title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: The temperature-change method is similar in principle to the Δ"V" method. Because the charging voltage is nearly constant, constant-current charging delivers energy at a near-constant rate. When the cell is not fully charged, most of this energy is converted to chemical energy. However, when the cell reaches full charge, most of the charging energy is converted to heat. This increases the rate of change of battery temperature, which can be detected by a sensor such as a thermistor. Both Panasonic and Duracell suggest a maximal rate of temperature increase of 1 °C per minute. Using a temperature sensor allows an absolute temperature cutoff, which Duracell suggests at 60 °C. With both the Δ"T" and the Δ"V" charging methods, both manufacturers recommend a further period of trickle charging to follow the initial rapid charge.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: A resettable fuse in series with the cell, particularly of the bimetallic strip type, increases safety. This fuse opens if either the current or the temperature gets too high.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Modern NiMH cells contain catalysts to handle gases produced by over-charging (<chem>2H2{} + O2 ->[\text{catalyst}] 2H2O</chem>). However, this only works with overcharging currents of up to 0.1 "C" (that is, nominal capacity divided by ten hours). This reaction causes batteries to heat, ending the charging process.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: A method for very rapid charging called in-cell charge control involves an internal pressure switch in the cell, which disconnects the charging current in the event of overpressure.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: One inherent risk with NiMH chemistry is that overcharging causes hydrogen gas to form, potentially rupturing the cell. Therefore, cells have a vent to release the gas in the event of serious overcharging.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: NiMH batteries are made of environmentally friendly materials. The batteries contain only mildly toxic substances and are recyclable.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Voltage depression (often mistakenly attributed to the memory effect) from repeated partial discharge can occur, but is reversible with a few full discharge/charge cycles.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: A fully charged cell supplies an average 1.25 V/cell during discharge, declining to about 1.0–1.1 V/cell (further discharge may cause permanent damage in the case of multi-cell packs, due to polarity reversal). Under a light load (0.5 ampere), the starting voltage of a freshly charged AA NiMH cell in good condition is about 1.4 volts.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Complete discharge of multi-cell packs can cause reverse polarity in one or more cells, which can permanently damage them. This situation can occur in the common arrangement of four AA cells in series in a digital camera, where one cell completely discharges before the others due to small differences in capacity among the cells. When this happens, the good cells start to drive the discharged cell into reverse polarity (i.e. positive anode/negative cathode). Some cameras, GPS receivers and PDAs detect the safe end-of-discharge voltage of the series cells and perform an auto-shutdown, but devices such as flashlights and some toys do not.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Irreversible damage from polarity reversal is a particular danger, even when a low voltage-threshold cutout is employed, when the cells vary in temperature. This is because capacity significantly declines as the cells are cooled. This results in a lower voltage under load of the colder cells.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Historically, NiMH cells have had a somewhat higher self-discharge rate (equivalent to internal leakage) than NiCd cells. The self-discharge rate varies greatly with temperature, where lower storage temperature leads to slower discharge and longer battery life. The self-discharge is on the first day and stabilizes around per day at room temperature. But at 45 °C it is approximately three times as high.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: The low self-discharge nickel metal hydride battery (LSD NiMH) has a significantly lower rate of self-discharge. The innovation was introduced in 2005 by Sanyo, branded Eneloop. By using improvements to electrode separator, positive electrode, and other components, manufacturers claim the cells retain 70–85% of their capacity when stored for one year at , compared to about half for normal NiMH batteries. They are otherwise similar to standard NiMH batteries, and can be charged in standard NiMH chargers. These cells are marketed as "hybrid", "ready-to-use" or "pre-charged" rechargeables. Retention of charge depends in large part on the battery's leakage resistance (the higher the better), and on its physical size and charge capacity.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Separators keep the two electrodes apart to slow electrical discharge while allowing the transport of ionic charge carriers that close the circuit during the passage of current. High-quality separators are critical for battery performance.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: The self-discharge rate depends upon separator thickness; thicker separators reduce self-discharge, but also reduce capacity as they leave less space for active components, and thin separators lead to higher self-discharge. Some batteries may have overcome this tradeoff by using more precisely manufactured thin separators, and a sulfonated polyolefin separator, an improvement over the hydrophilic polyolefin based on ethylene vinyl alcohol.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Low-self-discharge cells have somewhat lower capacity than otherwise equivalent NiMH cells because of the larger volume of the separator. The highest-capacity low-self-discharge AA cells have 2500 mAh capacity, compared to 2700 mAh for high-capacity AA NiMH cells.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: grafted PP separator (causing reduction in Al- and Mn-debris formation in separator), removal of Co and Mn in AB MH alloy, (causing reduction in debris formation in separator), increase of the amount of electrolyte (causing reduction in the hydrogen diffusion in electrolyte), removal of Cu-containing components (causing reduction in micro-short), PTFE coating on positive electrode (causing suppression of reaction between NiOOH and H), CMC solution dipping (causing suppression of oxygen evolution), micro-encapsulation of Cu on MH alloy (causing decrease in H released from MH alloy), Ni-B alloy coating on MH alloy (causing formation of a protection layer), alkaline treatment of negative electrode (causing reduction of leach-out of Mn and Al), addition of LiOH and NaOH into electrolyte (causing reduction in electrolyte


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: corrosion capabilities), and addition of Al(SO) into electrolyte (causing reduction in MH alloy corrosion). Most of these improvements have no or negligible effect on cost; some increase cost modestly.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: NiMH cells are often used in digital cameras and other high-drain devices, where over the duration of single-charge use they outperform primary (such as alkaline) batteries.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: NiMH cells are advantageous for high-current-drain applications, largely due to their lower internal resistance. Typical alkaline AA-size batteries, which offer approximately 2600 mAh capacity at low current demand (25 mA), provide only 1300 mAh capacity with a 500 mA load. Digital cameras with LCDs and flashlights can draw over 1000 mA, quickly depleting them. NiMH cells can deliver these current levels without similar loss of capacity.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Devices that were designed to operate using primary alkaline chemistry (or zinc–carbon/chloride) cells may not function with NiMH cells. However, most devices compensate for the voltage drop of an alkaline battery as it discharges down to about 1 volt. Low internal resistance allows NiMH cells to deliver a nearly constant voltage until they are almost completely discharged. Thus battery-level indicators designed to read alkaline cells overstate the remaining charge when used with NiMH cells, as the voltage of alkaline cells decreases steadily during most of the discharge cycle.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Lithium-ion batteries have a higher specific energy than nickel metal hydride batteries, but they are significantly more expensive. They also produce a higher voltage (3.2–3.7 V nominal), and are thus not a drop-in replacement for alkaline batteries without circuitry to reduce voltage.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: NiMH batteries have replaced NiCd for many roles, notably small rechargeable batteries. NiMH batteries are commonly available in AA (penlight-size) batteries. These have nominal charge capacities ("C") of 1.1–2.8 Ah at 1.2 V, measured at the rate that discharges the cell in 5 hours. Useful discharge capacity is a decreasing function of the discharge rate, but up to a rate of around 1×"C" (full discharge in 1 hour), it does not differ significantly from the nominal capacity. NiMH batteries nominally operate at 1.2 V per cell, somewhat lower than conventional 1.5 V cells, but can operate many devices designed for that voltage.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: NiMH batteries were frequently used in prior-generation electric and hybrid-electric vehicles; as of 2020 they have been superseded almost entirely by lithium-ion batteries in all-electric and plug-in hybrid vehicles, but they remain in use in some hybrid vehicles (2020 Toyota Highlander, for example). Prior all-electric plug-in vehicles included the General Motors EV1, first-generation Toyota RAV4 EV, Honda EV Plus, Ford Ranger EV and Vectrix scooter. Every first generation hybrid vehicle used NIMH batteries, most notably the Toyota Prius and Honda Insight, as well as later models including the Ford Escape Hybrid, Chevrolet Malibu Hybrid and Honda Civic Hybrid also use them.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: Stanford R. Ovshinsky invented and patented a popular improvement of the NiMH battery and founded Ovonic Battery Company in 1982. General Motors purchased Ovonics' patent in 1994. By the late 1990s, NiMH batteries were being used successfully in many fully electric vehicles, such as the General Motors EV1 and Dodge Caravan EPIC minivan.


title: Nickel–metal hydride battery

text: In October 2000, the patent was sold to Texaco, and a week later Texaco was acquired by Chevron. Chevron's Cobasys subsidiary provides these batteries only to large OEM orders. General Motors shut down production of the EV1, citing lack of battery availability as a chief obstacle. Cobasys control of NiMH batteries created a patent encumbrance for large automotive NiMH batteries.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Super Bowl XXII was an American football game between the National Football Conference (NFC) champion Washington Redskins and American Football Conference (AFC) champion Denver Broncos to decide the National Football League (NFL) champion for the 1987 season. The Redskins defeated the Broncos by the score of 42–10, winning their second Super Bowl. The game was played on January 31, 1988 at Jack Murphy Stadium in San Diego, California, which was the first time that the Super Bowl was played there. It was the second consecutive Super Bowl loss for the Broncos, who had lost to the New York Giants in the Super Bowl the year before.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: This Super Bowl came at the end of a season that was shortened by a players' strike. Each team only missed one regular season game due to the labor dispute, but three games were played mostly with replacement players until the dispute was settled. This proved particularly costly for the defending Super Bowl champion New York Giants, who lost all three of their "replacement player games" and failed to make the playoffs. The Broncos were making their second consecutive (and third overall) Super Bowl appearance, after posting a 10–4–1 regular season record, largely through the strength of their quarterback, John Elway. The Redskins, who were making their fourth Super Bowl appearance, posted an 11–4 regular season record. Washington was led by quarterback Doug Williams, who entered the season as a backup, and was 0–2 as a starter during the regular season. He ended up leading Washington to their two playoff victories. In doing so, he was the first African American quarterback ever to start in an NFL league championship game, let alone a Super Bowl.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: After trailing 10–0 at the end of the first quarter of the game, the Redskins scored 42 unanswered points, including a record-breaking 35 points in the second quarter, setting several other Super Bowl records. Williams, who was named the Super Bowl MVP, completed 18 of 29 passes for a Super Bowl record 340 yards and four touchdowns, with one interception. He also became the first player in Super Bowl history to pass for four touchdowns in a single quarter, and four in a half. Williams was the first African American starting quarterback to win a Super Bowl.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: NFL owners voted to award Super Bowl XXII to San Diego on May 24, 1984, during their May 23–25, 1984 meetings in Washington, D.C. This was the first of three Super Bowls played at Jack Murphy Stadium. (the others being Super Bowls XXXII and XXXVII)


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Fourteen cities were part of the bidding process, which was scheduled to award four Super Bowls (XXI, XXII, XXIII, and XXIV). The bidding cities included: Anaheim, Detroit, Houston, Jacksonville, Miami, Minneapolis, New Orleans, Pasadena, Philadelphia, San Francisco, San Diego, Seattle, Tampa, and Tempe. The Philadelphia host committee assembled what was considered a strong, but long-shot bid, hoping to win the first outdoor Super Bowl in a cold weather city. Jacksonville and Tempe had no NFL team at the time; the Jacksonville Jaguars were founded in 1993 and did not start play until 1995, while the Cardinals moved from St. Louis to Tempe in 1988.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: After the balloting for XXI took over two hours to complete, XXII was also voted on, but the voting for XXIII and XXIV was postponed. San Diego was awarded the game, marking the second time consecutive Super Bowls were played in the same state, with Pasadena hosting Super Bowl XXI. This has now happened three times in NFL history; Super Bowls II and III were both played at the Miami Orange Bowl and Super Bowls XLIII and XLIV were played in Florida (at Raymond James Stadium in Tampa and Hard Rock Stadium in Miami Gardens) and then repeated eleven years later with the roles reversed with Miami receiving Super Bowl LIV and Tampa receiving Super Bowl LV.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The primary storyline surrounding Super Bowl XXII was that Washington's Doug Williams was the first African-American quarterback ever to start in a Super Bowl. This was even more meaningful given that the Redskins had been among the last teams to sign a black player after they reentered the league.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Williams had taken a rather unconventional route to the Super Bowl. He began his career as the first round draft pick of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 1978. After five seasons (including a trip to the NFC championship game in 1979), a contract dispute caused him to leave the team and sit out the entire 1983 season before signing with the Oklahoma Outlaws of the newly formed USFL. When that league folded a few years later, Williams found himself out of a job until Redskins coach Joe Gibbs asked him to join the team to be the backup for quarterback Jay Schroeder. Williams played just one game in 1986, and spent most of the 1987 season on the bench. But injuries and inconsistent play from Schroeder made Gibbs promote Williams to starting quarterback.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Williams had played extremely well in his five regular season games, passing for 1,156 yards, 11 touchdowns and five interceptions. The Redskins' main receiving threat was wide receiver Gary Clark, who caught 56 passes for 1,066 yards, an average of 19 yards per catch. Wide receivers Ricky Sanders and Art Monk were also deep threats, combining for 80 receptions and 1,130 yards. Running back George Rogers was Washington's leading rusher with 613 yards. However, Rogers saw limited action in Super Bowl XXII due to injuries that later forced him into early retirement. Rookie running back Timmy Smith started in his place. Fullback Kelvin Bryant also was a big contributor, rushing for 406 yards, and catching 43 passes for 490 yards during the 1987 season. The Redskins offensive line was anchored by tackle Joe Jacoby, a 4-time pro bowl selection, and future Hall of Fame Center Russ Grimm.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Redskins also had an excellent defensive unit, led by defensive backs Barry Wilburn, who recorded nine interceptions for 135 return yards and one touchdown; Todd Bowles, who intercepted four passes; and Darrell Green. Their line was anchored by defensive ends Charles Mann, who led the team with 9.5 sacks and recovered a fumble; and Dexter Manley, who recorded 8.5 sacks.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Redskins finished the 1987 strike-shortened regular season as NFC East champions with an 11–4 record and the third seed in the NFC playoffs.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Broncos advanced to their second consecutive Super Bowl, overall the third appearance in team history. Quarterback John Elway had another excellent season, passing for 3,198 yards and 19 touchdowns. He was also the team's second leading rusher with 304 yards and four touchdowns. Wide receivers Vance Johnson and Ricky Nattiel, and tight end Clarence Kay, combined for 104 receptions and 1,754 yards. Running back Sammy Winder was the leading rusher with 741 yards and six touchdowns, while fullback Gene Lang rushed for 304 yards and caught 17 receptions. Denver's offensive line was led by guard Keith Bishop, who earned his second consecutive Pro Bowl selection. The Broncos also possessed a solid defensive unit, led by outside linebacker Karl Mecklenburg, who recorded 7 sacks and picked off three passes, and defensive back Mike Harden with four interceptions. Defensive end Rulon Jones led the line with 7 sacks.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Broncos finished the strike-shortened 1987 season winning the AFC West with a 10–4–1 record and the number one seed in the AFC playoffs. Dan Reeves was the head coach.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Broncos routed the Houston Oilers in the Divisional round of the playoffs, 34–10, jumping to a 14–0 first-quarter lead off of two quick Oilers turnovers, with Elway completing 14 of 25 passes for 259 yards and two touchdowns in the game. Vance Johnson recorded four catches for 105 yards, including a 55-yard reception to set up Elway's second touchdown pass. However, Johnson was injured during the game; he ended up missing AFC Championship game, and played only sparingly in the Super Bowl. Denver also lost safety Mike Harden for the rest of the season with a broken arm.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Denver then won the AFC Championship Game in exciting fashion over the AFC Central champion Cleveland Browns, 38–33 for the second consecutive year. The Broncos seemed to be in control of the game during the first half, taking a 21–3 lead. However, with quarterback Bernie Kosar, Cleveland rallied back and tied the score 31–31 in the fourth quarter. Elway responded with a 20-yard touchdown pass to Sammy Winder, taking the lead back with less than five minutes left in regulation. The Browns took the ball back and drove to the Denver 8-yard line, but the drive ended with a play that became known as The Fumble, resulting in more bad luck in Cleveland professional sports lore: Denver defensive back Jeremiah Castille stripped the football from Browns running back Earnest Byner and recovered the ensuing fumble as Byner was rushing in for the potential tying touchdown, securing the Broncos' win.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Meanwhile, the Redskins had narrow wins in the playoffs. First, they won at Soldier Field against the Chicago Bears, 21–17, ending Walter Payton's career. The key play was a 52-yard punt return for a touchdown by Redskins defensive back Darrell Green for the go-ahead touchdown. The Bears' Kevin Butler kicked a field goal to close the deficit to 21–17, but the Bears could get no closer. Noteworthy was the Redskins trailed 14–0 early in the game.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Redskins won a defensive battle against the surprising Minnesota Vikings in the NFC Championship Game, 17–10. The Vikings barely made the playoffs with an 8–7 record during the strike-shortened regular season, but advanced to the NFC championship by winning on the road against the teams with the best records in the NFL, defeating the 12–3 New Orleans Saints 44–10, and the 13–2 San Francisco 49ers 36–24. The experienced Redskins, who had narrowly defeated Minnesota in a 27–24 overtime game during Week 15 of the season, put an end to the Vikings' string of upsets, aided by Williams' go-ahead touchdown pass to wide receiver Gary Clark with five minutes remaining to lead 17–10. Then they sealed the victory with 56 seconds left when Green knocked a pass out of the hands of running back Darrin Nelson at the one yard line on a fourth down and four play from the Redskins 6-yard line.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Coming into Super Bowl XXII, the Broncos were favored to win (−3 as noted on the NFL Today show by Jimmy "the Greek" Snyder) because most experts thought both teams were equal in terms of talent with Elway presumed to be the superior quarterback to Williams. Elway had won the NFL Most Valuable Player Award and was selected to start for the AFC in the Pro Bowl, while Williams had played just five regular season games in the 1987 season.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Before the game, it was announced that Williams underwent emergency root canal treatment for an abscessed lower right molar the previous night. Team dentist Barry Rudolph said there were no complications, and Williams then was pronounced fit to start.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: As the designated home team in the annual rotation between AFC and NFC teams, the Broncos opted to wear their home orange uniforms and white pants. The Redskins, as the road team, countered with white uniforms and burgundy pants that they typically wore during home games and which they also wore in their two previous Super Bowl appearances during the 1980s.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The game was broadcast in the United States by ABC with play-by-play announcer Al Michaels and color commentators Frank Gifford and Dan Dierdorf. Keith Jackson hosted the pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage for ABC, joined by analysts Lynn Swann and Mike Adamle as well as then Cleveland Browns head coach Marty Schottenheimer and then Minnesota Vikings head coach Jerry Burns. (Bob Griese was originally supposed to co-host with Jackson, but had to bow out due to a family illness, as his wife Judi was in the late stages of breast cancer, from which she died on February 15, 1988.) Also helping with ABC's coverage were Jack Whitaker, Jim Hill and Becky Dixon. This was the first Super Bowl broadcast on ABC with the broadcast team of Michaels, Gifford, and Dierdorf in the booth (as the 1987 season was the first year the trio was together, with Dierdorf moving to ABC from CBS; Gifford was the only holdover from ABC's Super Bowl XIX telecast). The trio went on to man the booth for ABC's "Monday Night Football" from 1987 to 1997 and called Super Bowls XXV and XXIX.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: It was simulcast in Canada on CTV and in the United Kingdom on Channel 4. It was also the first Super Bowl in which Mexico's Televisa brought a team of its own (instead of relying on the U.S. signal with comments made from Mexico City), airing on its Canal de las Estrellas.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The game was broadcast nationally on radio by CBS, with Jack Buck handling the play-by-play duties and color commentator Hank Stram in the broadcast booth, and Jim Hunter reporting from the sidelines. Brent Musburger anchored the Super Bowl XXII pregame, halftime, and postgame coverage with analysis from Will McDonough and Jimmy Snyder for CBS. Locally, Super Bowl XXII was broadcast on WMAL-AM in Washington, D.C. by Frank Herzog, Sam Huff and Sonny Jurgenson, and on KOA-AM in Denver, Colorado by Bob Martin and Larry Zimmer.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Locally, Super Bowl XXII was shown on WJLA-TV, the Washington, D.C. ABC affiliate and on KUSA-TV, the Denver, Colorado ABC affiliate.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: "The Wonder Years" premiered on ABC immediately following the game. This was only the second successful series to debut following a Super Bowl up to that time ("The A-Team", which had premiered following Super Bowl XVII, was the first). "The Wonder Years" was a late switch by ABC; which had initially scheduled the two-hour premiere of "China Beach" for the post Super Bowl slot, but concerns about the game running long and potentially pushing the premiere episode's conclusion after midnight contributed to the program change. The NFL Films "NFL's Greatest Games" highlight film was titled "Ambush at Super Bowl XXII"; and was the first such highlight film to feature former Boston and Buffalo radio personality Jeff Kaye as its narrator.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The pregame festivities featured a tribute to entertainer Bob Hope, who was approaching the age of 85. Members representing the military service branches marched out onto the field in full dress uniforms, and in unison saluted Bob Hope for his dedication to helping the troops. Trumpeter Herb Alpert performed "The Star-Spangled Banner", while Pro Football Hall of Fame wide receiver Don Hutson participated in the coin toss ceremony (the game happened to coincide with Hutson's 75th birthday). Alpert's performance was the last non-vocal performance of the National Anthem in a Super Bowl to date.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The halftime show, produced by Radio City Music Hall, was titled "Something Grand" and featured performances by vocalist Chubby Checker, The Rockettes, and 88 grand pianos. Among the 44 Radio City Music Hall Rockettes, American performer Jennifer Jones made her national debut as its first African American Rockette. Checker's performance marked the first time a major artist performed during the show.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: This was the final Super Bowl to feature the football-style logo at the 35-yard-line which had been in use since Super Bowl XIV.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Super Bowl XXII started out very well for the Denver Broncos. After forcing Washington to go three-and-out, the Broncos scored on their first play from scrimmage, when quarterback John Elway threw a 56-yard touchdown pass to wide receiver Ricky Nattiel, giving Denver a 7–0 lead after just 1:57 had elapsed in the game. It was the earliest touchdown any team had ever scored in Super Bowl history to that point (the record was later broken by Jerry Rice in Super Bowl XXIX, and again by Devin Hester in Super Bowl XLI). The Broncos quickly forced Washington to punt, and once again Elway displayed his superb scrambling skills. On the second play of Denver's ensuing possession, Elway completed a 32-yard pass to wide receiver Mark Jackson. Then, he caught a 23-yard pass from halfback Steve Sewell, becoming the first quarterback ever to catch a pass in the Super Bowl (Elway had scored a touchdown on that play during opening day the previous year against the Raiders). The Redskins managed to halt Denver's drive on the 6, but kicker Rich Karlis kicked a field goal to increase the Broncos' lead to 10–0.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: After yet another Redskins punt, Denver managed to drive to the Washington 30 on their third possession with two runs by Gene Lang for a total of 24 yards and an 18-yard reception by Sewell. But this time they failed to score because Washington safety Alvin Walton sacked Elway for an 18-yard loss on third down, pushing the Broncos out of field goal range.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Meanwhile, the Redskins could not generate any offensive momentum in the first quarter, with the Broncos' defense forcing a punt on every drive. To make matters worse, late in the period, quarterback Doug Williams twisted his back leg while planting to make a throw and had to leave the game. Williams was untouched by a Bronco defender before he dropped the ball while falling to the ground; the referee, however, inadvertently blew his whistle, stopping the play & costing Denver a fumble recovery and an almost certain fumble return touchdown and a 17–0 lead. Backup quarterback Jay Schroeder was sacked by Denver's Karl Mecklenburg on his first snap, continuing the Redskins' offensive woes. By the time the quarter ended, the Broncos had more than twice as many total yards of offense (142) as the Redskins (64). In the previous 21 Super Bowls, no team had ever overcome a 10-point deficit to win.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Williams returned with 14:17 left in the second quarter, and the Washington offense began to click. And much like they had in the second half of Super Bowl XXI against the New York Giants, the Broncos defense collapsed.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: On the Redskins' first play of the second quarter, receiver Ricky Sanders got behind defensive back Mark Haynes (who tried to jam him at the line of scrimmage) and safety Tony Lilly, and caught a pass from Williams, and took it 80 yards for a touchdown. After forcing the Broncos to punt on their next possession, Washington advanced to the Denver 27. Facing third-and-one, Williams connected with receiver Gary Clark who made a diving catch in the end zone to give Washington a 14–10 lead.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: After the ensuing kickoff, Denver drove to the Washington 26, aided by running back Sammy Winder's 27-yard reception and Elway's 21-yard run. But left tackle Dave Studdard, blocking defensive end Dexter Manley, went down with a knee injury. After Elway threw an incomplete pass on third down, Karlis missed a 43-yard field goal attempt. On the first play of the Redskins' ensuing drive, Williams threw a 16-yard completion to Clark. Then on the next play, running back Timmy Smith, a rookie in his first NFL start, took off for a 58-yard touchdown run, with blocking from guard Raleigh McKenzie and tackle Joe Jacoby, making the score 21–10. Washington's offensive line featuring McKenzie and Jacoby figured greatly in a play known as the Counter Gap, which the Skins ran repeatedly in the game.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The Redskins increased their lead to 28–10 on their next possession with a 50-yard touchdown pass from Williams to Sanders, making him the first player in Super Bowl history to catch two touchdowns in one quarter. Four plays after the ensuing kickoff, Washington defensive back Barry Wilburn intercepted a pass from Elway on the Redskins 21, and once again, the Redskins stormed down the field to score. First, Smith broke loose for a 43-yard run, then Williams completed a pair of passes to Sanders to reach the Denver 7. Two plays later, Williams threw an 8-yard touchdown pass to tight end Clint Didier to make the score 35–10. On Denver's next drive, Elway completed three consecutive passes for 40 total yards to advance to the Redskins 36. However, Washington rookie defensive back Brian Davis intercepted Elway's next pass at the 21 with seven seconds left in the half.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: In the second quarter alone, Williams completed 9 of 11 passes for 228 yards and four touchdowns; Smith rushed five times for 122 yards and a touchdown; and Sanders caught five passes for 168 yards and two touchdowns. The Redskins scored 35 points and gained 356 yards in total offense, both Super Bowl records, and scored five touchdowns on 18 total offensive plays.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: During the regular season, the Broncos had allowed 35 points for the "entire game" only once—and it was in that game, a 40–10 loss to the Houston Oilers in Week 4, that they fielded replacement players, with the regular players having gone on strike.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Washington's 25-point lead at the half surpassed the previous record of 20 points set by San Francisco in Super Bowl XVI.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: By the end of the game, Elway was sacked five times and threw three interceptions, and Washington scored another touchdown on a 68-yard fourth-quarter drive featuring a 25-yard run by Clark on a reverse and three runs by Smith for 43 yards, the last a 4-yard touchdown to bring the game to its final score of 42–10.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Smith finished the game with a Super Bowl record 204 rushing yards, and scored two touchdowns. Sanders caught nine passes for 193 yards and two touchdowns, and returned three kickoffs for 46 yards. His 193 receiving yards and his 235 total offensive yards were both Super Bowl records, and his 80-yard touchdown reception in the second quarter also tied a Super Bowl record. Clark caught three passes for 55 yards and a touchdown, while also rushing once for 25 yards. Wilburn recorded two interceptions, while Walton had two sacks. Meanwhile, running back Gene Lang was the Broncos' leading rusher, with only 38 yards on five carries. Elway finished the game with 14 out of 38 pass completions for 257 yards, one touchdown, and three interceptions. He was also Denver's second-leading rusher with 32 yards on three carries; this was the only Super Bowl in which Elway played without scoring a rushing touchdown. Jackson was Denver's top receiver with four catches for 76 yards.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: In 2015, on the occasion of Super Bowl 50, "Slate" writer Justin Peters watched all the games over a two-month period. He considered Super Bowl XXII to be the best Super Bowl ever, declaring it was, "The most significant Super Bowl ever played. The most unlikely comeback from the most unlikely quarterback, Doug Williams, who led his team to score 35 points in the second quarter: a single-quarter Super Bowl scoring record that still stands!"


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: The following records were set in Super Bowl XXII, according to the official NFL.com boxscore and the ProFootball reference.com game summary.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: Following this game, Johnny Grier was promoted to referee, becoming the first African-American to lead an NFL officiating crew.


title: Super Bowl XXII

text: In addition to Grier, Dale Hamer was promoted to referee in 1989. Don Wedge was a referee from 1976 to 1978 before becoming a side judge in 1979 (he was a back judge from 1972 to 1975).


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Kevin Patrick Cronin (born October 6, 1951) is an American singer and songwriter, who is the lead vocalist, rhythm guitarist, and pianist for the rock band REO Speedwagon. The band had several hits on the "Billboard" Hot 100 throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including two chart-toppers written by Cronin: "Keep on Loving You" (1980) and "Can't Fight This Feeling" (1984).


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Cronin is from the suburbs of Chicago, Illinois, area. He was born in north suburban Evanston, Illinois and grew up (and learned guitar) in southwest suburban Oak Lawn. He attended St. Linus Catholic Elementary School. He graduated from Chicago's Brother Rice High School.


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Cronin joined REO Speedwagon shortly after the group recorded its debut album in 1971. He recorded one album with the band, 1972's "R.E.O./T.W.O.", but left the band soon after because of missed rehearsals and creative disagreements. Following a brief solo career, Cronin returned to the fold in 1976.


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Cronin's return came after Greg X. Volz turned down the lead vocal position due to his conversion to Christianity. Even though the band's success hit its peak in the late 1970s and early 1980s, they still released records in the 2000s such as "Find Your Own Way Home" in 2007. Their most famous album, "Hi Infidelity", sold over 10 million copies. Cronin has stated in various interviews that they "play for free but get paid for the traveling". He has written or co-written many of the band's hit songs such as "Keep on Loving You", "Can't Fight This Feeling", "Keep the Fire Burnin'", "I Do' Wanna Know", "Keep Pushin'", "Roll with the Changes", "Time for Me to Fly", "Here with Me", "In My Dreams", and "Don't Let Him Go". Cronin possesses the vocal range of a dramatic tenor.


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Cronin was a celebrity contestant on "Don't Forget the Lyrics!" on March 27, 2008. He reached $350,000 before forgetting the lyrics to "Last Dance" by Donna Summer.


title: Kevin Cronin

text: He appears on an infomercial advertising TimeLife's "Ultimate Rock Ballads", which feature tracks by REO Speedwagon, mostly from the 1980s, when the band enjoyed their greatest success.


title: Kevin Cronin

text: Cronin appeared on the Netflix original series "Ozark" along with bandmates from REO Speedwagon in S03E03. The episode was titled "Kevin Cronin Was Here", and they performed "Time for Me to Fly". The popularity of the show led to a resurgence on the "Billboard" charts for the band in April 2020, as well as a placement onto the digital charts not in existence at the time of the initial hit songs.


title: The X Factor

text: The X Factor is a television music competition franchise created by British producer Simon Cowell and his company Syco Entertainment. It originated in the United Kingdom, where it was devised as a replacement for "Pop Idol" (2001–2003), and has been adapted in various countries. The "X Factor" of the title refers to the undefinable "something" that makes for star quality.


title: The X Factor

text: Similar to "Got Talent", the franchise maintains a YouTube channel, called "X Factor Global". The channel uploads clips of "X Factor" shows from around the world. The channel currently has over 3 million subscribers. Additionally, many individual "X Factor" shows have their own YouTube channels such as "X Factor India".


title: The X Factor

text: The prize is usually a recording contract, in addition to the publicity that appearance in the later stages of the show itself generates, not only for the winner but also for other highly ranked contestants.


title: The X Factor

text: Unlike "Idols", where the judges only critique the contestants' performances, on "The X Factor" each judge "mentors" the finalists in a particular category, aiding them with song selection and styling, while also participating together in judging the contestants in the other categories. Not only "Idols", but also new singing shows such as "The Voice", "The Four" and "All Together Now" have become rivals and popular in recent years.


title: The X Factor

text:
 Franchise that is currently airing
 Franchise that is not currently airing, but is slated to return in the future
 Franchise that has ended
 Franchise that was cancelled during production
 Franchise whose status is unknown


title: Charles Sabini

text: Charles "Darby" Sabini (born Ottavio Handley; 11 July 1888 – 4 October 1950) was a British-Italian mob boss and considered protector of Little Italy during the interwar years.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Sabini was known by many names and his actual name is either Octavius (Ottavio) or Ullano, but was more widely known as Charles Darby Sabini or Darby Sabini, and had other aliases such as Frank and Fred. He would sometimes change his last name to Handley.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Sabini was born Ottavio Handley at 4 Little Bath Street, Saffron Hill, Holborn, London, on 11 July 1888, the area known as London’s Little Italy. He was the illegitimate child of either Italian immigrant Ottavio Sabini or Charles Handley, a builders' labourer. His mother was a Scottish woman known as Eliza Handley or Elizabeth Eliza. His mother later married Ottavio Sabini at St Paul's, Clerkenwell, on 14 December 1898. Ottavio Sabini (1853–1902) was a carman of Italian descent, whom Charles later would describe as a father.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Charles Sabini attended school at Drury Lane Industrial School, a school designed for neglected children who were considered at risk of delinquency up until 1900. After Drury Lane, he started at Laystall Street elementary school in Holborn. Eventually leaving school in July 1902, at age thirteen he became involved with boxing promoter Dai (Dan) Sullivan. Sabini was seen as a promising fighter but was unwilling to train hard so instead he became a bouncer at Sullivan's promotions in Hoxton Baths.


title: Charles Sabini

text: He married Annie Emma Potter (1892 - 1978), the daughter of William John Potter, at St Paul's in Clerkenwell, on 21 December 1913. The couple’s known children included at least three daughters and one son.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Sabini would establish a reputation as a hard man during a bar brawl at the Griffin public house in Saffron Hill in 1920. During the brawl, he knocked out a well-known enforcer for a south London gang, who had insulted an Italian barmaid. The incident resulted in Sabini being known as a protector for both Italians and women in London.


title: Charles Sabini

text: As leader of the Sabinis he was known as the "king of the racecourse gangs" and the Godfather of Little Italy, he dominated the London underworld and racecourses throughout the south of England for much of the early twentieth century. Although his Italian Clerkenwell-based organisation gained the core of its income from racecourse protection rackets operated against bookmakers, it was also involved in a range of criminal activities including extortion, theft, as well as operating several nightclubs. It had an estimated 300 members, and is said to have included imported Sicilian gunmen and was notorious for razor attacks. At its peak, Sabini had extensive police and political connections including judges, politicians and police officials.


title: Charles Sabini

text: With no competition in the south, Sabini took over the protection rackets easily which led the Bookmakers and Backers Racecourse Protection Association to dispense with his services. Despite this, he became the top gangster in southern England. Sabini's men provided a variety of "services" to bookies, which they did not in fact need such as tools they already had like chalk and "dots and dashes". Darby Sabini controlled five or six of what were considered the best pitches (a place for the bookies to work) at each event and had his men guarding his bookies that worked on a "ten bob in the pound basis" (keep half a pound for each pound made). The protection rackets proved to be extremely profitable and drew attention from other gangs such as Billy Kimber's Birmingham Boys. Violence between the groups increased, but the Birmingham boys were forced to vacate their claims when 23 of their number were locked up following the "Epsom Road Battle". In 1929, the Jockey Club and the Bookmakers' Protection Association took measures to prevent Sabini from controlling the best pitches and his other affairs on the racecourses came under attack from the police.


title: Charles Sabini

text: As he began to make less money, Sabini shifted his business to protection rackets at greyhound tracks as well as at drinking and gambling clubs located in the West End of London. Sabini managed to fend off challenges from rival gangs such as the Cortesi brothers from Saffron Hill, although his businesses were routinely harassed by street gangs such as the Hoxton mob.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Sabini's power rested on an alliance of Italians and Jewish bookmakers and with the rise of Fascism in Italy, antisemitism became more common in London's Italian community.


title: Charles Sabini

text: After the outbreak of the Second World War, Sabini was arrested at Hove Greyhound Stadium in April 1940 and interned as an enemy alien, despite his mixed parentage and inability to speak Italian. His internment on the Isle of Man lost him his position of authority in the racketeering industry in London and southern England. He was released in 1941, but in 1943 found guilty of receiving stolen goods and sentenced to 3 years in prison. Meanwhile, his only son was killed on active service in the RAF in Egypt. After the war, his empire was taken over by the White family led by Alf White and subsequently by the organisations of Jack Spot and Billy Hill. Sabini settled in Hove, Sussex, and became a bookmaker.


title: Charles Sabini

text: Despite Sabini’s wealth, he was not ostentatious even at his peak. He routinely wore a flat cap, collarless shirt, high-buttoned waistcoat, and dark suit. A gangland boss once stated that Sabini "stood for no liberties", and a bookie recalled that "he was the gentleman of the mob but he feared no one". Many referred to him as “Uncle Bob”, and said that he was courteous and generous to women, children, the needy, and the Catholic church. However, others thought of him as an evil gangster and an extortionist. A policeman stated that he "and his thugs used to stand sideways on to let the bookmakers see the hammers in their pockets". Meanwhile, Sabini was said always to carry a loaded pistol and he did not hesitate to order beatings and razor-slashings of his rivals.


title: Charles Sabini

text: When Sabini died at his home in Old Shoreham Road, Hove, on 4 October 1950, he left little money. However, his clerk was later found to have £36,000 which was believed to have been Sabini's cash. Despite this, his estimated wealth upon death was £3,665 which is equivalent in purchasing power to £126,531.35 in 2019.


title: Charles Sabini

text: In the BBC television drama "Peaky Blinders", Sabini was portrayed by Australian-English actor Noah Taylor.


title: Danny Lloyd

text: Daniel Edward Sidney Lloyd (born October 13, 1972) is an American former child actor best known for his role as Danny Torrance in the horror film "The Shining" (1980) an adaptation of Stephen King's 1977 novel of the same name.


title: Danny Lloyd

text: Lloyd was born in Tremont, Illinois. His first and best-known role is that of Danny Torrance in Stanley Kubrick's "The Shining" (1980). He was selected for the role due to his ability to maintain his concentration for extended periods. In the DVD commentary by Garrett Brown and John Baxter, they state that Kubrick was able to film all of Lloyd's scenes without the six-year-old actor realizing he was in a horror film. He was led to believe that he was just acting in a drama film about a family who lives in a hotel.


title: Danny Lloyd

text: Lloyd was interviewed in "Making The Shining" (1980), filmed by Kubrick's daughter, Vivian Kubrick. Despite his well-received performance in "The Shining", Lloyd retired from acting at the age of ten after his appearance as young G. Gordon Liddy in the television film "" (1982).


title: Danny Lloyd

text: In 2004, Lloyd became associate professor at the department of biology at Elizabethtown Community and Technical College in Elizabethtown, Kentucky.


title: Danny Lloyd

text: In 2019, Lloyd appeared in a cameo role as a spectator at a baseball game in the "Shining" sequel "Doctor Sleep", his first acting role in 36 years.


title: Danny Lloyd

text: Lloyd is married to Jessi Bowers (born 1981) and has two children of his own, as well as two stepchildren from his wife's previous relationship.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Geoffrey Johns (born January 25, 1973) is an American comic book writer, screenwriter, and film and television producer. Johns's work on the DC Comics characters Green Lantern, Aquaman, Flash and Superman, has drawn critical acclaim.


title: Geoff Johns

text: He served as Chief Creative Officer (CCO) of DC Entertainment from 2010 to 2018 and as President and CCO from 2016 to 2018.


title: Geoff Johns

text: He is the co-founder and former co-chairman of DC Films and former co-runner of DC Extended Universe until 2018. In film, he was a producer or executive producer of "Green Lantern" (2011), "" (2016), "Suicide Squad" (2016), "Wonder Woman" (2017), "Justice League" (2017), "Shazam!" (2018), "Birds of Prey" (2020), co-wrote and produced the story for "Aquaman" (2018) and wrote the screenplay for "Wonder Woman 1984" (2020).


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns' involvement with DC Entertainment as producer, writer and executive has helped turn the DC Extended Universe franchise into the eleventh-highest-grossing film franchise of all time, having grossed over $5.6 billion at the global box office. The franchise's highest-grossing film to date is "Aquaman", written and produced by Johns, which earned over $1.15 billion worldwide, becoming the highest-grossing DC film to date.


title: Geoff Johns

text: He co-developed the TV series "The Flash" (2014–2023), "Titans", (2018–present) and "Doom Patrol" (2019–present) and created and produced the TV series "Batwoman" (2019–2022), "Stargirl" (2020–2022) and "Superman & Lois" (2020–present). His other work in television includes writing and producing various episodes of "Blade", "Smallville" and "Arrow".


title: Geoff Johns

text: In 2018, he stepped down from his executive role at DC Entertainment to open a production company, Mad Ghost Productions, while continuing to work with Warner Bros on writing and producing film, television and comic book titles based on DC Extended Universe and other DC properties such as films "Black Adam" and the upcoming "Shazam! Fury of the Gods".


title: Geoff Johns

text: Geoff Johns was born January 25, 1973, in Detroit, Michigan, the son of Barbara and Fred Johns. He is of half Lebanese ancestry and grew up in the suburbs of Grosse Pointe and Clarkston. As a child, Johns and his brother first discovered comics through an old box of comics they found in their grandmother's attic, which included copies of "The Flash", "Superman", "Green Lantern", and "Batman" from the 1960s and 1970s.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns eventually began to patronize a comics shop in Traverse City, recalling that the first new comics he bought were "Crisis on Infinite Earths" #3 or 4 and "The Flash" #348 or 349, as the latter was his favorite character. As Johns continued collecting comics, he gravitated toward DC Comics and later Vertigo, and drew comics. After graduating from Clarkston High School in 1991, he studied media arts, screenwriting, film production and film theory at Michigan State University. He graduated from Michigan State in 1995, and then moved to Los Angeles, California.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In Los Angeles, Johns cold-called the office of director Richard Donner looking for an internship, and while Johns was being transferred to various people, Donner picked up the phone by accident, leading to a conversation and the internship. Johns started off copying scripts, and after about two months, was hired as a production assistant for Donner, whom Johns regards as his mentor.


title: Geoff Johns

text: While working on production of Donner's 1997 film "Conspiracy Theory", Johns visited New York City, where he met DC Comics personnel such as Eddie Berganza, reigniting his childhood interest in comics.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Berganza invited Johns to tour the DC Comics offices, and offered Johns the opportunity to suggest ideas, which led to Johns pitching "Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E.", a series based on the second Star-Spangled Kid and her stepfather, to editor Chuck Kim a year later. Johns expected to write comics "on the side", until he met David Goyer and James Robinson, who were working on "JSA". After looking at "Stars and S.T.R.I.P.E.", Robinson offered Johns co-writing duties on "JSA" in 2000, and Johns credits both him and Mike Carlin with shepherding him into the comics industry.


title: Geoff Johns

text: That same year, Johns became the regular writer on "The Flash" ongoing series with issue 164. Johns' work on "The Flash" represents one example of his modeling of various elements in his stories after aspects of his birth town, explaining, "When I wrote "The Flash", I turned Keystone City into Detroit, made it a car town. I make a lot of my characters from Detroit. I think self-made, blue-collar heroes represent Detroit. Wally West's Flash was like that. I took the inspiration of the city and the people there and used it in the books." Johns' "Flash" run concluded with #225.


title: Geoff Johns

text: He co-wrote a "Beast Boy" limited series with Ben Raab in 2000 and crafted the "Return to Krypton" story arc in the Superman titles with Pasqual Ferry in 2002. After writing "The Avengers" vol. 3 #57–76 (Oct. 2002–Feb. 2004) and "Avengers Icons: The Vision" #1–4 (Oct. 2002–Jan. 2003) for Marvel Comics, Johns oversaw the re-launch of "Hawkman" and "Teen Titans".


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns was responsible for the return of Hal Jordan in 2005 as the writer of the "" mini-series and subsequent "Green Lantern" ongoing title. Johns was the writer of the "Infinite Crisis" crossover limited series (December 2005 – June 2006), a sequel to 1985's "Crisis on Infinite Earths." Following this, Johns was one of four writers, with Mark Waid, Grant Morrison, and Greg Rucka, on the 2006–2007 weekly series "52".


title: Geoff Johns

text: In 2006, Johns and Kurt Busiek co-wrote the "" story arc in "Superman" and "Action Comics". He then reunited with Richard Donner on the "Last Son" storyline in "Action Comics" with Donner co-plotting the series with his former assistant. The "Justice Society of America" series by Johns and artist Dale Eaglesham began in February 2007 and six months later, he and Jeff Katz launched the new "Booster Gold" series. That same year, Johns helmed the critically acclaimed "Sinestro Corps War" storyline in the "Green Lantern" titles. He wrote the "Final Crisis" one-shot "Rage of the Red Lanterns" with artist Shane Davis and collaborated with Gary Frank on "Action Comics". Johns and Frank produced the "Brainiac" storyline in which Superman's adopted father Jonathan Kent was killed and retold Superman's origin story in 2009's "".


title: Geoff Johns

text: Also in 2009, Johns teamed with artist Ethan Van Sciver on "" miniseries, which centered on the return of Barry Allen as the Flash and wrote the "Blackest Night" limited series. Commenting on Johns's creation of such concepts as the Blue Lantern Corps, the Red Lantern Corps, and the Indigo Tribe, DC Comics writer and executive Paul Levitz noted in 2010 that "One of Johns' sharpest additions to DC mythology is the notion that the Green Lanterns are but one color within a rainbow spectrum, and that the other hues have their own champions. Folding in old concepts and inventing new ones, Johns has established limitless story possibilities."


title: Geoff Johns

text: On February 18, 2010, Johns was named the Chief Creative Officer of DC Entertainment, which was established to expand the DC Comics brand across other media platforms. Johns stated that the position would not affect his writing. He then co-wrote the "Brightest Day" series with Peter Tomasi. He and Marv Wolfman were the principal writers of "DC Universe Online", a massively multiplayer online role-playing game released in 2011.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In September 2011, following the conclusion of Johns's mini series, "Flashpoint", and the crossover storyline of the same name, DC Comics instituted an initiative called The New 52, in which the publisher cancelled all of its superhero titles and relaunched 52 new series with #1 issues, wiping out most of the then-current continuity. Johns and artist Jim Lee, DC Comics' Co-Publisher, launched the line with a new "Justice League" series, written and illustrated by Johns and Lee, respectively. The series' first story arc was a new origin of the Justice League, which depicted the return of DC's primary superheroes to the team. Johns's contributions to The New 52 include a serialized Shazam! (Captain Marvel) backup feature in "Justice League" that began with issue #7, as well as the relaunched "Aquaman" and "Green Lantern" monthly titles.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns and Gary Frank collaborated on the "" graphic novel, an out of continuity story, released in mid-2012, which served as the first in a series of graphic novels intended to redefine Batman. In 2013, after writing "Green Lantern" for nine years, Johns ended his run with issue 20 of the New 52 series, which was released May 22, 2013. DC Comics' All Access webcast announced on February 4, 2014, that Johns would be writing the "Superman" series which would be drawn by John Romita Jr. The Johns/Romita Jr. team was joined by inker Klaus Janson. In May 2016, Johns was promoted to President and Chief Creative Officer of DC Entertainment and reported to Diane Nelson, the President of DC Entertainment.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns and Gary Frank collaborated on "Doomsday Clock", a limited series featuring Superman and Doctor Manhattan. Johns and Richard Donner co-wrote "The Car" chapter in "Action Comics" #1000 (June 2018) which was drawn by Olivier Coipel.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In June 2018, Johns stepped down from his executive role at DC Entertainment and entered into a writer and producer deal with Warner Bros. and DC Entertainment. He opened Mad Ghost Productions, a production company that works on film, television and comic books based on DC Comics properties.


title: Geoff Johns

text: At San Diego Comic-Con 2018, DC announced a new "pop-up" imprint, "The Killing Zone", to be curated by Johns. It was initially set to begin publishing in May 2019. In May 2020, Johns confirmed that the imprint is still in the works.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In November 2020, it was announced that Johns would launch a new creator-owned series from Image Comics titled "Geiger" with long-time collaborator Gary Frank, to debut in April 2021. The series would be his first independent comic series in more than ten years. In September 2021 it was reported that Johns and Frank would expand "The Unnamed Universe" of "Geiger", starting with "Junkyard Joe" in October 2022.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns served as a co-producer and creative consultant for the 2011 "Green Lantern" film directed by Martin Campbell and starring Ryan Reynolds.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns was an executive producer on the 2016 film "". Following negative critical reception to the film, Johns and Jon Berg were named to jointly run the DC Extended Universe and a newly established Warner Bros. division, DC Films, in May 2016. They served as producers on the 2017 film "Justice League". Johns also co-wrote the story for "Aquaman" with James Wan and Will Beall, co-wrote the story for "Green Lantern Corps" with David S. Goyer and co-wrote "Wonder Woman 1984" with Patty Jenkins and David Callaham. In January 2018, after "Justice League" underperformed at the box office, Jon Berg was replaced by Walter Hamada as the head of DC Films, with Johns still working "closely" with Hamada on future productions.


title: Geoff Johns

text: "Recruit", a 2005 episode of the Superman prequel series "Smallville", on which Johns's studio mate Jeph Loeb was a writer–producer, featured a villain by the name of Geoff Johns. In 2008, Johns wrote "Legion", the eleventh episode of the eighth season, in which he introduced the three core members of the Legion of Super-Heroes. At the 2009 San Diego Comic-Con, he announced that he was writing another "Smallville" episode, titled "Society," based on the Justice Society of America. The success of his first episode and the ambitious nature of his follow-up episode enabled the producers to transform it into a two-part story, which subsequently aired as a feature-length episode titled "Absolute Justice".


title: Geoff Johns

text: In 2006, Johns co-wrote the story for the "Justice League Unlimited" episode "Ancient History", which starred Green Lantern, Hawkgirl, Hawkman, Shadow Thief, and Vixen.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Johns and David S. Goyer co-wrote the pilot for the Spike TV drama "Blade", which premiered in June 2006. Johns served as one of the writing staff on the television show. Later that year, Johns teamed up with Matthew Senreich of "Robot Chicken" fame to write the screenplay for a holiday family-friendly movie titled "Naughty or Nice" for Dimension Films. Johns and Senreich are billed as directors of the movie, with actor/producer Seth Green set to provide a lead voice as well as serving as voice director on the film. This association led to Johns contributing material to the fourth season of "Robot Chicken".


title: Geoff Johns

text: In 2012, Johns joined The CW's Green Arrow origin series "Arrow", as a writer. He first contributed to the first-season episode "Muse of Fire," which served as the introduction of The Huntress, the teleplay for which he co-wrote with executive producer Marc Guggenheim from a story by co-creator Andrew Kreisberg. Later in the season, Johns wrote the sixteenth episode, "Dead to Rights". The episode was directed by frequent Johns collaborator Glen Winter.


title: Geoff Johns

text: On July 30, 2013, it was announced at the summer TCA tour that Johns and "Arrow" co-creators Kreisberg and Greg Berlanti would be introducing Barry Allen in the second season of the show, with the potential of a spin-off for the character with the 20th episode acting as a backdoor pilot. CW executives were so pleased with the handling of the character that they forwent the backdoor pilot, in favor of a full-fledged version. In May 2014, "The Flash" was picked up to series, to premiere later that year. Johns serves as co-developer and executive producer. He co-wrote, with Kai Yu Wu, the episodes "Going Rogue", which introduces the villain Leonard Snart/Captain Cold to the series, and "Revenge of the Rogues", which brought the rogue Heat Wave to the series fully after being introduced off screen in "Going Rogue".


title: Geoff Johns

text: In a July 2015 interview, Johns said he was collaborating with Reginald Hudlin and Denys Cowan on a live-action digital "Static" series from DC and Warner Bros. Blue Ribbon division.


title: Geoff Johns

text: Kreisberg, a producer on the TV series "Supergirl", credits Johns with the idea that Hank Henshaw was really Martian Manhunter during production of that series' pilot in 2015.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In July 2018, Johns announced that he would be writing and executive-producing a DC Universe television series about Courtney Whitmore, a character that he created, titled "Stargirl". The series premiered in May 2020.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In October 2022, it was announced that Paramount Television Studios would develop a TV adaptation of Geiger from Johns and Justin Simien, with Johns writing the pilot, serving as showrunner, and executive producing along with Jamie Iracleanos for Mad Ghost Productions, and Gary Frank.


title: Geoff Johns

text: His younger sister, Courtney, was a victim of the TWA Flight 800 crash. The DC Comics superheroine Courtney Whitmore/Stargirl, whom Johns created, is based on her.


title: Geoff Johns

text: In a 2010 interview, Johns named Steve McNiven as an artist he would like to collaborate with, J. Michael Straczynski's run on "Thor" as his then-favorite ongoing comic book, and "The Flash" as his favorite of all time, stating that he owns every issue of it. He credits reading James Robinson's "The Golden Age" as the book responsible for his love of the characters featured in the book, and for his decision to accept writing duties on "JSA". He is also a comic book retailer who co-owns Earth-2 Comics in Northridge, California, with Carr D'Angelo.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Jean-Marc Vallée (March 9, 1963December 25, 2021) was a Canadian filmmaker, film editor, and screenwriter. After studying film at the Université de Montréal, Vallée went on to make a number of critically acclaimed short films, including "Stéréotypes" (1991), "Les Fleurs magiques" (1995), and "Les Mots magiques" (1998).


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: His debut feature, "Black List" (1995), was nominated for nine Genie Awards, including nods for Vallée's direction and editing. His fourth feature film, "C.R.A.Z.Y." (2005), received further critical acclaim and was a financial success. He was such a perfectionist, and budgets were so tight, the film took almost ten years to make. Vallée's follow-up, "The Young Victoria" (2009), garnered strong reviews and received three Academy Award nominations. He was offered this film by producer Graham King, who was impressed by "C.R.A.Z.Y." and wanted Vallée to make something similar. Vallée was initially unsure about accepting this offer, as he didn't much care about period films, or the British monarchy. However, his love for a cinematic challenge won out, and he researched Queen Victoria in great depth before starting the film. His sixth film, "Café de Flore" (2011), was the most nominated film at the 32nd Genie Awards. Vallée's next films, the American dramas "Dallas Buyers Club" (2013) and "Wild" (2014) continued this acclaim and the former earned him a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing. He was a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in the Director's Branch from 2014 until his death in 2021.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: He was known for his naturalistic approach to filming, encouraging actors to improvise during takes, and used natural lighting and handheld cameras. He described himself as being like "a kid on a set. A kid playing with a huge toy and having fun".


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée ventured into television by executive producing and directing two projects for HBO, the drama series "Big Little Lies" (2017) and the thriller miniseries "Sharp Objects" (2018). For the former, he won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée was born and raised in Montreal, Quebec, one of four children. He studied filmmaking at the Collège Ahuntsic and the Université de Montréal.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée's earliest-known works include five music videos written and directed in August 1985. The music videos were part of a project by Les Productions Perfo 30 to produce 30 music videos in 30 days for a total budget of not over $50,000 CAD. Les Productions Perfo 30 had been founded earlier that year in May 1985 by André Fortin, Martin-Éric Ouellette and Martin Saint-Pierre, and wound up producing a total of 32 music videos, all directed during the month of August, with editing spanning September and October. Vallée was one of four directors (along with Fortin, Ouellette and Claude Grégoire) to helm directorial duties. His music videos included Wild Touch's "My Chick Is In My Bed", Glockenspiel's "Odeline", Park Avenue's "Don't Talk To Strangers", Angel's "Angel's Evolution" and New News' "The Splice Of Life". The music videos premiered theatrically at the Spectrum in Montreal on November 1, 1985, for a limited press screening, then officially on November 9, 1985, for the general public. The music videos later aired on Canadian television through MuchMusic.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: In the 1990s, Vallée produced a number of short films that aroused considerable critical interest. In 1991, "Stereotypes", a fantastique comedy inspired by some American classic films, received numerous prizes at several events, including Best Promising Director for Vallée at the Rendez-vous du cinéma québécois.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée later adopted a more personal and autobiographical tone with "Magical Flowers (Les Fleurs magiques)" (1995) and "Magical Words (Les Mots magiques)" (1998), awarded respectively Best Short Film at the 16th Genie Awards and the 1st Jutra Awards, in which the director explored the relationship between father and son.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée made his feature-length debut in 1995 with "Liste noire" ("Black List"), which became the highest-grossing film in Quebec that year and received nine Genie Award nominations, including Best Motion Picture and Best Achievement in Direction. In the wake of this success, Vallée moved to Los Angeles where he directed "Los Locos" (1998), a Western film written by and starring Mario Van Peebles, and "Loser Love" (1999). After these two low-budget productions, he directed two episodes of the television series "The Secret Adventures of Jules Verne" (2000).


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: During the mid-1990s, Vallée was preparing "C.R.A.Z.Y." from a screenplay inspired by his own youth and that of his co-writer, François Boulay. Vallée wanted to shoot the film in the United States, but his friend Michel Côté, who also starred in "Black List", convinced him to shoot in Quebec. After ten years in production, "C.R.A.Z.Y." was finally released in 2005 and became one of the most successful films in Quebec history, both financially and critically.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: It tells the story of Zachary Beaulieu, a young man dealing with homophobia and heterosexism while growing up with four brothers and a conservative father in 1960s and 1970s Quebec. The role of Zachary Beaulieu was portrayed by Marc-André Grondin, while Michel Côté and Danielle Proulx starred as Zachary's parents. "C.R.A.Z.Y." had its world premiere at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival and was awarded Best Canadian Feature Film. It received unanimous praise from film critics, with the film aggregator website, Rotten Tomatoes, giving the film a 100% "Certified Fresh" rating, based on reviews from 17 critics. It received several accolades, including eleven Genie Awards and thirteen Jutra Awards. "C.R.A.Z.Y." was also selected as Canada's official submission for the 2005 Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: After the success of "C.R.A.Z.Y.", Graham King and Martin Scorsese hired Jean-Marc Vallée to direct the period drama "The Young Victoria". Written by Julian Fellowes, the film is based on the early life and reign of Queen Victoria, and her marriage to Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. The film stars Emily Blunt, Rupert Friend, Paul Bettany, Miranda Richardson, and Jim Broadbent among a large ensemble cast. Critical reception was generally positive and the film was nominated for three Academy Awards, winning the 2009 Academy Award for Best Costume Design.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: In 2011, Vallée wrote, directed, and edited "Café de Flore", a love story which connects a man and woman living in present-day Montreal with a mother and her son in 1960s Paris. The film starred French pop star Vanessa Paradis and Québécois actors Kevin Parent, Hélène Florent, and Evelyne Brochu. It received generally positive reviews from Canadian film critics and garnered thirteen nominations at the 32nd Genie Awards. American reviews were more mixed; "Variety"'s Boyd van Hoeij saluted the film's casting, but deemed "Café de Flore" unoriginal, noting that "Vallée has taken what made "C.R.A.Z.Y" so successful, and simply tried to replicate it on a slightly larger scale. [Occasionally] similarities between the films... are so striking it almost feels like Vallée's ripping himself off".


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée's next film, "Dallas Buyers Club", starred Matthew McConaughey, Jared Leto, and Jennifer Garner. The film is based on the true-life tale of Ron Woodroof, an electrician in Texas diagnosed with AIDS and given 30 days to live, who began smuggling alternative medicine and not-yet-approved drugs into the United States to help himself and other AIDS patients.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: The film was released in 2013 to critical acclaim, earning Matthew McConaughey the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor and Jared Leto a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor. The film was nominated for six Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Original Screenplay, and won the awards for Best Actor for McConaughey, and Best Supporting Actor for Leto. Vallée also received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Film Editing under his alias, John Mac McMurphy.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée's film "Wild", starring Reese Witherspoon, premiered on August 29, 2014, at the Telluride Film Festival, and was also featured at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 8 and the San Diego Film Festival on September 24. It was released in North America on December 5, 2014. The film was nominated for two Academy Awards, Best Actress for Reese Witherspoon, and Best Supporting Actress for Laura Dern.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: In May 2015, Vallée received the National Arts Centre Award, a companion award of the Governor General's Performing Arts Awards, given to an artist in recognition of work of an extraordinary nature over the previous performance year.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée's next film, "Demolition" (2015), starred Jake Gyllenhaal and Naomi Watts, and opened the Toronto International Film Festival in September 2015.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: In 2017, he directed and executive-produced the acclaimed HBO miniseries "Big Little Lies", winning a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée also directed and executive-produced all the episodes of "Sharp Objects" for HBO in 2018. The series was based on the novel by Gillian Flynn. In April 2021, he and Nathan Ross via Crazyrose signed a deal with HBO and HBO Max.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Vallée was married to Chantal Cadieux from 1990 until their divorce in 2006. They had two sons, Alex and Émile. Vallée was made an Officer of the Order of Canada (OC) in 2017, and an officer in the National Order of Quebec (OQ) in 2020. His son with Cadieux, Émile, played the part of Young Zachary in his 2005 film, "C.R.A.Z.Y."


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: On December 25, 2021 Vallée died at the age of 58 from a cardiac arrhythmia secondary to severe atherosclerosis. He was found at his chalet in Berthier-sur-Mer, Quebec.


title: Jean-Marc Vallée

text: Following his death, the Directors Guild of Canada renamed its DGC Discovery Award for emerging filmmakers to the Jean-Marc Vallée DGC Discovery Award in his memory, and filmmaker Marie-Julie Dallaire announced the production of "Cut Print Thank You Bye", a documentary film about Vallée's life and career.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Sônia Maria Campos Braga (; born 8 June 1950) is a Brazilian actress. She is known in the English-speaking world for her Golden Globe Award–nominated performances in "Kiss of the Spider Woman" (1985) and "Moon over Parador" (1988). She also received a BAFTA Award nomination in 1981 for "Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands" (first released in 1976). For the 1994 television film "The Burning Season", she was nominated for an Emmy Award and a third Golden Globe Award. Her other television and film credits include "The Cosby Show" (1986), "Sex and the City" (2001), "American Family" (2002), "Alias" (2005), "Aquarius" (2016), "Bacurau" (2019), and "Fatima" (2020). In 2020, "The New York Times" ranked her #24 in its list of the 25 Greatest Actors of the 21st Century.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Sônia Braga was born on June 8, 1950, daughter of Hélio Fernando Ferraz Braga and Maria Braga Jaci Campos, a costume designer from Maringá. Sônia's siblings are Júlio, Ana, Hélio and Maria. Sônia is the aunt of Alice Braga, an actress. Her parents and her four siblings moved to Curitiba and then to Campinas, São Paulo. When Braga was 8 years old, her father died, and she attended a convent school in the city of São Paulo. In her teens, she took a job, in the city of São Paulo, at a wedding reception and event catering center, "Buffet Torres" as a receptionist and typist.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Sônia's brother, Hélio, presented the TV Tupi children's show, "Jardim Encantado". At age 14, Braga was invited by director Vicente Sesso to play small roles in children's programs and "teleteatros" on TV Tupi, including "Jardim Encantado". Sônia then joined a theater group in Santo André, in the ABC region. At 17, she debuted in the play "George Dandin" in Santo André.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 1968, she was cast in the first Brazilian production of the musical "Hair". Sônia was, at first, turned down by director , but at the insistence of producer/actor , she joined , , and the rest of the cast. Despite Institutional Act No. 5, enacting dictatorship in Brazil, the musical ran for 3 years. Caetano Veloso, in 1977, wrote the song, "Tigresa", in tribute to her, “She tells me she was an actress and worked on Hair. With some men she was happy, with others she was a woman”...


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 1968, Braga was in the film "O Bandido da Luz Vermelha", and early '70s, appeared in supporting roles in the films "A Moreninha" and "Cléo e Daniel". The following year, she was invited to perform in "A Menina do Veleiro Azul", a soap opera produced by TV Excelsior, but the network closed before the soap opera aired. Despite the success on stages and acting in soap operas, it was in the children's television series, "Vila Sésamo", displayed in 1972, that Braga became a household name. After, Braga was invited to join the cast of "Irmãos Coragem" (1970), a soap opera written by Janete Clair, which aired on Rede Globo.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 1975, Braga starred in the telenovela "Gabriela", in an adaptation of Jorge Amado's novel "Gabriela, Clove and Cinnamon". Directed by Walter Avancini, the soap opera was a great national and international success, establishing Sonia Braga as a sex symbol. Braga returned to embody Jorge Amado's characters on film. In 1976, she starred in the film "Dona Flor and Her Two Husbands" directed by Bruno Barreto, alongside José Wilker and Mauro Mendonça. The romantic comedy was a box office hit in Brazilian cinemas and also had major repercussions internationally. In 1983, she starred in "Gabriela", alongside Marcello Mastroianni.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 1976, Braga participated in the cast of "Saramandaia". The following year she starred in "Espelho Mágico" as Cynthia Levy. One of the highlights of the soundtrack of the soap opera is the cover version that Gal Costa recorded of "Tigresa", music that Caetano Veloso composed in honor of Braga. In the late 1970s, Braga gave life to another renowned character in Brazilian television, Julia Matos in "Dancin' Days" (1978). In the storyline, Braga played an ex-convict who gets out of prison ready to win back the love of her daughter, played by Gloria Pires. In 1979, Sonia Braga ventured into children's theater in the play "No País dos Prequetés". The following year she returned to television in the telenovela "Chega Mais" alongside Tony Ramos.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In the early 1980s, Braga, who had already made films like "Lady on the Bus" (1978), decided to devote herself exclusively to the movies. In 1981, she starred in "Eu Te Amo" directed by Arnaldo Jabor, and won the best actress award at the Gramado Film Festival. She starred in the movie "Kiss of the Spider Woman" (1985) alongside William Hurt and Raul Julia. Her role led to a Golden Globe nomination for best supporting actress and its success led to her international work. She decided to leave Brazil for a career in the United States, where she lived for 14 years. In 2003, she obtained American citizenship.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Braga was the first Brazilian to present a category at the Oscars. She was announced by Goldie Hawn as one of the most glamorous actresses in the world, before appearing with Michael Douglas, who announced the result of the best short film. Braga competed for many prestigious awards in the United States. For her performance in "The Burning Season" (1994) she was nominated for the third time for the Golden Globe for best supporting actress. In 1995, she was nominated for an Emmy Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Miniseries or a Movie for "The Burning Season", but lost to Shirley Knight. The film details the life of Brazilian activist Chico Mendes. In 1996, won the Lone Star Film & Television Awards, as best supporting actress for her work in "Streets of Laredo" directed by Joseph Sargent. That same year, director Nicolas Roeg invited her for the lead role in the film "Two Deaths" alongside Patrick Malahide. Braga also had the lead in "Tieta of Agreste" (1996), directed by Carlos Diegues.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 1999, after nearly 20 years away from Brazilian television, the actress made a cameo in the first 15 chapters of the soap opera "Força de um Desejo" (1999), by Gilberto Braga and Alcides Nogueira, in the role of Helena Silveira, mother of characters Fábio Assunção and Selton Mello. In 2001, she joined the cast of "Memórias Póstumas" directed by André Klotzel based on "The Posthumous Memoirs of Bras Cubas" by Machado de Assis. For her performance in this film, she won the Kikito award for best supporting actress in Gramado Film Festival.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 2001 Braga appeared in "Angel Eyes" a romantic drama film directed by Luis Mandoki and starring Jennifer Lopez. In 2002, she appeared in "American Family", a PBS series created by Gregory Nava that follows the lives of a Latino family in Los Angeles.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 2006, she returned to work in Globo's telenovela "Páginas da Vida", playing sculptor Tônia. In 2010, she starred in the episode "A Adultera da Urca", in the miniseries "As Cariocas" and in 2011, made a cameo in the "Tapas & Beijos" series.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Braga had a recurring role as Lorraine Correia in the sixth season of the series "Royal Pains". Braga's scenes were filmed on location in Mexico and her episodes were aired in August 2014.


title: Sônia Braga

text: Sonia Braga earned rave reviews for her film "Aquarius" when it premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival. Braga plays a widow and retired music writer who lives in the titular apartment complex and refuses to leave when developers offer her a buy-out. Though the film did not earn an Oscar nomination for Braga, it did contend for Best Foreign Film at France's Cesar Awards and the Independent Spirit Awards.


title: Sônia Braga

text: In 2020, "The New York Times" ranked her #24 in its list of the 25 Greatest Actors of the 21st Century.


title: Sônia Braga

text: During the 1980s, Braga had a relationship with actor Robert Redford. Braga had a relationship with Pat Metheny.


title: Ross Kemp

text: Ross James Kemp (born 21 July 1964) is an English actor, author, and television presenter. He rose to prominence in the role of Grant Mitchell in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". He is also known for his other roles as Graham Lodsworth in "Emmerdale" and "Birds of a Feather" as Detective Inspector Monk. Kemp has received international recognition as a reporter for presenting the BAFTA Award-winning documentary television series "Ross Kemp on Gangs" (2004–2009).


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp was born on 21 July 1964 in Barking, Essex. His mother Jean was a hairdresser and his father John was a detective superintendent in the Metropolitan Police. His maternal great-grandfather was a sub-organist at Chichester Cathedral for many years. He has one brother, Darren, who is a filmmaker for the BBC. Kemp attended Shenfield High School and the Webber Douglas Academy.


title: Ross Kemp

text: After training at Webber Douglas Academy of Dramatic Art, Kemp received his Equity card when appearing alongside John Thaw and Richard Wilson at the Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea.


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp went on to feature in training films for the Ministry of Defence and the ITV soap opera "Emmerdale Farm" (now "Emmerdale") as Graham Lodsworth. Guest appearances in "London's Burning" and "Birds of a Feather" followed, before he had a minor role in the 1987 film "Playing Away" alongside Neil Morrissey.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 1990, Kemp appeared in an edition of the Anglia Television police drama "The Chief." The episode, entitled "Call Sign Bravo", saw Kemp play the role of Police Constable Dennis Scovell. Around the same time he also starred in a golf themed advert for Kellogg's Fruit & Fibre cereal.


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp's best-known role is that of hardman Grant Mitchell in the BBC soap opera "EastEnders". Making his debut in February 1990, his character quickly became part of the soap’s key storylines during the 1990s, particularly troubled marriages to Sharon Watts (Letitia Dean) and then Tiffany Mitchell (Martine McCutcheon), as well as the "Sharongate" storyline, which saw brother Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) having an affair with Grant's wife, which was uncovered two years after it began.


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp announced on 24 March 1999 that he would be leaving the soap later that year after nearly 10 years. His exit was aired in October 1999 when his character moved to Brazil after surviving a car crash. Kemp refused to rule out an eventual return to "EastEnders", and various media reports over the next few years speculated that he would return to the series at some stage. In early 2005, the BBC confirmed that Kemp would be returning to "EastEnders" in the autumn of that year after six years away. It was co-star Barbara Windsor who convinced him to return, even though his comeback would only be a relatively brief one. His first comeback lasted just a few weeks from October 2005, but he returned again in March 2006, before departing once again in June that year.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In January 2016, it was confirmed that Kemp would make a brief return to the show for the death of Grant's on-screen mother, Peggy Mitchell (played by Windsor), appearing in three episodes during May of that year. He later filmed a further three weeks and returned again for brief stints from 4 July to 9 September 2016.


title: Ross Kemp

text: Following his initial departure from "EastEnders", Kemp moved from the BBC to ITV for a reported £1.2 million two-year deal. Kemp's first role for ITV was in "Hero of the Hour". During its filming, on 27 October 1999, Kemp required hospital treatment after being shot in the face when a stunt went wrong. He suffered cuts to his chest and face after safety glass shattered, and was also hit in the face by the discharge from a blank round. He was treated at the scene by paramedics and made a full recovery.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 2000, Kemp starred in ITV's "A Christmas Carol". He took the lead roles in the television series "Without Motive" and "In Defence" in 2000, and in 2002's "Ultimate Force", where he played Army Staff sergeant Henry Garvie from the British Special Air Service. He continued to appear in this role until 2006. He also played "Cirra" in the 2004 TV film, "Spartacus".


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 2005, Kemp appeared in an episode of BBC's "Extras" and in a two-part adaptation of the Gerald Seymour novel "A Line in the Sand" for ITV. He has also presented on "The Friday Night Project" and appeared as a stand in host on "The Paul O'Grady Show" (2007, 2008).


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp appeared in the 4th episode of Series 14 of BBC's motoring show "Top Gear". He was the "Man in Boot" of a Renault Twingo Sport being tested by Jeremy Clarkson. The test ended with Clarkson driving the car off the quayside of Belfast Harbour, after which Clarkson joked that Kemp had been killed. Kemp also appeared in Series 1, where he did a 1 minute 54 seconds (wet) in the "Star in a Reasonably Priced Car" segment.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 2004, Kemp filmed "Ross Kemp on Gangs". He followed this up with the documentaries "Ross Kemp in Afghanistan", "Ross Kemp in Search of Pirates", "" and "".


title: Ross Kemp

text: Kemp has written several books. Initially focusing on tie-ins to his various TV documentaries, 2011 saw the publication of his first fictional story, "Devil to Pay". A novel, "Moving Target", was released in summer 2012.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 1999, Kemp was elected as Rector of the University of Glasgow as the candidate of the Glasgow University Labour Club but did not attend local meetings. In October 2000 the Glasgow University Students' Representative Council passed a motion requesting him to resign, and within weeks he did. Kemp was the first rector in 50 years to leave the position prematurely and was succeeded by Scottish actor Greg Hemphill.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In August 2014, Kemp was one of 200 public figures who were signatories to a letter to "The Guardian" opposing Scottish independence in the run-up to September's referendum on that issue.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In June 2017, Kemp endorsed the Labour Party at the 2017 UK general election, and took part in campaigning for Labour candidates.


title: Ross Kemp

text: In 2022, Kemp declared his support for a "National Thank You Day" to celebrate the Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II.


title: Ross Kemp

text: On 11 June 2002, Kemp married Rebekah Wade, the then editor of "The Sun". In November 2005, Wade was arrested following an alleged assault on her husband. Kemp refused medical attention for a swollen lip and no action was taken. In March 2009 Kemp and Wade divorced, and in October 2010, Kemp fathered a boy with his partner, Nicola Coleman, who was his makeup artist.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Lech Aleksander Kaczyński (; 18 June 194910 April 2010) was a Polish politician who served as the city mayor of Warsaw from 2002 until 2005, and as President of Poland from 2005 until his death in 2010. Before his tenure as president, he previously served as President of the Supreme Audit Office from 1992 to 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Public Prosecutor General in Jerzy Buzek's cabinet from 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Born in Warsaw, he starred in a 1962 Polish film, "The Two Who Stole the Moon", with his identical twin brother Jarosław. Kaczyński was a graduate of law and administration of Warsaw University. In 1980, he was awarded his Ph.D. by Gdańsk University. In 1990, he completed his habilitation in labour and employment law. He later assumed professorial positions at Gdańsk University and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: During the communist period, Kaczyński was an activist in the pro-democratic anti-communist movement in Poland, the Workers' Defence Committee, as well as the Independent Trade Union movement. In August 1980, he became an adviser to the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee in the Gdańsk Shipyard and the Solidarity movement. After the communists imposed martial law in December 1981, he was interned as an "anti-socialist element". After his release, he returned to trade union activities, becoming a member of the underground Solidarity. When Solidarity was legalized again in the late 1980s, Kaczyński was an active adviser to Lech Wałęsa and his Solidarity Citizens' Committee in 1988.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: From February to April 1989, he participated in the Polish Round Table Talks along with his brother. After Solidarity's victory in the 1989 Polish legislative election, Kaczyński became a senator and vice-chairman of the movement. Then in the 1991 Polish parliamentary election, he was elected into the Sejm as a non-party member. He was also the main adviser and supporter of Lech Wałęsa when the latter was elected President of Poland in December 1990. Wałęsa nominated Kaczyński to be the Security Minister in the Presidential Chancellery but fired him in 1992 due to a conflict concerning Jan Olszewski's government. In 2003, Kaczyński co-founded the Law and Justice party, after splitting from the Solidarity Electoral Action and the Christian National Union, along with his brother. Kaczyński was the party's presidential candidate, during the 2005 Polish presidential election. In the first round of voting, Kaczyński received 33.1% of the valid votes. In the second round of voting, Kaczyński received 54.04% of the vote, defeating Donald Tusk, who received 45.96% of the vote. He was sworn in as president on 23 December 2005.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: On 10 July 2006, Kaczyński appointed his brother as Prime Minister of Poland upon the resignation of Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, the brothers then became the first pair of brothers in the world to serve as president and Prime Minister of a country and the only twin brothers to do so, until 2007, when his brother lost the parliamentary election on 21 October 2007, finishing a distant second behind the conservative-liberal party Civic Platform. His brother was succeeded as prime minister by his former presidential rival Donald Tusk.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: On 10 April 2010, Lech Kaczyński died, along with his wife, in the crash of a Polish Air Force jet that occurred on a landing attempt at Smolensk North Airport in Russia. He was the first Polish president to die in office since the assassination of Gabriel Narutowicz.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Kaczyński was born in Warsaw, the son of Rajmund (an engineer who served as a soldier of the Armia Krajowa in World War II and a veteran of the Warsaw Uprising), and Jadwiga (a philologist at the Polish Academy of Sciences). As a child, he starred in a 1962 Polish film, "The Two Who Stole the Moon" (Polish title "O dwóch takich, co ukradli księżyc"), with his identical twin brother Jarosław.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Kaczyński was a graduate of law and administration of Warsaw University. In 1980 he was awarded his PhD by Gdańsk University. In 1990 he completed his habilitation in labour and employment law. He later assumed professorial positions at Gdańsk University and Cardinal Stefan Wyszyński University in Warsaw.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: In the 1970s Kaczyński was an activist in the pro-democratic anti-communist movement in Poland, the Workers' Defence Committee, as well as the Independent Trade Union movement. In August 1980, he became an adviser to the Inter-Enterprise Strike Committee in the Gdańsk Shipyard and the Solidarity movement. After the communists imposed martial law in December 1981, he was interned as an "anti-socialist element". After his release, he returned to trade union activities, becoming a member of the underground Solidarity.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: When Solidarity was legalized again in the late 1980s, Kaczyński was an active adviser to Lech Wałęsa and his Komitet Obywatelski Solidarność in 1988. From February to April 1989, he participated in the Round Table talks.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Kaczyński was elected senator in the elections of June 1989 and became the vice-chairman of the Solidarity trade union. In the 1991 parliamentary election, he was elected to the parliament as a non-party member. He was, however, supported by the electoral committee "Center Civic Alliance", closely related but not identical to the political party Centre Agreement ("Porozumienie Centrum") led by his brother. He was also the main adviser and supporter of Lech Wałęsa when the latter was elected President of Poland in December 1990. Wałęsa nominated Kaczyński to be the Security Minister in the Presidential Chancellery but fired him in 1992 due to a conflict concerning Jan Olszewski's government.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Kaczyński was the President of the Supreme Chamber of Control (Najwyższa Izba Kontroli, NIK) from February 1992 to May 1995 and later Minister of Justice and Attorney General in Jerzy Buzek's government from June 2000 until his dismissal in July 2001. During this time he was very popular because of his strong stance against corruption.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: In 2001 he founded the political party Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość – PiS), usually labelled 'conservative' by media, with his brother Jarosław. Lech Kaczyński was the president of the party between 2001 and 2003. His brother Jarosław is its current chairman.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: In 2002, Kaczyński was elected mayor of Warsaw in a landslide victory. He started his term in office by declaring war on corruption. He strongly supported the construction of the Warsaw Uprising Museum and in 2004 appointed a historical panel to estimate material losses that were inflicted upon the city by the Germans in the Second World War (an estimated 85% of the city was destroyed in the Warsaw Uprising) as a direct response to heightened claims coming from German expellees from Poland. The panel estimated the losses to be at least 45.3 billion euros ($54 billion) in current value. He also supported the construction of the museum of Polish Jews in Warsaw by donating city land to the project.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Kaczyński banned the Warsaw gay pride parade twice in 2004 and again in 2005, locally known as the "Parada Równości" (the Equality Parade), telling protesters that "I respect your right to demonstrate as citizens, but not as homosexuals." Additionally, he feared the parade would promote a "homosexual lifestyle" and complained that police did not use enough force in breaking it up by stating "Why was force not used to break up an illegal demonstration?". Kaczyński referred to the organizers of the gay pride parades as "perverts".


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: In 2005, Kaczyński allowed a counter-demonstration, the "Parade of Normality", organized by the All-Polish Youth, a Catholic nationalist organization opposed to "liberalism, tolerance, and relativism."


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Although the president expressed respect to the homosexuals' right to demonstrate as citizens only, Poland was found guilty by the European Court of Human Rights of violating the principle of freedom of assembly under Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: On 19 March 2005, he formally declared his intention to run for president in the October 2005 election.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: In the first round of the elections he polled 33% of the vote, taking second place behind Donald Tusk. By the second round, however, he had gained the support of Radio Maryja, as well as of two other political parties besides his own: Self-Defence of the Republic of Poland, and the Polish People's Party.


title: Lech Kaczyński

text: Elected President of the Republic of Poland (he defeated the runner-up Donald Tusk by polling 8,257,468 votes, constituting 54.04 percent of the vote), Kaczyński assumed office on 23 December 2005, taking an oath before the National Assembly.