Science writer Mick West argued, "Any time something unidentified shows up in restricted airspace, then that’s a real problem", but cautioned that believers in "alien disclosure" are "encroaching on these real issues of UAPs". West cautioned that "the report suggests the majority of cases, if solved, would turn out to be a variety of things like airborne clutter or natural atmospheric phenomenon. A lack of data does not mean aliens are the likely answer".


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Physicist Adam Frank speculated that it was possible the UFOs in the videos are "drones deployed by rivals like Russia and China to examine our defenses — luring our pilots into turning on their radar and other detectors, thus revealing our electronic intelligence capabilities". Astronomer Thomas Bania speculated that they could be some form of electronic warfare fielded by China or Russia "trying to get intelligence of exactly what our weapons systems are capable of doing".


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Following the congressional intelligence briefings and in order to encourage pilots to flag disturbances that "have been occurring regularly since 2014", the US Navy announced it had updated the way pilots were to formally report unexplained aerial observations. Commenting on these updated guidelines, a spokesman for the deputy Chief of Naval Operations said, "The intent of the message to the fleet is to provide updated guidance on reporting procedures for suspected intrusions into our airspace". Regarding the new guidelines, the spokesman said that one possible explanation for the increase in reported intrusions could be the rise in availability of unmanned aerial systems such as quadrocopters.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: United States Senator Marco Rubio, who was chairman of the Senate Intelligence Committee at the time, said that he feared the UFOs in the videos may be Chinese or Russian technology. Retired Admiral Gary Roughead, who commanded both the Atlantic and Pacific Fleets before serving as Chief of Naval Operations from 2007 to 2011, said in 2020 that in his time, "most of the assessments were inconclusive" as to what these videos showed. In the context of a lecture on China's 21st century military strategy, Roughead commented that development of unmanned autonomous aircraft that had the capability to be used as submersible military assets was a priority of the US, as well as other nations such as China and Russia.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Adam Dodd and security expert Jack Weinstein say that neither of these countries presently have the capability to produce aircraft with such extraordinary capabilities, and noted that they would normally keep any such high level technology from being observed and documented by a rival country such as the US.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: Media commentary has also noted that, if China or Russia had the level of technology that allowed for extreme speeds and maneuverability exhibited by the UAPs, then the US would be aware of it. However, in response to this, Weinstein said, "I won’t go that far. China has developed some good technology much faster than we thought they were going to".


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: According to "New York" magazine writer for the "Digital Intelligencer", Jeff Wise, UAP may not represent actual aircraft speeds and maneuverability, since advancements in electronic warfare (EW) techniques, similar to early "radar spoofing" used by the US military, could deceive sensors to give false velocity and position information and result in reports of "unusual UAP movement patterns or flight characteristics". Wise writes that this might be "the crucial, missing context for what military pilots might actually be seeing" and speculates that US adversaries may have developed EW capabilities that exploit weaknesses of US systems and "gaps in its electronic warfare capabilities" that allow sensor information to be missed, or erroneous tracking data to be created.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: On June 25, 2021, the US Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) released a preliminary report on UAPs, largely centering on evidence gathered in the last 20 years from US Navy reports. The report came to no conclusion about what the UAPs were, based on a "lack sufficient data to determine the nature of mysterious flying objects observed by military pilots — including whether they are advanced earthly technologies, atmospherics, or of an extraterrestrial nature.", though in a limited number of incidents, UAP reportedly appeared to exhibit unusual flight characteristics, including high velocity, breaking the sound barrier without producing a sonic boom, high maneuverability not able to be replicated otherwise, long-duration flight, and an ability to submerge into the water. Some of the UAPs appeared to move with no discernible means of propulsion, and it was noted that the alleged high speeds and maneuvers would normally destroy any craft. These observations could be the result of sensor errors, spoofing, or observer misperception, and require additional rigorous analysis.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The report indicated that, in most cases, the UAP recordings probably were of physical objects, and not false readings, as individual instances had been detected by different sensor mechanisms, including visual observation. The report also stated that "UAP probably lack a single explanation", and proposed five possible categories of explanation: airborne clutter, natural atmospheric phenomena, US government or industry development technology, foreign craft, and an "Other" category.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The report raised concerns that the UAPs could be a safety issue, with regard to a possible collision with US aircraft, and that they could pose a security threat if they were foreign craft gathering information about the US. The report indicated that investigation of the topic would continue, including development of reporting protocols. The report also indicated that, of the sightings reported, all except one (confirmed as a weather balloon) lack sufficient information to attribute a specific explanation or explanations.


title: Pentagon UFO videos

text: The Black Vault, a government transparency site that had previously released UAP material, made a Freedom of Information request of the Government for the release of more video footage, filed to the US Navy in April 2020. Some two years later, the government confirmed it had more footage, but refused to release it, citing concerns for national security. Deputy director of the Department of the Navy's Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) program, Gregory Cason, stated in the response: "The release of this information will harm national security as it may provide adversaries valuable information regarding Department of Defense/Navy operations, vulnerabilities, and/or capabilities."


title: Dana Scully

text: Dana Katherine Scully, MD, is a fictional character and one of the two protagonists in the Fox science-fiction, supernatural television series "The X-Files", played by Gillian Anderson. Scully is a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) special agent and a medical doctor (MD), partnered with fellow special agent Fox Mulder for seasons one to seven and seasons 10 and 11, and with John Doggett in the eighth and ninth seasons. In the television series, they work out of a cramped basement office at FBI headquarters in Washington, DC to investigate unsolved cases labeled "X-Files." In 2002, Scully left government employment, and in 2008, she began working as a surgeon in "Our Lady of Sorrows", a private Catholic hospital – where she stayed for seven years, until rejoining the FBI. In contrast to Mulder's credulous "believer" character, Scully is the skeptic for the first seven seasons, choosing to base her beliefs on what science can prove. She later on becomes a "believer" after Mulder's abduction at the end of season seven.


title: Dana Scully

text: Scully has appeared in all but five episodes of "The X-Files", and in the 20th Century Fox films "The X-Files", released in 1998, and "", released 10 years later. The episodes in which she does not appear are "3," "Zero Sum," "Unusual Suspects," "Travelers" and "The Gift" (excluding archive footage). The 11th season marked Anderson's final time portraying the character.


title: Dana Scully

text: Dr. Dana Katherine Scully was born on February 23, 1964, in Annapolis, Maryland, to William (Don S. Davis) and Margaret Scully (Sheila Larken), into a close-knit Catholic family with Irish ancestry. She has an older brother, Bill Jr., an older sister, Melissa, and a younger brother, Charles, who is never seen on the show except in flashbacks. In the canonical 2016 comic book series, published by IDW Publishing, the two-part issue "Ishmael" revealed Scully had a paternal half-brother, named Tam Minh Nguyen. Scully's father was a navy captain, who died of a heart attack in early January 1994. Dana Scully grew up in Annapolis, Maryland and later in San Diego, California. As a young girl, Scully's favorite book was "Moby-Dick" and she came to nickname her father "Ahab" from the book, and in return, he called her "Starbuck." Due to this, she named her dog Queequeg.


title: Dana Scully

text: Scully attended the University of Maryland, and in 1986, received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics. Her undergraduate thesis was titled "Einstein's Twin Paradox: A New Interpretation." Just out of medical school at Stanford University, she was recruited by the FBI; she accepted the agency's offer of employment because she felt she could distinguish herself there. After two years in the bureau, Section Chief Scott Blevins assigned her to work with agent Fox Mulder.


title: Dana Scully

text: Upon being partnered with Mulder, Scully maintained her medical skills by acting as a forensic pathologist, often performing or consulting on autopsies of victims on X-Files cases.


title: Dana Scully

text: In season two, Scully was kidnapped by an ex-FBI agent turned mental patient named Duane Barry, and then taken from Barry by a military covert operation that was working with the alien conspirators, but was later returned. In season three, she found out that a super hi-tech microchip had been implanted in the back of her neck. After having it removed, she developed cancer in the fourth season and was hospitalized after the cancer became terminal. She was saved after Mulder broke into the Department of Defense to retrieve another chip to be implanted back into her neck. At the time, Scully was also undergoing experimental medical treatments and was having a dramatic renewal of her faith.


title: Dana Scully

text: Scully was pronounced infertile during the fifth season. In the season five episode "Emily," Scully discovers that she unknowingly mothered a daughter during her abduction (in season two). Her daughter Emily was adopted by another family. Emily died shortly afterwards, and they were unable to further investigate after Emily's body went missing. In the seventh-season finale, "Requiem," Scully mysteriously became pregnant. The child, named William, after her own father, as well as Mulder's father, was born at the end of the eighth season. The show did not initially reveal the cause of Scully's pregnancy, but later episodes and movies would see Mulder and Scully call William "our son"; the pair had unsuccessfully tried for a child through in vitro fertilization. Around this time, Mulder was fired from the FBI by Deputy Director Alvin Kersh, and Scully left the field to teach forensics at Quantico. William was given up for adoption during the end of the ninth season after Scully felt she could no longer provide the safety that William needed. William was a "miracle child," of some importance to the alien conspirators. He demonstrated extraordinary powers, including telekinesis.


title: Dana Scully

text: In "", she is shown working as a medical doctor at the "Our Lady of Sorrows", a private Catholic hospital in Virginia. Early on in the film, Scully is contacted by the FBI, who are looking for Fox Mulder in the hope that he will assist them with the investigation of a missing FBI agent. In exchange for his help, the charges against him will be dropped. Unlike Mulder, Scully was apparently not considered a fugitive by the FBI. However, she did continue to maintain her romantic relationship with Mulder throughout the six years that he was on the run from the American government. In the movie, they are shown to be living together in a secluded house.


title: Dana Scully

text: In the first episode of season 10, "My Struggle" (2016), Scully is still working as a doctor for "Our Lady of Sorrows" hospital, now performing surgeries on children with severe birth defects. She has extraterrestrial DNA, as the test that she performs on herself confirms. After the FBI reopens the X-Files, 14 years after their closure, she rejoins the bureau. In "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster," Scully jokes that she often enters dangerous situations alone due to the immortality she seemingly obtained during the events of the episode "Tithonus." At the end of "Mulder and Scully Meet the Were-Monster," Scully steals a dog from an animal control center, named Daggoo, which is named after yet another character from "Moby-Dick". In "Home Again" Dana's mother, Margaret Scully, dies after suffering a heart attack. In the show's 10th-season finale, "My Struggle II," Scully is in a race against time to save humankind, creating a vaccine from her own extraterrestrial DNA.


title: Dana Scully

text: Throughout the series, Scully's Catholic faith served as a cornerstone, although a contradiction to her otherwise rigid skepticism of the paranormal. Due to her career in science and medicine, she drifted from her Catholic Christian upbringing, but remained somewhat entrenched in her religious beliefs.


title: Dana Scully

text: Scully almost always wears a gold cross necklace. Two conflicting stories exist of how Scully received the necklace. After Scully's abduction in season two, Scully's mother told Fox Mulder she gave Scully the necklace as a birthday present. In season five, Scully recalls receiving the necklace as a Christmas present. Scully's sister, Melissa, also receives a similar necklace on that occasion. When she was abducted by Duane Barry, a self-proclaimed alien abductee, it was the only item left behind in Barry's getaway car. Mulder wore it as a talisman of her until Scully miraculously reappeared in a Washington, DC, hospital. After she recovered from the trauma of her abduction, he returned the cross to her.


title: Dana Scully

text: The abduction visibly tested the limits of her faithMulder believes that Scully was taken aboard an alien spaceship and was subjected to tests. Because of Scully's skepticism, though, she believes she was kidnapped by men, not aliens, and subjected to tests. She believes she could have been brought there by Barry, and she began to exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder on a case involving a murdering fetishist named Donnie Pfaster. This psychological re-victimization continued after Pfaster escaped from prison five years later and again attempted to kill her in her home, ending only after she fatally shot him. She struggled with what motivated her actions to kill Pfaster, and questioned whether it was God compelling her to kill him, or "something else."


title: Dana Scully

text: Sometime after her recovery from cancer, Scully began to regularly attend mass again. At the request of Father McCue, Scully got involved in a case concerning a paraplegic girl who was found dead in a kneeling position with her palms outstretched and eye sockets charred. After Scully discovered the girl was a quadruplet and two more were murdered, Father McCue shared with her the story of the "seraphim" and the "nephilim", which Scully interpreted as a possible explanation for the deformations and deaths of the girls. Scully continued to have visions of Emily, and when the last girl died, Scully believed she was returning the girl to God. Upon her return to Washington, DC, she went to confession to gain peace of mind and acceptance for Emily's death. In confession, she regretted her decision of letting the girl go. This suggests Scully had doubts about her faith.


title: Dana Scully

text: In the sixth-season episode "Milagro," Agent Scully's vulnerability is exposed. In this episode, the murderer takes the victim's heart out. The suspect, a writer named Phillip Padgett, has a particular interest in Scully and is fascinated by her beauty and personality. When she goes to a church to observe a painting, the writer is there and talks to her about the Sacred Heart of Jesus. During the conversation he says she visits the church because she likes art, but not as place of worship. Scully doesn't say otherwise and later she says to Agent Mulder the writer told her her life story. All this suggests that Scully isn't a devout Roman Catholic, although she attempted to approach again the Catholic community and the Catholic faith to which she was devout in her youth, after handling the strange case presented in "Revelations" and also after dealing with life-threatening cancer during the fourth season.


title: Dana Scully

text: While in medical school, Scully carried on an affair with her married instructor, Dr. Daniel Waterston, who may have been the "college boyfriend" mentioned in "Trust No 1." In the show, whether or not the relationship became sexual is never indicated. According to Anderson in the episode's audio commentary, Scully came very close to having an affair with the married Waterston, but left before she could break up his marriage. The end of her relationship with Waterston came about following her decision to go into the FBI. After her entrance to the FBI's Academy at Quantico, Scully began a year-long relationship with her Academy instructor, Jack Willis, with whom she shared a birthday.


title: Dana Scully

text: Towards the end of the series, her previously platonic friendship with partner Fox Mulder developed into a romantic relationship. When Mulder was injured in a boat crash, he awakened in a hospital and told Scully that he loved her. In the season six episode "How the Ghosts Stole Christmas," a ghost that seems to know the inner workings of Scully's mind suggests that her source of intimacy for Mulder comes from her desire to always prove him wrong. By the end of the sixth season, Mulder and Scully were increasingly shown enjoying more light-hearted activities together, such as practicing baseball, using FBI funds for a "night out" during a movie premiere, and watching a movie at Mulder's apartment. In the season seven episode "all things," Scully is shown getting dressed in Mulder's bathroom, while Mulder sleeps, apparently naked, in the bedroom. In "Trust No 1" a man reveals to Scully that he works for a new Syndicate like-organization, and his job requires him and a few other colleagues to spy on her around the clock. Due to this he knows intimate details of Scully's personal life, right down to her "natural hair color" (Titian, as later confirmed by Chris Carter). It is suggested by this man that Scully ultimately initiated a sexual relationship with Mulder, as he remarked that he was very surprised when she invited Mulder "into her bed." The last scene of the series finale featured Mulder and Scully holding each other on a bed, facing an uncertain future together in love.


title: Dana Scully

text: In the film, "The X-Files: I Want to Believe", which takes place six years later, Mulder and Scully are still in a relationship. Scully was concerned that Mulder's continuing pursuit of the unknown was taking its toll on their relationship, and they could not be together if he could not "escape the darkness." However, the film ends with the couple sharing a passionate kiss, and in the "secret ending" after the majority of the credits, a happily-smiling Scully is seen in a small rowboat with Mulder, both clad in swimwear, in a tropical sea, having taken him up on his offer to run away together. In the 10th season, Scully and Mulder are no longer a couple, as she chose to leave him. At the end of the season, Scully gets a vision, which is revealed to have come from her son, William,at the beginning of season 11. Over the course of season 11, Scully and Mulder search for William. Skinner learns from the Smoking Man that the Smoking Man, who is Mulder's father, also artificially impregnated Scully, thus is William's father, as well. In the third episode of the 11th season, "Plus One," Scully and Mulder are intimate again. In the season 11 finale, "My Struggle IV," she reveals to Mulder that she is pregnant with his child.


title: Dana Scully

text: Chris Carter named Scully after his favorite sportscaster, Vin Scully of the Los Angeles Dodgers. John Doggett was likewise named after Vin Scully's longtime broadcasting partner, Jerry Doggett. Scully's character was also inspired by Jodie Foster's portrayal of Clarice Starling in the film "The Silence of the Lambs".


title: Dana Scully

text: The casting for Scully caused a conflict between Carter and the Fox network. Carter had chosen 24-year-old Gillian Anderson, whom Carter felt was perfect for the role. Of her audition, Carter said, "she came in and read the part with a seriousness and intensity that I knew the Scully character had to have and I knew [...] she was the right person for the part." However, Fox executives had wanted a more glamorous "bombshell" for the part (in a 2008 interview Anderson stated that Pamela Anderson had actually been the network's first choice), hoping that this would lead to the series involving a romantic element. This led Carter to insist that he did not want the roles of Mulder and Scully to become romantically involved. Carter decided Scully would be the skeptic to play against established stereotypes; typically on television the quality was attributed to a male. Because Duchovny was much taller than Anderson, during scenes where Mulder and Scully stand or walk next to each other Anderson stood on "the Gilly-Board," an apple box named after her.


title: Dana Scully

text: Scully appears in every episode of the 11-season series with the exceptions of "3," "Zero Sum," "Unusual Suspects," and "Travelers." She has appeared outside "The X-Files" on numerous occasions, the most notable being in the "Millennium" (also created by Chris Carter) episode "Lamentation," in which the main character, Frank Black, visits the FBI Academy in Quantico, Virginia, and Mulder and Scully are briefly seen descending a stairway. In fact, they are Duchovny and Anderson's stand-ins.


title: Dana Scully

text: An animated version of Scully, which featured the voice acting of Anderson, appeared on season eight of "The Simpsons", in the episode "The Springfield Files," as well as Canadian animated series "Eek! The Cat", on the episode "Eek Space 9." The animated television series "ReBoot" featured characters Fax Modem and Data Nully, obvious spoofs of Mulder and Scully, in the episode "Trust No One." Anderson provided her voice work for the episode, but co-star Duchovny declined.


title: Dana Scully

text: Anderson won many awards for her portrayal of Special Agent Scully during the ten seasons of The X-Files, including an Emmy for "Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series" in 1997, a Golden Globe for "Best Actress in a Television Drama Series" in 1997, two SAG Awards for "Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series" in 1996 and 1997 and a Saturn Award for Best Actress on Television in 1997. In total, Anderson received for the role, four Emmy nominations, four Golden Globe nominations, nine SAG nominations and eight Saturn nominations.


title: Dana Scully

text: Film critic Scott Mendelson, writing in "The Huffington Post", cited Scully as an example of strong female characters on television, calling her "one of the most iconic characters in the science-fiction genre." "Radio Times" Laura Pledger also named her as a strong TV woman, placing her at No. 1. Rebecca Traister of Salon.com opined that Scully had a better character arc than Mulder. She wrote, "The very fact that her character was such a hard sell made her repeated brushes with the supernatural all the more powerful. Mulder's desire to believe was so expansive, his credulity so flexible, that it's not as though he was ever going to have either shaken from him. But Scully's surety was solid, stable, rigid; every time she saw something she thought she'd never see, we saw it crack, sparks fly from it. She was forced to question herself, grow, change." She praised her for being more "rational, resilient, [and] mature" than her partner and for their mature relationship. In a review of "Irresistible," Emily VanDerWerff of "The A.V. Club" wrote that it was a cliché to put Scully in danger, as "Scully is [the show's] heart, and any time she's in danger, it feels like the show itself is about to be stabbed through the heart."


title: Dana Scully

text: The character of Scully has become something of a sci-fi heroine due to her intelligence and resilience, frequently appearing on lists of important female science fiction characters, such as "Total Sci-Fi Online"s list of "The 25 Women Who Shook Sci-Fi", where she came in fourth. TV Squad named her the thirteenth greatest woman on television, while the site also listed her among the most memorable female science fiction television characters. She is also often cited as being an unlikely sex symbol, frequently being included in lists of sexy TV characters. She was listed in AfterEllen.com's Top 50 Favorite Female TV Characters. The pairing Mulder/Scully was ranked number 15 on Sleuth Channel's poll of "America's Top Sleuths".


title: Dana Scully

text: Angelica Jade Bastién of "Vulture" emphasized the importance of Scully's character in popular culture by listing all the strong female characters she inspired or may have influenced in some aspects, including: Temperance "Bones" Brennan of "Bones", Peggy Carter of "Agent Carter", Veronica Mars of "Veronica Mars", Olivia Moore of "iZombie", Dr. Maura Isles of "Rizzoli & Isles", Olivia Benson of "", Joan Watson of "Elementary", Sydney Bristow of "Alias", Abbie Mills of "Sleepy Hollow", Zoë Washburne of "Firefly", Stella Gibson (another character portrayed by Anderson) of "The Fall" and Olivia Dunham of "Fringe". Jade Bastién wrote: "Do all the characters Scully has influenced live up to her? Definitely not. Gillian Anderson's performance and her chemistry with David Duchovny aren't exactly elements that can be replicated. But these characters prove that Scully isn't only the heart of "The X-Files", but also the character who had the most profound influence on popular culture."


title: Dana Scully

text: Indiewire's Liz Shannon Miller ranked Scully as the No. 1 most important character of "The X-Files", writing: "Scully's legacy is so important in so many ways, from giving us the gift of Gillian Anderson's acting, to inspiring an entire generation of young women to pursue careers in STEM. Intelligent, loyal, flawed and brave, Scully was the show's beating heart and saving grace even in its lowest years. As Chris Carter himself has said: 'It's Scully's show'."


title: Dana Scully

text: The character is believed to have initiated a phenomenon referred to as "The Scully Effect," as the character's role as a medical doctor and FBI Special Agent inspired many young women to pursue careers in science, medicine, engineering, and law enforcement, and as a result brought a perceptible increase in the number of women in those fields. At the 2013 San Diego Comic-Con International, Anderson noted that she has long been aware of "The Scully Effect" and stated: "We got a lot of letters all the time, and I was told quite frequently by girls who were going into the medical world or the science world or the FBI world or other worlds that I reigned, that they were pursuing those pursuits because of the character of Scully. And I said, 'Yay!'" Anne Simon, a biology professor and a science adviser for the series recalls: "I asked my Intro Bio class back then how many of them were influenced by the character of Scully on "The X-Files" to go into science and half of the hands in the room went up. That's huge! That was saying that the show was really having an effect." "The Scully Effect" remains a subject of academic inquiry.


title: Olivine

text: The mineral olivine () is a magnesium iron silicate with the chemical formula . It is a type of nesosilicate or orthosilicate. The primary component of the Earth's upper mantle, it is a common mineral in Earth's subsurface, but weathers quickly on the surface. For this reason, olivine has been proposed as a good candidate for accelerated weathering to sequester carbon dioxide from the Earth's oceans and atmosphere, as part of climate change mitigation. Olivine also has many other historical uses, such as the gemstone peridot (or chrysolite), as well as industrial applications like metalworking processes.


title: Olivine

text: The ratio of magnesium to iron varies between the two endmembers of the solid solution series: forsterite (Mg-endmember: ) and fayalite (Fe-endmember: ). Compositions of olivine are commonly expressed as molar percentages of forsterite (Fo) and fayalite (Fa) ("e.g.", FoFa). Forsterite's melting temperature is unusually high at atmospheric pressure, almost , while fayalite's is much lower – about . Melting temperature varies smoothly between the two endmembers, as do other properties. Olivine incorporates only minor amounts of elements other than oxygen (O), silicon (Si), magnesium (Mg) and iron (Fe). Manganese (Mn) and nickel (Ni) commonly are the additional elements present in highest concentrations.


title: Olivine

text: Olivine gives its name to the group of minerals with a related structure (the olivine group) – which includes tephroite (MnSiO), monticellite (CaMgSiO), larnite (CaSiO) and kirschsteinite (CaFeSiO) (commonly also spelled kirschteinite).


title: Olivine

text: Olivine's crystal structure incorporates aspects of the orthorhombic P Bravais lattice, which arise from each silica (SiO) unit being joined by metal divalent cations with each oxygen in SiO bound to three metal ions. It has a spinel-like structure similar to magnetite but uses one quadrivalent and two divalent cations M MO instead of two trivalent and one divalent cations.


title: Olivine

text: Olivine is named for its typically olive-green color, though it may alter to a reddish color from the oxidation of iron.


title: Olivine

text: Translucent olivine is sometimes used as a gemstone called peridot ("péridot", the French word for olivine). It is also called chrysolite (or "chrysolithe", from the Greek words for gold and stone), though this name is now rarely used in the English language. Some of the finest gem-quality olivine has been obtained from a body of mantle rocks on Zabargad Island in the Red Sea.


title: Olivine

text: Olivine occurs in both mafic and ultramafic igneous rocks and as a primary mineral in certain metamorphic rocks. Mg-rich olivine crystallizes from magma that is rich in magnesium and low in silica. That magma crystallizes to mafic rocks such as gabbro and basalt. Ultramafic rocks usually contain substantial olivine, and those with an olivine content of over 40% are described as peridotites. Dunite has an olivine content of over 90% and is likely a cumulate formed by olivine crystallizing and settling out of magma or a vein mineral lining magma conduits. Olivine and high pressure structural variants constitute over 50% of the Earth's upper mantle, and olivine is one of the Earth's most common minerals by volume. The metamorphism of impure dolomite or other sedimentary rocks with high magnesium and low silica content also produces Mg-rich olivine, or forsterite.


title: Olivine

text: Fe-rich olivine fayalite is relatively much less common, but it occurs in igneous rocks in small amounts in rare granites and rhyolites, and extremely Fe-rich olivine can exist stably with quartz and tridymite. In contrast, Mg-rich olivine does not occur stably with silica minerals, as it would react with them to form orthopyroxene ().


title: Olivine

text: Mg-rich olivine is stable to pressures equivalent to a depth of about within Earth. Because it is thought to be the most abundant mineral in Earth's mantle at shallower depths, the properties of olivine have a dominant influence upon the rheology of that part of Earth and hence upon the solid flow that drives plate tectonics. Experiments have documented that olivine at high pressures ("e.g.", 12 GPa, the pressure at depths of about ) can contain at least as much as about 8900 parts per million (weight) of water, and that such water content drastically reduces the resistance of olivine to solid flow. Moreover, because olivine is so abundant, more water may be dissolved in olivine of the mantle than is contained in Earth's oceans.


title: Olivine

text: Olivine pine forest (a plant community) is unique to Norway. It is rare and found on dry olivine ridges in the fjord districts of Sunnmøre and Nordfjord.


title: Olivine

text: Mg-rich olivine has also been discovered in meteorites, on the Moon and Mars, falling into infant stars, as well as on asteroid 25143 Itokawa. Such meteorites include chondrites, collections of debris from the early Solar System; and pallasites, mixes of iron-nickel and olivine. The rare A-type asteroids are suspected to have a surface dominated by olivine.


title: Olivine

text: The spectral signature of olivine has been seen in the dust disks around young stars. The tails of comets (which formed from the dust disk around the young Sun) often have the spectral signature of olivine, and the presence of olivine was verified in samples of a comet from the Stardust spacecraft in 2006. Comet-like (magnesium-rich) olivine has also been detected in the planetesimal belt around the star Beta Pictoris.


title: Olivine

text: Minerals in the olivine group crystallize in the orthorhombic system (space group P"bnm") with isolated silicate tetrahedra, meaning that olivine is a nesosilicate. The structure can be described as a hexagonal, close-packed array of oxygen ions with half of the octahedral sites occupied with magnesium or iron ions and one-eighth of the tetrahedral sites occupied by silicon ions.


title: Olivine

text: There are three distinct oxygen sites (marked O1, O2 and O3 in figure 1), two distinct metal sites (M1 and M2) and only one distinct silicon site. O1, O2, M2 and Si all lie on mirror planes, while M1 exists on an inversion center. O3 lies in a general position.


title: Olivine

text: At the high temperatures and pressures found at depth within the Earth the olivine structure is no longer stable. Below depths of about olivine undergoes an exothermic phase transition to the sorosilicate, wadsleyite and, at about depth, wadsleyite transforms exothermically into ringwoodite, which has the spinel structure. At a depth of about , ringwoodite decomposes into silicate perovskite () and ferropericlase () in an endothermic reaction. These phase transitions lead to a discontinuous increase in the density of the Earth's mantle that can be observed by seismic methods. They are also thought to influence the dynamics of mantle convection in that the exothermic transitions reinforce flow across the phase boundary, whereas the endothermic reaction hampers it.


title: Olivine

text: The pressure at which these phase transitions occur depends on temperature and iron content. At , the pure magnesium end member, forsterite, transforms to wadsleyite at and to ringwoodite at pressures above . Increasing the iron content decreases the pressure of the phase transition and narrows the wadsleyite stability field. At about 0.8 mole fraction fayalite, olivine transforms directly to ringwoodite over the pressure range . Fayalite transforms to spinel at pressures below . Increasing the temperature increases the pressure of these phase transitions.


title: Olivine

text: Olivine is one of the less stable common minerals on the surface according to the Goldich dissolution series. It alters into iddingsite (a combination of clay minerals, iron oxides and ferrihydrite) readily in the presence of water. Artificially increasing the weathering rate of olivine, e.g. by dispersing fine-grained olivine on beaches, has been proposed as a cheap way to sequester CO. The presence of iddingsite on Mars would suggest that liquid water once existed there, and might enable scientists to determine when there was last liquid water on the planet.


title: Olivine

text: Norway is the main source of olivine in Europe, particularly in an area stretching from Åheim to Tafjord, and from Hornindal to Flemsøy in the Sunnmøre district. There is also olivine in Eid municipality. About 50% of the world's olivine for industrial use is produced in Norway. At Svarthammaren in Norddal olivine was mined from around 1920 to 1979, with a daily output up to 600 metric tons. Olivine was also obtained from the construction site of the hydro power stations in Tafjord. At Robbervika in Norddal municipality an open-pit mine has been in operation since 1984. The characteristic red color is reflected in several local names with "red" such as "Raudbergvik" (Red rock bay) or "Raudnakken" (Red ridge).


title: Olivine

text: Hans Strøm in 1766 described the olivine's typical red color on the surface and the blue color within. Strøm wrote that in Norddal district large quantities of olivine were broken from the bedrock and used as sharpening stones.


title: Olivine

text: A worldwide search is on for cheap processes to sequester CO by mineral reactions, called enhanced weathering. Removal by reactions with olivine is an attractive option, because it is widely available and reacts easily with the (acid) CO from the atmosphere. When olivine is crushed, it weathers completely within a few years, depending on the grain size. All the CO that is produced by burning one liter of oil can be sequestered by less than one liter of olivine. The reaction is exothermic but slow. To recover the heat produced by the reaction to produce electricity, a large volume of olivine must be thermally well-isolated. The end-products of the reaction are silicon dioxide, magnesium carbonate, and small amounts of iron oxide. A nonprofit, Project Vesta, is investigating this approach on beaches which increase the agitation and surface area of crushed olivine through wave action.


title: Olivine

text: The aluminium foundry industry uses olivine sand to cast objects in aluminium. Olivine sand requires less water than silica sands while still holding the mold together during handling and pouring of the metal. Less water means less gas (steam) to vent from the mold as metal is poured into the mold.


title: Olivine

text: In Finland, olivine is marketed as an ideal rock for sauna stoves because of its comparatively high density and resistance to weathering under repeated heating and cooling.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Carlos Jaime Alazraqui (born July 20, 1962) is an American actor, stand-up comedian, impressionist, producer, and screenwriter. He is best known for his role as Deputy James Garcia on "Reno 911!" and for his voice acting roles. His extensive voice-over work includes the original voice of Spyro from "Spyro the Dragon", Shamless O’Scanty, Leslie P. Lilylegs, Elliott Sampson and Tad Tucker on "New Looney Tunes", the Taco Bell chihuahua in the Taco Bell commercials, Denzel Crocker, Juandissimo Magnifico, and Sheldon Dinkleberg on "The Fairly OddParents", Rocko and Spunky on "Rocko's Modern Life", Scooter on "SpongeBob SquarePants", Lazlo, Clam, and other characters on "Camp Lazlo", Rikochet in "¡Mucha Lucha!", Grandpapi Rivera in "", Carlos Casagrande, Sergio, Vito, and other characters on "The Casagrandes", and Mr. Weed in "Family Guy". He is a weekly contributor on "The Stephanie Miller Show".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Carlos Jaime Alazraqui was born in Yonkers, New York on July 20, 1962, to Argentine parents. He has Sephardic Jewish heritage from his father. He moved with his family to Concord, California, at an early age. Alazraqui graduated from Concord High School. He attended college at California State University, Sacramento from 1982 to 1986, where he began competing in open mic contests. After winning in his fourth year, Alazraqui took his prize money and moved to Los Angeles.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Alazraqui originally began his career in stand-up comedy, he was the winner of the San Francisco Comedy Competition in 1993. He beat out fellow comedians Marc Maron and Patton Oswalt.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: In addition, Alazraqui joined Miller's Sexy Liberal Comedy Tour in 2014, playing some of the dates with Ward and he has a semi-regular segment on Miller's radio show "Coffee with Carlos".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Alazraqui is known for his live-action work in "Reno 911!", in which he portrayed Deputy James Garcia for five seasons (2003–08). He played the same role in the series' 2007 spinoff film "Reno 911! Miami". As a nod to this role, he also played a "bumbling" Reno cop in the "" episode "". He has been a celebrity on the Tom Bergeron version of "Hollywood Squares".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: In 2020, Alazraqui reprised his role as Deputy James Oswaldo Garcia in the seventh season of "Reno 911!" which aired on Quibi. He also appeared in the 2021 Paramount+ movie, "Reno 911! The Hunt for QAnon". The eighth season of the series, now titled "Reno 911! Defunded", premiered on The Roku Channel in February 2022.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Alazraqui has performed several voices for Nickelodeon cartoons, including Rocko on "Rocko's Modern Life", as well as Denzel Crocker and Juandissimo Magnifico on "The Fairly OddParents", Winslow T. Oddfellow and Lube on "CatDog", and Scooter on "SpongeBob SquarePants". He also voiced several additional voices for the Cartoon Network shows, "Cow and Chicken", "Kidscity: The Village Dome of Kids", and "I Am Weasel" during their runs in the mid-late 1990s. He also voiced Spyro in "Spyro the Dragon". He was later replaced by Tom Kenny as Spyro in ", " and "". In 1997, he voiced Crash Bandicoot in a promotional ad for the game . He also voiced the Taco Bell chihuahua in the Taco Bell commercials, Rikochet in the first two seasons of "¡Mucha Lucha!" and Mr. Weed (the head of the "Happy Go Lucky" toy factory) on "Family Guy". It is mentioned in the DVD commentary track that Alazraqui was reluctant to leave "Family Guy". In particular, Seth MacFarlane suggests that the death of Alazraqui's character took the actor by surprise. He also voiced Dr. Julius No in "".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: In 2005, he added the voices for two Cartoon Network series: "The Life and Times of Juniper Lee" where he played Monroe, a guardian dog with a Scottish accent and three characters in "Camp Lazlo": Lazlo, Clam and Chef McMuesli. In 2006, he added Salty Mike from "Squirrel Boy" and Walden in "Wow Wow Wubbzy" on Nick Jr. to his credits. He played Wisk in Glen Hill's 2000 film version of L. Frank Baum's "The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus". He also provided the voice of Nestor in the "Happy Feet" films. And he currently voices Baba Looey, Mudsy the Funky Phantom and Loopy De Loop.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Jeff "Swampy" Marsh, a storyboard writer for "Rocko's Modern Life", described Alazraqui's normal voice as bearing "no accent at all". Marsh describes Alazraqui's "Scottish accent" as "one of the best" and that he performs his other accents as "all very well". According to Marsh, Alazraqui uses various accents in his comedy routines. He had worked for the Disney Channel on "Handy Manny", where he provided the voice for Felipe, the bilingual Phillips-head screwdriver and for Abuelito, Manny's grandfather. He was the original "voice guy" on the "Stephanie Miller Show". His replacement was Jim Ward having previously substituted for him. In January 2008, Alazraqui returned to fill in briefly while Ward recovered from surgery. In 2014, he voiced Mesmo and Torts in "Mixels". He voices Tio Tortuga in "Sheriff Callie's Wild West".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: He reprises his role as Denzel Crocker in live-action in "", which premiered on Paramount+ in March 2022.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: In 2009, he collaborated with Ted Nicolaou on the web series "The Club", which was released in November 2010. The series features Jill-Michele Meleán, Debra Wilson, Johnny A. Sanchez, Lori Alan, and Daran Norris.


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: In 2013, Alazraqui starred as a drug dealer in one episode of the Melinda Hill web series "Romantic Encounters".


title: Carlos Alazraqui

text: Alazraqui resides in Los Angeles, California, with his wife and two daughters. One daughter, Rylee, is a voice actor as well. Rylee is the voice of Rohk-Tahk in the Paramount+ series "".


title: Nag Ashwin

text: Nag Ashwin Reddy is an Indian film director and screenwriter known for his works in Telugu cinema. He made his directorial debut in 2015 with the coming-of-age philosophical drama film "Yevade Subramanyam".


title: Nag Ashwin

text: In 2018, he directed the biographical film "Mahanati", starring Keerthy Suresh as yesteryear actress Savitri. At the 66th National Film Awards 2019, the film won accolades including the Best Feature Film in Telugu. Nag Ashwin received the Filmfare Award for Best Director – Telugu at the 66th Filmfare Awards South.


title: Nag Ashwin

text: Mahanati was showcased in the Indian Panorama Mainstream section at the 49th International Film Festival of India, and has also garnered the "Equality in Cinema Award" at the 2018 Indian Film Festival of Melbourne.


title: Nag Ashwin

text: Nag Ashwin was born in Hyderabad to Jayaram and Jayanthi Reddy, both of whom are doctors and he has a sister Nikhila Reddy. He studied in Hyderabad Public School and received bachelor's degree in Mass Communication from MIC, Manipal. He then did a Film Direction course at the New York Film Academy.


title: Nag Ashwin

text: Nag Ashwin began his film industry career as an assistant director for the film "Nenu Meeku Telusa...?". He has then worked as an assistant director with Sekhar Kammula for the films "Leader" and "Life Is Beautiful".


title: Nag Ashwin

text: For his third film, Ashwin is teaming up with Amitabh Bachchan, Prabhas, and Deepika Padukone for the first time. It will be produced and presented by Vyjayanthi Movies and Swapna Cinema respectively.


title: Nag Ashwin

text: In December 2015, Ashwin married Priyanka Dutt, daughter of producer C. Ashwini Dutt of Vyjayanthi Movies. The couple has a son.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Evgeny Alexandrovich Lebedev, Baron Lebedev (, ; born 8 May 1980), is a Russian-British businessman, who owns Lebedev Holdings Ltd, which in turn owns the "Evening Standard" and "ESTV" ("London Live"). He is also an investor in "The Independent"."


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: He derives his wealth from his father, Alexander Lebedev, a Russian oligarch and former KGB officer who was put on Canada's sanctions list following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: In July 2020, Lebedev was nominated for a life peerage by British prime minister Boris Johnson for philanthropy and services to the media, a move that drew criticism. "The Sunday Times" alleged that British security services warned that granting Lebedev a peerage posed a national security risk, but Johnson went ahead with it despite the security service assessment. Boris Johnson said that the article was "simply incorrect." Lebedev has stated that he is not a security risk and his family "has a record of standing up for press freedom" in Russia. Lebedev has sat in the House of Lords as a crossbench life peer since 19 November 2020.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Born in Moscow, Lebedev is the son of Alexander Lebedev, a Russian banker and former officer of the First Chief Directorate of the USSR's KGB and later its successor, the SVR, and his first wife, engineer Natalia Sokolova; his maternal grandfather Vladimir Sokolov was a scientist, and a member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, later the Russian Academy of Sciences.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: He moved to London at the age of eight, when his father began working at the KGB "rezidentura" in the Soviet Embassy. He attended St Barnabas and St Philip's Church of England Primary School in Kensington, followed by Holland Park Comprehensive School and Mill Hill School. He studied the history of art at Christie's in London. He has lived in the UK ever since, and became a British citizen (with dual nationality) in 2010.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: On 21 January 2009, Evgeny and his father bought a 65% share in the "Evening Standard" newspaper. The previous owners, Daily Mail and General Trust plc, continue to hold 24.9% of the company. Under the Lebedevs' ownership, it became a free newspaper in October 2009; circulation tripled immediately to 700,000.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: On 25 March 2010, just weeks before it was due to close, Lebedev bought "The Independent" and "The Independent on Sunday". On 26 October, the "i" newspaper was launched, the first national daily newspaper to be launched in the UK since "The Independent" in 1986, at a time of falling newspaper circulations and title closures. In 2011, he launched The Journalism Foundation, to promote "free and independent journalism throughout the world", although it was closed down after a year.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: In February 2016, it was announced that Independent Press Ltd had reached an agreement to sell the "i" to Johnston Press, and that "The Independent" would become digital-only from March 2016. In 2019, it was reported that the Government's then Culture Secretary Jeremy Wright issued a public interest intervention notice and investigation into Lebedev's sale of a 30% stake in the publications to a private Saudi investor. The Competitions and Markets Authority's investigation found that the sale "would not result in a 'substantial lessening of competition'." Ofcom judged that the sale had not led to "any influence" on the news outlets controlled by the British-Russian businessman.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Lebedev co-owns The Grapes, a riverside pub in Limehouse, London, with Sir Ian McKellen and Sean Mathias. In 2012 he purchased the hotel Château Gütsch in Lucerne, Switzerland, and commissioned Martyn Lawrence Bullard to renovate it. He later sold it to Kirill Androsov.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: He has been reported to own a flat in central London near Regent's Park as well as the Grade II-listed mansion Stud House in the grounds of Hampton Court Palace, and two large properties within of each other in the Umbrian countryside, Italy.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: He had maintained friendship with Boris Johnson since the late 2000s, with Lebedev's "Evening Standard" going all out in support of Johnson as the Mayor of London. Johnson has been reported to have attended vodka and caviar parties hosted by Alexander and Evgeny Lebedev in the UK and Italy throughout the 2010s. According to "Byline Times", their relationship caused concern in the UK's security circles, who assessed both Johnson and Lebedev as security risks. "Byline Times" reported that the evaluation of Evgeny Lebedev as a security risk changed in June 2020, the decision allegedly having been pushed through by Cabinet Office officials.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: In July 2020, he was nominated for a life peerage by prime minister Johnson in the 2020 Political Honours. Lebedev has sat in the House of Lords as a crossbench life peer since 19 November 2020 with the title "Baron Lebedev, of Hampton in the London Borough of Richmond upon Thames and of Siberia in the Russian Federation". Lebedev was supported at his House of Lords introduction ceremony by Lord Clarke of Nottingham and Lord Bird. He made his maiden speech during the Queen's speech debate on 12 May 2021.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: "The Sunday Times" reported that security services were uneasy over Lebedev from 2013 and Lebedev's father was a KGB agent. SNP leader Ian Blackford wanted Lebedev's parliamentary pass revoked due to these concerns. House of Lords speaker Lord McFall said the procedure for vetting new peers should be tightened up. "The Guardian" wrote, "Johnson has been accused of brushing off security concerns about Lebedev, with whom he has a close relationship, attending parties at his Italian castle, including when he was foreign secretary." Lebedev has stated that he is not a security risk and is "proud to be a British citizen and consider Britain my home". He said his father "spent his time campaigning against corruption and illegal financial dealings" and his family "has a record of standing up for press freedom" in Russia.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: "The Guardian" described Lebedev as "a surprise name among the 36 life peerage nominations which have led to accusations of 'cronyism' against the prime minister". Mark Galeotti wrote that the move indicated Johnson's eagerness "to show contempt for Britain's intelligence agencies." Dominic Cummings said that Boris Johnson was warned of security concerns. "The New York Times" wrote in 2022, "nobody is a better example of the cosy ties between Russians and the [British] establishment than Mr Lebedev."


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: As of March 2022, Lebedev had spoken only once in the Lords. After this was reported, he asked two parliamentary questions.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: The Labour Party tabled a House of Commons motion that would force the government to reveal security advice given to prime minister Johnson about the peerage. A number of Conservative MPs supported the motion, which on 29 March 2022 succeeded, requiring the documents to be made available to MPs by 28 April that year. However, the deadline was missed and the Cabinet Office Minister Michael Ellis confirmed that more time was needed to consider what information could be divulged. A few weeks later the Government informed the House of Commons that, in order to "protect national security", the detailed security advice would not be released.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Lebedev is the patron of the "Evening Standard" Dispossessed Fund, which helps to address poverty in London, and has raised over £13m since its launch in 2010. In 2018, he launched #AIDSFree, a cross-title campaign between "The Independent" and "Evening Standard" to raise money for the Elton John AIDS Foundation. In 2019, he announced that both newspapers would launch a multiple-year campaign to tackle homelessness in London and around the world.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Since the coronavirus lockdown began in the United Kingdom, Lebedev's news titles appealed in partnership with food surplus charity "The Felix Project" to supply food to vulnerable people, frontline charities and NHS hospitals. In December 2020, the 'Food for London Now' appeal announced that it had surpassed its £10 million target and delivered 20 million meals.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: According to "The Daily Telegraph", Lebedev previously dated British actress Joely Richardson. While he denies rumours about him being gay, which earned him the nickname "Two Beards" coined by "Private Eye", he is said not to mind people thinking so, according to media reports.


title: Evgeny Lebedev

text: Lord Lebedev collects modern British art, and owns pieces by Tracey Emin, Sir Antony Gormley, Damien Hirst, Francis Bacon, Lucian Freud and Jake and Dinos Chapman. According to the "New Statesman", he also has a wide knowledge of Renaissance art and vorticist poetry. He had a pet wolf called Boris, named after the former Russian President Boris Yeltsin.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Erotica is the fifth studio album by American singer Madonna, released on October 20, 1992, by Maverick and Sire Records. The album was released simultaneously with Madonna's first book publication "Sex", a coffee table book containing explicit photographs featuring the singer, and marked her first release under Maverick, her own multimedia entertainment company. "Erotica" is a concept album about sex and romance, incorporating her alter ego Mistress Dita, inspired by actress Dita Parlo. Some of its songs also take on a more confessional tone, influenced by the loss of two of Madonna's close friends to AIDS.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Madonna recorded the album in New York City with Shep Pettibone and André Betts while she was working on her book and film projects. She began creating the album's demos with Pettibone in his apartment in October 1991, and wrote the melodies and lyrics on top of the basic music which Pettibone produced in the style of his remixes. During the sessions, they had problems during sequencing, and, as a result, Pettibone kept trying to move development as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music. According to him, Madonna's compositions were serious and intense, moving the creative direction of the songs into a deeply personal territory.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" received generally favorable reviews from critics, who regarded it as one of Madonna's most adventurous albums and praised her comments on taboos and AIDS. Commercially, the album was less successful than Madonna's previous albums, peaking at number 2 on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming her first studio album not to top the chart since her debut. Internationally, it topped the charts in Australia, Finland, and France, and peaked within the top five of several other countries such as Canada, Germany, Japan, New Zealand, and the United Kingdom. "Erotica" was later certified double-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America and has sold more than six million copies worldwide.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Six singles were released from the album, including the title track and "Deeper and Deeper", both of which reached the top ten of the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The album was supported by The Girlie Show World Tour, which visited cities in Europe, North America, Latin America, Asia, and Australia in 1993. Somewhat overlooked at the time of its release in part due to the backlash surrounding the "Sex" book, "Erotica" has been retrospectively considered one of "The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s" by "Slant Magazine" and one of the most revolutionary albums of all time by the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Many critics have since noted the album's influence on the works by female artists such as Janet Jackson and Beyoncé.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Ten years after signing her first recording contract with Sire Records, Madonna founded her own multi-media entertainment company, Maverick, consisting of a record company (Maverick Records), a film production company (Maverick Films), and associated music publishing, television broadcasting, book publishing and merchandising divisions. The deal was a joint venture with Time Warner and paid Madonna an advance of $60 million. It gave her 20% royalties from the music proceedings, one of the highest rates in the industry, equaled at that time only by Michael Jackson's royalty rate established a year earlier with Sony. Madonna said that she envisioned the company as an "artistic think tank" and likened it to a cross between the Bauhaus, the innovative German arts institute formed in Weimar in 1919, and Andy Warhol's New York-based Factory of artists and assistants. She stated: "It started as a desire to have more control. There's a group of writers, photographers, directors and editors that I've met along the way in my career who I want to take with me everywhere I go. I want to incorporate them into my little factory of ideas. I also come in contact with a lot of young talent that I feel entrepreneurial about." The first two projects from the venture were her fifth studio album, "Erotica", and a coffee table book of photographs featuring Madonna, entitled "Sex".


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Madonna primarily collaborated with Shep Pettibone for the album. Pettibone first began working with Madonna during the 1980s, providing remixes for several of her singles. He later co-wrote and co-produced the lead single from the soundtrack album "I'm Breathless", "Vogue", which topped the "Billboard" Hot 100 in 1990. The same year, Pettibone worked with Madonna on her greatest hits album "The Immaculate Collection", co-producing new song "Rescue Me" and remixing her earlier songs for the compilation using audio technology QSound. During the recording session of "Erotica", Madonna and Pettibone worked on "This Used to Be My Playground", the soundtrack single of the 1992 film "A League of Their Own". It became Madonna's tenth Hot 100 chart-topper, making her the female artist with the most US number-one singles at the time. Alongside Pettibone, Madonna enlisted help from producer André Betts, who previously co-produced "Justify My Love" for "The Immaculate Collection". Madonna said that she was interested to work with Pettibone and Betts due to their ability to remain plugged into the dance underground, "They come from opposite ends of the spectrum in terms of their music style and approach to music, but they're both connected to the street and they're still young and hungry."


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Having started his career as a remixer, Pettibone built the basic music of the "Erotica" songs in the style of his remixes for which Madonna wrote the melodies and lyrics. According to Pettibone in an article "Erotica Diaries" published on Madonna's "Icon" magazine, he began with a tape of three tracks for Madonna to listen to, before he traveled to Chicago, where she was filming "A League of Their Own". She listened to the songs and liked all of them. After filming was complete, Madonna met Pettibone in New York City to start working on demos in his apartment in October 1991. Their schedule was sporadic in the beginning. Madonna and Pettibone were in the studio for a week and then she would work with Steven Meisel on "Sex", for two weeks. Occasionally, Madonna also would meet André Betts. At first, Madonna did not like the first group of songs she had recorded. She wanted "Erotica" to have a raw edge to it, as if it were recorded in an alley in Harlem, and not a light glossy production to permeate her sound, according to Pettibone. "Deeper and Deeper" was not working for Madonna. Pettibone said they tried different bridges and changes, but in the end, Madonna wanted the middle of the song to have a flamenco guitar.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: They had problems during sequencing and had to repair the songs, taking some time. Pettibone had to keep things moving as fast as possible as he did not want Madonna to lose interest in the music. At this point, as far as the music went, it was getting a little melancholy. However, as Pettibone explained, Madonna's stories directed the creative direction of the songs into deeply personal territory as they were more serious and intense. Madonna left the album's production to work on her next film "Body of Evidence" in Oregon. Shortly after, Pettibone started on a song called "Goodbye to Innocence", which was not working. He further commented that he made a new bass line for the track. When Madonna went to record her vocals for "Goodbye to Innocence", she started singing Little Willie John's song "Fever" instead of singing the original words. They decided to record it, as they felt it sounded good. As they did not know the words, Madonna called Seymour Stein from Sire Records, and within an hour, they had the Peggy Lee version, and the original version of the song. This song was the last to be recorded for the album, in August 1992, and it was finished within a month later.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" is a concept album about sex and romance, on which she incorporated an alter-ego named Mistress Dita, heavily inspired by actress Dita Parlo. Musically, the album mixes dance, electronica, hip hop, deep house, ambient techno and R&B, and incorporates elements from classic disco, modern house, techno and new jack swing. Lyrically, the album played on innuendos and double entendres instead of explicit words. "Erotica" is the opening track from the album. Starting with Madonna saying "My name is Dita", she invites her lover to be passive, while she tells him to "do as I say" and leads him to explore boundaries between pain and pleasure. It deals with sex hang-ups, and has been described as "an ode to S&M". Her cover version of "Fever" follows the title track. It is described as a "sassy, house-style remake" of the pop standard. The third track, "Bye Bye Baby," starts with the declaration, "This is not a love song," and goes on to ask questions of a lover she is about to abandon. At one point, Madonna asks angrily: "Does it make you feel good to see me cry?" The fourth track from "Erotica", "Deeper and Deeper," is described as one of the "pure disco" moments of the album. Its bridge features a flamenco guitar, and its lyrics talk about sexual obsession.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: In "Where Life Begins", Madonna promises to teach "a different kind of kiss" to the listener. In the song, Madonna talks about the pleasures of oral sex and also references safe sex. The sixth track is "Bad Girl". It talks about a woman who would rather get drunk than end a relationship she is too neurotic to handle. The seventh song, "Waiting", has been described as a "yearning ballad." Featuring spoken words, it addresses rejection and unrequited love. It ends with lyrics "The next time you want pussy, just look in the mirror, baby." The next track, "Thief of Hearts", is a dark and rumbling song. It uses tough hip-hop language to ward off a rival for her lover's attention. It opens with the smashing of a glass, and Madonna shouting, "Bitch!/Which leg do you want me to break?" and later, she sneers, "Little miss thinks she can have his child/Well anybody can do it." "Words" was compared to the previous track "Thief of Hearts," with music critics finding similarity in scope, each with sharp lyrics and catchy beats. The song features clattering programs and icy synth block-chords.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Rain" is the tenth track whose lyrics talk about waiting and hoping for love. The song features a crescendo towards the end. The subsequent track, "Why's It So Hard," is considered the album's plea for solidarity with her audience, as Madonna sings: "Why's it so hard to love one another?" The following song, "In This Life," was written in memory of friends who Madonna had lost to the AIDS epidemic. The drums were compared to a doomsday clock and the keyboard intervals were also compared to George Gershwin's blues lullaby "Prelude No. 2," creating a sense of dis-ease. The thirteenth track, "Did You Do It?" features rappers Mark Goodman and Dave Murphy. The song was released exclusively on the explicit version of "Erotica"; the clean version doesn't have this song. Producer André Betts claimed that for fun, he just rapped over the track "Waiting," while Madonna was gone, and she liked it after hearing later. The last track from the album, "Secret Garden," is described as "Erotica"s most personal song. In addition, "Secret Garden" is dedicated to the singer's vagina, "the secret place where she could enjoy herself." It features a jazz-house beat.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" was released on October 20, 1992 by Maverick Records. The first album of Madonna's career to bear Parental Advisory label, "Erotica" was banned in several Asian countries, such as China and Singapore. To promote the album, Madonna appeared on the cover of the October edition of "Vogue", where she appeared dressed in "Hippie trip" fashion. These photographs were taken by Meisel. After the book was released, on October 22, 1992, MTV aired a special called "The Day in Madonna", hosted by Kurt Loder (the title of this special was a pun of the title of the channel's daily show "The Day in Rock"), which profiled the release of Madonna's "Sex" and "Erotica", even taking the book to the streets to allow people, including a sex therapist and group of real-life New York City dominatrices, to view it. MTV also interviewed many people who had viewed the "Sex" book on the day of its release at the HMV music store in New York City. In celebration of the release of the book, the store held a Madonna look-alike contest and set up a booth where people could view the book for one dollar a minute, with all of the proceeds going to Lifebeat, the music industry organization founded to help fund AIDS research.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Madonna additionally performed "Fever" and "Bad Girl" on "Saturday Night Live" in January 1993. During the latter, she referenced Sinéad O'Connor's actions who had ripped up a photograph of Pope John Paul II and yelled "Fight the real enemy". The photograph Madonna used was of Joey Buttafuoco. During the 1000th "The Arsenio Hall Show", Madonna performed the original version of "Fever" accompanied by a band, wearing a black classic dress and smoking a cigarette. Following this performance, Madonna sang "The Lady Is a Tramp" with Anthony Kiedis of the Red Hot Chili Peppers, dressed up in matching skirts, stockings, leather vests and cat-ear caps. On September 2, 1993, Madonna opened the 1993 MTV Video Music Awards performing "Bye Bye Baby" cavorting with three scantily clad women in a brothel-style setting, dressed in tuxedos and top hats, danced with women in corsets in a choreographed, highly sexual routine.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" was the lead single released from the album in late September 1992. It peaked at number three on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Internationally, it reached the top ten in Australia, Ireland, New Zealand, Norway and the United Kingdom. Following the release of the song, Lebanese singer Fairuz claimed her vocals appeared on the song without her consent, and said the lyrics "he was hung on a wooded cross today", which was sung in Arabic, were taken from a religious song that is traditionally heard during Easter services. Fairuz sued Madonna for $2.5 million for plagiarism over the Arab section/sampling in her song "Erotica". The song contains a section of a Christian Great Friday hymn that translates "Today, He is held to a cross" while Madonna repeatedly chants over Fairuz's voice 'All over me'. Upon the song's release, the Vatican banned Madonna from entering the Vatican and she was banned on its radio stations. The song and its accompanying album were also banned in Lebanon. An undisclosed settlement was reached between Fairuz and Madonna. The accompanying music video for "Erotica" also suffered mainstream condemnation due to its explicit sexual imagery. MTV put the video into heavy rotation, but only after midnight. But after playing three times during mignight, MTV banned totally the video from rotation and was her second video to banned in MTV after "Justify My Love". It was also completely banned from broadcast on NBC and Times Square because its bondage imagery was deemed too racy. "Deeper and Deeper" was released as the second single in November 1992. It achieved top-ten success in Belgium, Ireland, the United Kingdom and the United States.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Bad Girl" was released in February 1993, receiving positive reviews, with music critics naming it "riveting". The song had a modest success on the charts, peaking at number ten on the UK Singles Chart while reaching number 36 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Fever" was released as the fourth single of the album in March 1993 in Europe and Australia. It became a top-ten hit in several European countries including Finland, Ireland, and the United Kingdom, while topping the Dance Club Songs chart without a North American release. The fifth single, "Rain", was released in July 1993. It peaked at number two in Canada. "Bye Bye Baby" was released as the last single from the album in November 1993. It reached the top five in Italy and peaked within the top twenty in Australia.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: The album was further promoted on her fourth concert tour, the Girlie Show World Tour, which visited Israel and Turkey, Latin America and Australia for the first time in 1993. The tour required 1500 costumes for the cast, and a 24-hour set up time for the stage. Madonna opened the show dressed as a dominatrix, surrounded by topless dancers of both sexes. Lighter moments included Madonna descending from the ceiling on a giant disco ball, wearing an Afro wig for "Express Yourself", as well as the singer singing "Like a Virgin" in the guise of actress Marlene Dietrich and singing the word 'virgin' as 'wirgin'. She caused uproar in Puerto Rico by rubbing their national flag between her legs on stage. Orthodox Jews protested to force the cancellation of the concert in Tel Aviv, Israel. However, the rallies were unsuccessful as the show went on as scheduled. The Girlie Show received positive reviews from critics, and was a commercial


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic described the album as "ambitious" and noted that "Erotica" contains some of Madonna's best and most accomplished music. Paul Verna from "Billboard" considered it her most varied and creatively challenging collection to date, as well as "bottomless with potential hit singles". Arion Berger of "Rolling Stone" praised the album's "cold, remote sound", and wrote that ""Erotica" is everything Madonna has been denounced for being — meticulous, calculated, domineering and artificial. It accepts those charges and answers with a brilliant record to prove them". "NME" said: "When "Erotica" the album is good – i.e. when it's funny, original, lively and, yes, sexy – it's about as good as the modern media event gets." J. D. Considine of "The Baltimore Sun" stated that the most surprising thing on the songs is that they find Madonna singing about love, not about sex. Phil Sutcliffe gave three stars in a review for "Q", writing: "The biggest surprise is 'Deeper and Deeper', which could be mistaken for a bopalong tribute to Kylie. However, the substance of "Erotica" resides in a range of straight-talking, almost intimate songs based, not on an idea about sex, but on experience of relationships." In a retrospective review in "Blender", Tony Power concluded: "That female artists (except Millie Jackson) never come on this strongly makes "Erotica" shocking and, well, arousing." "The Independent"s Giles Smith noted that "Erotica" revealed that "unlike Jackson and Prince and Springsteen and the rest of her established, major league competition, Madonna's albums are still getting better each time".


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Charles Aaron from "Spin" noted that the album is a brave comment on the chilly, tragic detachment of sex under AIDS. Stylus Magazine commented that each song has its own energy. He also noted that ""Erotica" was too sophisticated for a mainstream besotted with "" and a college-radio claque eager to praise R.E.M.'s opaque dirges for the wisdom that Madonna's club fodder showed with less fuss and with a better rhythm section". Robert Christgau commented that "The singer doesn't have great pipes, but because she's too hip to belt [this time], she doesn't need them. She's in control, all understated presence and impersonal personality except when she's flashing some pink. [...] "Love your sister, love your brother" thing, the lyrics are not stupid. I love the rap where the boast turns out to be a lie." Sal Cinquemani of Slant Magazine recognized that "Pettibone's beats might be time-stamped with the sound of a genre that ruled a decade of one-hitters before being replaced by commercialized hip-hop" and classified Madonna's voice as "nasal and remote". David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly" declared that "Erotica" may be the most joyless dance music of all time, while criticizing Madonna's "soulless" voice. Stephen Holden from "The New York Times" wrote that the album is far from Madonna's best album, as the hip-hop songs lack the "musical breadth and confessional poignancy" of "Like a Prayer", the record that established Madonna as a mature pop songwriter.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: In the United States, "Erotica" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 on November 7, 1992, with first week sales of 167,000 copies. It was held off from reaching the top spot by Garth Brooks's fourth studio album, "The Chase", which that same week sold 4,000 copies more than "Erotica". The next week, the album dropped to number four on the chart. It was eventually certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of two million units. According to Nielsen SoundScan, "Erotica" has sold 1.91 million copies in the United States as of December 2016, along with 79,000 sold through BMG Music Clubs. In Canada, the album debuted at number seven on the "RPM" Albums Chart on November 7, 1992. It reached a peak of number four on November 21, 1992. The album was present for a total of 38 weeks on the chart, and was certified two times platinum by Music Canada (MC) for shipments of 200,000 copies.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" performed well in Latin America, mainly in those countries where she toured for the first time. In Argentina, the album received four-times platinum from the Cámara Argentina de Productores de Fonogramas y Videograma (CAPIF) for shipments of 240,000 copies. Similarly in Mexico, "Erotica" achieved sales of 250,000 units according to "Billboard". The album received a gold certification in Brazil denoting shipments of 100,000 units. Actual sales in Brazil stand at 180,000 copies, as of October 1993.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Across Europe, "Erotica" sold 1.5 million copies in the first-week and topped the European Top 100 Albums chart. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart on October 24, 1992. It remained at its peak at number two for three weeks, being held off the top spot by Simple Minds' greatest hits collection "Glittering Prize 81/92", and a total of 38 weeks on the chart. The album was certified two times platinum on June 1, 1993, by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for shipments of 600,000 copies. In France, the album debuted at number one on the French Albums Chart on October 28, 1992, staying there for two weeks, then descending down the chart, selling a total of 250,000 copies by May 1993. In Germany, the album reached the top five on the Media Control Charts and was certified gold for shipments of 250,000 copies. In Italy, "Erotica" sold 250,000 copies in its presales. In Sweden, the album debuted in its peak of number six and spent only seven weeks on the chart. Similarly in Switzerland, "Erotica" peaked number five and was certified gold by IFPI Switzerland. It also received a platinum certification in Spain and sold 150,000 units there as of 1993. By November 1992, the album sold 350 copies in Iceland.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: The album also enjoyed commercial success in Asia-Pacific countries. In Australia, the album entered the ARIA top 100 albums chart at number one, and was certified triple platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for shipments of 210,000 copies. It also reached the top five on the New Zealand Albums Chart. "Erotica" reached a peak of number five on the Japan Oricon Albums Chart, and received a double platinum certification from the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) for shipping 400,000 copies. At the 7th annual Japan Gold Disc Awards, Madonna was awarded the RIAJ's Artist of the Year with sales totaling ¥844 million throughout the year, an equivalent of $6.5 million ($ million in dollars) Initial shiptments in Singapore were 20,000 units, and quickly managed to sell 37,000 copies as of November 18 of that year. In total, "Erotica" has sold more than six million copies worldwide.


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame considered "Erotica" one of the most revolutionary albums of all time, declaring that "...few women artists, before or since "Erotica", have been so outspoken about their fantasies and desires. Madonna made it clear that shame and sexuality are mutually exclusive... In the end, "Erotica" embraced and espoused pleasure, and kept Madonna at the forefront of pop's sexual revolution." "Slant Magazine" listed "Erotica" at number 24 on "The 100 Best Albums of the 1990s", calling it a "dark masterpiece". Miles Raymer of "Entertainment Weekly" said that "in retrospect it's her strongest album — produced at the peak of her power and provocativeness... and helped elevate her from mere pop star to an era-defining icon." Bianca Gracie from Fuse TV channel called "Erotica" "the album that changed the pop music world forever... one of the most controversial and genre-defining albums in pop history." Samuel R. Murrian from "Parade" commented that the influence of "Erotica" "is seen in the work of virtually every current pop act".


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: J. Randy Taraborrelli documented at the time of "Erotica"s release, "much of society seemed to reexamining its sexuality. Gay rights issues were at the forefront of social discussions globally, as was an ever-increasing awareness of AIDS." Barry Walters from "Rolling Stone" noted that the album's greatest contribution is "[its] embrace of the other, which in this case means queerness, blackness, third-wave feminism, exhibitionism and kink. Madonna took what was marginalized at the worst of the AIDS epidemic, placed it in an emancipated context, and shoved it into the mainstream for all to see and hear." Brian McNair, the author of "Striptease Culture: Sex, Media and the Democratization of Desire", stated that upon the album's release "academic books began to appear about the 'Madonna phenomenon', while pro- and anti-porn feminists made of her a symbol of all that was good or bad (depending on their viewpoint) about contemporary sexual culture." Daryl Deino from "The Inquisitr" dubbed the album as "a groundbreaking moment for feminism."


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: "Erotica" remains the most rampantly misrepresented Madonna album with the biggest backlash of her career. Taraborrelli commented that it is unfortunate that "Erotica" has to be historically linked to other less memorable ventures in Madonna's career at this time. However, he quipped that the album should be considered on its own merits, not only as one linked to the other two adult-oriented projects, because it has true value. When asked to name her biggest professional disappointment, Madonna answered, "The fact that my "Erotica" album was overlooked because of the whole thing with the "Sex" book. It just got lost in all that. I think there's some brilliant songs on it and people didn't give it a chance." Brian McNair observed that Madonna took a financial risk with the album and it was not until "Ray of Light" (1998) that her record sales recovered to pre-"Erotica" levels. He further asserted that "what she lost in royalty payments, however, Madonna more than made up for in iconic status and cultural influence."


title: Erotica (Madonna album)

text: Walters asserted that "Erotica" "set the blueprint for modern pop... Without Madonna, modern pop as we know it would be unimaginable." He noticed the album's influence on various artists such as Beyoncé, Britney Spears, Christina Aguilera, Pink, Lady Gaga, and Nicki Minaj. Joe Lynch from "Billboard" wrote that the album "occupies a watershed place in the pop pantheon, setting the blueprint for singers to get raw while eschewing exploitation for decades to come." Similar thoughts were echoed by Jeni Wren Stottrup from "The Portland Mercury", who believed that ""Erotica" should be recognized as one of Madonna's greatest albums". Critics also found its influence on Janet Jackson's 1997 album "The Velvet Rope", with Daryl Easlea from BBC writing that Jackson's album "resembles "Erotica" at times, in subject manner and style."


title: Nalanda University

text: Nalanda University is a public central located in Nalanda district's Rajgir in the state of Bihar, India. It is designated as an Institute of National Importance (INI) and excellence. The international university supported by 18 member countries was established by an Act of the Indian Parliament in 2010. The decision to set up the university was endorsed at the second and fourth East Asia Summits. The President of India serves as Visitor to the university.


title: Nalanda University

text: Nalanda University was established to emulate the ancient university of Nalanda, which functioned between the 5th and 13th centuries. The idea to resurrect Nalanda University was endorsed in 2007 at the 2nd East Asia Summit by the sixteen member countries. In 2009, during the 4th East Asia summit, ASEAN member states including Australia, China, Korea, Singapore and Japan promised further support. The State Government of Bihar handed over land acquired from local people, to the university for its new campus. Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar also met External Affairs Minister SM Krishna to receive reassurance that the Central Government would allocate sufficient funds to the project.


title: Nalanda University

text: The architectural design was chosen on the basis of a global competition. The jury consisting of architects including Liu Thai Ker chose Pritzker Prize laureate BV Doshi's firm, Vastu Shilpa Consultants as the winner of the design competition. The firm dbHMS provides the triple net zero energy, water and waste strategic plan. Original concepts associated with the project included "advancing the concept of an Asian community...and rediscovering old relationships." and "acting as a bridge for students in different parts of Southeast Asia".