title: Purgatorio

text: On the fifth terrace, excessive concern for earthly goods – whether in the form of greed, ambition or extravagance – is punished and purified. The avaricious and prodigal lie face-down on the ground, reciting the psalm "Adhaesit pavimento anima mea", taken from Psalm 119:25 ("My soul cleaveth unto the dust: quicken thou me according to thy word"), which is a prayer expressing the desire to follow God's law. Dante meets the shade of Pope Adrian V, an exemplar of desire for ecclesiastical power and prestige, who directs the poets on their way (Canto XIX).


title: Purgatorio

text: The scene from the Life of the Virgin, used here to counter the sin of avarice, is the humble birth of Christ. Further down the terrace, Hugh Capet personifies greed for worldly wealth and possessions. He bemoans the way that, in contrast, avarice has motivated the actions of his successors, and "prophesies" events which occurred after the date in which the poem is set, but before the poem was written:


title: Purgatorio

text: These events include Charles II of Naples selling his daughter into marriage to an elderly and disreputable man, and Philip IV of France ("the fleur-de-lis") arresting Pope Boniface VIII in 1303 (a pope destined for Hell, according to the "Inferno", but still, in Dante's view, the Vicar of Christ). Dante also refers to the suppression of the Knights Templar at Philip's instigation in 1307, which freed Philip from debts he owed to the order. Following the exemplars of avarice (these are Pygmalion, Midas, Achan, Ananias and Sapphira, Heliodorus, Polymestor, and Crassus), there is a sudden earthquake accompanied by the shouting of "Gloria in excelsis Deo". Dante desires to understand the cause of the earthquake, but he does not question Virgil about it (Canto XX).


title: Purgatorio

text: In a scene that Dante links to the episode where Jesus meets two disciples on the road to Emmaus, Dante and Virgil are overtaken by a shade who eventually reveals himself as the Roman poet Statius, author of the "Thebaid". Statius explains the cause of the earthquake: there is a tremor when a soul knows that it is ready to ascend to heaven, which he has just experienced. Dante presents Statius, without obvious or understandable basis, as a convert to Christianity; as a Christian, his guidance will supplement Virgil's. Statius is overjoyed to find himself in the company of Virgil, whose "Aeneid" he so greatly admired (Canto XXI).


title: Purgatorio

text: The Angel of Moderation directs the poets to the passage leading to the next region after brushing another "P" from Dante's forehead. Virgil and Statius converse as they ascend toward the next ledge. Statius explains that he was not avaricious but prodigal, but that he "converted" from prodigality by reading Virgil, which directed him to poetry and to God. Statius explains how he was baptized, but he remained a secret Christian – this is the cause of his purgation of Sloth on the previous terrace. Statius asks Virgil to name his fellow poets and figures in Limbo, which he does (Canto XXII).


title: Purgatorio

text: It is between 10 and 11 AM, and the three poets begin to circle the sixth terrace where the gluttonous are purged, and more generally, those who over-emphasised food, drink, and bodily comforts. In a scene reminiscent of the punishment of Tantalus, they are starved in the presence of trees whose fruit is forever out of reach. The examples here are given by voices in the trees. The Virgin Mary, who shared her Son's gifts with others at the Wedding at Cana, and John the Baptist, who only lived on locusts and honey (Matthew 3:4), is an example of the virtue of temperance. A classical example of the opposite vice of gluttony is the drunkenness of the Centaurs that led to the Battle of Centaurs and Lapiths.


title: Purgatorio

text: The prayer for this terrace is "Labia mea Domine" (Psalm 51:15: "O Lord, open my lips, and my mouth will declare your praise") These are the opening words from the daily Liturgy of the Hours, which is also the source of prayers for the fifth and seventh terraces (Cantos XXII through XXIV).


title: Purgatorio

text: Here Dante also meets his friend Forese Donati and his poetic predecessor Bonagiunta Orbicciani. Bonagiunta has kind words for Dante's earlier work "La Vita Nuova", describing its technique as the "dolce stil novo" ("sweet new style"). He quotes the line "Ladies that have intelligence of love," written in praise of Beatrice, whom he will meet later in the "Purgatorio":


title: Purgatorio

text: Dante is now greeted by the Angel of Temperance, whose brightness is like the red glow of molten metal or glass. Showing the passage up the mountain, the angel removes another "P" from Dante's brow with a puff of his wing, and he pronounces the beatitude in paraphrase: "Blessed are they who are so illumined by grace that the love of food does not kindle their desires beyond what is fitting." It is 2:00 PM when the three poets leave the sixth terrace and begin their ascent to the seventh terrace, meaning that they have spent four hours among the Gluttonous. During the climb, Dante wonders how it is possible for bodiless souls to have the gaunt appearance of the souls being starved here. In explaining, Statius discourses on the nature of the soul and its relationship to the body (Canto XXV).


title: Purgatorio

text: The terrace of lust, the final terrace of Purgatory and the final vice of excessive love, has an immense wall of flame through which every soul must pass (Canto XXV). As a prayer, they sing the hymn "Summae Deus clementiae" ("God of Supreme Clemency") from the Liturgy of the Hours. Souls repenting of misdirected sexual desire call out in praise of chastity, such as Diana's, and of marital fidelity.


title: Purgatorio

text: Two groups of souls run through the flames calling out examples of lust (Sodom and Gomorrah by the homosexual and Pasiphaë by the heterosexual). The homosexuals run counter to the sun, from west to east, symbolizing their sins against nature and God, while the heterosexuals run from east to west, with the sun. Dante's depiction of homosexuals as souls capable of salvation is particularly lenient for the time period and is often omitted from later illustrations of "Purgatorio". In addition, this depiction marks a massive departure from "Inferno", where Dante represents sodomy as sin of violence instead of one of excessive love.


title: Purgatorio

text: When they meet, the two groups exchange a brief kiss of greeting and a sign of peace before the homosexuals continue and the heterosexuals approach the pilgrim. The pilgrim prays for both groups' ascent into heaven and stops to speak to Guido Guinizelli, who explains the nature of the vice purged on this terrace and calls the sodomites those who "committed the offense for which Caesar ... once heard himself reproached as 'Queen", alluding to Julius Caesar's alleged same-sex relationships.


title: Purgatorio

text: Shortly before sunset, the poets are greeted by the Angel of Chastity, who instructs them to pass through the wall of fire. By reminding Dante that Beatrice can be found in the Earthly Paradise on the other side, Virgil finally persuades Dante to pass through the intense fire. After the poets pass through the flame, the sun sets and they lie down to sleep on the steps between the final terrace and the Earthly Paradise. On these steps, just before the dawn of Wednesday morning, Dante has his third dream: a vision of Leah and Rachel. They are symbols of the active (non-monastic) and contemplative (monastic) Christian lives, both of which are important.


title: Purgatorio

text: Dante awakens with the dawn, and the poets continue up the rest of the ascent until they come in sight of the Earthly Paradise (Canto XXVII).


title: Purgatorio

text: At the summit of Mount Purgatory is the Earthly Paradise or Garden of Eden. Allegorically, it represents the state of innocence that existed before Adam and Eve fell from grace – the state which Dante's journey up Mount Purgatory has recaptured.


title: Purgatorio

text: Here Dante meets Matilda, a woman whose literal and allegorical identity "is perhaps the most tantalizing problem in the "Comedy"". Critics up to the early twentieth century tended to connect her with the historical Matilda of Tuscany, but more recently some have suggested a connection with the dream of Leah in Canto XXVII. Be that as it may, Matilda clearly prepares Dante for his meeting with Beatrice, the woman to whom (historically) Dante dedicated his previous poetry, the woman at whose request (in the story) Virgil was commissioned to bring Dante on his journey, and the woman who (allegorically) symbolizes the path to God (Canto XXVIII).


title: Purgatorio

text: With Matilda, Dante witnesses a procession which forms an allegory within the allegory, somewhat like Shakespeare's play within a play. It has a very different style from the "Purgatorio" as a whole, having the form of a masque, where the characters are walking symbols rather than real people. The procession consists of (Canto XXIX):


title: Purgatorio

text: Canto XXX portrays the transition between Virgil's departure and Beatrice's arrival. Now that the pilgrim has completed his training in desire and reached the limits of human reason, Virgil can no longer serve as his guide: he has nothing more to teach Dante, because human reason cannot explain or understand divine grace. Beatrice, by contrast, is capable of teaching Dante the meaning of that grace, because she is Christian, and endowed with understanding by God.


title: Purgatorio

text: Even as Virgil departs, however, his influence on the poem remains strong. Dante's farewell to Virgil, with the threefold repetition of Virgil's name, echoes a passage from Virgil's "Georgics", wherein Orpheus calls out to Eurydice after he has turned around and condemned her to eternity in the land of the dead.


title: Purgatorio

text: After Virgil's departure, Beatrice begins to admonish Dante, accusing him of straying from the path of virtue she had laid before him after her departure from life on earth. She demands a confession from the pilgrim—his first personal confession in the whole "Comedy":


title: Purgatorio

text: It is not until after more admonitions from Beatrice and a heartfelt confession from Dante that Dante is washed in the River Lethe, which erases the memory of past sin (Canto XXXI), and sees an allegory of Biblical and Church history. This allegory includes a denunciation of the corrupt papacy of the time: a harlot (the papacy) is dragged away with the chariot (the Church) by a giant (the French monarchy, which under King Philip IV engineered the move of the Papal Seat to Avignon in 1309) (Canto XXXII):


title: Purgatorio

text: It is noon as the events observed in the Earthly Paradise come to a close. Finally, Dante drinks from the River Eunoë, which restores good memories, and prepares him for his ascent to Heaven (described in the "Paradiso", the final "cantica"). As with the other two parts of the "Divine Comedy", the "Purgatorio" ends on the word "stars" (Canto XXXIII):


title: Purgatorio

text: The "Divine Comedy" has been a source of inspiration for countless artists for almost seven centuries. While references to the "Inferno" are the most common, there are also many references to the "Purgatorio". Franz Liszt's "Symphony to Dante's Divina Commedia" (1856) has a "Purgatorio" movement, as does Robert W. Smith's "The Divine Comedy" (2006). Chaucer and others have referenced the "Purgatorio" in their writing. Many visual artists have depicted scenes from the "Purgatorio", including Gustave Doré, John Flaxman, Dante Gabriel Rossetti, John William Waterhouse, and William Blake.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Jason Heath Sehorn (born April 15, 1971) is a former American football cornerback who played professionally in the National Football League (NFL) for the New York Giants from 1994 to 2002 and St. Louis Rams in 2003. He played college football at the University of Southern California (USC).


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn was born in Sacramento, California. He played only one year of high school football at Mount Shasta High School in Mount Shasta, California.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn played his first two years of college football at Shasta College, a junior college in Redding, California, where he was a standout wide receiver, kick returner and punt returner. He then played two years at the University of Southern California, where he was moved to safety due to an abundance of talent at wide receiver.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: After back-to-back successful seasons in 1996–97, Sehorn suffered a debilitating knee injury, tearing his anterior cruciate (ACL) and medial collateral ligaments (MCL) while returning the opening kickoff in a 1998 preseason game against the New York Jets. Though Sehorn returned the next season, his speed was diminished. Still, he started 73 games for the Giants at cornerback in six seasons played from 1996 to 2002. He represented the Giants in Super Bowl XXXV.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: The Giants released Sehorn on March 7, 2003, and in May of that year he signed with the St. Louis Rams as a safety. He missed the first six games of the season with a broken foot, but played in the last ten. The next year, his contract with the Rams was terminated after he failed a physical examination before the start of the 2004 season.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn was signed by the Chicago Cubs after just one season of playing American Legion Baseball following his senior year of high school. An outfielder, Sehorn failed to produce as a hitter, batting just .184 in 49 games in 1990 for the rookie league Huntington Cubs.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn played a firefighter for one episode on the NBC show, "Third Watch", in which his character is killed in a warehouse blaze.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn is now the Director of Communications at the Hendrick Automotive Group in Charlotte, NC, an automotive retailer in the United States.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn participated in ABC's "Superstars" competition during the NFL offseason. As a testament to his athleticism, he won the competition three consecutive years from 1998 to 2000.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn is also a college football analyst for ESPNU. He joined the network in 2011 as the in-studio analyst for Thursday and Saturday night games on ESPNU.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: Sehorn was briefly married to former CNN correspondent Whitney Casey from February 14, 1998 until their divorce in 1999. His marriage to actress Angie Harmon is well known due to his unusual and public proposal. During one of Harmon's appearances on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno", Sehorn (with the assistance of host Jay Leno) hid backstage and surprised Harmon by getting on one knee and asking for her hand in marriage in front of a live studio audience and millions more watching on television. They were married on June 9, 2001. They have three daughters: Finley, born October 14, 2003; Avery, born June 22, 2005; and Emery, born December 18, 2008 Both publicly support the Republican Party. The couple announced in November 2014 that they were separating after 13 years of marriage, and divorced in December 2015. Sehorn remarried, to Meghann Gunderman, in 2017.


title: Jason Sehorn

text: On January 19, 1999, Sehorn's high school jersey #1 was retired by his alma mater, Mt. Shasta High School, in a ceremony hosted by his longtime friend, mentor, and former coach, Joe Blevins. The ceremony aired on local cable television.


title: Phrases from The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy

text: "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" is a comic science fiction series created by Douglas Adams that has become popular among fans of the genre and members of the scientific community. Phrases from it are widely recognised and often used in reference to, but outside the context of, the source material. Many writers on popular science, such as Fred Alan Wolf, Paul Davies, and Michio Kaku, have used quotations in their books to illustrate facts about cosmology or philosophy.


text: In the radio series and the first novel, a group of hyper-intelligent pan-dimensional beings demand to learn the Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, The Universe, and Everything from the supercomputer Deep Thought, specially built for this purpose. It takes Deep Thought million years to compute and check the answer, which turns out to be 42. Deep Thought points out that the answer seems meaningless because the beings who instructed it never knew what the question was.


text: When asked to produce the Ultimate Question, Deep Thought says that it cannot; however, it can help to design an even more powerful computer that can. This new computer will incorporate living beings into the "computational matrix" and will run for ten million years. The computer is revealed as being the planet Earth, with its pan-dimensional creators assuming the form of white lab mice to observe its running. The process is hindered after eight million years by the unexpected arrival on Earth of the Golgafrinchans, and is then ruined completely, five minutes prior to completion, when the Earth is destroyed by the Vogons to supposedly make way for a new hyperspace bypass. In "The Restaurant at the End of the Universe", this reason is revealed to have been a ruse: the Vogons had been hired to destroy the Earth by a consortium of psychiatrists, led by Gag Halfrunt, who feared for the loss of their careers when the Ultimate Question became known.


text: Lacking a real question, the mice (pan-dimensional beings) decide not to go through the whole process again and instead settle for the out-of-thin-air suggestion "How many roads must a man walk down?", a lyric from Bob Dylan's song "Blowin' in the Wind".


text: At the end of the radio series, the television series and , Arthur Dent, having escaped the Earth's destruction, potentially has some of the computational matrix in his brain. He attempts to discover The Ultimate Question by extracting it from his brainwave patterns, as abusively suggested by Ford Prefect, when a Scrabble-playing caveman spells out "forty two". Arthur pulls random letters from a bag, but only gets the sentence "What do you get if you multiply six by ?"


text: Six times nine is actually fifty-four; the answer is deliberately wrong for that question because the question was miscomputed. The program on the "Earth computer" should have run correctly, but the unexpected arrival of the Golgafrinchans on prehistoric Earth caused input errors into the system—computing the wrong question (because of the garbage in, garbage out rule). Therefore, the question in Arthur's subconscious was invalid all along.


text: Some readers who were trying to find a deeper meaning in the passage soon noticed a certain veracity when using base-13; 6 × 9 = 54, which can be expressed as 42 (i.e. 54 in decimal is equal to 42 expressed in base-13). When confronted with this, the author claimed that it was a mere coincidence, stating that "I may be a sorry case, but I don't write jokes in base 13."


text: In "Life, the Universe and Everything", a character named "Prak," who "knows all that is true," confirms that 42 is indeed The Answer, and that it is impossible for both The Answer and The Question to be known in the same universe, as they will cancel each other out and take the Universe with them—to be replaced by something even more bizarre (as described in the first theory) and that it may have already happened (as described in the second). Though the question is never found, 42 is the table number at which Arthur and his friends sit when they arrive at Milliways at the end of the radio series. Likewise, "Mostly Harmless" ends when Arthur stops at a street address identified by his cry of, "There, number 42!" and enters the club Beta, owned by Stavro Mueller (Stavromula Beta). Shortly after, the Earth is destroyed in all existing incarnations.


text: Douglas Adams was asked many times why he chose the number 42. Many theories were proposed, including that 42 is 101010 in base-2 binary code, that light refracts through a water surface by 42 degrees to create a rainbow, or that light requires 10 seconds to cross the diameter of a proton. Adams rejected them all. On 3 November 1993, he gave this answer on alt.fan.douglas-adams:


text: Adams described his choice as "a completely ordinary number, a number not just divisible by two but also six and seven. In fact it's the sort of number that you could without any fear introduce to your parents."


text: While 42 was a number with no hidden meaning, Adams explained in more detail in an interview with Iain Johnstone of BBC Radio 4 (recorded in 1998 though never broadcast) to celebrate the first radio broadcast's 20th anniversary. Having decided it should be a number, he tried to think what an "ordinary number" should be. He ruled out non-integers, then he remembered having worked as a "prop-borrower" for John Cleese on his Video Arts training videos. Cleese needed a "funny number" for the punchline to a sketch involving a bank teller (himself) and a customer (Tim Brooke-Taylor). Adams believed that the number that Cleese came up with was 42 and he decided to use it.


text: Adams had also written a sketch for "The Burkiss Way" called "42 Logical Positivism Avenue", broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on 12 January 1977 – 14 months before "The Hitchhiker's Guide" first broadcast "42" in Fit the Fourth, 29 March 1978.


text: In January 2000, in response to a panellist's "Where does the number 42 come from?" on the radio show "Book Club", Adams explained that he was "on his way to work one morning, whilst still writing the scene, and was thinking about what the actual answer should be. He eventually decided that it should be something that made no sense whatsoever – a number, and a mundane one at that. And that is how he arrived at the number 42, completely at random."


text: Stephen Fry, a friend of Adams, claims that Adams told him "exactly why 42", and that the reason is "fascinating, extraordinary and, when you think hard about it, completely obvious." However, Fry says that he has vowed not to tell anyone the secret, and that it must go with him to the grave. In an interview at the Sydney Opera House in 2010, two minutes before the end of the show, Fry appears to be ready to reveal the answer, but remains inaudible due to an apparent failure of the microphone. John Lloyd, Adams' collaborator on "The Meaning of Liff" and two "Hitchhiker's" fits, said that Adams has called 42 "the funniest of the two-digit numbers."


text: The number 42 appears frequently in the work of Lewis Carroll, and some critics have suggested that this was an influence. They note, in particular, that Alice's attempt at her times tables (chapter two of the 1865 novel "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland") breaks down at 4 x 13 answered in base 42, which virtually reverses the failure of 'the Question' ("What do you get if you multiply six by nine?"), in that the latter would equal "42" if calculated in base 13. They find further evidence of Carroll's influence in the fact that Adams entitled the episodes of the original radio series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" "fits", the word Carroll used to name the chapters of "The Hunting of the Snark".


text: There is the persistent tale that 42 is Adams' tribute to the indefatigable paperback book, and is the average number of lines on an average page of an average paperback. Another common guess is that 42 refers to the number of laws in cricket, a recurring theme of the books.Yet another possible reason relates to Adam's background in the coding language ASCII, where the number 42 can be represented by an asterisk (*). The asterisk, in turn, essentially represents "input whatever the user would like". This leaves the symbolic meaning that the answer to life, the universe, and everything is anything you, the user, would like it to be.


text: The 42 Puzzle is a game devised by Douglas Adams in 1994 for the United States series of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" books. The puzzle is an illustration consisting of 42 multi-coloured balls, in 7 columns and 6 rows. Douglas Adams has said,


text: In the puzzle the question is unknown, but the answer is already known to be 42. This is similar to the book where the "Answer to the Ultimate Question of Life, the Universe, and Everything" is known but not the question. The puzzle first appeared in "The Illustrated Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". It was later incorporated into the covers of all five reprinted "Hitchhiker's" novels in the United States.


text: Adams has described the puzzle as depicting the number 42 in ten different ways. Six possible questions are:


text: The number 42 and the phrase, "Life, the universe, and everything" have attained cult status on the Internet. "Life, the universe, and everything" is a common name for the off-topic section of an Internet forum and the phrase is invoked in similar ways to mean "anything at all". Many chatbots, when asked about the meaning of life, will answer "42". Several online calculators are also programmed with the Question. Google Calculator will give the result to "the answer to life the universe and everything" as 42, as will Wolfram's Computational Knowledge Engine. Similarly, DuckDuckGo also gives the result of "the answer to the ultimate question of life, the universe and everything" as 42. In the online community "Second Life", there is a section on a sim called "42nd Life." It is devoted to this concept in the book series, and several attempts at recreating Milliways, the Restaurant at the End of the Universe, were made.


text: In OpenOffice.org software (prior to version 3.4) if "=ANTWORT("Das Leben, das Universum und der ganze Rest") (German for =ANSWER("life, the universe and everything")) is typed into any cell of a spreadsheet, the result is 42.


text: "ISO/IEC 14519-2001/ IEEE Std 1003.5-1999, IEEE Standard for Information Technology – POSIX(R) Ada Language Interfaces – Part 1: Binding for System Application Program Interface (API) ", uses the number 42 as the required return value from a process that terminates due to an unhandled exception. The Rationale says "the choice of the value 42 is arbitrary" and cites the Adams book as the source of the value.


text: The standard for Tagged Image File Format TIFF defines in its Image File Header bytes 2 and 3 to denominate a 'version number' 42. In revision 5.0 the specification explained the choice with "This number, 42 (2A in hex), is not to be equated with the current Revision of the TIFF specification. In fact, the TIFF version number (42) has never changed, and probably never will. If it ever does, it means that TIFF has changed in some way so radical that a TIFF reader should give up immediately. The number 42 was chosen for its deep philosophical significance." The later versions have eliminated the lengthy description, but kept the number fixed at 42 anyway.


text: The random seed chosen to procedurally create the whole universe of the online multi-player computer game "EVE Online" was chosen as 42 by its lead game designer in 2002.


text: In the 2001 computer game "Gothic" "42" is a code that deactivates all activated cheats. After typing "42" in a right place, text ""What was the question?"" appears.


text: The OpenSUSE team decided the next version will be based on SUSE Linux Enterprise Desktop and named "Leap 42". The number 42 was chosen as a reference to the answer to life, the universe and everything.


text: In the American TV show "Lost", 42 is the last of the mysterious numbers 4, 8, 15, 16, 23, and 42. In an interview with Lostpedia, producer David Fury confirmed this was a reference to "Hitchhiker's".


text: The British TV show "The Kumars at No. 42" is so named because show creator Sanjeev Bhaskar is a "Hitchhiker's" fan.


text: The band Coldplay's 2008 album "Viva la Vida" includes a song called "42". When asked by "Q" if the song's title was "Hitchhiker's"-related, Chris Martin said, "It is and it isn't."


text: The 2007 episode "42" of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who" was named in reference to the Answer. Writer Chris Chibnall acknowledged that "it's a playful title".


text: Ken Jennings, defeated along with Brad Rutter in a "Jeopardy!" match against IBM's Watson, writes that Watson's avatar which appeared on-screen for those games showed 42 "threads of thought," shown as colorful lines spinning around Watson's logo, and that the number was chosen in reference to this meme.


text: In "The Flash", Season 4, Episode 1, Cisco in trying to decipher what Barry is writing explicitly says that what Barry says might solve answer to the Life, the Universe and Everything, which Caitlin suggests is 42.


text: In "The X-Files", Fox Mulder lives in apartment 42. This has been acknowledged by the show's creator, Chris Carter, as a reference to "Hitchhikers".


text: The number 47 appears often throughout the "Star Trek" franchise. When producer Rick Berman was asked about the unusual frequency of the number, he stated, "47 is 42, corrected for inflation."


text: In season 2, episode 4 of "A Discovery of Witches", an auction lot bearing drawings of the series' two main leads is numbered 42 and the number's connection to Douglas Adams is recognized in a conversation.


text: In the series, "Don't Panic" is a phrase on the cover of "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy". The novel explains that this was partly because the device "looked insanely complicated" to operate, and partly to keep intergalactic travellers from panicking. "It is said that despite its many glaring (and occasionally fatal) inaccuracies, the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" itself has outsold the "Encyclopedia Galactica" because it is slightly cheaper, and because it has the words 'DON'T PANIC' in large, friendly letters on the cover."


text: Arthur C. Clarke said Douglas Adams' use of "don't panic" was perhaps the best advice that could be given to humanity.


text: British rock band Coldplay's debut album "Parachutes" contains a song called "Don’t Panic" in reference to the series.


text: On 6 February 2018 SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy rocket, carrying Elon Musk's Tesla Roadster which had "DON'T PANIC!" written on the screen on the dashboard as a reference to the series.


text: Within the "Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" universe, towels are regarded as indispensable equipment for experienced travelers, since they can be put to a wide variety of uses. Consequently, a person who can quickly adapt to virtually any new situation is said to know where their towel is. The logic behind this statement is presented in chapter 3 of the first novel in the series thus:


text: Adams got the idea for this phrase when he went travelling and found that his beach towel kept disappearing. In the 1985 book "", his friends describe how he would always "mislay" his towel. On Towel Day, fans commemorate Adams by carrying towels with them.


text: The only entry about Earth in the "Guide" used to be "Harmless", but Ford Prefect managed to change it a little before getting stuck on Earth. "Mostly Harmless" provoked a very upset reaction from Arthur when heard. Those two words are not what Ford submitted as a result of his researchmerely all that was left after his editors were done with it. The term is the title of the fifth book in the "Hitchhiker" "trilogy". Its popularity is such that it has become the definition of Earth in many standard works of sci-fi reference, like "The Star Trek Encyclopedia". Additionally, "Harmless" and "Mostly Harmless" both feature as ranks in the computer game "Elite" and its sequels. Also, in "World of Warcraft", there is a rifle that fires (mostly) harmless pellets. In the MMORPG "RuneScape", there is an island called Mos Le Harmless (Mostly Harmless). Low-scoring players in the multiplayer version of the game "Perfect Dark" and "GoldenEye 007" are awarded with the designation "mostly harmless". In the 2008 edition of the board game "Cosmic Encounter", the human race is given the attribute "Mostly Harmless". In the game "Kerbal Space Program", there is an atomic rocket motor with the description "mostly harmless". Another reference is in the book title Mostly Harmless Econometrics.


text: In chapter 17 of , Arthur Dent tries to get a Nutrimatic drinks dispenser to produce a cup of tea. Instead, it invariably produces a concoction (which most people found unpleasant) that is "almost, but not quite, entirely "unlike" tea".


text: One of the primary goals of the player, as Arthur Dent, in , is to thwart the machine and find some decent tea, a mission that the player is constantly reminded of by the inventory item "no tea". According to the Jargon File, the briefer "not entirely unlike" has entered hacker jargon.


text: "Share and Enjoy" is the slogan of the Sirius Cybernetics Corporation Complaints Division. In the radio version, this phrase had its own song (sung in ), which was sung by a choir of robots during "special occasions". The Sirius Cybernetics Corporation tends to produce inherently faulty goods, which renders the statement ironic since few people would want to "Share and Enjoy" something that was defective. Among the design flaws is the choir of robots that perform this song: they sing a tritone out of tune with the accompaniment. The "Guide" relates that the words ""Share and Enjoy"" were displayed in illuminated letters three miles high near the Sirius Cybernetics Complaints Division, until their weight caused them to collapse through the underground offices of many young executives. The upper half of the sign that now protrudes translates in the local tongue as ""Go stick your head in a pig"", and is lit up only for special celebrations.


text: The episode features a personal computer OS booting sound (à la The Microsoft Sound) set to the tune of "Share and Enjoy". Furthermore, , the last episode in the adaptation of , features a polyphonic ringtone version of the tune. The "Share and Enjoy" tune also is used in the TV series as the backing for a Sirius Cybernetics Corporation robot commercial (slogan: "Your plastic pal who's fun to be with!").


text: After mice, the second most intelligent species on Earth were the dolphins. The line was also the title of the fourth book in the trilogy, and appears in that book as a message inscribed on crystal bowls left as parting gifts from the dolphins to the human race. Its popularity was such that it was the title of the opening song for .


text: The phrase was also spoofed for the All Time Low track "So Long, and Thanks for All the Booze", from the appropriately-titled album "Don't Panic".


text: This is also the title of a track by A Perfect Circle on their 2018 album "Eat the Elephant". At their concerts this track was dedicated to the people in the crowd who knew where their towels are. Also, the video features flying dolphins in reference to HHGTTG.


text: In the 2020 video game "Factorio", there is an achievement titled "So Long, and Thanks for All the Fish", which is achieved by launching a raw fish into space.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Look was a biweekly, general-interest magazine published in Des Moines, Iowa, from 1937 to 1971, with editorial offices in New York City. It had an emphasis on photographs and photojournalism in addition to human interest and lifestyle articles. A large-sized magazine of , it was a direct competitor to market leader "Life", which began publication months earlier and ended in 1972, a few months after "Look" shut down.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Gardner "Mike" Cowles Jr. (1903–1985), the magazine's co-founder (with his brother John) and first editor, was executive editor of "The Des Moines Register" and "The Des Moines Tribune". When the first issue went on sale in early 1937, it sold 705,000 copies.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Although planned to begin with the January 1937 issue, the actual first issue of "Look" to be distributed was the February 1937 issue, numbered as Volume 1, Number 2. It was published monthly for five issues (February–May 1937), then switched to biweekly starting with the May 11, 1937 issue. Page numbering on early issues counted the front cover as page one. Early issues, subtitled "Monthly Picture Magazine", carried no advertising.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: The unusual format of the early issues featured layouts of photos with long captions or very short articles. The magazine's backers described it as "an experiment based on the tremendous unfilled demand for extraordinary news and feature pictures". It was aimed at a broader readership than "Life", promising trade papers that "Look" would have "reader interest for yourself, for your wife, for your private secretary, for your office boy".


title: Look (American magazine)

text: From 1946 to 1970, "Look" published the Football Writers Association of America College All America Football Team and brought players and selected writers to New York City for a celebration. During that 25-year period, the FWAA team was introduced on national television shows by Bob Hope, Steve Allen, Perry Como, and others.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Its January 24, 1956, article "The Shocking Story of Approved Killing in Mississippi", included murder confessions from J. W. Milam and Roy Bryant, who had been acquitted in 1955 of killing 14-year-old boy Emmett Till.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Within weeks of its debut, more than a million copies were bought of each issue, and it became a biweekly. By 1948, it sold 2.9 million copies per issue. Circulation reached 3.7 million in 1954, and peaked at 7.75 million in 1969. Its advertising revenue reached its highest point in 1966 at $80 million. Of the leading general-interest, large-format magazines, "Look" had a circulation second only to "Life" and ahead of "The Saturday Evening Post", which closed in 1969, and "Collier's", which folded in 1956.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: "Look" was published under various company names: Look, Inc. (1937–45), Cowles Magazines (1946–65), and Cowles Communications, Inc. (1965–71). Its New York editorial offices were located in the architecturally distinctive 488 Madison Avenue, dubbed the "Look Building", now on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: KGB defector Yuri Bezmenov, regarding the October 1967 "Russia Today" issue, said: "From the first page to the last page, it was a package of lies: propaganda cliché[s] which were presented to American readers as opinions and deductions of American journalists. Nothing could be [further] from [the] truth." He goes on to explain exactly how the "Look" reporters were compromised.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: "Look" ceased publication with its issue of October 19, 1971, the victim of a $5 million loss in revenues in 1970 (with television cutting deeply into its advertising revenues), a slack economy, and rising postal rates. Circulation was at 6.5 million when it closed.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: French publisher Hachette brought back "Look, the Picture Newsmagazine" in February 1979 as a biweekly in a slightly smaller size. It lasted only a year. Subscribers received copies of "Esquire" to fulfill their terms.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: The "Look" Magazine Photograph Collection was donated to the Library of Congress and contains about five million items.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: After the closure, six "Look" employees created a fulfillment house using the computer system newly developed by the magazine's circulation department. The company, CDS Global, is now an international provider of customer relationship services.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Stanley Kubrick was a staff photographer for "Look" before starting his career in feature films. Of the more than 300 assignments Kubrick did for "Look" from 1946 to 1951, more than 100 are in the Library of Congress collection. All "Look" jobs with which he was associated have been cataloged with descriptions focusing on the images that were printed. Other related Kubrick material is located at the Museum of the City of New York.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Frank Bauman was a staff photographer for "Look" following his career as war correspondent in World War II. Bauman worked alongside Margaret Bourke-White to document life in Cuba and the Soviet Union during the Cold War. Bauman was known for his experimental styles, and collaborated Doc Edgerton to develop the Stroboscopic effect, which proved that the Curveball curves, settling a longstanding dispute.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Alabama journalist William Bradford Huie was commissioned by "Look" and other periodicals to write articles about the Civil Rights Movement in the South. In January 1956 he published an interview in "Look" in which two of the six white men who killed Emmett Till admitted their guilt and described their crime. They had been acquitted at trial several months previously by an all-white jury. His work for "Look" was criticized at the time as "checkbook journalism", because he was known to pay interviewees to speak with them.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: James Karales was a photographer for "Look" from 1960 to 1971. Covering the Civil Rights Movement throughout its duration, he took many memorable photographs, including the iconic photograph of the Selma to Montgomery march showing people proudly marching along the highway under a cloudy, turbulent sky.


title: Look (American magazine)

text: Beginning in 1963, Norman Rockwell, after closing his career with the "Saturday Evening Post", began making illustrations for "Look".


title: My First Girlfriend Is a Gal

text: , also known as Hajimete no Gal, is a Japanese manga series by Meguru Ueno. It has been serialized in Kadokawa Shoten's "shōnen" manga magazine "Monthly Shōnen Ace" since November 2015, and has been collected in fifteen "tankōbon" volumes. A ten-episode anime television series adaptation by NAZ aired from July to September 2017.


title: My First Girlfriend Is a Gal

text: High school boy Junichi Hashiba laments not having a girlfriend as his classmates have seemed to be pairing up everywhere. His single unattached friends force him into boldly confessing his love to Yukana Yame, a beautiful "gal" at the school. Although Yukana easily determines that Junichi really just wants to lose his virginity, she agrees to be his girlfriend. Junichi soon attracts the affections of other girls who have known Junichi or Yukana for a while, including his childhood friend and neighbor Nene Fujinoki, Yukana's gal friend Ranko Honjō, and the school's madonna Yui Kashī.


title: My First Girlfriend Is a Gal

text: A 10-episode anime television series adaptation by NAZ aired from July 12 to September 13, 2017. The series was directed and character designed by Hiroyuki Furukawa, who also did the erotic comedy "My Wife is the Student Council President". The script was supervised by Yuichiro Momose, and the music was done by Yashikin of MAGES. The opening theme is by Junjō no Afilia, while the ending theme is by Erabareshi. An OVA episode was released on December 26, 2017.


title: My First Girlfriend Is a Gal

text: Funimation licensed and streamed the series in North America with an English dub,<ref name="Blu-ray/DVD"></ref> while Crunchyroll streamed it in Japanese with English subtitles. Following Sony's acquisition of Crunchyroll, the dub was moved to Crunchyroll.


title: My First Girlfriend Is a Gal

text: The anime's first episode was reviewed by various writers at Anime News Network. James Beckett found that the fanservice to be as expected and that it embodied "all of the most irritating sex comedy stereotypes that stopped being funny back when the American Pie sequels fizzled out over a decade ago." Nick Creamer found the censorship bars to be the only unique thing about the show, and that the central characters were not likable. Theron Martin held out some hope that Yukana would at least have some character depth. Paul Jensen found the premise of two characters from different social circles to have potential, but the first episode to be obnoxious and dumb, outside of some moments where Yukana reacts to Junichi's confession. Rebecca Silverman regarded the episode as mostly fetishism and unless that was toned down and "starts to develop Yukana as a real person, it could be a somewhat smarty raunchy comedy," but did not plan to watch any more to find out.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: So I Married an Axe Murderer is a 1993 American romantic black comedy film, directed by Thomas Schlamme and starring Mike Myers and Nancy Travis. Myers plays Charlie MacKenzie, a man afraid of commitment until he meets Harriet (Travis), who works at a butcher shop and may be a serial killer. Myers also plays his own character's father, Stuart. The film received a mixed reception from critics and did not fare well at the box office, grossing over $11 million, but it has gained a cult following in the years since its release.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: A miniseries called "The Pentaverate", created by Myers and based on the in-universe conspiracy theories mentioned in this film, was released in May 2022 on Netflix.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Charlie MacKenzie is a popular local beat poet living in San Francisco who makes his frequent break-ups the subject of his poems. His best friend Tony, a recently promoted police detective, seems to believe that Charlie simply is afraid of commitment and will identify (or invent) any reason to break up with someone.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: While purchasing dinner—a haggis—for his Scottish-born parents, Stuart and May, he encounters a butcher named Harriet, and finds himself attracted to her. During his visit to his family, Charlie and May discuss his recent break up with another one of his girlfriends, during which May brings up an article in the tabloid that describes a character known as "Mrs. X", a bride who kills her husbands on their honeymoons using an axe.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Later on, Charlie goes back to the butcher shop where Harriet works and offers to help her, during which the two quickly find common bonds between them. They start to date, and after staying at her place one night, Charlie meets Harriet's eccentric sister, Rose, who warns Charlie to be careful. During their time together, he learns she used to live in Atlantic City, had been involved with a trainer in Russian martial arts, and screams for someone named Ralph in her sleep. As they continue to see each other, Charlie and Harriet fall in love. He arranges a dinner with her to meet his parents, who point out that she's their favourite of all of his previous partners. Whilst there, Charlie spots the article about Mrs. X and becomes panicked, as he realizes that not only was one of the victims a martial arts expert, but another also happened to be named Ralph.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Charlie becomes paranoid and asks Tony to investigate Harriet and the Mrs. X story. Tony reveals that the husbands of Mrs. X were all reported missing alongside their wives, assuring that Harriet is unlikely to be Mrs. X. Charlie remains on edge, and after a few more troubled dates, decides to break up with her. Tony later reports that a killer in the Mrs. X story has confessed. Relieved, Charlie apologizes to Harriet by reciting one of his beat poems to her from his rooftop. They make up, and Harriet explains away some of the confusion Charlie had from her history, such as Ralph being the name of a woman she knows.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Sometime later, at his parents' wedding anniversary Charlie proposes to Harriet, which she reluctantly accepts after some hesitation. Following the wedding ceremony, they embark on a honeymoon to a secluded mountain hotel. After they depart, Tony learns that the confessed killer is actually a compulsive liar. He sends a photo of Harriet to the known associates of the missing husbands, and all report back that she was their friends' wife. With phone lines to the hotel down due to a storm, Tony charters a plane. Once he lands, he is able to call Charlie locally and warn him that Harriet really is Mrs. X, but the hotel phone line is knocked out and power is lost.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Charlie is panicked and tries to stay away from Harriet without letting her know what he knows, but the hotel staff force him into the honeymoon suite for their first night together. After locking Harriet in the closet, Charlie discovers a letter, purportedly written by him, explaining his absence to Harriet. Suddenly, Rose appears wielding an axe. Rose tells Charlie he was not supposed to find the letter, and reveals herself as the Mrs. X killer, and that she feels that Harriet's husbands are taking her sister from her, motivating her to kill them on their honeymoon night and leave letters behind claiming to be from them, leading Harriet to believe that each husband simply left her. Charlie is then trapped in a game of cat-and-mouse, staying away from Rose while waiting for the police to arrive.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Tony leads the police into the hotel but arrests Harriet, still believing her to be the murderer. Charlie, having been chased to the hotel roof pursued by Rose, is able to get Tony’s attention as they prepare to take Harriet away, prompting Tony to run up the stairs to the roof to intervene. While the police make their way up there, Rose swings the axe at Charlie and is thrown off the building, with only Charlie holding her up from falling to her death. Tony comes to catch her fall, where she is arrested and taken away. Charlie and Harriet resume their lives afterward as a happy couple.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: The genesis of the film originated in 1987, when producer Robert N. Fried, who had recently left Orion Pictures to set up on his own, met with writer Robbie Fox to discuss story ideas. They ended up talking about the problems they had with women and agreed that "most women appeared to be out to destroy us!" Fried and co-producer Cary Woods formed their own production company in 1992. "So I Married An Axe Murderer" was their first film, for which they were given a $20 million budget. Fox wrote the screenplay in 1987. In the original version, Charlie was Jewish and, according to Fried, it was "initially conceived as being more about paranoia than commitment". Myers wanted changes to the script that would allow him to perform both serious acting and "Saturday Night Live"–style comedy.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: He extensively rewrote the script with writer Neil Mullarkey, an old friend from Britain. According to Myers, they changed the story and many of the comedic moments. Fox was asked to consider a new set of credits that gave him a "story by" and co-screenplay credit. He rejected the proposal and in arbitration, the Writers Guild of America decided that Fox would receive sole screenwriting credit. Fried and Myers were upset that Mullarkey, who had put much work into the script, did not receive any credit.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Friend and co-producer Cary Woods asked Mike Myers to play Charlie MacKenzie because of the success he had with the film "Wayne's World". He agreed because he liked the script, as many of his friends also had a fear of commitment, and "were all suffering from cold feet and what is cold feet but a low-grade terror? This story just expands on that terror." Before he was approached, Woody Allen considered playing Charlie. Chevy Chase, Albert Brooks, and Martin Short also considered the role but did not like the character. Sharon Stone was initially set to play Harriet Michaels, the supposed axe murderer of the film's title.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Like Myers, who has two roles in the film, Stone wanted to play Harriet and the role of Rose, Harriet's sister, the latter portrayed in the film by Amanda Plummer. Studio executives at Sony did not like the idea of Stone playing both roles, and she therefore refused to accept the part. Nancy Travis, Fried's partner and future wife, was then cast to replace her. Travis was drawn to her character's "qualities of danger and compassion mixed with humor [which] make her an intriguing character."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Anthony LaPaglia said that his character "has grand illusions of being "Serpico", you know he's ready to fight crime like his hero did. But he's just not competent." When the actors attended the first cast read-through of the script, Charlie's father, Stuart, had not yet been cast. Myers read the character's lines and the filmmakers so enjoyed his interpretation that they realized he could play that role as well. The film also features cameos by Charles Grodin, Phil Hartman, Michael Richards, Mike Hagerty, Debi Mazar, Steven Wright, and Alan Arkin, the latter appearing uncredited as Tony's sensitive boss. They all agreed to be in the film for the opportunity of working with Myers.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: To fit both Charlie and his father in the same scene together, the filmmakers used a split-screen process. To look the role of Stuart, Myers spent over three-and-a-half hours having special prosthetic make-up applied. While filming scenes in the butcher shop, Nancy Travis was distracted by Myers' antics and accidentally took off the tip of her middle finger on her left hand while chopping vegetables with a kitchen knife. A local doctor sewed her finger back together. Travis said that she and Myers frequently improvised together, and he taught her more about comedy and showed her "how to be relaxed and spontaneous on the set."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: There were stories in the press that Myers' over-inflated ego forced extensive re-shoots on the film, and that he tried to deny Robbie Fox credit for writing the film. On the set, director Thomas Schlamme said that he had his differences with Myers over how the film should be shaped. He said that Myers was "taking a stretch beyond his usual self and was playing outside himself. Personality clashes were bound to happen. We struggled." The director denied that Myers was a control freak, and praised the "total commitment to his work. (But) yes, it was difficult." In addition, several major newspapers and magazines claimed that the film went over budget, with in-fighting among the principal actors and lengthy release delays, and that it was unfunny. Despite these early reports, "So I Married an Axe Murderer" scored high at test screenings.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Set in San Francisco, California, the film features many famous sights and neighborhoods of the Golden State metropolis, including the Golden Gate Bridge, the Palace of Fine Arts and Alcatraz. One scene on Alcatraz was filmed in "A" block, an area that is still in its original state from 1912 and is not open to the public. The space for actors, crew and equipment is narrow, a challenge also faced by the makers of "The Rock", which features Nicolas Cage and Sean Connery as characters breaking in to the prison complex. The tiny Cloverdale Municipal Airport is also in the film.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: The restaurant where Myers and Travis' characters double date with LaPaglia and Debi Mazar's is the Fog City Diner. The butcher shop used for "Meats of the World" was Prudente Meats on Grant Ave, in the North Beach Section of San Francisco.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: The scene where Charlie breaks up with Harriet was set in Alamo Square, the background showing the skyline of the city.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: The final scenes are set at Dunsmuir House in the East Oakland foothills. Additional special effects and matte paintings created the illusion that the location was secluded among mountains. The exterior shot for the café, Cafe Roads, where Myers recites his beat poetry, is the bar Vesuvio, at Columbus Avenue and Jack Kerouac Alley. The filmmakers picked San Francisco as the film's setting because it was an ideal place for a poet like Charlie to live.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Myers has said that he was attracted to its "coffeehouse culture, with its clothes and music and its whole sensibility ... people aren't going to bars as much. They tend to go out and have coffee." Several sets were built in warehouses near Candlestick Park, and these soundstages were used for many weeks.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: At least two deleted scenes are known to exist. One scene filmed on BART and an epilogue that revealed that Charlie and Harriet have a son named Stuart, after Charlie's father. Actor Keith Selvin is credited as Young Stuart in the movie.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: The film's original score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton. Due to the film's having a heavy emphasis on popular music, several of Broughton's cues were replaced with songs (such as his main title music being supplanted by The Boo Radleys' version of "There She Goes," and "Butcher Shop Montage" having Big Audio Dynamite's "Rush" substituted).


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Broughton was appreciative of the support music supervisor Danny Bramson and director Thomas Schlamme gave him, stating "I was given the opportunity to make my case, and I didn't get slighted... But the way it ended up was the way it ended up. It was done with a lot of creative latitude, and creative permission and confidence. I can't complain about the way it came out."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Intrada Records released an album of his music on November 25, 2013, featuring the complete score, plus alternates and original versions of cues.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: "So I Married an Axe Murderer" was first shown at a screening to benefit the local San Francisco film office, on July 27, 1993, at the Palace of Fine Arts Theater. It had its official world premiere at the Galaxy Theater in Hollywood on July 28, with Myers, Travis, and LaPaglia in attendance. The film did not perform well at the box office. It was released on July 30 in 1,349 theaters, and grossed $3.4 million USD during its opening weekend, and a total of $11.5 million in North America.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: "So I Married an Axe Murderer" had a mixed critical reception. On Rotten Tomatoes it has an approval rating of 53% based on 38 reviews, with an average rating of 5.60/10. The critical consensus reads, ""So I Married an Axe Murderer" is a unique rom-com with moments of heart and hilarity -- even if they're all too scattered to cohere into a consistent whole." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 54 out of 100 based on 30 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade of "B" on scale of A to F.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: Roger Ebert, in his review for the "Chicago Sun-Times", described the film as "a mediocre movie with a good one trapped inside, wildly signaling to be set free." He rated it two and a half stars out of four. "Rolling Stone" magazine's Peter Travers felt that "Juggling mirth, romance and murder requires a deft touch - think of Hitchcock's "Trouble with Harry". "Axe" is a blunt instrument." "Entertainment Weekly"'s reviewer gave the film a "C−" and said, "In some perverse way, "So I Married an Axe Murderer" seems to be asking us to laugh at how not-funny it is."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: In his review for "The Washington Post", Hal Hinson had a mixed reaction to Myers' performance, writing "Everything he does is charmingly lightweight and disposable and reasonably impossible to resist. And in the end, because the character is so easily within reach for him, you may come away feeling a little cheated, as if you hadn't quite seen a movie at all." However, Janet Maslin's review in "The New York Times" said that it came as "a welcome surprise that "So I Married an Axe Murderer", which might have been nothing more than a by-the-numbers star vehicle, surrounds Mr. Myers with amusing cameos and gives him a chance to do more than just coast."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: In his review for the "San Francisco Chronicle", Edward Guthmann called the film a "trifle, at best - but it's so full of good spirits, and so rich with talented actors having a marvelous time, that its flaws tend to wash away."


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: A DVD of the film was first released in June 1999. The artwork for the DVD was different than the original film poster, which had Harriet holding an axe behind her back. A "Deluxe Edition" DVD and Blu-ray edition were released in June 2008 which despite the aforementioned label does not contain any special features.


title: So I Married an Axe Murderer

text: On April 17, 2019, it was announced that Netflix had picked up a then untitled six-episode miniseries from Myers where he will star as multiple characters. In June 2021, it was revealed that the miniseries will be titled "The Pentaverate", based on the conspiracy theories from the Weekly World News in the film where Myers' character, Stuart McKenzie discusses with Tony Giardino. The series featured Ken Jeong, Keegan-Michael Key, Mazar, Jennifer Saunders, and Lydia West, with Jeremy Irons serving as the narrator. Myers, Tim Kirkby, John Lyons, Tony Hernandez, Lilly Burns, and Jason Weinberg will serve as executive producers with the latter three through Jax Media.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The Ford small-block (aka Windsor V8) is a series of 90° overhead valve small block V8 automobile engines manufactured by the Ford Motor Company from July 1961 to December 2000.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Designed as a successor to the Ford Y-block engine, it was first installed in the 1962 model year Ford Fairlane and Mercury Meteor. Originally produced with a displacement of , it eventually increased to , but was most commonly sold (from 1968-2000) with a displacement of 302 cu in (later marketed as 5.0 L).


title: Ford small block engine

text: This engine was installed in several of the company's most famous products, notably the Mustang, as well as the Mercury Cougar, Ford Torino, Ford Granada, Mercury Monarch, Ford LTD, Mercury Marquis and Ford F-150 pickup.


title: Ford small block engine

text: For the 1991 model year, Ford began phasing in their new Modular V8 engine to replace the small-block, beginning with the Lincoln Town Car and continuing through the 1990s. The 2001 Explorer SUV was the last North American installation of the engine, and Ford Australia used it through 2002 in the Falcon and Fairlane.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Although sometimes called the "Windsor" by enthusiasts, Ford never used that designation for the engine line as a whole; it was only adopted informally well into its run to distinguish the version from the "Cleveland" version of the 335-family engine that had the same displacement but a significantly different configuration. The designations for each were derived from the original locations of manufacture: Windsor, Ontario and Cleveland, Ohio.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The small-block engine was introduced in the 1962 Ford Fairlane and Mercury Meteor cars. Displacing , it was designed to save weight, using thin-wall casting with a block that does not extend below the centerline of the crankshaft. The engine uses a separate aluminum timing chain cover, which differentiates it from the later 335-series Cleveland engines that use an integrated timing cover. All Ford Small Block engines use two-valve-per-cylinder heads, with "2V" and "4V" designations indicating the number of barrels (or venturi) in the carburetor. The valves are in-line and use straight six-bolt valve covers. Coolant is routed out of the block through the intake manifold.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The design was soon bored to and again to , then stroked to , settling on the most common displacement offered until the engine's retirement in 2001, nearly 40 years after the basic block design debuted. Two additional displacements were produced during the engine's history. A model (stroked from the 302) was offered beginning in 1969 and continuing until 1996. The 351W (so identified to distinguish from the 335-series Cleveland 351C) uses a taller block than the other engines in the series to avoid excessively short connecting rods. And for a brief time in the early 1980s a version with a smaller bore diameter that displaced was produced as Ford struggled with emissions and fuel economy.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In response to the Chevrolet Camaro's success in the SCCA Trans-Am Series, Ford engineers developed a new racing engine from the small block. The first attempt mated a tunnel-port head to a 289 cu in block, but the displacement proved to be too small to deliver the desired power. The next iteration of the engine mated an improved head design to the 302 cu in block, producing the famous "Boss 302". The heads from the Boss 302 became the production heads on the 335-series Cleveland engines, which used the same bore spacing and head bolt configuration as the small block engines.


title: Ford small block engine

text: As the 1980s drew to a close, Ford began the design of a new OHC V8 to replace the venerable small block design. The Modular 4.6 L OHC V8 debuted in the 1991 Lincoln Town Car, signaling the eventual demise of the OHV Ford Small Block. Through the rest of the decade, Ford gradually shifted V8 applications to the Modular engine, with the Mustang transitioning in 1996. Even as the small block neared the end of its life, development continued, with new cylinder heads introduced for the Ford Explorer in 1997. American sales in new vehicles ended with the 2001 Ford Explorer, but the engine continues to be offered for sale as a crate engine from Ford Racing and Performance Parts.


title: Ford small block engine

text: All of the July 1961 through August 1964 221-260-289 engines used a five-bolt bell housing, with all 221s and 260s being of this configuration, but the 289 changed to the six-bolt arrangement at this time - the change was made due to transmission utilization issues i.e. the need for larger-diameter clutches, for example.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The block mount pads and the cylinder wall contour of the 221 and 260 engines changed in January–February 1963 with the introduction of the 289 variant – all 221 and 260 engine blocks up to this time featured 'corrugated wall' construction with two freeze plugs on the side of each bank and engine mount hole pitch distances of 6 inch.


title: Ford small block engine

text: All three block variants from this point on featured the straight wall method of construction, three freeze plugs and an engine mount hole pitch distance of seven inches. The corrugated wall method of block construction had caused cleaning difficulties in the foundry from day one and a change was phased in.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The first engine of this family, called the Fairlane V8, introduced for the 1962 model year as an option on the Fairlane and Meteor, had a displacement of , from a 3.5 in (89 mm) bore and 2.87 in (72.9 mm) stroke, with wedge combustion chambers for excellent breathing. An advanced, compact, thinwall-casting design, it was 24 in wide, 29 in long, and 27.5 in tall (610 mm × 737 mm × 699 mm). It weighed only 470 lb (210 kg) dry despite its cast iron construction, making it the lightest and the most compact V8 engine of its type of the era.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In stock form, it used a two-barrel carburetor and a compression ratio of 8.7:1, allowing the use of regular (rather than premium) gasoline. Valve diameters were 1.59 in (40.4 mm) (intake) and 1.388 in (35.3 mm) (exhaust). Rated power and torque (SAE gross) were at 4,400 rpm and at 2,200 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 221 was phased out end of May 1963 due to a lack of demand after about 371,000 had been produced.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The second version of the Fairlane V8 was given the name Challenger, and was introduced during the middle of the 1962 model year (March 1962). It had a larger bore of 3.80 in (96.5 mm), increasing displacement to . Compression ratio was raised fractionally to 8.8:1. The engine was slightly heavier than the 221, at 482 lb (219 kg). Rated power (still SAE gross) rose to at 4400 rpm, with a peak torque of at 2200 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: For the 1962 and 1963 car model years, the valve head diameters remained the same as the 221, but for the 1964 car model year, they were enlarged to 1.67 in (42.4 mm) (intake) and 1.45 in (36.8 mm) (exhaust) – this was an economy measure so that both 260 and 289 engines could use the same valves. Rated power was not changed.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In 1963, the 260 became the base engine on full-sized Ford sedans. Later in the model year, its availability was expanded to the Ford Falcon and Mercury Comet. The early "1964½" Ford Mustang also offered the 260, although it was dropped at the end of the 1964 car model year.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Ford ceased production of the 260 at the end of the 1964 car model year with approximately 604,000 units having been made.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The special rally version of the Falcon and Comet and early AC Cobra sports cars of 1962 used a high-performance version of the 260 with higher compression, hotter camshaft timing, upgraded connecting rods, valves with larger diameter valve stems, stronger valve springs and a four-barrel carburetor. This engine was rated (SAE gross) at 5800 rpm and at 4800 rpm. This engine was termed the HP-260 by Ford and was specifically made for Carroll Shelby – about 100 were made.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The was also introduced in April 1963 and was also called the Challenger V8. Bore was expanded to , becoming the standard bore for most small block engines. Stroke remained at 2.87 inches. The 289 weighed 506 lb (230 kg).


title: Ford small block engine

text: The base version came with a two-barrel carburetor and 8.7:1 compression; it was rated at (SAE gross) at 4,400 rpm and at 2,200 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In 1964, an intermediate performance version of the engine was introduced with a four-barrel carburetor and 9.0:1 compression, rated at at 4,400 rpm and at 2,800 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The engine was an option on the 1965 Ford Mustang and was known as the "D-code" from the letter code used to identify the engine in the VIN.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The D-code engine is relatively rare, as it was only offered as an optional engine in the latter half of the 1964 model year.


title: Ford small block engine

text: This engine was marketed in the 1964 Mercury Comet Cyclone as the "Cyclone" and carried a K-code in its VIN. This engine is not the same engine as the HiPo K-code engine offered in Ford vehicles.


title: Ford small block engine

text: For 1965, the compression ratio of the base 289 was raised to 9.3:1, increasing power and torque to at 4,400 rpm and at 2,400 rpm, respectively.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In 1965 the four-barrel version was increased to 10.0:1 compression, and was rated at at 4,800 rpm and at 3,200 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Around 3,500,000 289-2V and 289-4V engines were made at Cleveland Engine Plant 1 (CEP1) in 1963-1967 and 800,000 289-2V at Windsor Engine Plant 1 (WEP1).


title: Ford small block engine

text: A high-performance version of the Challenger 289 engine was introduced late in the 1963 model year as a special order for Ford Fairlanes. The engine is informally known as the HiPo or the K-code' (after the engine letter used in the VIN of cars so equipped). Oddly, this engine was introduced in 1963 as the only 289 engine available in the intermediate Fairlanes. Lesser-powered cars had the 260 engine in that year. Starting in June 1964, it became an option for the Mustang.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The HiPo engine was engineered to increase performance and high-RPM reliability over standard 289 fare. It had solid lifters with hotter cam timing; 10.5:1 compression; a dual point, centrifugal advance distributor; smaller combustion chamber heads with cast spring cups and screw-in studs; low-restriction exhaust manifolds; and a bigger, manual-choke 595 CFM carburetor (the standard 289-4V was 480 CFM). The water pump, fuel pump, and alternator/generator pulleys were altered, fewer vanes, extra spring, and larger diameter, respectively; to help handle the higher engine speeds. Even the HiPo's fan was unique. Bottom-end improvements included a flaw-free selected standard block, thicker main bearing caps and crankshaft damper/balancer, larger-diameter rod bolts, a crankshaft made from 80% nodular iron as opposed to the regular items at 40%, all were checked for correct 'nodularity' by polishing an area of the rear counterweight and comparing that surface using a magnification arrangement against a picture datum, increased crankshaft counterweighting to compensate for the heavier connecting rod big ends, the increased external counter weighting at the front was split between the crankshaft damper and a supplementary counterweight place adjacent to the front main bearing journal (all designed to reduce the 'bending moment' in the crankshaft at high-rpm), all for high-rpm reliability. The HiPo equipped with a single 4-barrel Autolite 4100 carburetor carried SAE gross ratings of at 6,000 rpm and at 3,400 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The K-code HiPo engine was an expensive option and its popularity was greatly diminished after the 390 and 428 big-block engines became available in the Mustang and Fairlane lines, which offered similar power (at the expense of greater weight) for far less cost.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The HiPo engine was used in modified form by Carroll Shelby for the 1965–1967 Shelby GT350, raising rated power to at 6,000 rpm and at 4,200 rpm of torque, through use of special exhaust headers, an aluminum intake manifold, and a larger 4-barrel Holley 715 CFM carburetor. The Shelby engine also had a larger oil pan with baffles to reduce oil starvation in hard cornering. Shelby also replaced the internal front press-in oil gallery plugs with a screw-in type plug to reduce chances of failure.


title: Ford small block engine

text: From 1966 to 1968, Shelby offered an optional Paxton supercharger for the 289, raising its power (on Shelby GT350s) to around .


title: Ford small block engine

text: About 25,000 K-code 289's were manufactured at Cleveland Engine Plant 1 (CEP1) between March 1963 and June 1967.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Ford designed a new 302 block for the 1967 GT-40, due to a new regulation which limited engine displacement to 5.0 litres. Ford was able to arrive at the 302 displacement by an extra eighth-inch of piston travel to the 289 Hi-Performance V8. The block featured heavy-duty, four-bolt main bearing caps and pressed in freeze plugs. This engine was topped with Gurney-Weslake aluminum heads. About 50 blocks were made.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Ford's new 302 "Tunnel-Port" engine was originally envisioned as the secret weapon for the 1968 Trans-Am season, which would bring them a third Championship win.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Starting with a 1967 GT-40 block, Ford topped the engine with a new head design. The new heads were based on the design of Ford's NASCAR 427 heads. The intake ports were straight, instead of snaking around the push rods. The push rods actually went through the center of the ports (thus the name "Tunnel-Port"). This configuration also enabled larger valves to be used.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Shelby dyno sheets showed this engine was capable of producing horsepower in the 440 to 450 range, and operated through a very high rpm band (8000+).


title: Ford small block engine

text: The Boss 302 was a chief engineer Bill Gay-inspired and Bill Barr-enacted performance variant of the small block, putting Cleveland-type cylinder heads at their then present stage of development (that's very large valves which were only used in 1969 due to the design being 'frozen' at this specification so production could commence) on Ford's 1967 GT-40 racing block to improve rated power to . According to some reports, the canted-valve, deep-breathing, high-revving engine could produce more than , although as delivered, it was equipped with an electrical revolution limiter that restricted maximum engine speed to 6,150 rpm. A strong bottom end, thicker cylinder walls, steel screw-in freeze plugs, race-prepared crank, special HD connecting rods, and Cleveland-style forged pistons kept the engine together at high speeds. The key to this engine's power was the large-port, large-valve, quench-chambered, free-flowing heads. The Boss 302 Mustang was offered only for the 1969 and 1970 model years. In the January 2010 issue of "Hot Rod" magazine, a Boss 302 engine built to the exact specifications, settings, and conditions of the original engine was tested. It produced 372 hp at 6,800 rpm and 325 lb-ft of torque at 4,200 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: By 1967, the Ford GT40 MKII and GT40 MKIV had dominated the Le Mans 24-Hour Race for two consecutive years, using various versions of the Ford big-block engine. In an attempt to reduce the high speeds, the organizers of this race capped the engine capacity in 1968. Ford consequently returned to the MKI GT40 (originally using the Windsor 289), but had now increased its capacity to meet the new rules. Since Ford had ruled that the GT40 engines must have a direct link back to its production cars, the 302 was adopted in domestic manufacturing.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In 1968, the small-block Ford was stroked to , giving a total displacement of . The connecting rods were shortened to allow the use of the same pistons as the 289. It replaced the 289 early in the 1968 model year.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The most common form of this engine used a two-barrel carburetor, initially with 9.5:1 compression. It had hydraulic lifters and valves of (intake) and (exhaust), and was rated (SAE gross) at at 4,600 rpm and at 2,600 rpm. Optional was a four-barrel version rated at at 4,800 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 302 was manufactured in Windsor from 1968 to 1978. Ten years of manufacture was punctuated by several design changes, some small or larger. In 1970, the manufacturing of the engine was moved from Windsor, Ontario to Cleveland, Ohio. Along with the move came most changes that stayed with it for the remainder of its life. These were longer valve stems with rotating lash caps, bottle neck type rocker studs for a positive stop nut arrangement and a longer pushrod to correct valve train geometry. The water pump borrowed from the 351 Cleveland, with a few minor alterations to the casting, allowed the use of a left hand water inlet. (this improved water circulation in the radiator to a more cross-flow direction). This change also necessitated the need for a harmonic damper change to move the timing marks to the other side of the front timing cover and a change to four bolts holding the crank pulley rather than just three.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Emission regulations caused a progressive reduction in compression ratio for the 302 two-barrel, to 9.0:1 in 1972, reducing SAE gross horsepower to . In that year, U.S. automakers began to quote horsepower in SAE net ratings; the 302 two-barrel carried a net rating of . By 1975, its power dropped as low as . Until fuel injection began to appear in the 1980s, net power ratings did not rise above .


title: Ford small block engine

text: From the 1978 car model year, the 302 became more commonly known as the 5.0 Liter, although its metric displacement is . Ford may have used the "5.0" moniker to distinguish the 302 from their inline six, which was known as the 4.9. Despite its advertised displacement, "Car and Driver" referred to the 302 as a 4.9-liter engine, though in common usage it is typically called a "5-Oh, 5-Point-Oh, 5 Liter, or 302".


title: Ford small block engine

text: Throttle-body fuel injection became available on the 1980 Lincoln Continental, and became standard on all non-H.O. 5.0 engines for 1983. For the 1986 model year, Ford replaced the throttle-body system with sequential multi-port fuel injection, identifiable by the large intake with an "EFI 5.0" badge on top.


title: Ford small block engine

text: For 1968 only, a special high-performance version of the 302 was offered for the Shelby GT350. The main features included: an angled, high-rise aluminum or iron intake manifold, a larger Holley four-barrel carburetor, and bigger valves of intake and exhaust. It had a longer-duration camshaft, still with hydraulic lifters. The heads had special close-tolerance pushrod holes to guide the pushrods without rail rocker arms or stamped steel guide plates. The combustion chambers also featured a smaller quench design for a higher compression ratio and enhanced flow characteristics. Additionally, high-flow cast exhaust manifolds similar to those on the 289 Hi-Po K-code engine further improved output. Heavy-duty connecting rods with high-strength bolts and a nodular iron crankshaft were also included in this package. Rated power (SAE gross) was estimated at at 6,000 rpm and at 3,800 rpm.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The package, which cost $692 including some other equipment, was not popular and did not return for 1969. This engine was not a factory engine. Rather, like all Shelby Mustang engines, it was modified by Shelby American in their capacity as a vehicle upfitter. This special engine is well documented in the Ford factory engine repair manual for 1968 Mustangs and Fairlanes.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The block was made in Mexico. "Hecho en Mexico" casting marks are present in the lifter valley, and its main strength was the appearance of much larger and stronger two-bolt main bearing caps on the engine's bottom end - the same as the HiPo-289, but not made from nodular iron rather Ford's standard material. The Mexican 302 block was produced through to the mid-1990s and even showed up in Ford cars, trucks, and vans throughout the 1970s and early 1980s (Mexican-made 302 engines were often used by the USA car plants when CEP1 could not produce enough engines and many Ford replacement engines were Mexican). Mexican blocks were not made from a high-nickel content material as is generally thought, but rather Ford's usual ACB specification material. They are no stronger than any other USA-made component and the bore service life is generally lower due to less wear-resistant South American-sourced iron ore. All Mexican V8 blocks were cast and machined to accept a front engine mount as required for their truck applications.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In the late 1970s an urgent need to meet EPA CAFE standards led to the creation of the version for the 1980 model year, essentially a 302 with the cylinder bores reduced to 3.68 in (93.5 mm). The 302 was to be phased out and the 255 was to be an interim engine which would remain until the new V6 was in production - a quick fix. Rated power (SAE net) was 115-122 hp (86-91 kW), depending on year and application. Cylinder heads, which were specific to this engine, used smaller combustion chambers and valves, and the intake ports were oval whereas the others were all rectangular. The only externally visible clue was the use of an open-runner intake manifold with a stamped-steel lifter valley cover attached to its underside, reminiscent of previous-generation V8 engines, such as the Y-block and the MEL.


title: Ford small block engine

text: It was optional in Fox-chassis cars including the Mustang and corporate cousin Mercury Capri, Thunderbird, Fairmont, and standard equipment in the Ford LTD. Some variants (i.e. Mercury Grand Marquis) were fitted with a variable-venturi carburetor which were capable of highway fuel economy in excess of 27 MPG. Due to its dismal overall performance the 255 was dropped at the end the 1982 car model-year with 253,000 units manufactured - 302 production continued and the plans to phase it out were dropped.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 1982 model year brought a new 5.0 High Output variation. Manual-transmission equipped Mustangs and Mercury Capris were first equipped with two-barrel carburetors (1982), then a four-barrel Holley carburetor (1983–85). The block was fitted with revised, taller lifter bosses to accept roller lifters, and a steel camshaft in 1985, and electronic sequential fuel injection was introduced in 1986. While sequential injection was used on the Mustang beginning in 1986, many other vehicles, including trucks, continued to use a batch-fire fuel injection system. The speed-density based EFI systems used a large, two-piece, cast-aluminum manifold. It was fitted on all engines through 1988, after which year it was phased out for a mass-air type measuring system in most applications (non-California compliant Panther platform cars retained the speed-density system until the Lincoln Town Car received the Modular V8 for model year 1991, and the Crown Victoria and Grand Marquis for 1992).


title: Ford small block engine

text: The same manifold was used in MAF applications, with the addition of the MAF sensor in the air intake tube. The MAF system continued, with minor revisions, until the retirement of the engine in 2001. Ford offered a performance head that was a stock part on 1993–1995 Mustang Cobra models and pre-1997 ½ Ford Explorers and Mercury Mountaineers equipped with the 5.0 L engine called the GT-40 head (casting ID F3ZE-AA). In mid-1997, the Explorer and Mountaineer 5.0 L heads were revised and renamed GT40P. The GT40P heads, unlike the GT40 heads, had a very well-developed port shape/design which yielded about 200 cfm on the intake side and 140 cfm on the exhaust side without increasing the size of the ports at all from standard E7TE castings, and without increasing the exhaust valve size. They also had smaller 59-61 cc combustion chambers for added compression, and the combustion chamber shape was revised to put the spark plug tip near the center of the chamber for a more even burn. These GT40P heads are considered by many enthusiasts to be extremely efficient.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 302 remained a mainstay of various Ford cars and trucks through the late '90s, although it was progressively replaced by the 4.6 L Modular engine starting in the early 1990s. The last 302 engine was produced for installation in a production vehicle at Cleveland Engine Plant #1 in December 2000, as part of a build-ahead to supply Ford of Australia, which installed their last such engine in a new vehicle in August 2002. The 302 is still available as a complete crate motor from Ford Racing Performance Parts.


title: Ford small block engine

text: In 2001, Ford Australia also built some stroked, 5.6 L (5,605 cc, 342 cu in) Windsors with reworked GT40P heads (featuring larger valves), a unique eight-trumpet inlet manifold fitted with a unique throttle body, long-throw crank, H-beam rods, and roller rockers. Used in vehicles known as “T” series Ford Falcons and XR8 Pursuit 250 in their last collaboration (and possibly the last production use of the Windsor small block) in 2001-2002. Vehicles fitted with these stroker engines were sold under the banner of, and only available from dealers under the FTE banner (Ford Tickford Experience). They were produced in conjunction with long standing performance partner Tickford. They produced at 5,250 rpm and at 4,250 rpm. The 5.6 litres of displacement were reached by lengthening the stroke from to .


title: Ford small block engine

text: The Truck Division instigated a pushrod-operated four-valve-per-cylinder, cylinder head conversion in the early 1990s as a means of modernizing/improving and furthering the service life of the Windsor engine. This work was done for Ford by Roush Industries (for US$1 million) and two 302ci/5.0L and one 351ci/5.8 L variants were built and tested. These engines were highly successful, but upper management refused to allow engines so equipped to go into production, stating that to use a cast iron block in a new car (though the 302 remained an engine option in Explorers through MY2001) was no longer acceptable. One of the 5.0 L engines is in use in a hot rod. Various aftermarket manufacturers have also produced four-valve heads for the 302, notably Dominion Performance and Arao Engineering.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 351W (Windsor) is often confused with the 351 Cleveland, which is a different engine of identical displacement.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The Windsor featured a 1.3 in (32.5 mm) taller deck height than the 302, allowing a stroke of 3.5 in (88.9 mm). Although very much related in general configuration to the 289-302 and sharing the same bell housing, motor mounts, and other small parts, the 351W had a unique, tall-deck block, larger main bearing caps, thicker, longer connecting rods, and a distinct firing order (1-3-7-2-6-5-4-8 versus the usual 1-5-4-2-6-3-7-8, a means to move the unacceptable 'noise' of the consecutive firing adjacent front cylinders to the more rigid rear part of the engine block all while reducing excessive main bearing load), adding some 25 lb (11 kg) to the engine's dry weight. The distributor is slightly different, so as to accommodate a larger oil pump shaft and larger oil pump. Some years had threaded dipstick tubes.


title: Ford small block engine

text: It had a unique head which optimized torque over high-rpm breathing, frequently replaced by enthusiasts with aftermarket heads providing better performance. The early 1969 and 1970 heads had larger valves and ports for better performance. The head castings and valve head sizes from 1969 to 1976 were different, notably in passages for air injection and spark plug diameters (1969-1974 18 mm, 1975 and up 14 mm). From 1977 onward, the 351W shared the same head casting as the 302, differing only in bolt hole diameters (7/16 inch for 302, 1/2 inch for 351W). Early blocks (casting ID C9OE-6015-B) had enough metal on bearing saddles 2, 3, and 4 for four-bolt mains, and as with all small-block Fords (SBFs), were superior in strength to most late-model, lightweight castings. Generally, the 1969 to 1974 blocks are considered to be far superior in strength than the later blocks, making these early units some of the strongest and most desirable in the entire SBF engine family including the 335-series. During the 1980s, a four-barrel version (intake manifold casting ID E6TE-9425-B) was reintroduced for use in light trucks and vans. In 1988, fuel injection replaced the four-barrel carburetor. Roller camshaft/lifters were introduced in this engine in 1994.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The original connecting rod beam (forging ID C9OE-A) featured drilled oil squirt bosses to lubricate the piston pin and cylinder bore and rectangular-head rod bolts mounted on broached shoulders. A number of fatigue failures were attributed to the machining of the part, so the bolt head area was spot-faced to retain metal in the critical area, requiring the use of 'football head' bolts. In 1975, the beam forging (D6OE-AA) was updated with more metal in the bolt-head area. The oil squirt bosses were drilled for use in export engines, where the quality of accessible lubricants was questionable. The rod cap forging remained the same on both units (part ID C9OE-A). In 1982, the design of the Essex V6 engine used a new version of the 351W connecting rod (E2AE-A), the difference between the two parts was that the V6 and V8 units were machined in metric and SAE units, respectively. The cap featured a longer boss for balancing than the original design.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The block underwent some changes since its inception. In 1971, deck height was extended from 9.480 in to 9.503 in (casting D1AE-6015-DA) to lower the compression ratio to reduce NOx emissions without the need to change piston or cylinder-head design. In 1974, a boss was added on the front of the right cylinder bank to mount the air injection pump (casting D4AE-A). In 1974, the oil dipstick tube moved from the timing case to the skirt under the left cylinder bank near the rear of the casting. These details made swapping older blocks from passenger cars with front sump oil pans to more recent rear-sumped Mustang and LTD/Crown Vic Ford cars more difficult unless an oil pan had the dipstick mounted therein. In 1984, the rear main seal was changed from a two-piece component to a one-piece design.


title: Ford small block engine

text: Introduced in 1969, it was initially rated (SAE gross) at with a two-barrel carburetor or with a four-barrel. When Ford switched to net power ratings in 1972, it was rated at 153 to 161 hp (114 to 120 kW), although actual, installed horsepower was only fractionally lower than in 1971. Around 8.6 million 351W engines were manufactured between 1969 and 1996 at the Windsor Engine Plant Number One.


title: Ford small block engine

text: During the 1990s, motor enthusiasts were modifying 351 Cleveland 2V cylinder heads (by rerouting the coolant exit from the block surfaces to the intake manifold surfaces) for use in the 351W, resulting in the Clevor (combining Cleveland and Windsor). This modification required the use of custom pistons by reason of differing combustion chamber terrain (canted valves vs. straight valves) and intake manifolds. This combination yielded the horsepower potential of the 351C with the ruggedness of the 351W small block and was possible because more 351C 2V cylinder heads were manufactured than the corresponding engine blocks (the 351M and 400 used the same head as the 351C 2V).


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 5.8 L, 351W, was changed during the '90s from speed density to MAF; performance gains were directly affected. Before 1994, the 5.8 L was equipped with speed density. This programmed coding was placed into the vehicle's computer to tell the motor how much air it should be getting, therefore supplying an appropriate amount of fuel. However, if modifications are made to increase air flow, the computer does not provide more fuel until the oxygen sensors register a lean burn and only then can the computer compensate fuel trim. After 1994, the engine was changed to mass air flow (MAF). This allowed the computer to directly read how much air the engine was receiving through the help of a sensor in the air intake as long as that exact sensor was used (MAF sensors cannot be upgraded for increased flow without using an aftermarket chip or ECU). The rest of the intake system can be modified in any number of ways, but generally the MAF sensor remains stock). Because the computer reads this, it is able to increase the amount of fuel the engine gets when the air flow is increased, thus increasing performance.


title: Ford small block engine

text: From the late 1960s through the early to mid-1990s, the 351 Windsor had a long history of being marinized by Holman Moody Marine, Redline of Lewiston, ID (now defunct), Pleasure Craft Marine (PCM), and Indmar for use in about every make of recreational boat, including; Correct Craft, Ski Supreme, Hydrodyne, MasterCraft, and Supra inboard competition ski boats. The early marinized engines were rated at . Most PCM and Indmar marinized 351s were rated at . In the early 1990s, a version and a high-output version that used GT-40 heads and the Holley 4160 marine carburetor was rated at . A few 351 GT-40/HO engines were marinized equipped with throttle-body fuel injection (TBI) and were rated at . The marine industry's relationship with the 351W platform ended when Ford was unable or unwilling to compete with GM's production of TBI- and MPI-equipped engines in mass quantity. During that time, the recreational marine community's small-block V8 platform of choice shifted to the 350 cu in (5.7L) GM L31 (Vortec 5700) engine series.


title: Ford small block engine

text: The 'Racing Boss 351' (not to be confused with the Ford 335 engine Cleveland-based Boss 351) is a crate engine based on the Ford Windsor engine, but uses Cleveland sized main bearing journals. Deck height choices include and . Maximum displacements are stroke and bore. The resulting displacement is up to 454.38 cubic inches (7445.9 cc, or 7.4 L).


title: Ford small block engine

text: The uncross-drilled block with increased bore capacity became available from the third quarter of 2009. A Boss 351-based crate engine producing was available from the first quarter of 2010.


title: Lega Nord

text: Lega Nord (; acronym: LN), whose complete name is ' (), is a right-wing, federalist, populist and conservative political party in Italy. In the run-up of the 2018 general election, the party was rebranded as ' (), without changing its official name. The party was nonetheless frequently referred to only as "Lega" even before the rebranding, and informally as the (). The party's latest elected leader was Matteo Salvini.


title: Lega Nord

text: In 1989, the LN was established as a federation of six regional parties from northern and north-central Italy (Liga Veneta, Lega Lombarda, Piemont Autonomista, Uniun Ligure, Lega Emiliano-Romagnola and Alleanza Toscana), which became the party's founding "national" sections in 1991. The party's founder and long-time federal secretary was Umberto Bossi, now federal president. The LN long advocated the transformation of Italy from a unitary to a federated state, fiscal federalism, regionalism and greater regional autonomy, especially for northern regions. At times, the party advocated the secession of the northern portion of the Italian peninsula, whose populations are ethnically Gaulish-Lombardic (thus ethnically different from Greco-Roman southern ethnic "Italians"), and which the party refers to as "Padania", and consequently advocated Padanian nationalism. The party always opposed illegal immigration and often adopted Eurosceptic stances, lately joining the Identity and Democracy group in the European Parliament.