title: Coroner

text: In Scotland, there are no longer coroners. Coroners existed in Scotland between about 1400 and 1800 when they ceased to be used. Now deaths requiring judicial examination are reported to the procurator fiscal and dealt with by fatal accident inquiries conducted by the sheriff for the area.


title: Coroner

text: , of the 2,342 death investigation offices in the United States, 1,590 were coroners' offices, 82 of which served jurisdictions of more than 250,000 people. Qualifications for coroners are set by individual states and counties in the U.S., and vary widely. In many jurisdictions, little or no training is required, even though a coroner may overrule a forensic pathologist in naming a cause of death. Some coroners are elected, and others appointed. Some coroners hold office by virtue of holding another office: in Nebraska, the county district attorney is the coroner; in many counties in Texas, the justice of the peace may be in charge of death investigation; in other places, the sheriff is the coroner.


title: Coroner

text: In different jurisdictions the terms "coroner" and "medical examiner" are defined differently. In some places, stringent rules require that the medical examiner be a forensic pathologist. In others, the medical examiner must be a physician, though not necessarily a forensic pathologist or even a pathologist; physicians with no experience in forensic medicine have become medical examiners. In others, such as Wisconsin, each county sets standards, and in some, the medical examiner does not need any medical or educational qualifications.


title: Coroner

text: Not all U.S. jurisdictions use a coroner system for medicolegal death investigation—some are on a medical examiner system, others are on a mixed coroner–medical examiner system. In the U.S., the terms "coroner" and "medical examiner" vary widely in meaning by jurisdiction, as do qualifications and duties for these offices. Advocates have promoted the medical examiner model as more accurate given the more stringent qualifications.


title: Coroner

text: Local laws define the deaths a coroner must investigate, but most often include those that are sudden, unexpected, and have no attending physician—and deaths that are suspicious or violent. In some places in the United States, a coroner has other special powers, such as the ability to arrest the county sheriff.


title: Coroner

text: Duties always include determining the cause, time, and manner of death. This uses the same investigatory skills of a police detective in most cases, because the answers are available from the circumstances, scene, and recent medical records. In many American jurisdictions, any death not certified by the person's own physician must be referred to the medical examiner. If an individual dies outside of his/her state of residence, the coroner of the state in which the death took place issues the death certificate. Only a small percentage of deaths require an autopsy to determine the time, cause and manner of death.


title: Coroner

text: Although coroners are often depicted in police dramas as a source of information for detectives, there are a number of fictional coroners who have taken particular focus on television.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The Album is the debut studio album by the South Korean girl group Blackpink, released on October 2, 2020 by YG Entertainment and Interscope Records. It is the group's first full-length work since their debut in 2016. For the album, Blackpink recorded over ten new songs and worked with a variety of producers, including Teddy, Tommy Brown, R. Tee, Steven Franks, and 24. Eight songs made the final tracklist, including two collaborations: "Ice Cream" with Selena Gomez, and "Bet You Wanna", featuring Cardi B. The album explores the themes of love and the complexities of growing up. Musically, "The Album" utilizes pop, R&B, hip hop, EDM, and trap elements.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "The Album" was supported by three singles in total, two of which were pre-released and became top-forty hits on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Lead single "How You Like That" landed at number thirty-three; "Ice Cream" peaked at number thirteen to become Blackpink's highest-charting song in the United States; "Lovesick Girls" reached number fifty-nine on the chart. All three singles also became top-ten hits in South Korea, with "How You Like That" peaking at number one for three weeks, "Ice Cream" at number eight, and "Lovesick Girls" at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart. To promote the album, Blackpink appeared on several music programs in South Korea and talk shows in the United States, in addition to headlining a virtual pay-per-view concert, titled "The Show" on January 31, 2021. "The Album" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, who commended Blackpink's vocal ability and stylistic variety; however, a few critics found the album short and its production outdated.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "The Album" debuted at number one on the Gaon Album Chart and sold 1,092,550 copies in its first month, becoming the best-selling album by a girl group in the chart's history and the first to surpass one million sales. It also debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with 110,000 units moved and became the highest-charting female Korean album and the highest-charting album by an all-female group since Danity Kane's "Welcome to the Dollhouse" (2008). Elsewhere, it reached number one in South Korea, New Zealand, and Mexico and opened in the top ten in 16 countries. "The Album" has since been certified million by the Korea Music Content Association (KMCA) and silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI). According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, the album was the fifth best-selling album worldwide in pure sales in 2020.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On May 4, 2020, it was reported that the group had finished recording their new album and were scheduling to shoot a music video later that month. On May 18, the group's Korean label, YG Entertainment, shared an update on the project, which was originally teased for June. The label revealed that more than ten songs would be on the album.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On June 7, YG Entertainment released a prologue of Blackpink's newest reality show, "24/365 with Blackpink," ahead of its launch on YouTube. The show documented the group's comeback while also sharing details of their lives through vlogs. On June 10, YG posted the teaser poster to the pre-release single on numerous social media platforms, revealing the date for the single's launch to be June 26. Starting on June 15, a series of teasers were posted every day on the group's official social media accounts with the featured single revealed as "How You Like That" on June 17. The music video teaser was released on June 24.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On July 23, YG Entertainment released a teaser poster for a new collaboration single between the group and a then-unconfirmed artist, set to be released in August. On July 28, the band announced that the album would be titled "The Album" and that it would be released on October 2, 2020. On August 12, 2020, the unconfirmed artist was revealed to be American singer-songwriter Selena Gomez. On August 21, 2020, it was revealed that the title of the collaboration would be "Ice Cream". On August 27, 2020, Blackpink released a teaser for the music video for "Ice Cream".


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: In a September 2020 interview with American DJ and radio host Zach Sang, Blackpink revealed that the album was "jam-packed with all these different surprises, as much as 'Ice Cream' was a big surprise". They added that record producer Tommy Brown collaborated on two songs on the album, including "Ice Cream". On September 27, the group announced a live comeback event scheduled on October 1. On September 28, it was announced that "Lovesick Girls" would be released on October 2 as the third and primary single off of the album. The same day, Blackpink revealed The Album track listing, which confirmed first-time songwriting contributions from members Jennie and Jisoo and additional collaborations with rapper Cardi B and record producers David Guetta and Ryan Tedder.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On June 2, 2021, Universal Music Japan announced that the group would release a Japanese version of "The Album" on August 3, 2021. The release included Japanese versions for four out of the eight tracks – "How You Like That", "Pretty Savage", "Lovesick Girls", and "You Never Know" – and came in 12 different physical editions.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The standard edition of "The Album" is about twenty-four minutes long. American singer Selena Gomez collaborated on "Ice Cream" and rapper Cardi B featured on "Bet You Wanna". "The Album" was written and produced by Teddy, Tommy Brown, Mr. Franks, Ariana Grande, Selena Gomez, Jennie, Jisoo, Brian Lee, and David Guetta, among others. Jisoo and Jennie participated in the composing and writing of "Lovesick Girls". At eight tracks, the album is the longest Korean material in Blackpink's catalog. Musically, "The Album" is a pop and EDM record with R&B, hip hop and rock influences. Blackpink explained that "The Album" is meant to show a more mature side of the group by singing about a diversity emotions experienced by girls growing up, rather than just singing about love.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The opening track, "How You Like That", is a pop, trap and hip-hop song infused with regal horn blasts and a braggadocious hook, accompanied by elements of Arabic music during Lisa's second verse rap. The lyrics deliver a "positive and hopeful" message about "not being daunted by dark situations and to not lose the confidence and strength to stand up again". The second song, "Ice Cream" with Selena Gomez, is an electropop and bubblegum pop song with elements of trap. The song's lyrics are sung mostly in English, with the exception of a Korean verse. Lyrically, the song mainly consists of ice cream-related double entendres. "Pretty Savage", the third song, is a trap song with chanted vocals and a skittish, staccato-style beat with a prowling piano in the background. It is about how the group's success came from being different than everyone else. "Rolling Stone" labelled the song as the "sassiest kiss-off track since" Ariana Grande's "Thank U, Next". The fourth track, "Bet You Wanna", featuring Cardi B, is a song with bubblegum pop lyrics. The track features a simple beat enhanced by the group's voices and Cardi's rap flow. The song is about promising your significant other a good time until "said person is hooked".


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The teen pop number "Lovesick Girls" is a dance-pop and electropop track with 2000s influences. Incorporating acoustic guitar and EDM sound, the song is about the pain after a heartbreak. Sputnikmusic compared the track positively to the band's 2017 disco single, "As If It's Your Last". "Crazy Over You", the sixth song, is a retro hip-hop song arrangement into a minimalist trap rhythm and Balkan whistle coupled with surf rock guitar sounds. The seventh song, "Love to Hate Me", is a dance-pop track, with a bass-heavy trap beat. The song is about dismissing a jealous and "stupid" ex-lover. The closing track, "You Never Know", is a heartfelt pop ballad with "majestic vocals and a sense of triumph". Thematically, the track is about patience and empathy.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: Blackpink was scheduled to do a world tour in the summer of 2020, but their plans changed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, so they began work on their second album. Blackpink member Rosé stated "I think it's made us more focused into completing the album and making it the best thing we can give to our fans." The album was recorded from January to August 2020 at The Black Label studios in Seoul.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: While promoting the album on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on October 21, 2020, member Rosé revealed they had had many naming ideas for the album. "We had a bunch of ideas," she stated, "but at the end of the day, we knew that our fans were waiting so much for our album that we decided to go with something that just described it the best: 'Blackpink: The Album' sounded straightforward."


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The standard edition was physically released on CD, cassette tape, and vinyl, and made available for digital download and streaming. The deluxe edition comes in four box set versions, each containing a CD, a photobook, six postcards, two photocards, a sticker, a credits sheet, a mounted photocard, a poster and two group photo cards. On October 8, YG Entertainment revealed the official "The Album" and "Lovesick Girls" merchandise on its official shop, YG Select. 4 Polaroid cards with undisclosed selfies of the members were gifted for any purchase of items on pre-order status. On October 14, Limited Cashbee transportation cards were made available for sale at YG Select and on specialized retailers' websites.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The Japanese release of the album was released with twelve physical editions. Alongside the regular edition, there are three limited editions featuring visuals from one of the singles: “How You Like That” for Version A, “Lovesick Girls” for Version B, and “Ice Cream” for Version C. Each limited edition comes with A4 size photo booklets, B3 posters, circular BIG cards, and photo cards for its concept. There are additionally four solo versions, one for each member, each of which is a magazine-type luxury package that uses solo photographs for the CD jacket, design, and booklet. The special edition includes a video on DVD and Blu-ray of the online concert The Show held in January 2021.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The album's standard edition artwork depicts the group's logo in pink font under a shining pink crown against a stark black background, which was first unveiled in a teaser poster by YG Entertainment in July 2020 along with the album's official release date. The artwork was designed by a Seoul-based design studio, VBstudio. In August, the group unveiled that the physical editions would be available in four versions along with a limited edition LP.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On September 27, Blackpink released an exclusive playlist on Spotify which shows the music the members were listening to while they worked on the album. On October 1, the group held a comeback live event on a South Korean live video streaming service V Live in celebration of the release day of their debut studio album. On October 14, 2020, it was announced that Blackpink would hold a special live session on TikTok on October 21. YG Entertainment stated the event's purpose was to have the members grow closer to their fans. The group gave interviews on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", Apple Music's "New Music Daily" hosted by Zane Lowe, and the "Zach Sang Show". Blackpink appeared on the magazine cover of "Elle's" October issue.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On June 27, 2020, Blackpink performed "How You Like That" for the first time at "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". The song was performed in June and July on several music programs in South Korea, including "Show! Music Core" and "Inkigayo". "Lovesick Girls" and "Pretty Savage" were performed on music and variety shows in October following the release of the album. On October 21, 2020, Blackpink performed "Lovesick Girls" on "Good Morning America" and "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". On November 25, the group performed "Lovesick Girls" at the Waktu Indonesia Belanja, an event held by e-commerce platform Tokopedia.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "How You Like That", released June 26, 2020, serves as the lead single from "The Album". The release was accompanied by a music video, directed by Seo Hyun-seung, which was released on the group's official YouTube channel the same day. The music video amassed 86.3 million views within its first day of release, breaking the record for the most viewed music video in its first 24 hours (previously held by BTS' "Boy with Luv") and was the fastest video to hit 100 million views, doing so 32 hours after release. On July 16, a physical version was released for purchase on Blackpink's official website, featuring the song and its instrumental. The song debuted at number 33 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, becoming Blackpink's second top-forty debut. In South Korea, the song peaked at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart for three weeks, earning Blackpink their third number-one single in the country.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "Ice Cream" with Selena Gomez was released as the second single from the album on August 28, 2020. The single was then serviced to contemporary hit radio on September 1. It peaked at number 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Blackpink's highest-charting single in the US. The song also reached number 8 in its second week in South Korea. An official music video for the song was released on August 28, 2020. The video shows Gomez and Blackpink in a number of colorful, pastel sets and outfits.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "Lovesick Girls" was released as the third single on October 2, 2020. Blackpink announced the song to be the main track off of the album with the single announcement on September 28. An accompanying music video for the song was directed by Seo Hyun-seung and uploaded onto Blackpink's YouTube channel simultaneously with the single's release. The song debuted at number 59 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number two on South Korea's Gaon Digital Chart. Globally, "Lovesick Girls" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" Global 200 and at number one on the Global Excl. U.S., becoming Blackpink's first number-one single on the latter chart.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "Bet You Wanna" was set to be sent to US contemporary hit radio on November 10, 2020, as the album's fourth single. On November 10, it was announced that the song would not impact the radio. Upon the album's release, the song debuted and peaked at number one on the US Bubbling Under Hot 100 and was the highest peaking non-single of the project on the chart.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On December 3, 2020, it was announced that Blackpink would headline a virtual pay-per-view concert to promote their album, set for launch on January 31, 2021. "The Show", available exclusively on Blackpink's YouTube channel, included first-time performances of songs from "The Album" and Rosé's upcoming solo "Gone". The event served as the inaugural event in YG Entertainment's "YG Palm Stage" livestream concert brand, which aims to bring artists and fans closer "through a new performance environment that unfolds in the hands of the audience."


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "The Album" was met with generally favorable reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a weighted average score of 71 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: Neil Z. Yeung of AllMusic said "overflowing with confidence, Jisoo, Jennie, Rosé, and Lisa conquer each track on "The Album" with their vocal ability (both singing and rapping) and effortless charm, switching up styles to offer something for every type of fan." Alexis Petridis from "The Guardian" praised the album's production calling it a "precision-tooled rap-influenced pop that makes most western artists' efforts in that area seem wan", but critiqued the lack of an "overarching concept". Writing for "The Daily Telegraph", Neil McCormick wrote that the tracks "sounds like five different songs tightly packed into one" and that the album "is Britney Spearmint Bubblegum on steroids". For "Rolling Stone", Tim Chan wrote that "the eight-song set is a slick, confident and wildly entertaining release from the biggest girl group in the world". From "Insider", Callie Ahlgrim said that "The Album" "feels more like a playlist" whose songs do not form a group. On a positive note, she referred to the songs as being "eight straight shots of multicolored, sugary liquors". Palmer Haasch said that the album "manages to encompass their musical identity" and that it's "always keeps you on your toes".


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: Hannah Zwick of "Consequence of Sound" said that the album "showcases their signature style of blending genres and influences to create songs that are just as classically pop as they are identifiably Blackpink", but critiques that it "leave[s] you wanting more, both in quantity and quality". In a more positive review, "IZM" wrote that the appearance of this work informs that K-pop has begun to be reborn from a "passive attitude" to a "subjective aspect" and believes that "a lot of things will change starting from this album".


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: In a mixed review from "Slant Magazine", Sophie Ordez wrote that "crammed chockfull of crowd-pleasing EDM pyrotechnics and cheeky one-liners, "The Album" is undeniably a product of a well-oiled, state-of-the-art pop machine, but it feels stuck looking back to tried and true trends in both K-pop and Western pop music." Mikael Wood from the "Los Angeles Times" gave a mixed review, calling the album "oppressive" and "almost entirely out of alignment with pop music's prevailing trends" and that the release "fails the test of old pop as well as the test of new." "Sputnikmusic"s Raul Stanciu rated the album 2.4 out of 5, pointing out: "There is roughly an EP worth of songs here that bring something remotely interesting to the table, rather than simply rehashing past ideas and reproducing beats you've heard in 100 other tracks before."


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "Billboard" and "Uproxx" named it one of the best albums released in 2020. Its singles, "How You Like That", "Ice Cream" and "Lovesick Girls" were also named amongst best songs of 2020.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: The album received nominations for Album of the Year at the 2020 Melon Music Awards and the 2020 Mnet Asian Music Awards; its single "How You Like That" won Best Female Dance Award at both. It was also nominated for Album of the Year at the 2021 Golden Disc Awards, where it won the Best Album Bonsang.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: On September 4, 2020, YG announced that "The Album" had surpassed 800,000 pre-orders just 6 days after the pre-order period started. According to the company, the number of pre-orders reached over 530,000 copies in South Korea and combined pre-orders from the United States and Europe amounted to around 270,000 units. By October 2, "The Album" had surpassed one million stock pre-orders. Of the one million, 670,000 pre-orders came from Korea and 340,000 came from the US and Europe. Additionally, a vinyl limited to 18,888 copies sold out within days. On October 26, 2020, it was reported that the album accumulated 1.2 million physical sales worldwide. In doing so, it broke S.E.S' 21-year-old record of best-selling album idol girl group with their third Korean studio album "Love", which had sold 760,000 copies in 1999. In November 2020, "The Album" debuted at number two on the Gaon Monthly album chart for the previous month, with 1,092,550 copies sold. On December 10, Gaon Chart announced that Blackpink's album received an official million certification after selling over a million copies in South Korea.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: In its release week, it was reported that "The Album" was projected to move 110,000-125,000 album-equivalent units. "The Album" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 dated October 11, 2020, with 110,000 album-equivalent units, including 81,000 pure album sales, 26,000 stream-equivalent sales (resulting from 40.3 million on-demand streams), and 2,000 track-equivalent sales. The album also became the highest-charting female Korean album and the highest-charting album by an all-female group since Danity Kane's "Welcome to the Dollhouse" in 2008. In the same week, Blackpink also topped the "Billboard" Artist 100 Chart, becoming the first girl group to do so. In its second week, the album descended to number six, with 35,000 equivalent album units earned, becoming the second K-pop act to spend multiple weeks in the top ten. In its third week in the top ten, the album sold 29,000 units. Following Blackpink's virtual concert "The Show", "The Album" rose from number 148 to 59 on the "Billboard 200". "The Album" and its singles were noted for having better chart performances compared to "Kill This Love" and its title track. In Canada, "The Album" opened at number five on the Canadian Albums Chart. Five album tracks debuted on the Canadian Hot 100 chart, with "How You Like That", "Ice Cream" and "Lovesick Girls" arriving in the top 40.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "The Album" debuted at the top spot of the Gaon Albums Chart. On October 7, it was reported that the album broke the record of first week sales on Hanteo among girl groups, with 590,000 copies sold in just one day after its physical release date. The album's eight songs combined on the "Billboard" Global 200 chart drew 333.3 million streams and 70,000 downloads worldwide in the tracking week ending October 8, according to MRC Data. The album debuted at number two on the UK albums chart becoming the highest-charting album by a Korean girl group or female artist on the chart. It was also the best-selling cassette album of the week, shifting 5,700 copies on the format. In 2020, Blackpink has charted five different songs in the United Kingdom in a single year, more than any other Korean act. By the end of the year, "The Album" was the country's fifth best-selling cassette record and among the ten biggest releases from a female artist. In Ireland, "The Album" arrived at number six on the Irish Albums Chart. The album reached the top ten in many other European territories, including Finland, Flanders, Germany, Hungary, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Scotland, Slovakia, Spain and Sweden, and the top twenty in the Czech Republic, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Switzerland and Wallonia.


title: The Album (Blackpink album)

text: "The Album" was also successful in Oceania. In Australia, it debuted at number two on the ARIA albums chart. Moreover, "How You Like That", "Ice Cream", "Bet You Wanna" and "Lovesick Girls" entered the top 50 of the ARIA Singles Chart. In New Zealand, the album debuted at number one on the New Zealand albums chart. "Lovesick Girls", "Bet You Wanna", and "Pretty Savage" charted in the top 10 of the New Zealand Hot singles chart, and "Crazy Over You" placed thirteenth.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebird is the common name for the genus Agapornis, a small group of parrots in the Old World parrot family Psittaculidae. Of the nine species in the genus, all are native to the African continent, with the grey-headed lovebird being native to the African island of Madagascar.


title: Lovebird

text: Social and affectionate, the name comes from the parrots' strong, monogamous pair bonding and the long periods which paired birds spend sitting together.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds live in small flocks and eat fruit, vegetables, grasses, and seeds. Black-winged lovebirds also eat insects and figs, and black-collared lovebirds have a special dietary requirement for native figs, making them difficult to keep in captivity.


title: Lovebird

text: Some species are kept as pets, and several coloured mutations have been selectively bred in aviculture. The average lifespan is 20 to 30 years.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds are in length, up to 24 cm in wingspan with 9 cm for a single wing and in weight. They are among the smallest parrots, characterised by a stocky build, a short blunt tail, and a relatively large, sharp beak. Wildtype lovebirds are mostly green with a variety of colours on their upper body, depending on the species. The Fischer's lovebird, black-cheeked lovebird, and the masked lovebird have a prominent white ring around their eyes. Many colour mutant varieties have been produced by selective breeding of the species that are popular in aviculture.


title: Lovebird

text: The genus "Agapornis" was introduced by the English naturalist Prideaux John Selby in 1836. The name combines the Ancient Greek αγάπη "agape" meaning "love" and όρνις "ornis" meaning "bird". The type species is the black-collared lovebird ("Agapornis swindernianus"). The genus contains nine species of which five are monotypic and four are divided into subspecies. They are native to mainland Africa and the island of Madagascar. In the wild, the different species are separated geographically.


title: Lovebird

text: However, this division is not fully supported by phylogenetic studies, as the species of the dimorphic group are not grouped together in a single clade.


title: Lovebird

text: Depending on the species of lovebird, the female will carry nesting material into the nest in various ways. The peach-faced lovebird tucks nesting material in the feathers of its rump, while the masked lovebird carries nesting material back in its beak. Once the lovebirds start constructing their nest, mating will follow. During this time, the lovebirds will mate repeatedly. Eggs follow 3–5 days later. The female will spend hours inside her nesting box before eggs are laid. Once the first egg is laid, a new egg will follow every other day until the clutch is complete, typically at four to six eggs. Even without a nest or a male, lovebirds sometimes produce eggs.


title: Lovebird

text: Feral populations of Fischer's lovebirds and masked lovebirds live in cities of East Africa. There are interspecific hybrids that exist between these two species. The hybrid has a reddish-brown head and orange on upper chest, but otherwise resembles the masked lovebird.


title: Lovebird

text: Feral lovebirds have been observed in many parts of the Southwestern United States, including Arizona and Texas. Several species are also found in feral populations in Southern California.


title: Lovebird

text: Around Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, a version locally called an African Lovebird has an aggressive breeding nature. In an aviary with smaller birds, it is common to find other smaller species decapitated overnight. The surviving partner also succumbs within 3 weeks.


title: Lovebird

text: There are two feral colonies present in the Pretoria region (Silver Lakes, Faerie Glen and Centurion) in South Africa. They probably originated from birds that escaped from aviaries. They consist mostly of masked, black cheeked, Fischer and hybrid birds and vary in colours. White (not albino) and yellow as well as blue occur in many cases. The white ringed eyes are very prominent.


title: Lovebird

text: With their inclination to bond, lovebirds can form long-term relationships with people as well as other lovebirds. Aggression is easily aroused in lovebirds, however, and they may bite unless humans establish a bond with gentle handling. Provided with adequate space, a stimulating environment, and appropriate nutrition, lovebirds can become cherished companion parrots. They love to snuggle and will often preen their favorite people.


title: Lovebird

text: It is preferable to obtain birds bred in captivity, rather than birds caught in the wild. Wild birds may harbor diseases such as avian polyomavirus. Captured wild lovebirds also may mourn the loss of association with a mate or a flock. Their age is likely to be unknown, and they may have an unsuitable personality for domestication. Lovebirds are no longer imported from the wild to the United States. Birds socialised from a very early age, while being brought up by parents, make very good pets. The practice of hand-feeding young psittacines, including lovebirds, outside of a medical emergency has been outlawed in the Netherlands since 1 July 2014 and lovebird chicks should stay with their parents until they can eat independently, at minimum 55 days after hatching. However, single birds require frequent attention to stay happy, and if the owner has limited time to spend daily with a single lovebird, it is preferable to give the lovebird a companion of the same species, or a companion of another parrot species known to get along well with lovebirds. It is important to use wide cages as large as possible.


title: Lovebird

text: Few lovebirds talk, but many will not: there is a chance they may learn to mimic human sounds if taught to do so at a young age. Lovebirds are noisy, with calls ranging from cheerily pleasant to highly irritating; in the wild, parrots must call to each other over long distances to keep flocks together, and it is through such signals that they make most of their communication. It is best to spend frequent, short periods of time with a lovebird, rather than having just one or two interactions every day.


title: Lovebird

text: Determining the sex of a lovebird is difficult. At maturity of one year, it may show signs of whether it is male or female, such as ripping up paper and stuffing it into its feathers (female behaviour) or regurgitating for its owners (male behaviour: the male feeds the nesting female). This behaviour is not a reliable indicator, however. The only sure method is DNA testing; however, some experts can sex lovebirds by feeling beneath the body. There are two sharp points beneath the cloaca known as the pelvic bone. If the points are nearer together, the bird is male; if the points are further away, it is female (females must have a larger pelvis to lay eggs).


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds require an appropriately sized cage or aviary. Minimum recommended space "per bird" is 1 m×1 m×1 m. Lovebird's beaks are made of keratin, which grows continuously. Chewing and destroying wood toys and perches helps to keep beaks trim. Cuttlebones help provide beak-trimming and a source of calcium and other necessary minerals. Natural perches and special rough surfaced perches of varying diameters placed at different levels in the cage will allow greater climbing mobility and gives them a choice to select the most comfortable spot to roost. They also require plenty of toys, such as willow branches, swings, tunnels, boxes and safe things to chew on and play with.


title: Lovebird

text: Lack of toys, keeping the birdcage covered too many hours, and lack of companionship or social stimulation may lead to boredom, stress and psychological or behavioral problems (nervousness, aggression, feather-plucking, screaming, depression, immunosuppression). Lovebirds are social birds and will enjoy several hours of interaction a day. Without this interaction, daily exercise, a roomy cage/aviary, and many toys to play with, they may resort to feather-plucking or screaming, and both behaviors can be difficult to cure. If the owner leaves the house, they should leave a radio or TV set playing to provide sound for the bird. Lovebirds are intelligent, and if a relationship is to form they need a human who will dedicate much time to them. Lovebirds enjoy baths and like to sun themselves daily.


title: Lovebird

text: As with pet parrots in general, the tips of lovebirds' toenails should wear down adequately by the parrot climbing over rough surfaced perches. If the parrot has an inactive lifestyle the toenails may grow long and need to be trimmed. Only the very tips of the toenails are trimmed. If too much of a toenail is trimmed away, it will be painful and bleed from the blood vessels in the centre of the nail. This bleeding should be stopped as soon as possible with the use of styptic gel or powder. Sharp pointed toenails can be blunted by simply filing the point. These procedures are usually done with the help of an assistant carefully holding the parrot wrapped in a towel.


title: Lovebird

text: A fresh mix (with or without dehydrated fruits and/or vegetables) of excellent quality combining various seeds, grains and nuts generally represent the typical basic diet. Ideally the basic mix will contain or will be supplemented with an about 30% portion of any bio/organic (naturally coloured and flavoured and without any conservative agent) and/or of any natural (naturally coloured, flavoured and preserved) pellets.


title: Lovebird

text: One-half typical basic dry mix for cockatiel parakeets and/or small parrot/parakeet species (i.e. kākāriki parakeets, monk parakeet, Australian grass parakeets, magnifiscent parakeets, "Pyrrhura" conures, small Afro-Asian ringnecked parakeets).


title: Lovebird

text: One-half typical basic dry mix for budgerigar parakeets and other miniature parrot/parakeet species (i.e. parrotlets, lineolated parrot, Bourke's parakeet, grass parakeets).


title: Lovebird

text: These foods and goods must be offered as often as possible (particularly cereals, fruits, greens/weeds, legumes/pulses and vegetables), ideally on a daily basis or at least weekly. The pellet ratio should be increased to 1/2 of the basic dry mix when cooked and/or fresh foods are occasionally or rarely offered.


title: Lovebird

text: Amaranth, barley, couscous, flax, oat, rice varieties such as basmati, brown rice, jasmine rice, quinoa, wheat, lightly toasted whole-grain Waffles, non-toasted whole grain breads (i.e. corn-bread, multi-cereal, 14 cereals, whole-wheat), al dente cooked pastas.


title: Lovebird

text: carnations, chamomille, chives, dandelion, day lilies, eucalyptus, fruit trees' blossoms, herbs' blossoms, hibiscus, honeysuckle, impatiens, lilac, nasturiums, pansies, passion flower (passifloræ), rosees, sunflowers, tulips, violets.


title: Lovebird

text: All are healthy and can be offered i.e. all apple varieties, banana, all berries varieties, all citrus varieties, grapes, kiwi, mango, melons, nectarine, papaya, peach, all pear varieties, plum, starfruit.


title: Lovebird

text: All are healthy and can be offered including squashes and their freshly harvested and/or oven-roasted seeds. i.e. beet, broccoli, cauliflower, carrots, cucumber, all cabbage varieties, fresh beans, fresh peas, parsnip, all pepper varieties, all squash varieties, sweet potatoes, turnip, yams, zucchini.


title: Lovebird

text: Because of their acidity, most veterinarians suggest not to offer fresh tomatoes to parrots, as they could potentially cause ulcers. Onions and garlic should also be avoided because the chemical compounds they contain may cause anemia. Celery is not bad in itself but the stringy part should be removed before feeding the vegetable to parrots.


title: Lovebird

text: Bok choy, broccoli and/or cauliflower leaves, cabbage leaves, chickory, collard greens, dandelion leaves, endives, escarole, kelp, mustard leaves, seaweeds, spirulina, water cress.


title: Lovebird

text: Amaranth leaves, beet leaves, starfruit, chards, parsley, spinach & turnip leaves. All of these feature high oxalic acid contents that induces production of calcium oxalates (crystals/stones) by binding calcium & other trace minerals present in foods & goods with which they are ingested. Possibly leading to calcium deficiencies &/or hypocalcemia in minor cases. Liver and/or other internal organs' damage or failure in more severe cases.


title: Lovebird

text: Bromus, chick weeds, cock's foot or dactylis (orchard grasses), dandelions, erythronium (dogstooth), elymus, fescues, Ammophila (Poaceae) (marran grasses), milk thistles, oats and wild oats, plantain (the weed), poa Genus (i.e. blue, meadow's, spear, tussock grasses). Care must be taken to offer wild greens and weeds that are only harvested anywhere in the country side far from highly polluted areas (i.e. cities, metropolises, towns).


title: Lovebird

text: Produced by always combining 1 type of cereal with 1 type of legume/pulse and to offer during immatures' growth, during molting seasons and/or during breeding seasons (most particularly during the rearing of chicks)


title: Lovebird

text: Aduki beans, alfalfa beans, buckwheat, lentils, millets & sprays, mung beans, pinto beans, red kidney beans, sesame seeds, sunflower seeds.


title: Lovebird

text: Sprouts should be offered at least weekly to juveniles, adults, pets and breeder specimens in the breeding season, and on a daily or at least weekly basis to breeders in breeding-season rearing their chicks.


title: Lovebird

text: Adding these foods provides additional nutrients and can prevent obesity and lipomas, as can substituting millet, which is relatively low in fat, for higher-fat seed mixes. Adult lovebirds often do not always adapt readily to dietary additions, so care must be taken to introduce healthy diets as young as possible (ideally weaned onto fresh foods before introducing chicks onto seeds). Lovebirds like any other parrots learn mainly by mimicry and thus most adult lovebirds will be easily encouraged to try new foods by observing another bird eating the food, or by placing the new food on a mirror.


title: Lovebird

text: Parrot species (including cockatiels) are biologically vegetarian species. Consequently, they should be fed vegetarian diets that are ideally supplemented with vegetable proteins provided by the combination of any type of wholegrain/cereal with any type of legume/pulse. Eggs (hard-boiled and/or scrambled) with crushed shells are the only appropriately healthy source of animal proteins. Mostly for birds in either breeding, growing, moulting and/or recovering conditions. High levels of proteins (most particularly animal proteins) is unhealthy for lovebirds living under any alternate conditions (i.e. non-breeding, pets).


title: Lovebird

text: Because of their dominant and territorial nature, lovebirds should be supervised when socialising with other species and genera (whether it be cat, dog, small mammal or other bird species). Lovebirds may be aggressive to other birds, even to other lovebirds. Hand-raised lovebirds tend not to be scared and pose even more of a threat to themselves. Toe biting may occur when lovebirds are socialising/housed with small birds (i.e. parrotlets, budgies, and even docile cockatiels). They should not be housed with other bird genera as they can be injured or pose a threat to other birds.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds are very vocal birds, making loud, high-pitched noises. Some make noise all day, especially during dawn and dusk. This is a normal parrot behaviour as flock animals, where they are calling to each other before the start of the day and just before they settle down for the night.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds are also very active and love to chew things. When they are flying within a household, it is wise to watch them carefully and protect any furniture, electrical wiring or anything else that they could possibly chew on. Try to place fresh willow or oak branches in a favourite spot (e.g. near a high/sunny platform) to satisfy this natural behaviour. Other things to be aware of when keeping lovebirds (also applies to other pet birds) at home are the danger spots in the house, such as open toilet bowls for drowning, clear glass walls which might be rammed in full force by the bird, fumes from all Teflon or anti-stick coating in the kitchen, microwave coatings, oven coatings and chemical fumes from regular household cleaning products. Interaction with other pets in the house must also be supervised, such as cats and dogs which may view the lovebird as a prey animal.


title: Lovebird

text: Lovebirds of different species can mate and produce both sterile and fertile hybrid offspring, for example "Agapornis personatus" mate with "Agapornis fischeri" will produce fertile hybrid offspring. These offspring have behaviours of both parents. For this reason it is recommended to only place birds of the same species together, or of the same sex.


title: Lovebird

text: There are two lovebird societies in the United States: the Agapornis Breeders and Exhibitors and the African Love Bird Society.


title: Mina Harker

text: Wilhelmina "Mina" Harker (née Murray) is a fictional character and the main female character in Bram Stoker's 1897 Gothic horror novel "Dracula".


title: Mina Harker

text: She begins the story as Miss Mina Murray, a young schoolmistress who is engaged to Jonathan Harker, and best friends with Lucy Westenra. She visits Lucy in Whitby on July 24 of that year, when schools would have closed for the summer. Unlike her best friend, Mina is an orphan; who never knew her father or mother.


title: Mina Harker

text: After Mina's fiancé Jonathan escapes from Count Dracula's castle, she travels to Budapest and joins him there. Mina cares for him during his recovery from his traumatic encounter with the vampire and his brides, and the two return to England as husband and wife. Back home, they learn that Lucy has died from a mysterious illness stemming from severe blood loss as the result of repeated attacks by an unknown, blood-drinking animal. The animal, they learn, was none other than Dracula taking a different shape.


title: Mina Harker

text: It is because of Mina that the party learn of the count's plans, as she is the one who collects all of the relevant information regarding the Count—including the various characters' journals, letters, and newspaper clippings—places it in chronological order, and types out multiple copies, giving them to each of the other protagonists. The result is the epistolary novel itself. Mina and Jonathan then join the coalition around Abraham Van Helsing, and turn their attention toward destroying the count. The party uses this information to discover clues about Dracula's plans and further investigate the locations of the various residences he purchases as a means to track him and destroy him. Each subsequent action the party takes is recorded by the various members and added to the collection of events surrounding Dracula.


title: Mina Harker

text: After Dracula learns of this plot against him, he takes revenge by visiting - and biting - Mina at least three times. Dracula also puts Mina under his hypnotic spell, dooming her to become a vampire should she die. Afterwards, he kills Renfield and destroys all of the copies of their compiled records except for one, which Dr. Seward kept in a safe. The rest of the novel deals with the group's efforts to spare Mina a vampiric fate by tracking and attempting to kill Dracula. When Van Helsing attempts to bless her by placing a host against her forehead it burns her flesh, leaving a scar, thus proving that Dracula has made her unholy. Mina slowly succumbs to Dracula's influence, switching back and forth from a state of consciousness to one of semi-trance, during which she is telepathically connected with Dracula. Mina then uses her inherent telepathic abilities to track Dracula's movements under the hypnotism of Van Helsing. Dracula later flees back to his castle in Transylvania, followed by the entire group who split up. As Van Helsing takes Mina with him on his journey to Dracula's castle to slay the Brides of Dracula, the rest of the party attempt to locate and raid the ship Dracula is using, to ambush him. As time goes on, Helsing's ability to hypnotize Mina to obtain intelligence on the whereabouts of Count Dracula diminishes significantly. Her appearance and manner become more vampire-like, to the point where she even loses her appetite as well as her ability to stay awake during the day despite multiple attempts by Van Helsing to wake her.


title: Mina Harker

text: While Mina and Van Helsing are at camp, Helsing finely crumbles a sacred wafer in a circle around Mina as she sleeps during the daytime. Upon waking, she is unable to cross the circle at all. Van Helsing does this as a test; if Mina is unable to exit the circle, he reasons that vampires would be unable to enter, as well. This is confirmed when, later in the night, the brides come to the camp, but are unable to cross the ring around Mina and Van Helsing. The brides beckon her to join them but fail to do so (which Van Helsing is relieved at when he notices how Mina looks at them with fear and disgust, and he realizes she isn't like them yet); with that, they fly back to Dracula's castle before sunrise, where they meet their demise at Van Helsing's hands.


title: Mina Harker

text: When the party kills Dracula just before sunset, Dracula's vampiric spell is lifted and Mina is freed from the curse.


title: Mina Harker

text: The book closes with a note written seven years after these events about Mina's and Jonathan's married life, and the birth of their first-born son; who they name Quincey in remembrance of their friend, Quincey Morris; who was killed by Dracula's Roma minions during the final confrontation. The birth of Jonathan and Mina's son signifies hope and renewal of life as the close of the novel ushers in the 20th century.


title: Mina Harker

text: In Stoker's original novel, Mina recovers from the vampire's curse upon Dracula's death and lives on with her husband, Jonathan. However, in some media, Mina is killed at some point in the story, while in others, she becomes a full vampire and keeps her powers after the death of Dracula.


title: Mina Harker

text: In the light novels (also later adapted into two anime films and a manga series) "Vampire Hunter D", the ancient vampire Count Magnus Lee refers to a "Mina the Fair" who was pursued by the "Sacred Ancestor" (revealed in the English dub of the first film to be "our sire Count Dracula"). It is implied that she may be the mother of D (the son of the Sacred Ancestor).


title: Mina Harker

text: In the 1997 manga series "Hellsing", a character referred to only as "She" is eventually revealed to be Mina Harker's corpse. She died before Dracula (later Alucard) could be defeated, but because he did not die, the curse was still active in her, which the Doctor exploited to create Millennium's vampires.


title: Mina Harker

text: The 2003 video game "" features Mina Hakuba, a childhood friend and love interest of protagonist Soma Cruz, who is later revealed to be the reincarnation of Dracula. Mina's given name and family name bear a clear resemblance to Mina Harker's name, and the relationship she shares with Soma parallels that of Dracula and Harker. Mina also appears in "", but cannot be interacted with, only appearing in the intro and ending, though a doppelganger of Mina is killed by the main antagonist midway into the game in order to try and force Soma into becoming the new dark lord of the castle.


title: Mina Harker

text: In the 2005 manga series "Dance in the Vampire Bund", the central female vampire protagonist is named "Mina Țepeș", a reference to Vlad Țepeș, one of the inspirations for Dracula.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: In physical science and mathematics, Legendre polynomials (named after Adrien-Marie Legendre, who discovered them in 1782) are a system of complete and orthogonal polynomials, with a vast number of mathematical properties, and numerous applications. They can be defined in many ways, and the various definitions highlight different aspects as well as suggest generalizations and connections to different mathematical structures and physical and numerical applications.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Closely related to the Legendre polynomials are associated Legendre polynomials, Legendre functions, Legendre functions of the second kind, and associated Legendre functions.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: In this approach, the polynomials are defined as an orthogonal system with respect to the weight function formula_1 over the interval formula_2. That is, formula_3 is a polynomial of degree formula_4, such that


title: Legendre polynomials

text: With the additional standardization condition formula_6, all the polynomials can be uniquely determined. We then start the construction process: formula_7 is the only correctly standardized polynomial of degree 0. formula_8 must be orthogonal to formula_9, leading to formula_10, and formula_11 is determined by demanding orthogonality to formula_9 and formula_13, and so on. formula_14 is fixed by demanding orthogonality to all formula_15 with formula_16. This gives formula_17 conditions, which, along with the standardization formula_18 fixes all formula_19 coefficients in formula_20. With work, all the coefficients of every polynomial can be systematically determined, leading to the explicit representation in powers of formula_21 given below.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: This definition of the formula_14's is the simplest one. It does not appeal to the theory of differential equations. Second, the completeness of the polynomials follows immediately from the completeness of the powers 1, formula_23. Finally, by defining them via orthogonality with respect to the most obvious weight function on a finite interval, it sets up the Legendre polynomials as one of the three classical orthogonal polynomial systems. The other two are the Laguerre polynomials, which are orthogonal over the half line formula_24, and the Hermite polynomials, orthogonal over the full line formula_25, with weight functions that are the most natural analytic functions that ensure convergence of all integrals.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The Legendre polynomials can also be defined as the coefficients in a formal expansion in powers of formula_26 of the generating function


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The coefficient of formula_27 is a polynomial in formula_28 of degree formula_4. Expanding up to formula_30 gives


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Expansion to higher orders gets increasingly cumbersome, but is possible to do systematically, and again leads to one of the explicit forms given below.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: It is possible to obtain the higher formula_14's without resorting to direct expansion of the Taylor series, however. Eq.  is differentiated with respect to on both sides and rearranged to obtain


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Replacing the quotient of the square root with its definition in Eq. , and equating the coefficients of powers of in the resulting expansion gives "Bonnet’s recursion formula"


title: Legendre polynomials

text: This relation, along with the first two polynomials and , allows all the rest to be generated recursively.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The generating function approach is directly connected to the multipole expansion in electrostatics, as explained below, and is how the polynomials were first defined by Legendre in 1782.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: This differential equation has regular singular points at so if a solution is sought using the standard Frobenius or power series method, a series about the origin will only converge for in general. When is an integer, the solution that is regular at is also regular at , and the series for this solution terminates (i.e. it is a polynomial). The orthogonality and completeness of these solutions is best seen from the viewpoint of Sturm–Liouville theory. We rewrite the differential equation as an eigenvalue problem,


title: Legendre polynomials

text: formula_38, the differential operator on the left is Hermitian. The eigenvalues are found to be of the form


title: Legendre polynomials

text: , with formula_39 and the eigenfunctions are the formula_3. The orthogonality and completeness of this set of solutions follows at once from the larger framework of Sturm–Liouville theory.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The differential equation admits another, non-polynomial solution, the Legendre functions of the second kind formula_41.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: A two-parameter generalization of (Eq. ) is called Legendre's "general" differential equation, solved by the Associated Legendre polynomials. Legendre functions are solutions of Legendre's differential equation (generalized or not) with "non-integer" parameters.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: In physical settings, Legendre's differential equation arises naturally whenever one solves Laplace's equation (and related partial differential equations) by separation of variables in spherical coordinates. From this standpoint, the eigenfunctions of the angular part of the Laplacian operator are the spherical harmonics, of which the Legendre polynomials are (up to a multiplicative constant) the subset that is left invariant by rotations about the polar axis. The polynomials appear as formula_42 where formula_43 is the polar angle. This approach to the Legendre polynomials provides a deep connection to rotational symmetry. Many of their properties which are found laboriously through the methods of analysis — for example the addition theorem — are more easily found using the methods of symmetry and group theory, and acquire profound physical and geometrical meaning.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The standardization formula_6 fixes the normalization of the Legendre polynomials (with respect to the norm on the interval ). Since they are also orthogonal with respect to the same norm, the two statements can be combined into the single equation,


title: Legendre polynomials

text: That the polynomials are complete means the following. Given any piecewise continuous function formula_46 with finitely many discontinuities in the interval , the sequence of sums


title: Legendre polynomials

text: This completeness property underlies all the expansions discussed in this article, and is often stated in the form


title: Legendre polynomials

text: This formula enables derivation of a large number of properties of the formula_14's. Among these are explicit representations such as


title: Legendre polynomials

text: In the third representation, ⌊n/2⌋ stands for the largest integer less than or equal to n/2. The last representation, which is also immediate from the recursion formula, expresses the Legendre polynomials by simple monomials and involves the generalized form of the binomial coefficient.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The Legendre polynomials were first introduced in 1782 by Adrien-Marie Legendre as the coefficients in the expansion of the Newtonian potential


title: Legendre polynomials

text: where and are the lengths of the vectors and respectively and is the angle between those two vectors. The series converges when . The expression gives the gravitational potential associated to a point mass or the Coulomb potential associated to a point charge. The expansion using Legendre polynomials might be useful, for instance, when integrating this expression over a continuous mass or charge distribution.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Legendre polynomials occur in the solution of Laplace's equation of the static potential, , in a charge-free region of space, using the method of separation of variables, where the boundary conditions have axial symmetry (no dependence on an azimuthal angle). Where is the axis of symmetry and is the angle between the position of the observer and the axis (the zenith angle), the solution for the potential will be


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Legendre polynomials are also useful in expanding functions of the form (this is the same as before, written a little differently):


title: Legendre polynomials

text: which arise naturally in multipole expansions. The left-hand side of the equation is the generating function for the Legendre polynomials.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: As an example, the electric potential (in spherical coordinates) due to a point charge located on the -axis at (see diagram right) varies as


title: Legendre polynomials

text: If the radius of the observation point is greater than , the potential may be expanded in the Legendre polynomials


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Conversely, if the radius of the observation point is smaller than , the potential may still be expanded in the Legendre polynomials as above, but with and exchanged. This expansion is the basis of interior multipole expansion.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The trigonometric functions , also denoted as the Chebyshev polynomials , can also be multipole expanded by the Legendre polynomials . The first several orders are as follows:


title: Legendre polynomials

text: A recurrent neural network that contains a -dimensional memory vector, formula_62, can be optimized such that its neural activities obey the linear time-invariant system given by the following state-space representation:


title: Legendre polynomials

text: In this case, the sliding window of formula_65 across the past formula_43 units of time is best approximated by a linear combination of the first formula_67 shifted Legendre polynomials, weighted together by the elements of formula_68 at time formula_26:


title: Legendre polynomials

text: When combined with deep learning methods, these networks can be trained to outperform long short-term memory units and related architectures, while using fewer computational resources.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: which follows from considering the orthogonality relation with formula_7. It is convenient when a Legendre series formula_74 is used to approximate a function or experimental data: the "average" of the series over the interval is simply given by the leading expansion coefficient formula_75.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Since the differential equation and the orthogonality property are independent of scaling, the Legendre polynomials' definitions are "standardized" (sometimes called "normalization", but the actual norm is not 1) by being scaled so that


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The Legendre polynomials of a scalar product of unit vectors can be expanded with spherical harmonics using


title: Legendre polynomials

text: As discussed above, the Legendre polynomials obey the three-term recurrence relation known as Bonnet's recursion formula given by


title: Legendre polynomials

text: All formula_90 zeros of formula_3 are real, distinct from each other, and lie in the interval formula_92. Furthermore, if we regard them as dividing the interval formula_93 into formula_94 subintervals, each subinterval will contain exactly one zero of formula_95. This is known as the interlacing property. Because of the parity property it is evident that if formula_96 is a zero of formula_3, so is formula_98. These zeros play an important role in numerical integration based on Gaussian quadrature. The specific quadrature based on the formula_14's is known as Gauss-Legendre quadrature.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: From this property and the facts that formula_100, it follows that formula_101 has formula_102 local minima and maxima in formula_103. Equivalently, formula_104 has formula_105 zeros in formula_103.


title: Legendre polynomials

text: Here the "shifting" function is an affine transformation that bijectively maps the interval to the interval , implying that the polynomials are orthogonal on :


title: Legendre polynomials

text: The Legendre rational functions are a sequence of orthogonal functions on [0, ∞). They are obtained by composing the Cayley transform with Legendre polynomials.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), also called prostate enlargement, is a noncancerous increase in size of the prostate gland. Symptoms may include frequent urination, trouble starting to urinate, weak stream, inability to urinate, or loss of bladder control. Complications can include urinary tract infections, bladder stones, and chronic kidney problems.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: The cause is unclear. Risk factors include a family history, obesity, type 2 diabetes, not enough exercise, and erectile dysfunction. Medications like pseudoephedrine, anticholinergics, and calcium channel blockers may worsen symptoms. The underlying mechanism involves the prostate pressing on the urethra and thereby making it difficult to pass urine out of the bladder. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms and examination after ruling out other possible causes.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Treatment options include lifestyle changes, medications, a number of procedures, and surgery. In those with mild symptoms, weight loss, exercise, and decreasing caffeine intake are recommended, although the quality of the evidence for exercise is low. In those with more significant symptoms, medications may include alpha blockers such as terazosin or 5α-reductase inhibitors such as finasteride. Surgical removal of part of the prostate may be carried out in those who do not improve with other measures. Some herbal medicines that have been studied, such as saw palmetto, have not been shown to help. Other herbal medicines somewhat effective at improving urine flow include beta-sitosterol from "Hypoxis rooperi" (African star grass), pygeum (extracted from the bark of "Prunus africana"), pumpkin seeds ("Cucurbita pepo"), and stinging nettle ("Urtica dioica") root.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: About 105 million men are affected globally. BPH typically begins after the age of 40. Half of males age 50 and over are affected. After the age of 80, that figure climbs to as high as about 90% of males affected. Although prostate specific antigen levels may be elevated in males with BPH, the condition does not increase the risk of prostate cancer.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: BPH is the most common cause of lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS), which are divided into storage, voiding, and symptoms which occur after urination. Storage symptoms include the need to urinate frequently, waking at night to urinate, urgency (compelling need to void that cannot be deferred), involuntary urination, including involuntary urination at night, or urge incontinence (urine leak following a strong sudden need to urinate). Voiding symptoms include urinary hesitancy (a delay between trying to urinate and the flow actually beginning), intermittency (not continuous), involuntary interruption of voiding, weak urinary stream, straining to void, a sensation of incomplete emptying, and uncontrollable leaking after the end of urination. These symptoms may be accompanied by bladder pain or pain while urinating, called dysuria.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) can be caused by BPH. Symptoms are abdominal pain, a continuous feeling of a full bladder, frequent urination, acute urinary retention (inability to urinate), pain during urination (dysuria), problems starting urination (urinary hesitancy), slow urine flow, starting and stopping (urinary intermittency), and nocturia.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: BPH can be a progressive disease, especially if left untreated. Incomplete voiding results in residual urine or urinary stasis, which can lead to an increased risk of urinary tract infection.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Most experts consider androgens (testosterone and related hormones) to play a permissive role in the development of BPH. This means that androgens must be present for BPH to occur, but do not necessarily directly cause the condition. This is supported by evidence suggesting that castrated boys do not develop BPH when they age. In an unusual study of 26 eunuchs from the palace of the Qing dynasty still living in Beijing in 1960, the prostate could not be felt in 81% of the studied eunuchs. The average time since castration was 54 years (range, 41–65 years). On the other hand, some studies suggest that administering exogenous testosterone is not associated with a significant increase in the risk of BPH symptoms, so the role of testosterone in prostate cancer and BPH is still unclear. Further randomized controlled trials with more participants are needed to quantify any risk of giving exogenous testosterone.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Dihydrotestosterone (DHT), a metabolite of testosterone, is a critical mediator of prostatic growth. DHT is synthesized in the prostate from circulating testosterone by the action of the enzyme 5α-reductase, type 2. DHT can act in an autocrine fashion on the stromal cells or in paracrine fashion by diffusing into nearby epithelial cells. In both of these cell types, DHT binds to nuclear androgen receptors and signals the transcription of growth factors that are mitogenic to the epithelial and stromal cells. DHT is ten times more potent than testosterone because it dissociates from the androgen receptor more slowly. The importance of DHT in causing nodular hyperplasia is supported by clinical observations in which an inhibitor of 5α-reductase such as finasteride is given to men with this condition. Therapy with a 5α-reductase inhibitor markedly reduces the DHT content of the prostate and, in turn, reduces prostate volume and BPH symptoms.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Testosterone promotes prostate cell proliferation, but relatively low levels of serum testosterone are found in patients with BPH. One small study has shown that medical castration lowers the serum and prostate hormone levels unevenly, having less effect on testosterone and dihydrotestosterone levels in the prostate.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: While there is some evidence that estrogen may play a role in the cause of BPH, this effect appears to be mediated mainly through local conversion of androgens to estrogen in the prostate tissue rather than a direct effect of estrogen itself. In canine "in vivo" studies castration, which significantly reduced androgen levels but left estrogen levels unchanged, caused significant atrophy of the prostate. Studies looking for a correlation between prostatic hyperplasia and serum estrogen levels in humans have generally shown none.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: In 2008, Gat et al. published evidence that BPH is caused by failure in the spermatic venous drainage system resulting in increased hydrostatic pressure and local testosterone levels elevated more than 100 fold above serum levels. If confirmed, this mechanism explains why serum androgen levels do not seem to correlate with BPH and why giving exogenous testosterone would not make much difference.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Studies indicate that dietary patterns may affect development of BPH, but further research is needed to clarify any important relationship. Studies from China suggest that greater protein intake may be a factor in development of BPH. Men older than 60 in rural areas had very low rates of clinical BPH, while men living in cities and consuming more animal protein had a higher incidence. On the other hand, a study in Japanese-American men in Hawaii found a strong negative association with alcohol intake, but a weak positive association with beef intake. In a large prospective cohort study in the US (the Health Professionals Follow-up Study), investigators reported modest associations between BPH (men with strong symptoms of BPH or surgically confirmed BPH) and total energy and protein, but not fat intake. There is also epidemiological evidence linking BPH with metabolic syndrome (concurrent obesity, impaired glucose metabolism and diabetes, high triglyceride levels, high levels of low-density cholesterol, and hypertension).


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Benign prostatic hyperplasia is an age-related disease. Misrepair-accumulation aging theory suggests that development of benign prostatic hyperplasia is a consequence of fibrosis and weakening of the muscular tissue in the prostate. The muscular tissue is important in the functionality of the prostate, and provides the force for excreting the fluid produced by prostatic glands. However, repeated contractions and dilations of myofibers will unavoidably cause injuries and broken myofibers. Myofibers have a low potential for regeneration; therefore, collagen fibers need to be used to replace the broken myofibers. Such misrepairs make the muscular tissue weak in functioning, and the fluid secreted by glands cannot be excreted completely. Then, the accumulation of fluid in glands increases the resistance of muscular tissue during the movements of contractions and dilations, and more and more myofibers will be broken and replaced by collagen fibers.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: As men age, the enzymes aromatase and 5-alpha reductase increase in activity. These enzymes are responsible for converting androgen hormones into estrogen and dihydrotestosterone, respectively. This metabolism of androgen hormones leads to a decrease in testosterone but increased levels of DHT and estrogen.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Both the glandular epithelial cells and the stromal cells (including muscular fibers) undergo hyperplasia in BPH. Most sources agree that of the two tissues, stromal hyperplasia predominates, but the exact ratio of the two is unclear.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Anatomically the median and lateral lobes are usually enlarged, due to their highly glandular composition. The anterior lobe has little in the way of glandular tissue and is seldom enlarged. (Carcinoma of the prostate typically occurs in the posterior lobe – hence the ability to discern an irregular outline per rectal examination). The earliest microscopic signs of BPH usually begin between the age of 30 and 50 years old in the PUG, which is posterior to the proximal urethra. In BPH, the majority of growth occurs in the transition zone (TZ) of the prostate. In addition to these two classic areas, the peripheral zone (PZ) is also involved to a lesser extent. Prostatic cancer typically occurs in the PZ. However, BPH nodules, usually from the TZ are often biopsied anyway to rule out cancer in the TZ. BPH can be a progressive growth that in rare instances leads to exceptional enlargement. In some males, the prostate enlargement exceeds 200 to 500 grams. This condition has been defined as giant prostatic hyperplasia (GPH).


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: The clinical diagnosis of BPH is based on a history of LUTS (lower urinary tract symptoms), a digital rectal exam, and exclusion of other causes of similar signs and symptoms. The degree of LUTS does not necessarily correspond to the size of the prostate. An enlarged prostate gland on rectal examination that is symmetric and smooth supports a diagnosis of BPH. However, if the prostate gland feels asymmetrical, firm, or nodular, this raises concern for prostate cancer.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Validated questionnaires such as the American Urological Association Symptom Index (AUA-SI), the International Prostate Symptom Score (I-PSS), and more recently the UWIN score (urgency, weak stream, incomplete emptying, and nocturia) are useful aids to making the diagnosis of BPH and quantifying the severity of symptoms.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Urinalysis is typically performed when LUTS are present and BPH is suspected to evaluate for signs of a urinary tract infection, glucose in the urine (suggestive of diabetes), or protein in the urine (suggestive of kidney disease). Bloodwork including kidney function tests and prostate specific antigen (PSA) are often ordered to evaluate for kidney damage and prostate cancer, respectively. However, checking blood PSA levels for prostate cancer screening is controversial and not necessarily indicated in every evaluation for BPH. Benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer are both capable of increasing blood PSA levels and PSA elevation is unable to differentiate these two conditions well. If PSA levels are checked and are high, then further investigation is warranted. Measures including PSA density, free PSA, rectal examination, and transrectal ultrasonography may be helpful in determining whether a PSA increase is due to BPH or prostate cancer.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Uroflowmetry is done to measure the rate of urine flow and total volume of urine voided when the subject is urinating.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Abdominal ultrasound examination of the prostate and kidneys is often performed to rule out hydronephrosis and hydroureter. Incidentally, cysts, tumours, and stones may be found on ultrasound. Post-void residual volume of more than 100 ml may indicate significant obstruction. Prostate size of 30 cc or more indicates enlargement of the prostate.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Prostatic calcification can be detected through transrectal ultrasound (TRUS). Calcification is due to solidification of prostatic secretions or calcified corpora amylacea (hyaline masses on the prostate gland). Calcification is also found in a variety of other conditions such as prostatitis, chronic pelvic pain syndrome, and prostate cancer. For those with elevated levels of PSA, TRUS guided biopsy is performed to take a sample of the prostate for investigation. Although MRI is more accurate than TRUS in determining prostate volume, TRUS is less expensive and almost as accurate as MRI. Therefore, TRUS is still preferred to measure prostate volume.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: The differential diagnosis for LUTS is broad and includes various medical conditions, neurologic disorders, and other diseases of the bladder, urethra, and prostate such as bladder cancer, urinary tract infection, urethral stricture, urethral calculi (stones), chronic prostatitis, and prostate cancer. Neurogenic bladder can cause urinary retention and cause symptoms similar to those of BPH. This may occur as a result of uncoordinated contraction of the bladder muscle or impairment in the timing of bladder muscle contraction and urethral sphincter relaxation. Notable causes of neurogenic bladder include disorders of the central nervous system such as Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and spinal cord injuries as well as disorders of the peripheral nervous system such as diabetes mellitus, vitamin B12 deficiency, and alcohol-induced nerve damage. Individuals affected by heart failure often experience nighttime awakenings to urinate due to redistribution of fluid accumulated in swollen legs.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Certain medications can increase urination difficulties by increasing bladder outlet resistance due to increased smooth muscle tone at the prostate or bladder neck and contribute to LUTS. Alpha-adrenergic agonist medications, such as decongestants with pseudoephedrine can increase bladder outlet resistance. In contrast, calcium channel blockers and anticholinergic medications can worsen urinary retention by promoting bladder muscle relaxation. Diuretic medications such as loop diuretics (e.g., furosemide) or thiazides (e.g., chlorthalidone) can cause or worsen urinary frequency and nighttime awakenings to urinate.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: When treating and managing benign prostatic hyperplasia, the aim is to prevent complications related to the disease and improve or relieve symptoms. Approaches used include lifestyle modifications, medications, catheterisation and surgery.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Lifestyle alterations to address the symptoms of BPH include physical activity, decreasing fluid intake before bedtime, moderating the consumption of alcohol and caffeine-containing products and following a timed voiding schedule.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Patients can also attempt to avoid products and medications with anticholinergic properties that may exacerbate urinary retention symptoms of BPH, including antihistamines, decongestants, opioids, and tricyclic antidepressants; however, changes in medications should be done with input from a medical professional.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Physical activity has been recommended as a treatment for urinary tract symptoms. A 2019 Cochrane review of six studies involving 652 men assessing the effects of physical activity alone, physical activity as a part of a self-management program, among others. However, the quality of evidence was very low and therefore it remains uncertain whether physical activity is helpful in men experiencing urinary symptoms caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Voiding position when urinating may influence urodynamic parameters (urinary flow rate, voiding time, and post-void residual volume). A meta-analysis found no differences between the standing and sitting positions for healthy males, but that, for elderly males with lower urinary tract symptoms, voiding in the sitting position--


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: This urodynamic profile is associated with a lower risk of urologic complications, such as cystitis and bladder stones.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Selective α-blockers are the most common choice for initial therapy. They include alfuzosin, doxazosin, silodosin, tamsulosin, terazosin, and naftopidil. They have a small to moderate benefit at improving symptoms. Selective alpha-1 blockers are similar in effectiveness but have slightly different side effect profiles. Alpha blockers relax smooth muscle in the prostate and the bladder neck, thus decreasing the blockage of urine flow. Common side effects of alpha blockers include orthostatic hypotension (a head rush or dizzy spell when standing up or stretching), ejaculation changes, erectile dysfunction, headaches, nasal congestion, and weakness. For men with LUTS due to an enlarged prostate, the effects of naftopidil, tamsulosin and silodosin on urinary symptoms and quality of life may be similar. Naftopidil and tamsulosin may have similar levels of unwanted sexual side effects but fewer unwanted side effects than silodosin.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Tamsulosin and silodosin are selective α1 receptor blockers that preferentially bind to the α1A receptor in the prostate instead of the α1B receptor in the blood vessels. Less-selective α1 receptor blockers such as terazosin and doxazosin may lower blood pressure. The older, less selective α1-adrenergic blocker prazosin is not a first line choice for either high blood pressure or prostatic hyperplasia; it is a choice for patients who present with both problems at the same time. The older, broadly non-selective alpha blocker medications such as phenoxybenzamine are not recommended for control of BPH. Non-selective alpha blockers such as terazosin and doxazosin may also require slow dose adjustments as they can lower blood pressure and cause syncope (fainting) if the response to the medication is too strong.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: The 5α-reductase inhibitors finasteride and dutasteride may also be used in people with BPH. These medications inhibit the 5α-reductase enzyme, which, in turn, inhibits production of DHT, a hormone responsible for enlarging the prostate. Effects may take longer to appear than alpha blockers, but they persist for many years. When used together with alpha blockers, no benefit was reported in short-term trials, but in a longer-term study (3–4 years) there was a greater reduction in BPH progression to acute urinary retention and surgery than with either agent alone, especially in people with more severe symptoms and larger prostates. Other trials have confirmed reductions in symptoms, within 6 months in one trial, an effect that was maintained after withdrawal of the alpha blocker. Side effects include decreased libido and ejaculatory or erectile dysfunction. The 5α-reductase inhibitors are contraindicated in pregnant women because of their teratogenicity due to interference with fetal testosterone metabolism, and as a precaution, pregnant women should not handle crushed or broken tablets.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: A 2018 Cochrane review of studies on men over 60 with moderate to severe lower urinary tract symptoms analyzed the impacts of phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDE) in comparison to other drugs. These drugs may improve urinary symptoms slightly and reduce urinary bother but may also cause more side effects compared to placebo. The evidence in this review found that there is probably no difference between PDE and alpha blockers, however when used in combination they may provide a greater improvement in symptoms (with more side effects). PDE also likely improves symptoms when used in combination with 5-alpha reductase inhibitors.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Several phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors are also effective, but may require multiple doses daily to maintain adequate urine flow. Tadalafil, a phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitor, was considered then rejected by NICE in the UK for the treatment of symptoms associated with BPH. In 2011, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration approved tadalafil to treat the signs and symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia, and for the treatment of BPH and erectile dysfunction (ED), when the conditions occur simultaneously.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Antimuscarinics such as tolterodine may also be used, especially in combination with alpha blockers. They act by decreasing acetylcholine effects on the smooth muscle of the bladder, thus helping control symptoms of an overactive bladder.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Intermittent urinary catheterization is used to relieve the bladder in people with urinary retention. Self-catheterization is an option in BPH when it is difficult or impossible to completely empty the bladder. Urinary tract infection is the most common complication of intermittent catheterization. Several techniques and types of catheter are available, including sterile (single-use) and clean (multiple use) catheters, but, based on current information, none is superior to others in reducing the incidence of urinary tract infection.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: If medical treatment is not effective, surgery may be performed. Surgical techniques used include the following:


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Some less invasive procedures are available according to patients' preferences and co-morbidities. These are performed as outpatient procedures with local anesthesia.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: While herbal remedies are commonly used, a 2016 review found the herbs studied to be no better than placebos. Particularly, several systematic reviews found that saw palmetto extract, while one of the most commonly used, is no better than a placebo both in symptom relief and in decreasing prostate size. Other herbal medicines somewhat effective at improving urine flow include beta-sitosterol from "Hypoxis rooperi" (African star grass), pygeum (extracted from the bark of "Prunus africana"), pumpkin seeds ("Cucurbita pepo"), and stinging nettle ("Urtica dioica") root. A systematic review of Chinese herbal medicines found that Chinese herbal medicine, both alone and together with Western medicine, was similar to either placebos or Western medicine in the treatment of BPH. Chinese herbal medicine was found to be superior to Western medicine in improving the quality of life and in reducing prostate volume.


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: Globally, benign prostatic hyperplasia affects about 210 million males as of 2010 (6% of the population).


title: Benign prostatic hyperplasia

text: The prostate gets larger in most men as they get older. For a symptom-free man of 46 years, the risk of developing BPH over the next 30 years is 45%. Incidence rates increase from 3 cases per 1000 man-years at age 45–49 years, to 38 cases per 1000 man-years by the age of 75–79 years. While the prevalence rate is 2.7% for men aged 45–49, it increases to 24% by the age of 80 years.


title: Sophie Skelton

text: Sophie Alexandra Skelton (born 7 March 1994) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Brianna Fraser in the Starz drama series "Outlander".


title: Sophie Skelton

text: Skelton was born and raised in Woodford, Greater Manchester, the daughter of entrepreneurial children's toy inventors. She began dancing at the age of three, eventually training in ballet at the Royal Academy, before moving into musical theater and stage productions. Her first professional television role, in Series two of the British crime drama "DCI Banks" (2012), was a two episode stint as schoolgirl Becca Smith.


title: Sophie Skelton

text: Skelton attended Stockport Grammar School, completing her A Levels in 2012. She was going to study English Literature at King's College London the following year but ended up turning down her offer to pursue acting instead.


title: Sophie Skelton

text: In 2013, Skelton guest-starred as Esme Vasquez-Jones in series one of CBBC's award winning children's drama "The Dumping Ground". That same year, she went on to portray Nikki Boston's (Heather Peace) estranged daughter Eve in the ninth series of BBC One's school-based drama series, "Waterloo Road", and Yasmin Carish in a series thirteen episode of the long running medical series "Doctors".


title: Sophie Skelton

text: Transitioning into feature films, Skelton's first role was in 2014's "The War I Knew." She portrayed Margaret in director Ian Vernon's tale of a WWII paratrooper lost behind enemy lines.


title: Sophie Skelton

text: 2015 saw a return to episodic television for Skelton. She again appeared in the BBC series "Doctors," portraying Ellen Singleton in the series sixteen episode "Revenge". Next she guest starred in a series nine episode of ITV's WWII and post-war era legal drama "Foyle's War." Later that year Skelton appeared in a twelve episode stint as Sofia Matthews on "So Awkward", CBBC's sitcom revolving around three socially awkward school-age friends, and a two episode guest starring role as Gemma Holt on BBC One's medical drama "Casualty".


title: Sophie Skelton

text: Skelton's first leading film role was in Charlotte Stente Nielsen's 2016 fantasy-horror short "Blackbird". Her breakout role, in the British fantasy action-adventure series "Ren: The Girl with the Mark," came later that year. She won Best Lead Actress at the Hyperdrive Sci-Fi and Fantasy Film Festival for her role in the series. 2016 also saw Skelton cast in the role of Brianna Fraser McKenzie in STARZ hit TV Series "Outlander". The role, opposite Scottish actor Richard Rankin as Roger Mackenzie is recurring, becoming a main cast member from Season 4 onwards, and will continue throughout their story arc as outlined in Diana Gabaldon's genre bending book series.


title: Sophie Skelton

text: In 2017, Skelton portrayed Jess in Christopher Menual's film "Another Mother's Son", the true story of Louisa Gould, a widow living in Nazi occupied Jersey during WWII. From there she went on to star alongside Nicolas Cage in the bank heist film "#211" (2018), based upon the real-life "Battle of North Hollywood" in 1997, and "" (2018), a remake of the 1985 George Romero zombie film.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: Jamia Millia Islamia () is a central university located in New Delhi, India. Originally established at Aligarh, United Provinces (present-day Uttar Pradesh, India) during the British Raj in 1920, it moved to its current location in Okhla in 1935. It was given the deemed status by University Grants Commission in 1962. On 26 December 1988, it became a central university.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The foundation committee of the university included Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Muhammad Iqbal, Sanaullah Amritsari, Syed Mehmood and others. Its foundation stone was laid by Mahmud Hasan Deobandi, the leader of Silk Letter Movement and the first student of Darul Uloom Deoband. Muhammad Ali Jauhar served as its first vice-chancellor from 1920 to 1923, and Hakim Ajmal Khan served as the first chancellor from 1920 to 1927. On 26 May 2017, Najma Heptulla became 11th Chancellor of university, and Najma Akhtar became the 15th Vice Chancellor in April 2019.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In 2020, Jamia Millia Islamia was ranked 1st among all central universities in the country in rankings released by Ministry of Education of India. In December 2021, the university received an 'A++' ranking by National Assessment and Accreditation Council.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: Jamia Millia Islamia was established in Aligarh on 29 October 1920 by Mohammad Ali Jauhar, Hakim Ajmal Khan, Mukhtar Ahmed Ansari, Abdul Majeed Khwaja, and Zakir Hussain under the presidency of Mahmud Hasan Deobandi. It was established mainly in response to the demand of some students of the Aligarh Muslim University for a new National Muslim University which would be free from government influence as they felt that the administration of Aligarh Muslim University was of pro-British stance.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: It was conceived as a national institution that would offer progressive education and an emphasis on Indian nationalism to students from all communities, particularly Muslims. Zakir Hussain described "the movement of Jamia Millia Islamia as a struggle for education and cultural renaissance that aims to prepare a blueprint for Indian Muslims which may focus on Islam but simultaneously evolve a national culture for common Indian. It will lay the foundation of the thinking that true religious education will promote patriotism and national integration among Indian Muslims, who will be proud to take part in the future progress of India, which will play its part in the comity of nations for peace and development. The objective of establishment of Jamia Millia Islamia will be to lay down the common curriculum for Indian Muslims taking into account the future challenges and will prepare the children to be masters of future" The emergence of Jamia was supported by Mahatma Gandhi, who felt that Jamia Millia Islamia could shape lives of hundreds and thousands of students on the basis of a shared culture and worldview.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In 1925, Jamia Millia Islamia moved from Aligarh to Karol Bagh, New Delhi. On 1 March 1935, the foundation stone for a school building was laid at Okhla, then a nondescript village in the southern outskirts of Delhi. In 1936, all institutions of Jamia Millia Islamia except Jamia Press, the Maktaba, and the library moved to the new campus.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The University Grants Commission gave Jamia Millia Islamia the deemed status in 1962. Jamia Millia Islamia became a central university by an act of the Indian Parliament on 26 December 1988.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In 2006, the King of Saudi Arabia, King Abdullah of Saudi Arabia paid a visit to the university and donated US$2.90 million for the construction of a library, now known as Dr. Zakir Husain Library (Central Library).


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In 2019, the university emerged as a centre of the Citizenship Amendment Act protests after the act was passed by the Parliament. On 13 December 2019, Delhi Police tried to forcefully dismiss the protest of students and threw tear gas inside the campus on students to control their agitation. On 15 December 2019, police entered the campus on the pretext of trying to catch the mob that destroyed public peace outside the university campus. Many students sustained injuries because of the police brutality and it sparked protests in several other universities.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The foundation committee of the Jamia Millia Islamia also included Kifayatullah Dehlawi, Hussain Ahmad Madani, Syed Sulaiman Nadwi, Abdul Haq, Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Shabbir Ahmad Usmani, Sanaullah Amritsari, Muhammad Iqbal, Syed Mahmud and Saifuddin Kitchlew in it.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The campus is distributed over a large area in the Okhla area of Delhi. Many of its buildings are under renovation.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The university's scenic cricket ground, Nawab Mansoor Ali Khan Pataudi Sports Complex, has hosted many important Tournaments and Indian women cricket matches. This ground also hosted the University Cricket Championship in 2013 Besides its seven faculties, the Jamia has centres of learning and research, including the Anwar Jamal Kidwai Mass Communication Research Centre (MCRC), Faculty of Engineering & Technology, Faculty of Fine Arts, Centre for Theoretical Physics, and the Maulana Mohammad Ali Jauhar Academy of Third World Studies (ATWS). The Jamia offers undergraduate and postgraduate information and technology courses. Jamia Millia Islamia joined the green campaign and installed 2,250-kilowatt solar panels on the campus.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: The governing officials of the university include the "Amir-i-Jamia" (chancellor), the "Shaikh-ul-Jamia" (vice-chancellor), the "Naib Shaikh-ul-Jamia" (Pro-Vice-Chancellor) and the "Musajjil" (Registrar). The President of India is the Visitor of the university. The "Anjuman" or University Court is the supreme authority of the university and has the power to review the acts of the "Majlis-i-Muntazimah" (Executive Council) the "Majlis-i-Talimi " (Academic Council) and the "Majlis-i-Maliyat" (Finance Committee). The Executive Council is the highest executive body of the university. The Academic Council is the highest academic body of the university and is responsible for the maintenance of standards of instruction, education and examination within the university.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In 2019 Najma Akhtar (academic) was appointed as the first woman vice-chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: Established in 1989, the Faculty of Law offered only the three-year LL.B.course until the early 2000s, but started additionally offering the integrated 5 Years B.A.LL.B(Hons.) course for UG students from the academic year 2002–2003. The faculty offers apart from a five-year integrated BA LLB (Honours) programme, a two-year post-graduate programme (LLM) in three specialised streams (personal law, corporate law and criminal law) and a Ph.D. programme. It also offers two year Executive LL.M programme for working professionals. The faculty secured the 9th rank among law schools in India as per NIRF LAW Ranking 2020.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: In the Times Higher Education Subject Ranking-2020, JMI ranked 401–500 in Engineering and Technology. Within India its rank is 11 among all higher education institutions while among universities it is 2nd position. JMI was placed at 501–600 in computer science, while among Indian Institutions it has been ranked at 16th position and at 7th among Indian universities.


title: Jamia Millia Islamia

text: Jamia Millia Islamia is the only Central university having the full-fledged Faculty of Architecture & Ekistics.The architecture program was started in the Year 2001–2002. This Faculty has the Department of Architecture which offers two degree courses in Bachelor of Architecture, Nine Masters courses and PhD. The courses include undergraduate, postgraduate and doctoral studies in subjects such as