title: William Goldman

text: Hollywood's interest in Goldman was reawakened; he wrote the scripts for film versions of "Heat" (1986) and "The Princess Bride" (1987). The latter was directed by Rob Reiner for Castle Rock, which hired Goldman to write the screenplay for Rob Reiner's 1990 adaptation of Stephen King's novel "Misery", considered "one of [King's] least adaptable novels". The movie, for which Kathy Bates received an Academy Award, performed well with critics and at the box office.


title: William Goldman

text: Goldman continued to write nonfiction regularly. He published a collection of sports writing, "Wait Till Next Year" (1988) and an account of his time as a judge at both the Cannes Film Festival and the Miss America Pageant, "Hype and Glory" (1990).


title: William Goldman

text: Goldman began to work steadily as a "script doctor", doing uncredited work on films including "Twins" (1988), "A Few Good Men" (1992), "Indecent Proposal" (1993), "Last Action Hero" (1993), "Malice" (1994), "Dolores Claiborne" (1995), and "Extreme Measures". Most of these movies were by Castle Rock.


title: William Goldman

text: He was credited on several other movies: "Year of the Comet" (1992), which was eventually filmed by Castle Rock, but was not a success; the biopic "Chaplin" (1992), directed by Richard Attenborough; "Maverick" (1994), a popular hit; "The Chamber" (1996), from a novel by John Grisham; "The Ghost and the Darkness" (1996), an original script based on a true story; "Absolute Power" (1997) for Clint Eastwood; and "The General's Daughter" (1999), from the novel by Nelson DeMille.


title: William Goldman

text: Goldman wrote another volume of memoirs, "Which Lie Did I Tell?" (2000), and a collection of his essays, "" (2001).


title: William Goldman

text: His later screenplay credits include "Hearts in Atlantis" (2001) and "Dreamcatcher" (2003), both from novels by Stephen King. He adapted "Misery" into a stage play, which made its debut on Broadway in 2015 in a production starring Bruce Willis and Laurie Metcalf.


title: William Goldman

text: In their feature on Goldman, "IGN" said, "It's a testament to just how truly great William Goldman is at his best that I actually had to think hard about what to select as his 'Must-See' cinematic work". The site described his script for "All the President's Men" as a "model of storytelling clarity... and artful manipulation".


title: William Goldman

text: Art Kleiner, writing in 1987, said, "William Goldman, a very skilled storyteller, wrote several of the most well-known films of the past 18 years—including "Marathon Man", part of "All the President's Men", and "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid"."


title: William Goldman

text: Three of Goldman's scripts have been voted into the Writers Guild of America hall-of-fame's 101 Greatest Screenplays list.


title: William Goldman

text: In his book evaluating Goldman's work, "William Goldman: The Reluctant Storyteller" (2014), Sean Egan said Goldman's achievements were made "without ever lunging for the lowest common denominator. Although his body of work has been consumed by millions, he has never let his populism overwhelm a glittering intelligence and penchant for upending expectation."


title: William Goldman

text: "I [don't] like my writing. I wrote a movie called "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid" and I wrote a novel called "The Princess Bride" and those are the only two things I've ever written, not that I'm proud of, but that I can look at without humiliation."


title: William Goldman

text: He won two Academy Awards: one for Best Original Screenplay for "Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid", and Best Adapted Screenplay for "All the President's Men". He also won two Edgar Awards, from the Mystery Writers of America, for Best Motion Picture Screenplay: for "Harper" in 1967, and for "Magic" (adapted from his 1976 novel) in 1979. In 1985, he received the Laurel Award for Screenwriting Achievement from the Writers Guild of America.


title: William Goldman

text: He was married to Ilene Jones from 1961 until their divorce in 1991; the couple had two daughters, Jenny and Susanna. Ilene, a native of Texas, modeled for Neiman Marcus; Ilene's brother was actor Allen Case.


title: William Goldman

text: Goldman said that his favorite writers were Miguel de Cervantes, Anton Chekhov, Somerset Maugham, Irwin Shaw, and Leo Tolstoy.


title: William Goldman

text: He was a die-hard fan of the New York Knicks, having held season tickets at Madison Square Garden for over 40 years. He contributed a writing section to Bill Simmons's bestselling book about the history of the NBA, in which he discussed the career of Dave DeBusschere.


title: William Goldman

text: Goldman died in Manhattan on November 16, 2018, due to complications from colon cancer and pneumonia.


title: IAI Heron

text: The IAI Heron (Machatz-1) is a medium-altitude long-endurance unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) developed by the Malat


title: IAI Heron

text: (UAV) division of Israel Aerospace Industries. It is capable of Medium Altitude Long Endurance (MALE) operations of up to 52 hours' duration at up to 10.5 km (35,000 ft). It has demonstrated 52 hours of continuous flight, but the effective operational maximal flight duration is less, according to payload and flight profile. An advanced version, the Heron TP, is also known as the IAI Eitan.


title: IAI Heron

text: On 11 September 2005, it was announced that the Israel Defense Forces purchased US$50 million worth of Heron systems.


title: IAI Heron

text: The Heron navigates using an internal GPS navigation device, and either a pre-programmed flight profile (in which case the system is fully autonomous from takeoff to landing), manual override from a ground control station, or a combination of both. It can autonomously return to base and land in case of lost communication with the ground station. The system has fully automatic launch and recovery (ALR) and all-weather capabilities.


title: IAI Heron

text: The Heron can carry an array of sensors, including thermographic camera (infrared) and visible-light airborne ground surveillance, intelligence systems (COMINT and ELINT) and various radar systems, totaling up to . The Heron is also capable of target acquisition and artillery adjustment.


title: IAI Heron

text: The payload sensors communicate with the ground control station in real time, using either direct line of sight data link, or via an airborne/satellite relay. Like the navigation system, the payload can also be used in either a fully pre-programmed autonomous mode, or manual real-time remote operation, or a combination of both.


title: IAI Heron

text: At the February 2014 Singapore Air Show, IAI unveiled the Super Heron refinement of the Heron UAS. The Super Heron has a 200-horsepower diesel engine that increases its rate of climb and performance. Its range is line-of-sight and by satellite control. Endurance is 45 hours at a maximum altitude of . Cruising speed is and top speed over .


title: IAI Heron

text: The Heron saw significant use during Operation Cast Lead in Gaza of 2008–2009. During the deployment, each brigade combat team was assigned a UAV squadron for close support. This was the first Israeli operation in which UAVs, helicopters, and fighter jets were allocated to ground forces directly without IAF central command authorizing sorties. Air-support controller teams operated alongside brigade commanders at the front emphasizing the brigade commander's utilization of direct air assets. A high degree of situational awareness was achieved by maintaining at least a dozen UAVs in flight over Gaza at all times. Aerial surveillance was provided by Heron and Hermes 450 UAVs and Apache attack helicopters. Along with coordination between the air force and ground troops, Israeli ground forces were able to utilize cooperation with the Israel Security Agency by having operatives attached to the forward units. This inter-service coordination allowed for a higher level of tactical awareness and the ability to strike time-critical targets.


title: IAI Heron

text: Other countries operating the Heron include Singapore, India and Turkey. France operates a derivative of Heron named Eagle or Harfang. In 2008, Canada announced a plan to lease a Heron for use in Afghanistan, starting in 2009. In mid-2009, Australia leased two Herons as part of a multimillion-dollar lease to operate the vehicles in Afghanistan. In early July 2013, the Heron reached 15,000 flight hours over Afghanistan. Australia concluded its use of the Heron in support of Operation Slipper in Afghanistan on 30 November 2014, after it had accumulated 27,000 flight hours. Royal Australian Air Force retired two Herons in June 2017.


title: IAI Heron

text: Beginning in 2021, Malta-based Herons have been used by Frontex, the European Border and Coast Guard Agency, to monitor migrant activity in the southern Mediterranean Sea. This activity drew controversy when it was announced that the data gathered would be shared with countries including Libya and Tunisia. The concern was that the data could be used to force irregular migrants back to their point of departure, denying them the opportunity to seek asylum in other countries.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: Can't Buy a Thrill is the debut studio album by American rock band Steely Dan, released in November 1972 by ABC Records. The album was written by band members Donald Fagen and Walter Becker, recorded in August 1972 at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles, California and produced by Gary Katz. It features tight song structures and sounds that vary from soft rock, folk rock, and pop, alongside philosophical, elliptical lyrics.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: The album was a commercial success, peaking at number 17 on the "Billboard" chart and eventually being certified platinum. It was also met with positive reviews and later appeared on many professional listings of the greatest albums, including Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" (2000) and "Rolling Stone" magazine's "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" (2003).


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: Steely Dan recorded the album in August 1972 at The Village Recorder in Los Angeles. Two songs recorded during the "Can't Buy a Thrill" sessions were left off the album and released as a single: "Dallas" b/w "Sail the Waterway". This is the only Steely Dan album to include David Palmer as a lead vocalist, having been recruited after Donald Fagen expressed concerns over singing live. Drummer Jim Hodder also chips in lead vocals on one song, "Midnite Cruiser" (sometimes spelled "Midnight Cruiser"), as well as singing the "Dallas" single. By the time recording of the next album began, the band and producer Gary Katz had convinced Fagen to assume the full lead vocalist role.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: According to writers Marjorie Galen and Gordon Matthews, "Can't Buy a Thrill" features an upbeat soft rock style. Music journalist Paul Lester said that it incorporates mambo, swing, jazz, and Latin musical elements. Music critic Stephen Thomas Erlewine noted that "there are very few of the jazz flourishes that came to distinguish their [later] albums", but added that the first single from the album, "Do It Again", incorporates a tight Latin jazz beat, while the second single, "Reelin' In the Years", features jazzy guitar solos and harmonies. Robert Christgau described the former song as a toned-down mambo song with "tragic" lyrics about a "compulsive" loser.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: "Fire in the Hole", which features "angry, strident piano" by Fagen, takes its title from a phrase used by American soldiers in Vietnam, and alludes to how so many students evaded the draft in the late 1960s and early 1970s (Becker and Fagen included).


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: The title of the album is a reference to the opening line of the Bob Dylan song "It Takes a Lot to Laugh, It Takes a Train to Cry". The album cover features a photomontage by Robert Lockart. It includes an image of a line of prostitutes, standing in a red-light area from Rouen in France waiting for clients, chosen because of its relevance to the album title. Walter Becker and Donald Fagen themselves commented on the album art in their liner notes to the reissued "The Royal Scam", saying that The Royal Scam album possessed "the most hideous album cover of the seventies, bar none (excepting perhaps "Can't Buy a Thrill")." The cover was banned in Francisco Franco's Spain and was replaced with a photograph of the band playing in concert.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: "Can't Buy a Thrill" was released in the United States by ABC Records in November 1972 and in the United Kingdom by Probe Records in January 1973. The album peaked at number 17 on the "Billboard" Top Pop Albums, and was reissued on August 22, 1973, by Dunhill Records. On May 31, 1973, it was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), for shipments of 500,000 copies in the US, then certified platinum by RIAA on September 7, 1993, for shipments of 1,000,000 copies in the US.


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: Reviewing in November 1972 for "Rolling Stone", James Isaacs said "Can't Buy a Thrill" is "distinguished by three top-level cuts and scattered moments of inspiration," but felt the band occasionally sounded "limp". Christgau deemed it "a good album attached" to a hit single in his review for "Creem"; he found the lyrics "oblique, even philosophical ... as befit a band named after a dildo in a William S. Burroughs novel." In "" (1981), he expounded on his original praise: "Think of the Dan as the first post-boogie band: the beat swings more than it blasts or blisters, the chord changes defy our primitive subconscious expectations, and the lyrics underline their own difficulty—as well as the difficulty of the reality to which they refer—with arbitrary personal allusions, most of which are ruses."


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Erlewine said the songs "subvert traditional conventions" and are "tightly constructed, with interlocking chords and gracefully interwoven melodies, buoyed by clever, cryptic lyrics." However, he critiqued that vocalist David Palmer "oversings the handful of tracks where he takes the lead", which caused Walter Becker and Donald Fagen to temper "their wildest impulses with mainstream pop techniques." Writing for BBC Music, Paul Lester said the album was so "fully-formed ... that you would scarcely believe that it's their debut", and observed "tightly constructed songs with dazzling hooks, clever, cryptic lyrics, and vocals that offer teasing critiques for those that want them." Rob Sheffield was somewhat less impressed in "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" (2004), regarding the record as "mellow folk rock" that was "softened" by Palmer, who "sounds like he's nervous about where his wallet is".


title: Can't Buy a Thrill

text: "Can't Buy a Thrill" has appeared on many professional listings of the greatest albums. In 2000, it was voted number 207 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums". In 2003, "Rolling Stone" ranked it number 238 on their list of the 500 greatest albums of all time, and 240 in a 2012 revised list, and number 168 in a 2020 revised list. Based on such rankings, the aggregate website Acclaimed Music lists "Can't Buy a Thrill" as the 557th most acclaimed album in history, as well as the 154th most acclaimed from the 1970s and the 13th most acclaimed from 1972. The album was also included in the book "1001 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die".


title: RAI

text: RAI – Radiotelevisione italiana (; commercially styled as Rai since 2000; known until 1954 as Radio Audizioni Italiane) is the national public broadcasting company of Italy, owned by the Ministry of Economy and Finance. RAI operates many terrestrial and subscription television channels and radio stations. It is one of the biggest broadcasters in Italy competing with Mediaset, and other minor radio and television networks. RAI has a relatively high television audience share of 35.9%.


title: RAI

text: RAI broadcasts are also received in surrounding countries, including Albania, Bosnia, Croatia, France, Malta, Monaco, Montenegro, San Marino, Slovenia, Switzerland, Tunisia and the Vatican City, and elsewhere on pay television and some channels FTA across Europe including UK on the Hotbird satellite. Half of RAI's revenues come from broadcast receiving licence fees, the remainder from the sale of advertising time. In 1950, RAI became one of the 23 founding members of the European Broadcasting Union.


title: RAI

text: RAI is 99% owned by the Italian Government Ministry of Economy and Finance and is the sole licensee ("Concessionaria in esclusiva") of the Radio, Television, and Multimedia broadcasting public service. For this reason, the agreement with the Government prescribes a series of rules and guarantees that Rai must follow to ensure a fair public service to the citizens.


title: RAI

text: Management and Board of Directors are elected by the ruling Parliament through the "Commissione parlamentare per l'indirizzo generale e la vigilanza dei servizi radiotelevisivi" (Parliamentary Commission for General address and Supervision of Radio and Television Services) every three years, in agreement with almost all Parliamentary exponents, usually following the political side of the majority and leaving some space for minor roles to minority parties exponents.


title: RAI

text: Rai is formally a private joint-stock company ("società per azioni") (although all stocks are state-owned) its company statute precisely describes how the strict relationship with the Republic is, also ruled by different national laws (the most recent one is the 2015 "Riforma della Rai", i.e. the 2015 law n.220.), including the "Testo Unico della Radiotelevisione" (roughly "Consolidated Law on Radio and Television").


title: RAI

text: Rai and broadcasting are supervised by the commission, which rules also economics budgets and main regulations (including public service's electoral segments during electoral campaigns).


title: RAI

text: Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI) was formed in 1924 with the backing of the Marconi Company following a model adopted in other European countries. URI made its inaugural broadcast — a speech by Benito Mussolini (1883–1945) at Teatro Costanzi — on 5 October. Regular programming began the following evening, with a quartet performing Haydn's Quartet No. 7 in A major from the Palazzo Corradi. At 21.00 CET, Ines Donarelli Viviani announced for the first time: ""URI—Unione Radiofonica Italiana" Rome station 1RO 425 metres wavelength. To all those who are listening our greetings, good evening". Guglielmo Marconi's "S.A. Radiofono—Società Italiana per le Radiocomunicazioni Circolari" (Radiofono) held 85% of URI shares and Western Electric's "Società Italiana Radio Audizioni Circolari" (SIRAC) held the remaining 15%.


title: RAI

text: Under the provisions of Royal Decree No. 1067 of 8 February 1923, wireless broadcasting became a state monopoly under the control of the Ministry of Posts and Telegraphs; URI was commissioned to provide services for a minimum of six years pursuant to Royal Decree No. 2191 of 14 October 1924 ""Concessione dei servizi radioauditivi circolari alla Società Anonima Unione Radiofonica Italiana"". However, when URI's contract expired in 1927, it was succeeded under Royal Decree Law No. 2207 of 17 November 1927 by the partially nationalised Ente Italiano per le Audizioni Radiofoniche (EIAR), which became "Radio Audizioni Italiane S.p.A." (RAI) with investment from "Società Idroelettrica Piemontese" (SIP) in 1944.


title: RAI

text: During the reconstruction following World War II, much of RAI's early programming was influenced by the "Reithian" style of the BBC. The emphasis was on educational content. Programs like "Non è mai troppo tardi" and "Un Viaggio al Po" introduced people to what life was like in other parts of the country, at a time when most people could not afford to travel.


title: RAI

text: Over the following years, the RAI made various changes to its services. It reorganized its radio stations in November 1946 into two national networks, "Rete Rossa" and "Rete Azzurra" ("Red Network" and "Blue Network"). It added the culture-based "Terzo Programma" in October 1950. On 1 January 1952 the "Rete Rossa" became the "Programma Nazionale" (focusing on informational content) and the "Rete Azzurra" became the "Secondo Programma" (with a greater emphasis on entertainment). The three radio channels eventually became today's Rai Radio 1, Rai Radio 2, and Rai Radio 3.


title: RAI

text: In 1954 the state-owned holding company Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI) became the sole shareholder and URI – now renamed "RAI—Radiotelevisione italiana" to reflect its extended responsibilities – finally began a regular television service. On 3 January at 11.00 CET, the first RAI television announcer presented the day's schedule, which was broadcast from the service's Milan headquarters and relay stations in Turin and Rome. At 14.30, the first regular programme in Italian television history was broadcast: "Arrivi e partenze", hosted by Armando Pizzo and Mike Bongiorno. The evening's entertainment was a theatre performance, "L'osteria della posta", written by Carlo Goldoni. 23.15 saw the start of the day's concluding programme, "La Domenica Sportiva" – the first edition of a weekly series which continues to this day.


title: RAI

text: The RAI is governed by a nine-member Administrative Council. Seven of the members are elected by a committee of the Italian Parliament. The other two (one of which is the President) are nominated by the largest shareholder: the Ministry of Economic Development. The Council appoints the Director-General. The Director-General and the members of the Administrative Council are appointed for a renewable three-year term.


title: RAI

text: selling 20% ownership. This proposal was very controversial, in part because Berlusconi was the head of the leading private broadcaster Mediaset. Some critics claimed that Mediaset could become the buyer and thus increase its dominant position. However, after the revelation that RAI would lose €80m ($96m, £54m) in 2006, the privatisation plan was suspended in October 2005.


title: RAI

text: On 18 May 2010, Raisat received a major upgrade and re-branded with a new logo and a new name. It and all of the sister channels dropped the "sat" part from the name and became Rai YoYo, Rai 5 (formerly known as Rai Extra), Rai Premium, and Rai Movie (formerly known as Raisat Cinema).


title: RAI

text: On 11 June 2013, RAI was one of the few known European broadcasters to condemn and criticize the closure of Greece's state broadcaster ERT.


title: RAI

text: RAI is 99% owned by the Italian Government Ministry of Economy and Finance, so it is said that it broadcasts content that may politically influence people.


title: RAI

text: The Alberto Ribera logo was introduced in 1967, however, this did not have significant application except on studios and portable cameras. A second variation of the Carboni logo was introduced in 1977, which was not officially adopted but appeared in some graphics, including that of the time signal.


title: RAI

text: Rai's broadcasts content and nominees are frequently accused of political influences, depending both on the nominated management for every channel or news programme, and on the lack of meritocracy in contracts with television personalities, hosts and also technicians, also concerting cachets and salaries. However, many people trying to underline that Rai need to balance political equity and public services with the market rules and competitors. All these issues are still pending and unsolved.


title: RAI

text: Rai's main channels are culturally considered slightly politically oriented: Rai 1 is liberal or right-centred, Rai 2 is usually more right-oriented, while Rai 3 is typically considered leftist, having the majority of left oriented programmes and hosts Fabio Fazio, Bianca Berlinguer, or the journalistic deep investigation programme "Report", famous for its investigations over far-right scandals. This issue in Italy is referred as "lottizzazione" and is yet to be solved.


title: RAI

text: Rai is frequently subjected to controversies and censorship accusations regarding political matters, especially civil rights and LGBT issues.


title: RAI

text: The broadcaster was strongly accused in 2008 of cutting the gay love scene of the Oscar-winning movie "Brokeback Mountain". Rai initially apologized for the cut, explaining that the cut was due to a pre-cut edition originally planned for the prime-time slot, and wasn't corrected when airing was shifted to the late-night slot. Critics noticed that similar scenes of heterosexual lovers were never cut out before in prime-time and reinforcing the accusation of homophobic censorship.


title: RAI

text: The company rescheduled a new uncut version of the movie, but this was aired again in an even later time slot, a choice seen as a confirmation of the accusation. Only two years later, the movie aired again with all homosexual sex and kisses cut off. Rai was forced again to apologise, accusing a problem" with the pre-cut edition by the distribution company and a lack of fact-checking by the Rai employee.


title: RAI

text: In 2011, episode 125 of the German TV Soap "Um Himmels Willen" (literally "For Heaven's Sake"), shown in Italy since 2004, was entitled "Romeo and Romeo" and due to screen on Rai 1 but was left out in order to "avoid controversy", according to the broadcaster.


title: RAI

text: In 2016, during the first clear broadcast of the show "How to Get Away with Murder", on Rai 2, the gay kisses for one of the main characters (portrayed by Jack Falahee) were completely cut off. Rai apologized again, stating that the incident was "merely the mistake of an overzealous editor". Criticism on the social media platforms was so strong that Falahee and showrunner Shonda Rhimes both tweeted against the network "inexcusable" censorship.


title: RAI

text: In 2021, another accusation was made against Rai by famous Italian rapper and Chiara Ferragni's husband Fedez. During the "Concertone del 1 Maggio", a traditional Italian TV broadcast concert in celebration of the International Workers' Day, the rapper was invited to perform and have a speech on the stage. The rapper honored the entertainment workers affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and spent half of his speech in support of legislation that would punish violence against women and LGBT people as hate crimes in Italy. During his speech he recalled all the political exponents' hate speech (confirmed by videos or sentenced by court) during the late years and accused Rai 3's executive of trying censoring his speech by order of "superiors" as "this is how it works." Rai immediately denied all accusations and Fedez leaked a recorded audio of the conversation between him and the executives, where managers and hosts (declaring their names and roles to him) tried to censor his speech, by "asking you to adapt to a system that you probably don't get".


title: RAI

text: After the video was reposted by all national media and web news sites, Rai sued the rapper, while a parliamentary investigation was opened. Fedez replied he was proud and ready to face the court, and he said he was available as a testimony for the Rai's Superior Commission. Fedez's accusation was one of the biggest media scandals of Rai, as not only all political parties took sides in the cause (centre and left in favor of the Rapper, including ex-prime ministers Giuseppe Conte and Enrico Letta, while right and far-right parties in favor of Rai, including Matteo Salvini and Giorgia Meloni's colleagues), but also because Fedez and his wife, fashion blogger Chiara Ferragni are the most followed Italians on social media and are very active in social causes and civil rights advocating.


title: RAI

text: The scandal increased when the parliamentary commission denied a hearing with Fedez, only speaking with Rai's executives. In the very much criticized email answer (which screenshot was published by Fedez on Instagram) the Office of the Commission stated that even if not prohibited by law, it was not custom to invite external people to the Commission investigation. Fedez replied to the email with only three clown emojis, a fact that further angered the far-right politicians.


title: RAI

text: In July, the new board of Rai was elected, including the CEO and executives; this led to Rai's CEO Fuortes revealing not only the withdrawal of the action in court for failing all the required accusatory elements but also that no legal action was ever meant by the new management. Far-right exponents opened a parliamentary question over the withdrawal. After the CEO's declaration, no other details were said about any apology or agreement with Fedez: nonetheless, the rapper was invited by Fabio Fazio to the first episode of the new season of his late show.


title: RAI

text: Following the 2021 controversy, Fedez reinforced some controversy against Rai when he announced he wasn't invited to the 2022 Concertone for the first time.


title: RAI

text: Rai was investigated and fined (with many executives arrested or fired) for unjustified expenses and suspicious gifts. Frequently It was noticed that dinners, expensive watches and jewellery were all paid by Rai for unknown people outside the company.


title: RAI

text: In 2022, a new scandal was investigated by the Guardia di Finanza surrounding corruption and bribes. At least 5 people in total were arrested, while the investigation is still ongoing.


title: RAI

text: Due to the broadcasting rights of the free-to-air satellite channels Rai 1, Rai 2, Rai 3 and Rai Sport in some programs, broadcasts outside Italy are encrypted. In particular, it takes part in copyrighted programs (mostly foreign productions) and international sports competitions. In the past, it was encrypted as Discrete in analog satellite television broadcasts due to broadcasting rights outside Italy. Rai channels will not be broadcast due to broadcasting rights on digital platforms outside Italy.


title: RAI

text: (Rai Structures) is a news organization internal to Rai, or rather an internal management and division, created in order to independently manage the programs broadcast on the generalist and, in particular, thematic networks. After 2000, Rai reorganized its corporate structure with the creation of specific structures, listed here:


title: RAI

text: Rai Libri is the print publishing arm of Rai, headquartered in Turin. They primarily publish magazines and periodicals for news, entertainment, the broadcast industry, and since their beginning, broadcast schedules. They also have published since 1969 the "", the largest Italian dictionary of its kind.


title: RAI

text: RAI's history in print with the Unione Radiofonica Italiana (URI)'s weekly magazine "Radio Orario" which debuted in January 1925 and became "Radiocorriere" in 1930. Edizioni Radio Italiana (ERI) was founded in 1949 in Turin, formed entirely from RAI capital to build on "Radiocorriere"'s success. In 1954 primary ownership was split between RAI and Istituto per la Ricostruzione Industriale (IRI). That same year "Radiocorriere" became "Radiocorriere TV", which would continue to be published until RAI divested in 1995.


title: RAI

text: During the 50s and 60s the ERI published "Classe Unica", ' and ', and in 1969 the first edition of the "DOP". The 80s saw the premiere of the monthlies "Moda" (1983) and "King" (1987), along with registering a new company name in 1987: Nuova Eri Edizioni Rai-Radiotelevisione Italiana S.p.A., or "Nuova ERI".


title: RAI

text: Since the 90s RAI/ERI has increasingly focused on publishing books written by its own broadcast stars, both in news and entertainment. In 1995 Nuova ERI closed and reopened in 1997 as "Rai Eri". On 15 October 2018, they renamed to "Rai Libri".


title: RAI

text: Rai Libri also edits technical publications: "Elettronica e telecomunicazioni" since 1946, "Nuova rivista musicale italiana" since 1967, and "Nuova civiltà delle macchine" since 1957. It produces its own reports on communications and media, with the second edition of the book-and-documentary "RicordeRai" released in 2004 in collaboration with Rai Teche.


title: RAI

text: RAI (originally URI) had printed its broadcast schedules nearly without interruption starting in 1925 as "Radio Orario", then from 1930 as "Radiocorriere", then continuously from 1954 as "Radiocorriere TV", until RAI divested in 1995.


title: RAI

text: The magazine was restarted under publisher with a print edition from 1999 to 2008, closing due to poor sales. It reopened in 2012 as an online-only publication, with a handful of special-occasion independent print runs in the intervening years, including 2005 (its 80th anniversary), 2010 (switchover to DTTV), and 2011 (150th anniversary of the unification of Italy). The "Rai Ufficio Stampa [press office]" website has meanwhile published programming schedules and television blurbs online since 2011 under the magazine's name. On 3 January 2014, Rai Teche published online the complete 1925–1995 archives of URI/RAI's "Radio Orario"/"Radiocorriere"/"TV".


title: RAI

text: There are RAI offices in foreign countries, which produce news reports that are broadcast live in Italy. These offices are in: Brussels, Paris, Berlin, London, New York City, Beijing, Cairo, Jerusalem, Nairobi, Moscow, Rio de Janeiro, and Bangkok.


title: RAI

text: As March 2015, the RAI has a debt of 442 million and the Italian Court of Audit was worried about the size of RAI's debt for the impact that this may have on Italian people, as the company is owned by the state.


title: RAI

text: Italians must purchase an annual television licence for about €90 every year in order to legally own a TV or HDTV. It is known as "Canone Rai", "Rai Tax" because it is used to part-fund the RAI. Since 2016, it is financed through the electricity bill.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Michael Scott Lang (December 11, 1944 – January 8, 2022) was an American concert promoter, producer, and artistic manager who was best known as a co-creator of the Woodstock Music & Art Festival in 1969. Lang served as the organizer of the event, as well as the organizer for its follow-up events, Woodstock '94 and the ill-fated Woodstock '99. He later became a producer of records, films, and other concerts, as well as a manager for performing artists, a critically acclaimed author, and a sculptor.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: In 1967, Lang dropped out of New York University and moved to Coconut Grove, Florida, to open a head shop. In 1968, after promoting a series of concert events in the Miami area, Lang (with Marshall Brevetz) produced the 1968 Pop & Underground Festival. It drew approximately 25,000 people on day one (May 18) and featured Jimi Hendrix, Frank Zappa, John Lee Hooker, Arthur Brown, and Blue Cheer. On the afternoon of the second day (May 19) it started to rain and the event ended early.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: After he moved to Woodstock, New York, and met Artie Kornfeld, the two developed the concept for a major festival event to celebrate the 1960s social movements and planned to open a recording studio in the town of Woodstock. With Kornfeld and partners John P. Roberts and Joel Rosenman, Lang initiated the planning of Woodstock festival, which was held on Max Yasgur's farm in Bethel, New York, August 15–18, 1969.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Michael Lang was featured in many scenes of the 1970 documentary film, "Woodstock: 3 Days of Peace & Music".


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang also produced Woodstock '94 with partners Roberts, Rosenman, and co-producer John Scher, and Woodstock '99 with John Scher and Ossie Kilkenny. In contrast to the previous Woodstock festivals Lang organized, Woodstock '99 proved to be more chaotic and violent.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: In May 2014, Lang revealed plans for a possible fiftieth anniversary of the first Woodstock concert to be held in 2019, and that he was exploring various locations.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: On January 9, 2019, Lang announced the official Woodstock 50 festival would take place August 16–18, 2019, in Watkins Glen, New York. However, the event was cancelled after confronting many logistical issues, financial backing issues, and three venue changes.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: In September 2021, about three months before his death, Lang was interviewed for a three-part Netflix documentary called "Trainwreck: Woodstock '99", detailing how the festival of the same name became a catastrophe.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang was not among the producers of the December 6, 1969, Altamont Free Concert that some had billed as a "Woodstock West." However, Lang was asked by the Rolling Stones and Grateful Dead to assist with the last-moment re-location, from Sears Point Raceway to the Altamont Speedway, near Tracy, California.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Initially, the concert was planned for Golden Gate Park and was to feature the Rolling Stones, the Grateful Dead, Santana, Jefferson Airplane, The Flying Burrito Brothers, and Crosby, Stills, Nash & Young. The city of San Francisco revoked the permits for the Golden Gate venue, ostensibly due to a San Francisco 49ers football game at Kezar Stadium, located in the park on the scheduled date. Subsequently, the concert was moved to Sears Point Raceway. However, a dispute over film rights led to its cancellation. Lang and Grateful Dead manager Rock Scully were then offered the Altamont Speedway—a rival to Sears Point Raceway—by owner Dick Carter. After the venue was set for the concert, Lang appeared, with his experience in moving the much larger Woodstock festival. The venue was moved on December 4 to the racetrack with the concert starting December 6.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: The venue change created major technical problems, including a stage built too low and close to the fans. The Hells Angels were then hired for stage security, which resulted in numerous fights with concertgoers, as well as an on-stage altercation with members of Jefferson Airplane, in which singer Marty Balin was struck and knocked unconscious. Audience member Meredith Hunter was stabbed and killed when he rushed the stage with a gun while the Rolling Stones were performing. These incidents were captured on film and appear in the Maysles Brothers documentary film "Gimme Shelter". There were also three accidental deaths among the crowd of 300,000.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang is seen in the film. Lang last appears onstage, walking away during the scuffle on the stage between the Hells Angels and the Jefferson Airplane.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang owned and operated Just Sunshine Records, which produced and released more than 40 albums by such diverse musical artists as Karen Dalton, Betty Davis, and Mississippi Fred McDowell. Lang also managed several successful international recording artists, including Joe Cocker, Rickie Lee Jones, Willy DeVille, Tarkan, and Spanish recording artists El Ultimo de la Fila. The label was active and distributed by Gulf & Western's Famous Music Group from 1971 until 1974.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Shortly after The Woodstock Music And Arts Fair in 1969, Lang began managing Joe Cocker, who appeared at the original Woodstock concert. Their professional relationship continued for more than twenty years. Lang made an appearance in Cocker's "You Can Leave Your Hat On" music video as a flugelhorn player.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: The Michael Lang Organization (MLO) encompasses live event production, film production, and artist management. Projects included a fiftieth anniversary event for the Lincoln Center featuring the French Theater company Royal de luxe, a Woodstock fiftieth anniversary event planned for summer 2019 that ultimately was cancelled, a movie version of the cult classic novel "The Master and Margarita", and theater projects in Turkey and South Korea. Additionally, with his partners in Woodstock Ventures, Lang was developing future projects that included a Broadway musical based on Woodstock the musical and a Woodstock lifestyle brand.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: MLO worked with the following artists: Outkast, Prince, Missy Elliott, Snoop Dogg, Steely Dan, The Fugees, Wyclef Jean, Tarkan, Shakira, Madonna, Norah Jones, Marc Anthony, Twista, Dave Matthews, Bruce Springsteen, Alicia Keys, Kid Rock, Red Hot Chili Peppers, Christina Aguilera, Linkin Park, Avril Lavigne, and Joe Cocker.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: In 2009, Woodstock Ventures (Michael Lang, Joel Rosenman, and the John Roberts estate) formed joint venture with Sony Music Entertainment and launched a new woodstock.com. The site celebrates the history of the original Woodstock Festival.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: In 2009, Lang co-authored with Holly George-Warren the critically acclaimed New York Times Best Seller "The Road to Woodstock".


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang was also a sculptor. He had five children. His first wife, vocalist Ann Lang, toured as a backup singer with Joe Cocker and Leon Russell from 1978 to 1982. At the time of his death, he was married to Tamara Pajic.


title: Michael Lang (producer)

text: Lang died from non-Hodgkin lymphoma at the Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center in New York City on January 8, 2022, at the age of 77.


title: Daisuke Ono

text: Ono graduated from Kōchi High School, Nihon University College of Art (Department of Broadcasting), and Aoni Coaching School Sunday Class. At university, he initially studied TV show production, but failed to succeed in directing a large group of people. Later, he switched to radio program production, and during the creation of a radio drama, became a performer due to a shortage of staff, which led him to pursue voice acting. In 2007, he started his music career under his own name with the mini-album "Hinemosu". Since 2008, he has been performing at the "Original Entertainment Paradise" held at the end of every year as one of the hosts and the leader. The other hosts are Showtaro Morikubo, Kenichi Suzumura, and Takuma Terashima.


title: Daisuke Ono

text: In 2008, he won the 2nd Seiyu Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role and won the 4th award in 2010. In 2011, he won the Grand Prix at the 33rd Animage Anime Grand Prix in the voice acting category.


title: Daisuke Ono

text: In 2015, Ono won the 9th Seiyu Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role and Personality, the BEST COMFORT RADIO Healing Radio Award for the TV anime "Barakamon"'s web radio "Radikamon", which he was a personality for at the 1st Aniradi Awards, and the Voice Actor Award at the Tokyo Anime Award Festival 2015, Anime of the Year Category.


title: Daisuke Ono

text: In February 2016, Ono left Mausu Promotion, to which he belonged for many years, and started his freelance career.


title: Daisuke Ono

text: "Key / Missing You" – as Jangled Cat. Opening song for "Psychic Detective Yakumo". Reached No. 36 in Oricon charts.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Joshua Caleb Gordon (born April 13, 1991) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He previously played for the Cleveland Browns, New England Patriots, Seattle Seahawks, Kansas City Chiefs, and the Tennessee Titans. Nicknamed "Flash", he played college football at Baylor and was selected by the Browns in the second round of the 2012 NFL Supplemental Draft. Throughout his career, Gordon has been lauded for his on-field production, but has also faced several suspensions for violating the NFL's substance abuse policy.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon had a breakout season in 2013 by leading the league in receiving yards, which earned him Pro Bowl and first-team All-Pro honors. Over the next four years, however, Gordon only played 11 games for the Browns due to his substance abuse suspensions and missed the entirety of the 2015 and 2016 seasons. He was traded to the Patriots in 2018, but voluntarily left the active roster amid a potential indefinite suspension from the NFL. Gordon returned the following season with the Patriots and Seahawks before further substance abuse violations led to his suspension through 2020. Reinstated for the 2021 season, he joined the Chiefs.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon was born to Elaine and Herald Gordon in Houston, Texas, on April 13, 1991, and he has two brothers. Gordon is of Haitian descent.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon attended Lamar High School in Houston, where he played football, basketball, and ran track. He played basketball as a sophomore. In football, he caught 20 passes for 363 yards and four touchdowns as a junior. As a senior, he was named first-team All-District 20-5A after totaling 25 receptions for 531 yards (21.2 average) and nine touchdowns.


title: Josh Gordon

text: He also competed in track & field as a senior, where he ran a leg on the Lamar 4 × 100m and 4 × 200m relay squads, helping them capture the state title in both events with times of 42.69 seconds and 1:30.43 minutes, respectively.


title: Josh Gordon

text: During the college recruitment period, Gordon was targeted by Baylor, Houston, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, and Texas Tech. According to Rivals.com, Gordon was ranked as a 3-star wide receiver, while Scout.com rated him as a 2-star at the position.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon accepted an athletic scholarship to play football for Baylor University. Although he received multiple Division I offers, his choice of Baylor was easy due to his supervised probation which required him to not leave the state of Texas. However, in October 2010, during his sophomore year, he and teammate Willie Jefferson were found asleep in a local Taco Bell drive-through lane. Police found marijuana in Jefferson's car. Jefferson, who was driving, was kicked off the team due to it being his second violation, but Gordon was only suspended.


title: Josh Gordon

text: In July 2011, Gordon was suspended indefinitely by head coach Art Briles for later failing a drug test and testing positive for marijuana.


title: Josh Gordon

text: In August 2011, Gordon transferred to the University of Utah, but did not play during the 2011 season after declaring too late for the 2011 Supplemental Draft.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon was taken in the second round of the 2012 Supplemental Draft by the Cleveland Browns. On July 16, 2012, Gordon signed a four-year, $5.3 million deal with the Browns.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon finished among the top rookie wide receivers in the 2012 draft class. He recorded 50 catches, 805 yards, and five touchdowns in the 2012 season. Gordon scored his first NFL touchdown against the New York Giants in Week 5, where he finished with two catches for 82 yards and two touchdowns. Gordon had his first 100-yard game against the Oakland Raiders in Week 13, where he finished with six catches for 116 yards and a touchdown. Gordon had a then career-high of eight catches against the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 14. He finished his rookie season with 50 receptions for 805 receiving yards and five receiving touchdowns.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On June 7, 2013, the NFL announced that Gordon would be suspended for the first two games of the 2013 season due to violating the NFL's substance-abuse policy. He returned from his suspension and had ten receptions for 146 yards and a touchdown in the 31–27 victory over the Minnesota Vikings. In Week 8, against the Kansas City Chiefs, he had five receptions for 132 receiving yards and a touchdown. In Week 11, against the Cincinnati Bengals, he had five receptions for 125 yards and a touchdown. In Week 12, against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Gordon had 237 receiving yards, and 261 the following week against the Jacksonville Jaguars, the first time in NFL history that a wide receiver had back-to-back regular season games with at least 200 receiving yards. The following game, he had seven receptions for 151 yards and a touchdown against the New England Patriots. Gordon's stretch of 774 receiving yards set an NFL record for most in a four-game stretch. On December 26, 2013, he was named the Cleveland Chapter PFWA Player of the Year following the season. The next day, Gordon was voted to his first Pro Bowl. He finished the 2013 season with 87 receptions, nine receiving touchdowns, and a league-leading 1,646 receiving yards in 14 games. He was ranked 16th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014. He earned First Team All-Pro honors.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On August 27, 2014, Gordon acknowledged that the NFL suspended him for one year for violating the league's substance-abuse policy. On September 19, 2014, his suspension was reduced to 10 games amidst the new NFL drug policy. Gordon was officially reinstated on November 17.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On December 27, 2014, exactly one year removed from being selected into the Pro Bowl, the Browns suspended Gordon from the final game of the season due to a violation of team rules.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Due to Gordon's suspensions, he only played five games in the 2014 season and caught 24 passes for 303 yards.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon was suspended for the entire 2015 season due to violating the league's substance abuse policy. Gordon entered the NFL's substance abuse program after pleading guilty to a driving while impaired charge in September 2014 and was prohibited from consuming alcohol during his time in the program. The suspension was for one year starting on February 3, 2015, and he was not eligible to return until the start of the 2016 season.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On January 20, 2016, Gordon applied to the league for reinstatement. His request was denied in March when it was reported that he had failed another drug test.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On July 25, 2016, Gordon was reinstated by the NFL. He was allowed to participate in training camp but was suspended for the first four games of the 2016 regular season.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On September 29, 2016, Gordon left the Browns to enter an in-patient rehabilitation facility. He was one week away from reinstatement to the NFL, serving his previous sentence of four regular-season games. In a press statement, Gordon wrote, "After careful thought and deep consideration I've decided that I need to step away from pursuing my return to the Browns and my football career to enter an in-patient rehabilitation facility. This is the right decision for me and one that I hope will enable me to gain full control of my life and continue on a path to reach my full potential as a person. I appreciate the support of the NFL, NFLPA, the Browns, my teammates, my agent and the community through this extremely challenging process."


title: Josh Gordon

text: On March 1, 2017, Gordon again applied to the league for reinstatement, but was denied on May 11, 2017. On November 1, Gordon was finally reinstated, but on a conditional basis, meaning that he would be eligible to return in Week 13. He was officially activated off the Commissioner's Exempt list on November 30, 2017, for the Browns' Week 13 game against the Los Angeles Chargers. He finished the game with 85 receiving yards in a 19–10 Browns loss. On December 10, 2017, while playing the Green Bay Packers, Gordon scored his first touchdown since the 2013 season.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon played in only one game for the Browns in 2018. During Week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, he made a late-game reception for a 17-yard touchdown resulting in a 21–21 tie following overtime. The following week the Browns indicated that they would be parting ways with Gordon after he "violated the team's trust". Initially, it was reported that the Browns finally lost patience with him after he injured his hamstring during an off-field event on September 12. The Browns had been led to believe he was shooting a promotional video for his clothing line and didn't know he was running 40s. However, it was later reported that there were multiple factors in the decision to part ways with the troubled receiver. Reportedly, the Browns were angered when he reported to practice 10 minutes late on September 13 and was "not himself." According to "The Plain Dealer," the Browns feared that he was struggling to stay sober, and had done everything they believed they could do to keep him on the right path.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On September 17, 2018, Gordon was traded along with a seventh-round draft pick in the 2019 NFL Draft to the New England Patriots in exchange for a 2019 fifth-round draft pick. In his first game with the Patriots, Gordon caught two passes for 32 yards in a 38–7 victory over the Miami Dolphins. In the next game against the Indianapolis Colts, Gordon caught Tom Brady's 500th NFL touchdown pass. It was also Gordon's first touchdown as a Patriot. In the next game against the Kansas City Chiefs, he recorded five receptions for 42 yards as the Patriots narrowly won 43–40. During Week 7, the Patriots went on the road to face the Chicago Bears. In the 38–31 victory, Gordon recorded four receptions and 100 yards to record his first 100-yard game as a Patriot. Later in the game, he took on defensive back duties to defend against Bears' quarterback Mitchell Trubisky's Hail Mary pass. On November 4, Gordon recorded five receptions for 130 yards and a 55-yard touchdown against the Green Bay Packers.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On December 20, Gordon announced that he would step away from football to focus on his mental health. The NFL later stated that Gordon would be facing an indefinite ban for violating the terms of his conditional reinstatement under the NFL drug policy. Gordon finished his first season with the Patriots with 40 receptions for 720 yards and three touchdowns.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Without Gordon, the Patriots reached Super Bowl LIII where they beat the Los Angeles Rams, 13–3. Although he did not play in the game because of his suspension, Gordon still received a ring for his earlier contributions to the team.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On March 12, 2019, the Patriots placed a second-round tender on Gordon, securing his services for the upcoming 2019 season, should he be reinstated by the NFL. Gordon took to Instagram shortly after to thank the team, and reaffirm his commitment to getting back on the field. Two weeks later, during a press conference at the Governors’ meeting in Arizona, NFL Commissioner Roger Goodell was asked about Gordon's status, and said that "the NFL was focused on getting him on the right track, and hopefully back on the field soon". Ultimately, on August 16, 2019, the NFL conditionally reinstated Gordon, thus granting him the opportunity to play Week 1. During Week 1 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, in his first game since Week 13 of the 2018 season, Gordon had three receptions for 73 yards and one touchdown in a 33–3 win. On October 23, 2019, the Patriots placed Gordon on injured reserve with a knee injury. He was waived from injured reserve on October 31, 2019.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On November 1, 2019, Gordon was claimed off waivers by the Seattle Seahawks. In Week 15 against the Carolina Panthers, Gordon caught one pass for 58 yards and threw a pass that was intercepted by safety Tre Boston during the 30–24 win. On December 16, 2019, Gordon was suspended indefinitely for violating the NFL's policy on performance-enhancing drugs and substance abuse, his fifth suspension for violating the policy.


title: Josh Gordon

text: After becoming a free agent in March 2020, he re-signed with the Seahawks on September 3, 2020. He was conditionally reinstated from suspension on December 3, and the NFL announced he could be eligible to play in the last two weeks of the regular season. On December 21, 2020, Gordon was added to the Seahawks active roster after the NFL ruled him eligible to return from his suspension. One day later, the NFL determined that Gordon had broken the terms of his conditional reinstatement, and the Seahawks were again given a roster exemption for him. His conditional reinstatement was rescinded, and he was suspended indefinitely by the NFL again on January 15, 2021. He was released by the Seahawks on March 4, 2021.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On February 27, 2021, Gordon signed with the FCF Zappers of the Fan Controlled Football League while being suspended from the NFL. In his first game, Gordon had four catches for 70 yards and the walk off Hail Mary helping the Zappers move to 2-2.


title: Josh Gordon

text: Gordon applied for reinstatement from NFL suspension in July 2021 and was reinstated in September 2021. After being reinstated from suspension, Gordon signed with the Kansas City Chiefs' practice squad on September 28, 2021. He was signed to the active roster on October 5, 2021. In the Chiefs week 14 game against the Las Vegas Raiders, he caught a 1-yard touchdown. It was his first touchdown since 2019. On December 13, he tested positive for COVID-19 and was placed on the Reserve/COVID-19 list. He was reactivated on December 22.


title: Josh Gordon

text: The Chiefs chose to make Gordon a healthy inactive for the game against the Pittsburgh Steelers. He was waived by the Chiefs on January 24, 2022, and re-signed to the practice squad. He signed a reserve/future contract with the Chiefs on February 2, 2022.


title: Josh Gordon

text: On September 19, 2022, Gordon made his Titans' debut against the Buffalo Bills on Monday Night Football. He was released on October 17.


title: Come On Over

text: Come On Over is the third studio album by Canadian country music singer Shania Twain. It was released on November 4, 1997, by Mercury Records. Produced by Robert John "Mutt" Lange, the album became the best-selling country album, the best selling album by a Canadian and is recognized by "Guinness World Records" as the biggest-selling studio album by a solo female artist, and the best-selling album in the USA by a solo female artist. It is the ninth all-time best-selling album in the United States, and worldwide. It is also the sixteenth best-selling album in the United Kingdom.


title: Come On Over

text: As of 2020, "Come On Over" has sold more than 40 million copies worldwide, shipped over 20 million copies in the United States, with over 15.7 million copies sold according to Nielsen SoundScan, and another 1.99 million through BMG Music Clubs. The album debuted at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Top Country Albums chart and stayed there for 50 non-consecutive weeks and is recognized by "Guinness World Records" as the album with the most weeks at No.1 on the US Top Country Albums chart. It stayed in the top ten for 151 weeks. Ten of the sixteen tracks hit the top 20 of the Hot Country Songs chart, eight of which hit top 10, including three No. 1s. Seven of the tracks also made the Top 50 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Twain promoted the album with television performances and interviews. It was further promoted with the successful Come On Over Tour, which visited North America, Oceania and Europe. Out of the album's sixteen tracks, twelve were released as singles, including "Love Gets Me Every Time", "Don't Be Stupid (You Know I Love You)", "You're Still the One", "From This Moment On", "That Don't Impress Me Much" and "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!". The album was also promoted with a succession of music videos for the singles. The fifth single, "When", was the only single from the album to not be released in the United States.


title: Come On Over

text: The album was nominated for six awards at the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year and Best Country Album. "You're Still the One", which peaked on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 2, was nominated for four awards, including Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Country Song and Best Female Country Vocal Performance, winning the latter two. The album received a further three nominations at the 42nd Annual Grammy Awards, including Song of the Year for "You've Got a Way", Best Female Country Vocal Performance for "Man! I Feel Like a Woman!" and Best Country Song for "Come On Over", winning the latter two.


title: Come On Over

text: After releasing and promoting her breakthrough album "The Woman in Me", "Come On Over" saw Twain entirely collaborating with producer and then husband Robert John "Mutt" Lange on a variety of country pop numbers, mostly uptempo. Given much more creative freedom than for its predecessor, Twain and Lange sought to break the conventional country music formula on the album and explore the country pop genre to its fullest extent.


title: Come On Over

text: Twain decided not to tour off "The Woman in Me" partly because she felt she needed more powerful music to do a powerful show. Twain and her husband commenced songwriting material for the album as early as 1994, and often wrote apart to later intertwine their ideas. The recording process was intensive, with Lange dedicating overzealous time and patience to each individual track. Though the singer indicated her sonic preferences, she ultimately ceded all production to Lange. On the international version, Twain and Lange revisited the tracks to strip them of country influences and increase the album's marketability beyond the US and Canada.


title: Come On Over

text: The album was a blockbuster success, becoming the biggest-selling studio album of all time by a female artist, the biggest-selling country music album, the biggest-selling album by a Canadian act and the ninth biggest-selling album in music history. Three different versions of the album were released, the original country version, released in 1997, and the revised pop/international versions released in 1998 and 1999. The album was also supported by an extensive world tour by Twain.


title: Come On Over

text: The album received generally positive reviews from contemporary music critics. AllMusic praised the album for successfully breaking free of traditional country stereotypes (musical brevity, a blatant honkey-tonk image, etc.), while also praising Twain for crafting an album with just as much pop/rock appeal as country appeal. Meanwhile, "Entertainment Weekly" praised the album for successfully incorporating a substantial rock influence without losing its country sensibilities.


title: Come On Over

text: The album was listed at number 21 in the Rock n' Roll Hall of Fame's Definitive 200. In 2020, "Rolling Stone" ranked the album at number 300 in their list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: Come On Over

text: Twain topped her own record with the release of "Come On Over", beating out her previous diamond-selling album "The Woman in Me", as the best-selling country music album ever released. Debuting at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with a moderate 172,000 copies (3,000 units behind Mase's "Harlem World"), the album showed its consistency when it moved another 170,000 copies in its second week (a 1.2% decrease) to stay at number two again behind Barbra Streisand's "Higher Ground". The RIAA certified "Come on Over" gold, platinum and two-times platinum on December 23, 1997. It sold more than 100,000 units in 62 different weeks. The album's best sales week was its 110th week, during which it sold 355,000 units to settle at number 10 during the Christmas week of 1999. The album stayed inside the top ten for 54 weeks, set a record for longest stay in the top twenty of the "Billboard" 200 of 112 weeks, and in top forty for 127 consecutive weeks.


title: Come On Over

text: "Come On Over" topped the "Billboard" Country album chart for a record 50 weeks, finishing second to Garth Brooks' "Sevens" in 1998, finishing first in 1999, and third in 2000 behind Dixie Chicks' "Fly" and Faith Hill's "Breathe". It sold 1,620,000 copies throughout 1997, while ranking as the third best-selling album of 1998 in the US with 4,873,000 units sold and the fourth best-selling album of 1999 with 5,618,000 units sold. "Come On Over" was the second best-selling album of the 1990s decade in the US with 12,110,660 units sold according to Nielsen SoundScan, and was certified diamond by the RIAA on April 7, 1999.


title: Come On Over

text: "Come On Over" was the first album to reach both 14 million (in September 2001) and 15 million (in August 2004) in sales in the US since 1991, when Nielsen SoundScan started tracking music sales. It ranks as the second best-selling album of the Nielsen SoundScan era in the US, with over 15,730,000 copies sold by October 2017, behind its nearest rival, Metallica's 1991 self-titled album (16.1 million as of 2015). However, these figures do not include sales through such entities as BMG Music Club, where "Come on Over" has sold 1,990,000 copies while "Metallica" has sold fewer than 298,000 copies.


title: Come On Over

text: The album topped the charts for 11 weeks in the UK. The album is one of the highest-selling albums ever in Australia, reaching eighteen-times platinum and spending 19 weeks at number one and 165 weeks in the top 100 (or more than three years). It is still the best-selling album of the 1990s in Australia.


title: Come On Over

text: The International version was remixed for a more pop and world feel. The only song that stayed the same on both versions was "Rock This Country!". Some issues of this album adhere to the original track-listing and feature Bryan White on "From This Moment On", while others feature the track as a solo recording.


title: Come On Over

text: The album was later re-released after the success of "That Don't Impress Me Much". This 'revised version' included The Right Mix of "From This Moment On", the Notting Hill Remix for "You've Got a Way" and the (UK) Dance Remix for "That Don't Impress Me Much". In most countries this mix is titled the "Dance Mix Edit" but for the UK, Netherlands and Germany it was titled the "UK Dance Mix". The Australian Tour Edition features the same changes but includes a 4:28 edit of the regular Dance Mix of "That Don't Impress Me Much" rather than the shorter UK edit, along with a bonus disc with 6 tracks. It was later reissued as a single disc with 3 of the tracks from the second disc added.


title: Come On Over

text: In the US, this version of the album was released, titled simply as the "International Version", to coincide with both international success and the fact that the original version of the album had maintained heavy chart success throughout the past two years.


title: Come On Over

text: A limited edition tour edition was released in Australia (also in Japan as "Australian Tour Edition") and Asia which contains a bonus disc with bonus mixes and live tracks. Also included was a list of tour dates.


title: Come On Over

text: "Bow Bros." gang fiddles on tracks 1, 3, 4, 8, 11, 13 & 15 (of original version) performed by Rob Hajacos, Joe Spivey, Glen Duncan, and Aubrey Haynie.


title: Come On Over

text: In late 1999, the album's video counterpart, appropriately titled Come On Over: Video Collection, was released in VHS format. With the sole exceptions of "When" (1998), which was released exclusively to the United Kingdom, and "Rock This Country!", which at the time had not been filmed, the collection included all of Twain's music videos released in promotion for the album.


title: Wes Anderson filmography

text: Wes Anderson is an American filmmaker who is known for his work in films, commercials, and short films.


title: Wes Anderson filmography

text: He has directed 10 feature films: "Bottle Rocket" (1996), "Rushmore" (1998), "The Royal Tenenbaums" (2001), "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou" (2004), "The Darjeeling Limited" (2007), "Fantastic Mr. Fox" (2009), "Moonrise Kingdom" (2012), "The Grand Budapest Hotel" (2014), "Isle of Dogs" (2018) and "The French Dispatch" (2021).


title: Wes Anderson filmography

text: Anderson's films feature many recurring actors, including Owen Wilson, Bill Murray (as of 2022 the most, with appearances in 9 of Anderson's films), Jason Schwartzman, Anjelica Huston, Adrien Brody, and Tilda Swinton. Below is a list of the recurring actors who appear in three or more of his films.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The Yarnell Hill Fire was a wildfire near Yarnell, Arizona, ignited by dry lightning on June 28, 2013. On June 30, it overran and killed 19 members of the Granite Mountain Hotshots. Just one of the hotshots on the crew survived—he was posted as a lookout on the fire and was not with the others when the fire overtook them. The Yarnell Hill Fire was one of the deadliest U.S. wildfires since the 1991 Oakland Hills fire, which killed 25 people, and the deadliest wildland fire for U.S. firefighters since the 1933 Griffith Park fire, which killed 29 "impromptu" civilian firefighters drafted on short notice to help battle that Los Angeles area fire.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: Yarnell also killed more firefighters than any incident since 9/11. The Yarnell Hill Fire is the sixth-deadliest American firefighter disaster in history, the deadliest wildfire ever in the state of Arizona, and (at least until 2014) was "the most-publicized event in wildland firefighting history."


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The tragedy is primarily attributed to an extreme and sudden shift in weather patterns, causing the fire to intensify and cut off the firefighters route as they were escaping. The victims were killed by the intense heat and flames of the fire. Other factors that contributed to the tragedy include the terrain surrounding the escape route, which may have blocked the victims' view of the fire front and limited situational awareness, and problems with radio communications.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: At around 5:36 p.m. MST (23:36 UTC) on June 28, 2013, a spell of dry lightning ignited a wildfire on Bureau of Land Management lands near Yarnell, Arizona, a town of approximately 700 residents located about northwest of Phoenix. On June 30, winds blowing at over pushed the fire from to over . A long-term drought affecting the area contributed to the fire's rapid spread and erratic behavior, as did temperatures of .


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: By July 1, the fire had expanded to over and prompted the evacuation of the nearby community of Peeples Valley. The fire was still completely uncontrolled, with more than 400 firefighters on the line. On July 2, the fire was estimated at 8% containment and had not grown in the past 24 hours. By the end of the day on July 3, the fire was reportedly 45 percent contained and showing no signs of expanding, thus allowing Peeples Valley residents to return to their homes on July 4. Four days later, on July 8, Yarnell residents were permitted to return. The fire was declared 100% contained on July 10.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The Yavapai County Sheriff's Office said that 127 buildings in Yarnell and two in Peeples Valley had been destroyed. A "flash point" of the fire was the Glen Ilah neighborhood of Yarnell, where fewer than half of the structures were burned. Officials shut down of Arizona State Route 89 shortly after the fire started, and of State Route 89 remained closed as of June 30.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: A total evacuation of Yarnell and partial evacuation of Peeples Valley was ordered. At least 600 people were under mandatory evacuation orders. An evacuation shelter was set up at Yavapai College in Prescott, with members of the Red Cross providing cots and blankets for overnight stays, along with meals and medical assistance.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: A second evacuation shelter was assembled at Wickenburg High School in nearby Wickenburg, because the closure of State Route 89 made it impossible for some people to reach the first shelter. Officials from the Red Cross said that 351 people spent at least one night at one of the shelters.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: On June 30, wildland firefighters with the Prescott Fire Department's interagency Granite Mountain Hotshots were overrun and killed by the fire. Initial reports indicated that one of the firefighters was not a member of the hotshot crew (IHC), but Prescott Fire Chief Dan Fraijo later confirmed that all 19 were in league with the Granite Mountain Hotshots. The firefighters had apparently deployed fire shelters during the ambush, but the heat of the wildfire soared over . Not all of the bodies were found inside the fire shelters. The city of Prescott released the names of the 19 firefighters on July 1.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The only survivor from the 20-man crew was 21-year-old Brendan McDonough. He had been serving as a lookout when the fire threatened to overtake his position. McDonough contacted the Granite Mountain Hotshots' team by radio to let them know of his situation. He was told by the second in command, Jesse Steed, to evacuate his position. McDonough was hiking out on foot when he was located by Brian Frisby, superintendent of the Blue Ridge Hotshots, who was monitoring the radio communications between McDonough and the Granite Mountain IHC captain. Frisby and McDonough moved the crew's vehicles to a safer location, which they were doing at the time of Granite Mountain crew's entrapment.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: After moving the vehicles, Frisby and other members of the Blue Ridge Hotshots attempted to rescue the entrapped Granite Mountain Hotshots, but were forced back by the intense flames and heat of the fire. Driving through the streets of Yarnell, the Blue Ridge Hotshots evacuated several residents who had failed to evacuate earlier. At approximately 4:42 p.m., the fire overtook the Granite Mountain Hotshots position. When a helicopter was able to fly into the area over two hours later, Eric Tarr, a police officer–paramedic with the Arizona Department of Public Safety went in on foot and found the 19 bodies.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: According to the National Fire Protection Association, it was the greatest loss of life for firefighters in a wildfire since the 1933 Griffith Park fire, the greatest loss of firefighters in the United States since the destruction of the World Trade Center in 2001, and the deadliest wildfire of any kind since the 1991 East Bay Hills fire. The number of total fatalities—although not of firefighters—has since been surpassed by California's 2018 Camp fire which killed 85 civilians.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: On June 30, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer issued a statement offering her condolences. "This is as dark a day as I can remember," she said. She ordered flags flown at half-staff in Arizona through July 19. President Barack Obama issued a statement on July 1, promising federal help and praising the 19 firefighters as heroes.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: Federal Emergency Management Agency Administrator Craig Fugate and United States Fire Administrator Ernest Mitchell issued similar statements on July 1. On July 2, members of the Arizona Cardinals visited one of the Red Cross shelters, and the team president donated US$100,000 to the 100 Club of Arizona, an organization that assists firefighters, police, and their families in crises. Authorities said that US$800,000 had been raised for the families of the victims as of July 4.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: On July 2, more than 3,000 people attended a public memorial service at an indoor stadium in Prescott Valley. Vice President Joe Biden, Arizona Governor Jan Brewer, and the team's lone surviving firefighter, Brendan McDonough, spoke at a memorial in Prescott on Tuesday, July 9. That memorial was attended by thousands, including representatives from over 100 hotshot crews across the country, and was streamed live by several media outlets. Individual memorial services were scheduled for later in the hometowns of the 19 firefighters.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: A nine-member investigative team of forest managers and safety experts arrived in Arizona on July 2. Their mission was to "understand what happened as completely as possible" to prevent similar incidents. Granite Mountain Hotshots Memorial State Park was created to honor the hotshots. A path leads from a parking area on Highway 89 up to an observation deck. A trail follows the last steps of the hotshots down to the fatality site where they made their last stand. Encircling the fatality site, 19 gabions, one for each hotshot, are united by chains.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: A second memorial has been placed at the intersection of Arizona State Route 89 and Hays Ranch Road in Peeples Valley. On March 3, 2019, the Arizona Hotshots of the Alliance of American Football retired the No. 19 jersey in honor of the fallen Granite Mountain Hotshots.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: After the fire, the Federal Emergency Management Agency ruled that the fire did not qualify for disaster aid to homeowners, because most of the homes that burned were insured. Under federal law, federal disaster relief is not available if there is insurance, and FEMA said: "damage to uninsured private residences from this was not beyond the response and recovery capabilities of the state (and) local governments and voluntary agencies." Brewer appealed to President Obama to overturn the decision.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: Following a three-month investigation, the state's Forestry Division released a report and briefing video on September 28, 2013, which found no evidence of negligence nor recklessness in the deaths of the 19 firefighters and revealed that an airtanker carrying flame retardant was directly overhead as the firefighters died. The investigation did find some problems with radio communications due to heavy radio traffic and the fact that some radios were not programmed with appropriate tone guards.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: On December 4, 2013, the Industrial Commission of Arizona, which oversees workplace safety, blamed the state's Forestry Division for the deaths of the 19 firefighters, based on an investigation by the state's Division of Occupational Safety and Health. The Commission said that state fire officials knowingly put protection of property ahead of safety and should have pulled crews out earlier. The commission levied a $559,000 fine.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: Richard Brody, in "The New Yorker": "The Story That 'Only the Brave' Leaves Out" (October 23, 2017), and Fernanda Santos, in "The New York Times": "Money Splits a City Still Mourning Its Firefighters" (June 26, 2014) point out numerous cases of firefighters' and their survivors' benefits having been withheld, lawsuits, and acrimony among the local politicians, some citizens, and the survivors of the firefighters who died in the Yarnell Hill Fire that became so extreme that, as Santos observes: "Juliann Ashcraft (wife of Granite Mountain Hotshot, Andrew Ashcraft) decided to leave Prescott altogether to spare her four children the discomfort of whispers and glares." Brody further highlights "battles that the Hotshots’ widows have faced over health insurance, taxes, labor law, and budgets, involving the online harassment of women".


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: "Outside" magazine released the documentary film, "The Granite Mountain Hotshots and the Yarnell Hill Fire" (August 12, 2013), in which friends, relatives, and colleagues (including Brendan McDonough, the lone survivor of the Granite Mountain Hotshots) speak out.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The U.S. Forest Service released a series of videos on November 10, 2014, that were shot by wildland firefighters on the day of the Yarnell Hill tragedy. The Forest Service website notes: "To be transparent with the public, the videos are presented exactly as they have been received. The redactions were done before these videos came into the possession of Arizona State Forestry." In its coverage of these videos, "Outside" magazine posted and article and video excerpts.


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: The Weather Channel released a documentary, "America Burning: The Yarnell Hill Fire Tragedy and the Nation's Wildfire Crisis" (2014). Kyle Dickman, a former firefighter and former editor of "Outside" magazine, published the nonfiction book, "On the Burning Edge: A Fateful Fire and the Men Who Fought It" (2015). Brendan McDonough published his first-hand account, "My Lost Brothers: The Untold Story by the Yarnell Hill Fire's Lone Survivor" (May 3, 2016).


title: Yarnell Hill Fire

text: On October 20, 2017, Columbia Pictures released a biographical drama film based on the events of this disaster, titled "Only the Brave". The film was praised for its acting and emotional portrayal of its subject matter.


title: Mohnish Bahl

text: Mohnish Bahl (born 14 August 1961) is an Indian actor working in the Indian film industry and on Indian television.


title: Mohnish Bahl

text: Mohnish Bahl debuted with the film "Bekarar" in a supporting role opposite Padmini Kolhapure and co Starring Sanjay Dutt but the film was a critical and commercial failure. His subsequent release was "Teri Bahon Mein", a remake of "The Blue Lagoon" with Ayesha Dutt wife of Jackie Shroff, which was also a failure. His only commercial success in a leading role was "Purana Mandir" though it was considered a B grade film. The 1999 film Hum Saath-Saath Hain is considered the film that transformed Bahl's career. He has starred in over 100 films, and has been nominated for two Filmfare Awards.


title: Mohnish Bahl

text: Bahl was born in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. He is the son of actress Nutan and Lt. Cdr. Rajnish Bahl, and is a prominent member of the Mukherjee-Samarth family. He is married to Aarti Bahl (Known As Ekta Sohini) and they have two children: Pranutan Bahl and Krishaa Bahl


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso is a style of Caribbean music that originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the early to the mid-19th century and spread to the rest of the Caribbean Antilles and Venezuela by the mid-20th century. Its rhythms can be traced back to West African Kaiso and the arrival of French planters and their slaves from the French Antilles in the 18th century.


title: Calypso music

text: It is characterized by highly rhythmic and harmonic vocals, and was historically most often sung in a French creole and led by a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a "chantuelle" and eventually, "calypsonian". As English replaced "patois" (Antillean creole) as the dominant language, calypso migrated into English, and in so doing it attracted more attention from the government. It allowed the masses to challenge the doings of the unelected Governor and Legislative Council, and the elected town councils of Port of Spain and San Fernando. Calypso continued to play an important role in political expression.


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso in the Caribbean includes a range of genres, including benna in Antigua and Barbuda; mento, a style of Jamaican folk music that greatly influenced ska and reggae; ska, the precursor to rocksteady, and reggae; spouge, a style of Barbadian popular music; Dominica cadence-lypso, which mixed calypso with the cadence of Haiti; and soca music, a style of kaiso/calypso, with influences from chutney, soul, funk, Latin and cadence-lypso.


title: Calypso music

text: It is thought that the name "calypso" was originally "kaiso" which is now believed to come from Efik "ka isu" ("go on!") and Ibibio "kaa iso" ("continue, go on"), used in urging someone on or in backing a contestant. There is also a Trinidadian term "cariso" that means "old-time" calypsos. The term "calypso" is recorded from the 1930s onwards. Alternatively, the insert for "The Rough Guide to Calypso and Soca" (published by World Music Network) favours John Cowley's arguments in "Carnival, Canboulay and Calypso: Traditions in the Making," that the word might be a corruption of the French "carrouseaux" and through the process of patois and Anglicization became "caliso" and then finally "calypso"; however, Cowley also notes that the first mention of the word "calypso" is given in a description of a dance in 1882 by Abbé Masse.


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso music was developed in Trinidad in the 17th century from the West African Kaiso and canboulay music brought by enslaved Africans brought to the Caribbean islands to work on sugar plantations. The Africans brought to toil on sugar plantations, were stripped of all connections to their homeland and family and not allowed to talk to each other. They used calypso to mock the slave masters and to communicate with each other. Many early calypsos were sung in French Creole by an individual called a griot. As calypso developed, the role of the griot became known as a "chantuelle" and eventually, "calypsonian".


title: Calypso music

text: Modern calypso, however, began in the 19th century, a fusion of disparate elements ranging from the masquerade song "lavway", French Creole "belair" and the calinda stick-fighting chantwell. Also early in its recording years were influences from Venezuelan paseos. Calypso's early rise was closely connected with the adoption of Carnival by Trinidadian slaves, including canboulay drumming and the music masquerade processions. The French brought Carnival to Trinidad, and calypso competitions at Carnival grew in popularity, especially after the abolition of slavery in 1834.


title: Calypso music

text: The first identifiably calypso genre song was recorded in 1912, by Lovey's String Band while visiting New York City. In 1914, the second calypso recordings—including the first sung in English—were done by chantwell Julian Whiterose, better known as the Iron Duke and famous calinda stick-fighter. Jules Sims would also record vocal calypsos. The majority of these calypsos of the World War I era were instrumentals by Lovey and Lionel Belasco. Perhaps due to the constraints of the wartime economy, no recordings of note were produced until the late 1920s and early 1930s, when the "golden era" of calypso would cement the style, form, and phrasing of the music.


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso evolved into a way of spreading news around Trinidad. Politicians, journalists and public figures often debated the content of each song, and many islanders considered these songs the most reliable news source. Calypsonians pushed the boundaries of free speech as their lyrics spread news of any topic relevant to island life, including speaking out against political corruption.


title: Calypso music

text: Even with this censorship, calypsos continued to push boundaries, with a variety of ways to slip songs past the scrutinizing eyes of the editor. Double entendre, or double-speak, was one way, as was the practice of denouncing countries such as Germany and its annexation of Poland, while making pointed references toward the colonial government's policies in Trinidad. Sex, scandal, gossip, politics, local news, and insulting other calypsonians were the order of the day in classic calypso, just as it is today with classic hip-hop. And just as the hip-hop of today, the music sparked shock and outrage in moralistic sections of society.


title: Calypso music

text: Countless recordings were dumped at sea in the name of censorship, although in truth, rival US companies did this in the spirit of underhanded competition, claiming that the rivals' material was unfit for US consumption. Decca Records lost untold pressings in this manner, as did its rival, RCA's Bluebird label.


title: Calypso music

text: An entrepreneur named Eduardo de Sá Gomes played a significant role in spreading calypso in its early days. Sá Gomes, a Portuguese immigrant who owned a local music and phonograph equipment shop in Port of Spain, promoted the genre and gave financial support to the local artists. In March 1934, he sent Roaring Lion and Attila the Hun to New York City to record; they became the first calypsonians to record abroad, bringing the genre out of the West Indies and into pop culture. Lord Invader was quick to follow, and stayed in New York City after a protracted legal case involving the theft of his song "Rum and Coca-Cola", a hit by the Andrews Sisters. He made his home there along with Wilmoth Houdini, and became one of the great calypsonians of the US.


title: Calypso music

text: Early forms of calypso were also similar to jazz (which came after) such as Sans Humanitae. In this extempo (extemporaneous) melody calypsonians lyricise impromptu, commenting socially or insulting each other, "sans humanité" or "no mercy" (which is again a reference to French influence).


title: Calypso music

text: The first major stars of calypso started crossing over to new audiences worldwide in the late 1930s. Attila the Hun, Roaring Lion and Lord Invader were first, followed by Lord Kitchener, one of the longest-lasting calypso stars in history—he continued to release hit records until his death in 2000. 1944's "Rum and Coca-Cola" by the Andrews Sisters, a cover version of a Lord Invader song, became an American hit despite the song being a very critical commentary on the explosion of prostitution, inflation and other negative influences accompanying the American military bases in Trinidad at the time. Perhaps the most straightforward way to describe the focus of calypso is that it articulated itself as a form of protest against the authoritarian colonial culture which existed at the time.


title: Calypso music

text: In 1956 Mighty Sparrow won Trinida's Music contest. Calypso, especially a toned-down, commercial variant, became a worldwide craze with pop song "Banana Boat Song", or "Day-O", a traditional Jamaican folk song, was recorded by pop singer Harry Belafonte on his album "Calypso" (1956). "Calypso" was the first calypso record to sell more than a million copies. 1956 also saw the massive international hit "Jean and Dinah" by Mighty Sparrow. This song too was a sly commentary as a "plan of action" for the calypsonian on the widespread prostitution and the prostitutes' desperation after the closing of the U.S. naval base on Trinidad at Chaguaramas. In addition, the choral director Leonard De Paur recorded a calypso album in 1956 for Columbia Records featuring his choral arrangements of traditional Christmas music from Trinidad and Barbados, as well as the song Mary's Little Boy Child by Jester Hairston ("Calypso Christmas", CL 923 Mono LP, 1956).


title: Calypso music

text: In the Broadway-theatre musical "Jamaica" (1957), Harold Arlen and Yip Harburg cleverly parodied "commercial" Belafonte-style calypso. Several films jumped on the calypso craze in 1957 such as "Island in the Sun" (20th Century Fox) that featured Belafonte and the low-budget films "Calypso Joe" (Allied Artists), "Calypso Heat Wave" (Columbia Pictures), and "Bop Girl Goes Calypso" (United Artists).


title: Calypso music

text: Robert Mitchum released an album, "Calypso...Is Like So" (1957), on Capitol records, capturing the sound, spirit, and subtleties of the genre.


title: Calypso music

text: Soul shouter Gary "US" Bonds released a calypso album "Twist up Calypso" (1962) on Legrand records, shortly after returning home from his military post in Port of Spain. Nithi Kanagaratnam from Sri Lanka sang calypso-styled songs in Tamil in 1968, which was a success and earned him the title "Father of Tamil Popular Music". Since Baila rhythm was popular in Sri Lanka, most of his songs were classified as Tamil Baila.


title: Calypso music

text: In the mid-1970s, women entered the calypso men's-oriented arena. Calypso Rose was the first woman to win the Trinidad Road March competition in 1977 with her song "Gimme More Tempo". The following year with "Come Leh We Jam", she won the "Calypso King " competition, the first time a woman had received the award. The competition's title was changed to Calypso Monarch in her honor.


title: Calypso music

text: The French and pioneer electronic musician Jean Michel Jarre released an album in 1990 called "Waiting for Cousteau". The album has four tracks: "Calypso", "Calypso part 2", "Calypso part 3 Fin de Siècle" and "Waiting for Cousteau". It was dedicated to Jacques-Yves Cousteau in his 80th birthday. This album had a special participation of the Amocco Renegades (a traditional steel-drum band from Trinidad and Tobago). In the first track is possible to notice a strong style influence. Calypso had another short burst of commercial interest when Tim Burton's horror/comedy film "Beetlejuice" (1988) was released, and used Belafonte's "Jump In The Line" as the soundtrack's headliner and also "The Banana Boat Song" in the dinner-party scene. Disney's song "Under the Sea", a calypso theme from "The Little Mermaid" won an Academy Award for Best Original Song in 1989 as well as the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media in 1991.


title: Calypso music

text: In the late-1970s a new style, dubbed Soca music, emerged from the blending of calypso with elements of East Indian music as well as African American soul, funk, and rock. The soca music of the 1980s featured fast tempos, electric guitars and synthesizers, prominent melodic bass lines, and lyrics celebrating sensuality and dance. Many influential calypso singers including Ras Shorty I, Mighty Sparrow, Lord Kitchener, Calypso Rose, Super Blue, and David Rudder embraced the new style. Brooklyn became an important site for the production of soca records from the late 1970s through the early 1990s.


title: Calypso music

text: Although Calypso's native land is Trinidad, it is also very popular in a small "windward" island in the West Indies. This island is called Dominica, the nature island of the Caribbean. Dominicans, similar to Trinidadians also developed a keen interest in Caribbean genres such as Soca music, and Calypso in the late 1960's. Called "Kaiso" in French creole, Calypso is illustrated as a unique form of music, especially during the Carnival season. Dominicans mainly use this genre to express their concerns and feedback on the everyday affairs and happenings of their country. Most of the music pieces composed normally have a negative stigma attached to them, expressing dissatisfaction with how their current government choose to conduct the affairs of the country. The first Calypso monarch in Dominica who was crowned in 1959 was called "The Observer" and the longest reigning Calypso monarch is King Dice. The Calypso tent is not just limited to adult participation. There is also a section called Junior monarch where young children under the age of 14 are able to prepare and compete with their personally made Calypso pieces.


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso competitions usually commence in January and cumulate in the Calypso monarch competition that are usually held the Saturday before Carnival in February. The winner becomes the Calypso King of that year and joins Miss Dominica, the carnival pageant winner of that year, in the traditional costume parade on Carnival Monday.


title: Calypso music

text: Calypso music has been used by Calypsonians to provide sociopolitical commentary. Prior to the independence of Trinidad and Tobago, calypsonians would use their music to express the daily struggles of living in Trinidad, critique racial and economic inequalities, express opinions on social order, and voice overall concerns for those living on the island. During the colonial era, the Black lower class used calypso music to protest their poor economic situation and the discrimination which they were subjected to. Calypso music frequently was used as a form of musical protest.


title: Calypso music

text: During the independence movements of Trinidad and Tobago through the early 1950s up until 1962 when the nation gained independence, calypso lyrics frequently critiqued British colonial rule. Lyrics were made to express feelings towards colonial rule as being immoral and oppressive to Caribbean people. In particular, during the movement to independence, calypso music would include common messages of a desire for independence, opposition to colonial rule and empowerment for people of African descent.


title: Calypso music

text: Neville Marcano, known as the Growling Tiger, became notorious for creating songs calling for independence of Trinidad and Tobago. In his song titled “Abraham Lincoln Speech at Gettysburg”, Tiger used inspirations from Abraham Lincoln's famous Gettysburg address to draw on values of liberty, equality and democracy. These three principles paralleled some of many ideas circulating during the nationalist movement in Trinidad and Tobago. His lyrics struck with those in support of an independent Trinidadian nation hoping to instill similar principles in their own free nation.


title: Calypso music

text: Lord Kitchener, a largely known Calypsonian, became noted for his politically critical lyrics in his music. Kitchener used calypso to shed light on the grievances of the windrush generation, a generation of Caribbean families migrating from the islands to England in response to increased labor demands after World War II. Kitchener's 1948 song “Windrush” was written in two versions. The first version gained more global popularity as the lyrics expressed gratitude and appreciation for British colonial rule. However, second version found greater popularity amongst Caribbean people themselves as the lyrics conveyed a story of West Indian immigrants facing discrimination and cultural alienation while living in Britain. Although Kitchener's alternate version of “Windrush” did not gain as much commercial popularity, the duality of the two versions exemplify how calypso music was used as an outlet for social commentary.


title: Calypso music

text: After Trinidad and Tobago gained independence in 1962, calypso music continued to be used as an outlet for political commentary. With Eric Williams serving as the first Prime Minister of an independent Trinidad and Tobago, calypsonian Mighty Sparrow released his song “William the Conqueror” where he praises Williams’ victory and prides the island in its newfound independence. Sparrow sings:I am no politician, but I could understand if it wasn't for Brother Willie and his ability, Trinidad wouldn't go neither come. We used to vote for food and rum but nowadays we eating all the Indians and them. And in the ending, we voting PNM. Praise little Eric, rejoice and be glad. We have a better future here in Trinidad.Calypso music has also been used by politicians to promote political agendas through Calypso competitions. The origins of calypso competitions dates back to the early 19th century post emancipation where formerly enslaved communities would hold calypso wars showcasing their singing and dancing. Later in 1953 Calypso competitions held the same showcasing nature, but became politicized as the People's National Movement (PNM) took over as the main organizer of competitions. The PNM used the competitions to combat social and class divisions by attracting participants of varying social status to participate and attend the competitions. The idea was to claim a national cultural identity and promote national unity.