title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is a gregarious animal, which lives in stable social groups centred around females sharing access to one or more burrow systems. Social structures tend to be looser in areas where burrow construction is relatively easy. Dominance hierarchies exist in parallel for both bucks and does. Among bucks, status is determined through access to does, with dominant bucks siring the majority of the colony's offspring. The dominant does have priority access to the best nesting sites, with competition over such sites often leading to serious injury or death. Subordinate does, particularly in large colonies, typically resort to using single-entrance breeding spots far from the main warren, thus making themselves vulnerable to fox or badger predation.


title: European rabbit

text: In the European rabbit's mating system, dominant bucks exhibit polygyny, whereas lower-status individuals (both bucks and does) often form monogamous breeding relationships. Rabbits signal their readiness to copulate by marking other animals and inanimate objects with an odoriferous substance secreted though a chin gland, in a process known as "chinning". Though male European rabbits may sometimes be amicable with one another, fierce fights can erupt among bucks during the breeding season, typically January to August. A succession of litters (usually three to seven kittens each) are produced, but in overpopulated areas, pregnant does may lose all their embryos through intrauterine resorption. Shortly before giving birth, the doe constructs a separate burrow known as a "stop" or "stab", generally in an open field away from the main warren. These breeding burrows are typically a few feet long and are lined with grass and moss, as well as fur plucked from the doe's belly. The breeding burrow protects the kits from adult bucks and predators.


title: European rabbit

text: The gestation period of the European rabbit is 30 days, with the sex ratio of male to female kits tending to be 1:1. Greater maternal investment over male offspring may result in higher birth weights for bucks. Kits born to the dominant buck and doe—which enjoy better nesting and feeding grounds—tend to grow larger and stronger and to become more dominant than those born to subordinate rabbits. Not uncommonly, European rabbits mate again immediately after giving birth, with some specimens having been observed to nurse previous young whilst pregnant.


title: European rabbit

text: Female European rabbits nurse their kits once a night, for only a few minutes. After suckling is complete, the doe seals the entrance to the stop with soil and vegetation. In its native Iberian and southern French range, European rabbit young have a growth rate of per day, though such kittens in non-native ranges may grow per day. Weight at birth is and increases to by 21–25 days, during the weaning period. European rabbit kits are born blind, deaf, and nearly naked. The ears do not gain the power of motion until 10 days of age, and can be erected after 13. The eyes open 11 days after birth. At 18 days, the kittens begin to leave the burrow. Sexual maturity in bucks is attained at 4 months, while does can begin to breed at 3-5 months.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit's burrows occur mostly on slopes and banks, where drainage is more efficient. The burrow entrances are typically 10–50 cm in diameter, and are easily recognisable by the bare earth at their mouths. Vegetation growth is prevented by the constant passing and repassing of the resident rabbits. Big burrows are complex excavations which may descend to depths of several feet. They are not constructed on any specified plan, and appear to be enlarged or improved as a result of the promiscuous activity of several generations. Digging is done by pulling the soil backwards with the fore feet and throwing it between the hind legs, which scatter the material with kicking motions. While most burrows are dug from the outside, some warrens feature holes dug from the inside, which act as emergency exits when escaping from predators below ground. These holes usually descend perpendicularly to 3–4 feet, and their mouths lack the bare-earth characteristic of burrow entrances. While kits sleep in chambers lined with grass and fur, adults sleep on the bare earth, likely to prevent damp, with warmth being secured by huddling. Although both sexes dig, does do so more skillfully, and for longer periods.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is a relatively quiet animal, though it has at least two vocalisations. The best-known is a high treble scream or squeal. This distress call has been likened to the cry of a piglet. This sound is uttered when in extreme distress, such as being caught by a predator or trap. During the spring, bucks express contentment by emitting grunting sounds when approaching other rabbits. These grunts are similar to shrill hiccups, and are emitted with the mouth closed. Aggression is expressed with a low growl.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit's ideal habitat consists of short grasslands with secure refuge (such as burrows, boulders, hedgerows, scrub, and woodland) near feeding areas. It may dwell up to treeline, as long as the land is well-drained and shelter is available. The size and distribution of its burrow systems depend on the type of soil present; in areas with loose soil, it selects sites with supporting structures, such as tree roots or shrubs to prevent burrow collapse. Warrens tend to be larger and have more interconnected tunnels in areas with chalk than those in sand. In large coniferous plantations, the species only occurs on peripheral areas and along fire breaks and rides.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit eats a wide variety of herbage, especially grasses, favouring the young, succulent leaves and shoots of the most nutritious species, particularly fescues. In mixed cultivated areas, winter wheat is preferred over maize and dicotyledons. During the summer, the European rabbit feeds on the shortest, and therefore less nutritious grass swards, thus indicating that grazing grounds are selected through antipredator considerations rather than maximising food intake. In times of scarcity, the rabbit increases its food intake, selecting the parts of the plant with the highest nitrogen content. Hungry rabbits in winter may resort to eating tree bark. Blackberries are also eaten, and captive-bred European rabbits have been fed on fodder consisting of furze and acorns, which can lead to considerable weight gain. The European rabbit is a less fussy eater than the brown hare; when eating root vegetables, the rabbit eats them whole, while the hare tends to leave the peel. Depending on the body's fat and protein reserves, the species can survive without food in winter for about 2–8 days. Although herbivorous, cases are known of rabbits eating snails.


title: European rabbit

text: Like other leporids, the European rabbit produces soft, mucus-covered faecal pellets, which are ingested directly from the anus. The soft pellets are produced posterior to the colon in the hind gut soon after the excretion of hard pellets and the stomach begins to fill with newly grazed food. The soft pellets are filled with protein-rich bacteria, and pass down to the rectum in glossy clusters. The rabbit swallows them whole, without perforating the enveloping membrane.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is prey to many different predatory species. Foxes, dingoes, wolves, lynxes, wolverines, and dogs kill both adult and young rabbits by stalking and surprising them in the open, but relatively few rabbits are caught this way, as they can quickly rush back to cover with a burst of speed. Further, evidence from a study in Spain suggests they may avoid areas where the recent scat of predators which have eaten rabbit is detected. Both foxes and badgers dig out kittens from shallow burrows, with the latter predators being too slow to catch adult rabbits. Both wild and domestic cats can stalk and leap upon rabbits, particularly young specimens leaving their burrows for the first time. Wildcats take rabbits according to availability; in eastern Scotland, where rabbits are abundant, they can make up over 90% of the wildcats' diet. Most domestic cats are incapable of killing healthy, full-grown adults, but will take weak and diseased ones. Does can be fiercely protective of their kits, having been observed to chase away large cats and mustelids, including ferrets, stoats, and weasels. However, rabbits typically run from mustelids, and may fear them innately. Cases are known of rabbits becoming paralysed with fear and dying when pursued by stoats or weasels, even when rescued unharmed.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit makes up 85% of the polecat's diet, and its availability is important to the success of breeding female mink. Brown rats can be a serious threat to kittens, as they will reside in rabbit burrows during the summer, and attack them in groups. Although many birds of prey are capable of killing rabbits, few are strong enough to carry them. Large species, such as golden and sea eagles, may carry rabbits back to their nests, while small eagles, buzzards, and harriers struggle to do so. Hawks and owls typically only carry off very small kits.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is the only species fatally attacked by myxomatosis. The most lethal strain has a five-day incubation period, after which the eyelids swell, with the inflammation quickly spreading to the base of the ears, the forehead, and nose. At the same time, the anal and genital areas also swell. During the last stages of the disease, the swellings discharge a fluid rich in viral material, with death usually following on the 11th-12th day of infection. In Britain, the primary carrier of myxomatosis is the flea "Spilopsyllus cuniculi", while in Australia it is mosquitoes.


title: European rabbit

text: Rabbit haemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as viral haemorrhagic disease or rabbit calicivirus disease in Australia, is specific to the European rabbit, and causes lesions of acute necrotising hepatitis, disseminated intravascular coagulation, and haemorrhaging, mainly in the lungs. Susceptible specimens may die within 30 hours of infection. Most rabbits in the UK are immune to RHD, due to exposure to a weaker strain.


title: European rabbit

text: Recent research has shown that all European rabbits carry common genetic markers and descend from one of two maternal lines. These lines originated between 12,000 and 6.5 million years ago when glaciers isolated two herds, one on the Iberian Peninsula and the other in Southern France. Humans likely began hunting rabbits as a food source, but further research needs to be done to verify this. Little comprehensive evidence of the relationship of humans with European rabbits is documented until the medieval period.


title: European rabbit

text: Humans' relationship with the European rabbit was first recorded by the Phoenicians prior to 1000 BC, when they termed the Iberian Peninsula "i-Shaphan-ím" (literally, the land of the hyraxes). This phrase closely resembles related modern Hebrew: "I" (אי) meaning island and "shafan" (שפן) meaning hyrax, plural "shfaním" (שפנים). Phoenicians called the local rabbits 'hyraxes' because rabbits resemble hyraxes in some ways, and hyraxes are native to Phoenicia, unlike rabbits. Hyraxes, like rabbits, are not rodents. One theory states that the Romans converted the phrase "i-Shaphan-ím", with influence from the Greek "Spania", to its Latin form, "Hispania", which evolved in all the Iberian languages - into Castilian "España", Portuguese "Espanha", Catalan "Espanya" (English "Spain"), and such other variations in modern languages. Different views have been voiced on the precise meaning of "shafan", but the balance of opinion appears to indicate that the hyrax is indeed the intended meaning.


title: European rabbit

text: Like the Phoenicians, neither the later Greek nor Roman colonizers had a specific name for the rabbit, because the species is not native to Greece and Italy (though it is present there nowadays). They commonly called it "small hare" and "small digging hare", in contrast to the European hare, which is larger and doesn't make burrows. Catullus used the name "cuniculus" (a latinization of the Iberian word "kiniklos" and the etymological origin of the Castilian name "conejo", Portuguese "coelho" and Catalan "conill", and the old English name, "coney"), and referenced its abundance in Celtiberia by calling this region "cuniculosa", i.e. rabbit-ridden.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is the only rabbit species that has been domesticated and all 305 global rabbit breeds— from Netherland Dwarf to Flemish Giant— are descendants of the European rabbit. Rabbits are an example of an animal that can be treated as a food, a pet, or a pest by different members of the same culture. In some urban areas, infestations of feral European rabbits (descended from pets) have become a problem. Helsinki, for example, host to one of the northernmost , had an estimated 2,500 European rabbits at the end of 2006, doubling to 5,000 by autumn 2007. In Iceland, populations of "O. cuniculus" are found in urban Reykjavik as well as in the Vestmannaeyjar archipelago. In Finland, the introduced European rabbit vies with the native lagomorphs: the European hare and the mountain hare.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit has been introduced as an exotic species into several environments, often with harmful results to vegetation and local wildlife, making it an invasive species. The first known mention of the rabbit as an invasive species (and possibly the first documented instance of an invasive species ever) was made in regard to the introduction of the rabbit to the Balearic Islands after the Roman conquest of the first century BCE. According to both Strabo and Pliny the Elder, the multiplying rabbits caused famines by destroying crop yields and even collapsed trees and houses with their burrowing. The inhabitants petitioned Augustus for help, who sent troops to curb the rabbit population with the help of ferrets.


title: European rabbit

text: Other locations where the European rabbit was introduced include Great Britain; the Hawaiian Islands of Laysan Island (in 1903) and Lisianski Island; Oceania's Macquarie Island; Washington's Smith Island and San Juan Island (around 1900 and later spreading to the other San Juan Islands); several islands off the coast of Southern Africa (including Robben Island); and Australia and New Zealand. The two accounts over the introduction of rabbits in Ukraine are conflicting. One holds that the species was brought there in the early 20th century by Austrian nobleman Graf Malokhovsky, who released them on his estate near the Khadzhibey Estuary, while another holds that rabbits were first brought to Kherson from Switzerland in 1894-1895 by landowner Pinkovsky.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is widespread in both Great Britain, Ireland, and most islands, except for Isles of Scilly, Rùm, Tiree, and some small Scottish islands, such as Gunna, Sanday, and most of the Treshnish Isles. It was likely first brought to Britain by the Normans after the 1066 conquest of England, as no pre-Norman British allusions to the animal have been found. The rabbit was nonetheless scarce or absent throughout most of England a short time afterwards, as warrens are not mentioned in the Domesday Book or any other 11th-century documents. Rabbits became well known, but not necessarily accepted members of British fauna between the 12th and 13th centuries, with the first real evidence of their presence consisting of a number of bones from the midden of Rayleigh Castle, which was occupied from the 11th-13th centuries. The first references to rabbits in Ireland occur roughly at the same time as English ones, thus indicating another Norman introduction. They had become plentiful, probably at a local level, by the 13th century, as indicated by an inquisition of Lundy Island made in 1274 describing how 2,000 rabbits were caught annually. Subsequent allusions in official documents became more frequent, with the species later becoming an important food item in feasts.


title: European rabbit

text: Increases in truly wild populations occurred slowly, primarily in the coastal areas and lowland heaths of Breckland and Norfolk. Notable population increases occurred after 1750, when changes in agricultural practices created favourable habitat, and increasing interest in game management resulted in intensive predator control campaigns. Although now common in the Scottish lowlands, the species was little known in Scotland before the 19th century. Until then, it was confined to portions of the Edinburgh district at least as far back as the 16th century, certain islands and the coastal sand dunes of the Scottish mainland. Although unknown in Caithness in 1743, the species became well established there by 1793. Myxomatosis entered Britain from France in 1953, and reached Ireland by 1954, prompting the RSPB to set up "mercy squads" meant to euthanise myxomatous rabbits. Major myxomatosis outbreaks still occur in Britain, peaking twice annually in during spring and especially in the late summer or autumn periods, though immunity has reduced the mortality rate from 99% to 5-33%.


title: European rabbit

text: Between 1996 and 2018, rabbit numbers fell by 88% in the east Midlands, 83% in Scotland, and 43% across the whole of the UK. Numbers are still falling (in 2021). Pip Mountjoy, Shifting Sands project manager at Natural England said, "They (rabbits) are actually an endangered species in their native region on the Iberian peninsula. It's surprising for people that rabbits are important in some ecosystems. We think of them as a pest but in Britain they are a keystone species – they act as landscape managers and a lot of other species rely on them." The Shifting Sands project aims to encourage landowners to create safe habitats for rabbits, consisting of piles of branches placed near existing rabbit warrens. Species that depend in rabbits' grazing habits include purple milk vetch, rare spring sedge, spring speedwell, prostrate perennial knawel, caterpillars of the lunar yellow underwing moth, stone curlew, and the large blue butterfly.


title: European rabbit

text: Twenty-four specimens of the European rabbit were introduced to Australia in 1859 by estate owner Thomas Austin in Victoria. Their descendants multiplied and spread throughout the country due to the lack of natural predators, a conducive habitat (provided by widespread farming), and the mild Australian winters that allowed year-round breeding. Australia's native equivalent, the bilby, was quickly pushed out by the invasive rabbit. (The bilbies are endangered, but are now making a comeback due to government protection.) Between 1901 and 1907, Australia built an immense "rabbit-proof fence" to halt the westward expansion of the infestation. The European rabbit, however, can not only jump very high, but also burrow underground, making fencing essentially futile.


title: European rabbit

text: During the 1950s, the intentional introduction of a virus that causes myxomatosis provided some relief in Australia, but not in New Zealand, where the insect vectors necessary for the spread of the disease were not present. Myxomatosis can also infect pet rabbits (the same species). Today's remaining feral rabbits in Australia are largely immune to myxomatosis. A second deadly rabbit virus, rabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), has been cleared in Australia as a biological control agent and has already killed millions of the European rabbits there. RHD was also introduced—illegally— in New Zealand with less success due to improper timing.


title: European rabbit

text: The exact date on which the European rabbit was introduced into Chile is unknown, though the first references to it occur during the mid-18th century. By the 19th century, several authors referred to the presence of both rabbits and rabbit hutches in central Chile. The importation and breeding of rabbits was encouraged by the state, as rabbits were seen as cheap sources of food for peasants. Whether or not their escape into the wild was intentional is unknown, but warnings over the dangers of feral rabbits were raised during the early 20th century, and the species had propagated dramatically by the late 1920s in central Chile, Tierra del Fuego, and the Juan Fernández Islands. In the 1930s, the state sought to tackle the rabbit problem by banning fox hunting, though it was later discovered that indigenous South American foxes rarely preyed on rabbits, preferring native species. In modern times, the European rabbit problem has not been resolved definitively, though a deliberate outbreak of myxomatosis in Tierra del Fuego successfully reduced local rabbit populations. The species remains a problem in central Chile and on Juan Fernández, despite international financing.


title: European rabbit

text: The European rabbit is the only rabbit to be widely domesticated, for food or as a pet. It was first widely kept in ancient Rome, where fetal rabbits were known as "laurices" and considered a delicacy, and has been refined into a wide variety of breeds during and since the Middle Ages.


title: European rabbit

text: Domesticated rabbits have mostly been bred to be much larger than wild rabbits, though selective breeding has produced a range of sizes from "dwarf" to "giant", which are kept as food animals and pets across the world. They have as much color variation among themselves as other livestock and pet animals. Their fur is prized for its softness; today, Angora rabbits are raised for their long, soft fur, which is often spun into yarn. Other breeds are raised for the fur industry, particularly the Rex, which has a smooth, velvet-like coat and occurs in a wide variety of colors and sizes.


title: European rabbit

text: In the United Kingdom, rabbit was a popular food source for the poorer classes. Among wild rabbits, those native to Spain were reputed to have the highest meat quality, followed by those in the Ardennes. As rabbits hold very little fat, they were hardly ever roasted, being instead boiled, fried, or stewed.


title: European rabbit

text: The pelt of the rabbit is heavier and more durable than the hare's. Marshall calculated that the value of the skin in proportion to the carcass was greater than that of the sheep and ox. Its fur is primarily used for felting or hats. It is also dyed or clipped, and sold as imitations of more valuable furbearers, such as fur seal. Although cheap and easily acquired, rabbit fur has little durability.


title: European rabbit

text: Though the European rabbit thrives in many of the locations where it was introduced, in its native Iberia, populations are dwindling. In 2005, the Portuguese Institute for Nature Conservation and Forests classified "O. cuniculus" in Portugal as "near threatened", while in 2006, Spanish authorities (SECEM) reclassified it in Spain as "vulnerable". In 2018, the International Union for Conservation of Nature reclassified "O. cuniculus" in Spain, Portugal, and France as "endangered", due to the extent of recent declines. However, worldwide, the species is endangered.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: Ben Chaplin (born Benedict John Greenwood; 31 July 1969) is a British actor. He is best known for his roles in films, including "The Truth About Cats & Dogs", "Washington Square", "The Thin Red Line", "Birthday Girl", "Murder by Numbers", "Stage Beauty", "The New World", "", "Dorian Gray", "Cinderella", "Snowden", "The Legend of Tarzan", and "The Dig". His TV roles include "Game On", "Mad Dogs" and "The Nevers".


title: Ben Chaplin

text: Chaplin was born on 31 July 1969 in Windsor, in the county of Berkshire, England, the son of Cynthia (née Chaplin), a teacher, and Peter Greenwood CBE, a civil engineer. He has one sister, Rachel, and one brother, Justin.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: Chaplin became interested in acting as a teenager, after acting in a theatrical production in his school years at the Princess Margaret Royal Free School. At the age of seventeen, he enrolled at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in London. He pursued his early acting career between odd jobs as an office worker, and for a while was employed as a statistician with the London Transport Authority.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: Taking his stage name from his mother's maiden name, Chaplin began his professional career performing in BBC television dramas in bit parts, and occasional cinema films. In 1992, he appeared in his first major role, starring alongside Jason Flemyng in "Bye Bye Baby" for Channel Four. James Ivory and Ismail Merchant cast him as a servant in "The Remains of the Day"; also in 1992, he appeared in "Between the Lines" (series 1, episode 1), and as the socially inept Con Wainwright in "Feast of July" (1995). Chaplin received good reviews as Tom Wingfield in Sam Mendes' stage production of "The Glass Menagerie" and was nominated for an Olivier award (1995) in London, and played the lead role of Matthew in the first series of the British sitcom "Game On" (BBC Two, 1995), and left after one series. Neil Stuke played the same role for the final two series.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: In the United States, he was cast by director Michael Lehmann as a photographer caught between two women (Uma Thurman and Janeane Garofalo) in the romantic comedy "The Truth About Cats & Dogs" (1996), a retelling of "Cyrano de Bergerac". He next played fortune-hunting Morris Townsend in a retelling of "Washington Square" (1997), co-starring Jennifer Jason Leigh. The film received positive reviews, but was a box office failure. Chaplin next played Private Bell in Terrence Malick's remake of "The Thin Red Line" (1998). Meanwhile, after numerous delays, the apocalyptical horror film "Lost Souls" (2000), which was filmed in 1998, was finally released.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: He appeared as a low-level bank clerk who purchases a Russian mail-order bride (Nicole Kidman) in "Birthday Girl" (2001). He next played opposite Sandra Bullock as her relatively inexperienced partner in an investigation into a series of killings in "Murder by Numbers" (2002). After co-starring opposite Michelle Yeoh in the Taiwan-made action film "The Touch" (2002), Chaplin played George Villiers, 2nd Duke of Buckingham in the romantic drama, "Stage Beauty" (2004), set in the world of British theatre in the 1660s. Chaplin next had a supporting role in "Chromophobia" (2005), a dark thriller about a bourgeois family coming apart at the seams, also starring Penélope Cruz, Ralph Fiennes and Ian Holm. He had a small role in "The New World" (2005), Terrence Malick's film about the affair between Pocahontas (Q'Orianka Kilcher) and Captain John Smith (Colin Farrell). In the comedic drama "Two Weeks" (2006), Chaplin was one of four siblings who return home to say goodbye to their ailing mother (Sally Field). Following a supporting role in the children's fantasy "" (2007), Chaplin portrayed prominent English stage and film actor George Coulouris in "Me and Orson Welles" (2009), directed by indie filmmaker Richard Linklater. He also appeared in the television miniseries World Without End (2012), where he portrayed Thomas Langley, adapted from the novel of the same name by Welsh author Ken Follett.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: He received an Olivier Award nomination for Best Supporting Performer in "The Glass Menagerie", and a Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actor in "The Retreat from Moscow". Recent theatre appearances include "This Is How It Goes" at the Donmar Warehouse in 2005, "The Reporter" at the National Theatre in 2007, and "Farewell to the Theatre" at the Hampstead Theatre in 2012. He appeared in "Dates" on Channel 4 in 2013, and recent film roles include the role of Cinderella's father in "Cinderella" (2015). He starred in "Apple Tree Yard" with Emily Watson in 2017.


title: Ben Chaplin

text: In 2017, he appeared in the premiere production of "Consent" at the Royal National Theatre, London. Chaplin starred in the Joe Penhall play "Mood Music" at The Old Vic Theatre. He starred in "The Children Act" (2017), adapted from the Ian McEwan novel of the same name. He starred in the BBC series "Press" with Charlotte Riley, as unethical tabloid editor Duncan Allen, a role which won him a number of positive reviews.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Elizabeth Anne Velásquez (; born March 13, 1989) is an American motivational speaker, activist, author, and YouTuber. She was born with an extremely rare congenital disease called Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome that, among other symptoms, prevents her from accumulating body fat and gaining weight. Her conditions resulted in bullying during her childhood. During her teenage years, she faced cyberbullying, which ultimately inspired her to take up motivational speaking.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: The eldest of three children born to Rita and Guadalupe Velásquez, Lizzie was born on March 13, 1989, in Austin, Texas. She was born four weeks prematurely and weighed less than 2 pounds 11 ounces (1,219 grams).


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Velásquez studied at Texas State University until late 2012, majoring in communication studies. She is a Roman Catholic and has said of her faith, "It's been my rock through everything, just having the time to be alone and pray and talk to God and know that He's there for me."


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Velásquez's condition is a very rare, previously undiagnosed and non-terminal genetic disorder. Her condition bears similarities to many other conditions, especially progeria. Medical researchers at the University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center previously speculated that it may be a form of neonatal progeroid syndrome (NPS) (Wiedemann-Rautenstrauch syndrome), which does not affect Velásquez's healthy bones, organs, and teeth.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Velásquez is medically unable to gain weight, which is a hallmark of her rare disorder. She has never weighed more than 29 kg (64 lbs), and reportedly has almost 0% body fat. Moreover, she is required to eat many small meals and snacks throughout the day, averaging between 5,000 and 8,000 calories daily. Additionally, she is blind in her right eye, which began to cloud over when she was four, and she is vision-impaired in her left eye.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Around 2015, it was revealed that Velásquez and another woman named Abby Solomon, with a similar but less severe variant of the condition, have mutations in the "FBN1" gene, which encodes the proprotein of the novel hormone asprosin, and that this mutation results in asprosin deficiency and is responsible for their conditions. The condition is specifically called Marfanoid–progeroid–lipodystrophy syndrome or simply Marfan lipodystrophy syndrome.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Ever since she was dubbed the "World's Ugliest Woman" in a video posted on YouTube in 2006, when she was 17, Velásquez has spoken out against bullying. In January 2014 she gave a TEDxAustinWomen Talk titled "How Do YOU Define Yourself" and her YouTube videos have received over 54 million views. She is known for her optimism. For in 2015, she hosted a social media challenge for Bystander Revolution's Month of Action.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Her first work, co-authored with her mother, Rita, is a self-published autobiography published in 2010 in English and Spanish. It is called "Lizzie Beautiful: The Lizzie Velásquez Story" and includes letters Velásquez's mother wrote to her as a child.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: Velásquez has also written two books directed at kids, which share personal stories and offer advice. "Be Beautiful, Be You" (2012) shares her journey "to discover what truly makes us beautiful, and teaches readers to recognize their unique gifts and blessings". The book is also available in Spanish as "Sé bella, sé tú misma" (2013). Another book, "Choosing Happiness" (2014), talks about some of the obstacles Velásquez has faced and how she "learned the importance of choosing to be happy when it's all too easy to give up". Both books were published by a Redemptorist publishing house, Liguori Publications.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: "Dare to be Kind", first published in 2017, is about the importance of being kind, gleaned from her first-hand experience being bullied personally and online.


title: Lizzie Velásquez

text: A documentary film titled "A Brave Heart: The Lizzie Velásquez Story" premiered at SXSW on March 14, 2015. The movie aired on Lifetime on October 17, 2016.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The series revolves around the events of the Dead or Alive World Combat Championship, an international martial arts tournament where fighters from across the globe participate in for the title of world champion and large cash prizes. The tournaments are held by the Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee (DOATEC). The conflict between the ninja competitors and DOATEC's personnel serves as the main focus of the series.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive" has been well praised for its impressive fighting system, beautiful graphics, and interactive environments. The franchise consists of six main fighting games, numerous updates and spin-offs. In addition to its fast-paced combat, beautiful environments and countering-based play system, the franchise is also known for its female characters. This aspect of the series' popularity led to the creation of the spin-off game "Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball" and its sequels, where the female characters and their sex appeal play a more focal role than it does in the core "Dead or Alive" series. A live-action film adaptation "" was released in 2006.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The "Dead or Alive" series focuses on fast-paced gameplay in a three-dimensional playing field. Like other modern fighting games that attempt to emulate real life martial arts, "DOA"'s input system is designed so controls correspond to the game character's actions; if the character moves forward with a punch, the controls most likely would include the punch input and pressing forward on the directional pad. In comparison to others in the fighting game genre, such as "Virtua Fighter", the series places emphasis on striking characters quickly and efficiently. There is an emphasis on quick combos and air-juggles since the game's countering system and fast recovery times prevent slow, technical sets of moves in most instances.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: One of the series' most innovative additions to the genre is its "Countering system", also known as the "Triangle system". The basic gameplay of the series is based on the Countering system with three basic moves: Blows, Throws, and Holds; Blows beating Throws, Throws beating Holds, and Holds beating Blows. Beginning with the original "Dead or Alive", players could tap the guard button and a direction corresponding with the anticipated attack, which would do a powerful counterattack known as Counter Hold. Counter Holds must be timed correctly and match the direction of the attack being countered. If the attack targets the torso, the player must also take into account whether the attack is a punch or a kick. The series controls also make the instances of speed and simplicity more congruent with the focus of timing and combos in mind, as the commands for basic attacks are widely considered more straightforward than most video games. There is only one button for punch, kick, throw and guard, with the player rarely having to combine more than two different input schemes together at a time.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The series uses interactive features that appear in certain fighting arenas, called "Danger Zones". Fighters caught in a Danger Zone will take extra damage, giving the attacker a slight advantage. These environmental hazards can be anything from Falls to Explosives to Breakable Structures. If a fighter has low health, being trapped in a Danger Zone is more likely to knock them out than a normal attack, although in certain titles, elements such as falls cannot do this, and instead just leave the fighter with very low health.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: In the first "Dead or Alive", stages were simply fighting ring arenas and the Danger Zones were just explosive outer edges of the arena floors. In "Dead or Alive 2", stage environments became larger and multi-tiered and the original Danger Zone was replaced with more fully interactive ones such as Falls off the Edge, Walls, Electrically Charged Walls, Explosive Walls, Breakable Walls and Windows. Players are also offered the ability to sidestep into the foreground or background.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: Since "Dead or Alive 2", the series has implemented its Tag team fighting system, allowing characters to switch back and forth for combo attacks and even attack simultaneously when timed correctly. The Tag Mode also included special throws unique to certain pairs of characters called "Tag Throws", and the mode allows for the participation of four players, something not very common in the fighting game genre. "Dead or Alive 3" introduced the "Attack Change" feature in the Tag mechanics where the fighting character can switch places with a partner, in which the character jumping in can then unleash an attack while jumping in. Since "Dead or Alive 3", Tag matches can be selected in the other game modes.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 3" improved upon the gameplay and graphics in superior detail compared to the previous games. The game offered unrestricted 3D-axis movements with better sidestepping, giving players the ability to dodge most attacks with a sidestep. The game added a new feature in its Sparring Mode called "Exercise" also known as "Command Training", an automatic command tutorial that teaches players how to perform attacks. The game expanded on the concept of multi-tiered stages, pushing the stage sizes larger than that of its predecessors.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 4" introduced the "Bounce Combo" system where players can perform further attacks to opponents who are bouncing off the floor or ground, and can also performed attacks on opponents while they are down. Moving Obstacles were introduced in certain stages as a type of Danger Zone that causes damage to fighters who are hit by them and using a counter hold at the right timing can help players avoid being hit by them. Jumping over non-moving Obstacles and performing flying attacks while jumping over them was also introduced. "" utilizes the Nintendo 3DS bottom touchscreen in addition to the normal control system, offering optional touchscreen-based controls by tapping a move set to execute Blow combos, Throws, and Holds. Since "Dimensions", the series supports in-game frame data that can be displayed during Training Mode.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 5" uses a revamped control system and features a more cinematic experience, especially with regards to Danger Zone effects. "Power Blow" is a triggered powerful attack that can enable the player that is low on health to knock the opponent character away in a selected direction, possibly initiating a cinematic quick time event called Cliffhanger. The game's new Critical System features Critical Stuns, Critical Combos, and Critical Bursts. "Dead or Alive 5 Ultimate" further added the vertical Power Launcher and an extensive Tutorial mode. "Dead or Alive 5 Plus" for the PlayStation Vita features optional touchscreen-based controls from first-person perspective.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 6" introduces both the Gauge System and costume customization. The Gauge System consists of the "Break Gauge", which allows numerous special moves to be performed depending on how full the gauge is, such as Fatal Rushes, Side Attacks, Break Holds, and Break Blows. The game also features an enhanced Bounce Combo system that allows players to bound their opponent on the ground for a finisher, with different inputs depending on the character.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The spin-off "Xtreme" series is mostly based around two-on-two matches of beach volleyball and casino gambling. After the original "Dead or Alive Xtreme Beach Volleyball", the available activities have expanded to include the likes of watercraft racing and beach photography, while emphasizing the series' breast physics.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The "Dead or Alive" series depicts a collection of skilled martial artists in a worldwide competition named the "Dead or Alive World Combat Championship", or simply "the Dead or Alive tournament". DOATEC (Dead or Alive Tournament Executive Committee), a massive corporation with unknown motives, holds the fighting competition in arenas ranging from the North Pole to the Amazon rain forest. "Dead or Alive", the first game in the series, introduced the initial characters and their reasons for entering the tournament. For example, Zack enters for profit, while Kasumi, a runaway female ninja of the Mugen Tenshin Ninja Clan and the series' main protagonist, enters the tournament to seek revenge against Raidou who crippled her brother Hayate. Kasumi wins the first DOA tournament and kills Raidou, however, due to her status as a runaway, the strict laws of ninja society prevent Kasumi from returning to her village, and she becomes a hunted fugitive.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 2" is set less than a year later, as Tengu escapes from his world and threatens the human world. Fame Douglas, the founder and CEO of DOATEC was assassinated shortly after the first tournament, causing DOATEC to fall under a new leadership. Kasumi was kidnapped by DOATEC and was used as a subject in DOATEC's bio-weapon experiment, Alpha. Kasumi's brother Hayate, previously injured by Raidou, is also kidnapped and was used as a subject in DOATEC's bio-weapon experiment, Epsilon. New fighters include Ein, Helena Douglas, Kasumi Alpha, Leon, and Tengu. Eventually, Ryu Hayabusa defeats Tengu and wins the second tournament.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 3", takes place after the defeat of Tengu. This game's plot concerns a secret goal of DOATEC's mad scientist Victor Donovan to produce the ultimate fighter, called the Omega Project. Through the Epsilon and Alpha stages, DOATEC captures and wipes the Mugen Tenshin's Hajin Mon ninja Genra's memory, turning him into a vicious super human called Omega; a third tournament is later held to test Omega's abilities. In the end, Kasumi's half-sister Ayane defeats her former master and wins the third tournament. The game introduces five more fighters, the first playable appearance of Hayate, and the brand new fighters Brad Wong, Christie, Hitomi, and Omega.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: "Dead or Alive 4" again explores DOATEC's attempts to create a powerful clone of Kasumi with the Alpha Project. The various fighters discover the true nature of DOATEC and set out to stop it. Helena takes over DOATEC as its new president and CEO, determined to fight against the corruption within the organization and change DOATEC for the better. Helena wins the fourth tournament and decides to give the title to Zack. The game introduces four new fighters, Alpha-152, Eliot, Kokoro, and La Mariposa.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The fifth game, "Dead or Alive 5", is set two years later. DOATEC is newly reformed with Helena still in control and Zack appearing to be an employee. Donovan forms a new organization called MIST to continue the Alpha Project. Jann Lee beats Hitomi in the last round of the fifth tournament, thus winning. However, Jann Lee still felt that there is one person whom Jann Lee wants to defeat in order for him to be a true winner, Rig, who at first has an amnesia, but presumably ruse, and calling Donovan, “dad”. Meanwhile, Kasumi, Ryu, and Ayane, with the help from Helena, fight to destroy the Alpha project and stop Donovan.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: Continuing to "Dead or Alive 6", DOATEC and Mugen Tenshin discover that MIST is after the fifth tournament qualifier participant Honoka, due to her having a similar power signature as Raidou, causing them to keep an eye on her in different ways. Even worse, by the time the sixth tournament begins, Rig is found out to be indeed amnesiac; he was unknowingly implanted with a hypnotic suggestion by MIST that will brainwash him to serve them under the alias “Victor Donovan Jr.”, causing Bass and Jann Lee to worry and become suspicious of Rig's current situation. For the final tournament match, Jann Lee is once again officially a winner, but he was unofficially defeated by a newcomer, Diego. Ayane and Honoka are soon kidnapped by MIST and coerced into unwillingly reviving Raidou, their biological father, as an undead cyber ninja demon. As her older-half-sister Honoka is still weakened, Ayane teams up with Kasumi and Hayate to kill the revived Raidou once and for all, leaving no trace of him behind. Helena, who arrived at one of MIST's hidden laboratory to secure the place, approaches a young scientist who act as Lisa's replacement and is responsible for Raidou’ resurrection, NiCO. Although NiCO attempts to revive Helena's mother, Maria, Helena rejects her plan, causing NiCO to escape from her.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The series was created by its original director and producer Tomonobu Itagaki after he became a programmer for Tecmo in 1992. During the mid 1990s, Tecmo was in financial trouble and was in need of a hit to boost sagging game sales. In this vein, Itagaki made a wager with Junji Nakarmura, the head of the company, assuring the president he would create a video game that would garner a fan base. Tomonobu Itagaki stated how he was dissatisfied with the way modern fighting games were presented; he missed the old arcade-style of play and had another vision for the fighting game genre. Following the initial working titles of "Ninja Fighter" and "Poligon Fighter", he named the series "Dead or Alive" to demonstrate the company's and series' fail or succeed status, and proceeded to form a division in the company named Team Ninja. Itagaki's inspiration for the series derived from the "Virtua Fighter" and "Fatal Fury" series in Japan and the "Mortal Kombat" series in America, with "DOA"'s fast gameplay and sexual appeal drawn from the former series, and the ability to knock opponents off multi-level landscapes from the latter. When asked how he wished the series would contribute to the fighting genre, Itagaki replied: "I want people to remember "DOA" as a game that was very aggressive and combative. As to [...] how it contributed to the fighting genre – I look at it as something similar to how sushi was released in this country and became mainstream. You know, like, some people like graphics, some people like animation, some like flashy character design and so forth. Through "DOA", we want to reach out to those people and become somewhat of a mainstream game."


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: After Tecmo's classic (but at that time long dormant) "Ninja Gaiden" series was revived in 2004 by Itagaki and Team Ninja, they began linking it back with "Dead or Alive", setting the franchises within the same universe with overlapping characters and events. As it was a complete reboot of the series and did not continue the canon of any previous "Ninja Gaiden" titles, the developers were free to do with the universe and its characters as it saw fit, and so the game was implemented into the "DOA" universe by being set up as a prequel to the first "DOA". In addition, "Ninja Gaiden" protagonist Ryu Hayabusa, who had already been on the roster of every "DOA" fighting game since the beginning, plays a major role in that series' overarching storyline, which has been fleshed out during the development of the subsequent "Ninja Gaiden" titles. Having featured Ryu in most of "Dead or Alive" games during a development of "Ninja Gaiden" reboot, Team Ninja then included the character Ayane and Kasumi in most of "Ninja Gaiden" games. Conversely, several characters from "DOA" have roles in the rebooted "Ninja Gaiden" series, initially only appearing during story sequences but becoming fully playable characters in special modes in later games. Rachel and Momiji, characters originating from the "Ninja Gaiden" series, appear in updated versions of "Dead or Alive 5".


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: Before his departure from Team Ninja, Itagaki stated in 2006 that he had a new "DOA" game planned, but in a 2008 interview he said about the series: "This is another area that my closest colleagues and I all agree that we were able to achieve the definitive fighting game with "DOA4". So we're not looking to extend the series at this point." In a released statement on June 3, 2008, Itagaki announced his resignation from Tecmo (July 1, 2008) due to business troubles with then president of Tecmo, Yoshimi Yasuda. Itagaki stated that this would unfortunately lead to the end of production for the game and its series. However, Tecmo replied with the announcement that Team Ninja would not be dissolved upon Itagaki's departure, stating that both the "Ninja Gaiden" and "Dead or Alive" franchises would remain in production and that some projects were already underway. As of 2016, the series continues two decades in, making it one of the longest-running fighting game franchises to still receive new installments. "Dead or Alive Paradise" was the first "DOA" console game not developed by Team Ninja. "Dead or Alive 5" was created in partnership with Sega AM2 of "Virtua Fighter" fame, featuring several guest characters from that series.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: A live-action feature film titled "DOA: Dead or Alive", directed by Corey Yuen and starring Holly Valance, Devon Aoki, Jaime Pressly, Sarah Carter and Natassia Malthe was released in the United States on June 15, 2007. In the film, four female fighters are invited to a martial arts contest; they begin as rivals, but work together to uncover the secret that Donovan, the organizer of the tournament, is trying to hide. Not screened in advance for the press, the film received negative reviews and was a flop at the box office.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The series has a fanbase. Fans of the "Dead or Alive" series have made artwork, books, mangas, fan fiction, fan arts, fangames, fan videos, fan songs, fanacs, fandubs, fansubs, fan mails, fansites, fanspeak, fanzines, anime music videos (AMV), fan films, fan edits, fan translations, cosplays, zines, filk music, fan clubs, doujin and gaming conventions about the series.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: The "Dead or Alive" games have been mostly well received. The fighting series have received positive reviews, with "Dead or Alive 2" having the highest ratings out of the numbered games, and "Dead or Alive 5" having the lowest except its "Plus" version for the Vita.


title: Dead or Alive (franchise)

text: By July 2013, the "DOA" series has shipped 8.6 million copies worldwide. As of July 2016, the series had sold 9.7 million copies worldwide.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: Captain Amarinder Singh (born 11 March 1942), is an Indian politician, military historian, former royal and Indian Army veteran who served as the 15th Chief Minister of Punjab. A former Member of the Legislative Assembly, Punjab and Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha, he was also the president of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee. He has also previously served as the Chief Minister of Punjab from 2002 to 2007 and 2017 to 2021. His father was the last Maharaja of the princely state of Patiala. He has also served in the Indian Army from 1963 to 1966. In 1980, he won a seat in the Lok Sabha for the first time. As of November 2022, Singh also serves as the chairman of the Punjab Urdu Academy. Captain Singh resigned as the Chief Minister of Punjab on 18 September 2021. On 19 September, 2022 he merged his party PLC with BJP and joined BJP on the same day.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: Singh was born on 11 March 1942 in Patiala City, Patiala State, Punjab Province, British India into a royal Punjabi Jatt Sikh family of the Sidhu clan to parents Maharaja Sir Yadavindra Singh and Maharani Mohinder Kaur of Patiala. Amarinder Singh's family belongs to the Phulkian dynasty. He attended the Loreto Convent in Shimla, and Lawrence School in Kasauli, Solan District, before going to The Doon School in Dehradun. He has one son, Raninder Singh, and one daughter, Jai Inder Kaur. His wife, Preneet Kaur, served as an Member of Parliament and was Minister of State in the Ministry of External Affairs from 2009 to October 2012.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: His elder sister Heminder Kaur is married to former Foreign Minister K. Natwar Singh. He is also related to Shiromani Akali Dal (A) supremo and former IPS Officer Simranjit Singh Mann. Mann's wife and Amarinder Singh's wife, Preneet Kaur, are sisters.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: Singh served in the Indian Army from June 1963 to December 1966 after graduating from the National Defence Academy and the Indian Military Academy. He was commissioned into the Sikh Regiment. He served as the aide-de-camp to the General Officer Commanding-in-Chief Western Command, Lieutenant General Harbaksh Singh, from December 1964. He left the army in early 1965 to look after his family but returned to service with the start of the 1965 Indo-Pakistan War.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: His father and grandfather were also in army and many times he said that "Army will always be my first love".


title: Amarinder Singh

text: He was inducted into the Congress by Rajiv Gandhi, who was his friend from school and was first elected to the Lok Sabha in 1980. In 1984, he resigned from Parliament and from Congress as a protest against the Army action during Operation Blue Star. Subsequently, he joined the Shiromani Akali Dal was elected to the state legislature from Talwandi Sabo and became a minister in the state government for Agriculture, Forest, Development and Panchayats.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: In 1992 he broke away from the Akali Dal and formed a splinter group named Shiromani Akali Dal (Panthic) which later merged with the Congress in 1998 (after his party's crushing defeat in Vidhan Sabha election in which he himself was defeated from his own constituency where he got only 856 votes) after Sonia Gandhi took over the reins of the party. He was defeated by Prof Prem Singh Chandumajra from Patiala Constituency in 1998 by a margin of 33,251 votes. He served as the President of Punjab Pradesh Congress Committee on three occasions from 1999 to 2002, 2010 to 2013 and 2015 to 2017.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: He has been a member of the Punjab Vidhan Sabha for five terms representing Patiala (Urban) thrice, Samana and Talwandi Sabo once each.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: In September 2008, a special committee of Punjab Vidhan Sabha, during the tenure of a government led by Akali Dal-Bharatiya Janata Party, expelled him on the count of regularities in the transfer of land related to the Amritsar Improvement Trust. In 2010, the Supreme Court of India held his expulsion unconstitutional on the grounds that it was excessive and unconstitutional.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: He was appointed as chairman of Punjab Congress Campaign Committee in 2008. Captain Amarinder Singh is also a Permanent Invitee to the Congress Working Committee since 2013.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: He defeated senior BJP leader Arun Jaitley by a margin of more than 102,000 votes in 2014 general elections.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: On 27 November 2015, Amarinder Singh was appointed President of Punjab Congress in the run up to Punjab elections slated for 2017.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: On 11 March 2017 Congress Party won the 2017 Punjab Legislative Assembly election under his leadership. Amarinder Singh was sworn in as the 26th Chief Minister of Punjab on 16 March 2017 at Punjab Raj Bhavan, Chandigarh. The oath of office was administered by the Punjab governor, V.P. Singh Badnore. He was appointed president of the Jat Mahasabha in 2013.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: During his tenure as chief minister, he came into conflict with a faction of the Congress headed by Navjot Singh Sidhu, and was criticized for being inaccessible to Congress MLAs, living in a farmhouse on the outskirts of Chandigarh instead of coming to the civil secretariat building. He also received criticism for not resolving the Bargari sacrilege case and for a perception that he had been insufficiently zealous in prosecuting previous CM Parkash Singh Badal for involvement in the case.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: On 18 September 2021, he resigned as the Chief Minister of Punjab, as a consequence of conversations with the Congress high command that suggested the Punjab Congress MLAs were lacking confidence in his leadership. Singh publicly blamed Sidhu for the internal tension that led to the resignation, calling him "dangerous", "incompetent", and a "total disaster" and that he would fight any attempt to name Sidhu as the next CM of Punjab. Singh was eventually succeeded by Charanjit Singh Channi as the new chief minister.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: Singh left the Congress Party, and on 28 October 2021, announced that he would be floating a new party soon and that he would be allying with the Bharatiya Janata Party.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: Punjab Lok Congress (PLC; English: "Punjab People's Congress") is an Indian regional political party, in Punjab founded by Singh on 2 November 2021 after he resigned as Chief Minister of Punjab and quit the Indian National Congress. The party was formed following a split in Indian National Congress in Punjab. Singh has announced that his party will contest on all 117 seats in 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election. The party failed to win any seat in the elections.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: In 2022 Punjab Legislative Assembly election, Singh lost from the Patiala assembly constituency to Aam Aadmi Party's Ajit Pal Singh Kohli. The party failed to win any seat in the elections.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: A few months after his election failure Singh along with his party merged into the Bharatiya Janata Party on 19 September 2022 after meeting with HM Amit Shah a few days before.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: He has also written books on war and Sikh history which include "A Ridge Too Far", "Lest We Forget", "The Last Sunset: Rise and Fall of Lahore Durbar" and "The Sikhs in Britain: 150 years of Photographs". Among his most recent works are "Honour and Fidelity: India's Military Contribution to the Great War 1914 to 1918" released in Chandigarh on 6 December 2014, and "The Monsoon War: Young Officers Reminisce – 1965 India-Pakistan War"- which contains his memoirs of the 1965 Indo-Pak war.


title: Amarinder Singh

text: The author Khushwant Singh released a biographic book titled, "Captain Amarinder Singh: The People’s Maharaja" in 2017.


title: X.509

text: In cryptography, X.509 is an International Telecommunication Union (ITU) standard defining the format of public key certificates. X.509 certificates are used in many Internet protocols, including TLS/SSL, which is the basis for HTTPS, the secure protocol for browsing the web. They are also used in offline applications, like electronic signatures.


title: X.509

text: An X.509 certificate binds an identity to a public key using a digital signature. A certificate contains an identity (a hostname, or an organization, or an individual) and a public key (RSA, DSA, ECDSA, ed25519, etc.), and is either signed by a certificate authority or is self-signed. When a certificate is signed by a trusted certificate authority, or validated by other means, someone holding that certificate can use the public key it contains to establish secure communications with another party, or validate documents digitally signed by the corresponding private key.


title: X.509

text: X.509 also defines certificate revocation lists, which are a means to distribute information about certificates that have been deemed invalid by a signing authority, as well as a certification path validation algorithm, which allows for certificates to be signed by intermediate CA certificates, which are, in turn, signed by other certificates, eventually reaching a trust anchor.


title: X.509

text: X.509 is defined by the International Telecommunications Union's "Standardization Sector" (ITU-T's SG17), in ITU-T Study Group 17 and is based on ASN.1, another ITU-T standard.


title: X.509

text: X.509 was initially issued on July 3, 1988, and was begun in association with the X.500 standard. The first tasks of it was providing users with secure access to information resources and avoiding a cryptographic man-in-the-middle attack. It assumes a strict hierarchical system of certificate authorities (CAs) for issuing the certificates. This contrasts with web of trust models, like PGP, where anyone (not just special CAs) may sign and thus attest to the validity of others' key certificates.


title: X.509

text: Version 3 of X.509 includes the flexibility to support other topologies like bridges and meshes. It can be used in a peer-to-peer, OpenPGP-like web of trust, but was rarely used that way . The X.500 system has only been implemented by sovereign nations for state identity information sharing treaty fulfillment purposes, and the IETF's Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509) (PKIX) working group has adapted the standard to the more flexible organization of the Internet. In fact, the term "X.509 certificate" usually refers to the IETF's PKIX certificate and CRL profile of the X.509 v3 certificate standard, as specified in , commonly called PKIX for "Public Key Infrastructure (X.509)".


title: X.509

text: An early issue with Public Key Infrastructure (PKI) and X.509 certificates was the well known "which directory" problem. The problem is the client does not know where to fetch missing intermediate certificates because the global X.500 directory never materialized. The problem was mitigated by including all intermediate certificates in a request. For example, early web servers only sent the web server's certificate to the client. Clients that lacked an intermediate CA certificate or where to find them failed to build a valid path from the CA to the server's certificate. To work around the problem, web servers now send all the intermediate certificates along with the web server's certificate.


title: X.509

text: While PKIX refers to the IETF's or Internet's PKI standard, there are many other PKIs with different policies. For example, the US Government has its own PKI with its own policies, and the CA/Browser Forum has its own PKI with its own policies. The US Government's PKI is a massive book of over 2500 pages. If an organization's PKI diverges too much from that of the IETF or CA/Browser Forum, then the organization risks losing interoperability with common tools like web browsers, cURL, and Wget. For example, if a PKI has a policy of only issuing certificates on Monday, then common tools like cURL and Wget will not enforce the policy and allow a certificate issued on a Tuesday.


title: X.509

text: X.509 certificates bind an identity to a public key using a digital signature. In the X.509 system, there are two types of certificates. The first is a CA certificate. The second is an end-entity certificate. A CA certificate can issue other certificates. The top level, self-signed CA certificate is sometimes called the Root CA certificate. Other CA certificates are called intermediate CA or subordinate CA certificates. An end-entity certificate identifies the user, like a person, organization or business. An end-entity certificate "cannot" issue other certificates. An end-entity certificate is sometimes called a leaf certificate since no other certificates can be issued below it.


title: X.509

text: An organization that wants a signed certificate requests one from a CA using a protocol like Certificate Signing Request (CSR), Simple Certificate Enrollment Protocol (SCEP) or Certificate Management Protocol (CMP). The organization first generates a key pair, keeping the private key secret and using it to sign the CSR. The CSR contains information identifying the applicant and the applicant's public key that is used to verify the signature of the CSR - and the Distinguished Name (DN) that is unique for the person, organization or business. The CSR may be accompanied by other credentials or proofs of identity required by the certificate authority.


title: X.509

text: The CSR will be validated using a Registration Authority (RA), and then the certification authority will issue a certificate binding a public key to a particular distinguished name. The roles registration authority and certification authority are usually separate business units under separation of duties to reduce the risk of fraud.


title: X.509

text: An organization's trusted root certificates can be distributed to all employees so that they can use the company PKI system. Browsers such as Internet Explorer, Firefox, Opera, Safari and Chrome come with a predetermined set of root certificates pre-installed, so SSL certificates from major certificate authorities will work instantly; in effect the browsers' developers determine which CAs are trusted third parties for the browsers' users. For example, Firefox provides a CSV and/or HTML file containing a list of Included CAs.


title: X.509

text: X.509 and also include standards for certificate revocation list (CRL) implementations. Another IETF-approved way of checking a certificate's validity is the Online Certificate Status Protocol (OCSP). Firefox 3.0 enabled OCSP checking by default, as did versions of Windows from at least Vista and later.


title: X.509

text: The structure foreseen by the standards is expressed in a formal language, Abstract Syntax Notation One (ASN.1).


title: X.509

text: Each extension has its own unique ID, expressed as object identifier (OID), which is a set of values, together with either a critical or non-critical indication. A certificate-using system must reject the certificate if it encounters a critical extension that it does not recognize, or a critical extension that contains information that it cannot process. A non-critical extension may be ignored if it is not recognized, but must be processed if it is recognized.


title: X.509

text: ITU-T introduced issuer and subject unique identifiers in version 2 to permit the reuse of issuer or subject name after some time. An example of reuse will be when a CA goes bankrupt and its name is deleted from the country's public list. After some time another CA with the same name may register itself, even though it is unrelated to the first one. However, IETF recommends that no issuer and subject names be reused. Therefore, version 2 is not widely deployed in the Internet.


title: X.509

text: Extensions were introduced in version 3. A CA can use extensions to issue a certificate only for a specific purpose (e.g. only for signing digital objects).


title: X.509

text: In all versions, the serial number must be unique for each certificate issued by a specific CA (as mentioned in ).


title: X.509

text: (and its predecessors) defines a number of certificate extensions which indicate how the certificate should be used. Most of them are arcs from the codice_1 OID. Some of the most common, defined in section 4.2.1, are:


title: X.509

text: In general when using RFC 5280, if a certificate has several extensions restricting its use, all restrictions must be satisfied for a given use to be appropriate. The <nowiki>RFC</nowiki> gives the specific example of a certificate containing both keyUsage and extendedKeyUsage: in this case, both must be processed and the certificate can only be used if both extensions are coherent in specifying the usage of a certificate. For example, NSS uses both extensions to specify certificate usage.


title: X.509

text: Certification authorities operating under the CA/Browser Forum's PKI issue certificates with varying levels of validation. The different validations provide different levels of assurances that a certificate represents what it is supposed to. For example, a web server can be validated at the lowest level of assurances using an email called "Domain Validation (DV)". Or a web server can be validated at a higher level of assurances using more detailed methods called "Extended Validation (EV)".


title: X.509

text: In practice, a DV certificate means a certificate was issued for a domain like codice_7 after someone responded to an email sent to codice_8. An EV certificate means a certificate was issued for a domain like codice_7, and a company like Example, LLC is the owner of the domain, and the owner was verified by Articles of Incorporation.


title: X.509

text: Extended validation does not add any additional security controls, so the secure channel setup using an EV certificate is not "stronger" than a channel setup using a different level of validation like DV.


title: X.509

text: Extended validation is signaled in a certificate using X.509 v3 extension. Each CA uses a different Object Identifier (OID) to assert extended validation. There is no single OID to indicate extended validation, which complicates user agent programming. Each user agent must have a list of OIDs that indicate extended validation.


title: X.509

text: The CA/Browser Forum's PKI recognizes extended validation and many browsers provide visual feedback to the user to indicate a site provides an EV certificate. Other PKIs, like the Internet's PKI (PKIX), do not place any special emphasis on extended validation. Tools using PKIX policies, like cURL and Wget, simply treat an EV certificate like any other certificate.


title: X.509

text: Security expert Peter Gutmann states CA's created EV certificates to restore profit levels after the Race to the Bottom cut into profits. During the race to the bottom CA's cut prices to lure consumers to purchase their certificates. As a result, profits were reduced and CA's dropped the level of validation they were performing to the point there were nearly no assurances on a certificate.


title: X.509

text: There are several commonly used filename extensions for X.509 certificates. Unfortunately, some of these extensions are also used for other data such as private keys.


title: X.509

text: PKCS#7 is a standard for signing or encrypting (officially called "enveloping") data. Since the certificate is needed to verify signed data, it is possible to include them in the SignedData structure. A codice_19 file is a degenerated SignedData structure, without any data to sign.


title: X.509

text: PKCS#12 evolved from the "personal information exchange" (PFX) standard and is used to exchange public and private objects in a single file.


title: X.509

text: A certificate chain (see the equivalent concept of "certification path" defined by section 3.2) is a list of certificates (usually starting with an end-entity certificate) followed by one or more CA certificates (usually the last one being a self-signed certificate), with the following properties:


title: X.509

text: Certificate chains are used in order to check that the public key (PK) contained in a target certificate (the first certificate in the chain) and other data contained in it effectively belongs to its subject. In order to ascertain this, the signature on the target certificate is verified by using the PK contained in the following certificate, whose signature is verified using the next certificate, and so on until the last certificate in the chain is reached. As the last certificate is a trust anchor, successfully reaching it will prove that the target certificate can be trusted.


title: X.509

text: The description in the preceding paragraph is a simplified view on the certification path validation process as defined by section 6, which involves additional checks, such as verifying validity dates on certificates, looking up CRLs, etc.


title: X.509

text: Examining how certificate chains are built and validated, it is important to note that a concrete certificate can be part of very different certificate chains (all of them valid). This is because several CA certificates can be generated for the same subject and public key, but be signed with different private keys (from different CAs or different private keys from the same CA). So, although a single X.509 certificate can have only one issuer and one CA signature, it can be validly linked to more than one certificate, building completely different certificate chains. This is crucial for cross-certification between PKIs and other applications.


title: X.509

text: In order to manage that user certificates existing in PKI 2 (like "User 2") are trusted by PKI 1, CA1 generates a certificate (cert2.1) containing the public key of CA2.


title: X.509

text: Now both "cert2 and cert2.1 (in green) have the same subject and public key, so there are two valid chains for cert2.2 (User 2): "cert2.2 → cert2" and "cert2.2 → cert2.1 → cert1".


title: X.509

text: Similarly, CA2 can generate a certificate (cert1.1) containing the public key of CA1 so that user certificates existing in PKI 1 (like "User 1") are trusted by PKI 2.


title: X.509

text: Since both cert1 and cert3 contain the same public key (the old one), there are two valid certificate chains for cert5: "cert5 → cert1" and "cert5 → cert3 → cert2", and analogously for cert6. This allows that old user certificates (such as cert5) and new certificates (such as cert6) can be trusted indifferently by a party having either the new root CA certificate or the old one as trust anchor during the transition to the new CA keys.


title: X.509

text: This is an example of a decoded X.509 certificate that was used in the past by wikipedia.org and several other Wikipedia websites. It was issued by GlobalSign, as stated in the Issuer field. Its Subject field describes Wikipedia as an organization, and its Subject Alternative Name (SAN) field for DNS describes the hostnames for which it could be used. The Subject Public Key Info field contains an ECDSA public key, while the signature at the bottom was generated by GlobalSign's RSA private key. (The signatures in these examples are truncated.)


title: X.509

text: To validate this end-entity certificate, one needs an intermediate certificate that matches its Issuer and Authority Key Identifier:


title: X.509

text: In a TLS connection, a properly-configured server would provide the intermediate as part of the handshake. However, it's also possible to retrieve the intermediate certificate by fetching the "CA Issuers" URL from the end-entity certificate.


title: X.509

text: This is an example of an intermediate certificate belonging to a certificate authority. This certificate signed the end-entity certificate above, and was signed by the root certificate below. Note that the subject field of this intermediate certificate matches the issuer field of the end-entity certificate that it signed. Also, the "subject key identifier" field in the intermediate matches the "authority key identifier" field in the end-entity certificate.


title: X.509

text: This is an example of a self-signed root certificate representing a certificate authority. Its issuer and subject fields are the same, and its signature can be validated with its own public key. Validation of the trust chain has to end here. If the validating program has this root certificate in its trust store, the end-entity certificate can be considered trusted for use in a TLS connection. Otherwise, the end-entity certificate is considered untrusted.


title: X.509

text: There are a number of publications about PKI problems by Bruce Schneier, Peter Gutmann and other security experts.


title: X.509

text: Implementations suffer from design flaws, bugs, different interpretations of standards and lack of interoperability of different standards. Some problems are:


title: X.509

text: Digital signature systems depend on secure cryptographic hash functions to work. When a public key infrastructure allows the use of a hash function that is no longer secure, an attacker can exploit weaknesses in the hash function to forge certificates. Specifically, if an attacker is able to produce a hash collision, they can convince a CA to sign a certificate with innocuous contents, where the hash of those contents is identical to the hash of another, malicious set of certificate contents, created by the attacker with values of their choosing. The attacker can then append the CA-provided signature to their malicious certificate contents, resulting in a malicious certificate that appears to be signed by the CA. Because the malicious certificate contents are chosen solely by the attacker, they can have different validity dates or hostnames than the innocuous certificate. The malicious certificate can even contain a "CA: true" field making it able to issue further trusted certificates.


title: X.509

text: Exploiting a hash collision to forge X.509 signatures requires that the attacker be able to predict the data that the certificate authority will sign. This can be somewhat mitigated by the CA generating a random component in the certificates it signs, typically the serial number. The CA/Browser Forum has required serial number entropy in its Baseline Requirements Section 7.1 since 2011.


title: X.509

text: , the Baseline Requirements forbid issuance of certificates using SHA-1. , Chrome and Firefox reject certificates that use SHA-1. both Edge and Safari are also rejecting SHA-1 certificate. Non-browser X.509 validators do not yet reject SHA-1 certificates.


title: X.509

text: In 1995, the Internet Engineering Task Force in conjunction with the National Institute of Standards and Technology formed the Public-Key Infrastructure (X.509) working group. The working group, concluded in June 2014, is commonly referred to as "PKIX." It produced RFCs and other standards documentation on using and deploying X.509 in practice. In particular it produced and its successor RFC 5280, which define how to use X.509 in Internet protocols.


title: X.509

text: TLS/SSL and HTTPS use the profile of X.509, as do S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions) and the EAP-TLS method for WiFi authentication. Any protocol that uses TLS, such as SMTP, POP, IMAP, LDAP, XMPP, and many more, inherently uses X.509.


title: X.509

text: Devices like smart cards and TPMs often carry certificates to identify themselves or their owners. These certificates are in X.509 form.


title: X.509

text: The WS-Security standard defines authentication either through TLS or through its own certificate profile. Both methods use X.509.


title: X.509

text: SSH generally uses a Trust On First Use security model and doesn't have need for certificates. However, the popular OpenSSH implementation does support a CA-signed identity model based on its own non-X.509 certificate format.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards (also known as the KCAs or Kids' Choice) is an annual American children's awards ceremony show that is produced by Nickelodeon. Usually held on a Saturday night in late March or early April, the show honors the year's biggest in television, film, music, and sports as voted by viewers worldwide of Nickelodeon networks. Winners receive a hollow orange blimp figurine, a logo outline for much of the network's 1984–2009 era, which also functions as a kaleidoscope.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The show features numerous celebrity guests and musical acts. Since 2002, slime stunts have been incorporated into the show. The KCAs also host live entertainment. It has also been known to cover people with the network's trademark green slime. The animated series "SpongeBob SquarePants" has won the most KCA awards, with nineteen overall through the series' run. Individually, Selena Gomez and Will Smith have won the most trophies with eleven, followed by Adam Sandler (10) as well as Justin Bieber and Ariana Grande (both with 9). Whoopi Goldberg is the only person to have won a Kids' Choice Award, alongside the prevailing "EGOT" combination of an Emmy, Grammy, Oscar, and Tony. Rosie O'Donnell has hosted the show eight times, followed by Jack Black who hosted three times, and Whitney Houston and John Cena who both hosted twice.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Alan Goodman, Albie Hecht, and Fred Seibert created the awards show after Nickelodeon produced a segment called The Big Ballot for the movie review show "" in 1987, named for the ballots kids voted with. To vote, the viewers would send in ballots and then before the show, the ballots would be counted and the winners would tape a "thank you" video that would be shown during the program. Goodman, Hecht, and Seibert felt that the network needed a bigger, more exciting platform.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Hecht selected the awards logo from a series of network designs created by original logo designers Tom Corey and Scott Nash (Corey McPherson Nash, Boston), overseen by Goodman and Seibert (Fred/Alan, Inc., New York). The award was configured into the current blimp shape/kaleidoscope in 1990. The only change to the award since then has been a change to the embossed logotype on the side of the trophy for 2010 to fit the network's new logo typeface.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: As the Internet came into widespread use, the voting finally moved from a combination of 900 number telephone voting and filling paper ballots that were either mailed or completed at Pizza Hut locations, to being conducted exclusively on the network's website, and included text messaging by 2007. During the early years of Internet voting, there were several issues, including the digital equivalent of ballot stuffing and adult voting. As a result, a new system was put into place where one vote per Nick.com account is allowed (although it is probable adults still cast votes via the texting option, which is connected to a phone number only instead of a screen name, by creating an account with a false age, or by having their children vote for a chosen subject instead). In 2010, an iPhone application and mobile browser voting were also added.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The 2009 Kids' Choice Awards featured a new award called "The Big Green Help Award" which goes to the celebrity who goes above and beyond to help the Earth. The inaugural award was presented to Leonardo DiCaprio. For the 2010 awards, "The Big Green Help" award was renamed "The Big Help" award, with First Lady Michelle Obama winning the first award under the rename.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Unlike traditional awards shows, the Kids' Choice Awards uses other items to announce an award winner instead of a traditional envelope. The show sometimes uses balloons, T-shirts, models, giant letters, stickers, and even a foot.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Voting became available for Canadian people in time for the 2010 ceremony, owing to the inauguration of Nickelodeon's Canadian service in November 2009.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The 2020 ceremony was the first ceremony to be held in a virtual format, a change that was necessary in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: In June 2010, Nickelodeon Latin America announced a Kids' Choice Awards for Mexico. Other countries with their own Kids' Choice Awards include Brazil, United Kingdom, Australia, and Indonesia, which are either fully original local productions, or inserted as continuity during their broadcast of the U.S. ceremony. The Australian Kids' Choice Awards had its final local ceremony in 2012.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: This table shows the awards from the past. An asterisk next to a category indicates an award has been presented in that particular category every year since the inception of the Kids' Choice Awards in 1988.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Kids' Choice Awards are typically held in and around Southern California. Past ceremonies have been held at the Barker Hangar in Santa Monica, California, the Hollywood Bowl, the Grand Olympic Auditorium in Los Angeles, and Universal Studios Hollywood in Universal City, but mostly at Pauley Pavilion on the UCLA campus. After renovations to Pauley beginning in 2011, the show was moved to the Galen Center at USC; it was expected to be a temporary home, but the network retained Galen for the 2012–14 ceremonies due to the construction of the Meyer and Renee Luskin Conference and Guest Center, making it difficult to have the "Orange Carpet"; the smaller Kids' Choice Sports had its first ceremony in 2014 at Pauley. For the 2015 and 2016 shows, the ceremony occurred at the remodeled Forum in Inglewood, California. Between the 2017 and 2019 shows, the venue alternated between the Galen Center and The Forum.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The 2020 awards, previously scheduled for March 22, were postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; a spokesperson said that Nickelodeon "will have further information about a new date in the future." The ceremony was later moved to May 2 to be held virtually. The 2020 show was originally planned to serve as a tie-in with Nickelodeon's "Slimefest" event.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The ceremony has been hosted multiple times by four individuals, with Candace Cameron Bure hosting in 1990 and 1994, Whitney Houston consecutively in 1995 and 1996, then Rosie O'Donnell (who co-hosted with Houston in 1996) alone from 1997 until 2003 (with four other hosts in 2000). This was followed by Jack Black in 2006, 2008, and 2011, and then John Cena, who hosted consecutively for 2017 and 2018.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Hall of Fame Award was a gold version of the blimp award from 1991–2000, and was presented to those whose accomplishments, fame and popularity set them above everyone else. Initially, the award was chosen by the kids from a slate of nominees. Actors, athletes and singers were all eligible for the award, with ballots containing nominees from multiple categories.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Wannabe Award was a silver version of the blimp award from 2001–2008, and was presented to the best celebrity role model or inspiration (or the person whom the kids want to be like). The winner was determined prior to the awards without voter input. The only person to have won the Wannabe award and the Hall of Fame award is Will Smith.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Big Green Help Award (later titled as The Big Help Award) was an award presented to a person who goes above and beyond to help the environment. It is based on Nickelodeon's "The Big Help" initiative. The award was originally green when first awarded in 2009, but later changed to silver along with a name change of the award the following years.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Nickelodeon Lifetime Achievement Award was a golden version of the blimp award and was presented to a network employee on or off camera that has contributed heavily to the network's success and entertained children with their work. The only winner of this award was Dan Schneider in the 2014 ceremony.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: The Generation Change Award is presented to those who have worked to bring positive changes for the new generation of kids. The award was originally introduced in the 2019 Kids' Choice Sports ceremony, but has since carried over to the main ceremony.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: In July 2014, Nickelodeon presented the first annual Kids' Choice Sports, honoring kids' favorite athletes, teams, and sports moments from the year. Michael Strahan produced and hosted the inaugural ceremony.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: During a ceremony, sometimes a celebrity presenter or award winner might not know when they are going to be slimed onstage or offstage, though as the years went on, getting slimed became more of an honor, and less of a comedic humiliation akin to the early Nickelodeon series "You Can't Do That on Television", from whence the concept originated.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Hosts of the show have also been slimed, and occasionally celebrities not attending the awards have been slimed via video segment, such as when Rosie O'Donnell tricked Melissa Joan Hart into getting slimed on the set of "Sabrina the Teenage Witch" in 2001, or when Amanda Seyfried and Josh Hutcherson were slimed at a KCA watch party in 2013. Celebrities sitting in the audience are also fair game for being slimed, as Mandy Moore first learned in 2007, and Halle Berry later found out in 2012.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Below is a list of all the celebrities that have been slimed over the past years at the Kids' Choice Awards.


title: Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Awards

text: Beginning in 2002, the show began its annual World Record Slime Stunts. Olympians, extreme sports stars and daredevils participated in special stunts performed live on national television—often landing into the trademark green slime.


title: Solar (singer)

text: Kim Yong-sun (, born February 21, 1991), better known by the stage name Solar (), is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actress signed under RBW. She is the leader and main vocalist of girl group Mamamoo and its sub-unit Mamamoo+. She made her solo debut with the single "Spit It Out" on April 23, 2020. She released her first extended play "容 : Face" with its lead single "Honey" on March 16, 2022. Solar ventured into musical acting through the musical Mata Hari for its 2022 production on May 28, 2022, marking her first role as a musical actress.


title: Solar (singer)

text: Kim Yong-sun was born in Gangseo-gu, Seoul, South Korea, where she lived with her parents and elder sister, Yong-hee. She went to Hanyang Women's University with a major in tourism.


title: Solar (singer)

text: Solar debuted as a member and vocalist of Mamamoo on June 18, 2014, along with Moonbyul, Wheein, and Hwasa. She made a cameo appearance in the 2015 romance web drama Imaginary Cat as Jung Soo-In. On April 2, 2016, Solar was announced to be a part of We Got Married with Eric Nam and appeared in episode 316. The pair completed their last appearance on November 19, 2016, in episode 348. On December 29, 2016, she won 'Best Couple Award' at the 2016 MBC Entertainment Awards, marking her first variety show award as an entertainer. She was also nominated for 'Rookie Award (Female) in Variety Show' on the same night. On April 24, 2018, she released her first solo EP, "Solar's Emotion", which included previously released covers of several Korean pop songs and her solo version of Mamamoo's "Star Wind Flower Sun," which she wrote herself.


title: Solar (singer)

text: She made her official solo debut with the single, "Spit It Out," which was released with a music video on April 23, 2020. The same day, Solar had her debut stage on Mnet's "M Countdown". On April 28, she won her first-ever music show award as a solo artist on SBS MTV's "The Show".


title: Solar (singer)

text: On November 8, 2020, Solar joined Boss in the Mirror as 'Idol Boss' in episode 81 to 85. She returned as a fixed guest star and panelist for episodes 107 on May 9, 2021, and would subsequently guest star in the following episodes (107 to 109, 115 to 120, and 124 to 126). She became the photoshoot model for Men's Health magazine alongside fellow boss Yang Chi-seung. On May 12, 2021, it was announced that Solar joined Gummy, Lee Seung-chul, Bae Cheol-soo, Jung Jae-hyung, Kim Hyun-chul, and Winner's Kang Seung-yoon on KBS audition program 'The Song We Loved, New Singer' show as a judge, marking her first time as a judge in a singing/audition program. On July 20, 2021, it was announced that Solar joined JTBC's 'Poongryu - Battle Between the Vocalist' as a judge alongside Song Ga-in, Lena Park, Sung Si-kyung, Kim Jong-jin, Lee Juck, and 2PM's Jang Wooyoung. This marked her second time as judge for a singing competition. On December 25, 2021, Solar won her second award as an entertainer and first solo award as an entertainer as 'Best Entertainer in Show and Variety' at the 2021 KBS Entertainment Awards for her work in "The Legend, The New Singer” and “Boss in the Mirror.


title: Solar (singer)

text: On March 16, 2022, she released her first mini album "容 : Face" and its lead single "Honey". On August 10, 2022, Solar was announced to join as Star Maker/Judge for JTBC's 'A Star Is Born' alongside Jung Jae-hyung, Sung Si-kyung, Jang Min-ho, Defconn, Yoo Se-yoon, and Kim Feel, marking her third time as a judge in a singing/audition competition.


title: Solar (singer)

text: In October 2022, Solar will release the single "After Love" from the Casting in the Corner project with Yesung, It will be a remix of the 2006 version and will be released on October 20.


title: Solar (singer)

text: On April 6, 2022, EMK Musical announced that Solar will be starring in the 3rd season of the musical "Mata Hari" alongside Ock Joo Hyun as the titular character "Mata Hari". The musical ran from May 28 to August 15, 2022. Her performance as Mata Hari received acclamatory reviews from critics, highlighting her fresh take on the character, which emphasized the human side of Mata Hari who had a lot of scars. Subsequently, she brought her unique powerful vocal and refreshing energy, to express Mata Hari in her own way. One review stated that they were attracted to Solar's style, as her clear notes and drawn tones exceeded expectations, and she "tore up" the stage. In particular, Solar shined in Act 1 number "Become Mata Hari." In "Becoming Mata Hari," Solar delicately added Mata Hari's emotions to the oriental-style dance moves to steal the audience's attention. Another highlighted song was the final number of Act 2 "One Last Time" in which Mata Hari said goodbye to her loved ones, proved Solar's skill again as Mamamoo's main vocalist once again. Additionally, many critics could not believe it was her first musical, highlighting her strong presence by perfectly imitating Mata Hari; her explosive singing skills, colorful dance performances, and delicate emotions that "it's unbelievable it's her first musical challenge". Expectations and anticipation are high for the future of musical actress Solar.


title: Solar (singer)

text: On December 20, 2022, Solar is nominated at the 7th Korea Musical Awards for 'Best Newcomer Award (Female)' for her role as Mata Hari in the 2022 Production of Mata Hari. This marks her first nomination as a musical actress.


title: Solar (singer)

text: according to Women in the age range of 19–29 years old in 2016 in annual surveys conducted by Gallup Korea. Additionally, she ranked 19th most popular K-pop idol in 2017 in the same surveys conducted by Gallup Korea.


title: Solar (singer)

text: On April 27, 2019, Solar was selected as Lipton's 5th Lipton Girl for their 'Iced Tea' Campaign. On April 22, 2020, Solar was selected as brand muse for beauty brand Blancow. She was chosen for her "clean skin" and "bright and lively energy" that go well with the brand image that pursues bare-faced confidence. On April 15, 2021, Solar renewed her contract with Blancow as an exclusive model. Solar's candid charms to pursue "bare-faced confidence", matched well with the image pursued by Blancow. It was considered positively that it brought about a synergistic effect. On May 14, 2021, Solar was selected as one of the musicians and content creator collaborating with Samsung to commemorate the launch of Samsung's Galaxy Book series with a 'Galaxy Live Quiz Show' (Gala Show), as well as promotional advertisements alongside fellow musician and content creator Gray. On April 25, 2022, Solar was selected as the face for 'New Gyeonggi-do Song' titled "Relaxing in Gyeonggi-do" by the Gyeonggi Province to support residents who are exhausted from the prolonged COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Solar (singer)

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole, sold under the brand name Bactrim among others, is a fixed-dose combination antibiotic medication used to treat a variety of bacterial infections. It consists of one part trimethoprim to five parts sulfamethoxazole. It is used to treat urinary tract infections, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) skin infections, travelers' diarrhea, respiratory tract infections, and cholera, among others. It is used both to treat and prevent pneumocystis pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in people with HIV/AIDS and other causes of immunosuppression. It can be given by mouth or intravenously.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines and is also available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 121st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 5million prescriptions.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (TMP/SMX) is the medicine most commonly used to prevent "Pneumocystis jirovecii" pneumonia (PCP) People who get "Pneumocystis" pneumonia have a medical condition that weakens their immune system, like HIV/AIDS, or take medicines (such as corticosteroids) that reduce the body's ability to fight bacterial and viral infections. People with HIV/AIDS are less likely to get "Pneumocystis" pneumonia as a result of antiretroviral therapy (ART). However, "Pneumocystis" pneumonia is still a substantial public health problem. Most of what is scientifically known about "Pneumocystis" pneumonia and its treatment comes from studying people with HIV/AIDS.


title: Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole

text: The only notable nonsusceptible organisms are "Pseudomonas aeruginosa", the mycoplasmae and "Francisella tularensis" (the causative organism of tularaemia).