title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: In the British music press, initial reviews of "Highway 61" expressed both bafflement and admiration for the record. "New Musical Express" critic Allen Evans wrote: "Another set of message songs and story songs sung in that monotonous and tuneless way by Dylan which becomes quite arresting as you listen." The "Melody Maker" LP review section, by an anonymous critic, commented: "Bob Dylan's sixth LP, like all others, is fairly incomprehensible but nevertheless an absolute knock-out." The English poet Philip Larkin, reviewing the album for "The Daily Telegraph", wrote that he found himself "well rewarded" by the record: "Dylan's cawing, derisive voice is probably well suited to his material ... and his guitar adapts itself to rock ('Highway 61') and ballad ('Queen Jane'). There is a marathon 'Desolation Row' which has an enchanting tune and mysterious, possibly half-baked words."


title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: In September 1965, the US trade journal "Billboard" also praised the album, and predicted big sales for it: "Based upon his singles hit 'Like a Rolling Stone', Dylan has a top-of-the-chart-winner in this package of his off-beat, commercial material." The album peaked at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 chart of top albums, and number four on the UK albums charts. In the US, "Highway 61" was certificated as a gold record in August 1967, and platinum in August 1997. For "Stereo Review" in March 1969, Robert Christgau included "Highway 61 Revisited" in his piece "A Short and Happy History of Rock", comprising his recommended rock "library" of 25 albums. On its merits, he said Dylan showed good taste in accompanying musicians, but his style of rock "had a loose feel, almost tacked on, in contrast to the tight arrangements which had become typical." Despite observing flaws in the music and lyrics, he concluded that both are "great" and "healthy". Of the music's impact up to that point, Christgau added:


title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: "Highway 61 Revisited" has remained among the most highly acclaimed of Dylan's works. Biographer Anthony Scaduto praises its rich imagery, and describes it as "one of the most brilliant pop records ever made. As rock, it cuts through to the core of the music—a hard driving beat without frills, without self-consciousness." Michael Gray calls "Highway 61" "revolutionary and stunning, not just for its energy and panache but in its vision: fusing radical, electrical music ... with lyrics that were light years ahead of anyone else's; Dylan here unites the force of blues-based rock'n'roll with the power of poetry. The whole rock culture, the whole post-Beatle pop-rock world, and so in an important sense the 1960s started here." In the opinion of "PopMatters" critic Hank Kalet, the album was the most "electrifying" rock and roll record ever and "one of a handful of albums (including the Beatles' "Rubber Soul" and "Revolver") that gave literate rockers the green light to create a kind of intelligent, probing rock music that had not existed before". "This seminal folk-rock classic" showcased "Dylan's seething, not-quite-out-of-control vocal delivery and a rough-and-tumble instrumental attack", as well as his "transformation from a folk singer to a rock and roller", Sam Sutherland wrote in "High Fidelity". Music journalist Gary Graff points to "Highway 61 Revisited", along with Dylan's next album "Blonde on Blonde" (1966) and the Beach Boys' "Pet Sounds" (1966), as possible starting points to the album era, as they each constituted "a cohesive and conceptual body of work rather than just some hit singles ... with filler tracks."


title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: Most of the songs on "Highway 61 Revisited" have remained important, in varying degrees, to Dylan's live performances since 1965. According to his website, he has played "Like a Rolling Stone" over 2,000 times, "Highway 61 Revisited" more than 1,700 times, "Ballad of a Thin Man" over 1,000 times, and most of the other songs between 150 and 500 times.


title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: The influence of the songs on "Highway 61 Revisited" can be heard in many cover versions. "Like a Rolling Stone" has been recorded by artists including the Rolling Stones, on their live album "Stripped", David Bowie and Mick Ronson on "Heaven and Hull", Johnny Winter on "Raisin' Cain", and Jimi Hendrix at the Monterey Pop Festival. My Chemical Romance's version of "Desolation Row" was featured in the film "Watchmen" in 2009. The song has also been covered by the Grateful Dead on their album "Postcards of the Hanging". "Just Like Tom Thumb's Blues" has been recorded by Judy Collins, Linda Ronstadt, Nina Simone and Neil Young. The title track was covered by PJ Harvey, Karen O and Billy Joel.


title: Highway 61 Revisited

text: All songs written by Bob Dylan. The timings are for the stereo mix – the mono mix totals nearly 3 minutes less, with most of the difference accounted for by A3, B1 and B3.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The tits, chickadees, and titmice constitute the Paridae, a large family of small passerine birds which occur mainly in the Northern Hemisphere and Africa. Most were formerly classified in the genus "Parus".


title: Tit (bird)

text: Members of this family are commonly referred to as "tits" throughout much of the English speaking world, but North American species are called either "chickadees" (onomatopoeic, derived from their distinctive "chick-a dee dee dee" alarm call) or "titmice". The name titmouse is recorded from the 14th century, composed of the Old English name for the bird, "mase" (Proto-Germanic "*maison", Dutch "mees", German "Meise"), and tit, denoting something small. The former spelling, "titmose", was influenced by "mouse" in the 16th century. Emigrants to New Zealand presumably identified some of the superficially similar birds of the genus "Petroica" of the family Petroicidae, the Australian robins, as members of the tit family, giving them the title tomtit, although, in fact, they are not related.


title: Tit (bird)

text: These birds are mainly small, stocky, woodland species with short, stout bills. Some have crests. They range in length from . They are adaptable birds, with a mixed diet including seeds and insects. Many species live around human habitation and come readily to bird feeders for nuts or seed, and learn to take other foods.


title: Tit (bird)

text: With the exception of the three monotypic genera "Sylviparus", "Melanochlora", and "Pseudopodoces", the tits are extremely similar in appearance, and have been described as "one of the most conservative avian families in terms of general morphology". The typical body length of adult members of the family is between in length; when the monotypic genera are added, this range is from . In weight, the family ranges from ; this contracts to when the three atypical genera are removed. The majority of the variation within the family is in plumage, and particularly colour.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The bills of the tits are generally short, varying between stout and fine, depending on diet. The more insectivorous species have finer bills, whereas those that consume more seeds have stouter bills. It is said that tits are evolving longer beaks to reach into bird feeders. The most aberrant bill of the family is possessed by Hume's ground tit of Tibet and the Himalayas, which is long and decurved.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The tits are a widespread family of birds, occurring over most of Europe, Asia, North America, and Africa. The genus "Poecile" occurs from Europe through Asia into North America, as far south as southern Mexico. American species in this genus are known as chickadees. Some species in this genus have quite large natural distributions; one, the grey-headed chickadee, is distributed from Scandinavia to Alaska and Canada. The majority of the tits in the genus "Periparus" are found in the southeastern portion of Asia. This includes two species endemic to the Philippines. The coal tit, also in this genus, is a much more widespread species, ranging from the British Isles and North Africa to Japan. The two crested tits of the genus "Lophophanes" have a disjunct distribution, with one species occurring in Europe and the other in central Asia.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The genus "Baeolophus" is endemic to North America. The genus "Parus" includes the great tit that ranges from Western Europe to Indonesia. "Cyanistes" has a European and Asian distribution (also into northern Africa), and the three remaining genera, "Pseudopodoces", "Sylviparus", and "Melanochlora", are all restricted to Asia.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Tits are active, noisy, and social birds. They are territorial during the breeding season and often join mixed-species feeding flocks during the nonbreeding season. The tits are highly adaptable, and after the corvids (crows and jays) and parrots, amongst the most intelligent of all birds.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Fission–fusion society has been documented in a number of avian taxa including this one. In brief, that means flocks can split into smaller groups or individuals, and subsequently reunite.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The tits make a variety of calls and songs. They are amongst the most vocal of all birds, calling continuously in most situations, so much so that they are only ever silent for specific reasons such as avoiding predators or when intruding on a rival's territory. Quiet contact calls are made while feeding to facilitate cohesion with others in their social group. Other calls are used for signalling alarm—a well-known example being the "chic-a-dee-dee" of North American species in the genus "Poecile", the call which gives them their local common name, the chickadee. The call also serves as a rallying call to summon others to mob and harass the predator. The number of "dee" syllables at the end of the call increases with the level of danger the predator poses.


title: Tit (bird)

text: The tits are generalist insectivores that consume a wide range of small insects and other invertebrates, particularly small defoliating caterpillars. They also consume seeds and nuts, particularly in the winter. One characteristic method of foraging in the family is hanging, where they inspect a branch or twig and leaves from all angles while hanging upside down to feed. In areas where numerous species of tit coexist, different species forage in different parts of the tree, their niche determined in no small way by their morphology; larger species forage on the ground, medium-sized species foraging on larger branches, and the smallest species on the ends of branches. Having obtained larger prey items or seeds, tits engage in hold-hammering, where they hold the item between their feet and hammer it with their bill until it opens. In this fashion, they can even open hazelnuts in around 20 minutes. A number of genera engage in food caching, hoarding supplies of food during the winter.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Tits are cavity-nesting birds, typically using trees, although "Pseudopodoces" builds a nest on the ground. Most tree-nesting tits excavate their nests, and clutch sizes are generally large for altricial birds, ranging from usually two eggs in the rufous-vented tit of the Himalayas to as many as 10 to 14 in the blue tit of Europe. In favourable conditions, this species had laid as many as 19 eggs, which is the largest clutch of any altricial bird. Most tits are multibrooded, a necessary strategy to cope with either the harsh winters in which they reside in the Holarctic or the extremely erratic conditions of tropical Africa, where typically a single pair cannot find enough food to rear even one nestling and in drought years breeding is likely to be futile.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Many African tit species, along with "Pseudopodoces", are cooperative breeders, and even pair-breeding parids are often highly social and maintain stable flocks throughout the nonbreeding season.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Tits also have a variety of methods for attracting mates, primarily through their intricate, bouncing mating dance. Only the blue tit is typically polygynous; all other species are generally monogamous. Courtship feeding is typical of pair-breeding tits to deal with the cost of rearing their large broods.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Recently, the large "Parus" group has been gradually split into several genera (as indicated below), initially by North American ornithological authorities and later elsewhere. Whereas in the mid-1990s, only "Pseudopodoces", "Baeolophus", "Melanochlora", and "Sylviparus" were considered well-supported by the available data as distinct from "Parus". Today, this arrangement is considered paraphyletic as indicated by mtDNA cytochrome "b" sequence analysis, and "Parus" is best restricted to the "Parus major"—"Parus fasciiventer" clade, and even the latter species' closest relatives might be considered a distinct genus.


title: Tit (bird)

text: In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, the family Paridae is much enlarged to include related groups such as the penduline tits and long-tailed tits, but while the former are quite close to the tits and could conceivably be included in that family together with the stenostirid "warblers", the long-tailed tits are not. Indeed, the yellow-browed tit and the sultan tit are possibly more distant to the tits than the penduline tits are. If the two current families are lumped into the Paridae, the tits would be a subfamily Parinae.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Alternatively, all tits—save the two monotypic genera discussed in the preceding section and possibly "Cyanistes", but including Hume's ground tit—could be lumped in "Parus". In any case, four major clades of "typical" tits can be recognized: the dark-capped chickadees and their relatives ("Poecile" including "Sittiparus"), the long-crested "Baeolophus" and "Lophophanes" species, the usually tufted, white-cheeked "Periparus" (including "Pardaliparus") with more subdued coloration and finally "Parus sensu stricto" (including "Melaniparus" and "Machlolophus"). Still, the interrelationship of these, as well as the relationships of many species within the clades, are not well-resolved at all; analysis of morphology and biogeography probably gives a more robust picture than the available molecular data.


title: Tit (bird)

text: Tits have settled North America twice, probably at some time during the Early-Mid Pliocene. The first were the ancestors of "Baeolophus", with chickadees arriving somewhat later.


title: Shamisen

text: (all meaning "three strings"), is a three-stringed traditional Japanese musical instrument derived from the Chinese instrument . It is played with a plectrum called a bachi.


title: Shamisen

text: The Japanese pronunciation is usually but sometimes when used as a suffix, according to regular sound change (e.g. ). In Western Japanese dialects and several Edo period sources, it is both written and pronounced as .


title: Shamisen

text: The construction of the varies in shape, depending on the genre in which it is used. The instrument used to accompany kabuki has a thin neck, facilitating the agile and virtuosic requirements of that genre. The one used to accompany puppet plays and folk songs has a longer and thicker neck instead, to match the more robust music of those genres.


title: Shamisen

text: The is a plucked stringed instrument. Its construction follows a model similar to that of a guitar or a banjo, with a neck and strings stretched across a resonating body. The neck of the is fretless and slimmer than that of a guitar or banjo. The body, called the , resembles a drum, having a hollow body that is covered front and back with skin, in the manner of a banjo. The skin used depends on the genre of music and the skill of the player. Traditionally, skins were made using dog or cat skin, with cat skin favored for finer instruments; though use of animal skins was common throughout the 20th century, use of these skins gradually fell out of favor, starting around the mid 2000s, due to social stigma and the decline of workers skilled in preparing these particular skins. Contemporary skins are often prepared with synthetic materials, such as plastic.


title: Shamisen

text: The , or neck of the , is usually divided into three or four pieces that fit and lock together, with most made to be easily disassembled. The neck of the is a singular rod that crosses the drum-like body of the instrument, partially protruding at the other side of the body and acting as an anchor for the strings. The pegs used to wind the strings are long, thin and hexagonal in shape; though they were traditionally fashioned out of ivory, due to scarcity and trading regulations regarding and constricting the sale of ivory, many are now constructed from other materials, such as wood and plastic.


title: Shamisen

text: The three strings of the shamisen are made of either silk (traditionally) or nylon. They are stretched between the pegs at the head of the instrument, and a cloth tailpiece anchored at the end of the rod which protrudes on the other side of the body. The strings are stretched across the body, raised from it by means of a bridge, or , which rests directly on the taut skin. The lowest string is purposefully laid lower at the nut of the instrument in order to create a buzz, a characteristic timbre known as (somewhat reminiscent of the "buzzing" of a sitar, which is called "Jivari"). The upper side of the (when on the player's lap) is almost always protected by a cover known as a , and players often wear a little band of cloth on their left hand to facilitate sliding up and down the neck, known as a . The head of the instrument known as a may also be protected by a cover. The material of the strings will depend on the skill of the player. Traditionally, silk strings are used. However, silk breaks easily over a short time, so this is reserved for professional performances. Students often use nylon or 'tetron' strings, which last longer than silk, and are also less expensive.


title: Shamisen

text: The construction of the varies in shape and size, depending on the genre in which it is used. The used will also be different according to genre, if it is used at all. are classified according to size and genre. There are three basic sizes: , and . Examples of genres include , , , , , , , , and .


title: Shamisen

text: The , as its Japanese name implies, is the smallest kind of . The body is small and particularly square-shaped, with a particularly thin neck, which tapers away from the strings just as it approaches the body. Generally, the is used in , the shorter and thinner neck facilitating the agile and virtuosic requirements of kabuki. built especially for ensembles are often simply known as . The is also often used in , where it is plucked with the fingernails.


title: Shamisen

text: The is a size up from the . As its name implies, the neck is slightly thicker. As the neck approaches the body of the instrument, the distance between the strings and the fingerboard is maintained, unlike the , where it tapers off. The fingerboard ends abruptly, and the rest of the neck curves sharply into the body of the instrument. The pronounced curve that occurs just before the neck meets the body is called . The result is an extended fingerboard that gives the a higher register than the . The is favored for -style playing, with a broader, more mellow timbre. It is also an "all-round" instrument that can be used across many genres.


title: Shamisen

text: The is used in the robust music of (the music of ), , and . In these genres, a thicker neck facilitates the greater force used in playing the music of these styles. The of is quite a recent innovation, and is purposefully constructed in a much larger size than traditional style , and its neck is much longer and thicker than the traditional or .


title: Shamisen

text: The is a particularly fashioned for the performance of the song , a folk tune originating from Shimonoseki, Yamaguchi Prefecture. The neck of the is about half the length of most , giving the instrument the high range needed to play . The use of more typical is possible, but they must be properly adjusted with a capo device to raise their pitch to make them suitable for use. Today the strings are made out of steel to make a better sound and the drum heads are made out of plastic to avoid breakage in a performance.


title: Shamisen

text: The used for can be made out of three possible materials: wood, plastic, or ivory. While many teachers generally do not approve of the use of plastic, if ivory is unattainable and wood is still out of price range, plastic is considered acceptable for use.


title: Shamisen

text: The , or bridge, can be fashioned out of aged bamboo, ivory, ox-bone (), rosewood, buffalo horn, wood, any combination of the above, or plastic for the student level. come in many heights. The higher the , the louder the sound will be, and the harder it is to control a rapid . Higher are not considered suitable for beginners.


title: Shamisen

text: The used for use a height between 3.2 and 3.6. for are fashioned out of only three materials: ivory, bone, and plastic. Ivory is the most expensive and produces the most desirable sound and amplification, but due to its high price tag is normally only used in performances. Ox-bone or is the most popular material for practice and with students who are performing. Because of ivory's volume and vibration, it is normally used by a teacher or (lead ), so that the other players can follow their tone and signals. Plastic are increasingly harder in the modern day, as the material is considered to produce an undesirable sound when compared to . is not much more expensive than plastic, and most teachers openly express their displeasure with plastic and require .


title: Shamisen

text: The used for vary between 2.6 and 2.8, though other heights can be specially ordered. for are made out of a few select materials, such as yellow or black water buffalo horn (), which are the standard for . Blackwater buffalo horn does not have a significant sound difference when cut in the style, and is far less popular. Yellow is the most widely used for -style , both in practice and performance. Plastic is available because of the higher price tag of . Many people believe that for , there is not a great sound difference between the two, but there is a high change in vibration. Plastic makes a deader sound, which is not the most favorable for . is used from time to time in practice, but never for performances.


title: Shamisen

text: In most genres, the strings are plucked with a . The sound of a is similar in some respects to that of the American banjo, in that the drum-like , amplifies the sound of the strings. As in the clawhammer style of American banjo playing, the is often used to strike both string and skin, creating a highly percussive sound. When playing on the , and occasionally in other genres, the is plucked with the fingers. Sometimes, the is bowed with a violin bow, similar to the , a similar instrument.


title: Shamisen

text: The is played and tuned according to genre, with the nomenclature of the nodes in an octave also varies according to genre. A number of styles exist across Japan, and tunings, tonality and notation vary to some degree. Three of the most commonly recognized tunings across all genres are , , and .


title: Shamisen

text: Instead of having a set tuning, such as on a guitar (i.e. E, A, D, G, B, E) or a violin (i.e. G, D, A, E), the is tuned according to the register of the singer, or simply to the liking of the player. The player can tune the to whatever register desired, so long as the above conventions are followed.


title: Shamisen

text: Music for the can be written in Western music notation, but is more often written in tablature notation. While tunings might be similar across genres, the way in which the nodes on the neck of the instrument (called in Japanese) are named is not. As a consequence, tablature for each genre is written differently. For example, in the style, nodes on the are labeled from 0, the open string called "0". However, in the style, nodes are subdivided and named by octave, with "1" being the open string and first note in an octave, starting over at the next octave. The nodes are also labeled differently for -style . To add to the confusion, sometimes nodes can be "sharped," and since the names of nodes and their positions are different for each genre, these will also vary. Consequently, students of one genre of will find it difficult to read tablature from other genres of , unless they are specially trained to read these kinds of tablatures.


title: Shamisen

text: Tablature can be written in traditional Japanese vertical right-to-left notation, or it can be written in more modern horizontal left-to-right notation, which resembles modern guitar tablature. In traditional vertical notation, Chinese characters and older symbols for dynamics are used, however notation from Western style music notation, such as Italian names for dynamics, time signature and the fermata have been imported. What tuning a work calls for is usually indicated on the tablature.


title: Shamisen

text: The Japanese originated from the Chinese (). The was introduced through the Ryūkyū Kingdom (Okinawa) in the 16th century, where it developed into the Okinawan , from which the ultimately derives. It is believed that the ancestor of the was introduced in the 16th century through the port city of Sakai, near Osaka.


title: Shamisen

text: The can be played solo or with other , in ensembles with other Japanese instruments, with singing such as , or as an accompaniment to drama, notably kabuki and . Both men and women traditionally played the .


title: Shamisen

text: The most famous and perhaps most demanding of the narrative styles is , named after Takemoto Gidayū (1651–1714), who was heavily involved in the puppet-theater tradition in Osaka. The and its plectrum are the largest of the family, and the singer-narrator is required to speak the roles of the play, as well as to sing all the commentaries on the action. The singer-narrator role is often so vocally taxing that the performers are changed halfway through a scene. There is little notated in the books () of the tradition except the words and the names of certain appropriate generic responses. The player must know the entire work perfectly in order to respond effectively to the interpretations of the text by the singer-narrator. From the 19th century, female performers known as or also carried on this concert tradition.


title: Shamisen

text: In the early part of the 20th century, blind musicians, including Shirakawa Gunpachirō (1909–1962), Takahashi Chikuzan (1910–1998), and sighted players such as Kida Rinshōei (1911–1979), evolved a new style of playing, based on traditional folk songs () but involving much improvisation and flashy fingerwork. This style – now known as , after the home region of this style in the north of Honshū – continues to be relatively popular in Japan. The virtuosic style is sometimes compared to bluegrass banjo.


title: Shamisen

text: One contemporary player, Takeharu Kunimoto (1960–2015), played bluegrass music on the , having spent a year studying bluegrass at East Tennessee State University and performing with a bluegrass band based there. Another player using the in non-traditional genres is Michihiro Sato, who plays free improvisation on the instrument.


title: Shamisen

text: A duo popular in Japan known as the Yoshida Brothers developed an energetic style of playing the , heavily influenced by fast aggressive soloing emphasizing speed and twang, usually associated with rock music on the electric guitar.


title: Shamisen

text: Metal guitarist Marty Friedman has often used a in his recordings to give a more exotic sound to his music.


title: Shamisen

text: Takeshi Terauchi & Bunnys utilized played by Michiya Mihashi in combo with their instrumental rock group on their single with "Dark Eyes".


title: Shamisen

text: Japanese extreme metal band Zenithrash played and in their latest album to achieve the band's ideal of Japanized extreme metal.


title: Shamisen

text: Japanese rock musician Gackt opened his "Sixth Day Seventh Night" concerts in 2004 seated on stage with a , joined by two musicians from his band, GacktJOB, also playing .


title: Shamisen

text: Japanese rock musician Miyavi has also played the on various occasions, incorporating its use in albums and during concerts (e.g. during the debut live of superband S.K.I.N concert at the 2007 Anime Expo convention at Long Beach, California on June 29, 2007).


title: Shamisen

text: Japanese folk rock/metal band Wagakki Band takes several different traditional Japanese instruments and combines them with Western rock and Vocaloid songs. One of their members, Beni Ninagawa, plays a on albums and during concerts.


title: Shamisen

text: American player and guitarist Kevin Kmetz leads a rock band called God of Shamisen, which is based in Santa Cruz, California, and also plays the instrument with the band Estradasphere.


title: Shamisen

text: Japanese traditional and jazz musician Hiromitsu Agatsuma incorporates a diverse mix of genres into his music. He arranged several jazz standards and other famous western songs for the shamisen on his album "Agatsuma Plays Standards" in 2008. His previous recordings, such as "Beyond" from 2004, displayed traditional Japanese styles mixed with funk, techno and rock.


title: Shamisen

text: The is also used in the music of pop speed metal band Babymetal; it can be seen in their music videos and is played live onstage.


title: Shamisen

text: The French Metal band GaidjinN use the in their compositions. One of their song Illusion Of Love is based on the traditional song . The main guitarist Guillaume Fiat is also a player.


title: Shamisen

text: A magical is featured in the 2016 movie "Kubo and the Two Strings". In the movie, the main character (Kubo) uses its power to defeat his enemies and complete his quest. The instrument is featured in Regina Spektor's cover of "While My Guitar Gently Weeps," which plays over the end credits and is included on the film's soundtrack.


title: Shamisen

text: Noriko Tadano is a player born and raised in Japan, who now resides in Australia. She has collaborated with a wide variety of musicians from genres such as blues, jazz, folk, experimental and electronic music. Tadano has performed in collaborations at a number of world festivals. Tadano performed in the blues duo 'George & Noriko' on season 6 of "Australia's Got Talent", making it to the finals.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Discovery is the second studio album by French electronic music duo Daft Punk, released on 12 March 2001 by Virgin Records. It marks a shift from the Chicago house sound prevalent on their first studio record, "Homework" (1997), to a house style more heavily inspired by disco, post-disco, garage house, and R&B. Comparing their stylistic approach to their previous album, band member Thomas Bangalter described "Discovery" as an exploration of song structures and musical forms whereas "Homework" was "raw" electronic music. He also described "Discovery" as a reflection of the duo's childhood memories, when they listened to music with a more playful and innocent viewpoint.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: The album was recorded at Bangalter's home in Paris between 1998 and 2000. The album features extensive sampling; some samples are from older records, while others were recorded by Daft Punk playing live instruments themselves. Fellow electronic musicians Romanthony, Todd Edwards, and DJ Sneak collaborated on some tracks both musically and lyrically. For the album's music videos, the group developed a concept involving the merging of science fiction with the entertainment industry. Inspired by their childhood love for Japanese anime, the duo collaborated with Leiji Matsumoto to produce "", an anime film with the entirety of "Discovery" as the soundtrack. The film features no dialogue, with few sound effects.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: In the lead-up to "Discovery"s release, the duo adopted robot costumes, claiming they had become robots as a result of an accident in their studio. They also launched Daft Club, a website which featured exclusive tracks and other bonus material. "Discovery" was a critical and commercial success, peaking high across several charts internationally on release. Critics praised Daft Punk for innovating the house music scene as they had done with "Homework". The album produced six singles; "One More Time" was its most successful, and became a club hit. In 2020, "Rolling Stone" included "Discovery" at number 236 in its updated list of "The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time".


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: After their debut album "Homework" was released, Thomas Bangalter and Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo spent most of 1997 touring on the Daftendirektour. For the first half of 1998, the duo was focused on their own personal labels, while also working on the video collection "". In 1999 and 2000, their time was split between making music for their own labels and recording "Discovery". Bangalter noted that "Homework" influenced many other artists to mimic its sound, prompting Daft Punk to pursue a different direction to better distinguish themselves.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Discovery" was recorded in the duo's own studio, Daft House, located at Bangalter's home in Paris, France. Daft Punk started work on the album in 1998, and produced it over the course of two years. Bangalter and Homem-Christo made music together and separately, in a similar process to their debut album "Homework". Although they used the same equipment as they had for "Homework", the duo sought to record tracks that were more concise than their previous work. For "Discovery", the group used different samplers and synthesizers, including Akai MPC, E-mu SP-1200, Oberheim DMX and LinnDrum. The track "Short Circuit", which features a Sequential Circuits drum pattern, was previously heard in Daft Punk's 1997 live sets. For vocoders, the group used a Roland SVC-350, and a DigiTech Vocalist. Production on the album also incorporated a PC with Auto-Tune and an early version of Logic. Every track on "Discovery" uses a different phase shifter. The album was mastered by Nilesh Patel, who also had mastered "Homework".


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: One of the first tracks to come out of the "Discovery" sessions, "One More Time", was completed in 1998 and was left "sitting on a shelf" until its single release in 2000. After completing "Too Long" early in the album's production, Daft Punk decided that they "didn't want to do 14 more house tracks" in the way the genre is usually defined, and thus set out to incorporate a variety of styles for the record. The album features musical contributions from Romanthony, Todd Edwards, and DJ Sneak. Homem-Christo noted that Romanthony and Edwards were two of the producers that had a big influence on Daft Punk. The duo had wanted to work with them on "Homework", but found it difficult to convince them to do so since Daft Punk were still relatively unknown. DJ Sneak wrote the lyrics to "Digital Love" and assisted in the song's production.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Discovery" is recognized as a concept album. It relates strongly to Daft Punk's childhood memories, incorporating their love of cinema and character. Thomas Bangalter specified that the album deals with the duo's experiences growing up in the decade between 1975 and 1985, rather than it just being a tribute to the music of that period. The record was designed to reflect a playful, honest and open-minded attitude toward listening to music. Bangalter compared it to the state of childhood when one does not judge or analyze music. Bangalter noted the stylistic approach of the album was in contrast to that of their previous effort. ""Homework" [...] was a way to say to the rock kids, like, 'Electronic music is cool'. "Discovery" was the opposite, of saying to the electronic kids, 'Rock is cool, you know? You can like that.'" He elaborated that "Homework" had been "a rough and raw thing" focused on sound production and texture, whereas the goal with "Discovery" was to explore song structures and new musical forms. This change in sound was inspired by Aphex Twin's "Windowlicker".


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Discovery" is a departure from Daft Punk's previous house sound. In his review for AllMusic, John Bush wrote that "Discovery" is "definitely the New York garage edition" of "Homework". He added that Daft Punk produced a "glammier, poppier" sound of Eurodisco and R&B by over-embellishing their pitch-bend, and vocoder effects, including loops of divas, synth-guitars, and electric piano. "Stylus Magazine"s Keith Gwillim asserted that it is a disco album that draws on the genre's "danceable" and "sappy" elements, including its processed vocals and "prefabricated" guitar solos. Other critics also described the album as post-disco. Retrospectively, "Uproxx" said the album also incorporates French house.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: The album's opening track, "One More Time", features heavily Auto-Tuned and compressed vocals from Romanthony. The next track, "Aerodynamic", has a funk groove, halt for an electric guitar solo, and ending with a separate "spacier" electronic segment. This solo, which contains guitar arpeggios, was compared to Yngwie Malmsteen by "Pulse!". "Digital Love" contains a solo performed by the duo using a Wurlitzer piano, vintage synthesizers and music sequencers; it incorporates elements of pop, new wave, jazz, funk and disco. "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", the fourth track on the album is an electro-leaning song. It is followed by "Crescendolls", an instrumental. "Nightvision" is an ambient track. "Superheroes" leans toward the "acid minimalism" of "Homework". "High Life" is built over a "gibberish" vocal sample, and contains an organ-like section. "Something About Us" is a downtempo song, with digitally processed vocals by Daft Punk and lounge rhythms.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Voyager" has guitar riffs, harp-like 80s synths, and a funky bassline. "Veridis Quo" is a "faux-orchestral" synthesizer baroque song; according to Angus Harrison, its title is a pun on the words "very disco". "Short Circuit" is an electro-R&B song with breakbeats and programmed drum patterns. "Face to Face" is a dance-pop song featuring vocals from Todd Edwards, and is more pop-oriented than the other tracks on "Discovery". In the context of the album, Bangalter noted that the preceding track "Short Circuit" represented the act of shutting down, and that "Face to Face" represents regaining consciousness and facing reality. "Too Long", the album's closer, is a ten-minute-long electro-R&B song.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: A significant amount of sampling is present on the album. Rather than creating new music using only the samples, Daft Punk worked with them by writing and performing additional parts. The "Discovery" liner notes specify permitted use of samples for four tracks on the album: Part of George Duke's "I Love You More" is featured in "Digital Love"; Edwin Birdsong's "Cola Bottle Baby" was sampled for "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger"; The Imperials' song "Can You Imagine" is used for "Crescendolls"; Barry Manilow's "Who's Been Sleeping in My Bed" is credited for "Superheroes". It has been observed that "One More Time" contains a sample of Eddie Johns' song "More Spell on You", despite it being uncredited in the "Discovery" liner notes. "The Los Angeles Times" confirmed this following the breakup of Daft Punk and found that Daft Punk does pay royalties for the sample twice a year to the label, GM Musipro.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Several websites list many other samples present on the album, but Bangalter has stated that half of the samples he had seen listed are not true. He also stated the sampling they do is legitimately done, not something they try to hide. Bangalter elaborated that the newly recorded elements were implemented in a way that was equivalent to "creating fake samples [...] where people think there are samples from disco records or funk records." Guy-Manuel de Homem-Christo estimated that half of the sampled material on "Discovery" was played live by the duo, and emphasized that the resulting quality of the music was more important than the ego of who played which instruments.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Daft Punk initially planned to release every song on "Discovery" as a single, according to Orla Lee-Fisher, who was head of marketing for Virgin Records UK at the time, although this plan was eventually shelved. "One More Time" was released in 2000, ahead of the album's release. The album was available on 12 March 2001, with singles of "Aerodynamic", "Digital Love", "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger", "Something About Us", and "Face to Face" launched afterward.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: The ideas for the album's music videos formed during the early "Discovery" recording sessions. The album was originally intended to be accompanied by "a live-action film with each song being a part of the film", according to Todd Edwards. The band decided instead to concentrate on an anime production. Daft Punk's concept for the film involved the merging of science fiction with entertainment industry culture. The duo recalled watching Japanese anime as children, including favorites such as "Captain Harlock", "Grendizer", and "Candy Candy". All three brought the album and the completed story to Tokyo in the hope of creating the film with their childhood hero, Leiji Matsumoto, who had created "Captain Harlock". After Matsumoto joined the team as visual supervisor, Shinji Shimizu had been contacted to produce the animation and Kazuhisa Takenouchi to direct the film. With the translation coordination of Tamiyuki "Spike" Sugiyama, production began in October 2000 and ended in April 2003. The result of the collaboration was an anime film, "", which features the entirety of "Discovery" as the soundtrack.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Daft Punk adopted robot costumes in the lead up to "Discovery"s release. The group told the press they were working in their studio at 9:09 am on 9 September 1999, when their sampler exploded. They had to undergo reconstructive surgery, and, regaining consciousness, they realized they had become robots.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Shortly before the album's release, the group launched Daft Club, a website that offered exclusive tracks and other bonus material. Every "Discovery" CD included a Daft Club membership card bearing a unique number that provided personalized access to the website. Bangalter said this was "our way of rewarding people who buy the CD". The service provided by the site ended in 2003; most of the tracks were then compiled into the remix album "Daft Club".


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: The album peaked at number two in the United Kingdom and France, and number twenty-three in the United States. The album also debuted at number two on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling 13,850 copies in the country in its first week. The album was certified triple platinum in France (in 2007) for shipments denoting 600,000 copies. As a result of sales, "Discovery" was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on 11 October 2010.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: As of May 2013, the album has sold 802,000 copies in the US. The album's lead single "One More Time" was its most successful, peaking at number one on the French charts and the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs charts, and peaked within the top ten on seven other charts. It remained the group's most successful single until the release of "Get Lucky" in 2013. The album's fifth single, "Face to Face", reached number one on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Club Songs chart in 2004. "Discovery" had sold at least 2.6 million copies as of 2005.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Discovery" received generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 74, based on 19 reviews. AllMusic's John Bush said that, with their comprehensive productions and loops of manifold elements, Daft Punk had developed a sound that was "worthy of bygone electro-pop technicians from Giorgio Moroder to Todd Rundgren to Steve Miller." "Q" wrote that the album was vigorous and innovative in its exploration of "old questions and spent ideals", hailing it as "a towering, persuasive tour de force" that "transcends the dance label" with no shortage of ideas, humor, or "brilliance". "Q" named "Discovery" one of the best 50 albums of 2001.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Joshua Clover, writing in "Spin", dubbed "Discovery" disco's "latest triumph" and said although it "flags a bit" before the end, the opening stretch of songs was on-par with albums such as Prince's "Sign o' the Times" (1987) and Nirvana's "Nevermind" (1991). Stephen Dalton from "NME" found the record's pop art ideas enthralling and credited Daft Punk for "re-inventing the mid-'80s as the coolest pop era ever". In "Entertainment Weekly", Will Hermes wrote that the "beat editing and EQ wizardry" still excite after "Homework", despite the newly imbued sense of humor. "Mixmag" called it "the perfect non-pop pop album" and said Daft Punk had "altered the course of dance music for the second time".


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Ben Ratliff from "Rolling Stone" was less impressed and wrote that few songs on "Discovery" matched the grandiosity of "One More Time". He found most of them "muddled – not only in the spectrum between serious and jokey but in its sense of an identity." In "The Guardian", Alexis Petridis felt Daft Punk's attempt to "salvage" older musical references resembled "Homework", but was less coherent and successful. "Pitchfork" critic Ryan Schreiber found the "prog and disco" hybrid "relatively harmless" and said that it was not "meant to be judged on its lyrics", which he dismissed as amateurish and commonplace. Robert Christgau, writing in "The Village Voice", facetiously said the album may appeal to young enthusiasts of Berlin techno and computing, but it was too "French" and "" for American tastes. In a retrospective review for "The Rolling Stone Album Guide" (2004), Douglas Wolk gave "Discovery" three and a half stars and wrote that "the more [Daft Punk] dumb the album down, the funkier it gets" with an emphasis on hooks over songs.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: "Pitchfork" named "Discovery" the 12th-best album of 2000–04 and the third-best of the decade. In 2021, "Pitchfork" included "Discovery" on its list of review scores they "would change if they could", upgrading its score from 6.4 to 10 out of 10. "Pitchfork" critic Noah Yoo wrote: "If scores are meant to indicate a work's longevity or impact, the original review is invalidated by the historic record. Daft Punk's second album, "Discovery", is the centerpiece of their career, an album that transcended the robots' club roots and rippled through the decades that followed."


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: In 2009, Rhapsody named "Discovery" the 12th-best album of the decade. It was also named the fourth best album of the decade by Resident Advisor. In 2012, "Rolling Stone" named "Discovery" the 30th-greatest EDM album. "Rolling Stone" included it at number 236 in its 2020 "500 Greatest Albums of All Time" list. The album also was included on BBC Radio 1's "Masterpieces" in December 2009 presented by Zane Lowe, highlighting its growing standing over the decade.


title: Discovery (Daft Punk album)

text: Several songs were sampled by other artists. Kanye West's song "Stronger" from the album "Graduation" features a vocal sample of "Harder, Better, Faster, Stronger". A live performance of "Stronger" was featured at the 2008 Grammy Awards, with Daft Punk performing in their trademark pyramid structure while Kanye West was on stage rapping. Wiley's song "Summertime" from the album "See Clear Now" features a sample of "Aerodynamic". Jazmine Sullivan's song "Dream Big" from the album "Fearless" features a sample of "Veridis Quo". "One More Time" was sampled in the Drake and 21 Savage song Circo Loco off of their album Her Loss released in 2022.


title: Foals (band)

text: Foals, stylised as FOALS, are a British rock band formed in Oxford in 2005. The band's current line-up consists of Greek-born lead vocalist and guitarist Yannis Philippakis, drummer and percussionist Jack Bevan and rhythm guitarist Jimmy Smith. They are currently signed to Warner Records, and have released seven studio albums to date: "Antidotes" (2008), "Total Life Forever" (2010), "Holy Fire" (2013), "What Went Down" (2015), and "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1" & 2 (2019) and their most recent, "Life Is Yours" (2022). They have also released one video album, six extended plays and thirty-five singles.


title: Foals (band)

text: The band have toured internationally for over a decade, and have featured at many festivals including Glastonbury, Coachella, and Roskilde. They have won a number of awards, including best live act at the 2013 Q Awards while producers Alan Moulder and Flood were awarded 'UK Producer of the Year' for their work on the album "Holy Fire".


title: Foals (band)

text: The band's studio albums "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1 & 2" were released March and October 2019, respectively, with the latter becoming the group's first album to top the UK Album Chart.


title: Foals (band)

text: The lead singer of the band Youthmovies, Andrew Mears, originally formed the band Foals. He was present on the band's debut 7" single, "Try This on Your Piano/Look at My Furrows of Worry", but left shortly afterwards to concentrate on Youthmovies's debut album, "Good Nature".


title: Foals (band)

text: Jack Bevan, Lina Simon and Yannis Philippakis were originally in cult math rock band The Edmund Fitzgerald. The group disbanded, claiming that things had become "too serious" and that they wanted to have more "fun making their music".


title: Foals (band)

text: Walter Gervers and Jimmy Smith were part of a small Oxford band called Face Meets Grill. They met at and formed the band from members of Abingdon School, the same school that Radiohead attended. They played gigs in and around Oxford, and recorded an EP in Hull. After playing Truck Festival in 2004 they separated to follow different paths and careers.


title: Foals (band)

text: Guitarist Jimmy Smith is the only one of the band members to have completed his degree, at Hull University, each of the other band members quit their respective universities when the band signed to Transgressive Records.


title: Foals (band)

text: In early 2007, the band released the limited edition 7" singles "Hummer" and "Mathletics", both produced by Gareth Parton. "Hummer" later featured on the Channel Four teen drama "Skins". Philippakis described this period as 'the music was almost a premeditated mix of blending techno and minimalism [and] we'd set ourselves these rules, like 'only staccato rhythms', and 'guitars must be played really high'.


title: Foals (band)

text: In the summer of 2007, Foals began working on their debut album in New York. It was produced by Dave Sitek of TV on the Radio. However, the band decided to mix the album themselves, stating that Sitek made the first master copy of the album sound like "it was recorded in the Grand Canyon". Philippakis has stated a number of times that Foals and Sitek are on good terms, even though the mix by Sitek was rejected by the band. Foals released their debut album, titled "Antidotes", on 24 March 2008 in the UK and on 8 April 2008 in the US. The album was a commercial success in the UK, debuting at number 3 on the UK Albums Charts. The album was a minor success in other countries, charting in Japan, France and the Netherlands. Non-UK versions of the album include the early Parton-produced singles.


title: Foals (band)

text: In August 2009, Foals started recording their second album at Svenska Grammofon Studion in Gothenburg, Sweden. The album, "Total Life Forever", has been described by the band members as sounding like "tropical prog" and "like the dream of an eagle dying". The band have described the album as being "a lot less funk" than they had originally planned. The album was produced by Luke Smith, formerly of Clor. The album's title is named after an element of Ray Kurzweil's theory of singularity. The band's frontman, Yannis Philippakis, has professed a longtime interest in futurology, with it informing numerous songs on "Total Life Forever".


title: Foals (band)

text: On 1 March 2010, the promotional single "Spanish Sahara" was first played on Zane Lowe's show Radio 1. Foals' website was updated that night with the video for the track, directed by longtime collaborator Dave Ma, and on 6 March, the Total Life Forever site was launched. There puzzles revealed images, lyrics and sound clips of songs from the album. The last clip appeared on 12 March, with a password entry for Foals' new website. The site was opened on 13 March and presented the art concept and media including samples of songs, photos and videos. Lead single "This Orient" was released on 3 May 2010. The album was finally released on 10 May 2010.


title: Foals (band)

text: "Spanish Sahara" was featured in trailers for season seven of "Entourage", season four of "Skins" and "Outcasts". It was also used in the soundtrack of the second season of the E4 drama "Misfits". It was released as a full physical single in September 2010, featuring an edited remix starring the strings of London Contemporary Orchestra. In 2015, it was used by French studio Dontnod Entertainment in the game "Life is Strange" as the music for one of its endings.


title: Foals (band)

text: The album was nominated for the 2010 Mercury Prize. In an interview with online magazine "Coup de Main", Jimmy Smith said how the band members live together on and off the road – heading to Australia to record demos for their next album together. "It's just like touring with your family, it's nice."


title: Foals (band)

text: "Holy Fire" was released in both the UK and the US on 11 February 2013. The album's lead single, "Inhaler", received its first radio play on 5 November 2012. They played the song "My Number" for the first time on "Later... with Jools Holland".


title: Foals (band)

text: Holy Fire was produced by Flood and Alan Moulder, who have worked with many artists, including Nine Inch Nails, The Smashing Pumpkins, and My Bloody Valentine. The album was recorded at Assault & Battery studios in London.


title: Foals (band)

text: Yannis Philippakis stated that the recording process had some unconventional moments: "At one point we even made these poor studio interns collect bones. We were inspired by voodoo, these Haitian rhythms. We collected some ourselves, from butchers in Willesden High Road. Mainly cows, I think often they had gristle and cartilage on them, mainly cow and occasionally sheep. We had to order these big pots because one of the shoulder blades was too big! We boiled the flesh away so we could use them as percussion! We wanted to get primitive!"


title: Foals (band)

text: According to The Guardian: "Their producers, Flood and Alan Moulder, even tricked them by recording their rehearsal in order to capture a more uninhibited sound."


title: Foals (band)

text: In late November to mid-December, Foals toured the UK for an album preview. The tour was supported by Petite Noir (a close friend of Philippakis's).


title: Foals (band)

text: In summer 2013, they attended a number of festivals and headlined Latitude Festival in Suffolk in July. The band have recently played a World and UK tour, which ended with two sell out shows at Alexandra Palace in February. The two shows were in stark contrast compared to playing the same venue 7 years earlier to an almost empty room while supporting Bloc Party, a sentiment which lead singer Philippakis did not fail to mention during the live shows.


title: Foals (band)

text: "Holy Fire" was nominated for the Mercury Prize in 2013. "Q" awarded Foals with the Best Live Act award the same year while "Inhaler" received the Best Track award from "NME". In a reader-nominated "Best Album of 2013" poll, "Holy Fire" topped the list; as did single "My Number" in a "Best Song of 2013" poll, beating "NME" favourites Arctic Monkeys, amongst other acclaimed bands.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 2 April 2014, in an interview with "NME", Yannis Philippakis said "Over the next month I think we're going to start writing tentatively. We've already got some bits and bobs around some riffs and some vocal melodies. I think until May we're gonna go back to Oxford and write in the 'stinkbox' and see what happens." On 9 June 2015, Foals unveiled a short video teasing an upcoming album in 2015.


title: Foals (band)

text: Foals shared album track "Mountain at My Gates" on 20 June, premiering the song via BBC Radio 1 as Annie Mac's 'Hottest Record'. On 29 July, the band followed up the track with an accompanying 3D video, filmed on a GoPro HERO. On 6 August, Zane Lowe premiered new song 'A Knife in the Ocean' on his Beats 1 radio show on Apple Music. Foals made public a lyric video for 'A Knife In The Ocean' the same day. The album "What Went Down" was released on 28 August 2015.


title: Foals (band)

text: In 2016, Foals toured the UK and Europe in February/March, followed by a US tour, playing a number of songs from "What Went Down" as well as previous releases, with support from Peace (DJ set) and Everything Everything (UK).


title: Foals (band)

text: In autumn 2017, Foals announced on social media that they were going to start recording materials for a new upcoming album.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 5 January 2018, they announced that bassist Walter Gervers was departing the band amicably, whilst recording of the fifth album continued.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 8 January 2019, the band teased their fifth and sixth studio albums, "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1" and "Part 2", respectively. "Part 1" was released on 8 March 2019 and "Part 2" was released on 18 October 2019.


title: Foals (band)

text: Following Gervers's departure, it was revealed on 19 February 2019 that Jeremy Pritchard, of British band Everything Everything would join as touring bassist for the band's remaining live shows of 2019.


title: Foals (band)

text: "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 1" was preceded by the release via streaming services of Exits, On the Luna, Sunday and In Degrees (a day before the record's release). The album was the BBC 6 Music Album of the Day on its release date.


title: Foals (band)

text: In March 2019, the band embarked on the first shows of their "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost World Tour" which had dates running throughout 2019 and 2020.


title: Foals (band)

text: After playing several festivals across the summer of 2019 (including an unannounced set at Glastonbury and a headline performance at Truck Festival), the band released a second set of singles, "Black Bull", "The Runner" and "Into the Surf" in the lead up to "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 2".


title: Foals (band)

text: "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 2" was released on 18 October 2019 through Warner and Transgressive Records. The album cover was shot by famed "National Geographic" photographer, Maggie Steber. The album became the band's first to reach No. 1 on the UK Album Chart.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 7 October 2019, "Rip up the Road", a documentary detailing the recording sessions of "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost" and subsequent 2019 world tour, was announced, with a premiere scheduled for 11 and 15 November 2019 at London's Doc’n Roll Film Festival and thereafter exclusively through Amazon Prime respectively.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 11 November 2019 "Rip Up The Road" directed by "Toby L" premiered at the Rio Cinema in Dalston to an audience consisting of the band, friends and family, fans, documentary contributors/crew. The documentary was filmed over a 12-month period as the band embarked upon a world tour. The film hones in on two career highlight shows at London's Alexandra Palace and provides a candid, entertaining and gripping perspective of life on the road and being in a band. It also features their infamous Glastonbury Festival secret set on The Park Stage in 2019.


title: Foals (band)

text: Due to the COVID-19 crisis and subsequent global lockdowns, the band was forced to cancel and reschedule their entire 2020 UK and world tour, in support of "Everything Not Saved Will Be Lost – Part 2" till Spring 2021.


title: Foals (band)

text: However, due to the continuing pandemic and ongoing safety restrictions throughout into 2021, the band once again had to reschedule touring until 2022, save for a string of UK summer festival shows during August 2021, which would be the group's first live performances since early 2020. In April 2022, 10 days before the tour commenced, it was re-branded to the 'Foals Life is Yours Tour' in support of their upcoming seventh studio album.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 22 September 2021, Edwin Congreave announced that he had left the band to pursue a postgraduate degree in economics. Announcing the news of Congreave's departure, the band revealed that they had already begun working on their next album, this time as a three piece band.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 11 October 2021, the band announced scoring the opening theme of the Brian Cox-hosted BBC Two science documentary television series, "Universe" with an updated version of "Neptune", re-worked in collaboration with Hans Zimmer's Bleeding Fingers composing collective led by the famed film composer.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 27 October 2021, the band teased a promotional clip of an iPhone snooze alarm, cryptically revealing the release date of their yet to be announced seventh studio album's first single, "Wake Me Up" to be released 4 November 2021. The following day, the single was confirmed by the group with a teaser clip of the audio and music streaming platforms pre-save links respectively. "Wake Me Up" was premiered and released on 4 November 2021 via BBC Radio 1's Clara Amfo's 'Hottest Record'.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 10 February 2022, Foals released "2am" and announced the name of their seventh album as "Life Is Yours", and later announced the 17 June album release date.


title: Foals (band)

text: On 1 April 2022, the band released the third single, "Looking High". On 19 May 2022, Foals released the single "2001".


title: Foals (band)

text: Three days before "Life Is Yours" was released, the band released the fifth and final single from the album, "Crest of the Wave".


title: Foals (band)

text: Foals are considered one of the top UK live acts, having won the 2013 Q Award for Best Live Act and twice being nominated for the NME Award for Best Live Act (2011 and 2013).


title: Foals (band)

text: The band have released several live EPs (Live At Liars Club, iTunes Live: London Festival '08 and iTunes Festival: London 2010), in addition to the full-length concert film Live At The Royal Albert Hall, which was directed by Dave Ma.


title: Foals (band)

text: Frontman Yannis Philippakis is known for jumping off balconies and crowd surfing during the extended interlude of "Two Steps Twice" In October 2013, Philippakis got into a confrontation with a security guard at the Auckland Town Hall in New Zealand, as the security guard attempted to prevent him from jumping into the crowd. At the end of the show, Philippakis told the crowd: "I want to say a massive thank you to you and fuck that security guy."


title: Foals (band)

text: In April 2020, the band canceled their remaining tour dates due to the COVID-19 crisis, pushing dates back to 2021.


title: Foals (band)

text: Foals is classified as an indie rock, alternative rock, dance-punk, math rock, art rock, post-rock, post-punk, art punk and indie pop band.


title: Foals (band)

text: The band's musical influences are varied, with the band members citing minimal techno, Arthur Russell, Krautrock bands such as Harmonia, and Talking Heads, as their main sources of inspiration.


title: Foals (band)

text: "Total Life Forever" was nominated for the Mercury Prize in July 2010, losing to The xx's "xx" on 7 September that year. The album was tested again the following year for Best Album in addition to a nomination for Best Cover Artwork at the NME Awards. The single "Spanish Sahara" was nominated by the same group for Best Track on top of being named all-around Best Band and Best Live Act. In July, the "MOJO" honour awards also nominated Foals alongside Canadian band Arcade Fire for the calibre of their live performances.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Curing is any of various food preservation and flavoring processes of foods such as meat, fish and vegetables, by the addition of salt, with the aim of drawing moisture out of the food by the process of osmosis. Because curing increases the solute concentration in the food and hence decreases its water potential, the food becomes inhospitable for the microbe growth that causes food spoilage. Curing can be traced back to antiquity, and was the primary method of preserving meat and fish until the late 19th century. Dehydration was the earliest form of food curing. Many curing processes also involve smoking, spicing, cooking, or the addition of combinations of sugar, nitrate, and nitrite.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Meat preservation in general (of meat from livestock, game, and poultry) comprises the set of all treatment processes for preserving the properties, taste, texture, and color of raw, partially cooked, or cooked meats while keeping them edible and safe to consume. Curing has been the dominant method of meat preservation for thousands of years, although modern developments like refrigeration and synthetic preservatives have begun to complement and supplant it.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: While meat-preservation processes like curing were mainly developed in order to prevent disease and to increase food security, the advent of modern preservation methods mean that in most developed countries , curing is instead mainly practised for its cultural value and desirable impact on the texture and taste of food. For less-developed countries, curing remains a key process in the production, transport and availability of meat.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Some traditional cured meat (such as authentic Parma ham and some authentic Spanish chorizo and Italian salami) is cured with salt alone. Today, potassium nitrate (KNO) and sodium nitrite (NaNO) (in conjunction with salt) are the most common agents in curing meat, because they bond to the myoglobin and act as a substitute for oxygen, thus turning myoglobin red. More recent evidence shows that these chemicals also inhibit the growth of the bacteria that cause the disease botulism. Yet, a 2018 study by the British Meat Producers Association determined that legally permitted levels of nitrite have no effect on the growth of the "Clostridium botulinum" bacteria which causes botulism, which in line with the UK’s Advisory Committee on the Microbiological Safety of Food opinion that nitrites are not required to prevent "C. botulinum" growth and extend shelf life.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The combination of table salt with nitrates or nitrites, called curing salt, is often dyed pink to distinguish it from table salt. Neither table salt, nor any of the nitrites or nitrates commonly used in curing (e.g., sodium nitrate [NaNO], sodium nitrite, and potassium nitrate) is naturally pink.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Meat decomposes rapidly if it is not preserved. The speed of decomposition depends on several factors, including ambient humidity, temperature, and the presence of pathogens. Most types of untreated meat cannot be kept at room temperature for lengthy periods before spoiling.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Spoiled meat changes color and exudes a foul odor. Ingestion can cause serious food poisoning. Salt-curing processes were developed in antiquity in order to ensure food safety without relying on artificial anti-bacterial agents.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The short shelf life of fresh meat does not pose significant problems when access to it is easy and supply is abundant. But in times of scarcity and famine, or when the meat must be transported over long distances, the usefulness of food preservation is obvious.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Curing significantly increases the length of time meat remains edible, by making it inhospitable to the growth of microbes.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: A survival technique since prehistory, the preservation of meat has become, over the centuries, a topic of political, economic, and social importance worldwide.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Several sources describe the salting of meat in the ancient Mediterranean world. Diodore of Sicily in his "Bibliotheca historica" wrote that the Cosséens in the mountains of Persia salted the flesh of carnivorous animals. Strabo indicates that people at Borsippa were catching bats and salting them to eat. The ancient Greeks prepared "tarichos" (), which was meat and fish conserved by salt or other means. The Romans called this dish ' – which term later included salted fat, the sauces and spices used for its preparation. Also evidence of ancient sausage production exists. The Roman gourmet Apicius speaks of a sausage-making technique involving ' (a mixture of the fermented fish sauce with oil or wine). Preserved meats were furthermore a part of religious traditions: resulting meat for offerings to the gods was salted before being given to priests, after which it could be picked up again by the offerer, or even sold in the butcher's.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: A trade in salt meat occurred across ancient Europe. In Polybius's time ( 200 – 118 BCE), the Gauls exported salt pork each year to Rome in large quantities, where it was sold in different cuts: rear cuts, middle cuts, hams, and sausages. This meat, after having been salted with the greatest care, was sometimes smoked. These goods had to have been considerably important, since they fed part of the Roman people and the armies. The Belgae were celebrated above all for the care which they gave to the fattening of their pigs. Their herds of sheep and pigs were so many, they could provide skins and salt meat not only for Rome, but also for most of Italy. The Ceretani of Spain drew a large export income from their hams, which were so succulent, they were in no way inferior to those of Cantabria. These "" of pig became especially sought, to the point that the ancients considered this meat the most nourishing of all and the easiest to digest.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: In Ethiopia, according to Pliny, and in Libya according to Saint Jerome, the Acridophages (literally, the locust-eaters) salted and smoked the crickets which arrived at their settlements in the spring in great swarms and which constituted, it was said, their sole food.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The smoking of meat was a traditional practice in North America, where Plains Indians hung their meat at the top of their tipis to increase the amount of smoke coming into contact with the food.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: In Europe, medieval cuisine made great use of meat and vegetables, and the guild of butchers was amongst the most powerful. During the 12th century, salt beef was consumed by all social classes. Smoked meat was called "carbouclée" in Romance tongues and "bacon" if it was pork.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The Middle Ages made pâté a masterpiece: that which is, in the 21st century, merely spiced minced meat (or fish), baked in a terrine and eaten cold, was at that time composed of a dough envelope stuffed with varied meats and superbly decorated for ceremonial feasts. The first French recipe, written in verse by Gace de La Bigne, mentions in the same pâté three great partridges, six fat quail, and a dozen larks. "Le Ménagier de Paris" mentions pâtés of fish, game, young rabbit, fresh venison, beef, pigeon, mutton, veal, and pork, and even pâtés of lark, turtledove, baby bird, goose, and hen. Bartolomeo Sacchi, called Platine, prefect of the Vatican Library, gives the recipe for a pâté of wild beasts: the flesh, after being boiled with salt and vinegar, was larded and placed inside an envelope of spiced fat, with a "mélange" of pepper, cinnamon and pounded lard; one studded the fat with cloves until it was entirely covered, then placed it inside a pâte.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: In the 16th century, the most fashionable pâtés were of woodcock, au bec doré, chapon, beef tongue, cow feet, sheep feet, chicken, veal, and venison. In the same era, Pierre Belon notes that the inhabitants of Crete and Chios lightly salted then oven-dried entire hares, sheep, and roe deer cut into pieces, and that in Turkey, cattle and sheep, cut and minced rouelles, salted then dried, were eaten on voyages with onions and no other preparation.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: During the Age of Discovery, salt meat was one of the main foods for sailors on long voyages, for instance in the merchant marine or the navy. In the 18th century, salted Irish beef, transported in barrels, were considered finest.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Scientific research on meat by chemists and pharmacists led to the creation of a new, extremely practical product: meat extract, which could appear in different forms. The need to properly feed soldiers during long campaigns outside the country, such as in the Napoleonic Wars, and to nourish a constantly growing population often living in appalling conditions drove scientific research, but a confectioner, Nicolas Appert, in 1795 developed through experimentation a method which became universal and in one language bears his name: airtight storage, called "" in French.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: With the spread of "appertisation", the 19th-century world entered the era of the "food industry", which developed new products such as canned salt meat (for example corned beef). The desire for safer food led to the creation of the US's Pure Food and Drug Act in 1906, followed by the national agencies for health security and the establishment of food traceability over the course of the 20th century. It also led to continuing technological innovation.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: In France, the summer of 1857 was so hot that most butchers refused to slaughter animals and charcutiers lost considerable amounts of meat, due to inadequate conservation methods. A member of the Academy of Medicine and his son issued a 34-page summary of works printed between 1663 and 1857, which proposed some solutions: not less than 91 texts exist, of which 64 edited for only the years between 1851 and 1857.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Salt (sodium chloride) is the primary ingredient used in meat curing. Removal of water and addition of salt to meat creates a solute-rich environment where osmotic pressure draws water out of microorganisms, slowing down their growth. Doing this requires a concentration of salt of nearly 20%. In addition, salt causes the soluble proteins to come to the surface of the meat that was used to make the sausages. These proteins coagulate when the sausage is heated, helping to hold the sausage together.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The sugar added to meat for the purpose of curing it comes in many forms, including honey, corn syrup solids, and maple syrup. However, with the exception of bacon, it does not contribute much to the flavor, but it does alleviate the harsh flavor of the salt. Sugar also contributes to the growth of beneficial bacteria such as "Lactobacillus" by feeding them.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Nitrates and nitrites extend shelf life, help kill bacteria, produce a characteristic flavor and give meat a pink or red color. Nitrite () is generally supplied by sodium nitrite or (indirectly) by potassium nitrate. Nitrite salts are most often used to accelerate curing and impart a pink colour. Nitrate is specifically used only in a few curing conditions and products where nitrite (which may be generated from nitrate) must be generated in the product over long periods of time.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Nitrite further breaks down in the meat into nitric oxide (NO), which then binds to the iron atom in the center of myoglobin's heme group, reducing oxidation and causing a reddish-brown color (nitrosomyoglobin) when raw and the characteristic cooked-ham pink color (nitrosohemochrome or nitrosyl-heme) when cooked. The addition of ascorbate to cured meat reduces formation of nitrosamines (see below), but increases the nitrosylation of iron.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The use of nitrite and nitrate salts for meat in the US has been formally used since 1925. Because of the relatively high toxicity of nitrite (the lethal dose in humans is about 22 mg/kg of body weight), the maximum allowed nitrite concentration in US meat products is 200 ppm. Plasma nitrite is reduced in persons with endothelial dysfunction.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Nitrite-containing processed meat is associated with increased risk of developing colorectal cancer. Adding nitrites to meat has been shown to generate known carcinogens such as nitrosamines, N-Nitrosamides and nitrosyl-heme, resulting from nitrosylation reactions; the World Health Organization (WHO) advises that each of "processed meats" eaten a day would raise the risk of getting bowel cancer by 18% over a lifetime; "processed meat" refers to meat that has been transformed through salting, curing, fermentation, smoking, or other processes to enhance flavour or improve preservation. The World Health Organization's review of more than 400 studies concluded, in 2015, that there was sufficient evidence that "processed meats" caused cancer, particularly colon cancer; the WHO's International Agency for Research on Cancer classified "processed meats" as carcinogenic to humans (Group 1).


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The use of nitrites in food preservation is highly controversial due to the potential for the formation of nitroso-compounds such as nitrosamines, N-Nitrosamides and nitrosyl-heme. When the meat is cooked at high temperatures, nitrite-cured meat products can also lead to the formation of nitrosamines. The effect is seen for red processed meat, but not for white meat or fish. Nitrates and nitrites may cause cancer and the production of carcinogenic nitrosamines can be potently inhibited by the use of the antioxidants vitamin C and the alpha-tocopherol form of vitamin E during curing. Under simulated gastric conditions, nitrosothiols rather than nitrosamines are the main nitroso species being formed. The use of either compound is therefore regulated; for example, in the United States, the concentration of nitrates and nitrites is generally limited to 200 ppm or lower.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: While the meat industry considers nitrites irreplaceable because they speed up curing and improve color, they have no effect on the growth of the bacteria which causes botulism: an extremely rare disease (less than 1000 cases reported worldwide per year), and almost always associated with home preparations of food storing. All Parma ham has been made without nitrites since 1993, and was reported in 2018 to have caused no cases of botulism.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Furthermore, while the FDA has set a limit of 200 ppm of nitrates for cured meat, they are not allowed and not recognized as safe in most other foods, even foods that are not cooked at high temperatures, such as cheese.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Processed meats without "added nitrites" may be misleading as they may be using naturally occurring nitrites from celery instead.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: A 2019 report from "Consumer Reports" found that using celery (or other natural sources) as a curing agent introduced naturally occurring nitrates and nitrites. The USDA allows the term "uncured" or "no nitrates or nitrites added" on products using these natural sources of nitrites, which provides the consumer a false sense of making a healthier choice.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The "Consumer Reports" investigation also provides the average level of sodium, nitrates and nitrites found per gram of meat in their report.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: "Consumer Reports" and the Center for Science in the Public Interest filed a formal request to the USDA to change the labeling requirements in 2019.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Meat can also be preserved by "smoking". If the smoke is hot enough to slow-cook the meat, this will also keep it tender. One method of smoking calls for a smokehouse with damp wood chips or sawdust. In North America, hardwoods such as hickory, mesquite, and maple are commonly used for smoking, as are the wood from fruit trees such as apple, cherry, and plum, and even corncobs.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Smoking helps seal the outer layer of the food being cured, making it more difficult for bacteria to enter. It can be done in combination with other curing methods such as salting. Common smoking styles include hot smoking, smoke roasting (pit barbecuing) and cold smoking. Smoke roasting and hot smoking cook the meat while cold smoking does not. If the meat is cold smoked, it should be dried quickly to limit bacterial growth during the critical period where the meat is not yet dry. This can be achieved, as with jerky, by slicing the meat thinly.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The smoking of food directly with wood smoke is known to contaminate the food with carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: Since the 20th century, with respect to the relationship between diet and human disease (e.g. cardiovascular, etc.), scientists have conducted studies on the effects of lipolysis on vacuum-packed or frozen meat. In particular, by analyzing entrecôtes of frozen beef during 270 days at , scientists found an important phospholipase that accompanies the loss of some unsaturated fat n-3 and n-6, which are already low in the flesh of ruminants.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: In 2015, the International Agency for Research on Cancer of the World Health Organization classified processed meat, that is, meat that has undergone salting, curing, fermenting, or smoking, as "carcinogenic to humans".


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: The improvement of methods of meat preservation, and of the means of transport of preserved products, has notably permitted the separation of areas of production and areas of consumption, which can now be distant without it posing a problem, permitting the exportation of meats.


title: Curing (food preservation)

text: For example, the appearance in the 1980s of preservation techniques under controlled atmosphere sparked a small revolution in the world's market for sheep meat: the lamb of New Zealand, one of the world's largest exporters of lamb, could henceforth be sold as fresh meat, since it could be preserved from 12 to 16 weeks, which was a sufficient duration for it to reach Europe by boat. Before, meat from New Zealand was frozen, thus had a much lower value on European shelves. With the arrival of the new "chilled" meats, New Zealand could compete even more strongly with local producers of fresh meat. The use of controlled atmosphere to avoid the depreciation which affects frozen meat is equally useful in other meat markets, such as that for pork, which now also enjoys an international trade.


title: Busted!

text: Busted! () is a South Korean streaming television program on Netflix starring Yoo Jae-suk, Ahn Jae-wook, Kim Jong-min, Lee Kwang-soo, Park Min-young, Oh Se-hun, Kim Se-jeong and Lee Seung-gi. It premiered on May 4, 2018, and concluded on January 22, 2021.


title: Busted!

text: The program is a Netflix Original that is co-produced with SangSang Company, a Korean production company that is responsible for "X-Man", "Running Man", and "Family Outing". The show is Netflix's first original program to showcase an all-Korean cast. During a press briefing, producer Cho Hyo-jin mentioned that Netflix's goal is to create a hit show for South Korea, which can then be "consumed on the global stage". The show mixes both scripted and unscripted lines.


title: Busted!

text: The first season consists of 10 episodes; two episodes a week were released from May 4 to June 1, 2018. On May 30, 2018, Netflix published a press release announcing the program had been renewed for a second season. All ten episodes were released on November 8, 2019. On February 16, 2020, the show was renewed for a third season. Similar to second season, all eight episodes were released on January 22, 2021. Two weeks prior to the premiere of the third season, it was announced that the latter would conclude the show.


title: Busted!

text: Seven celebrity sleuths discover that they are a part of an operation called Project D, in which they are implanted with a chip containing the DNA of famous detectives throughout history. Led by a man only known as "K" (Ahn Nae-sang), they are recruited as private detectives and are given a new case in each episode, all the while gradually uncovering the mystery behind Project D and its inception.


title: Busted!

text: One year after the incidents of Season 1, the detectives reunite along with a new recruit to unveil the truth of K's death. With different murder cases that are interconnected, they conclude to search for the serial killer named "Flower Killer".


title: Busted!

text: Each episode features guest celebrities. Unlike other Korean variety show formats, guests for "Busted!" play characters many of whom have the same names as the celebrities themselves. The characters are somehow involved in the murder mystery in each episode and/or lead the cast to clues for solving the murder mystery.


title: Busted!

text: Cho Hyo-jin, one of the executive producers of "Busted!", stated that he and the other producers pitched a variety show to Netflix where ordinary people can become detectives and solve cases, and Netflix liked the concept. The initial title for the show was "Dumb and Dumber Detective".


title: Busted!

text: On September 27, 2017, it was reported that the final lineup for the show would consist of Yoo Jae-suk, Ahn Jae-wook, Kim Jong-min, Lee Kwang-soo, Park Min-young, EXO's Oh Se-hun, and Gugudan's Kim Se-jeong. According to Cho, Lee Kwang-soo and Kim Jong-min were added to the cast to highlight the "dumb and dumber" aspect of the show, while Ahn Jae-wook and Park Min-young were added due to their serious personalities.


title: Busted!

text: Filming for "Busted!" began on September 27, 2017, with Yoo Yeon-seok being confirmed as the show's first guest. The show was initially set to be released in March 2018. The first two episodes premiered on Netflix on May 4, 2018.


title: Busted!

text: On May 30, 2018, Netflix renewed the show for a second season. On September 6, 2018, it was reported that the original cast would return for the second season, apart from Lee Kwang-soo who would not be joining due to scheduling conflicts. In a Netflix event held in November 2018, producer Jang Hyuk-jae announced that Lee Seung-gi would join the cast. Netflix announced that the second season was scheduled to premiere on November 8, 2019.


title: Busted!

text: The episodes are shorter than the first season because "although some of the viewers liked the show's length because it felt like watching a movie, others said that the episodes were too long" according to producer Kim Dong-jin. There are also several fixed guests who appear multiple times during the season and who play a more important role than in the first season.


title: Busted!

text: Due to his drunk driving incident in February 2019, Ahn Jae-wook did not promote the second season with the rest of the cast. He was removed from the opening credits and did not appear on the promotional posters.


title: Busted!

text: On January 17, 2020, it was reported that Lee Kwang-soo was in talks to return for the third season of the show. On February 16, 2020, "Busted!" was officially renewed for a third season. Filming began in April and ended in early June. The release date was teased on Instagram by the cast on December 14–16, with the season premiere of January 22, 2021 being officially confirmed by Netflix on December 17. On January 19, the cast and producer Cho Hyo-jin held an online media conference to promote the final season.


title: Carrageenan

text: Carrageenans or carrageenins ( ; ) are a family of natural linear sulfated polysaccharides that are extracted from red edible seaweeds. The most well-known and still most important red seaweed used for manufacturing the hydrophilic colloids to produce carrageenan is "Chondrus crispus" (Irish moss) which is a dark red parsley-like plant that grows attached to the rocks. Carrageenans are widely used in the food industry, for their gelling, thickening, and stabilizing properties. Their main application is in dairy and meat products, due to their strong binding to food proteins. In recent years, carrageenans have emerged as a promising candidate in tissue engineering and regenerative medicine applications as they resemble native glycosaminoglycans (GAGs). They have been mainly used for tissue engineering, wound coverage and drug delivery.


title: Carrageenan

text: Carrageenans contain 15-40% ester-sulfate content, which makes them anionic polysaccharides. They can be mainly categorized into three different classes based on their sulfate content. Kappa-carrageenan has one sulfate group per disaccharide, iota-carrageenan has two, and lambda-carrageenan has three.


title: Carrageenan

text: Gelatinous extracts of the "Chondrus crispus" seaweed have been used as food additives since approximately the fifteenth century. Carrageenan is a vegetarian and vegan alternative to gelatin in some applications, so may be used to replace gelatin in confectionery and other food. There is no clinical evidence for carrageenan as an unsafe food ingredient, mainly because its fate after digestion is inadequately determined.


title: Carrageenan

text: The first industrial scale commercial cultivation of "Eucheuma" and "Kappaphycus" spp. for carrageenan was developed in the Philippines. The global top producers of carrageenan are the Philippines and Indonesia. Carrageenan, along with agar, are used to produce traditional jelly desserts in the Philippines called "gulaman".


title: Carrageenan

text: Carrageenans are large, highly flexible molecules that form curling helical structures. This gives them the ability to form a variety of different gels at room temperature. They are widely used in the food and other industries as thickening and stabilizing agents.


title: Carrageenan

text: All carrageenans are high-molecular-weight polysaccharides and mainly made up of alternating 3-linked b-D-galac- topyranose (G-units) and 4-linked a-D-galactopyranose (D-units) or 4-linked 3,6-anhydro-a-D-galactopyranose (DA-units), forming the disaccharide repeating unit of carrageenans.


title: Carrageenan

text: The primary differences that influence the properties of kappa, iota, and lambda carrageenan are the number and position of the ester sulfate groups on the repeating galactose units. Higher levels of ester sulfate lower the solubility temperature of the carrageenan and produce lower strength gels, or contribute to gel inhibition (lambda carrageenan).


title: Carrageenan

text: Many red algal species produce different types of carrageenans during their developmental history. For instance, the genus "Gigartina" produces mainly kappa carrageenans during its gametophytic stage, and lambda carrageenans during its sporophytic stage.


title: Carrageenan

text: All are soluble in hot water, but in cold water, only the lambda form (and the sodium salts of the other two) are soluble.


title: Carrageenan

text: When used in food products, carrageenan has the EU additive E numbers E407 or E407a when present as "processed eucheuma seaweed". Technically carrageenan is considered a dietary fibre.


title: Carrageenan

text: In parts of Scotland and Ireland, where it is known by a variety of local and native names, "Chondrus crispus" is boiled in milk and strained, before sugar and other flavourings such as vanilla, cinnamon, brandy, or whisky are added. The end-product is a kind of jelly similar to panna cotta, tapioca, or blancmange.


title: Carrageenan

text: Although carrageenans were introduced on an industrial scale in the 1930s, they were known to be used in China since around 600 BCE (where "Gigartina" was used) and in Ireland around 400 CE Carrageen 'gelatin' can be prepared by boiling of rinsed Irish moss in of water for 10 minutes, stirring the mixture as it boils. of cold water are rapidly added to the hot brew and, after the mixture has cooled, it is strained through a cloth. It is then cooled for 24 hours, during which time it becomes gelatinous.


title: Carrageenan

text: , global sales of carrageenan were estimated at $640 million. The largest producer of industrial carrageenan was the Philippines, where cultivated seaweed produces about 80% of the world supply, while China is the main exporter to global markets in the US and Europe. The most commonly used sources are "E. cottonii" ("Kappaphycus alvarezii", "K. striatum") and "E. spinosum" ("Eucheuma denticulatum"), which together provide about three-quarters of the world production. These grow from the sea surface to a depth of about . The seaweed is normally grown on nylon lines strung between bamboo floats, and it is harvested after three months or so, when each plant weighs approximately .


title: Carrageenan

text: The "E. cottonii" variety has been reclassified as "Kappaphycus cottonii" by Maxwell Doty (1988), thereby introducing the genus "Kappaphycus", on the basis of the phycocolloids produced (namely kappa carrageenan).


title: Carrageenan

text: After harvest, the seaweed is dried, baled, and sent to the carrageenan manufacturer. There the seaweed is ground, sifted to remove impurities such as sand, and washed thoroughly. After treatment with hot alkali solution (e.g., 5–8% potassium hydroxide), the cellulose is removed from the carrageenan by centrifugation and filtration. The resulting carrageenan solution is then concentrated by evaporation. It is dried and ground to specification.


title: Carrageenan

text: This is only produced from "E. cottonii" or "E. spinosum". The raw weed is first sorted and crude contaminants are removed by hand. The weed is then washed to remove salt and sand, and then cooked in hot alkali to increase the gel strength. The cooked weed is washed, dried, and milled. "E. spinosum" undergoes a much milder cooking cycle, as it dissolves quite readily. The product is called semi-refined carrageenan, Philippines natural grade, or, in the U.S., it simply falls under the common carrageenan specification.


title: Carrageenan

text: The essential difference in the refining process is that the carrageenan is first dissolved and filtered to remove cell wall debris. The carrageenan is then precipitated from the clear solution, either by isopropyl alcohol (propan-2-ol) or by potassium chloride.


title: Carrageenan

text: A hybrid technology in which seaweed is treated heterogeneously as in the semirefined process exists, but alcohol or high salt levels are used to inhibit dissolution. This process is often used on South American seaweeds and gives some of the cost benefits of semirefined processing, while allowing a wider range of seaweeds to be processed, however, the naturally low cellulose levels in some South American seaweeds allow them to be heterogeneously processed and still be sold under the EU refined specification.


title: Carrageenan

text: There are two basic grades of carrageenan, refined (RC) and semi-refined (SRC). In the United States, both grades are labeled as carrageenan. In the European Union, refined carrageenan is designated by the E number E-407 and semi-refined carrageenan as E-407a. Refined carrageenan has a 2% maximum for acid-insoluble material and is produced by alcohol precipitation or potassium chloride gel press process. Semi-refined carrageenan has a much higher cellulose content and is produced in a less complex process. Indonesia, the Philippines, and Chile are three main sources of raw material and extracted carrageenan.


title: Carrageenan

text: In the U.S., carrageenan is allowed under FDA regulations as a direct food additive and is considered safe when used in the amount necessary as an emulsifier, stabilizer, or thickener in foods, except those standardized foods that do not provide for such use. FDA also reviewed carrageenan safety for infant formula. The European Food Safety Authority concluded "there is no evidence of any adverse effects in humans from exposure to food-grade carrageenan, or that exposure to degraded carrageenan from use of food-grade carrageenan is occurring", Furthermore, the Joint FAO/WHO expert committee on food additives stated in a July 2014 review of carrageenan "that the use of carrageenan in infant formula or formula for special medical purposes at concentrations up to 1000 mg/L is not of concern".


title: Carrageenan

text: Although the National Organic Program (NOP) had added carrageenan to its National List of additives allowed to be included in organic foods in 2003, and reviewed and reauthorized it in 2008, noting it as "critical to organic production and handling operations", on November 18, 2016, the NOP's National Organic Standards Board (NOSB) voted to recommend carrageenan be removed from the National List of additives allowed in organic food production.