title: Seed of Chucky

text: The film, shot in Romania, continues the series' evolution from the pure horror genre of the first three films to a hybrid horror-comedy. It was the last "Child's Play" film from the original continuity to be released in theaters, with all future installments to be released direct-to-video until the 2019 reboot. The film was followed by another sequel, "Curse of Chucky", released on home video and Netflix in 2013.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: "Seed of Chucky" grossed over $24 million against a $12 million budget. Like its predecessor, the film received mixed reviews from critics.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Six years after the previous film, Glen, the benevolent living-doll son of Chucky and Tiffany, has a nightmare in which he murders a little girl's parents. In reality, he is living as a dummy for "Psychs", an abusive ventriloquist in England. Glen sees a preview of Jennifer Tilly's new horror film "Chucky Goes Psycho" on television, which features Chucky and Tiffany dolls rebuilt from their original remains; Glen realizes that he is their son.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Desperate to know his parents, Glen escapes Psychs and tracks the Chucky and Tiffany dolls to a prop room in Hollywood. Glen uses the Heart of Damballa, a voodoo amulet, to bring them back to life. Chucky faints upon learning he has a son, but Tiffany is overjoyed. When a special effects technician starts taking Tiffany apart, she and Chucky decapitate him with a wire. Jennifer finds the beheaded body and calls the police. Chucky, Tiffany, and Glen sneak a ride to her home in her limousine.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Having witnessed his parents murder the technician, Glen asks them why they kill, as he feels violence is bad. Chucky and Tiffany are taken aback by the question and don't know how to answer, until Chucky replies that it helps them to relax. On the other hand, Tiffany, feeling parental responsibility, agrees with Glen and forces Chucky to agree to stop killing for the sake of their son; Chucky falsely promises to do so. Jennifer tries to get a role as the Virgin Mary in Redman's directorial debut. After he tells her she is not right for the part, Jennifer invites him to her home, intending to seduce him for the role, much to the chagrin of her agent Joan.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Chucky and Tiffany make plans to transfer their souls into Redman and Jennifer. Tiffany knocks them out and uses a turkey baster to inseminate Jennifer with Chucky's semen, intending to use her baby as a host for Glen's soul. Chucky takes Glen on a car ride during which they drive Britney Spears' car off the road to photographer Pete Peters' darkroom. Peters had taken pictures of Tilly kissing Redman and of Chucky masturbating. Glen tries to warn Peters that Chucky is about to attack, but Peters bumps into a shelf and causes a jar of sulphuric acid to fall into his head, accidentally killing him. Chucky is overjoyed, believing Glen did this on purpose, and takes a picture to celebrate, much to the dismay of both Glen and Tiffany.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Jennifer awakens the following morning, realizes that she is pregnant, and claims Redman is responsible. Redman denies this and reveals that he previously had a vasectomy, leaving Jennifer confused. He also tells Jennifer that, in light of her pregnancy, she is fired from his film. Tiffany eviscerates Redman in anger, which Glen witnesses. The next day, Jennifer wakes up to find herself with a full pregnant belly, a consequence of the voodoo magic. Chucky captures Jennifer and her chauffeur Stan to take Redman's place. Jennifer's assistant Joan tries to help her, but she is killed by Glen's murderous twin sister, Glenda, whose soul shares Glen's body and has taken over. Tiffany smacks Glenda to bring back Glen, who is horrified at what has happened.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Jennifer gives birth to twins, a boy and a girl, and Tiffany realizes that both Glen and Glenda can inhabit the two children. Chucky, amidst Jennifer screaming for help along with the crying babies and Tiffany screaming at him to initiate the ritual before the police arrive, has a sensory overload and stops chanting the spell. He has an epiphany: Chucky has finally accepted his circumstances as a living doll and no longer wishes to become human. Disgusted, Tiffany rejects Chucky and decides to take Glen with her. Enraged, Chucky throws a knife at Jennifer to stop Tiffany from leaving him, but Stan jumps in the way to save her. The police arrive, forcing the dolls to flee.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Jennifer is rushed to the hospital. Tiffany drugs Jennifer and begins to possess her, but Chucky breaks in and kills Tiffany with an axe. Devastated, Glen snaps and attacks Chucky, striking him with the axe. Chucky assumes it's Glenda again, but Glen reveals it is actually him, finally able to kill in revenge for his mother's death. Glen shouts at his father, asking if he is finally proud of him, as he dismembers Chucky, who praises Glen for his actions, before being decapitated. Realizing what he has done, Glen suffers an emotional breakdown as Jennifer comforts him.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Five years later, at a birthday party for Jennifer's children, a nanny quits her job because Jennifer's daughter Glenda scares her. Jennifer beats her to death with the Tiffany doll body, revealing that Tiffany was successful in transferring her soul into Jennifer's body. Meanwhile, Glen opens a birthday present to see Chucky's severed arm, which springs up to grab him.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Production on a new film called "Son of Chucky" began on October 18, 1998, two days after the successful release of "Bride of Chucky," whose director Ronny Yu was unable to return due to scheduling conflicts. Don Mancini, who is gay and was interested in exploring LGBT-related themes in the next film, decided to write a screenplay inspired by the 1953 cult classic "Glen or Glenda" in which Chucky's son is an innocent person suffering from gender dysphoria. He also decided to continue the shift in the series towards comedy after noting that horror villains such as Michael Myers, Jason Voorhees, and Freddy Krueger became less scary as they became more familiar with audiences.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Universal Pictures, which produced the previous three films and had expected a more conventional slasher film with the son being a murderous villain, rejected the script with the note "This is too gay." Production ultimately resumed when the project was approved by Focus Features after the successful release of "Cabin Fever" in 2003, and was ultimately released through Rogue Pictures. Mancini claimed in a podcast that prior casting Redman, he had offered to cast Quentin Tarantino as himself but he declined.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: "Seed of Chucky" was filmed almost entirely in Romania at Castel Studios in order to save costs. Mancini tried to replicate the look of older horror films by shooting the film mostly on sound stages and was additionally influenced by the filmmaking styles of Brian De Palma and Dario Argento. All of the animatronic and makeup effects were the handiwork of Effects Designer Tony Gardner, who also appears in the film as himself in a cameo, and his company Alterian, Inc.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: "Seed of Chucky" opened at #4 with $8,774,520 on November 11–14, 2004. When the film closed on December 23, 2004, the domestic gross was $17,083,732 and $24,829,644 worldwide.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: In Australia, "Seed of Chucky" opened at #8 with $260,958 for the week of February 6–8, 2005 behind "Million Dollar Baby" (#2) and "Sky Captain and the World of Tomorrow" (#6). In Australia, "Seed of Chucky" was distributed by United International Pictures.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: In France, "Seed of Chucky" opened at #11 with $694,948 for the week of March 2–8, 2005. It opened behind "Le Couperet" (#2) and the remake of "Assault of Precinct 13" (#4). In France, "Seed of Chucky" was distributed by SND Distribution.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: In the United Kingdom, "Seed of Chucky" opened at #10 with $202,022 for the week of May 13–15, 2005. It opened behind "Monster-in-Law" (#2), "The Jacket" (#8), and "A Good Woman" (#9). In the United Kingdom, "Seed of Chucky" was distributed by Momentum Pictures.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 34% approval rating based on 77 reviews, with a weighted average of 4.50/10. The critical consensus reads: "Give "Seed of Chucky" credit for embracing the increasing absurdity of the franchise — even if the end results really aren't all that funny or entertaining." On Metacritic, it has an average score of 46/100, indicating "mixed to average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "C+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Seed of Chucky

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two stars out of four stating, ""Seed of Chucky" is actually two movies, one wretched, the other funny."


title: Seed of Chucky

text: The film was followed by "Curse of Chucky" in 2013, "Cult of Chucky" in 2017, and the TV series "Chucky" in 2021.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Get Rich or Die Tryin is a 2005 American crime drama film written by Terence Winter and directed by Jim Sheridan. It stars


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Curtis "50 Cent" Jackson in his feature film acting debut, alongside Terrence Howard, Joy Bryant, Bill Duke, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Omar Benson Miller, Ashley Walters and Viola Davis. The film, which contains autobiographical elements from 50 Cent's life, follows his character, Marcus Greer, a drug dealer who turns away from his criminal life to pursue his passion of rap music. The film's title is shared with 50 Cent's 2003 debut album of the same name.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Plans for a film starring 50 Cent were revealed in 2004, following the success of the "Get Rich or Die Tryin" album. It was known during production as Locked and Loaded. Similar to the 2002 film "8 Mile" starring Eminem, which it used as a template, the film took inspiration from 50 Cent's childhood experiences as a drug dealer. Filming began on April 11, 2005 and ended in June of that same year. The filming locations included New York City, Canada (in Toronto & Wasaga Beach) and Ireland (in Bray & Dublin).


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Originally scheduled for a 2006 release, "Get Rich or Die Tryin" had its world premiere at the Grauman's Chinese Theater in Hollywood on November 2, 2005 and was released in the United States one week later. The film received generally negative reviews from critics and grossed $46.4 million at the box office on a budget of $40 million.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Marcus is a quiet boy who adores his mother Katrina, and the two live a relatively comfortable life on her drug-dealing income. After Marcus writes a song for his love interest Charlene, her stepfather sends her away to live with her grandparents. Meanwhile, Marcus's mother is murdered, and Marcus has to live with his grandparents full-time. Marcus turns to selling drugs in order to buy new shoes, and as he grows older, he eventually abandons high school to sell drugs for local kingpin, Levar, and his underling, Majestic.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Years later, Marcus reunites with Charlene and the two become intimate. One of his close friends, Antwan, is shot and paralyzed at a club by a Colombian named Raul. In retaliation, Marcus attacks Raul, but stops short of murdering him and instead shoots Raul in the legs multiple times as payback for Antwan. When Raul refuses to identify Marcus as the shooter in a police line-up, he is allowed to go free. However, cops raid his house after an anonymous tip and find a gun and drugs. Marcus is sent to prison, where he befriends another inmate named Bama. Meanwhile, Majestic makes his move to seize control of the local drug trade. He sets Levar up to go to prison, and then frames Levar's second-in-command Odell for it. After publicly torturing and murdering Odell, Majestic then takes over Levar's empire as the new kingpin.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: After encouragement from Bama, Marcus leaves the drug trade behind to pursue and fulfill his lifelong dream of being a rapper, calling himself Young Caesar, with Bama as his manager and producer. After Marcus gets out of prison, Majestic invites him to become his right-hand man, but Marcus tells him of his aspirations to being a rapper, which Majestic laughs off. Marcus leaves with Bama and takes Justice with him.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Justice and Bama initially have a clash of personalities, but Marcus calms them after a roadside stop. Unconvinced of Marcus's dream, Justice informs Majestic of his activities. As Marcus more seriously pursues music, Majestic uses threats and his power to try to stop his success. Marcus retaliates by taunting Majestic in his songs, and Majestic targets Marcus for death.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Despite Marcus's insistence at avoiding crime, Bama convinces him to carry out one last robbery on a Colombian safe house. After Marcus and his crew complete the robbery, Marcus is shot outside of his home by Justice, but is saved by his grandparents. After being hospitalized, he goes through a period of self-loathing and pity before reevaluating his life and prioritizing his family. After a long and painful recovery, he records music again.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Angered with Justice's failure to kill Marcus, Majestic kills Justice. Marcus meets with Levar in prison, who remorsefully reveals that he is Marcus's biological father and regrets not being there for him and his mother to protect them.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: At Marcus's concert debut, Majestic shows up with his goons and tries to intimidate Marcus as he goes on stage. Majestic reveals that he killed Marcus's mother years earlier for spurning his affections. Marcus attacks Majestic in rage but before he can kill Majestic, Bama persuades him to start the show, urging him think about his family. As Marcus starts to walk out on stage, Majestic tries to stab him, but Bama shoots Majestic. Majestic begs for Marcus to kill him, but Marcus refuses. As he walks out towards the crowd, Bama shoots Majestic again, killing him. Marcus steps onto the stage, removes his bulletproof vest and performs "Hustler's Ambition".


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: The soundtrack was released on November 8, 2005. In December 2005, the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) certified the album platinum. The album has so far sold over 3 million copies worldwide.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Samuel L. Jackson publicly turned down an offer to co-star in the film, citing that he did not want to lend credence to what he believed was an inexperienced and unproven actor. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that Jackson may be "arguing against the anti-intellectual message that success for young black males is better sought in the worlds of rapping and sports than in the classroom." Jackson and 50 Cent later co-starred in the 2006 film "Home of the Brave".


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: "Get Rich or Die Tryin" holds a 16% approval rating at Rotten Tomatoes based upon 117 reviews. The site's critical consensus reads, "While it may be based upon 50 Cent's own life experiences, "Get Rich or Die Tryin" is too similar to many other rags-to-riches stories to resonate." "Radio Times" criticized the film, saying that "as a vehicle for hip-hop superstar Curtis '50 Cent' Jackson, this [film] runs out of gas a fair few kilometres short", giving it a "could be worse" rating of 2/5 stars. CinePassion stated that "[Jim] Sheridan's surface vividness is applied around a vacuum."


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: "FilmFocus" said that the film's "real danger is that it sets a precedent for the director; if the price is right he's on board". The BBC was not entirely impressed with the film, saying that "while it boasts a first-class director and is loosely based on the rapper's own life-story, the results leave you feeling a little short-changed".


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: Jonathan Ross gave a positive review, calling "Get Rich or Die Tryin" "gripping" and suggesting that it had "excellent performances". Roger Ebert also praised the film, giving the film a 3 out of 4 rating and saying that it was "a film with a rich and convincing texture, a drama with power and anger".


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: In retrospect, Director Jim Sheridan, said: “"Get Rich" came out the wrong way. I thought 'I can do this.' I'm there directing 50 Cent and he's looking blank, and I'm thinking 'this is great. The American audience will get this. When they look at John Wayne and his face is blank, they know exactly what he's thinking. So I'm thinking 'this is like John Wayne.' I was wrong.“ He also added: "When you look at 50 Cent and his face is blank you go 'what ... is he thinking?' He's not John Wayne. My empathy tripped me up. I got it, so I assumed the audience would. They didn't."


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: "Get Rich or Die Tryin" grossed $12,020,807 in its opening weekend. Altogether, the film grossed $46,442,528 in total worldwide.


title: Get Rich or Die Tryin' (film)

text: "Get Rich or Die Tryin" was first released on DVD on March 28, 2006. It was later released on Blu-ray.


title: Linear interpolation

text: In mathematics, linear interpolation is a method of curve fitting using linear polynomials to construct new data points within the range of a discrete set of known data points.


title: Linear interpolation

text: If the two known points are given by the coordinates formula_1 and formula_2, the linear interpolant is the straight line between these points. For a value in the interval formula_3, the value along the straight line is given from the equation of slopes


title: Linear interpolation

text: which can be derived geometrically from the figure on the right. It is a special case of polynomial interpolation with .


title: Linear interpolation

text: which is the formula for linear interpolation in the interval formula_6. Outside this interval, the formula is identical to linear extrapolation.


title: Linear interpolation

text: This formula can also be understood as a weighted average. The weights are inversely related to the distance from the end points to the unknown point; the closer point has more influence than the farther point. Thus, the weights are formula_7 and formula_8, which are normalized distances between the unknown point and each of the end points. Because these sum to 1,


title: Linear interpolation

text: Linear interpolation on a set of data points is defined as the concatenation of linear interpolants between each pair of data points. This results in a continuous curve, with a discontinuous derivative (in general), thus of differentiability class


title: Linear interpolation

text: Linear interpolation is often used to approximate a value of some function using two known values of that function at other points. The "error" of this approximation is defined as


title: Linear interpolation

text: It can be proven using Rolle's theorem that if has a continuous second derivative, then the error is bounded by


title: Linear interpolation

text: That is, the approximation between two points on a given function gets worse with the second derivative of the function that is approximated. This is intuitively correct as well: the "curvier" the function is, the worse the approximations made with simple linear interpolation become.


title: Linear interpolation

text: Linear interpolation has been used since antiquity for filling the gaps in tables. Suppose that one has a table listing the population of some country in 1970, 1980, 1990 and 2000, and that one wanted to estimate the population in 1994. Linear interpolation is an easy way to do this. It is believed that it was used in the Seleucid Empire (last three centuries BC) and by the Greek astronomer and mathematician Hipparchus (second century BC). A description of linear interpolation can be found in the ancient Chinese mathematical text called "The Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art" (九章算術), dated from 200 BC to AD 100 and the "Almagest" (2nd century AD) by Ptolemy.


title: Linear interpolation

text: The basic operation of linear interpolation between two values is commonly used in computer graphics. In that field's jargon it is sometimes called a lerp (from linear interpolation). The term can be used as a verb or noun for the operation. e.g. "Bresenham's algorithm lerps incrementally between the two endpoints of the line."


title: Linear interpolation

text: Lerp operations are built into the hardware of all modern computer graphics processors. They are often used as building blocks for more complex operations: for example, a bilinear interpolation can be accomplished in three lerps. Because this operation is cheap, it's also a good way to implement accurate lookup tables with quick lookup for smooth functions without having too many table entries.


title: Linear interpolation

text: If a function is insufficient, for example if the process that has produced the data points is known to be smoother than , it is common to replace linear interpolation with spline interpolation or, in some cases, polynomial interpolation.


title: Linear interpolation

text: Linear interpolation as described here is for data points in one spatial dimension. For two spatial dimensions, the extension of linear interpolation is called bilinear interpolation, and in three dimensions, trilinear interpolation. Notice, though, that these interpolants are no longer linear functions of the spatial coordinates, rather products of linear functions; this is illustrated by the clearly non-linear example of bilinear interpolation in the figure below. Other extensions of linear interpolation can be applied to other kinds of mesh such as triangular and tetrahedral meshes, including Bézier surfaces. These may be defined as indeed higher-dimensional piecewise linear function (see second figure below).


title: Linear interpolation

text: Many libraries and shading languages have a "lerp" helper-function (in GLSL known instead as mix), returning an interpolation between two inputs (v0, v1) for a parameter (t) in the closed unit interval [0, 1]. Signatures between lerp functions are variously implemented in both the forms (v0, v1, t) and (t, v0, v1).


title: Linear interpolation

text: // Imprecise method, which does not guarantee v = v1 when t = 1, due to floating-point arithmetic error.


title: Linear interpolation

text: // This method is monotonic. This form may be used when the hardware has a native fused multiply-add instruction.


title: Linear interpolation

text: // Precise method, which guarantees v = v1 when t = 1. This method is monotonic only when v0 * v1 < 0.


title: Linear interpolation

text: This lerp function is commonly used for alpha blending (the parameter "t" is the "alpha value"), and the formula may be extended to blend multiple components of a vector (such as spatial "x", "y", "z" axes or "r", "g", "b" colour components) in parallel.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: Aarya is an Indian crime-thriller drama streaming television series on Disney+ Hotstar, co-created by Ram Madhvani and Sandeep Modi, who also directed the series, with Vinod Rawat, serving as the co-director. Produced by Madhvani under the banner Ram Madhvani Films, along with Endemol Shine Group, it stars Sushmita Sen in the titular role and is based on the Dutch drama series "". The series is about Aarya, an independent woman who seeks to protect her family and joins a mafia gang in order to get revenge for her husband's murder. Recently, the show has been nominated for International Emmy Awards for best Drama series.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: Madhvani bought the remake rights to the series in early 2011, and planned to adapt it into a feature film in 2014. However the film was eventually shelved due to casting and budgetary issues. He decided later to direct it instead as a web series for Hotstar's original content label Hotstar Specials. Filming for the first season began in December 2019 and ended in March 2020, with the series been filmed across Mumbai, Jaipur, Udaipur and Palgadh. The cinematography is handled by Harshvir Oberoi and editing was done by Khushboo Raj and Abhimanyu Chaudhary. Vishal Khurana composed the background score.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: "Aarya" was initially slated to release on 29 March 2020, but was postponed due to delay in post-production work. It was released on Disney+ Hotstar on 19 June 2020. The series marked the comeback of Sushmita Sen, as well as her digital debut. It has received positive reviews with critics praising Sen's performance. Sen received the award for Best Actress – Female, at the Filmfare OTT Awards, with the series receiving eight nominations. In July 2020, Sushmita Sen and Ram Madhvani announced the second season of the series. The second season started filming on 1 March 2021 in Jaipur, but having been delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic wrapped up in June 2021. Season 2 was premiered on 10 December 2021.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The story of "Aarya" revolves around Aarya Sareen, who is a caring mother and a loving wife. She is quite naïve however, and is unaware of the illegal business her husband is a part of. Things go bad for their family after Aarya's husband Tej Sareen, a pharma baron, is mysteriously killed. The drug mafia and illegal syndicates seek the death of his entire family. In response Aarya joins the gangs. The show traces her journey in becoming the mafia queen who seeks revenge against those who killed her husband. While doing so, she also takes care of her three kids.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: In late 2011, Ram Madhvani was reported to adapt the Dutch drama series "" as a feature film in collaboration with Endemol Shine Group. In August 2014, Madhvani approached Kajol to play the lead protagonist, who initially accepted after reading the script, and Ajay Devgn's production house Ajay Devgn FFilms, backed the project on the very same month. The film initially touted to be Kajol's return to Hindi films after four years, since her last release in 2010, However, due to financial reasons, Kajol opted out of the project and Madhvani later approached Madhuri Dixit and Kareena Kapoor, to play the lead, but neither of the actress were finalized. In May 2016, Madhvani decided to revive the project with Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, who was initially approached for the film, before finalising Kajol. However, filming got shelved a month before its start.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: On 15 January 2019, the streaming platform Hotstar, announced its foray to original content production exclusively for the service, with STAR India, the parent company of Hotstar, tied up with 15 Indian filmmakers including Madhvani for creating the shows for its label called Hotstar Specials. Madhvani, later approached Sushmita Sen to play the protagonist, which was later titled as "Aarya". The series marked Sushmita's comeback to films after a 10-year hiatus, and also marked her debut in digital platforms.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: Sushmita Sen plays the role of Aarya Sareen, a strong woman who is ready to take bold steps in order to save and protect her family. Chandrachur Singh in "Aarya" plays the role of Tej Sareen, whom Aarya trusts the most. His business is named as Aaryasattava Pharmaceuticals which is a front of a big illegal business of transporting medical drugs. Sikander Kher plays the role of Daulat, who is the right-hand man of Aarya's father Zorawar. Sikander stated "Daulat is very protective about Aarya and is incredibly loyal to the family. You could say he is almost like the foot soldier of the family. He stays by her side and tries to protect her from whatever comes her way." In an interview with "International Business Times", Namit Das stated "I play the character of Jawahar, and he has a lot of complexities in him he is one of the most greyish characters I have ever played in my career. Only after the completion of the shoot, I understood that he (my role) has a lot of prominence in the show. There are so many layers to the character." Jayant Kripalani plays the role of Zorawar, Aarya's father. Sohaila Kapur plays the role of Aarya's mother, while Viren Vazirani, Virti Vaghani and Pratyaksh Panwar appear as Aarya's children.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The principal photography of the series started on 9 December 2019 at Jaipur in Rajasthan. A production unit stated that Sushmita had undergone more than 30 look tests for her role in the show. The shooting of the film took place across Jaipur, Udaipur, Mumbai and Palgadh, and the show creators chose real locations instead of building sets. Some other scenes involving the court, jail and factories were shot in Mumbai, and the team selected locations that could pass off as modern-day Jaipur.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The Zorawar Haveli, which belonged to Zorawar (Jayant Kripalani's character) was recreated at the Chomu Palace Hotel situated near Jaipur, where the wedding scenes been shot. Production designer Anna Ipe stated We shot in different sections of the complex, in a way that one would normally not see in films. A lot of details were taken care of during the propping of the spaces. He has things collected from a time gone by, and is also a hunter. Hence the use of dark wood tones and warm leather gave a kind of masculinity to the space."


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: Ipe, stated about the picturisation of Aarya's home in Mumbai, which was completely different from the Zorawar Haveli. "We took an empty shell, and converted it into a fully functional home for Aarya’s family. The most important thing was to ensure that the home was a reconstruction of the past of these five individuals, each with their own unique personalities." The character Maya's ecletic home was shot at the Avatar Bungalow in Mumbai.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The series have been shot using 360 degree format. The format entails using multiple cameras to capture a scene at once, and freeing actors of shot and angle restrictions. This also makes it important to design things that are not seen on camera. Production on the show was wrapped on 15 March 2020.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The post-production works were started in March 2020, before the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India. All the editing, VFX, sound mixing and dubbing has been done from team's respective homes. In an interview with "Film Companion", Madhvani stated "It is an Excel Sheet Nightmare as the team has to go through an scheduled Excel sheet to check if they have done that work or not everyday". According to Madhvani a team of 50 people worked on the post production 18 hours a day and had connected through Zoom or Google Meet for the collaboration and lags had been a big issue for them to judge the sound correctly. Dubbing has been also a major issue according to Madhvani as the cast were scattered throughout the globe. Jayant Kripalani was in Kolkata dubbing for his role during Cyclone Amphan, and Namit Das stated that he "started dubbing at 3 am when all his dogs were quiet".


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The original score of "Aarya" is composed by Vishal Khurana, who previously worked with Ram Madhvani in "Neerja" (2016), and was co-produced by Siddhanth Madhvani. "The Bhagavad Gita Song" which is inspired from the Bhagavad Gita, was the only song featured in the series, which was sung by Siddharth Basrur, Delraaz Bunshah, Anurag Panwar, with a rap portion done by actress Virti Vaghani. The original soundtrack was released on 25 June 2020, through streaming platforms. The soundtrack features eight instrumental compositions. Vishal stated "The entire soundtrack of "Aarya" is based on an emotion of tragedy and depicts the ominous fear that is always looming around the central characters. The approach to the soundtrack for 'Aarya' was thematic, trying to cover a wide variety of musical styles in the different themes, yet staying within the zone of the show. The use of Indian ethnic instruments is to add the rooted and cultural element to the themes, but these sounds have been played around with and distorted to keep it modern and in line with the show's urban tonality."


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The thematic use of the song "Bade Achche Lage Hain", from the 1976 film "Balika Vadhu", received praise from viewers. It was released through the official YouTube channel of Disney+ Hotstar on 5 July 2020. Commenting about the song, director Ram Madhvani stated in an interview with "Film Companion", that "We have used the song in the script keeping in mind that Tej's (Chandrachur Singh) character loves old hindi music. This song is an absolute hit with viewers of all ages for its nostalgic and sentimental value. It is mellifluous and brings out so many emotions, the writer-director said in a statement.We wanted to strike an emotional chord with the audience with this music and decided to make it stand out by using it in a diametrically opposite fashion to the actual scene."


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The series was eventually reported for a release on 29 March 2020, on Hotstar concurrent with the launch of Disney+ in India through its corporate sibling. However, the release was postponed due to post-production delays, and also the launch of Disney+ Hotstar, which scheduled to coincide with the 2020 Indian Premier League, delayed as the event got pushed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India (eventually launched on 3 April 2020). In April 2020, the makers announced for a release in June 2020, as the post-production works may take two months to complete. The first look of the series was launched on 3 June 2020, followed by the trailer on 5 June. The series was premiered on Disney+ Hotstar on 19 June 2020. On 6 September 2020, the show was released in 6 different languages – Tamil, Telugu, Bengali, Malayalam, Marathi and Kannada.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: On 1 September 2021, the series became available to stream on Hulu as part of the migration of Hotstar content to Hulu in the US.


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: The series received mostly positive response from critics, with Sushmita Sen's performance was praised by critics. Rahul Desai from "Film Companion" said, "Sen is the pivot of an excellent cast that, despite a brief lull in the middle overs, maintains the rhythm. The narrative fleetingly dips its toes into the hidden homes of each character. This gives each of the talented actors – otherwise underutilized by the Hindi-film ecosystem – a chance to shine." Shubhra Gupta, from "The Indian Express", gave a rating of three out of five saying, "For the most part, Aarya stays on course, taut, unpredictable, pacey and enjoyable." Udita Jhunjhunwala from "Firspost" rated three-and-a-half out of five stars and said that, "The tone and themes of the show will resonate with those familiar with "Ozark", "Narcos, Breaking Bad," and, of course, "Penoza", as it enters the inner sanctum of a business house with a crooked moral compass. Yet you feel strongly for this family that stays together through the crisis, making smart and foolish moves, captained by a woman who just does not give up." Pallabi Dey Purkayastha of "The Times of India", rated three out of five saying, "Barring the dearth of a few much-needed Jump Cuts and Match Cuts, ‘Aarya’ stands out for reasons more than one."


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: Saibal Chatterjee of "NDTV" gave two-and-a-half out of five and stated "Sushmita Sen holds the series together with her natural ability to fill every frame with her commanding presence." Stutee Ghosh of "The Quint", gave three out of five and stated "There is no denying that the world that is created is enigmatic and seduces the audience, things would have been far more enjoyable if it has been a little more pruned. Nevertheless, "Aarya" still has a lot going for it. watching Sushmita Sen bustle through her troubles with passionate ease is definitely of one of them." Sowmya Srivatsava of "Hindustan Times" commented "Aarya makes for an easy, binge-able watch that might test your patience here and there—they do show someone running up the entire staircase rather than cutting to the next scene. But persevere, and ye shall find yourself a thriller you want to stay with till the end." Nandini Ramanth of "Scroll.in" opined "There are many moments when "Aarya" feels like a very gorgeously packaged and overpriced grocery staple. Many scenes are stretched beyond repair, and the emotional moments seem overdirected."


title: Aarya (TV series)

text: "The Hindu"'s Kenneth Rosario reviewed "The show, by no means, is extraordinary, yet it keeps you interested in the characters and their lives, and emerges as a good example of basic storytelling done right." "India Today"'s Divyanshi Sharma commented "The show ends on an intriguing note, making us eager for the second season already." Raja Sen of "Mint" stated "The show's pulp plot could engage in itself, but "Aarya" focuses on its central character's motivations and limitations rather than her force". Tanul Thakur of "The Wire" reviewed "Aarya is a good example of solid genre fiction. It defines its goals right at the start — of being a racy, compelling thriller — and stays true to them. It may not be as ‘deep’, but it's consistently satisfying." Saraswati Datar of "The News Minute" reviewed "Watch "Aarya" for Sushmita Sen and a refreshingly new take on crime stories that have for long been a male-dominated genre. But most importantly watch it because a show with a woman and a mother of three as its protagonist is a rare treat in itself, even on a digital platform." Aishwarya Vasudevan of "Daily News and Analysis" commented ""Aarya" is watchable but predictable, which can be touted as a mini-series with a complete justice done to the story and each character as well."


title: Bill Heck

text: Bill Heck is an American actor who has appeared on Broadway and in television shows, such as "The Leftovers" and "The Old Man", and films, including in the role of Billy Knapp in the Coen Brothers' western "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs".


title: Bill Heck

text: Heck was born in Phoenix, Arizona, but moved to Libertyville, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago, as a child. He graduated from the University of Evansville in Indiana and went to N.Y.U. to gain a graduate degree in acting.


title: Bill Heck

text: Heck took his first Broadway leading role in the "Cabaret" revival in 2014. Off-Broadway, Heck starred in Horton Foote's epic "The Orphans' Home Cycle", "Angels in America" with "Buster Scruggs" co-star Zoe Kazan, as well as "Water by the Spoonful".


title: Bill Heck

text: Heck appeared as Billy Knapp in the vignette "The Gal Who Got Rattled", one of six separate stories of the American Wild West in the Coen Brothers-directed "The Ballad of Buster Scruggs". To prepare for the role, Heck read "" by Rinker Buck.


title: African wildcat

text: The African wildcat (Felis lybica) is a small wildcat species native to Africa, West and Central Asia up to Rajasthan in India and Xinjiang in China. It has been listed as Least Concern on the IUCN Red List in 2022.


title: African wildcat

text: In Cyprus, an African wildcat was found in a burial site next to a human skeleton in the Pre-Pottery Neolithic B settlement Shillourokambos. The graves are estimated to have been established by Neolithic farmers about 9,500 years ago, and are the earliest known evidence for a close association between a cat and a human. Their proximity indicates that the cat may have been tamed or domesticated.


title: African wildcat

text: Results of genetic research indicate that the African wildcat genetically diverged into three clades about 173,000 years ago, namely the Near Eastern wildcat, Southern African wildcat and Asiatic wildcat. African wildcats were first domesticated about 10,000 years ago in the Near East, and are the ancestors of the domestic cat ("F. catus"). Crossings between domestic cat and African wildcat are still common today.


title: African wildcat

text: "Felis lybica" was the scientific name proposed in 1780 by Georg Forster who based his description on a specimen from Gafsa on the Barbary Coast that had the size of a domestic cat, but a reddish fur, short black tufts on the ears, and a ringed tail.


title: African wildcat

text: Between the late 18th and 20th centuries, several naturalists and curators of natural history museums described and proposed new names for wildcat holotypes from Africa and the Near East, including:


title: African wildcat

text: Phylogenetic analysis of the nuclear DNA in tissue samples from all Felidae species revealed that the evolutionary radiation of the Felidae began in Asia in the Miocene around . Analysis of mitochondrial DNA of all Felidae species indicates a radiation at around .


title: African wildcat

text: The African wildcat is part of an evolutionary lineage that is estimated to have genetically diverged from the common ancestor of the "Felis" species around , based on analysis of their nuclear DNA. Analysis of their mitochondrial DNA indicates a genetic divergence from "Felis" at around . Both models agree in the jungle cat ("F. chaus") having been the first "Felis" species that diverged, followed by the black-footed cat ("F. nigripes"), the sand cat ("F. margarita") and then the African wildcat.


title: African wildcat

text: Based on a mitochondrial DNA study of 979 domestic and wildcats from Europe, Asia, and Africa, the African wildcat is thought to have split off from the European wildcat about 173,000 years ago, with the North African/Near Eastern wildcat splitting from the Asiatic wildcat and the Southern African wildcat about 131,000 years ago. About 10,000 years ago, some African wildcats were tamed in the Fertile Crescent and are the ancestors of the domestic cat. Domestic cats are derived from at least five "Mitochondrial Eves".


title: African wildcat

text: African wildcats were also domesticated in ancient Egypt. The Egyptian domestic cat lineage started spreading in the Mediterranean Basin from the 8th century BCE onwards and arrived on the Baltic Sea coast by the 5th century CE.


title: African wildcat

text: The fur of the African wildcat is light sandy grey, and sometimes with a pale yellow or reddish hue, but almost whitish on the belly and on the throat. The ears have small tufts, are reddish to grey, with long light yellow hairs around the pinna. The stripes around the face are dark ochre to black: two run horizontally on the cheek from the outer corner of the eye to the jaw, a smaller one from the inner corner of the eye to the rhinarium, and four to six across the throat. Two dark rings encircle the forelegs, and hind legs are striped. A dark stripe runs along the back, the flanks are lighter. Pale vertical stripes on the sides often dissolve into spots. Its tail has two to three rings towards the end with a black tip. Its feet are dark brown to black below.


title: African wildcat

text: It differs from the European wildcat by inconspicuous stripes on the nape and shoulders, a less sharply defined stripe across the spine and by the slender tail, which is cylindrical, less bushy and more tapering. Ears are normally tipped with a small tuft. Its fur is shorter than of the European wildcat, and it is considerably smaller.


title: African wildcat

text: Skins of male wildcats from Northern Africa measure in head-to-body length with a long tail. Skins of female wildcats measure with a long tail. Male wildcats from Yemen measure in head-to-body length with a long tail; females were slightly smaller measuring in head-to-body length with a long tail. Both females and males range in weight from .


title: African wildcat

text: The African wildcat occurs across Africa, around the periphery of the Arabian Peninsula, and in the Middle East as far eastward as the Caspian Sea.


title: African wildcat

text: It inhabits a broad variety of habitats, especially in hilly and mountainous landscapes such as the Hoggar Mountains. In deserts such as the Sahara, it occurs at much lower densities. It ranges across the area north of the Sahara from Morocco to Egypt and inhabits the tropical and subtropical grasslands, savannas, and shrublands south of the Sahara from Mauritania to the Horn of Africa, including Somalia, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Djibouti and Sudan. Farther south, it is present in all East and Southern African countries.


title: African wildcat

text: The wild cat in Sardinia and Corsica was long considered to be an African wildcat subspecies with the scientific name "Felis lybica sarda". Results of zooarchaeological research indicate that it descended from domestic cats that were introduced probably at the beginning of the first millennium and originated in the Near East. These populations are feral today.


title: African wildcat

text: African wildcats are active mainly by night and search for prey. Their hearing is so fine that they can locate prey precisely. They approach prey by patiently crawling forward and using vegetation to hide. They rarely drink water. They hunt primarily mice, rats, birds, reptiles, and insects.


title: African wildcat

text: When confronted, the African wildcat raises its hair to make itself seem larger in order to intimidate its opponent. In the daytime it usually hides in the bushes, although it is sometimes active on dark cloudy days. The territory of a male overlaps with that of up to three females.


title: African wildcat

text: In West Africa, the African wildcat preys on rats, mice, gerbils, hares, small to medium-sized birds, including francolins, and lizards. In Southern Africa, it also attacks antelope fawns and domestic stock, such as lambs and kids.


title: African wildcat

text: In Kgalagadi Transfrontier Park, it preys foremost on murids, to a lesser extent also on birds, small reptiles and invertebrates.


title: African wildcat

text: The female's gestation period lasts between 56 and 60 days. In Botswana, she gives birth mostly during the warm wet season to one to three kittens. Litters of up to five kittens were also observed. Her birthing den is a sheltered place like dense grass, a burrow or hollow tree. The kittens open their eyes after about 10–14 days and are mobile at the age of one month. At around three months of age, they start learning hunting techniques from their mother. They leave the family and become independent at the age of around six months.


title: African wildcat

text: Alley Cat Rescue is currently the only organization known to have a program specifically aimed at conserving African wildcats and reducing what some refer to as genetic pollution by domestic cats.


title: African wildcat

text: It has been discovered that a domestic cat can serve as a surrogate mother for wildcat embryos. The numerous similarities between the two species mean that an embryo of an African wildcat may be carried and borne by a domestic cat. A documentary by the BBC describes the details of the experiments that led to this discovery, and also shows a mature wildcat that was born by a surrogate female.


title: African wildcat

text: The Libyan Posts issued a postage stamp dedicated to "Felis lybica" in November 1997 in cooperation with World Wide Fund for Nature. This issue was also released as a set of four stamps printed on a minisheet.


title: Android Studio

text: Android Studio is the official integrated development environment (IDE) for Google's Android operating system, built on JetBrains' IntelliJ IDEA software and designed specifically for Android development. It is available for download on Windows, macOS and Linux based operating systems. It is a replacement for the Eclipse Android Development Tools (E-ADT) as the primary IDE for native Android application development.


title: Android Studio

text: Android Studio was announced on May 16, 2013, at the Google I/O conference. It was in early access preview stage starting from version 0.1 in May 2013, then entered beta stage starting from version 0.8 which was released in June 2014. The first stable build was released in December 2014, starting from version 1.0. At the end of 2015, Google dropped support for Eclipse ADT, making Android Studio the only officially supported IDE for Android development.


title: Android Studio

text: On May 7, 2019, Kotlin replaced Java as Google's preferred language for Android app development. Java is still supported, as is C++.


title: Android Studio

text: Android Studio supports all the same programming languages of IntelliJ (and CLion) e.g. Java, C++, and more with extensions, such as Go; and Android Studio 3.0 or later supports Kotlin and "all Java 7 language features and a subset of Java 8 language features that vary by platform version." External projects backport some Java 9 features. While IntelliJ states that Android Studio supports all released Java versions, and Java 12, it's not clear to what level Android Studio supports Java versions up to Java 12 (the documentation mentions partial Java 8 support). At least some new language features up to Java 12 are usable in Android.


title: Android Studio

text: Once an app has been compiled with Android Studio, it can be published on the Google Play Store. The application has to be in line with the Google Play Store developer content policy.


title: Android Studio

text: For an attached webcam to work with Android 8.1 (API level 27) and higher system images, it must have the capability to capture 720p frames.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Marsha Mason (born April 3, 1942) is an American actress and director. She has been nominated four times for the Academy Award for Best Actress: for her performances in "Cinderella Liberty" (1973), "The Goodbye Girl" (1977), "Chapter Two" (1979), and "Only When I Laugh" (1981). The first two films also won her Golden Globe Awards. She was married for ten years (1973–1983) to the playwright and screenwriter Neil Simon, who was the writer of three of her four Oscar-nominated roles.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason's film debut was in the 1966 film "Hot Rod Hullabaloo". Her other films include "Blume in Love" (1973), "The Cheap Detective" (1978), "Max Dugan Returns" (1983), "Heartbreak Ridge" (1986), "Stella" (1990) and "Drop Dead Fred" (1991). On television, she appeared in the soap opera "Love of Life" (1971–72) and received an Emmy Award nomination for her recurring role on the sitcom "Frasier" (1997–98).


title: Marsha Mason

text: She has also had an extensive career on stage, making her Broadway debut as a replacement in the comedy" Cactus Flower" in 1968. She starred in a 1999 revival of "The Prisoner of Second Avenue" in London, and received a Grammy nomination for Best Comedy Album for the 2000 recording. In 2006, she starred in the American premiere production of "Hecuba" at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater. Her other Broadway credits include "The Night of the Iguana" (1996), "Steel Magnolias" (2005), and "Impressionism" (2009).


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason guest-starred in "Madam Secretary" (2015–16) and "The Good Wife" (2016), and has had recurring roles on the ABC sitcom "The Middle" from 2010-2017 and the Netflix series "Grace and Frankie" since 2016.


title: Marsha Mason

text: After seeing her 1973 film debut in "Blume in Love", Neil Simon cast Mason in his Broadway play "The Good Doctor". Shortly afterwards, Mason and Simon, a widower, fell in love and got married. That same year, Mason co-starred opposite James Caan in the 20th Century Fox film "Cinderella Liberty", which netted her an Oscar nomination for Best Actress. In 1977, Mason's performance in Simon's smash hit film, "The Goodbye Girl", won her a second Best Actress Academy Award nomination. In 1979, Simon successfully cast Mason as Jennie MacLaine in the screen adaptation of his hit play "Chapter Two", which was based on Mason's relationship with Simon up to their marriage. The film proved to be another big hit, garnering her a third Oscar nomination for Best Actress.


title: Marsha Mason

text: In 1981, Mason starred along with Kristy McNichol, James Coco, and Joan Hackett in "Only When I Laugh", Simon's film adaptation of his Broadway comedy-drama "The Gingerbread Lady"; it was another box-office success. For her performance as Georgia Hines, Mason was highly praised and earned a fourth Best Actress Oscar nomination.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason's "Max Dugan Returns" (1983), also written by Simon, grossed a modest $17.6 million at the box office. Despite a stellar cast led by Mason, Donald Sutherland, Jason Robards and Matthew Broderick, the film was a slow starter, becoming more popular after premiering on cable TV and VHS. By this time, Mason and Simon had divorced, and her film career lost momentum. She co-starred with Clint Eastwood in the 1986 film "Heartbreak Ridge", which was fairly well received and a commercial success. Mason also played a supporting role in the 1990 motion picture "Stella" starring Bette Midler, a remake of the 1937 film "Stella Dallas".


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason played in a New York production of Harold Pinter's "Old Times." She next directed the play "Juno's Swans" (1986), by E. Katherine Kerr, at the Second Stage Theatre in Los Angeles.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Her stage credits include Norman Mailer's "The Deer Park," Israel Horovitz's "The Indian Wants the Bronx", Neil Simon's "The Good Doctor" and Joseph Papp's 1974 "Richard III" at the Lincoln Center. Mason starred on Broadway in a revival of "Night of the Iguana" in 1996, and the following year in Michael Cristofer's "Amazing Grace". Mason reunited with "Goodbye Girl" co-star Richard Dreyfuss and writer Neil Simon in Duncan Weldon and Emanuel Azenberg's production of "The Prisoner of Second Avenue" in 1999, which was performed at the L.A. Theatre Works shortly after a revival in London's West End. She earned a Grammy nomination in comedy.


title: Marsha Mason

text: She appeared in Charles L. Mee's "Wintertime" at the Second Stage theatre in New York. In August 2005 Mason starred as Hecuba at the Chicago Shakespeare Theater and on Broadway in "Steel Magnolias", with Delta Burke, Frances Sternhagen, Rebecca Gayheart, Lily Rabe and Christine Ebersole. She appeared in "A Feminine Ending" at Playwrights Horizons, and in the Shakespeare Theater Company's performance of "All's Well That Ends Well" in Washington, D.C. Recently, she starred in Lillian Hellman's "Watch on the Rhine" at Arena Stage in Washington, DC and off-Broadway in the Irish Repertory Theatre's production of "Little Gem" which earned her an Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding Performance by an Actress in a Play.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason's television work includes guest roles on "Seinfeld", "Lipstick Jungle", and "Army Wives". Mason starred in her own series, "Sibs", which ran from 1991–92. In 1997 and 1998, she had a recurring role on the TV show "Frasier" as Sherry Dempsey. In February 2010, she co-starred in "California Suite" at the Skirball Cultural Center in Los Angeles.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason played Patricia Heaton's mother in ABC comedy series "The Middle" from 2010 to its conclusion in 2018. Other recent TV roles have included "Grace & Frankie", "Madam Secretary" and "The Good Wife".


title: Marsha Mason

text: In April 2010, Mason co-starred with Keir Dullea and Matt Servitto in an Off-Broadway production of "I Never Sang for My Father". For her performance as Margaret Garrison, Mason received good reviews.


title: Marsha Mason

text: During the Pandemic, she appeared in zoom productions of "Dear Liar" with Brian Cox for Bucks County Playhouse and opposite Richard Dreyfus in "The Letters of Noel Coward" for Bay Street Playhouse in Sag Harbor, NY.


title: Marsha Mason

text: As a director, Mason has helmed productions of Neil Simon's "Chapter Two" and "Steel Magnolias" at the Bucks County Playhouse, "Chapter Two" and the first female "An Act of God" with Paige Davis at Arizona Theatre Company, "Juno Stories" for Second Stage in NYC and the world premiere of Tennessee William's "Talisman Roses" with Amanda Plummer for the Tennessee Williams Festival in Provincetown, Mass., and a Benefit production of "The Man Who Came To Dinner" starring Walter Bobbie and Brooke Shields for Bucks County Playhouse. Marsha was Associate Director with Jack O'Brien for the Roundabout Theatre's production of "All My Sons" on Broadway. In 2022, she starred in and co-directed Neil Simon's "Lost in Yonkers" at Hartford Stage.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the daughter of Jacqueline Helena (Rakowski) and James Joseph Mason, a printer. She and her younger sister, Linda (b. 1943 - d. 2022), were raised Catholic and grew up in Crestwood. Mason is a graduate of Nerinx Hall High School and Webster University, both in Webster Groves. While at Webster, she performed in a variety of theatrical productions. She raced a Mazda RX-3 in SCCA events.


title: Marsha Mason

text: Mason was married to actor Gary Campbell from 1965 until they divorced in 1970. Her second marriage, to playwright Neil Simon, lasted from 1973 until their 1983 divorce.


title: Marsha Mason

text: A former long-time resident of New Mexico, she had a farm in Abiquiu that grew certified organic herbs. In the late 1990s, Mason sold herbs wholesale to companies both locally and regionally before starting a line of wellness and bath and body products called "Resting in the River". Now based in New York City, in 2018 she completed building a home on a hayfield in Litchfield County, Connecticut, where she currently resides. Mason has frequently visited Eastern countries like India for many decades and has been a practitioner of Transcendental Meditation since 1970.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Johann Christoph Friedrich von Schiller ( ; 10 November 17599 May 1805) was a German playwright, poet, and philosopher. During the last seventeen years of his life (1788–1805), Schiller developed a productive, if complicated, friendship with the already famous and influential Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. They frequently discussed issues concerning aesthetics, and Schiller encouraged Goethe to finish works that he had left as sketches. This relationship and these discussions led to a period now referred to as Weimar Classicism. They also worked together on "Xenien", a collection of short satirical poems in which both Schiller and Goethe challenge opponents of their philosophical vision.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Friedrich Schiller was born on 10 November 1759, in Marbach, Württemberg, as the only son of military doctor Johann Kaspar Schiller (1733–1796) and Elisabetha Dorothea Schiller (1732–1802). They also had five daughters, including Christophine, the eldest. Schiller grew up in a very religious Protestant family and spent much of his youth studying the Bible, which would later influence his writing for the theatre. His father was away in the Seven Years' War when Friedrich was born. He was named after king Frederick the Great, but he was called Fritz by nearly everyone. Kaspar Schiller was rarely home during the war, but he did manage to visit the family once in a while. His wife and children also visited him occasionally wherever he happened to be stationed. When the war ended in 1763, Schiller's father became a recruiting officer and was stationed in Schwäbisch Gmünd. The family moved with him. Due to the high cost of living—especially the rent—the family moved to the nearby town of Lorch.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Although the family was happy in Lorch, Schiller's father found his work unsatisfying. He sometimes took his son with him. In Lorch, Schiller received his primary education. The quality of the lessons was fairly bad, and Friedrich regularly cut class with his older sister. Because his parents wanted Schiller to become a priest, they had the priest of the village instruct the boy in Latin and Greek. Father Moser was a good teacher, and later Schiller named the cleric in his first play "Die Räuber" ("The Robbers") after him. As a boy, Schiller was excited by the idea of becoming a cleric and often put on black robes and pretended to preach.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: In 1766, the family left Lorch for the Duke of Württemberg's principal residence, Ludwigsburg. Schiller's father had not been paid for three years, and the family had been living on their savings but could no longer afford to do so. So Kaspar Schiller took an assignment to the garrison in Ludwigsburg.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: There the boy Schiller came to the attention of Karl Eugen, Duke of Württemberg. He entered the Karlsschule Stuttgart (an elite military academy founded by the Duke), in 1773, where he eventually studied medicine. During most of his short life, he suffered from illnesses that he tried to cure himself.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: While at the Karlsschule, Schiller read Rousseau and Goethe and discussed Classical ideals with his classmates. At school, he wrote his first play, "The Robbers", which dramatizes the conflict between two aristocratic brothers: the elder, Karl Moor, leads a group of rebellious students into the Bohemian forest where they become Robin Hood-like bandits, while Franz Moor, the younger brother, schemes to inherit his father's considerable estate. The play's critique of social corruption and its affirmation of proto-revolutionary republican ideals astounded its original audience. Schiller became an overnight sensation. Later, Schiller would be made an honorary member of the French Republic because of this play. The play was inspired by Leisewitz' earlier play "Julius of Taranto", a favourite of the young Schiller.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: In 1780, he obtained a post as regimental doctor in Stuttgart, a job he disliked. In order to attend the first performance of "The Robbers" in Mannheim, Schiller left his regiment without permission. As a result, he was arrested, sentenced to 14 days of imprisonment, and forbidden by Karl Eugen from publishing any further works.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: He fled Stuttgart in 1782, going via Frankfurt, Mannheim, Leipzig, and Dresden to Weimar. During the journey, he had an affair with Charlotte von Kalb, an army officer's wife. At the centre of an intellectual circle, she was known for her cleverness and instability. To extricate himself from a dire financial situation and attachment to a married woman, Schiller eventually sought help from family and friends. In 1787, he settled in Weimar and in 1789, was appointed professor of History and Philosophy in Jena, where he wrote only historical works.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: On 22 February 1790, Schiller married Charlotte von Lengefeld (1766–1826). Two sons (Karl Friedrich Ludwig and Ernst Friedrich Wilhelm) and two daughters (Karoline Luise Henriette and Luise Henriette Emilie) were born between 1793 and 1804. The last living descendant of Schiller was a grandchild of Emilie, Baron Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, who died at Baden-Baden, Germany, in 1947.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Schiller returned with his family to Weimar from Jena in 1799. Goethe convinced him to return to playwriting. He and Goethe founded the Weimar Theater, which became the leading theater in Germany. Their collaboration helped lead to a renaissance of drama in Germany.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: For his achievements, Schiller was ennobled in 1802 by the Duke of Saxe-Weimar, adding the nobiliary particle "von" to his name. He remained in Weimar, Saxe-Weimar until his death at 45 from tuberculosis in 1805.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: The first authoritative biography of Schiller was by his sister-in-law Caroline von Wolzogen in 1830, "" (Schiller's Life).


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: The coffin containing what was purportedly Schiller's skeleton was brought in 1827 into the Weimarer Fürstengruft (Weimar's Ducal Vault), the burial place of the house of Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach in the Historical Cemetery of Weimar and later also Goethe's resting place. On 3 May 2008, scientists announced that DNA tests have shown that the skull of this skeleton is not Schiller's, and his tomb is now vacant. The physical resemblance between this skull and the extant death mask as well as to portraits of Schiller, had led many experts to believe that the skull was Schiller's.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: The city of Stuttgart erected in 1839 a statue in his memory on a square renamed Schillerplatz. A Schiller monument was unveiled on Berlin's Gendarmenmarkt in 1871.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: The German-American community of New York City donated a bronze sculpture of Schiller to Central Park in 1859. It was Central Park's first installed sculpture.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Schiller Park in Columbus, Ohio is named for Schiller, and has been centered on a statue of his likeness since it was donated in 1891. During the First World War, the name of the park was changed to Washington Park in response to anti-German sentiment, but was changed back several years later. It is the primary park for the South Side neighborhood of German Village.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: There is a Friedrich Schiller statue on Belle Isle in Detroit, Michigan. This statue of the German playwright was commissioned by Detroit's German-American community in 1908 at a cost of $12,000; the designer was Herman Matzen.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: In September 2008, Schiller was voted by the audience of the TV channel Arte as the second most important playwright in Europe after William Shakespeare.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: In a letter from 1829, two Freemasons from Rudolstadt complain about the dissolving of their Lodge "Günther zum stehenden Löwen" that was honoured by the initiation of Schiller. According to Schiller's great-grandson Alexander von Gleichen-Rußwurm, Schiller was brought to the Lodge by "Wilhelm Heinrich Karl von Gleichen-Rußwurm". No membership document has been found.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Schiller wrote many philosophical papers on ethics and aesthetics. He synthesized the thought of Immanuel Kant with the thought of the German idealist philosopher, Karl Leonhard Reinhold. He elaborated upon Christoph Martin Wieland's concept of ' (the beautiful soul), a human being whose emotions have been educated by reason, so that ' (duty and inclination) are no longer in conflict with one another; thus beauty, for Schiller, is not merely an aesthetic experience, but a moral one as well: the Good is the Beautiful. The link between morality and aesthetics also occurs in Schiller's controversial poem, "Die Götter Griechenlandes" (The Gods of Greece). The "gods" in Schiller's poem are thought by modern scholars to represent moral and aesthetic values, which Schiller tied to Paganism and an idea of enchanted nature. In this respect, Schiller's aesthetic doctrine shows the influence of Christian theosophy.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: There is general consensus among scholars that it makes sense to think of Schiller as a liberal, and he is frequently cited as a cosmopolitan thinker. Schiller's philosophical work was particularly concerned with the question of human freedom, a preoccupation which also guided his historical research, such as on the Thirty Years' War and the Dutch Revolt, and then found its way as well into his dramas: the "Wallenstein" trilogy concerns the Thirty Years' War, while "Don Carlos" addresses the revolt of the Netherlands against Spain. Schiller wrote two important essays on the question of the sublime (""), entitled "" and ""; these essays address one aspect of human freedom—the ability to defy one's animal instincts, such as the drive for self-preservation, when, for example, someone willingly sacrifices themselves for conceptual ideals.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Schiller is considered by most Germans to be Germany's most important classical playwright. Critics like F. J. Lamport and Eric Auerbach have noted his innovative use of dramatic structure and his creation of new forms, such as the melodrama and the bourgeois tragedy. What follows is a brief chronological description of the plays.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: A pivotal work by Schiller was "On the Aesthetic Education of Man in a Series of Letters" ("Über die ästhetische Erziehung des Menschen in einer Reihe von Briefen"), first published 1794, which was inspired by the great disenchantment Schiller felt about the French Revolution, its degeneration into violence and the failure of successive governments to put its ideals into practice. Schiller wrote that "a great moment has found a little people"; he wrote the "Letters" as a philosophical inquiry into what had gone wrong, and how to prevent such tragedies in the future. In the "Letters" he asserts that it is possible to elevate the moral character of a people, by first touching their souls with beauty, an idea that is also found in his poem "Die Künstler" ("The Artists"): "Only through Beauty's morning-gate, dost thou penetrate the land of knowledge."


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: On the philosophical side, "Letters" put forth the notion of "der sinnliche Trieb / Sinnestrieb" ("the sensuous drive") and "Formtrieb" ("the formal drive"). In a comment to Immanuel Kant's philosophy, Schiller transcends the dualism between "Formtrieb" and "Sinnestrieb" with the notion of "Spieltrieb" ("the play drive"), derived from, as are a number of other terms, Kant's "Critique of the Faculty of Judgment". The conflict between man's material, sensuous nature and his capacity for reason ("Formtrieb" being the drive to impose conceptual and moral order on the world), Schiller resolves with the happy union of "Formtrieb" and "Sinnestrieb", the "play drive," which for him is synonymous with artistic beauty, or "living form." On the basis of "Spieltrieb", Schiller sketches in "Letters" a future "ideal state" (a eutopia), where everyone will be content, and everything will be beautiful, thanks to the free play of "Spieltrieb". Schiller's focus on the dialectical interplay between "Formtrieb" and "Sinnestrieb" has inspired a wide range of succeeding aesthetic philosophical theory, including notably Jacques Rancière's conception of the "aesthetic regime of art," as well as social philosophy in Herbert Marcuse. In the second part of his important work "Eros and Civilization", Marcuse finds Schiller's notion of "Spieltrieb" useful in thinking a social situation without the condition of modern social alienation. He writes, "Schiller's "Letters" ... aim at remaking of civilization by virtue of the liberating force of the aesthetic function: it is envisaged as containing the possibility of a new reality principle."


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Ludwig van Beethoven said that a great poem is more difficult to set to music than a merely good one because the composer must rise higher than the poet – "who can do that in the case of Schiller? In this respect Goethe is much easier," wrote Beethoven.


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: There are relatively few famous musical settings of Schiller's poems. Notable exceptions are Beethoven's setting of "An die Freude" ("Ode to Joy") in the final movement of his Ninth Symphony, Johannes Brahms' choral setting of "Nänie" and "Des Mädchens Klage" by Franz Schubert, who set 44 of Schiller's poems as Lieder, mostly for voice and piano, also including "Die Bürgschaft".


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: The Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi admired Schiller greatly and adapted several of his stage plays for his operas:


title: Friedrich Schiller

text: Donizetti's "Maria Stuarda" is based on "Mary Stuart"; Rossini's "Guillaume Tell" is an adaptation of "William Tell". Nicola Vaccai's "Giovanna d'Arco" (1827) is based on "The Maid of Orleans", and his "La sposa di Messina" (1839) on "The Bride of Messina". Bruch’s The Lay of the Bell is also based on a poem by Schiller. Tchaikovsky's 1881 opera "The Maid of Orleans" is partly based on Schiller's work. German-Russian composer Zinaida Petrovna Ziberova created a musical setting for Schiler's "William Tell" in 1935. The 20th-century composer Giselher Klebe adapted "The Robbers" for his first opera of the same name, which premiered in 1957.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The United States Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) is the primary law enforcement agency of the U.S. Department of the Navy. Its primary function is to investigate criminal activities involving the Navy and Marine Corps, though its broad mandate includes national security, counterintelligence, counterterrorism, cyberwarfare, and the protection of U.S. naval assets worldwide. NCIS is the successor organization to the former Naval Investigative Service (NIS), which was established by the Office of Naval Intelligence after the Second World War.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: One half of NCIS personnel are civilian, with the other half being special agents. NCIS agents are armed federal law enforcement investigators, who frequently coordinate with other U.S. government agencies and have a presence in more than 41 countries and on U.S. Navy vessels. NCIS special agents are supported by analysts and other experts skilled in disciplines such as forensics, surveillance, surveillance countermeasures, computer investigations, physical security, and polygraph examinations.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: NCIS traces its roots to Navy Department General Order 292 of 1882, signed by William H. Hunt, Secretary of the Navy, which established the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI). Initially, ONI was tasked with collecting information on the characteristics and weaponry of foreign vessels, charting foreign passages, rivers, or other bodies of water, and touring overseas fortifications, industrial plants, and shipyards.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In anticipation of the United States' entry into World War I, ONI's responsibilities expanded to include espionage, sabotage, and all manner of information on the U.S. Navy's potential adversaries. The plan contemplated obtaining information by both overt and covert means, and, in the fall of 1916, the first branch office (a small undercover unit) was established in New York City under the supervision of the ONI. Heavy reliance was placed on reserve, active duty, and civilian operatives, many of the latter serving voluntarily and without pay. Rapid demobilization and the desire for a return to normalcy after World War I saw investigative activity reduced to a virtual standstill. In early 1926, initiatives were undertaken to organize special groups of volunteer reserve intelligence officers who were envisioned as a means of obtaining information on persons and activities that might constitute a threat to the naval establishment, as well as providing a cadre of trained personnel in the event of national emergency.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: During the early and mid-1930s the development of an independent professional investigative capability within the Navy was being nurtured. In Washington, D.C., the first civilian agent was employed in 1936 on a verbal basis and paid by personal check of the Director of Naval Intelligence. He was followed by a small handful of civilian special agents who were seeded throughout the naval districts beginning in 1936, although by September 1937 they numbered only 14 nationwide.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In June 1939, President Roosevelt directed that ONI handle the investigation of Navy cases relating to sabotage, espionage and subversive activities. By the fall of 1940, selective call-up of intelligence reservists for investigative and counterintelligence duties was undertaken on a broad scale, and following entry into World War II, the Navy's investigative arm was manned almost exclusively by reserve officers. Their primary tasks related to personnel security inquiries, sabotage and espionage cases, investigation of Japanese activities in the United States, and war fraud matters. A peak was reached in 1943 when over 97,000 separate investigations were conducted by what was known as the "Naval Intelligence Service."


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: At the conclusion of World War II, there was again a general demobilization, resulting in only a small corps of civilian special agents being retained. Although the Secretary of the Navy extended investigative jurisdiction in 1945, no meaningful expansion of personnel occurred until the Korean conflict, when a major buildup of civilian agents took place.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Until the late 1950s, District Intelligence Office operations were under the command supervision of Naval District Commandants, and investigative effort was frequently parochial, fragmented, and on occasion, duplicative from one district to another. Workload, manpower, and jurisdiction in investigations and counterintelligence broadened following the Korean conflict. A number of significant changes in organization and policy occurred during the 1950s and 1960s, as well as refinements in mission, which culminated in the establishment of the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) in February 1966.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In the early 1970s, an NIS special agent was stationed on for six months. This marked the beginning of the "Deployment Afloat" program, now called the Special Agent Afloat program, which deploys special agents for year-long assignments aboard carrier battle groups and amphibious readiness groups. In 1972, background investigations were transferred from NIS to the newly formed Defense Investigative Service (DIS), allowing NIS to give more attention to criminal investigations and counter-intelligence. The 1970s also saw NIS' first female agent, who was stationed at Naval Air Station Miramar, California in 1975.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In October 1981, NIS became a Second Echelon Command under the Chief of Naval Operations. In August 1985, the Secretary of the Navy directed the appointment of a flag rank naval officer to hold the position of Commander, NIS, reporting directly to the Chief of Naval Operations and the Secretary of the Navy. Rear Admiral Cathal L. Flynn, a Navy SEAL officer, became the first admiral to lead NIS. Additionally, in 1982, two classes of NIS Special Agents were trained at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center (FLETC) in Glynco, Georgia, in an assessment of the school's capability to train military investigators. Prior to this and subsequently until 1984, NIS Special Agent Training was in ONI Headquarters in Suitland, Maryland. In 1984, NIS Special Agents began training at FLETC, along with other federal investigative agencies, except for the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the Drug Enforcement Administration, and the United States Postal Inspection Service.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Two months after the October 1983 bombing of the Marine Barracks in Beirut, the agency opened the Navy Antiterrorist Alert Center (ATAC), a 24-hour-a-day operational intelligence center that issued indications and warnings on terrorist activity to Navy and Marine Corps commands. ATAC was the facility at which Jonathan Pollard was working when he committed the acts of espionage for which he was convicted in 1987. In 2002 the ATAC became the Multiple Threat Alert Center (MTAC).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: On November 15, 1985, NIS was re-designated as the Naval Security and Investigative Command (NSIC) and broadened its missions to include management of the DON Security Program. These programs included naval information, physical, and personnel security; adjudication for security clearances; and Navy law enforcement and physical security. This resulted in NSIC also assuming control of the Navy's Master-at-Arms program and the military working dog program. In 1986, the Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility (DoN CAF) was established and placed under the agency, as the agency was now once again responsible for adjudicating security clearances (although not the actual investigations). DoN CAF renders approximately 200,000 eligibility determinations annually for the Department of the Navy.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: On September 27, 1988, NSIC was changed to the Naval Investigative Service Command (NISC), though the organization at large was still known as the Naval Investigative Service (NIS) and the "command" generally referred only to the NIS headquarters element, similarly how the United States Army Criminal Investigation "Command" commanded all Criminal Investigation "Division" (CID) elements.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 1991, NIS was responsible for investigating the Tailhook scandal, which involved allegations of sexual misconduct and harassment by Naval and Marine Corps officers in Las Vegas, Nevada. Subsequent to this investigation, and at the direction of the chairman of the US Senate Armed Services Committee, Senator Sam Nunn, the Naval Investigative Service was restructured into the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS). The restructuring occurred as a result of perceived lapses in proper investigative technique over the Tailhook scandal, as well as chain of command issues and a lack of civilian oversight in previous investigations. At the time, Senator Nunn stated, "The Navy's whole investigative technique should be under serious question." As a result of the investigation into the Tailhook scandal, the Pentagon's inspector general was sharply critical of NIS leadership, stating that there was a top-down culture showing a lack of cooperation with other authorities in the Navy. By 1992, Acting Secretary of the Navy, Sean O'Keefe, recommended the word "Criminal" be included in NIS's name in order to make clear their investigative function. Ultimately, NIS commander, Rear Adm. Duvall Williams Jr., was forced to retire and NIS was reorganized as NCIS under civilian leadership.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 1993, the NCIS mission was again clarified and became a mostly civilian agency. Roy D. Nedrow, a former United States Secret Service (USSS) executive, was appointed as the first civilian director and the name changed from Naval Investigative Service Command to Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS). NCIS was aligned as an echelon two activity under the Secretary of the Navy, via the General Counsel. Nedrow oversaw the restructuring of NCIS into a Federal law enforcement agency with 14 field offices controlling field operations in 140 locations worldwide. In 1995, NCIS introduced the Cold Case Homicide Unit, the first dedicated federal-level cold case homicide unit. The unit has resolved 61 cases since 1995.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In May 1997, David L. Brant was appointed director of NCIS by Secretary of the Navy John Howard Dalton. Director Brant retired in December 2005. He was succeeded by Director Thomas A. Betro, who was appointed director of NCIS in January 2006, by Secretary of the Navy Donald C. Winter. Betro retired in September 2009. On September 13, 2009, deputy director of operations Gregory A. Scovel was appointed acting director by Under Secretary of the Navy Robert Work. He served concurrently as deputy director for operations until the new director was selected.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 1999, NCIS and the Marine Corps Criminal Investigation Division (USMC CID) signed a memorandum of understanding calling for the integration of Marine Corps CID into NCIS. (USMC CID continues to exist to investigate misdemeanors and felonies and other criminal offenses not under NCIS investigative jurisdiction.)


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 2000, Congress granted NCIS civilian special agents authority to execute warrants and make arrests. Virtually all NCIS investigators, criminal, counterintelligence, and force protection personnel are now sworn civilian personnel with powers of arrest and warrant service. The exceptions are a small number of reserve military elements engaged in counter-intelligence support.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: A growing appreciation of the changing threat facing the Department of the Navy in the 21st century, culminating with the terrorist bombing of the in Yemen and the attacks on September 11, 2001, led NCIS to transform the Anti-terrorist Alert Center into the Multiple Threat Alert Center (MTAC) in 2002.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: NCIS agents were the first U.S. law enforcement personnel on the scene at the USS "Cole" bombing, the Limburg bombing and the terrorist attack in Mombasa, Kenya.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: NCIS has conducted fraud investigations resulting in over half a billion dollars in recoveries and restitution to the U.S. government and the U.S. Navy since 1997. NCIS investigates any death occurring on a Navy vessel or Navy or Marine Corps aircraft or installation (except when the cause of death is medically attributable to disease or natural causes). NCIS oversees the Master-at-Arms programs for the Navy, overseeing 8800 Masters-at-Arms and the Military Working Dog program. NCIS's three strategic priorities are to prevent terrorism, protect secrets, and reduce crime.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Current missions for NCIS include criminal investigations, force protection, cross-border drug enforcement, counter-terrorism, major procurement fraud, computer crime and counter-intelligence.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: NCIS Special Agent Peter Garza conducted the first court-ordered Internet wiretap in the United States.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Jonathan Jay Pollard was an NIS analyst who was convicted of spying for Israel after being caught by NIS and FBI. He received a life sentence in 1987.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: On February 14, 2010, Mark D. Clookie became the fourth civilian director of NCIS, having been appointed to the position by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In June 2010, NCIS undertook a major reorganization which created a single deputy director position, having previously had two (deputy director of operations and deputy director of management and administration), combination of the Combating Terrorism Directorate and the Counterintelligence Directorate into a single directorate (the National Security Directorate), and the creation of the Global Operations Directorate. The Global Operations Directorate was created to direct field elements in multiple functional areas that had previously been directed from NCIS Headquarters.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In December 2012, the FBI released redacted documents regarding operations against Occupy Wall Street. In one FBI report, the NCIS is quoted as looking into links between Occupy and "organized labor actions" in December 2011.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In January 2013, the Department of the Navy Central Adjudication Facility (DoN CAF) was consolidated, along with the other Central Adjudications Facilities within the Department of Defense (DoD), into a single organization, known as the DoD CAF, per the direction of the Deputy Secretary of Defense. The DoD CAF is currently the sole authority to determine security clearance eligibility of non-Intelligence Agency DoD personnel occupying sensitive positions and/or requiring access to classified material including Sensitive Compartmented Information.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: On October 7, 2013, Andrew L. Traver became the fifth civilian director of NCIS, having been appointed to the position by Secretary of the Navy Ray Mabus. Traver leads an agency that is composed of some 2,500 civilian and military personnel and has a presence in over 150 locations worldwide. He is responsible for executing an annual operating budget of approximately $460 million.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 2014, in the aftermath of the Washington Navy Yard shooting, NCIS formed the Regional Enforcement Action Capabilities Training (REACT) team. REACT teams are designed to support investigations and "high-risk" enforcement operations within the United States, including high-risk operations that involve the service of arrest and search warrants, undercover agent and source protection/rescue, undercover operations, high-risk surveillance, and high-risk protective assignments.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: On June 4, 2019, Omar R. Lopez became the sixth civilian director of NCIS, having been appointed to the position by the Secretary of the Navy, Richard V. Spencer. Director Lopez is responsible for approximately 2,000 personnel, including 1,000 federal special agents, in 191 locations around the world.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In late 2019, NCIS went through additional organizational changes. In October, the Central Field Office was reactivated (having originally been deactivated at the end of 2015). As its name suggests, the Central Field Office is responsible for investigations and operations in the Central United States. In December, the position of deputy director was redesignated as the deputy director of operations and the principal executive assistant director was redesignated as the deputy director of operational support.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Permanent NCIS credentials consist of two cards that are completed, authenticated, and laminated. Card A (upper credential) identifies the agency, name, seal, and bearer title. Card B (lower credential) consists of a statement of authority, bearer photograph, credential number, the Director's signature, and bearer signature.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Naval Criminal Investigative Service is headed by the director of NCIS who is directly responsible to the Secretary of the Navy for the operations of NCIS. The director is supervised by the Under Secretary of the Navy with the assistance of the General Counsel of the Navy and receives guidance from the NCIS Board of Directors, an advisory group chaired by the Under Secretary of the Navy that includes the General Counsel of the Navy, Vice Chief of Naval Operations, Assistant Commandant of the Marine Corps, and the director of NCIS. The director directs and supervises the activities of NCIS and exercises leadership through a strategic vision and exercises his/her direction through the deputy directors.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The NCIS currently has two deputy directors, the deputy director of operations, who is responsible for the day-to-day oversight and management of the operational directorates, and the deputy director of operational support, who is responsible for the day-to-day oversight and management of the support directorates.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The operational and support directorates are managed by an executive assistant director with the exception of some support directorates, which are managed by an assistant director. An assistant director is also assigned to some operational and support directorates to serve as the chief operations officer, responsible for assisting the EAD with the day-to-day oversight and management of the directorate.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Russell-Knox Building (RKB), named after U.S. Marine Corps Major General John Henry Russell, Jr. and U.S. Navy Commodore Dudley Wright Knox, was built based on the findings of the 2005 Base Realignment and Closure Commission. The commission authorized the project to build the RKB as there was a need to co-locate the headquarters of the different criminal investigative agencies of the U.S. military.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Before the NCIS headquarters was moved to the Russell-Knox Building in 2011, it was located at the Washington Navy Yard in Washington, D.C.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Office of the director serves as the central administrative arm of the director. The office encompasses the director, the deputy directors, and the director's staff. The office is headed by the chief of staff who is accountable to the director, via the daily supervision of the deputy director of operational support, for the effective operation and administration of the office of the director.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The operational directorates of NCIS are supervised by the deputy director of operations who is the Chief Operations Officer of NCIS, responsible for criminal investigations, counterintelligence, counterterrorism, tri-service operations (Atlantic, Pacific, and Global), biometrics, technical surveillance countermeasures, behavioral science, technical services, Regional Enforcement Action Capabilities Training (REACT), polygraph services, and forensics.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The functional directorates are the National Security Directorate and the Criminal Operations Directorate. These directorates are responsible for outlining the goals and objectives of NCIS relating to their functional area through the Program Direction Document. The executive assistant directors exercise direction and supervision of their Program Direction Document through the three field directorates. The EAD's also advise the deputy director of operations on the three field directorate executive assistant directors' performance in meeting the outlined goals and objectives.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The field directorates are the Atlantic Operations Directorate, Pacific Operations Directorate, and the Global Operations Directorate.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The geographic Atlantic Operations and Pacific Operations directorates are divided into field offices, each headed by a Special Agent in Charge (SAC), while the functional Global Operations Directorate is divided into field offices and field operational support elements, headed by Special Agents in Charge or division chiefs. The SAC / division chief is responsible for all operational, investigative, and administrative activities within their geographical/functional area of responsibility. They exercise leadership of geographic implementation of NCIS' goals and objectives through the direction and supervision of Assistant Special Agents in Charge (ASAC) and Supervisory Special Agents (SSA). In field offices with only one ASAC, the ASAC is the Chief Operations Officer of the field office, responsible for the day-to-day oversight and management of its activities. In field offices with multiple ASAC's, the ASAC's serve as the heads of specific functions within the field office (e.g. ASAC of Criminal Investigations or ASAC of Atlantic Operations). The field office headquarters also has specialized teams, headed by Supervisory Special Agents, ready to support the field office's subordinate units by dispatching experienced Special Agents and/or civilian investigators to assist in investigations if a prolonged investigation is required or the investigative resources required exceeds the subordinate unit's capabilities. Usually the senior-most Special Agent of the field team is designated as the Senior Field Agent who may also have some operational and/or administrative responsibilities.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The geographic field offices are divided into NCIS Resident Agencies (NCISRA) and NCIS Resident Units (NCISRU). NCISRA's are headed by Supervisory Special Agents (designated as Resident Agents in Charge) who supervise all sworn Special Agents and civilian personnel assigned to the NCISRA. Depending on the size or location of the NCISRA, the Resident Agent in Charge may also supervise other Supervisory Special Agents who serve as team leaders, responsible for a specific investigative/operational function within the NCISRA (e.g. SSA of Counter-Terrorism). Some NCISRA's are further divided into NCISRU's, which are small units consisting of only one or two Special Agents (designated as Resident Agents) who report directly to the Resident Agent in Charge of the "parent NCISRA." In NCISRU's which are staffed by multiple Special Agents, the senior-most Special Agent is designated as the Senior Resident Agent and may also have some operational and/or administrative responsibilities. NCIS Special Agent Afloat duty posts are also classified as NCISRU's (e.g. NCISRU USS "George H.W. Bush"). NCISRU's afloat are under the functional supervision of the field office responsible for the vessel's homeport but receive operational support from the field office responsible for the area where the ship is sailing in.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The National Security Directorate has program management oversight of counter-terrorism/counterintelligence investigations and operations, including espionage, terrorism, compromise, technology transfer, cyber intrusion, insider threat, and threats to research development and acquisition programs. The directorate is also responsible for manning, training, and equipping of agency personnel to protect Navy and Marine Corps forces, operations, information, facilities, equipment, and networks from attacks and the intelligence activities of foreign governments and international terrorist organizations.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The National Security Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director with the assistance of an assistant director. The directorate is divided into multiple programmatic departments which are headed by deputy assistant directors (comparable in practice to special agents in charge). The departments are further divided into divisions led by division chiefs (comparable in practice to assistant special agents in charge).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 2015, the National Security Directorate comprised (at least) the following departments and divisions: