title: Church of the Nazarene

text: In 2016, the largest Nazarene educational institution was Korea Nazarene University, with 5,208 students, followed by Olivet Nazarene University in Bourbonnais, Illinois (4,670 students), Africa Nazarene University in Nairobi, Kenya (3,872 students), Point Loma Nazarene University in San Diego, California (3,806 students), and Trevecca Nazarene University in Nashville, Tennessee (3,093 students).


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: On October 16, 2009, the Global Consortium of Nazarene Graduate Seminaries and Schools of Theology (GCNGSST) was inaugurated in Manchester, England. It comprised the following eight institutions: Africa Nazarene University (Ongata Rongai, Kenya); Asia-Pacific Nazarene Theological Seminary (Taytay, Rizal, Philippines); Brazil Nazarene College (Faculdade Nazarena do Brasil) (Campinas, Brazil); Korea Nazarene University (Cheonan, South Korea); Nazarene Theological College, (Brisbane, Australia); Nazarene Theological College, (Manchester, England); Nazarene Theological Seminary (Kansas City, Missouri); and Seminario Nazareno de las Americas (SENDAS) (San José, Costa Rica). Nazarene educational institutions are overseen by the Nazarene International Board of Education (IBOE). Funded through a grant from the Henry Luce Foundation, the consortium connects Nazarene seminaries by optimizing the global resources available for theological education. While much of the work of the consortium is done throughout the year via video conferencing, subsequent meetings of the presidents and academic deans of the member institutions were held on the campuses of Korean Nazarene University in October 2010, and Nazarene Theological Seminary in August 2012.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: There are several key ministries that focus on different aspect of the larger mission statement. The biggest of these are Nazarene Youth International (NYI), Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries, Nazarene Missions International (NMI), and Nazarene Publishing House (NPH).


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Nazarene Youth International is a youth organisation that has partnered with the Church of the Nazarene since its inception as the Nazarene Young Peoples Society (NYPS) in 1923. In 1976 it adopted its current name, and focused on young people aged 12 to 23 (later 12 to 29). In September 2014 NYI membership globally was 422,012 young people aged 14–25 (a decrease of 8,871 from 2013, but an increase of 85,062 or 25.24% since 2004) in 16,597 local organizations.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The NYI-sponsored Third Wave emerging leadership conference was held from January 3–8, 2012 in Bangkok, Thailand, with approximately 250 participants from 55 countries attending.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: At the end of 2010, Sunday School and Discipleship Ministries International (SDMI) reported an average global Sunday School weekly attendance of 703,344, and the Global Discipleship Group attendance was 191,912, for a total of 895,256 (an increase of 52,132 from 2009). The Total Global Responsibility List was 1,690,255 in 2009.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: In 2016, the Global Discipleship attendance was 1,245,818; a decadal growth rate of 55%. The total global responsibility lists was 1,845,786.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The Church of the Nazarene has been committed to obeying the Great Commission since its inception. According to the 2013–2017 "Manual", "Historically, Nazarene global ministry has centered around evangelism, compassionate ministry, and education." In 2014 the denomination had a total of 702 salaried (funded by the World Evangelism Fund for the Church of the Nazarene) in 40 world areas, of whom, forty percent of General Board missionaries were non-U.S. missionaries. Additionally, there were contracted volunteers serving as missionaries in 40 world areas. In 2013, 687 missionaries and 231 missionary kids were deployed from 27 world areas (including 313 Mission Corps volunteers). In 2014 Nazarene missionaries originated from 35 different world areas. 10,824 volunteers participated in mission in 2013. In addition to Mission Corps, there were 292 individual volunteers, and 10,219 Work & Witness team members. In 2010, 92 Youth in Mission participants served in 14 world areas, including 52 participants from outside the US/Canada Regions.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Nazarene Missions International (NMI) was founded in 1915 at the fourth General Assembly, as the Nazarene Foreign Missionary Society, with Susan Norris Fitkin, wife of financier Abram Fitkin, elected the first president. Fitkin remained in office until June 1948. NMI is "the church-relations heart of World Mission within each local church", and "the local-church-based global mobilization and promotional arm of the Church of the Nazarene". has 916,470 members. The purpose of NMI is to mobilize churches in mission through praying, discipling, giving, and educating.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: From a peak of $54 million given for the World Evangelism Fund (WEF) in 2002, as a consequence of the Late-2000s financial crisis, the total amount raised for the World Evangelism Fund in 2012 was approximately US$38.3 million (a decrease of $0.5 million from the previous year). However, Mission Specials receipted were an additional US$26.1 million, a decrease of US$5.3 million from the previous year. This combined giving totaled US$64.4 million, a decrease of $5.8 million. Despite its membership being less than 33% of the denominational total, the USA regions contributed 94% of WEF funding, and 90% of Approved Specials. During 2012, 27.7% of Nazarene congregations gave the recommended 5.5% of total income to the WEF, an additional 37.5% of congregations made some contribution to the WEF, while 35% of congregations made no contribution.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The Church of the Nazarene is an active participant in the Jesus Film Project, organizing teams to show the "Jesus film". In 2014 Global Mission (GM) and JESUS Film Harvest Partners (JFHP) has 619 JESUS Film teams working with missionaries and local leaders, spreading the gospel in 290 languages and in 135 world areas. The cumulative total from 1998 to June 2014 is 67,280,854 evangelistic contacts with a reported 12,640,017 decisions made for Christ (18.8 percent of contacts) and 5,261,310 (41.6 percent of decisions) initial discipleship follow-ups. Since 1998, 43,481 new preaching points were started. The most current information is available on the jfhp.org website.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Since its inception in 1974, Work and Witness, an endeavor that sends teams of volunteers into cross-cultural situations primarily to construct buildings on the mission field, has 196,060 participants who have given 13,246,196 labor hours, which equals 6,564 years of labor. In 2010, there were 537 Work & Witness teams with a total of 8,955 participants. In 2008 teams served in 72 world areas.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The Church of the Nazarene has 245 full-time compassionate ministries centers and volunteer efforts around the world. Nazarenes have been instrumental in assisting people in every part of the globe who have been affected by war, famine, hurricane, flood, and other natural and human-made disasters. In 2008, Nazarene Compassionate Ministries' Child Development program had 123 Child Development Centers globally that provided more than 11,140 sponsorships in 77 countries, and met the needs of more than 50,000 children through nutritional programs. The church operates 64 medical clinics and hospitals worldwide. In 2010, 11,874 children were fed each week through Nazarene Compassionate Ministries.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Nazarene Publishing House (NPH), the publishing arm of the Church of the Nazarene, is the largest publisher of Wesleyan-Holiness literature in the world. NPH prints more than 25 million pieces of literature each year. NPH processes more than 250,000 orders each year from more than 11,000 churches.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The Third General Assembly of the Church of the Nazarene held in Nashville, Tennessee, in 1911 recommended that the infant denomination's three publishing companies (then located in Rhode Island, Texas, and Los Angeles, California) each founded by a different Nazarene parent body, consolidate into "one central publishing company" and merge their three papers into one strong paper. The newly created Pentecostal Nazarene Publishing House was sited at 2923 Troost Avenue, Kansas City, Missouri, in 1912, with Clarence J. Kinne, a Nazarene ordained minister, as its first manager. The "Herald of Holiness", the new weekly paper, edited by B. F. Haynes, appeared for the first time on Wednesday, April 17, 1912. "The Other Sheep" (later "World Mission") magazine began publication in 1913 under founding editor Charles Allen McConnell, who was NPH manager from 1916 to 1918. Both magazines were published until 1999, when they were discontinued in favor of "Holiness Today", a new publication. In the meantime, Spanish, Portuguese, and French editions of "Herald of Holiness" appeared over the years.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: NPH is a separate corporate entity from General Church of the Nazarene, although it is accountable to the church. NPH has a board of directors and is also accountable to one of the six General Superintendents of the Church of the Nazarene who has oversight of NPH. NPH publishes a variety of books, music and materials. The primary label under which books are published is Beacon Hill Press. Sunday school curriculum is published under the label Word Action. Youth ministry resources are published under the label Barefoot Ministries. Spanish materials are produced by Casa Nazarena de Publicaciones.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Music and drama resources are published under the label Lillenas Publishing, which was founded in Indianapolis, Indiana, in 1925 by Nazarene minister and composer Haldor Lillenas (born November 19, 1885, at Stord Island, Norway; died August 18, 1959, at Aspen, Colorado), and subsequently purchased by NPH in 1930.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: The following are notable people who have past or current affiliation or membership in the Church of the Nazarene.


title: Church of the Nazarene

text: Notable Nazarene historians include Timothy L. Smith, Stan Ingersol, Floyd T. Cunningham, Paul M. Bassett, Paul Wesley Ragland Jr (of Virginia), and Randall J. Stephens. Biblical scholars of note include Olive Winchester, Ralph Earle), and William Greathouse.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Fiat Panda is a city car manufactured and marketed by Fiat since 1980, currently in its third generation.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The first generation Panda (series 1: 1980–1986 & series 2: 1986–2003), introduced in 1980, was a two-box, three-door hatchback designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani of Italdesign and was manufactured through model year 2003 — receiving an all-wheel drive variant in 1983. SEAT of Spain marketed a variation of the first generation Panda under license to Fiat, initially as the "Panda" and subsequently as the Marbella (1986–1998).


title: Fiat Panda

text: The second generation, launched in 2003 as a 5-door hatchback, was designed by Giuliano Biasio of Bertone, and won the European Car of the Year in 2004.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The third generation Panda debuted at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011, was designed at Fiat Centro Stilo under the direction of Roberto Giolito and remains in production in Italy at Pomigliano d'Arco.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 40 years Panda production has reached over 7.8 million, of those, approximately 4.5 million were the first generation. Inearly 2020, its 23-year production was counted as the twenty-ninth most long-lived single generation car in history by Autocar magazine.


title: Fiat Panda

text: During its initial design phase, Italdesign referred to the car as "il Zero". Fiat later proposed the name "Rustica." Ultimately, the "Panda" was named after Empanda, the Roman goddess and patroness of travelers.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Introduced at the March 1980 Geneva Motor Show, the Panda was internally designated as Type 141 and was designed by Giorgetto Giugiaro and Aldo Mantovani of the newly formed Italdesign. From its inception, the Panda was designed as an inexpensive, easily maintained, utilitarian, and robustly simple car. Introduced to the press in December 1979; the first generation went on sale in Italy in late February, ahead of its Geneva première. Fiat launched right-hand drive models for the UK market in May 1981.


title: Fiat Panda

text: As the first time Fiat had entrusted the development of a large-scale model to a firm outside the company, Giugiaro and Mantovani spent 15 days in the summer of 1976 in Porto Cervo, Sardinia designing the Panda — using the working name "Zero". Giugiaro developed the packaging and styling; Mantovani conceived the car's technical approach.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Fiat CEO Carlo De Benedetti's design brief specified a straightforward 'container' with a spacious and spartan interior, weighing and costing no more than the Fiat 126 it was replacing — and having a similar design approach as the Citroen 2CV or Renault 4. Notably, in the late 1950s, the head of Renault, Pierre Dreyfus, had called for the Renault R4 to have an egalitarian approach, like blue jeans, "which people can wear in any situation if you do away with the pretension of snobbism and social conformity."


title: Fiat Panda

text: During the design gestation, Giugiaro took particular inspiration from a folding lounge chair in conceiving the seats of the Zero; simple, easy to maintain, modular, inexpensive to manufacture. To ensure its practicality, he conceived that the Panda's cargo area should accommodate no less than two 50-liter wine demijohns, along with a full complement of passengers. From its inception, the project would use monocoque construction with a nearly flat floor and a sufficiently high roof to accommodate upright seating.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Giugiaro and Mantovani completed the design for its 7 August deadline, discovering only then that Benedetti had left Fiat.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Despite Benedetti's departure, Italdesign presented Fiat with two full-scale models, four alternative side designs, an interior buck or mockup and a comprehensive study of the Panda's competition — as well as a series of tempera renderings by Giugiaro. Under the prototyping designation "Progetto 141," Fiat subsequently commissioned Italdesign to create production studies, a master model, provisional tooling and pre-production prototypes. Within a year, Italdesign had made 20 rolling chassis.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In February 1978, Fiat test-marketed prototypes to potential customers and dealers — at an unpublicized event in Milan's Novegro Park. On response cards distributed by FIAT's sales department, participants gauged the design's exterior and interior appearance and finish, spaciousness, instruments and controls, engine size, price, and its provisional name: "Rustica".


title: Fiat Panda

text: In January 1979, production was delayed by protracted union negotiations, specifically over Fiat's plans to move production from plants in Cassino, Sulmona and Termini Imerese to Turin and Desio. An agreement was reached between December 1979 and January 1980, with production scheduled for the Termini Imerese Autobianchi di Desio plants.


title: Fiat Panda

text: On 26 February 1980 Fiat presented production models to President Sandro Pertini, in the gardens of Rome's Quirinal Palace, and the car officially debuted in Geneva on 5 March — carrying the name "Panda", after Empanda, the Roman goddess and patroness of travelers. At the time of its introduction, the World Wildlife Fund had resisted Fiat's using the "Panda" name, but acquiesced when Fiat made a substantial financial contribution. As local custom allowed the writing of a check on any surface, Fiat delivered the contribution, written on the hood of an actual Panda.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Following the brief of creating a straightforward, practical design in the vein of the Citroen 2CV and the Renault 4, Italdesign's work highlighted utilitarian practicality throughout the design. Just prior to the Panda's debut at the 1980 Geneva Salon de l'Auto, Giugiaro described his design intent in a 1980 interview with Turinese newspaper "La Stampa", published in February 1980:


title: Fiat Panda

text: One of the more noted design features was a highly flexible interior including a seven-position adjustable rear seat that could, via a series of adjustable lateral tubes, fold flat into a provisional bed, fold into a V shape to support awkward loads, or easily and quickly be removed altogether to increase the overall load space. Foregoing sprung upholstery, simple padded fabric seat covers, and fabric door trim could be removed and washed. Likewise, the dashboard used a padded, washable fabric supported by a simple tube, creating a long, flexible storage pocket — accompanied by rigid plastic door storage pockets. A simple ashtray could slide along the support tube or be detached completely.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Cargo volume could accommodate 280 liters within the trunk area or could expand to 1000 liters with the rear seat removed — in either case unencumbered by the spare wheel, which was stored in the engine compartment. Exposed painted sheet metal comprised much of the interior's exposed surfaces. The interior rear-view mirror had no day/night adjustment, and fresh air ventilation was oriented solely for demisting the windshield. The instrument cluster did contain an upper heating vent. Without fresh air venting to the interior via dash outlets, side windows featured vent windows and optional pop-out rear windows.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Luigi Maglione, Fiat's marketing strategist, was perplexed when first seeing the interior design, suggesting the interior mock-up was missing. Fiat's new CEO, Nicola Tufarelli clarified that the rustic interiors were in fact the final design, ready for launch.


title: Fiat Panda

text: With an overall aerodynamic coefficient lower than the Fiat 127's, in spite the blocky shape, the first Pandas featured a recess in the adjacent bodywork rather than door handles. It has completely flat glass in all windows — weighing less and making them inexpensive to manufacture, as well as easy to replace and interchangeable left to right. Fiat, in fact, had difficulty finding a manufacturer for the highly simplified glass. The engine bay was designed to accept either a transverse or longitudinal engine configuration: in practice, the simple sheet metal, body-colored, asymmetrical grille (derived during the design process by folding a piece of paper) was positioned either with its intake on the left for the air-cooled Panda 30 and on the right for the water-cooled Panda 45.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The bodyside panels were continuously welded to the roof panel and covered with a full-length black molding — eliminating an expensive sheet metal fold, self-forming a rain gutter, and improving aerodynamics. Owing to the car's flat sides, the lower section of the doors were corrugated to give them additional strength and to resist "drumming". Much like earlier French counterparts, the Panda could be specified with a two-piece roll forward canvas roof. A scratch-resistant paint on the lowest portion of the side panels complemented resin, dent-resistant bumpers.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 2019, an example of the Panda 30 belonging to the FCA Heritage collection was exhibited at the Triennale di Milano.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Mechanically the first Pandas shared engines and transmissions with the Fiat 127 and, in certain territories, the air-cooled 652 cc two-cylinder powerplant of the Fiat 126. Rear suspension used a solid axle suspended on leaf springs. Later versions added mechanical improvements while retaining a robust simplicity throughout its model life.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Launch models included the Panda 30, powered by a longitudinally-mounted air cooled 652 cc straight-two-cylinder engine derived from the 126, and the Panda 45, with a transversely-mounted water cooled 903 cc (FIAT 100 series) four-cylinder from the 127. As a consequence of the different drivetrain layout the 45 had the radiator grille to the right side, the 30 to the left. In September 1982 Fiat added another engine to the line-up: the Panda 34 used an 843 cc water-cooled unit, derived from that in the 850. It was originally reserved for export to France, Belgium, Germany, and the Netherlands.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Fiat launched the Panda 45 Super at the Paris Motor Show later in 1982, with previous specification models continuing as the "Comfort" trim. The Super offered an optional five-speed gearbox. Minor styling changes to the Super included Fiat's revised corporate grille with five diagonal silver bars. The earlier grille design (metal with slots on the left for ventilation) continued on the Comfort models until the next major revision of the line-up. A 30 Super was added in February 1983, offering the Super trim combined with the smaller engine.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda 4x4 was launched in June 1983, powered by a 965 cc engine with derived from the Autobianchi A112 or Fiat 100 series engine. Known simply as the Panda 4x4, this model was the first small, transverse-engined production car to have a 4WD system. The system itself was manually selectable, with an ultra-low first gear. Under normal (on-road) conditions starting was from second, with the fifth gear having the same ratio as fourth in the normal Panda. Austrian company Steyr-Puch supplied the entire drivetrain (clutch, gearbox, power take-off, three-piece prop shaft, rear live axle including differential and brakes) to the plant at Termini Imerese where it was fitted to the reinforced bodyshell.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In November 1984 trim levels were named "L", "CL", and "S". Specifications and detailing were modified across the range, using the Fiat corporate grille on all trims. Mechanically the range remained largely unchanged.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In January 1986, the Panda received visual and mechanical revisions — with many Mk1 & Mk2 Panda parts incompatible. The Mk2 version was internally designated 141A.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The 652 cc air-cooled two-cylinder engine was replaced by a 769 cc (34 PS) water-cooled four-cylinder unit, and the 903/965cc by a 999 cc (45 PS, 50 PS (37 kW) in the 4x4) unit. Both new engines were from Fiat's new FIRE family of four-cylinder water-cooled powerplants with a single overhead camshaft. The rear suspension was also upgraded, the rigid axle with leaf springs being replaced by a more modern dependent suspension system known as the "Omega axle", consisting of a non-straight rigid axle with a central mounting and coil springs (first seen on the Lancia Y10, which used the same platform). The 4x4 retained the leaf-sprung live axle set-up.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The body was strengthened and fully-galvanised on later models, rear quarter panels received wheel arches mirroring the front fender/wing wheel arches. Front door quarter windows were eliminated. The range included 750L, 750CL, 750S, 1000CL, 1000S, 4x4 models.


title: Fiat Panda

text: April 1986 saw the introduction of a 1301 cc diesel engine with . This was a detuned version of the Brazilian engine also used in the 127/Uno. Fitted as standard with a five-speed gearbox it was only available in the basic "L" trim and was available until 1989 (until 1994 in the van versions).


title: Fiat Panda

text: A van variant of the Panda was introduced, with both petrol and diesel engines. The van eliminated rear seats and featured rear windows replaced with plastic blanking panels and a small, black, steel extension with side hinged doors —in lieu of a hatch tailgate. Neither the van nor the diesel was available in right-hand-drive markets.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 1987, an entry-level model badged "Panda Young" was added to the range. This was essentially an L spec car with a 769 cc OHV engine based on the old 903 cc push-rod FIAT 100 engine and producing the same 34 bhp (25 kW) as the more sophisticated 769 cc FIRE unit. The Panda 4x4 Sisley limited edition was also released, based on the standard 4x4, with metallic paint, inclinometer, white painted wheels, roof rack, headlamp washers, bonnet scoop, "Sisley" badging and trim. Although originally limited to the production of only 500, in 1989 the Sisley model became a permanent model.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The two-seat Panda Elettra, introduced in 1990, added an all-electric power-train to the line. Batteries replaced the rear seats and occupied some of the engine bay where the DC motor was also fitted, driving through the normal clutch and gearbox — with weight increased to ( over than the standard model, necessitating stiffer suspension and uprated brakes. 1992 revisions to the Elettra saw the power increased to and the weight reduced, though the Elettra remained significantly heavier than the standard Panda.


title: Fiat Panda

text: This, and the steep price (25.600.000 lire in Italy, three times the price of the Panda 750 Young) made it a commercial failure. The Elettra was discontinued in 1998.


title: Fiat Panda

text: 1991, revisions included a front grille with a smaller five-bar corporate badge, as well as revisions to trim and specifications across the range. New arrivals included the 'Selecta', which had a continuously variable transmission with an electromagnetic clutch. This transmission was available either with the normal 999 cc FIRE engine (revised with single-point fuel injection and a catalytic converter) or an all-new 1108 cc FIRE unit, fitted with electronic fuel injection and a three-way catalytic converter and producing .


title: Fiat Panda

text: The new CLX trim also featured a five-speed gearbox as standard. The range now comprised the 750 Young (769 cc ohv), 750 and 750 CLX (both 769 cc FIRE sohc), 900 Dance (903 cc ohv), 1000 Shopping, CLX, CL Selecta and S (all with 999 cc sohc, available with or without SPI and catalytic converter depending on the market), 1100 CL Selecta (1108 cc sohc with SPI and cat) and the 4x4 Trekking (999 cc, again available with and without a cat depending on the market). The Elettra concluded the range.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 1992, the 1108 cc engine, complete with SPI and catalytic converter, replaced the 999 cc unit in the 4x4 (with 50 bhp) and also in 1992 an 899 cc (with injection and catalyst) became available, in the 'Cafe' special edition. This was a reduced capacity 903 cc unit, designed to meet tax requirements in some markets. Non-catalyzed versions were withdrawn about this time.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In January 2001, the range underwent its final light adjustment. The 4x4 Trekking continued to be available, while front-wheel-drive versions were down to the Young and the Hobby. The 899 cc was discontinued and only the Euro 3 capable, fuel-injected 1108 cc FIRE unit remained available. These Pandas featured a body-coloured flap for the gas tank, rather than the exposed black plastic cap of earlier models.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda was discontinued in the UK in 1995. The car remained in production in Italy until the final car was produced on 5 September 2003. Its total production run of 23 years makes the Fiat Panda one of Europe's longest-lived small cars.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Spanish car maker SEAT also produced a version of the Panda between 1980 and 1986, based on the first Panda model. It was called SEAT Panda. SEAT also made a tiny, tall delivery version of the Panda called the SEAT Trans.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Up to 1983, SEAT made rebadged versions of Fiat cars through a licence agreement between the two firms. Thus, there existed a Spanish version of the Panda. When Pope John Paul II visited Spain in 1982, he rode in a specially built SEAT Panda.


title: Fiat Panda

text: After Fiat sold their share in SEAT and the licence agreement ended, the whole Fiat-based line of SEAT cars was quickly given minor facelifts. The SEAT Panda had its bonnet, bumpers, and rear tailgate redesigned. From 1986, when it received a second facelift, it was known as the SEAT Marbella until the end of production in 1998. Emelba also produced a roofless version called the Pandita, which was popular as a rental car in resort areas. The SEAT Trans also received a major facelift and was renamed, SEAT Terra.


title: Fiat Panda

text: As Fiat and SEAT's licensing agreement had expired in 1986 the Marbella never received the major mechanical upgrades of the facelifted Fiat Panda, instead continuing with the old pushrod Fiat-based engines, quarter light doors, un-galvanised frame, and leaf-sprung suspension as for the original model. It was popular in Spain throughout its production life but was less popular on export markets (where the Fiat version was the firm favourite) and by 1996, exports had mostly finished.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The first generation Panda met with great success across Europe, polling 2nd in the 1981 European Car of the Year awards in its first full year of production (pipped to first place by the Ford Escort Mark III) and remaining on sale in some regions until May 2003.


title: Fiat Panda

text: A less positive reaction to the design came from German magazine Der Spiegel, which in 1980 contrasted Giugiaro defining the Panda as "the most enchanting work of his life", and chief designer Felice Cornacchia describing himself as "proud overall of the car's architecture" to Peter Glodschey, road tester of mass-market Bild newspaper, who likened the car to "a shoe box". In several key markets the Panda's styling would continue to attract mixed reactions as the Uno followed in 1983 and the aggressively boxy look became the house style for Fiats throughout the 1980s.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The second generation Panda, codenamed "Model 169", debuted in 2003, with almost no direct engineering linkage to the first generation. Until July 31st 2003, the vehicle name was meant to be "Fiat Gingo". After a request from Renault because Gingo sounded too similar to the name of its own small car, the Twingo, Fiat eventually changed the name of its city car. In 2004, the second generation Panda was awarded the Compasso d'Oro industrial design award.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The second generation (Mk3) replaced the old Panda after 23 years of production. Like the smaller Fiat Seicento, the Panda was manufactured only in Tychy, Poland, by Fiat Auto Poland.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The high-bodied Panda takes styling cues from mini MPVs and mini SUVs, especially the second generation Fiat Multipla. The Panda won the European Car of the Year award in 2004.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda includes an option for split rear seats, which makes the Panda a four-seater. Since September 2005, all Pandas are equipped with ABS, EBD and at least one front airbag. The gear-lever is located high on the central dashboard, which is designed to make changing gears more comfortable than with a conventional floor-mounted gearstick.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Financially troubled Fiat needed the new Panda to be a success, and it sold half a million units by October 2005. It sells particularly well in Italy (over half of the cars produced are sold in Italy), being seen as closer to a spiritual successor to the Fiat 500 than a replacement for either the Seicento or the old Panda.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Top Gear Motoring Survey in 2006 ranked the Panda 8th out of 152 cars surveyed for reliability, craftsmanship, ownership costs, driving experience and service received. (One of the show's hosts, James May, went on to purchase one).


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda is produced for police departments (the Polish police have bought some blue and white Panda Actual models), military agencies (the Italian Army uses several dark green Panda Climbing models), forest services (the Italian forest service has dark green Panda Climbing models), and mail delivery services (the yellow Swiss Post model even comes in a popular toy car format readily available in grocery stores).


title: Fiat Panda

text: In September 2005 several changes were made to the Panda, including standard fitment of ABS and a front passenger's airbag.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda range received minor updates in March 2007, including a new, darker dashboard. The Active model also received new darker seat fabrics of better quality and the addition of a CD player as standard. The new dark red Fiat badge replaced the blue roundel on the Panda in Summer 2007.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda range was mildly rearranged again in 2009, with the addition of Active Eco and Dynamic Eco models. These models feature revised 1.1 and 1.2 petrol engines respectively, with better fuel economy and CO emissions. Both models also qualify for £30 annual road fund licence in the UK, and replace the original standard engines. Dynamic Aircon and SkyDome models were also dropped in favour of simplifying the Panda range.


title: Fiat Panda

text: On 4 July 2011, Fiat announced that the 2,000,000th Panda had rolled off of their Tychy, Poland assembly line. The milestone car was a Panda Cross finished in Rosso Sfrontato and equipped with the 75 hp 1.3 L Multijet four-cylinder diesel. Fiat did not say which country it was headed to.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda Classic was a second series Fiat Panda renamed and with a reduced list price to distinguish it from the new generation introduced in late 2011. The engine range comprised the 1.2 Fire petrol, 1.2 Fire EasyPower (petrol and LPG), 1.4 Fire Natural Power (petrol and CNG) and 1.3 Multijet diesel. The 4x4 was offered with 1.2 petrol and 1.3 Multijet diesel. The Panda Cross was no longer manufactured. The Panda Classic was produced through 2012.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda 100 hp offers 0–100 km/h acceleration in 9.5 s and a maximum speed of , with fuel consumption at in the EU combined cycle and 154 g/km of CO emissions. It was available in black, white, red, metallic blue, and metallic gray while a "Pandamonium Pack" which added red disc brakes, decals and colour-coded wing mirrors was an optional extra.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda 100 hp was introduced in 2006, but due to tightening emissions regulations, Fiat halted its production in July 2010.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Actual and Active are also bases for the Actual Van and Active Van, which can be used as small vans (they also have an additional safety net behind the front seats and removable rear seats). These versions can be identified by small "Van" label on the back door.


title: Fiat Panda

text: During the time, many limited editions of Panda (Active and Dynamic editions only) were produced. Each of them had additional interior fittings, differentiating them from the base model.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Based on the 1.2 L Dynamic, the 360 Special Series is distinguished by a black and white crosshair style logo on the B pillar. Other upgraded features include; 14 inch alloy wheels, metallic paint, special interior trim (including the Fiat brand on the front seats), built in bluetooth phone system, CD player, air conditioning and a split folding rear seat. Other more standard features include; electric windows, central locking system and dual speed power steering. The total of all these extras comes somewhere in the region of £1,600 but surprisingly the upgraded 360 model actually retails at roughly £400 less than the Dynamic model. On the safety side of things, it comes with anti lock brakes and brake assist as well as two airbags as standard (driver and passenger) with the option of adding an extra four airbags taking the total up to six.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Italian design house Alessi created a special edition featuring a two-tone paint scheme and unique trim inside and out. Fiat gave away some of Alessi's products (coffee machine and tin-can openers) for the special model's debut at the Ideal Home Show in the UK. The rims feature the "Girotondo" family accents.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Fiat Panda Jolly was created by Fiat Styling Center and Stola and inspired by boat design. It served as a special shuttle bus in Capri during the summer of 2006. The interior features innovative materials and exclusive trims. The concept mainly came from the 600 Multipla Jolly, a car created by Carrozzeria Ghia in 1956, which could be found on the streets of Capri 50 years ago. Defined by Fiat as "a car with a fresh, light and Mediterranean look both in the colors and materials", the Panda Jolly is inspired by the interior design and yacht design worlds, and features styling elements that remind of the spirit and way of life of the 1960s.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The interiors are created by Paola Lenti, an Italian leading company in the Interior Design sector, specialized in the research and development of innovative fabrics and materials. All the seats are upholstered in the exclusive sailing-inspired Rope fabric. This material is nonallergic, nontoxic, antibacterial and resistant to UV rays. Many structural elements like the floor, sills and various trims are made with pickled natural ash finish with white ash inlays.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Panda Terramare's creator is Milan born Maurizio Zanisi, an independent former Iso Rivolta engineer, and his self-built amphibian is based on a Panda 4x4 chassis, but with an inflatable flotation belt, and waterjet propulsion driven off the rear axle.


title: Fiat Panda

text: On 21 July 2006, the Terramare crossed the English Channel from Folkestone in Kent to Cap Gris Nez in just over 6 hours.


title: Fiat Panda

text: At the 'Luxury & Yachts' show in February 2006, Fiat exhibited a one-off car based on the 4x4 called the 'Luxury'. The outside of the car features dipped silver paintwork, precious metal trim and gleaming jewel-like mouldings with back-lit inset crystals. The interior features dipped silver appointments, precious metal details, Jewel Alcantara upholstery and leather with mother of pearl finish. The Fiat logo is also worked on the seats with stylish studs and crystals.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda Hydrogen, a prototype driven by a hydrogen Fuel Cell, was a joint venture between Fiat Auto, the Fiat Research Centre and Fiat Powertrain Research & Technology with the support of the Research and Environment Ministries.


title: Fiat Panda

text: On the Panda Hydrogen, the Fuel Cell System is housed beneath the floorpan. The fuel cells are made up of several cells connected in series. Inside, the hydrogen and oxygen molecules are forced to react with the aid of a catalyst to produce water and heat. Electrical energy is generated with very high efficiency and zero emissions from the vehicle itself.


title: Fiat Panda

text: At full power, the Fuel Cell engine on the Panda Hydrogen delivers that allows the car to reach a top speed of more than , with acceleration from 0 to in 5 seconds. The car can also easily climb a gradient of 23% at take-off.


title: Fiat Panda

text: During 2006 a demonstration stage of small Panda Hydrogen fleets, was a forerunner to other demonstration programs promoted and supported by the European Union and by the Italian Ministries and Regions. The aim is for such vehicles to be marketed within 15 to 20 years.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Unveiled at the Bologna Motor Show in Italy, the Panda Tanker features only three doors. And although the overall shape has remained unchanged, the two rear doors have been replaced by solid panels to free up some extra load space in the practical cabin.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Rugged extras and underbody protection also help to set the Tanker apart from the standard Panda 4x4 model. Designed in conjunction with Italian extreme sport clothing manufacturer Dainese, the show star is equipped with sports seats incorporating a rigid titanium fibre shell.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Reflecting the matt paint finish of the exterior, the cabin has a back-to-basics feel. With no rear seats, the load floor offers flexible attachments for fixing sports kit, while an aluminium structure is designed to carry mountain bikes.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda MultiEco show-car made its world debut in Geneva 2006. Fiat sees this unit as the future of cars with a low environmental impact: the concept car represents the most advanced frontier achievable in terms of emissions and consumption, combining technologies that already exist or are ready for production.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The show-car combines an innovative 'powertrain' architecture – an engine with dual petrol/methane fuel supply, MTA transmission and BAS device – with the use of eco-compatible materials (recycled, recyclable or of natural origin) for the exterior and interior. The result is made even more interesting by the painstaking optimisation of the aerodynamics and a significant weight reduction.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Panda MultiEco is equipped with a dual-fuel (methane and petrol) FIRE engine – future developments will also make it possible to use a methane/hydrogen mix – combined with a BAS (Belt-driven Alternator-Starter) device and a Dualogic robotised gearbox.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Two factory-built Fiat Panda 4x4s were prepared to contest the gruelling Dakar 2007 rally raid, which started in Lisbon.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Entered in the T2 category, the class which most closely represents production vehicles, the two Panda 4x4s, driven by Miki Biasion and former Dakar winner, Bruno Saby, respectively, are powered by Fiat Auto's 1.3-litre Multijet turbodiesel combined with a six-speed manual gearbox. The engines deliver at 4,500 rpm and a peak torque of . at 2,500 rpm. Apart from their small dimensions, the two cars are particularly noteworthy for their automatic all-wheel drive system with viscous coupling and locking differential, a system that provides more grip and traction on rough and soft terrain thanks to the optimal split of drive to the wheels.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The two Pandas competing in Dakar 2007 have been equipped specifically for this rally: so room has been found inside for accessories like aluminium platforms to help extricate the vehicles from soft sand, shovels, spare wheels, water reserves for the crew, and other specialised equipment useful for the occasion. The Fiat expedition to Dakar included a Fiat Sedici as service back-up, and three Iveco trucks to transport spares and technicians.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Simba was unveiled at the Bologna Motor Show in 2002 as a concept car to give an idea how the following year's production Panda would look. Some of the rugged styling cues made it on the production Cross model.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Fiat presented Aria concept in Frankfurt Motor Show 2007. The Aria is equipped with new environment-friendly technology and outputs only 69 g/km CO. With 900 cc turbocharged straight-2 engine it produces , it is also capable of using both petrol and CNG.


title: Fiat Panda

text: This new engine is equipped with Fiat's Multiair technology, which uses electrohydraulic valve activation system. In monofuel (petrol) version the engine is capable of producing . The car is also equipped with Stop&Start function, which helps to reduce consumption by 10% in urban driving.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The smallest engine, the 1.1 L petrol SOHC FIRE engine, rated at is also found in the Fiat Seicento. This engine was originally developed and launched in the mid-1980s.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The 1.3-litre Multijet diesel engine is rated at and of torque; it is the most economical of all available engines. However, this engine is detuned from the Punto (where it develops of torque) due to the Panda's weaker transmission. Pandas with diesel engines can be easily distinguished by a "Multijet" badge on the right side of the rear licence plate.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Introduced into the range in 2006 was the 1368 cc FIRE engine which had previously seen service in the Fiat Stilo and the second generation Punto Sporting (contrary to some press reports, it is not an adapted version of the 1.4 16v Starjet engine used in the Grande Punto). This FIRE engine has four cylinders in-line with sixteen valves actuated by belt driven double overhead camshafts.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The engine is undersquare with bore and stroke of respectively, running at a compression ratio of 10.8:1.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In December 2006, Fiat considered taking legal action against Chinese automaker Great Wall Motor for the company's Peri, which is a copy of the Panda's design.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In July 2008, Fiat successfully sued Great Wall and had the Peri banned from importation into Europe. In addition, the court order ruled for Great Wall to pay Fiat a 15,000 euro fine for the first Peri imported, and an additional 50,000 euros for every subsequent car that was imported.


title: Fiat Panda

text: However, in October 2009, Great Wall Motor sued Fiat, accusing the latter of espionage. In the lawsuit, Great Wall claims that "Fiat once instigated espionage to prowl into its research center and take photos of Peri small car that was still under developed."


title: Fiat Panda

text: Fiat presented the third generation of the Panda at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2011. The new architecture is based on the Fiat Mini platform. The production began in the renewed Pomigliano d'Arco Plant in the last quarter of 2011.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The older model stayed in production and was sold as Panda Classic, remaining popular thanks to its lower pricing (about 27%). The decision to manufacture the car in Italy, instead of manufacturing it with the cheaper workforce in Tychy, Poland, was taken because of the agreement between Italian Prime Minister Mario Monti and Fiat directors not to close down any of Fiat's plants in Italy.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Natural Power is the CNG/petrol bi-fuel version of the Panda. Unlike the previous generation – which adopted a 70 PS 1.4 "FIRE" inline four – it is powered by the turbocharged, 0.9 liter, two-cylinder "TwinAir" engine. The system is developed in-house and factory installed.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The CNG is stored in two – one 22 L and one 50 L – gas cylinders: the former housed longitudinally in the transmission tunnel, the latter transversally behind the rear axle. Due to the cylinders being both located under the floorpan, the boot's volume is reduced only by 25 liters – 200 L instead of the monofuel's 225. On the other hand, this requires a 40 mm taller ride height and a reworked, transversal silencer – thus the Natural Power uses the lifted chassis of the Trekking / 4x4 versions.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Total bi-fuel capacity is 72 liters – or 12 kilograms – of CNG and 35 L of petrol – two liters less than the monofuel's 37.


title: Fiat Panda

text: At startup the engine runs on petrol, but switches to CNG immediately after; the car switches back to petrol automatically if it runs out of CNG or any time by driver's demand, via a dedicated button on the dashboard.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Due to the new tightening emissions regulations Euro 6d-Temp, after September 2018 the power output of the Natural Power "TwinAir" engine is reduced from 80 to 70 PS, when running on CNG – although remains 85 PS, when running on petrol.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The EasyPower is the LPG/petrol bi-fuel version of the Panda; like the Natural Power it too is factory developed and manufactured.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Launched in late 2012, the Trekking is a two-wheel-drive model offering the looks and features of the Panda 4x4. It is distinguished from the 4x4, by the absence of skid plate inserts on bumpers, no "4x4" inlay in the bodyside molding and alloy wheels painted silver instead of a darker grey.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Available on this model are the 0.9 "TwinAir" turbocharged petrol and 1.3 "Multijet II" turbodiesel engines, with some offroad capabilities thanks to the "Traction +" ESC-based electronically simulated front locking differential and the standard M+S tires, along with the "TwinAir Natural Power" turbocharged petrol/methane engine without the latter capabilities.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The third generation all wheel drive Panda was introduced at the 2012 Paris Motor Show. The engine lineup includes the "TwinAir" turbocharged petrol engine and "Multijet II" turbodiesel. The TwinAir engine is linked to a six-speed transmission with a short ratio first gear and the Diesel is linked to a 5-speed transmission.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The Panda 4x4 receives model specific bumpers with extra cladding, body side moldings, plastic wheelarch extensions and 175/65 M+S tires on 15" dark grey alloy wheels.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The full-time all wheel drive system is composed by two open differentials front and rear and a rear-mounted electronically controlled coupling, which sends torque to the two axles in proportion depending on road conditions.


title: Fiat Panda

text: At the rear is a specially developed torsion beam semi-independent suspension, a change from the previous generation's trailing arms.


title: Fiat Panda

text: An electronically simulated locking differential (termed "ELD", "Electronic Locking Differential") supplements the open-type differentials. The ELD works automatically by braking the wheel(s) where the ESC sensors detect excessive wheel slip, thus making the differentials more torque to the wheels in better traction conditions; this functionality is useful on low-grip surfaces, and is activated by the driver via a console switch.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Launched at the 2014 Geneva Motor Show, it is the range-topping, offroad-styled Panda. Mechanically it is based on the Panda 4x4, offering the same choice of powertrains.


title: Fiat Panda

text: As in the previous generation the Cross is recognizable by its wider 185/65 tyres on specific alloy wheels, new fascias with prominent skid plates and unique broken up head- and taillights arrangement. The new bumpers, together with an increased ground clearance, give the car better approach and departure angles.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 2020, the Fiat Panda Cross and Fiat Panda City Cross changed names on the French market. Both models lost the "Panda" name: the Fiat Panda City Cross became the Fiat City Cross, and the Fiat Panda Cross became the Fiat City Cross 4x4. For other markets, this change did not occur.


title: Fiat Panda

text: In 2020, Fiat updated the Panda with mild-hybrid technology. It's a combination of a 1.0-litre 3-cylinder FireFly petrol engine, a 12-volt BSG (Belt-integrated Starter Generator) electric motor and an 11 Ah lithium-ion battery. Panda mild-hybrid mounts a KERS system.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Austrian market only special edition, announced in 2012. Its Steyr Tractor theme celebrates the several collaborations throughout the years between Fiat and former Steyr-Daimler-Puch, such as the development of the original Panda's four-wheel-drive system.


title: Fiat Panda

text: Built on the basis of the Panda 4x4 1.3 "Multijet II" with richer interior standard equipment, it was available in red or white with contrasting colour side stripes and Steyr logo decals.


title: Fiat Panda

text: This limited, 200 cars edition was premiered at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show, commemorating the 30th anniversary of the Panda 4x4.


title: Fiat Panda

text: It was too based on the Panda 4x4 1.3 "Multijet II", featuring several normally extra cost options like automatic climate control, parking sensors and Blue&Me Bluetooth connectivity as standard. The exterior was characterized by a white with black roof two-tone paint scheme accented by orange wheel centers and side mirror caps.


title: Fiat Panda

text: The third-generation Panda was tested by Euro NCAP towards the end of 2011, and achieved a four-star result. One star was dropped mainly because the Panda's electronic stability control wasn't available on all trim levels, such as the one of the tested car. Fiat clarified on the same day that ESC would be offered on the entire Fiat Panda range in the first months of 2012.It was retested in 2018 to a 0* result as the protocole had evolved but not the car


title: Fiat Panda

text: The system works by readying and if necessary automatically executing an emergency stop whenever an imminent collision is detected by its laser sensor. In 2013 City Brake Control attained the Euro NCAP Advanced reward.


title: Fiat Panda

text: At 5:28pm on Monday 11 February 2013, Philip Young and Paul Brace broke the world record drive, in either direction, from Cape Town in South Africa to London in Great Britain with a Fiat Panda two-cylinder 0.9 TwinAir. The drive started on 1 February and ended 10 days, 13 hours and 28 minutes later, shaving over a day off the previous record, achieved in 2010 by a Land Rover Defender, and a further 4 seconds off the Cape Town to London record, set in 1983.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Smile is the sixth studio album by American singer Katy Perry. It was released on August 28, 2020, by Capitol Records, three years after its predecessor "Witness" (2017). Perry worked with various producers on the album, such as Josh Abraham, Carolina Liar, the Daylights, G Koop, Andrew Goldstein, Oligee, Oscar Görres, Oscar Holter, Ilya, Ian Kirkpatrick, the Monsters & Strangerz, Charlie Puth, Stargate and Zedd. She described "Smile" as her "journey towards the light, with stories of resilience, hope, and love". Primarily a pop record, "Smile" is characterized by themes of self-help and empowerment.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Three singles were released from the album: "Daisies", the lead single, was released on May 15, 2020, and peaked at number 40 on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100; it was followed by "Smile", and "Not the End of the World". "Smile" also contains Perry's 2019 standalone singles "Never Really Over" and "Harleys in Hawaii" in its standard tracklist, while the Japanese and fan editions of the album further include her other preceding singles, "Small Talk" (2019) and "Never Worn White" (2020).


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Upon release, "Smile" received mixed reviews from music critics, who thought the album is one of Perry's solid efforts but criticized its familiar lyrics and production. Commercially, "Smile" reached the top five in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the United Kingdom, the United States, and the top 10 in Austria, Ireland, and Italy.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Katy Perry stated she was struggling with situational depression in 2017, following the underperformance of her fifth studio album "Witness", public criticism of her, and breakup with then-boyfriend and current fiancé Orlando Bloom; she conceived "Smile" during this period. In March 2018, Ian Kirkpatrick announced he had worked with Perry on new music. In an interview with "The Fader", he stated: "We did a couple of days and she is amazing." He further stated that working with Perry was "someone I've wanted to work with my whole life, and she was literally the most normal, no-ego person." In 2019, she released the singles "Never Really Over", "Harleys in Hawaii" and "Small Talk".


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: In March 2020, Perry revealed her pregnancy with Bloom, via the music video for her single "Never Worn White". The pregnancy influenced "Smile" as well. Perry also announced her intentions of releasing "a lot" of new music during the year's summer. In May, she announced "Daisies" as the lead single of her new album. The same month, Amazon Alexa announced the album's release date as August 14, 2020. In a June 2020 interview with "Billboard", Perry discussed a new song, titled "Teary Eyes". She later confirmed the following month that "Never Really Over" would be on the album. The same month, the album's title was confirmed as "Smile", after one of the songs on the album.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry explained that "Smile" is about "finding the light at the end of the tunnel", and taking back your smile, and that the album comes from a place where she fell in after her career and relationship with Orlando Bloom hit a low point back in 2017. She discussed struggles with depression and suicidal thoughts, and stated that gratitude is what saved her life. Perry also defined the album as her "journey towards the light, with stories of resilience, hope, and love". The album's artwork features Perry as "a glum clown with a red nose and a blue and white checkered suit above the title, "Smile"". The fan edition comes with a lenticular cover


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: The singer unveiled the cover artwork of "Smile" via a Twitter game that involved her fans/followers tweeting about the album to "pop virtual balloons in order to uncover" the album cover. On July 27, 2020, she announced that the album release date had been pushed back two weeks due to "unavoidable production delays". In August 2020, she announced a limited edition collection of vinyl picture discs and alternative CD packaging for the album. Five alternative covers/vinyl picture discs were available for pre-order for a period of 5 days. "Smile" was also released as a bone white vinyl, a picture disc, a cassette, and a limited deluxe edition CD with a lenticular cover, titled the "Fan edition."


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Smile" was released on August 28, 2020. A series of animated music videos titled "The Smile Video Series" was released, which featured animated music videos for seven songs from Smile. Each video showcased a different style of animation, with one being released each day between August 26 and September 1, 2020. On November 9, 2020, Perry performed "Never Really Over" and "Not the End of the World" as a part of her setlist for the TMall Double 11 Gala. She performed "Only Love" with Darius Rucker at the American Music Awards of 2020 on November 22, 2020. It marked her first televised performance after giving birth to her first child, Daisy Dove Bloom. A remix of the track "Cry About It Later", featuring Luísa Sonza and Bruno Martini, was released on April 24, 2021, alongside a lyric video. She also included the solo version of song in her setlist at the Lazada Super Party. Many songs from the album were performed at Perry's 2021-2022 Las Vegas Residency, Play.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Throughout 2019 and 2020, Perry released four solo songs, originally marketed as standalone singles. "Never Really Over", released on May 31, 2019, was announced to be on "Smile" by Perry in June 2020. "Harleys in Hawaii" was revealed to be on the standard track list upon the release of the album pre-order. "Small Talk" and "Never Worn White" did not make the standard track list, but ended up as bonus tracks on the "Fan" and Japanese editions of the album.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Daisies" was released on May 15, 2020, as the album's lead single. It debuted at number 40 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Smile," the title track, was released as the second single on July 10, 2020, along with the album pre-order.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry then released "What Makes a Woman" as a promotional single ahead of the album, on August 20, 2020. She released an acoustic version exclusive to her Vevo page on the same day, and revealed that the track is dedicated to her daughter.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Cry About It Later" was released as a promotional single for the record on August 28, 2020. In April 2021, Perry released a remix of this song with Brazilian DJ, Bruno Martini, who remixed the song and featured vocals from Brazilian singer Luísa Sonza.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: On November 17, 2020, a remix of "Resilient" featuring Tiësto and Aitana was released as the album's second promotional single. A music video was released for the remix on the same day, and is a part of the "Open To Better" campaign by Coca-Cola.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Not the End of the World" was released on December 21, 2020, as the third single from the album. A music video for the track was released to YouTube on the same day, which stars Zooey Deschanel.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Smile" received mixed reviews from critics, who deemed it a "relatively solid album", but criticized its familiar sound and "cliched" lyrics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from publications, the "Smile" received a weighted average score of 58, based on 18 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". AnyDecentMusic? gave the album 5.3 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: Lindsay Zolandz of "The New York Times" thought that "Smile" tries to add brightness to the dark, with a lightness that was absent in its predecessor, "Witness" (2017). Mark Kennedy of "Chicago Tribune" deemed the album a course-correction that sets Perry back into pure pop, and labeled most of the album "bit of a bummer" due its apologetic tone. The "i" newspaper's Joe Muggs complimented the restrained production and Perry's maturation as a pop star, but dismissed the lyrical content as "bit too much self-help book redemption". Writing for "The Daily Telegraph", Kate Solomon noted that "Smile" feels very "so earnest that it strays into cringe-worthy territory", but displays the strongest traits of Perry's music: "fizzy bops" and huge hooks.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "USA Today" writer Patrick Ryan opined that "Smile" exudes newfound joy, with some of the most carefree songs of the singer's career. However, he criticized the self-empowerment lyrics as clichéd, adding that Perry gives listeners a déjà vu rather than seeking a new musical direction. Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" described the album's sound as too familiar, unaltered from Perry's older discography. Craig Jenkins of "Vulture" found "Smile" to be lyrically weak, but overall an improvement over "Witness", and named the singles as its best tracks. Alexa Camp from "Slant Magazine" wrote that Perry avoids experimentation by opting to stay "in her lane". Kish Lal of "The Sydney Morning Herald" branded "Smile" as falling flat despite the honesty in subjects dealt. Louise Bruton of "The Irish Times" asserted that the album possesses perfect melodies, but criticized the lyrics as "subpar".


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: In unfavorable reviews, "Pitchfork" writer Dani Blum dubbed "Smile" as cliché-ridden pop with confusing platitudes, that is also inapt for the COVID-19 pandemic. "The A.V. Club"s Alex McLevy opined that Perry is "struggling to be taken seriously", as "Smile" holds back her ability to evolve, instead of the intended showcase of the singer's "real" side. "Stereogum"'s Chris DeVille wrote the record was dull and unadventurous, and did not believe the lyricism was memorable, while Helen Brown of "The Independent" called the album forgettable, and found the singer resorting to basics. Hannah Mylrea of "NME" wrote that the album comprises lackluster imitations and fillers, devoid of the catchy hooks and couplets of Perry's older records. Writing for "Clash", Joe Rivers felt "Smile" lacked substance, and called the production outdated.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Smile" debuted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, marking Perry's fifth top-10 album and her first album since "One of the Boys" (2008) to not reach number one. It opened with 50,000 album equivalent units, of which 35,000 were sales, 14,000 were streaming-equivalent units (translating to 21 million on-demand streams) and 2,000 track-equivalent units. "Smile" fell 49 spots to number 54 in its second week, and placed at number 104 in the third week. It charted its fourth week on the "Billboard" 200 at number 160, following which it exited the chart. As of March 2021, "Smile" has sold 67,000 pure copies and accumulated 402,000 units in the United States.


title: Smile (Katy Perry album)

text: "Smile" opened at number five on the Canadian Albums Chart and UK Albums Chart, earning 8,579 units in the latter. It entered at number nine on the Irish Albums Chart, marking Perry's fifth consecutive top-10 album in Ireland. "Smile" debuted at number two on Australia's ARIA Albums Chart, blocked from number one by Metallica's live album "S&M2" (2020)"." It landed at number four on New Zealand's Top 40 Albums Chart, and number 39 on Japan's Oricon Albums chart. "Smile" debuted and peaked at number 14 in Germany.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Lawrence James Tierney (March 15, 1919 – February 26, 2002) was an American film and television actor who is best known for his many screen portrayals of mobsters and tough guys in a career that spanned over 50 years. His roles mirrored his own frequent brushes with the law. In 2005, film critic David Kehr of "The New York Times" described "the hulking Tierney" as "not so much an actor as a frightening force of nature".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Lawrence James Tierney was born in Brooklyn, New York on March 15, 1919, the son of Mary Alice (née Crowley) (1895–1960) and Lawrence Hugh Tierney (1891–1964). His father was an Irish-American policeman with the New York aqueduct police force. Tierney was a star athlete at Boys' High School, winning awards for track and field and joining Omega Gamma Delta fraternity.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: After graduating from high school, he earned an athletic scholarship to Manhattan College but quit after two years to work temporarily as a laborer constructing a section of the 85-mile-long Delaware Aqueduct, which supplies nearly half of New York City's water supply. He then bounced around the country from job to job, working for a time as a catalogue model for Sears Roebuck & Company.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: After an acting coach suggested he try the stage, Tierney joined the Black Friars theatre group, moving on to the American-Irish Theatre. He was spotted there in 1943 by an RKO talent scout and given a film contract to work in Hollywood, California. In 1943 and 1944, Tierney was cast in several uncredited roles in RKO releases such as "Gildersleeve on Broadway", "Government Girl", "The Ghost Ship" for producer Val Lewton, "The Falcon Out West", "Seven Days Ashore", and "Youth Runs Wild", also for Lewton.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Tierney's breakthrough role was starring as 1930s bank robber John Dillinger in 1945's "Dillinger", made for the King Brothers and Monogram Pictures, which borrowed him from RKO. Advertised as a tale "written in bullets, blood, and blondes", "Dillinger" was initially banned from theaters in Chicago and other cities where the gangster had operated. A low-budget production that cost $60,000 to make, "Dillinger" nevertheless proved popular, with Tierney being characterized as "memorably menacing".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Back at RKO, Tierney resumed his work there in small and supporting roles in "Those Endearing Young Charms" (1945), "Back to Bataan" (1945) (with John Wayne in one scene), "Mama Loves Papa" (1946), and in the Western "Badman's Territory" (1946) in which he portrays Jesse James. However, as ticket sales for "Dillinger" continued to rise and that film's financial success became apparent at RKO, the studio promoted Tierney in 1946 to star status in "Step by Step", another film noir, one that portrays an ex-Marine being falsely accused of murder. He next starred as a reformed prison inmate in the 1946 release "San Quentin".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: The next year he was cast as the lead in two more RKO productions that have since gained cult followings among film noir enthusiasts: "The Devil Thumbs a Ride" directed by Felix E. Feist and the more notorious "Born to Kill" directed by Robert Wise. In Feist's film, Tierney plays a homicidal hitch-hiker, while under Wise's direction he portrays a suave but murderous conman. Film critic Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" condemned "Born to Kill" upon its release in 1947, professing that it was "not only morally disgusting but an offense to a normal intellect." He decried Tierney "as the bold, bad killer whose ambition is to 'fix it so's I can spit in anybody's eye,'" being "given outrageous license to demonstrate the histrionics of nastiness." Despite such negative contemporary reviews of the film, more recent critics and film historians have expressed admiration for Tierney's intense performance and identified the production as a quintessential example of film noir, in particular of RKO's approach to the genre.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Yet, in reflecting on his career, Tierney himself maintained he did not like playing such violent roles:


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Following "Born to Kill", Tierney was periodically cast in more sympathetic roles. In RKO's 1948 release "Bodyguard", based on a story co-written by Robert Altman and George W. George, he plays a man wrongly accused of murder. That year RKO also announced its intentions to star him in "The Clay Pigeon", but Bill Williams was instead assigned the leading role.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: In 1950, Tierney was cast by Eagle-Lion Films to star in "Kill or Be Killed", directed by Max Nosseck, who had also directed "Dillinger". That same year, however, Tierney only received second billing in Joseph Pevney's "Shakedown", although in 1951 he returned to a starring role in another film produced by Eagle Lion and directed by Nosseck: "The Hoodlum". He then returned to RKO to play a supporting role, performing again as Jesse James in "Best of the Badmen" (1951). After co-starring in "The Bushwhackers" (1952), director Cecil B. DeMille cast him as the villain who causes a train wreck in the 1952 Best Picture Oscar-winner "The Greatest Show on Earth". Tierney's supporting work in that film earned him a request by the director of Paramount Pictures to put him under contract, but that proposal was dropped by the studio when the actor was arrested for fighting in a bar.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: For the remainder of the 1950s, Tierney continued to work in supporting roles in "The Man Behind the Badge", "The Steel Cage" (1954), and "Singing in the Dark" (1956). He did share top billing with Kathleen Crowley, John Carradine, and Jayne Mansfield in the low-budget film noir "Female Jungle" (1956), but as offers of further screen work steadily declined, he returned to the stage, playing Duke Mantee in a touring version of "The Petrified Forest" alongside Franchot Tone and Betsy von Furstenberg.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: During the 1950s and 1960s, Tierney also had guest roles in many television series, including "Naked City", "The Detectives", "New York Confidential", "Man with a Camera", "Adventures in Paradise", "Peter Gunn", "The Barbara Stanwyck Show", "Follow the Sun", "Bus Stop", "The Lloyd Bridges Show", and "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Among his film roles were parts in John Cassavetes' "A Child Is Waiting" (1963), "Naked Evil" (1966), "Custer of the West" (1967), and "Killer Without a Face" (1968). After "Child is Waiting" he moved to France. After several years of living in France, Tierney returned to New York City, but his troubles with the law continued. In New York City, he worked as a bartender and construction worker, and drove a horse-drawn carriage in Central Park.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: According to the book "The Films of John Avildsen: Rocky, The Karate Kid and Other Underdogs", Tierney was supposed to play the role of Joe Curran in Avildsen's 1970 hit "Joe". However, he was fired due to an incident two days before principal photography began when he was arrested for assaulting a bartender who refused to serve him any more hard liquor.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: During the 1970s, he occasionally found film work, appearing in a bit part as a security guard in Otto Preminger's "Such Good Friends" (1971), as an FBI agent in Joseph Zito's "Abduction" (1975), in "Andy Warhol's Bad", in 1976 (which he later described as "a terrible experience—unprofessional"), as well as small roles in Cassavetes' "Gloria" (1980) and Zito's "The Prowler" (1981). He was also in "The Kirlian Witness" (1980), "Bloodrage" (1980), and "Arthur" (1981). He was second billed in the independently produced horror film "Midnight" (1982).


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Tierney returned to Hollywood in December 1983, and over the next 16 years, resumed a fairly successful acting career in film and television. He guest-starred on several television shows such as "Remington Steele", "Fame", "Hunter", "Hill Street Blues", "L.A. Law", "", "", and "The Simpsons", where former show runner Josh Weinstein called Tierney's appearance "the craziest guest star experience we ever had".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: In 1984, Tierney appeared as part of a national campaign in an Excedrin TV commercial playing a construction worker. In 1985, he had a small speaking role as the chief of the New York City police in John Huston's "Prizzi's Honor". Between 1985 to 1987, Tierney made several guest appearances on the last two seasons of the police drama "Hill Street Blues", portraying Desk Sergeant Jenkins working the precinct's night shifts. He spoke the last line of dialogue on the series' final episode when he answered the front desk phone, uttering "Hill Street."


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Tierney had a more substantial supporting role as the father of protagonist Ryan O'Neal in Norman Mailer's film adaptation of his own novel "Tough Guys Don't Dance" (1987). He also played a baseball-bat wielding bar owner in the film adaptation of Stephen King's "Silver Bullet". Tierney credited "Tough Guys Don't Dance" in particular with rejuvenating his acting career, and he personally ranked it as some of his best work. In 1988, Tierney played Cyrus Redblock, a tough holodeck gangster in the "Star Trek: The Next Generation" episode "The Big Goodbye". In February 1991, he guest-starred as Elaine Benes's gruff father Alton Benes in the "Seinfeld" episode "The Jacket".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: In 1991, Quentin Tarantino cast him in a supporting role as crime lord Joe Cabot in "Reservoir Dogs". The success of the film bookended Tierney's career in playing gangsters. In an homage to his first starring role, Tierney reports that one of his henchmen was "dead as Dillinger". During production, Tierney's off-screen antics both amused and disturbed the cast and crew. At the end of his first week of directing "Reservoir Dogs", Tarantino got into a fist fight with Tierney and fired him. He later referred to Tierney as "a complete lunatic" who "just needed to be sedated".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Despite his reputation as a brawler and being difficult to work with, Tierney remained in steady demand as a character actor in Hollywood until he suffered a mild stroke in 1995 which made him gradually slow his career. He had suffered a previous stroke in 1982. He turned to doing voice-over work on animated features and made occasional appearances in film and television (most of which feature him only sitting) as his health slowly deteriorated until his death. One of Tierney's later roles was an uncredited cameo appearance as Bruce Willis' invalid father in "Armageddon" (1998) in a short scene which ended up being deleted from the theatrical version. The same year, his long-time agent, Don Gerler, recounted Tierney's continuing troubles with the law: "A few years back [in 1994] I was still bailing him out of jail. He was 75-years-old and still the toughest guy in the bar!" His final acting role was a small part in the 1999 independent film "Evicted", written and directed by his nephew Michael Tierney, after which Lawrence Tierney, then age 80, retired from acting altogether.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Tierney's numerous arrests for being drunk and disorderly and jail terms for assault on civilians and lawmen alike took a toll on his career. He was an admitted alcoholic who tried to go sober in 1982 after having a mild stroke, once observing during a 1987 interview that he "threw away about seven careers through drink".


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Between 1944 and 1951, Tierney was arrested over 12 times in Los Angeles for brawling, frequently for drunkenness which included ripping a public telephone off a wall in a bar, hitting a waiter in the face with a sugar bowl for refusing to serve him any more drinks, and attempting to choke a taxi driver. He was jailed for three months for brawling in May 1947 and again in June 1949 and drunkenness in January 1949 and October 1950. His legal troubles included a 90-day jail sentence which he served from August to October 1951 for breaking a New York college student's jaw during another barroom brawl. He served 66 days in the city jail in Chicago, Illinois from March to May 1952 for drunk and disorderly charges. In October 1951, he was sent to a mental hospital in Chicago after being found disheveled in a church. In New York City, he was arrested for assault and battery of a barroom pianist in August 1953 and again in October 1958 for resisting arrest and assaulting two police officers in another barroom brawl. At the time of his October 1958 arrest outside a Manhattan bar, "The New York Times" reported that he had been arrested six times in California and five in New York City on similar charges.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: In January 1973, he was stabbed in a bar fight on the West Side of Manhattan. Two years later, Tierney was questioned by New York City police in connection with the apparent suicide of a 24-year-old woman who had jumped from the window of her high-rise apartment. Tierney told police "I had just gotten there, and she just went out the window." He never was arrested or charged with the young woman's death. The apparent suicide closely resembles the death of Rosa, played by Allene Roberts in the 1951 film "The Hoodlum". Tierney’s Vincent Lubeck, the hoodlum of the title, is suspected of driving Rosa into throwing herself off a roof shortly after talking to Lubeck.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: In July 1991, during the filming of "Reservoir Dogs", Tierney shot at his nephew in a drunken rage at his Hollywood apartment, and was arrested and bailed. He was released for a day from the jail to continue filming, as recounted by the film's director Quentin Tarantino in an interview. As a result, Tarantino never again worked with or hired Tierney to act in his films.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: With much of his career and personal life repeatedly embroiled in legal problems and hampered by chronic alcoholism, Tierney elected to never marry despite having several short term relationships with a number of women in the 1940s, 50s and 60s. He did, however, father a daughter named Elizabeth who was born in 1961.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: Both of Tierney's younger brothers preceded him in death, Edward dying in 1983 and Gerard (actor Scott Brady) in 1985. On February 26, 2002, at age 82, Lawrence Tierney died in his sleep of pneumonia in a Los Angeles nursing home, where he had been residing for nearly two years.


title: Lawrence Tierney

text: The first biography of the actor, "," was written by Burt Kearns and published on December 6, 2022, by the University Press of Kentucky.


title: Western Schism

text: The Western Schism, also known as the Papal Schism, the Vatican Standoff, the Great Occidental Schism, or the Schism of 1378 (), was a split within the Catholic Church lasting from 1378 to 1417 in which bishops residing in Rome and Avignon both claimed to be the true pope, and were joined by a third line of Pisan claimants in 1409. The schism was driven by personalities and political allegiances, with the Avignon papacy being closely associated with the French monarchy. These rival claims to the papal throne damaged the prestige of the office.


title: Western Schism

text: The papacy had resided in Avignon since 1309, but Pope Gregory XI returned to Rome in 1377. However, the Catholic Church split in 1378 when the College of Cardinals declared it had elected both Urban VI and Clement VII pope within six months of Gregory XI's death. After several attempts at reconciliation, the Council of Pisa (1409) declared that both rivals were illegitimate and declared elected a third purported pope. The schism was finally resolved when the Pisan claimant John XXIII called the Council of Constance (1414–1418). The Council arranged the abdication of both the Roman pope Gregory XII and the Pisan antipope John XXIII, excommunicated the Avignon antipope Benedict XIII, and elected Martin V as the new pope reigning from Rome.


title: Western Schism

text: The affair is sometimes referred to as the "Great Schism", although this term is usually used for the East–West Schism of 1054 between the Churches remaining in communion with the See of Rome and the Eastern Orthodox Churches.


title: Western Schism

text: Since 1309, by decision of Pope Clement V, the papacy had resided in Avignon, a papal enclave surrounded by France. The Avignon Papacy had developed a reputation for corruption that estranged major parts of Western Christendom. This reputation can be attributed to perceptions of predominant French influence, and to the papal curia's efforts to extend its powers of patronage and increase its revenues. The last undisputed Avignon pope, Gregory XI, decided to return to Rome on 17 January 1377. However, Pope Gregory XI announced his intention to return to Avignon just after the Easter celebrations of 1378. This was at the entreaty of his relatives, his friends, and nearly everyone in his retinue.


title: Western Schism

text: Before he could leave, Gregory XI died in the Vatican palace on 27 March 1378. The Romans put into operation a plan to use intimidation and violence ("impressio et metus") to ensure the election of a Roman pope. The pope and his Curia were back in Rome after seventy years in Avignon, and the Romans were prepared to do everything in their power to keep them there. On 8 April 1378, the cardinals elected Bartolomeo Prignano, the archbishop of Bari, as Pope Urban VI. Urban had been a respected administrator in the papal chancery at Avignon, but as pope, he proved suspicious, reformist, and prone to violent outbursts of temper.


title: Western Schism

text: Most of the cardinals who had elected Urban VI soon regretted their decision and removed themselves to Anagni. Meeting at Fondi, the College of Cardinals elected Robert of Geneva as Pope Clement VII on 20 September 1378. The cardinals argued that the election of Urban VI was invalid because it had been done for fear of the rioting Roman crowds. Unable to maintain himself in Italy, Clement VII reestablished a papal court in Avignon. Clement had the immediate support of Queen Joanna I of Naples and of several of the Italian barons. Charles V of France, who seems to have been sounded out beforehand on the choice of the Roman pontiff, soon became his warmest protector. Clement eventually succeeded in winning to his cause Castile, Aragon, Navarre, a great part of the Latin East, Flanders, and Scotland.


title: Western Schism

text: The pair of elections threw the Church into turmoil. There had been antipope claimants to the papacy before, but most of them had been appointed by various rival factions. In this case, the College of Cardinals had elected both the pope and the antipope. The conflicts quickly escalated from a church problem to a diplomatic crisis that divided Europe. Secular leaders had to decide which claimant they would recognize.


title: Western Schism

text: In the Iberian Peninsula there were the Fernandine Wars ("Guerras fernandinas") and the 1383–1385 Crisis in Portugal, during which dynastic opponents supported rival claimants to the papal office. Owain Glyndŵr's rebellion in Wales recognized the Avignon antipope, while England recognized the Roman pope.


title: Western Schism

text: Sustained by such national and factional rivalries throughout Catholic Christianity, the schism continued after the deaths of both Urban VI in 1389 and Clement VII in 1394. Boniface IX, who was crowned at Rome in 1389, and Benedict XIII, who reigned in Avignon from 1394, maintained their rival courts. When Pope Boniface died in 1404, the eight cardinals of the Roman conclave offered to refrain from electing a new pope if Benedict would resign; but when Benedict's legates refused on his behalf, the Roman party then proceeded to elect Pope Innocent VII.


title: Western Schism

text: In the intense partisanship characteristic of the Middle Ages, the schism engendered a fanatical hatred noted by Johan Huizinga: when the town of Bruges went over to the "obedience" of Avignon, a great number of people left to follow their trade in a city of Urbanist allegiance; in the 1382 Battle of Roosebeke, the oriflamme, which might only be unfurled in a holy cause, was taken up against the Flemings, because they were Urbanists and thus viewed by the French as schismatics.


title: Western Schism

text: Efforts were made to end the Schism through force or diplomacy. The French crown even tried to coerce Benedict XIII, whom it supported, into resigning. None of these remedies worked. The suggestion that a church council should resolve the Schism, first made in 1378, was not adopted at first, because canon law required that a pope call a council. Eventually theologians like Pierre d'Ailly and Jean Gerson, as well as canon lawyers like Francesco Zabarella, adopted arguments that equity permitted the Church to act for its own welfare in defiance of the letter of the law.


title: Western Schism

text: Eventually the cardinals of both factions secured an agreement that the Roman pope Gregory XII and the Avignon antipope Benedict XIII would meet at Savona. They balked at the last moment, and both groups of cardinals abandoned their preferred leaders. The Council of Pisa met in 1409 under the auspices of the cardinals to try solving the dispute. At the fifteenth session, 5 June 1409, the Council of Pisa attempted to depose both the Roman pope and Avignon antipope as schismatical, heretical, perjured and scandalous, but it then added to the problem by electing a second antipope, Alexander V. He reigned briefly in Pisa from June 26, 1409, to his death in 1410, when he was succeeded by John XXIII, who won some but not universal support.


title: Western Schism

text: The Council of Constance was convened by the Pisan antipope John XXIII in 1414 to resolve the issue. The council was also endorsed by the Roman pope Gregory XII, giving it greater legitimacy. The council, advised by the theologian Jean Gerson, secured the resignations of both Gregory XII and John XXIII, while isolating the Avignon antipope Benedict XIII, who refused to step down. The Council elected Pope Martin V in 1417, essentially ending the schism.


title: Western Schism

text: The Crown of Aragon did not recognize Pope Martin V and continued to recognize Benedict XIII. To succeed him, in 1423 three cardinals elected Antipope Clement VIII, while another, Bernard Garnier, elected himself as Antipope Benedict XIV. Clement VIII resigned in 1429 and apparently recognized Martin V.


title: Western Schism

text: After its resolution, the Western Schism still affected the Catholic Church for years to come. One of the most significant of these involved the emergence of the theory called conciliarism, founded on the success of the Council of Constance, which effectively ended the conflict. This new reform movement held that a general council is superior to the pope on the strength of its capability to settle things even in the early church such as the case in 681 when Pope Honorius was condemned by a council called Constantinople III. There are theorists such as John Gerson who explained that the priests and the church itself are the sources of the papal power and, thus, the church should be able to correct, punish, and, if necessary, depose a pope. For years, the so-called conciliarists have challenged the authority of the pope and they became more relevant after a convened council also known as the Council of Florence (1439–1445) became instrumental in achieving ecclesial union between the Catholic Church and the churches of the East.


title: Western Schism

text: Pope Pius II (r. 1458–1464) settled the issue by decreeing that no appeal could be made from pope to council. Thus, a papal election could not be overturned by anyone but the elected pope himself. No such crisis has arisen since the 15th century, and so there has been no need to revisit this decision.


title: Western Schism

text: There was also a marked decline in morality and discipline within the church. Scholars note that although the Western Schism did not directly cause such a phenomenon, it was a gradual development rooted in the conflict, effectively eroding the church authority and its capacity to proclaim the gospel. This was further aggravated by the dissension caused by the Protestant Reformation, which created a lot of unrest.


title: Western Schism

text: For the next five centuries, the Catholic Church recognized the Roman popes as the legitimate line from 1378 to 1409, followed by the Pisan popes from 1409 to 1415. All Avignon popes after 1378 are considered to be antipopes. This recognition is reflected in the numbering of popes Alexander VI, VII, and VIII, who numbered themselves consecutively after their Pisan namesake Alexander V.


title: Western Schism

text: The recognition of the Pisan popes made the continued legitimacy of the Roman pope Gregory XII doubtful for 1409–1415. The "Annuario Pontificio" for 1860 listed the Pisan popes as true popes from 1409 to 1415, but it acknowledged that Gregory XII's reign ended in either 1409 or 1415. The "Annuario Pontificio" for 1864 eliminated the overlapping period by ending Gregory XII's reign in 1409, listing the last three popes of the schism as Gregory XII (1406–1409), Alexander V (1409–1410), and John XXIII (1410–1415). This remained the official chronology of popes through the mid-20th century.


title: Western Schism

text: The Western Schism was reinterpreted in 1958 when Pope John XXIII chose to reuse the ordinal XXIII, citing "twenty-two [sic] Johns of indisputable legitimacy." (There had actually been nineteen undisputed Johns due to antipopes and numbering errors.) The Pisan popes Alexander V and John XXIII are now considered to be antipopes. This reinterpretation is reflected in modern editions of the "Annuario Pontificio", which extend Gregory XII's reign to 1415. The line of Roman popes is now retroactively recognized by the Catholic Church as the sole legitimate line during the Western Schism. However, Popes Alexander VI through VIII have not been renumbered, leaving a gap in the numbering sequence.


title: Shuriken

text: A shuriken (; literally: "hidden hand blade") is a Japanese concealed weapon that was used as a hidden dagger or metsubushi to distract or misdirect.


title: Shuriken

text: They are also known as throwing stars, or ninja stars, although they were originally designed in many different shapes. The major varieties of shuriken are the and the or .


title: Shuriken

text: Shuriken were supplementary weapons to the sword or in a samurai's arsenal, although they often had an important tactical effect in battle. The art of wielding the shuriken is known as shurikenjutsu and was taught as a minor part of the martial arts curriculum of many famous schools, such as Yagyū Shinkage-ryū, Tenshin Shōden Katori Shintō-ryū, Ittō-ryū, Kukishin-ryū, and Togakure-ryū.


title: Shuriken

text: A "Bo-shuriken" is a throwing weapon consisting of a straight iron or steel spike, usually four-sided but sometimes round or octagonal in section. Some examples have points on both ends. The length ranges from 12 to 21 cm (5–8 in) and the average weight from 35 to 150 grams (1.2–5.4 ounces). They should not be confused with the kunai, which is a thrusting and stabbing implement that is sometimes thrown.


title: Shuriken

text: "Bo-shuriken" were constructed from a wide variety of everyday items, and as such came in many shapes and sizes. Some derived their names from the materials of which they were made, such as "kugi-gata" (nail form), "hari-gata" (needle form) and "tantō-gata" (knife form); some were named after an object of similar appearance, such as "hoko-gata" (spear form), "matsuba-gata" (pine-needle form); while others have names that are purely descriptive, such as "kankyuto" (piercing tool form), "kunai-gata" (utility tool form), or "teppan" (plate metal) and "biao" (pin).


title: Shuriken

text: The "bo-shuriken" is thrown in a number of ways, such as overhead, underarm, sideways and rearwards, but in each case the throw involves the blade sliding out of the hand through the fingers in a smooth, controlled flight. The major throwing methods are the "jiki da-ho" (direct-hit method), and the "han-ten da-ho" (turning-hit method). These two are technically different, in that the former does not allow the blade to spin before it hits the target, while the latter requires that the blade spin"."


title: Shuriken

text: Other items such as hairpins, "kogata" (utility knife), and chopsticks were thrown in the same way as "bo-shuriken", although they were not associated with any particular school of shurikenjutsu.


title: Shuriken

text: The origins of the "bo-shuriken" in Japan are still unclear, despite continuing research. This is partly because shurikenjutsu was a secret art and also due to the fact that throughout early Japanese history there were many independent exponents of the skill of throwing long, thin objects. The earliest-known reference to a school teaching shurikenjutsu is Ganritsu Ryu, active during the 17th century. This school utilized a long, thin implement with a bulbous head, thought to be derived from the arrow. Surviving examples of blades used by this school appear to combine an arrow's shape with that of a needle traditionally used in Japanese leatherwork and armor manufacture.


title: Shuriken

text: There are earlier mentions in written records, such as the "Osaka Gunki" (大阪軍記, the military records of Osaka), of the standard knife and short sword being thrown in battle. Miyamoto Musashi is said to have won a duel by throwing his short sword at his opponent, killing him.


title: Shuriken

text: "Hira-shuriken" generally resemble the popular conception of shuriken. They are constructed from thin, flat plates of metal derived from a variety of sources including "hishi-gane" (coins), "kugi-nuki" (carpentry tools), spools, and "senban" (nail removers).


title: Shuriken

text: They often have a hole in the center and possess a fairly thin blade sharpened mainly at the tip. The holes derive from their source in items that had holes—old coins, washers, and nail-removing tools. This proved convenient for the shuriken user as the weapons could be strung on a string or dowel in the belt for transport, and the hole also had aerodynamic and weighting effects that aided the flight of the blade.


title: Shuriken

text: There are a wide variety of forms of "hira-shuriken," and they are now usually identified by the number of points the blades possess. As with "bo-shuriken", the various shapes of "hira-shuriken" were usually representative of a particular school (ryū) or region that preferred the use of such shapes, and it is therefore possible to identify the school by the type of blade used.


title: Shuriken

text: Shuriken targets were primarily the more exposed parts of the body: the eyes, face, hands, or feet. Shuriken, despite low mass, were capable of dealing lethal blows at short ranges. In some cases, shuriken were capable of partially disemboweling targets.


title: Shuriken

text: Shuriken, especially "hira-shuriken", were also used in novel ways—they could be embedded in the ground, injuring those who stepped on them (similar to a caltrop), wrapped in a fuse to be lit and thrown to cause fire, or wrapped in a cloth soaked in poison and lit to cover an area with a cloud of poisonous smoke. They could also be used as a handheld weapon in close combat.


title: Shuriken

text: There are reports of shuriken being coated with poison, intended either as a throwing weapon or to be left in a conspicuous place for a victim to pick up. Other reports indicate that shuriken may have been buried in dirt or animal feces and allowed to harbor the bacterium "Clostridium tetani"—if the point penetrated a victim deeply enough, the bacteria transferred into the wound could cause a then-incurable tetanus infection.


title: Shuriken

text: Shuriken are simple weapons, but their historical value has increased. Unlike the "katana" and other bladed weapons, antique shuriken are not often well preserved, largely due to their expendable nature.


title: Shuriken

text: Modern commercially available Shuriken, which are sold in Europe and North America, are often made of stainless steel. However, in many countries and jurisdictions, they are illegal to possess or carry, such as Belgium, the Netherlands, Canada, Germany, and the United Kingdom (manufacture, sale, distribution and import). In the United States, they are prohibited in some states such as California, Indiana, New York. In some cases they may be allowed but are still subject to specific local legislation. Owners may be required to possess a certificate for possession.


title: Diary of a Madman (album)

text: Diary of a Madman is the second solo studio album by British heavy metal vocalist Ozzy Osbourne. It was released in October 1981, and re-issued on CD on 22 August 1995. This is the last Osbourne studio album to feature guitarist Randy Rhoads and drummer Lee Kerslake. An altered version appeared in 2002 with the original bass and drum parts removed and re-recorded. In 2011, a "Deluxe 30th Anniversary Edition" was released with all original parts restored. To date, the album has sold over 3 million copies worldwide.


title: Diary of a Madman (album)

text: "Diary of a Madman" is the final album recorded with late guitarist Randy Rhoads. Although bassist Rudy Sarzo and drummer Tommy Aldridge are credited in the liner notes and pictured on the inner sleeve for the American vinyl and cassette release and later CD re-issues, it was bassist Bob Daisley and drummer Lee Kerslake who performed all bass and drum parts on the original release. Aldridge has stated of the album, "I think it's pretty obvious that it's not my drumming on that album. I have never taken credit for that recording and have always given Lee Kerslake, whenever asked or interviewed, the credit he rightly deserves."