title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Criminal Investigations and Operations Directorate has program management oversight of a myriad of criminal investigations and operations which include death, sexual assault, narcotics, and procurement fraud investigations. The directorate is also responsible for the manning, training and equipping of agency personnel to accomplish the investigative mission, and for the operational execution of both reactive and proactive major criminal investigative activities for the Department of the Navy.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Criminal Operations Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director with the assistance of an assistant director. The directorate is divided into multiple programmatic departments which are headed by deputy assistant directors (comparable in practice to special agents in charge). The departments are further divided into divisions led by division chiefs (comparable in practice to assistant special agents in charge).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 2015, the Criminal Investigations and Operations Directorate comprised (at least) the following departments and divisions:


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Global Operations Directorate is responsible for field elements which execute worldwide investigations and operations associated with espionage, counterintelligence, protective service operations, economic crimes, contingency response and high risk deployments, technical surveillance countermeasures, polygraph services, technical services, and forensic services.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Global Operations Directorate and nearly all of its subordinate elements are headquartered aboard Joint Base Anacostia–Bolling in Washington, D.C., although they maintain multiple operational detachments all over the world in support of geographical field offices. The only exception to this is the Contingency Response Field Office, which is headquartered at the Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers at Glynco, Georgia.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Atlantic Operations Directorate oversees all investigations and operations of NCIS field offices and numerous subordinate elements located throughout the Eastern United States, Europe, Africa, South America, the Middle East, and aboard carrier and expeditionary strike groups based on the East Coast.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Atlantic Operations Directorate is currently headquartered aboard Naval Air Station Oceana in Virginia Beach, Virginia.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Pacific Operations Directorate oversees all investigations and operations of NCIS field offices and numerous subordinate elements located throughout the Western United States, Asia, Australia, and aboard aircraft carrier and expeditionary strike groups based on the west coast and throughout the Indo-Pacific region.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Pacific Operations Directorate is currently headquartered aboard Naval Base San Diego in San Diego, California.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Behavioral Science Group (BSG) supports the NCIS headquarters and field offices on a worldwide basis by deploying licensed psychologists with specialized training and experience in law enforcement psychology and national security. They are responsible for providing consultations to operations, investigations, and related projects and matters.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The BSG consultations provide insight into relevant behavior; optimizing criminal, counterintelligence, and counter-terrorism investigations and operations; and complementing other resources such as analytical and technical expertise.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Office of Military Support (OMS) is composed of active duty and reserve US Navy officers and enlisted personnel. They perform in a variety of mission support areas in NCIS offices throughout the world, including protective service operations, supply and logistics, communications, administrative duties, intelligence, and security.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The support directorates of NCIS are supervised by the deputy director of operational support, responsible for cyber, intelligence, human resources, material, capital, fiscal, acquisition, administrative, and technology functions.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Cyber Directorate has program management oversight of worldwide law enforcement and counterintelligence cyberspace investigations, operations, and digital/multimedia forensics.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Cyber Directorate is responsible for outlining the goals and objectives of NCIS relating to the cyber domain through the Program Direction Document. The executive assistant director exercises direction and supervision of the Program Direction Document through the three field directorates (Atlantic, Pacific, and Global). The EAD also advises the deputy director of operational support as well as the deputy director of operations on the three field directorate executive assistant directors' performance in meeting the outlined goals and objectives.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Cyber Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director with the assistance of an assistant director. The directorate is divided into multiple programmatic departments which are headed by deputy assistant directors (comparable in practice to special agents in charge). The departments are further divided into divisions led by division chiefs (comparable in practice to assistant special agents in charge).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Enterprise Management Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director who supervises five assistant directors, whose staff in turn manage the agency's portfolios for:


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Intelligence and Information Sharing Directorate directs NCIS' activities to provide intelligence, analysis, and related products to better understand the terror, intelligence, cyber, and criminal threats to the Department of the Navy and to meet priority intelligence requirements. The directorate is also responsible for the collection, analysis, exploitation, and sharing of criminal, counterintelligence, and terrorism information in direct support of NCIS operations and investigations, along with directing NCIS' Multiple Threat Alert Center and the Department of Defense Global Watch.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Intelligence and Information Sharing Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director with the assistance of an assistant director. The directorate is divided into multiple programmatic departments which are headed by deputy assistant directors (comparable in practice to special agents in charge). The departments are further divided into divisions led by division chiefs (comparable in practice to assistant special agents in charge).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Strategy, Planning and Business Operations Directorate develops overarching agency strategies and provides the program planning, evaluation, and performance assessment necessary to accomplish the strategic mission of NCIS. The directorate also serves as a consultant to Department of Defense and Department of the Navy sponsors on financial management and critical resource issues and manages public engagement and congressional activities.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Planning and Strategy Directorate is managed by an executive assistant director with the assistance of an assistant director. The directorate is divided into multiple programmatic departments which are headed by deputy assistant directors (comparable in practice to special agents in charge). The departments are further divided into divisions led by division chiefs (comparable in practice to assistant special agents in charge).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Special Agent Afloat Program of NCIS sends NCIS Special Agents aboard U.S. aircraft carriers, submarines, and other ships (for example, hospital ships and amphibious assault ships).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The purpose of the program is to provide professional investigative, counterintelligence, and force protection support to deployed Navy and Marine Corps commanders. These special agents are assigned to aircraft carriers and other deployed major combatants. Their environment can best be described as a "floating city." The assignment offers many of the same investigative challenges found by any criminal investigator working in a metropolitan city. A special agent assigned to a carrier must be skilled in general criminal investigations including: crime scene examination, expert interview techniques, and use of proactive law enforcement procedures to stop criminal activity before it occurs. The special agent afloat also provides guidance on foreign counterintelligence matters, including terrorism. It is also the mission of the special agent afloat to offer Navy and Marine Corps leadership advice and operational support on security issues which might threaten the safety of ships, personnel and resources.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Special Agent Afloat (SAA) program was initiated in Europe during March 1967. In April 1971, a special agent was assigned to a deployed carrier for a period of six months with the designation of SAA. By 1978, SAA personnel were assigned to each operational aircraft carrier in the U. S. Navy for a one-year assignment. In 1986, a trial began where two Special Agents Afloat were assigned to aircraft carriers in an effort to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of having two agents assigned full-time while deployed, one focusing on law enforcement/criminal investigations and one on foreign counterintelligence. The trial was discontinued when no longer considered viable.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Naval Criminal Investigative Service is the only entity within the Department of the Navy authorized to conduct protection of Department of Defense/Department of the Navy (DOD/DON) High Risk Billets (HRB). The mission of the NCIS Protective Operations Field Office (POFO) is to prevent terrorist and/or criminal attacks on principals under NCIS executive protection coverage and execute the necessary and appropriate response to a threat and/or attack on a principal. POFO will also initiate investigations on individuals and groups who meet a specific threshold when a threat is detected or needs to be validated.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: NCIS provides and manages full-time protection details on key Department of the Navy personnel, including:


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: To supplement POFO's operational mission, it maintains an internal Protective Intelligence Unit (PIU) to identify potential threats that could affect a principal, understand a principal's level of vulnerability to any given threat, and use available intelligence to mitigate threats and/or risk to a principal. The Protective Intelligence Unit works extensively with the U.S. Secret Service, Pentagon Force Protection Agency, U.S. Army Criminal Investigation Division, Department of the Air Force Office of Special Investigations, and the U.S. Marshals Service.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Multiple Threat Alert Center (MTAC) utilizes NCIS' worldwide presence and combination of law enforcement, counterintelligence, intelligence and security capabilities to identify a wide range of threats to Navy and Marine Corps personnel and assets around the world. The MTAC is a unique platform in that it merges intelligence from other agencies with information from NCIS source networks and law enforcement activities worldwide to provide the most relevant operational support to Navy and Marine Corps commanders.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: In 2014, in the aftermath of the Washington Navy Yard shooting, NCIS formed the Regional Enforcement Action Capabilities Training (REACT) team. REACT teams are designed to support investigations and "high-risk" enforcement operations within the United States, including high-risk operations that involve the service of arrest and search warrants, undercover agent and source protection/rescue, undercover operations, high-risk surveillance, and high-risk protective assignments.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: REACT team is organized, equipped, directed, and controlled by the deputy assistant director, Criminal Investigations and Operations Department, Criminal Operations Directorate, and is under the direction of the REACT commander and deputy commander. Because of NCIS' changing needs and mobility, realignments of field offices, and geographical differences, the composition of each team may vary. In general, each REACT team will be composed of one team leader (TL), one assistant team leader (ATL), and multiple tactical operators. Assignment to REACT is strictly voluntary and REACT is classified as a collateral duty, meaning Special Agents assigned to REACT remain in their original assignments within the field office when not called into service with REACT.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: If REACT assistance is determined to be necessary, the field office SAC or his/her designee will contact the REACT commander, or deputy commander if the commander is unavailable, for further discussion and evaluation. The deputy assistant director of criminal investigations and operations maintains final approval authority for the use of REACT and the execution of a proposed operation.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The Major Case Response Team (MCRT) is tasked with processing crime scenes and collecting evidence. They collect fingerprints and biological trace, impression, and other evidence, as well as photograph the scene and make sketches of important details. There are 27 deployable MCRTs stationed around the world. They respond to death scenes and assist with the investigation of many other high-impact crimes, including sexual and/or aggravated assaults, acts of arson and wrongful destruction, and thefts. MCRT members also relieve the case agents (special agents assigned to lead investigations in the field) of crime scene responsibilities by conducting complex searches, attending autopsies, and performing other duties related to their areas of specialized training.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Even though all special agents possess the requisite skills for proper crime scene investigation after attending the mandatory Special Agent Basic Training Program, the MCRT was developed as a concept to lend a professional approach to crime scene processing. Special agents from all disciplines are trained in additional crime scene processing techniques and are called out on major incidents to search, locate, photograph, document, collect and preserve physical evidence.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The NCIS Office of the Inspector General (OIG) investigates allegations of waste, fraud, abuse, mismanagement, and misconduct by NCIS personnel. The OIG is headed by an Inspector General (IG) who serves at the pay grade of GS-15 or higher, and is appointed with the concurrence of the Naval Inspector General and reports directly to the Director of NCIS. The Inspector General also serves additional duty on the staff of the Naval Inspector General. The NCIS Inspector General is assisted by the NCIS Deputy Inspector General.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: The IG directs the development of NCIS inspection, compliance oversight, and employee misconduct investigative priorities and performance requirements. They advise the Director and deputy directors on personnel and personnel-related decisions including, but not limited to: promotions, transfers, and awards nominations; issuance of non-police badges; and issuance of firearms authorization and firearms to non-agent personnel. The IG keeps the Director, deputy directors, and other NCIS executives informed on all matters pertaining to NCIS component performance evaluation, regulatory compliance, and personnel integrity.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Additionally, NCIS senior executives are serving in other capacities within the Department of Defense and the Department of the Navy, including:


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: New special agents must complete the Criminal Investigators Training Program (CITP) and the NCIS-specific Special Agent Basic Training Program (SABTP) at the NCIS Training Academy aboard the U.S. Department of Homeland Security's Federal Law Enforcement Training Centers (FLETC). The training provides instruction on the NCIS report writing system, manuals, and field training exercises. All newly hired agents who have not experienced active or reserve duty with the Navy or Marine Corps must also complete the Naval Orientation Correspondence Course. The Special Agent Career Program includes four investigative specialties (General Crimes, Fraud, Combating Terrorism, and Foreign Counterintelligence) and four technical specialties (Technical Services, Cyber, Forensics and Polygraph).


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: After completing the training programs, Special Agents enter the trial period, formerly referred to as a "probationary" period, which is (usually) the first two years of a Special Agent's employment. The successful completion of the special agent trial period requires the graduation from the CITP and SABTP and the successful completion of all phases included in the Special Agent Basic Training Program (SABTP). The phases are:


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: As of 2019, the current standard issue pistols of NCIS Academy graduates are the SIG Sauer P229R and the SIG Sauer P239 in .40 S&W. Previously, both pistols were equipped with the SIG Sauer DAK (Double Action Kellerman) trigger system. Pistols with the DAK trigger remain in use. The previous standard issue pistol was the SIG Sauer M11 (P228) in 9×19mm. Agents may also qualify with a weapon from an approved list of manufacturers in .38 Special, 9×19mm, .40 S&W, or .45 ACP.


title: Naval Criminal Investigative Service

text: Field offices are issued a number of Mossberg 500 or Remington 870 shotguns in 12 Gauge and the M4 or MK 18 platform for use when appropriate. For combat environments, special agents are issued the U.S. Navy MK18.


title: Filter (band)

text: Filter is an American rock band formed in 1993 in Cleveland, Ohio, by singer Richard Patrick and guitarist and programmer Brian Liesegang. The band was formed when Patrick desired to start his own band after leaving Nine Inch Nails as their touring guitarist. Their debut album "Short Bus" was released in 1995 and ended up going platinum, largely due to the success of the single "Hey Man Nice Shot". After the album, the band would go through the first of many lineup changes, leaving Patrick as the only consistent member across all releases.


title: Filter (band)

text: After Liesegang's departure in 1997, Patrick recorded a follow up album with the "Short Bus" touring band members, who became full-time members thereafter. The resulting effort, 1999's "Title of Record", also went platinum driven by the success of the song "Take a Picture". A third album, "The Amalgamut", was released in 2002 with the same members, though sales stalled with Patrick checking into rehab after years of heavy alcohol and drug abuse just as touring for the album had begun. The band went into hiatus while Patrick went to rehab, and then formed a new band, Army of Anyone, which released one self-titled album. After Army of Anyone went into hiatus, Patrick returned to Filter, releasing "Anthems for the Damned" in 2008, "The Trouble with Angels" in 2010, and "The Sun Comes Out Tonight" in 2013 with a revolving door of different musicians. A seventh studio album, "Crazy Eyes", recorded with Patrick and another entirely new lineup, was released on April 8, 2016. In 2018, Brian Liesegang returned to Filter to work on a new album, "reBus" that was meant to musically be the follow up to "Short Bus". Due to the PledgeMusic bankruptcy, "reBus" was shelved and Patrick has since been working on a new album "They've Got Us Right Where They Want Us, At Each Other's Throats", scheduled for release in spring 2023.


title: Filter (band)

text: Richard Patrick played guitar with Nine Inch Nails during the touring for "Pretty Hate Machine" and in the music videos for "Broken"; he left the band while Trent Reznor was recording "The Downward Spiral" and began a new recording project with Brian Liesegang. Dubbing themselves Filter, they signed to Reprise Records in 1994 and recorded their first album, "Short Bus", which was released in the following year. The album was commercially successful, and included the hit single "Hey Man Nice Shot". This song was somewhat controversial, as it was seen as capitalizing on the public suicide of Budd Dwyer. Kurt Cobain's suicide was widely rumored to have inspired the song, but the band denied this. The first single "Hey Man Nice Shot" was also included in the soundtrack for the movie "Tales from the Crypt: Demon Knight" in 1995 before "Short Bus" was released. In need of a live band to tour the album, Patrick and Liesegang recruited Geno Lenardo on guitar, Frank Cavanagh on bass, and Matt Walker on drums. They would all later be featured in the video for the album's second single, "Dose".


title: Filter (band)

text: Between Filter's first and second albums, the band became known for their soundtrack contributions, The first of these tracks, "Thanks Bro", landed on the "" album. In 1996, Filter recorded and filmed the video for the song "Jurassitol", for "" soundtrack. They also released the home video "Phenomenology" in 1996, which showcased some of the band's live performances and music videos, as well as an interview with Patrick and Liesegang filmed in New Mexico.


title: Filter (band)

text: Liesegang left in 1997 shortly after recording the Filter/Crystal Method collaboration "(Can't You) Trip Like I Do" for the "Spawn" movie soundtrack, due to creative differences with Patrick. In 1998, for "The X-Files" film soundtrack, Patrick decided to keep the Filter name and recorded a cover of Harry Nilsson's "One".


title: Filter (band)

text: Patrick continued with 1999's "Title of Record" with returning members Lenardo and Cavanagh, as well as Steve Gillis on drums, filling in the gap left by Walker after he left to work with The Smashing Pumpkins. "Title of Record" moved away from industrial rock somewhat, and resulted in the band's biggest hit, the mellow ballad "Take a Picture", along with other lesser-heard singles "Welcome to the Fold" and "The Best Things". The song "Take a Picture" is about a dispute on an aircraft, when Richard Patrick drunkenly stripped down to his boxers, alarming the other passengers. "Miss Blue" is said to have been about Smashing Pumpkins bassist D'arcy Wretzky. She can be heard on the songs "Cancer", and "Take a Picture".


title: Filter (band)

text: 2002 saw the release of "The Amalgamut", featuring the singles "Where Do We Go from Here?" and "American Cliché". "The Only Way (Is the Wrong Way)" was also featured in the first wave of the Hummer H2 commercials that year and in the 2003 movie "". Alan Bailey was recruited for live guitar when they set off to tour the album; however, the tour ended abruptly in a matter of weeks when Richard Patrick voluntarily checked himself into rehab. He has since tattooed his date of sobriety, September 28, 2002, on his forearm. Lenardo, Gillis and Cavanagh all left the group at this time.


title: Filter (band)

text: Richard Patrick was part of the supergroup The Damning Well, which has only released one track on the "Underworld" movie soundtrack in 2003. While rumors sparked that an entire album's worth of material was produced, Patrick later denied this in an interview, stating the bits and pieces of other rough tracks mostly wound up in Black Light Burns, save for the track "In Dreams" on the then upcoming Filter album "Anthems for the Damned".


title: Filter (band)

text: Army of Anyone, a second supergroup side project with drummer Ray Luzier and Stone Temple Pilots members Robert and Dean DeLeo, released its debut album on November 14, 2006. However, lack of sales of the album coupled with Richard Patrick's desire to do more work with Filter, led the band breaking up around mid-2007.


title: Filter (band)

text: As Army of Anyone wound down, Patrick began working on material for a new Filter album, to eventually be titled "Anthems for the Damned". Released to the public in May 2008, it was more serious in tone than some expected and expresses more of his mixed emotions regarding the state of the world and the state of his life.


title: Filter (band)

text: On March 7, 2008, it was announced that Frank Cavanagh had reunited with Filter and would play as a live member at the operation Myspace concert in Kuwait. It was confirmed at Operation MySpace that he would not be joining Filter on the full tour as he would be shipping off to Iraq in April. The only song played live during the performance of March 10 by Cavanagh, now a Sergeant and Paralegal in the U.S. Army Reserve, was the band's first mainstream hit, "Hey, Man, Nice Shot".


title: Filter (band)

text: Patrick also announced a remix album to "Anthems for the Damned" on November 4, titled "Remixes for the Damned". "Remixes for the Damned" was released on November 21, 2008 in the U.S. and Canada. The remix album was released internationally on December 1, 2008. The lead-off single was "I Keep Flowers Around (Love's Labour's Lost)".


title: Filter (band)

text: A greatest hits album entitled "The Very Best Things (1995–2008)" was released March 31, 2009. It featured tracks from all four previous studio albums and various movie soundtrack contributions, but no new content. There are 14 tracks total, with some tracks being radio edits.


title: Filter (band)

text: Filter started working on a fifth album shortly after the release of the remix and greatest hits albums, with Bob Marlette as a producer. The album, as said by Richard Patrick, would be a lot heavier than "Anthems for the Damned" and is to have a song written for the Amalgamut on it. He also stated he would be moving away from the political lyrical content present in "Anthems for the Damned". When asked about the direction of his upcoming music style in an interview with Suicide Girls on September 13, 2008, Patrick said, "Actually the stuff I'm writing right now for a record that I'm going to release sometime next year is actually way more heavy industrial, more electronic. There's probably not going to be that many live drums on it."


title: Filter (band)

text: Richard Patrick has stated on the Filter website that he has been recording songs for movies recently. Filter covered the song "Happy Together" by The Turtles for the soundtrack to the movie "The Stepfather" (2009). The song features ambient sound with alternative metal. It was used in a promo for the seventh season of Criminal Minds and also a trailer for Baz Luhrmann's "The Great Gatsby" (2013).


title: Filter (band)

text: Filter also contributed a new song "Fades Like a Photograph" for the soundtrack of the movie "2012" (2009). The song saw Patrick reuniting with former Filter co-conspirator, Brian Liesegang, who co-produced the track.


title: Filter (band)

text: Through the end of 2009 and into 2010, Filter released a series of fourteen studio updates chronicling the progress made on the album. Each update touched on a certain part of the album process, such as "recording guitar parts" or "mixing the album". The last studio updates confirmed that the album recording had been completed. In their last studio video update, Richard Patrick showcased two clips from final mixed songs on iTunes that listed track listing and track lengths. While the video was legitimate, it was not the actual final track list, it was only a collection of new Filter songs on a playlist.


title: Filter (band)

text: Filter released "The Inevitable Relapse", as their first single on May 26. The song was made available on the band's official website as a free digital download. "The Trouble with Angels" was released on August 17, 2010 on the Rocket Science Ventures record label.


title: Filter (band)

text: After the album's release, the band also released a cover of ZZ Top's hit single "Gimme All Your Lovin'" which appears on the compilation "ZZ Top: A Tribute from Friends".


title: Filter (band)

text: Patrick and Jonathan Radtke entered the studio with producer Bob Marlette in April 2012 to work on the sixth Filter studio album, titled "The Sun Comes Out Tonight". The first single off the new album, "What Do You Say", was released on April 2, 2013. A track entitled "We Hate It When You Get What You Want" was available on the band's official site as a free download (for a limited time). The official track listing for the album was released on March 18, 2013. The album was released on June 4, 2013. Phil Buckman announced that he has left Filter on October 1, 2013 after finishing a tour in support of Stone Temple Pilots. Tim Kelleher, former bassist for Thirty Seconds to Mars joined Filter in October 2013.


title: Filter (band)

text: In August 2014, Patrick announced his intention to work on a seventh studio album in late 2014. Later revealed to be titled "Crazy Eyes", he aimed to keep recording time short, with the goal of releasing the album in 2015. Patrick states that he plans on writing again with Radtke, and this time also with touring members Hayden Scott and Tim Kelleher. On June 8, 2014, Patrick announced via Facebook that former guitarist Geno Lenardo has been extended an invitation to write music with the band. Patrick later commented that he was unsure if Lenardo would be able to commit to the formal recording sessions or not. Patrick later announced that he would be collaborating again with Liesegang, with whom he created "Short Bus", and producer Ben Grosse, who produced "Title of Record" and "The Amalgamut". Patrick also confirmed that the band would be in the studio in February 2015, and would then go on tour with Coal Chamber through March and April.


title: Filter (band)

text: For some of album's recording sessions for the album, the band announced the ability to watch to livestream half-hour or hour intervals of the band in the studio, costing $175 for a half-hour, or $300 for a full hour.


title: Filter (band)

text: On March 4, 2015, Radtke announced he had left the band to pursue other musical interests. Shortly after, Filter's Facebook page updated its members, indicating that an entirely new touring lineup would support Patrick, including Oumi Kapila, Ashley Dzerigian, and Chris Reeve.


title: Filter (band)

text: On March 30, Filter launched a five-month campaign with PledgeMusic, offering fans the opportunity to have exclusive insights into the writing and recording of the new record. In a video update posted on PledgeMusic on December 4, Richard Patrick revealed the album is complete and is titled "Crazy Eyes".


title: Filter (band)

text: In early 2018, original member Brian Liesegang returned to Filter after 21 years and started working with Patrick on the band's 8th studio album. The latter mentioned that "Brian and I are making the official follow up to Short Bus (maybe), called Re-Bus." Liesegang offered an official statement regarding the project: "We are gearing up for official reboot of initial Filter. Working right at this instant together on lyrics. We have fun afternoons and focusing the loud and the pretty noise maelstrom. Gonna be a full length, and its hard or maybe not right to call it a sequel, as it's not so much that in that it is just a return to a certain approach and philosophy. Whatever. Not gonna overthink it, just do it. We'll figure that all out later... In the middle of it now."


title: Filter (band)

text: In October 2018, the duo launched a PledgeMusic campaign to raise funds for production of the new album, tentatively titled "ReBus". On July 18, 2019, Richard Patrick announced via Filter's Facebook that he and Liesegang would not release "ReBus" due to PledgeMusic's bankruptcy. Instead, Patrick announced he will focus on the twentieth anniversary re-release of "Title of Record" while he works on a new album, tentatively titled "They've Got Us Right Where They Want Us, At Each Other's Throats" with Radtke, who returned to the band.


title: Filter (band)

text: On June 18, 2020, Filter debuted a music video on YouTube for the track "Thoughts and Prayers". Patrick had also stated in a story video on his Facebook the day before while promoting the release of the new single that the new working title for the upcoming album is "Murica." The title track was released as a follow-up single on October 29, 2020.


title: Filter (band)

text: A new single, "For the Beaten," was released on October 14, 2022. Patrick stated this was the first single for the new album coming in Spring 2023 on Golden Robot Records, that the album's title has reverted back to "They've Got Us Right Where They Want Us, At Each Other's Throats," and that the two 2020 singles "Thoughts and Prayers" and "Murica" are not on the upcoming album.


title: Filter (band)

text: Filter's sound has been described as industrial rock, post-grunge, industrial metal, alternative rock, hard rock, electronic rock, alternative metal, nu metal, grunge, and pop rock. The band's debut, "Short Bus", melded grunge with mainstream industrial music; music critic Greg Kot remarked that the record "finds a middle ground between grunge's world-weary sense of melody and industrial rock's icy steel-pulse rhythms." The record's heavy use of drum machine was influenced by the sounds of Ministry and Big Black; Patrick's other influences during Filter's early career included Pantera, Skinny Puppy, Butthole Surfers, Helmet, Soundgarden and Deftones, as well as the drop D tuning. Liesegang parted ways with the band after "Short Bus" due to creative differences; he has sought to incorporate more electronic sounds while Patrick opted for a heavier, guitar-oriented direction. The band's second full-length album, "Title of Record", incorporated more diverse elements and sounds, drawing from folk, worldbeat and psychedelia in addition to industrial and grunge. "The Amalgamut" marked a continuation of the sound of its predecessor with juxtaposing softer and heavier tracks, while 2008's "Anthems for the Damned" featured the band's trademark sound of "heavy rock" with "equal parts of grunge, industrial, and '80s rock". 2013's "The Sun Comes Out Tonight" introduced an update to Filter's sound with newly introduced harmonies and electronic elements. 2016's "Crazy Eyes" marked a sharper return to the industrial sound with Patrick's rediscovery of his appreciation for industrial acts such as Skinny Puppy and Ministry; he has referred to the sound on the record as "new industrial".


title: Tourniquet

text: A tourniquet is a device that is used to apply pressure to a limb or extremity in order to stop the flow of blood. It may be used in emergencies, in surgery, or in post-operative rehabilitation.


title: Tourniquet

text: A simple tourniquet can be made from a stick and a rope, but the use of makeshift tourniquets has been reduced over time due to their ineffectiveness compared to a commercial and professional tourniquet. This may stem the flow of blood, but side effects such as soft tissue damage and nerve damage may occur.


title: Tourniquet

text: There are three types of tourniquets: surgical tourniquets, emergency tourniquets, and rehabilitation tourniquets.


title: Tourniquet

text: Silicone ring tourniquets, or elastic ring tourniquets, are self-contained mechanical devices that do not require any electricity, wires or tubes. The tourniquet comes in a variety of sizes. To determine the correct product size, the patient's limb circumference at the desired occlusion location should be measured, as well as their blood pressure to determine the best model. Once the correct model is selected, typically two sterile medical personnel will be needed to apply the device. Unlike with the pneumatic tourniquet, the silicone ring tourniquet should be applied after the drapes have been placed on the patient. This is due to the device being completely sterile. The majority of the devices require a two-man operation (with the exception of the extra large model):


title: Tourniquet

text: The current body of evidence suggests if a tourniquet is used in knee replacement surgery, it probably increases the risk of severe side effects and postoperative pain. The evidence did not show any clear benefit on patient function, treatment success, or quality of life.


title: Tourniquet

text: The silicone ring auto-transfusion tourniquet (SRT/ATT/EED), or surgical auto-transfusion tourniquet (HemaClear), is a simple to use, self-contained, mechanical tourniquet that consists of a silicone ring, stockinet, and pull straps that results in the limb being exsanguinated and occluded within seconds of application. The tourniquet can be used for limb procedures in the operating room, or in emergency medicine as a means to stabilize a patient until further treatment can be applied.


title: Tourniquet

text: The combat application tourniquet (CAT) was developed by Ted Westmoreland. It is used by the U.S. and coalition militaries to provide soldiers a small and effective tourniquet in field combat situations. It is also used in the UK by NHS ambulance services, along with some UK fire and rescue services. The unit utilizes a windlass with a locking mechanism and can be self-applied. The CAT has been adopted by military and emergency personnel around the world.


title: Tourniquet

text: During Alexander the Great’s military campaigns in the fourth century BC, tourniquets were used to stanch the bleeding of wounded soldiers. Romans used them to control bleeding, especially during amputations. These tourniquets were narrow straps made of bronze, using only leather for comfort.


title: Tourniquet

text: In 1718, French surgeon Jean Louis Petit developed a screw device for occluding blood flow in surgical sites. Before this invention, the "tourniquet" was a simple garrot, tightened by twisting a rod (thus its name "tourniquet", from "tourner" = to turn).


title: Tourniquet

text: In 1785 Sir Gilbert Blane advocated that, in battle, each Royal Navy sailor should carry a tourniquet:


title: Tourniquet

text: It frequently happens that men bleed to death before assistance can be procured, or lose so much blood as not to be able to go through an operation. In order to prevent this, it has been proposed, and on some occasions practised, to make each man carry about him a garter, or piece of rope yarn, in order to bind up a limb in case of profuse bleeding. If it be objected, that this, from its solemnity may be apt to intimidate common men, officers at least should make use of some precaution, especially as many of them, and those of the highest rank, are stationed on the quarter deck, which is one of the most exposed situations, and far removed from the cockpit, where the surgeon and his assistants are placed. This was the cause of the death of my friend Captain Bayne, of the Alfred, who having had his knee so shattered with round shot that it was necessary to amputate the limb, expired under the operation, in consequence of the weakness induced by loss of blood in carrying him so far. As the Admiral on these occasions allowed me the honour of being at his side, I carried in my pocket several tourniquets of a simple construction, in case that accidents to any person on the quarter deck should have required their use.


title: Tourniquet

text: In the 2000s, the silicon ring tourniquet, or elastic ring tourniquet, was developed by Noam Gavriely, a professor of medicine and former emergency physician. The tourniquet consists of an elastic ring made of silicone, stockinet, and pull straps made from ribbon that are used to roll the device onto the limb. The silicone ring tourniquet exsanguinates the blood from the limb while the device is being rolled on, and then occludes the limb once the desired occlusion location is reached. Unlike the historical mechanical tourniquets, the device reduces the risk of nerve paralysis. The surgical tourniquet version of the device is completely sterile, and provides improved surgical accessibility due to its narrow profile that results in a larger surgical field. It has been found to be a safe alternative method for most orthopedic limb procedures, but it does not completely replace the use of contemporary tourniquet devices. More recently the silicone ring tourniquet has been used in the fields of emergency medicine and vascular procedures.


title: Tourniquet

text: After World War II, the US military reduced use of the tourniquet because the time between application and reaching medical attention was so long that the damage from stopped circulation was worse than that from blood loss.


title: Tourniquet

text: Since the beginning of the 21st century, US authorities have resuscitated its use in both military and non-military situations because treatment delays have been dramatically reduced. The Virginia State Police and police departments in Dallas, Philadelphia and other major cities provide tourniquets and other advanced bandages. In Afghanistan and Iraq, only 2 percent of soldiers with severe bleeding died compared with 7 percent in the Vietnam War, in part because of the combination of tourniquets and rapid access to doctors. Between 2005 and 2011, tourniquets saved 2,000 American lives from the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. In civilian use, emerging practices include transporting tourniquetted patients even before emergency responders arrive and including tourniquets with defibrillators for emergency use.


title: Hangman (game)

text: Hangman is a guessing game for two or more players. One player thinks of a word, phrase or sentence and the other(s) tries to guess it by suggesting letters within a certain number of guesses. Originally a Paper-and-pencil game, there are now electronic versions.


title: Hangman (game)

text: Though the origins of the game are unknown, a variant is mentioned in a book of children's games assembled by Alice Gomme in 1894 called Birds, Beasts, and Fishes. This version lacks the image of a hanged man, instead relying on keeping score as to the number of attempts it took each player to fill in the blanks.


title: Hangman (game)

text: A version which incorporated hanging imagery was described in a 1902 "Philadelphia Inquirer" article, which stated that it was popular at "White Cap" parties hosted by "Vigilance Committees" where guests would wear "white peaked caps with masks".


title: Hangman (game)

text: The word to guess is represented by a row of dashes representing each letter of the word. Rules may permit or forbid proper nouns, such as names, places, brands, or slang. If the guessing player suggests a letter which occurs in the word, the other player writes it in all its correct positions. If the suggested letter does not occur in the word, the other player removes (or alternatively, adds) one element of a hanged stick figure as a tally mark. Generally, the game ends once the word is guessed, or if the stick figure is complete — signifying that all guesses have been used.


title: Hangman (game)

text: The player guessing the word may, at any time, attempt to guess the whole word. If the word is correct, the game is over and the guesser wins. Otherwise, the other player may choose to penalize the guesser by adding an element to the diagram. On the other hand, if the guesser makes enough incorrect guesses to allow the other player to complete the diagram, the guesser loses. However, the guesser can also win by guessing all the letters that appear in the word, thereby completing the word, before the diagram is completed.


title: Hangman (game)

text: As the name of the game suggests, the diagram is designed to look like a hanging man. Although debates have arisen about the game, it is still in use today. A common alternative for teachers is to draw an apple tree with ten apples, erasing or crossing out the apples as the guesses are used up.


title: Hangman (game)

text: Some modifications to game play (house rules) to increase the difficulty level are sometimes implemented, such as limiting guesses on high-frequency consonants and vowels. Another alternative is to give the definition of the word; this can be used to facilitate the learning of a foreign language.


title: Hangman (game)

text: The fact that the twelve most commonly occurring letters in the English language are e-t-a-o-i-n-s-h-r-d-l-u (from most to least), along with other letter-frequency lists, are used by the guessing player to increase the odds when it is their turn to guess. On the other hand, the same lists can be used by the puzzle setter to stump their opponent by choosing a word that deliberately avoids common letters (e.g. "rhythm" or "zephyr") or one that contains rare letters (e.g. "jazz").


title: Hangman (game)

text: Another common strategy is to guess vowels first, as English only has five vowels (a, e, i, o, and u, while y may sometimes, but rarely, be used as a vowel) and almost every word has at least one.


title: Hangman (game)

text: According to a 2010 study conducted by Jon McLoone for Wolfram Research, the most difficult words to guess include "jazz", "buzz", "hajj", "faff", "fizz", "fuzz" and variations of these.


title: Hangman (game)

text: The American game show "Wheel of Fortune" was inspired by hangman. Merv Griffin conceived of the show after recalling long car trips as a child, on which he and his sister played the game.


title: Hangman (game)

text: Brazil also had a show in the 1960s and again from 2012–2013 called 'Let's Play Hangman', hosted by Silvio Santos. Brazil would later get its own version of "Wheel of Fortune", running from 1980 to 1993, again from 2003 to 2012 (during which the new "Let's Play Hangman" aired), and again since 2013 to the present. These shows were also hosted by Santos.


title: Hangman (game)

text: In July 2017, the BBC introduced a game show of its own called "Letterbox", which is also based on hangman.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The Persian alphabet () is a writing system used for the Persian language spoken in Iran (Western Persian) and Afghanistan (Dari Persian) since the 7th century after the Muslim conquest of Persia.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The Persian dialect spoken in Tajikistan (Tajiki Persian) is written in the Tajik alphabet, a modified version of the Cyrillic alphabet which has been in use since the Soviet era.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The Persian alphabet is directly derived and developed from the Arabic alphabet. After the Muslim conquest of Persia and the fall of the Sasanian Empire in the 7th century, Arabic became the language of government and especially religion in Persia for two centuries. The replacement of the Pahlavi scripts with the Persian alphabet to write the Persian language was done by the Saffarid dynasty and Samanid dynasty in 9th-century Greater Khorasan.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The script is mostly but not exclusively right-to-left; mathematical expressions, numeric dates and numbers bearing units are embedded from left to right. The script is cursive, meaning most letters in a word connect to each other; when they are typed, contemporary word processors automatically join adjacent letter forms. Extended versions of the Persian alphabet are used to write a wide variety of Indo-Iranian languages, including Kurdish, Balochi, Pashto, Urdu, Punjabi, Saraiki, Sindhi and Kashmiri. Turkic languages spoken within Iran, such as Azerbaijani, Turkmen, Qashqai, Chaharmahali, and Khalaj use the Persian alphabet as well.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Below are the 32 letters of the modern Persian alphabet. Since the script is cursive, the appearance of a letter changes depending on its position: isolated, initial (joined on the left), medial (joined on both sides) and final (joined on the right) of a word.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The names of the letters are mostly the ones used in Arabic except for the Persian pronunciation. The only ambiguous name is , which is used for both and . For clarification, they are often called (literally "-like " after , the name for the letter that uses the same base form) and (literally "two-eyed ", after the contextual middle letterform ), respectively.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Historically, there was also a special letter for the sound . This letter is no longer used, as the /β/-sound changed to /b/, e.g. archaic /zaβān/ > /zæbɒn/ 'language'


title: Persian alphabet

text: The i'jam diacritic characters are illustrative only; in most typesetting the combined characters in the middle of the table are used.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Seven letters (, , , , , , ) do not connect to the following letter, unlike the rest of the letters of the alphabet. The seven letters have the same form in isolated and initial position and a second form in medial and final position. For example, when the letter is at the beginning of a word such as ("here"), the same form is used as in an isolated . In the case of ("today"), the letter takes the final form and the letter takes the isolated form, but they are in the middle of the word, and also has its isolated form, but it occurs at the end of the word.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Persian script has adopted a subset of Arabic diacritics: zebar ( in Arabic), zir ( in Arabic), and piš "or" ( in Arabic, pronounced "zamme" in Western Persian), tanwīne nasb and šaddah (gemination). Other Arabic diacritics may be seen in Arabic loanwords in Persian.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Of the four Arabic short vowels, the Persian language has adopted the following three. The last one, sukūn, has not been adopted.


title: Persian alphabet

text: In Iranian Persian, none of these short vowels may be the initial or final grapheme in an isolated word, although they may appear in the final position as an inflection, when the word is part of a noun group. In a word that starts with a vowel, the first grapheme is a silent "alef" which carries the short vowel, e.g. ("omid", meaning "hope"). In a word that ends with a vowel, letters , and respectively become the proxy letters for "zebar", "zir" and "piš", e.g. نو ("now", meaning "new") or بسته ("bast-e", meaning "package").


title: Persian alphabet

text: Nunation (, ) is the addition of one of three vowel diacritics to a noun or adjective to indicate that the word ends in an alveolar nasal sound without the addition of the letter nun.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The following are not actual letters but different orthographical shapes for letters, a ligature in the case of the . As to ("hamza"), it has only one graphic since it is never tied to a preceding or following letter. However, it is sometimes 'seated' on a vâv, ye or alef, and in that case, the seat behaves like an ordinary vâv, ye or alef respectively. Technically, "hamza" is not a letter but a diacritic.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Although at first glance, they may seem similar, there are many differences in the way the different languages use the alphabets. For example, similar words are written differently in Persian and Arabic, as they are used differently.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The Persian alphabet has four extra letters that are not in the Arabic alphabet: , ("ch" in "chair"), ("s" in "measure"), .


title: Persian alphabet

text: Persian uses the Eastern Arabic numerals, but the shapes of the digits 'four' (), 'five' (), and 'six' () are different from the shapes used in Arabic. All the digits also have different codepoints in Unicode:


title: Persian alphabet

text: <nowiki>*</nowiki> However, the Arabic variant continues to be used in its traditional style in the Nile Valley, similarly as it is used in Persian and Ottoman Turkish.


title: Persian alphabet

text: Typically, words are separated from each other by a space. Certain morphemes (such as the plural ending '-hâ'), however, are written without a space. On a computer, they are separated from the word using the zero-width non-joiner.


title: Persian alphabet

text: As part of the "russification" of Central Asia, the Cyrillic script was introduced in the late 1930s. The alphabet remained Cyrillic until the end of the 1980s with the disintegration of the Soviet Union. In 1989, with the growth in Tajik nationalism, a law was enacted declaring Tajik the state language. In addition, the law officially equated Tajik with Persian, placing the word "Farsi" (the endonym for the Persian language) after Tajik. The law also called for a gradual reintroduction of the Perso-Arabic alphabet.


title: Persian alphabet

text: The Persian alphabet was introduced into education and public life, although the banning of the Islamic Renaissance Party in 1993 slowed adoption. In 1999, the word "Farsi" was removed from the state-language law, reverting the name to simply "Tajik". the "de facto" standard in use is the Tajik Cyrillic alphabet, and only a very small part of the population can read the Persian alphabet.


title: Timothy Simons

text: Timothy Charles Simons (born June 12, 1978) is an American actor and comedian best known for his role as Jonah Ryan on the HBO television series "Veep", for which he has received five nominations and one win for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series. He has also had acting roles in the films "The Interview", "Christine", and "The Boss".


title: Timothy Simons

text: Simons was raised in Readfield, Maine, the son of Susan and Ron Simons, and graduated from Maranacook Community High School in 1996. He graduated from the University of Maine in 2001. Simons is married to Annie Simons and they have two children together.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem or Noether's first theorem states that every differentiable symmetry of the action of a physical system with conservative forces has a corresponding conservation law. The theorem was proven by mathematician Emmy Noether in 1915 and published in 1918. The action of a physical system is the integral over time of a Lagrangian function, from which the system's behavior can be determined by the principle of least action. This theorem only applies to continuous and smooth symmetries over physical space.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem is used in theoretical physics and the calculus of variations. It reveals the fundamental relation between the symmetries of a physical system and the conservation laws. It also made modern theoretical physicists much more focused on symmetries of physical systems. A generalization of the formulations on constants of motion in Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (developed in 1788 and 1833, respectively), it does not apply to systems that cannot be modeled with a Lagrangian alone (e.g., systems with a Rayleigh dissipation function). In particular, dissipative systems with continuous symmetries need not have a corresponding conservation law.


title: Noether's theorem

text: As an illustration, if a physical system behaves the same regardless of how it is oriented in space, its Lagrangian is symmetric under continuous rotations: from this symmetry, Noether's theorem dictates that the angular momentum of the system be conserved, as a consequence of its laws of motion. The physical system itself need not be symmetric; a jagged asteroid tumbling in space conserves angular momentum despite its asymmetry. It is the laws of its motion that are symmetric.


title: Noether's theorem

text: As another example, if a physical process exhibits the same outcomes regardless of place or time, then its Lagrangian is symmetric under continuous translations in space and time respectively: by Noether's theorem, these symmetries account for the conservation laws of linear momentum and energy within this system, respectively.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem is important, both because of the insight it gives into conservation laws, and also as a practical calculational tool. It allows investigators to determine the conserved quantities (invariants) from the observed symmetries of a physical system. Conversely, it allows researchers to consider whole classes of hypothetical Lagrangians with given invariants, to describe a physical system. As an illustration, suppose that a physical theory is proposed which conserves a quantity "X". A researcher can calculate the types of Lagrangians that conserve "X" through a continuous symmetry. Due to Noether's theorem, the properties of these Lagrangians provide further criteria to understand the implications and judge the fitness of the new theory.


title: Noether's theorem

text: There are numerous versions of Noether's theorem, with varying degrees of generality. There are natural quantum counterparts of this theorem, expressed in the Ward–Takahashi identities. Generalizations of Noether's theorem to superspaces also exist.


title: Noether's theorem

text: The word "symmetry" in the above statement refers more precisely to the covariance of the form that a physical law takes with respect to a one-dimensional Lie group of transformations satisfying certain technical criteria. The conservation law of a physical quantity is usually expressed as a continuity equation.


title: Noether's theorem

text: The formal proof of the theorem utilizes the condition of invariance to derive an expression for a current associated with a conserved physical quantity. In modern (since c. 1980) terminology, the conserved quantity is called the "Noether charge", while the flow carrying that charge is called the "Noether current". The Noether current is defined up to a solenoidal (divergenceless) vector field.


title: Noether's theorem

text: In the context of gravitation, Felix Klein's statement of Noether's theorem for action "I" stipulates for the invariants:


title: Noether's theorem

text: The main idea behind Noether's theorem is most easily illustrated by a system with one coordinate formula_1 and a continuous symmetry formula_2 (gray arrows on the diagram). Consider any trajectory formula_3 (bold on the diagram) that satisfies the system's laws of motion. That is, the action formula_4 governing this system is stationary on this trajectory, i.e. does not change under any local variation of the trajectory. In particular it would not change under a variation that applies the symmetry flow formula_5 on a time segment and is motionless outside that segment. To keep the trajectory continuous, we use "buffering" periods of small time formula_6 to transition between the segments gradually.


title: Noether's theorem

text: The total change in the action formula_4 now comprises changes brought by every interval in play. Parts, where variation itself vanishes, bring no formula_8. The middle part does not change the action either, because its transformation formula_5 is a symmetry and thus preserves the Lagrangian formula_10 and the action formula_11. The only remaining parts are the "buffering" pieces. Roughly speaking, they contribute mostly through their "slanting" formula_12.


title: Noether's theorem

text: These last terms, evaluated around the endpoints formula_15 and formula_16, should cancel each other in order to make the total change in the action formula_8 be zero, as would be expected if the trajectory is a solution. That is


title: Noether's theorem

text: meaning the quantity formula_19 is conserved, which is the conclusion of Noether's theorem. For instance if pure translations of formula_1 by a constant are the symmetry, then the conserved quantity becomes just formula_21, the canonical momentum.


title: Noether's theorem

text: A conservation law states that some quantity "X" in the mathematical description of a system's evolution remains constant throughout its motion – it is an invariant. Mathematically, the rate of change of "X" (its derivative with respect to time) is zero,


title: Noether's theorem

text: Such quantities are said to be conserved; they are often called constants of motion (although motion "per se" need not be involved, just evolution in time). For example, if the energy of a system is conserved, its energy is invariant at all times, which imposes a constraint on the system's motion and may help in solving for it. Aside from insights that such constants of motion give into the nature of a system, they are a useful calculational tool; for example, an approximate solution can be corrected by finding the nearest state that satisfies the suitable conservation laws.


title: Noether's theorem

text: The earliest constants of motion discovered were momentum and kinetic energy, which were proposed in the 17th century by René Descartes and Gottfried Leibniz on the basis of collision experiments, and refined by subsequent researchers. Isaac Newton was the first to enunciate the conservation of momentum in its modern form, and showed that it was a consequence of Newton's third law. According to general relativity, the conservation laws of linear momentum, energy and angular momentum are only exactly true globally when expressed in terms of the sum of the stress–energy tensor (non-gravitational stress–energy) and the Landau–Lifshitz stress–energy–momentum pseudotensor (gravitational stress–energy). The local conservation of non-gravitational linear momentum and energy in a free-falling reference frame is expressed by the vanishing of the covariant divergence of the stress–energy tensor. Another important conserved quantity, discovered in studies of the celestial mechanics of astronomical bodies, is the Laplace–Runge–Lenz vector.


title: Noether's theorem

text: In the late 18th and early 19th centuries, physicists developed more systematic methods for discovering invariants. A major advance came in 1788 with the development of Lagrangian mechanics, which is related to the principle of least action. In this approach, the state of the system can be described by any type of generalized coordinates q; the laws of motion need not be expressed in a Cartesian coordinate system, as was customary in Newtonian mechanics. The action is defined as the time integral "I" of a function known as the Lagrangian "L"


title: Noether's theorem

text: Hamilton's principle states that the physical path q("t")—the one actually taken by the system—is a path for which infinitesimal variations in that path cause no change in "I", at least up to first order. This principle results in the Euler–Lagrange equations,


title: Noether's theorem

text: Thus, if one of the coordinates, say "q", does not appear in the Lagrangian, the right-hand side of the equation is zero, and the left-hand side requires that


title: Noether's theorem

text: Thus, the absence of the ignorable coordinate "q" from the Lagrangian implies that the Lagrangian is unaffected by changes or transformations of "q"; the Lagrangian is invariant, and is said to exhibit a symmetry under such transformations. This is the seed idea generalized in Noether's theorem.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Several alternative methods for finding conserved quantities were developed in the 19th century, especially by William Rowan Hamilton. For example, he developed a theory of canonical transformations which allowed changing coordinates so that some coordinates disappeared from the Lagrangian, as above, resulting in conserved canonical momenta. Another approach, and perhaps the most efficient for finding conserved quantities, is the Hamilton–Jacobi equation.


title: Noether's theorem

text: One can assume that the Lagrangian "L" defined above is invariant under small perturbations (warpings) of the time variable "t" and the generalized coordinates q. One may write


title: Noether's theorem

text: where the perturbations "δt" and "δ"q are both small, but variable. For generality, assume there are (say) "N" such symmetry transformations of the action, i.e. transformations leaving the action unchanged; labelled by an index "r" = 1, 2, 3, ..., "N".


title: Noether's theorem

text: Then the resultant perturbation can be written as a linear sum of the individual types of perturbations,


title: Noether's theorem

text: For translations, Q is a constant with units of length; for rotations, it is an expression linear in the components of q, and the parameters make up an angle.


title: Noether's theorem

text: For illustration, consider a Lagrangian that does not depend on time, i.e., that is invariant (symmetric) under changes "t" → "t" + δ"t", without any change in the coordinates q. In this case, "N" = 1, "T" = 1 and Q = 0; the corresponding conserved quantity is the total energy "H"


title: Noether's theorem

text: Consider a Lagrangian which does not depend on an ("ignorable", as above) coordinate "q"; so it is invariant (symmetric) under changes "q" → "q" + "δq". In that case, "N" = 1, "T" = 0, and "Q" = 1; the conserved quantity is the corresponding linear momentum "p"


title: Noether's theorem

text: In special and general relativity, these two conservation laws can be expressed either "globally" (as it is done above), or "locally" as a continuity equation. The global versions can be united into a single global conservation law: the conservation of the energy-momentum 4-vector. The local versions of energy and momentum conservation (at any point in space-time) can also be united, into the conservation of a quantity defined "locally" at the space-time point: the stress–energy tensor (this will be derived in the next section).


title: Noether's theorem

text: The conservation of the angular momentum L = r × p is analogous to its linear momentum counterpart. It is assumed that the symmetry of the Lagrangian is rotational, i.e., that the Lagrangian does not depend on the absolute orientation of the physical system in space. For concreteness, assume that the Lagrangian does not change under small rotations of an angle "δθ" about an axis n; such a rotation transforms the Cartesian coordinates by the equation


title: Noether's theorem

text: Since time is not being transformed, "T" = 0, and "N" = 1. Taking "δθ" as the "ε" parameter and the Cartesian coordinates r as the generalized coordinates q, the corresponding Q variables are given by


title: Noether's theorem

text: In other words, the component of the angular momentum L along the n axis is conserved. And if n is arbitrary, i.e., if the system is insensitive to any rotation, then every component of L is conserved; in short, angular momentum is conserved.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Although useful in its own right, the version of Noether's theorem just given is a special case of the general version derived in 1915. To give the flavor of the general theorem, a version of Noether's theorem for continuous fields in four-dimensional space–time is now given. Since field theory problems are more common in modern physics than mechanics problems, this field theory version is the most commonly used (or most often implemented) version of Noether's theorem.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Let there be a set of differentiable fields formula_5 defined over all space and time; for example, the temperature formula_37 would be representative of such a field, being a number defined at every place and time. The principle of least action can be applied to such fields, but the action is now an integral over space and time


title: Noether's theorem

text: (the theorem can be further generalized to the case where the Lagrangian depends on up to the "n" derivative, and can also be formulated using jet bundles).


title: Noether's theorem

text: where formula_41 is in general a function that may depend on both formula_42 and formula_5. The condition for formula_41 to generate a physical symmetry is that the action formula_45 is left invariant. This will certainly be true if the Lagrangian density formula_46 is left invariant, but it will also be true if the Lagrangian changes by a divergence,


title: Noether's theorem

text: since the integral of a divergence becomes a boundary term according to the divergence theorem. A system described by a given action might have multiple independent symmetries of this type, indexed by formula_48 so the most general symmetry transformation would be written as


title: Noether's theorem

text: (where the dot product is understood to contract the "field" indices, not the formula_53 index or formula_54 index).


title: Noether's theorem

text: which expresses the idea that the amount of a conserved quantity within a sphere cannot change unless some of it flows out of the sphere. For example, electric charge is conserved; the amount of charge within a sphere cannot change unless some of the charge leaves the sphere.


title: Noether's theorem

text: For illustration, consider a physical system of fields that behaves the same under translations in time and space, as considered above; in other words, formula_56 is constant in its third argument. In that case, "N" = 4, one for each dimension of space and time. An infinitesimal translation in space, formula_57 (with formula_58 denoting the Kronecker delta), affects the fields as formula_59: that is, relabelling the coordinates is equivalent to leaving the coordinates in place while translating the field itself, which in turn is equivalent to transforming the field by replacing its value at each point formula_42 with the value at the point formula_61 "behind" it which would be mapped onto formula_42 by the infinitesimal displacement under consideration. Since this is infinitesimal, we may write this transformation as


title: Noether's theorem

text: and thus Noether's theorem corresponds to the conservation law for the stress–energy tensor "T", where we have used formula_66 in place of formula_54. To wit, by using the expression given earlier, and collecting the four conserved currents (one for each formula_66) into a tensor formula_69, Noether's theorem gives


title: Noether's theorem

text: The conservation of electric charge, by contrast, can be derived by considering "Ψ" linear in the fields "φ" rather than in the derivatives. In quantum mechanics, the probability amplitude "ψ"(x) of finding a particle at a point x is a complex field "φ", because it ascribes a complex number to every point in space and time. The probability amplitude itself is physically unmeasurable; only the probability "p" = |"ψ"| can be inferred from a set of measurements. Therefore, the system is invariant under transformations of the "ψ" field and its complex conjugate field "ψ" that leave |"ψ"| unchanged, such as


title: Noether's theorem

text: a complex rotation. In the limit when the phase "θ" becomes infinitesimally small, "δθ", it may be taken as the parameter "ε", while the "Ψ" are equal to "iψ" and −"iψ"*, respectively. A specific example is the Klein–Gordon equation, the relativistically correct version of the Schrödinger equation for spinless particles, which has the Lagrangian density


title: Noether's theorem

text: which, when multiplied by the charge on that species of particle, equals the electric current density due to that type of particle. This "gauge invariance" was first noted by Hermann Weyl, and is one of the prototype gauge symmetries of physics.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Consider the simplest case, a system with one independent variable, time. Suppose the dependent variables q are such that the action integral


title: Noether's theorem

text: is invariant under brief infinitesimal variations in the dependent variables. In other words, they satisfy the Euler–Lagrange equations


title: Noether's theorem

text: And suppose that the integral is invariant under a continuous symmetry. Mathematically such a symmetry is represented as a flow, φ, which acts on the variables as follows


title: Noether's theorem

text: where "ε" is a real variable indicating the amount of flow, and "T" is a real constant (which could be zero) indicating how much the flow shifts time.


title: Noether's theorem

text: which may be regarded as a function of "ε". Calculating the derivative at "ε"' = 0 and using Leibniz's rule, we get


title: Noether's theorem

text: is a constant of the motion, i.e., it is a conserved quantity. Since φ[q, 0] = q, we get formula_89 and so the conserved quantity simplifies to


title: Noether's theorem

text: To avoid excessive complication of the formulas, this derivation assumed that the flow does not change as time passes. The same result can be obtained in the more general case.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem may also be derived for tensor fields "φ" where the index "A" ranges over the various components of the various tensor fields. These field quantities are functions defined over a four-dimensional space whose points are labeled by coordinates "x" where the index "μ" ranges over time ("μ" = 0) and three spatial dimensions ("μ" = 1, 2, 3). These four coordinates are the independent variables; and the values of the fields at each event are the dependent variables. Under an infinitesimal transformation, the variation in the coordinates is written


title: Noether's theorem

text: By this definition, the field variations "δφ" result from two factors: intrinsic changes in the field themselves and changes in coordinates, since the transformed field "α" depends on the transformed coordinates ξ. To isolate the intrinsic changes, the field variation at a single point "x" may be defined


title: Noether's theorem

text: If the coordinates are changed, the boundary of the region of space–time over which the Lagrangian is being integrated also changes; the original boundary and its transformed version are denoted as Ω and Ω’, respectively.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem begins with the assumption that a specific transformation of the coordinates and field variables does not change the action, which is defined as the integral of the Lagrangian density over the given region of spacetime. Expressed mathematically, this assumption may be written as


title: Noether's theorem

text: where the comma subscript indicates a partial derivative with respect to the coordinate(s) that follows the comma, e.g.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Since ξ is a dummy variable of integration, and since the change in the boundary Ω is infinitesimal by assumption, the two integrals may be combined using the four-dimensional version of the divergence theorem into the following form


title: Noether's theorem

text: However, because the variations are defined at the same point as described above, the variation and the derivative can be done in reverse order; they commute


title: Noether's theorem

text: where formula_104 is the Lie derivative of φ in the "X" direction. When "φ" is a scalar or formula_105,


title: Noether's theorem

text: Differentiating the above divergence with respect to "ε" at "ε" = 0 and changing the sign yields the conservation law


title: Noether's theorem

text: Suppose we have an "n"-dimensional oriented Riemannian manifold, "M" and a target manifold "T". Let formula_110 be the configuration space of smooth functions from "M" to "T". (More generally, we can have smooth sections of a fiber bundle over "M".)


title: Noether's theorem

text: called the action. (It takes values into formula_111, rather than formula_117; this is for physical reasons, and is unimportant for this proof.)


title: Noether's theorem

text: To get to the usual version of Noether's theorem, we need additional restrictions on the action. We assume formula_118 is the integral over "M" of a function


title: Noether's theorem

text: called the Lagrangian density, depending on "φ", its derivative and the position. In other words, for "φ" in formula_110


title: Noether's theorem

text: Suppose we are given boundary conditions, i.e., a specification of the value of "φ" at the boundary if "M" is compact, or some limit on "φ" as "x" approaches ∞. Then the subspace of formula_110 consisting of functions "φ" such that all functional derivatives of formula_45 at "φ" are zero, that is:


title: Noether's theorem

text: and that "φ" satisfies the given boundary conditions, is the subspace of on shell solutions. (See principle of stationary action)


title: Noether's theorem

text: Now, suppose we have an infinitesimal transformation on formula_110, generated by a functional derivation, "Q" such that


title: Noether's theorem

text: If this holds on shell and off shell, we say "Q" generates an off-shell symmetry. If this only holds on shell, we say "Q" generates an on-shell symmetry. Then, we say "Q" is a generator of a one parameter symmetry Lie group.


title: Noether's theorem

text: which is called the Noether current associated with the symmetry. The continuity equation tells us that if we integrate this current over a space-like slice, we get a conserved quantity called the Noether charge (provided, of course, if "M" is noncompact, the currents fall off sufficiently fast at infinity).


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem is an on shell theorem: it relies on use of the equations of motion—the classical path. It reflects the relation between the boundary conditions and the variational principle. Assuming no boundary terms in the action, Noether's theorem implies that


title: Noether's theorem

text: The quantum analogs of Noether's theorem involving expectation values (e.g., formula_134) probing off shell quantities as well are the Ward–Takahashi identities.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Suppose we have two symmetry derivations "Q" and "Q". Then, ["Q", "Q"] is also a symmetry derivation. Let us see this explicitly. Let us say


title: Noether's theorem

text: This applies to "any" local symmetry derivation "Q" satisfying "QS" ≈ 0, and also to more general local functional differentiable actions, including ones where the Lagrangian depends on higher derivatives of the fields. Let "ε" be any arbitrary smooth function of the spacetime (or time) manifold such that the closure of its support is disjoint from the boundary. "ε" is a test function. Then, because of the variational principle (which does "not" apply to the boundary, by the way), the derivation distribution q generated by "q"["ε"][Φ("x")] = "ε"("x")"Q"[Φ("x")] satisfies "q"["ε"]["S"] ≈ 0 for every "ε", or more compactly, "q"("x")["S"] ≈ 0 for all "x" not on the boundary (but remember that "q"("x") is a shorthand for a derivation "distribution", not a derivation parametrized by "x" in general). This is the generalization of Noether's theorem.


title: Noether's theorem

text: To see how the generalization is related to the version given above, assume that the action is the spacetime integral of a Lagrangian that only depends on φ and its first derivatives. Also, assume


title: Noether's theorem

text: Looking at the specific case of a Newtonian particle of mass "m", coordinate "x", moving under the influence of a potential "V", coordinatized by time "t". The action, "S", is:


title: Noether's theorem

text: The first term in the brackets is the kinetic energy of the particle, while the second is its potential energy. Consider the generator of time translations "Q" = "d"/"dt". In other words, formula_144. The coordinate "x" has an explicit dependence on time, whilst "V" does not; consequently:


title: Noether's theorem

text: The right hand side is the energy, and Noether's theorem states that formula_148 (i.e. the principle of conservation of energy is a consequence of invariance under time translations).


title: Noether's theorem

text: or formula_51 Newtonian particles where the potential only depends pairwise upon the relative displacement.


title: Noether's theorem

text: For formula_152, consider the generator of Galilean transformations (i.e. a change in the frame of reference). In other words,


title: Noether's theorem

text: where formula_158 is the total momentum, "M" is the total mass and formula_159 is the center of mass. Noether's theorem states:


title: Noether's theorem

text: Both examples 1 and 2 are over a 1-dimensional manifold (time). An example involving spacetime is a conformal transformation of a massless real scalar field with a quartic potential in (3 + 1)-Minkowski spacetime.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Noether's theorem states that formula_168 (as one may explicitly check by substituting the Euler–Lagrange equations into the left hand side).


title: Noether's theorem

text: If one tries to find the Ward–Takahashi analog of this equation, one runs into a problem because of anomalies.


title: Noether's theorem

text: Application of Noether's theorem allows physicists to gain powerful insights into any general theory in physics, by just analyzing the various transformations that would make the form of the laws involved invariant. For example:


title: Noether's theorem

text: In quantum field theory, the analog to Noether's theorem, the Ward–Takahashi identity, yields further conservation laws, such as the conservation of electric charge from the invariance with respect to a change in the phase factor of the complex field of the charged particle and the associated gauge of the electric potential and vector potential.


title: Calque

text: In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. For instance, the English word "skyscraper" was calqued in dozens of other languages. Another notable example is the Latin weekday names, which came to be associated by ancient Germanic speakers with their own gods following a practice known as "interpretatio germanica": the Latin "Day of Mercury", "Mercurii dies" (later "mercredi" in modern French), was borrowed into Late Proto-Germanic as the "Day of Wōđanaz" (*"Wodanesdag"), which became "Wōdnesdæg" in Old English, then "Wednesday" in Modern English.


title: Calque

text: The term "calque" itself is a loanword from the French noun ("tracing, imitation, close copy"), while the word "loanword" is a calque of the German noun "Lehnwort". Calquing is distinct from phono-semantic matching: while calquing includes semantic translation, it does not consist of phonetic matching—i.e., of retaining the approximate sound of the borrowed word by matching it with a similar-sounding pre-existing word or morpheme in the target language.


title: Calque

text: Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.


title: Calque

text: Some linguists refer to a "phonological calque", in which the pronunciation of a word is imitated in the other language. For example, the English word "radar" becomes the similar-sounding Chinese word (), which literally means "to arrive (as fast) as thunder".


title: Calque

text: Partial calques, or loan blends, translate some parts of a compound but not others. For example, the name of the Irish digital television service "Saorview" is a partial calque of that of the UK service "Freeview", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "liverwurst" (< German ) and "apple strudel" (< German ).


title: Calque

text: The "computer mouse" was named in English for its resemblance to the animal. Many other languages use their word for "mouse" for the "computer mouse", sometimes using a diminutive or, in Chinese, adding the word "cursor" (标), making "shǔbiāo" "mouse cursor" ().. At least 35 languages have their own versions of the English term.


title: Calque

text: The common English phrase "flea market" is a loan translation of the French ("market of fleas"). At least 22 other languages calque the French expression directly or indirectly through another language.


title: Calque

text: Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation, is of the English word "skyscraper", which may be calqued using the word for "sky" or "cloud" and the word, variously, for "scraping", "scratching", "piercing", "sweeping", "kissing", etc. At least 54 languages have their own versions of the English word.


title: Calque

text: Some Germanic and Slavic languages derived their words for "translation" from words meaning "carrying across" or "bringing across", calquing from the Latin or .


title: Calque

text: Since at least 1894, according to TLFi, the French term "calque" has been used in its linguistic sense, namely in a publication by Louis Duvau, quote:


title: Calque

text: Since at least 1926, the term "calque" has been attested in English through a publication by the linguist , quote:


title: Kongō Gumi

text: Headquartered in Osaka, Kongō Gumi was a family-owned construction company for over 1,400 years. A -long 17th century scroll traces the 40 generations back to the company's start. It has continued operation through the founder's descendants. The practice of sons-in-law taking the family name when they joined the family firm contributed to the Kongō Gumi's long existence. As with many distinguished Japanese families, sons-in-law often joined the clan and took the Kongō family name. This allowed the company to continue with the same name when there were no sons in a generation. Thus, through the years, the line has continued through either a son or a daughter. Another factor for the company's longevity is the Buddhist temple construction business, which has been a reliable mainstay due to millions of Buddhist adherents. Over the centuries, Kongō Gumi participated in the construction of many famous buildings, including the 16th century Osaka Castle.


title: Kongō Gumi

text: Kongō Gumi was one of the first construction companies in Japan to use concrete with wood to build temples after the Meiji restoration. They also pioneered the use of CAD for temple design.


title: Kongō Gumi

text: The company fell on hard times and went into liquidation in January 2006, and was purchased by the Takamatsu Construction Group. Before its liquidation, it had as few as 100 employees. In 2005 it had annual revenue of ¥7.5 billion (US$70 million), and it still specialized in building Buddhist temples. The last president was Masakazu Kongō, the 40th Kongō to lead the firm. , Kongō Gumi continues to operate as a wholly owned subsidiary of the Takamatsu Construction Group.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Ian David Hislop (born 13 July 1960) is a British journalist, satirist, writer, broadcaster, and editor of the magazine "Private Eye". He has appeared on many radio and television programmes and has been a team captain on the BBC quiz show "Have I Got News for You" since the programme's inception in 1990.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop was born on 13 July 1960 in Mumbles, Swansea, to a Scottish father, David Hislop, from Ayrshire, and a Channel Islander mother born in Jersey, Helen Rosemarie Hislop (née Beddows), who left for Wales in her late teens.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop did not know his grandparents. His paternal grandfather, David Murdoch Hislop, died just before he was born. His maternal grandfather, William Beddows, was originally from Lancashire.


title: Ian Hislop

text: When he was five months old, Hislop's family began to travel around the world because of his father's job as a civil engineer. During his infant years, Hislop lived in Nigeria, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Hong Kong. While in Saudi Arabia, Hislop has said he potentially went to school with Osama Bin Laden. When Hislop was 12 years old his father died; his mother died when he was 32. On his return to Britain he was educated at Ardingly College, an independent boarding school, where he became head boy, and began his satirical career directing and appearing in revues alongside Nick Newman.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop's and Newman's association continued when they attended Oxford University together; later they worked together at "Private Eye" and on a number of comedy scriptwriting jobs. Hislop applied to read philosophy, politics and economics at Oxford, but changed to English literature before arriving at Magdalen College. His Oxford tutors included Bernard O'Donoghue, John Fuller and David Norbrook. While at university, Hislop was actively involved in student journalism; he relaunched and edited the satirical magazine "Passing Wind". He graduated with a in 1981.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop is married to Victoria; they have two children, Emily and Will. They live in Sissinghurst in Kent. Hislop's wife has a career as an author, and in 2010 Hislop played a small role in the Greek television series "The Island", which was based on his wife's bestselling novel. The series premiered on 11 October 2010 on Greece's Mega television channel.


title: Ian Hislop

text: At Oxford, Hislop revived and edited the magazine "Passing Wind", for which he interviewed Richard Ingrams, who was then editor of "Private Eye", and Peter Cook, then the majority shareholder. Hislop's first article appeared in 1980 before he sat his university finals. A parody of "The Observer" magazine's "Room of My Own" feature, it described an IRA prisoner on the dirty protest decorating his cell in "fetching brown". Hislop joined the publication immediately after leaving Oxford, and became editor in 1986 following Ingrams's departure. This met opposition from "Eye" journalists Peter McKay and Nigel Dempster, who attempted a revolt against Hislop with the former taking Peter Cook out for lunch in an attempt to dissuade him from appointing Hislop. Cook, reportedly drunk after the lunch, instead announced Hislop was "welcome aboard". The new editor, dismissive of society gossip, sacked both McKay and Dempster from the magazine without hesitation.


title: Ian Hislop

text: As editor of "Private Eye", Ian Hislop is reputedly the most sued man in English legal history, although he is not involved in as many libel actions as he once was. A libel case was brought against "Private Eye" and Hislop in 1986 by the publisher Robert Maxwell after the magazine accused him of funding Labour leader Neil Kinnock's travel expenses as a means of gaining a peerage. After the case Hislop quipped: "I've just given a fat cheque to a fat Czech". After his death in 1991, Maxwell was revealed to be an extensive fraudster, illegally drawing on his companies' pension funds; his last writ for libel against the "Eye" and Hislop was about this "malicious" and "mendacious" claim.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Another libel case in May 1989 threatened the magazine's existence when it was ordered to pay £600,000 in damages following an action for libel by Sonia Sutcliffe, wife of the Yorkshire Ripper, Peter Sutcliffe. Hislop told reporters waiting outside the High Court: "If that's justice, then I'm a banana." The award was dropped to £60,000 on appeal. In an interview with "Third Way Magazine" in 1995 he explained his intentions in his work: "Satire is the bringing to ridicule of vice, folly and humbug. All the negatives imply a set of positives. Certainly in this country, you only go round saying, 'That's wrong, that's corrupt' if you have some feeling that it should be better than that. People say, 'You satirists attack everything.' Well, we don't, actually. That's the whole point."


title: Ian Hislop

text: In April 2017, Hislop won the London Press Club's print journalist of the year award; in his acceptance speech he said that "Private Eye" obtaining its best ABC sales figures since the magazine's launch 55 years earlier proved that "journalism is A, worth doing, and B, worth paying for both in terms of paying journalists and the public paying up for it".


title: Ian Hislop

text: In January 2022, Hislop alongside fellow "Eye" journalists Richard Brooks and Solomon Hughes presented evidence on MPs' conduct to the House of Commons' Standards Committee.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop's television debut was on the short-lived Channel 4 chat show "Loose Talk" in 1983, an experience he disliked so much that he included it on his list of most hated items when he first appeared on the BBC show "Room 101". Hislop, usually in partnership with Nick Newman, was a scriptwriter on the 1980s political satire series "Spitting Image", in which puppets were used to depict well-known figures, mostly politicians. He even had a puppet of himself, which sometimes appeared as a background character in sketches.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop has been a team captain on "Have I Got News for You" since it began airing in 1990. He is the only person to have appeared in every episode of its run, even filming an episode in the seventh series in spite of suffering from appendicitis (he had discharged himself from hospital immediately before the show).


title: Ian Hislop

text: With regular writing partner Nick Newman, Hislop wrote the BBC Radio 4 series "Gush", a satire based on the first Gulf War, in the style of Jeffrey Archer. With Newman he also wrote the family-friendly satirical sitcom "My Dad's the Prime Minister" and in the early nineties for the Dawn French vehicle "Murder Most Horrid". Hislop and Newman wrote the Radio 4 series "The News at Bedtime", a satire on fairy tales which aired over the 2009 Christmas season. The series starred Jack Dee as 'John Tweedledum' and Peter Capaldi as 'Jim Tweedledee'; the two present the "news of the day" in the world of fairy tales, while arguing with each other as did their namesakes.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop has presented serious television programmes. These include "School Rules", a three-part Channel 4 study on the history of British education; an edition of the BBC's "Who Do You Think You Are?", in which he attempted to trace his ancestry, and "Not Forgotten", a four-part series on Channel 4 detailing the impact on British society of the First World War. A further programme, "Not Forgotten: Shot at Dawn", was broadcast in January 2007, and a sixth episode, "Not Forgotten: The Men Who Wouldn't Fight", featuring the stories of conscientious objectors such as Ronald Skirth, was aired on 10 November 2008. He also presented one episode of the BBC's "Great Railway Journeys", in which he travelled in India ("India East to West" from Calcutta to Rajasthan). In May 2007 he presented a programme on BBC Four, "Ian Hislop's Scouting for Boys", celebrating Robert Baden-Powell's book which inspired the Scout movement. (He is also an Ambassador for The Scout Association.)


title: Ian Hislop

text: He has also written and presented factual programmes for Radio 4 about such subjects as tax rebellions, female hymn composers, scouting and patron saints of Britain and Ireland. In 2007 he became the only person to make a second guest appearance on "Room 101". He has also been a screenwriter for comedian Harry Enfield.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop has presented several programmes for BBC 4, dealing with topics such as the Beeching Axe and the role of the Poet Laureate. The former, "Ian Hislop Goes off the Rails", about the Beeching Report and its impact on the British railway network, was first aired on 2 October 2008, and achieved the second-highest audience to date for any BBC Four programme (and the highest for a documentary) with 1.3 million viewers. The latter, "Ian Hislop's Changing of the Bard", launched the May 2009 BBC 4 Poetry season, and Hislop recounted the history of the post from the first official holder, John Dryden, to the then recently announced first female, first Scot and first openly bisexual laureate, Carol Ann Duffy. His series on Victorian social reformers, "Ian Hislop's Age of the Do-Gooders", aired on BBC Two beginning on 29 November 2010. His programme on the history of banks, "When Bankers were Good", first aired on BBC Two in November 2011, and dealt with famous bankers from history, such as the Rothschilds, the Gurneys and the Lloyds, as well as 19th-century philanthropists and reformers such as Charles Dickens and Elizabeth Fry.


title: Ian Hislop

text: He has also appeared on "Question Time". In one edition he made an open attack on Jeffrey Archer, who had been imprisoned for perjury, when his wife, Mary Archer, was a fellow panellist. She was noticeably angry that the matter had been raised. In 2003 he was listed in "The Observer" as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy.


title: Ian Hislop

text: In 2004, "Question Time"'s 25th anniversary celebrations included a vote in which viewers chose the confrontation as the best moment in the programme's history; it won 51% of the votes, double the number for the second-placed entry. In another episode he criticised the premise of capital punishment, something which had been advocated by a Conservative panel member Priti Patel, and more recently has discussed Britain's vote to leave the European Union.


title: Ian Hislop

text: "Ian Hislop's Stiff Upper Lip - An Emotional History of Britain", about how a meme for repression of emotions spread through British culture, began on 2 October 2012 and ran for three episodes on BBC Two. Beginning on 9 April 2014, Hislop presented a three-part BBC Two series "Ian Hislop's Olden Days". In 2016, he presented "The Secret of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony", the personal and creative story behind the symphony. Later in the same year, Hislop gave the prestigious George Orwell Lecture at London's UCL.


title: Ian Hislop

text: Hislop has also curated an exhibition for the British Museum, called "I Object: Ian Hislop's Search for Dissent," which was presented from 6 September 2018 to 20 January 2019. As the editor of "Private Eye", Hislop has received an award for Outstanding Contribution to British Media at the "Campaign" British Media Awards 2019. Hislop has also been recognised for his broadcasting career, having produced TV and radio documentaries on immigration and the First World War.