title: Chronic kidney disease

text: Although CKDu was first documented among sugar cane workers in Costa Rica in the 1970s, it may well have affected plantation labourers since the introduction of sugar cane farming to the Caribbean in the 1600s. In colonial times the death records of slaves on sugar plantations was much higher than for slaves forced into other labour.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: African, Hispanics, and South Asians, particularly those from Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, and India, are at high risk of developing CKD. Africans are at greater risk due to the number of people affected with hypertension among them. As an example, 37% of ESKD cases in African Americans can be attributed to high blood pressure, compared with 19% among Caucasians. Treatment efficacy also differs between racial groups. Administration of antihypertensive drugs generally halts disease progression in white populations but has little effect in slowing kidney disease among black people, and additional treatment such as bicarbonate therapy is often required. While lower socioeconomic status contributes to the number of people affected with CKD, differences in the number of people affected by CKD are still evident between Africans and Whites when controlling for environmental factors.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: The International Society of Nephrology is an international body representing specialists in kidney diseases.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: Kidney Care UK and The UK National Kidney Federation represent people with chronic kidney disease. The Renal Association represents Kidney physicians and works closely with the National Service Framework for kidney disease.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: The incidence rate of CKD in dogs was 15.8 cases per 10,000 dog years at risk. The mortality rate of CKD was 9.7 deaths per 10,000 dog years at risk. (rates developed from a population of 600,000 insured Swedish dogs; one dog year at risk is one dog at risk for one year)The breeds with the highest rates were the Bernese mountain dog, miniature schnauzer and boxer. The Swedish elkhound, Siberian husky and Finnish spitz were the breeds with the lowest rates.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: Currently, several compounds are in development for the treatment of CKD. These include the angiotensin receptor blocker (ARB) olmesartan medoxomil; and sulodexide, a mixture of low molecular weight heparin and dermatan sulfate.


title: Chronic kidney disease

text: Unbiased research with complete reporting is required to determine the safety and effectiveness of acupuncture to treat depression, pain, sleep problems, and uraemic pruritus in people who are undergoing dialysis treatments on a regular basis.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The Roundup () is a 2022 South Korean crime action film directed by Lee Sang-yong, starring Ma Dong-seok, Son Suk-ku, and Choi Gwi-hwa. A sequel of 2017 film "The Outlaws", the film was released theatrically on May 18, 2022 in IMAX format. Set after 4 years from the previous film, Detective Ma Seok-do, who travels to Vietnam to extradite a suspect, but comes across some gruesome murders of Korean tourists by a vicious killer named Kang Hae-sung.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: On accounting its box office performance, the film opened at number 1 at the South Korean box office and mobilized 467,525 admissions, which is the best opening for a Korean film in the last 882 days. It became first film in South Korea to register 10 million admissions in 2022 on 25th day. It is the 4th film starring Ma Dong-seok to break through the 10 million, and the 20th Korean film in history to achieve the feat. As of June 12, the film ranks at 5 in global box office being released in 5 countries.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The film became the highest performing South Korean release since COVID-19 pandemic. Currently it is the top-grossing film of 2022 in South Korea, with gross of US$100.06 million and 12.59 million admissions, and also figures in the List of highest-grossing films in South Korea at 3rd place in Domestic films by gross and at 9th place in Domestic films by admissions as per Korean film council.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: Four years after the sweeping operation in Garibong-dong, Detective Ma Seok-do and Captain Jeon Il-man head to Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam to extradite a suspect Yoo Jong-hoon. After their arrival, they meet some Koreans living in Vietnam. Ma interrogates Jong-hoon, who reveals that he turned himself in because Lee Jong-du tried to kill him. Ma and Il-man leave for Jong-du's hideout, only to find him dead, where they learn about the duo's involvement with Kang Hae-sang, a vicious killer who has kidnapped and killed Koreans and several tourists, in exchange for money.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: Kang's one such victim is a wealthy young Korean named Choi Yong-gi. Ma, Il-man and Park Chang-su (the resident officer at the consulate) digs the garden, where they find Choi's body, but the local police warn him to halt the investigation. Despite the proceedings, Ma and Il-man arrives at a gambling den, where they interrogate a Korean thug named Raku, and learn that Choi's father Choi Choon-baek, a business mogul have send hitmen to kill Kang. Meanwhile, Kang arrives at the house, where he kills all the hired killers, who reveal about Choon-baek. Ma arrives and overpowers Kang, but the latter escapes. Ma and Il-man are deported back to Korea, where they learn that Kang has smuggled himself and landed in the city to meet Choon-baek.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: After the duo land in Korea, Ma interrogates Jang I-soo, who is alive and now running an export service, where he learns about a recently arrived smuggling boat. They check the CCTV footage of Gongping port, only to confirm that Kang has arrived. Choon-baek announces a hefty amount for his men to bring Kang alive. After learning that Kang's case have been handed over to the Foreign Affairs, Ma and Il-man convince their chief and receive a week deadline to catch him. Kang discreetly arrives at Choi's funeral, where he kidnaps Choon-baek, after killing his bodyguard. Kang then contacts Choon-baek's wife Kim In-sook and demands money, in exchange for Choon-baek. In-sook takes help from Ma and his team and cooperates with them, so that they can arrest Kang.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: Ma takes the help of Jang I-soo, who along with In-sook heads to the location where the deal is taking place in disguise as her driver. Ma's teammate Dong-gyun finds Kang's hideout where he rescues Choon-baek and requests backup, but is stabbed by Kang, who escapes after seeing the backup cops. After driving at the parking lot of a shopping complex, Jang I-soo escapes with the money, leaving In-sook behind. Ma and his teammates subdue Kang's two associates. Kang finds Jang I-soo with the money, but he escapes. With the plans of extortion gone awry, Kang decides to escape from Korea with the money that Jang I-soo took. He tracks Jang I-soo's acquaintance "Captain Eye" and learns that Jang I-soo is planning to escape to China. Kang confronts Jang I-soo, who escapes leaving the money behind.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: Afterwards, Kang boards a bus to leave Korea. From a tip-off by Jang I-soo, Ma stops the bus where he defeats Kang and has him arrested.In the aftermath, Ma and his team celebrate for solving the case.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The storyline is loosely based on the story of Yoon Cheol-wan, a missing South Korean soldier who was a suspected victim of a serial kidnapping and murder case that took place in the Philippines between 2008 and 2012, in which several other Koreans who disappeared were among the victims of the case. Unlike the film in which the perpetrators are punished, the real incident has not been solved completely due to the unconfirmed number of victims and the uncertainty of Yoon's final fate. The real-life perpetrators of the case were all sentenced to life imprisonment for only a few out of all the killings they committed.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The film was scheduled to be filmed in Vietnam in March 2020, but due to COVID-19 pandemic, filming schedule in Vietnam was postponed and the domestic part was filmed first. Later, it was decided to complete the post-production in Korea by mobilizing local filming, sets, and CG. Filming concluded in June 2021. The net production cost of the film was about 10.5 billion won. Including marketing and promotional costs, the total production cost was about 13 billion won.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: "The Roundup" was pre-sold to 132 countries around the world ahead of its release in South Korea. North America, Taiwan, Mongolia, Hong Kong, Singapore, and the Philippines were preparing for the simultaneous release with Korea. It was released on 2,521 screens on May 18, 2022 in South Korea. The film was released in Philippines on June 22, 2022 by Raon Company Plus.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The film was banned from screening in Vietnam by censorship authorities on the grounds that "there are too many violent scenes" while some speculated that it might be because of the negative portrayal of Vietnamese Ho Chi Minh City in the movie.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: "The Roundup" opened with a record 467,525 admissions, which is the highest opening for a film released in South Korea in the last 882 days since "Ashfall". It is also the best opening for a Korean film in 2022 so far and post-pandemic era. The film crossed 1 million cumulative admissions in 2 days of release, by recording 1,016,695 cumulative viewers. It surpassed 1.5 million viewers on 3rd day of its release, and 2 million on 4th day, thereby becoming the fastest film to achieve the record since 2020 film "Deliver Us from Evil", which achieved the feat in first weekend. It crossed 3 million viewers on 5th day of release, this is achieved in the shortest time among Korean films since "Parasite" (2019). Then it went on to cross 5 million cumulative audiences in 10 days, which is fastest in last 882 days since "Ashfall", which also registered 5 million on the 10th day of its release on December 28, 2019. Continuing its success it registered 10 million viewers on 25th day, thereby becoming the first film of the year 2022 and first Korean film since "Parasite" (2019) to garner 10 million admissions. It surpassed 11 million viewers in 31 days, and then surpassed 11,565,479 theatregoers of "Train to Busan" on the 35th day of its release by gathering 11,572,603 audiences. It created another record by surpassing 12 million viewers in 40 days and was placed 9th in the List of highest-grossing domestic films by admissions.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating based on 16 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: James Marsh of "South China Morning Post" gave 4 stars out of 5, and praised Ma Dong-seok's performance as "a truly unique, utterly captivating leading man." Baek Geon-woo in his review for "Oh My News" praised the performance of Ma Dong-seok and described his character as "the Korean version of the 'superhero' shown in the West." Xports' Kim Ye-eun appreciated the direction of the action scenes presented by the main character Ma Seok-do and the villain Kang Hae-sang. Whang Yee Ling of "The Straits Times" rated the film 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Lee and his returning teammates share slapstick camaraderie, and their investigation maintains rambunctious energy to climax in a thrilling extended car chase." Dennis Harvey writing for "Variety" appreciated the direction of Lee Sang-yong and praised the comic elements of the film, stating "the movie manages with deceptive ease, maximizing both humor and extreme harm."


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: Several organizations dedicated to the rights of disabled people criticized the film for fueling prejudices by depicting a character with a mental disability as a danger to the public: a scene in the beginning of the film where a man escaped from a mental hospital, threatens the police and public with a knife as he holds two women hostage inside a supermarket. On 7 July 2022, group of seven organizations, including the Korea Association for Mental Disorders and the Research Institute of the Differently Abled Person's Rights in Korea, held a press event in front of the National Human Rights Commission of Korea building in Seoul, calling on authorities to ban screenings of the film. Responding to the matter, the production crew stated that they had no intention of giving off that sort of message.


title: The Roundup (2022 film)

text: A sequel under title "The Roundup: No Way Out", directed by Lee Sang-yong and produced by Big Punch Pictures, Hong film and B.A. Entertainment, with the cast of Ma Dong-seok, Lee Jun-hyuk, Aoki Munetaka, Lee Beom-soo, Kim Min-jae, Jeon Seok-ho, and Ko Kyu-pil began filming on July 20, 2022. The plot follows Detective Ma Seok-do, who changes his affiliation from the Geumcheon Police Station to the Metropolitan Investigation Team to eradicate Japanese gangsters who crosses over to Korea and causing heinous crimes. It is scheduled to be released in 2023.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Plastic Hearts is the seventh studio album by American singer Miley Cyrus. It was released on November 27, 2020, by RCA Records, and was her final album with the label; she signed with Columbia Records in early 2021. Marking a departure from Cyrus' previous releases, "Plastic Hearts" is primarily a rock, pop, synth-pop, and glam rock record, with influences from country, punk rock, new wave, arena rock, industrial, disco, and power pop. Most of the album was produced by Andrew Watt and Louis Bell, with further collaboration with Mark Ronson and Andrew Wyatt. Guest vocals include Dua Lipa, Billy Idol, Joan Jett and Stevie Nicks.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Plastic Hearts" debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 and received positive reviews from music critics. Three singles were released from the album, "Midnight Sky", "Prisoner", and "Angels like You".


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Feeling distant from the mainstream urban culture she explored on "Bangerz" (2013) and the musical experimentalism of "Miley Cyrus & Her Dead Petz" (2015), Cyrus decided to go for "rootsy" country music elements while making her sixth studio album "Younger Now" (2017). The album was released on September 29, 2017 to lukewarm critical and commercial performance. It received an average score of 58 out of 100 on Metacritic, and charted at number five on the US "Billboard" 200 with first-week sales of 33,000 copies and 45,000 overall album-equivalent units. Its lead single "Malibu" became her ninth top-ten single on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, while the title track peaked at number 79. Cyrus confirmed there would be no further singles only one month after the album was released and that she would not be touring for it.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Two weeks prior to "Younger Now" being released, Cyrus claimed that she was "over [the album]" and was "already two songs deep on the next one"; however, she later said that she began working on the album in early 2018. In December 2019, Cyrus acknowledged that the musical direction of "Younger Now" "wasn't exactly the home for [her]" and credited Ronson with "[helping her] carve out [her] sound, where [she] could do everything that [she wanted], which is more modern." Cyrus later cited Britney Spears and Metallica as musical influences on the album.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: In November 2018, Cyrus announced she was collaborating with Ronson, and continued work on her forthcoming record. Cyrus and Ronson told Matt Wilkinson of Beats 1 that they were "80% done" with their albums, and tentatively planned for Cyrus' project to be released in June 2019.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Cyrus held a private listening session of the album for iHeartRadio executives upon announcing its completion in May. On May 9, Cyrus announced on social media she would be releasing new music on May 30, and later stated the rollout of her new music would be "unconventional". On May 31, Cyrus tweeted that the album would be titled "She Is Miley Cyrus", and that it would be preceded by three six-track extended plays: "She Is Coming" on May 31, "She Is Here" in the summer, and "She Is Everything" in the fall. Cyrus described the three EPs as "different [chapters] to a trilogy" that together would form the full-length album. Their track listings were to be "seasonal" in nature; she related "She Is Coming" to "[wanting to feel] light and feel the warmth" of early summer, and "She Is Here" and "She Is Everything" to being "colder and a little darker" as the release cycle was to extend into the fall. "She Is Here" was inspired by "the present of where [Cyrus is] at", while "She Is Everything" was to be comparatively more ballad-driven. She later explained that the "she" pronoun in the album title described the "most confident version of herself".


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Cyrus continued work on the record following her separation from then-husband Liam Hemsworth in August. The following month, it was reported that Cyrus was undecided between updating the existing album that was completed before her divorce or scrapping that version of the record altogether. On October 20, it was speculated from Cyrus' Instagram Live video that the release date for the full-length album was scheduled for her birthday on November 23, 2019. On November 3, Ronson stated that Cyrus' collaborations with him were tentatively planned to be released before the end of that year. On November 9, however, it was reported that Cyrus' new music would be delayed until early 2020 due to her vocal cord surgery earlier that month.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: On New Year's Day 2020, Cyrus uploaded a highlight video of the past decade and announced that "[the] new era starts now". She stated "[she was] getting super close [and was] feeling the urgency" during an interview with DJ Smallzy on March 4. She posted a clip of the music video for her song "Start All Over" with the hashtags "#sheiscoming" and "#butforrealthistime" on August 4. With the release of the single "Midnight Sky" on August 14, Cyrus confirmed the cancellation of the "She Is Here" and "She Is Everything" EPs, citing that "this year has been extremely unexpected [and] I guess I was feeling like it didn't make sense for me to continue the next two projects." She stated she did not have plans to release the full-length album in the near future because "when you write a record, a lot of the time, you're writing your experiences, and then by the time the record comes out, you've evolved past that experience" whereas releasing standalone singles "allows you to talk to your fans in real time". She later claimed she would wait until she could tour again to release the record, however the album was later reported to be released in November. On October 23, Cyrus announced the album's new title to be "Plastic Hearts" and that it would be released on November 27; it became available for preorder that day.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: The album artwork for "Plastic Hearts" was photographed by Mick Rock, who is widely known for his work with artists including Joan Jett and Debbie Harry. It was the last album cover taken by Rock who died in 2021. The standard cover applies a pink filter to Cyrus' image, while limited edition copies from Cyrus' website feature black-and-white and full color variants. Cyrus is pictured on the cover with a blonde mullet, wearing a Jean Paul Gaultier sleeveless black-and-white shirt with the word "censored" printed on it, and accessorized with silver jewelry.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Plastic Hearts"' opening track "WTF Do I Know" was described by British "Vogue" as "a galloping rock stomper that recalls the stop-start rhythm of The Strokes with a tinge of glam rock", with "People" magazine describing its lyrics as "Cyrus singing about the uncertainty of life and is a clear nod to Hemsworth, 30, who she split from last year." Cyrus stated the song is "not that it's how I feel every second of the day, it's how I felt for a moment". The title track "Plastic Hearts" "opts for a more jam-orientated rock flavour, slowly blooming out of a piano and percussion intro". "Angels like You", the album's third track, was compared by British "Vogue" to Cyrus' 2013 single "Wrecking Ball", where "Cyrus glides between fragile heartbreak ("Won't call me by name, only baby") in the verses, to a full-throated roar of defiance on the sky-scraping chorus ("I know that you're wrong for me, gonna wish we never met on the day I leave"), with "Cosmopolitan" referring to Cyrus' 2019 relationship with Kaitlynn Carter as the song's lyrical inspiration.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Second single "Prisoner" was described by "NME" as a "heartache anthem" and "is a glam declaration of independence". The theme of independence is shared with "Midnight Sky", in which Cyrus is said to be "tak[ing] back her narrative" and being confident in herself. Fifth track "Gimme What I Want" shows industrial influences and reflects on the singer's choice of giving herself to someone else but if they don't want it, she'd be alright by herself. The track received many comparisons to Nine Inch Nails.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Eighth track "High", co-produced by Mark Ronson, is a country-adjacent ballad that "channels the rustic, singsong around the campfire varnished hurt of the "A Star Is Born" soundtrack". "Hate Me" is a bittersweet song that shows Cyrus making the blame for busted romance. The track has also been interpreted as a response to the negative press about Cyrus and a reflection on how the media attention surrounding her would suddenly become positive if she died.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Tenth track "Bad Karma" features Joan Jett on vocals and Angel Olsen on guitar. It is a high-camp panto of '80s hard rock, which finds Cyrus and Jett trading one-liners over one of the record's few live drum tracks with the singer lightly playing with her own self-image ("I've always picked a giver 'cause I've always been the taker"). "Never Be Me" was compared to a ballad from the 1980s and "over a bubbling synth pulse, Cyrus lays out what she will and won't do vis-à-vis new relationships. So, "If you're looking for faithful, that'll never be me" later morphs into the climactic, heart-bursting, "If you think that I'm someone to give up and leave, that'll never be me".


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Closing track "Golden G String", classified by many critics as the most complex, according to Cyrus, is "reflective of Donald Trump as president and the men hold all the cards -- and they ain't playing gin, and they determine your fate." Co-written only with its producer Andrew Wyatt, the track also sees Cyrus reflecting about her mid-2010s antics on lines like "I was tryin' to own my power/Still I'm tryin' to work it out/And at least it gives the paper somethin' they can write about".


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Cyrus performed "Angels like You", "High", "Plastic Hearts" and "Golden G String" for an exclusive Backyard Sessions released on November 27, along her album on Apple Music. She then performed "Plastic Hearts", "Midnight Sky", and "Prisoner" on the first episode of the Amazon Music Holiday Plays digital concert series on December 1, 2020. She sang "Golden G String" at NPR's "Tiny Desk Concert" on January 28, 2021. The singer performed "Angels like You" for a special Rehearsal - Behind the Scenes Youtube video, of her Pre Super Bowl Show, on February 3, 2021. She gave a performance consisting of the tracks "Plastic Hearts", "Midnight Sky", "Prisoner", "High", "Angels like You", "Bad Karma" and "Night Crawling" during the TikTok Tailgate pre-game concert before Super Bowl LV in Tampa, Florida on February 7, 2021. The singer performed "Plastic Hearts" at "Saturday Night Live" on May 8, 2021. "Hate Me” and "Gimme What I Want" was performed next on June 10, 2021 on Magnum's 8D Special Performance. Cyrus performed "Plastic Hearts", "Midnight Sky", at Resort Las Vegas Grand Opening on July 4, 2021. On July 29, she sang "Midnight Sky", "Angels Like You", "WTF Do I Know", and "Night Crawling" at the Lollapalooza festival.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Plastic Hearts" was made available for pre-order on October 24, 2020, with three songs available to download. These were lead single "Midnight Sky", live covers of "Heart of Glass" (originally released September 29, 2020) and "Zombie". "Edge of Midnight (Midnight Sky Remix)", a mash-up of "Midnight Sky" with Stevie Nicks' song "Edge of Seventeen" was released as the fourth pre-release download on November 6, 2020.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Prisoner", featuring Dua Lipa, was released as the album's second single on November 19, 2020. The music video was released the same day. A remix of the song was released later on.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Angels like You" was released as the third single from the album. The music video for the song was released on March 8, 2021, was co-directed by Cyrus and Alana O'Herlihy and contains footage taken from singer's Super Bowl pre-game performance on February 7, 2021. Sony Music serviced it to contemporary hit radio stations in Australia on March 12. British radio station BBC Radio 1 added "Angels like You" to rotation on March 20, and the record label sent it to contemporary hit stations in Italy on April 9, 2021.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 75 based on 22 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews"; it is the highest Metascore for any of Cyrus' albums.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Katie Tymochenko of "Exclaim!" described "Plastic Hearts" as "Cyrus' gateway into the world of rock", but stated that "although she's proven herself to be a musical chameleon throughout all aspects of her career, Cyrus still caters to her pop following that's been with her since day one". El Hunt of "NME" said that Cyrus was reflecting her "Black Mirror" character Ashley O in her transition from teen pop star to rock star, and complimented the "glam-rock tendencies" of "Prisoner" and "industrial undercurrent" of "Gimme What I Want". Elly Watson of "DIY" praised her new musical direction saying "Overall, Miley's seventh era seems to be the one that suits her best". Bella Fleming of "The Line of Best Fit" also praised Cyrus' new found independence and passion, saying "with "Plastic Hearts", comes a wonderful album about life as a fiercely independent woman. Cyrus has found the perfect balance of pushing her own musical boundaries whilst proving she's one of the strongest and bravest names in the constant celebrity whirlwind."


title: Plastic Hearts

text: Reviewing the album for AllMusic, Heather Phares claimed the album to be both "Passionate and self-aware" and that it is "easily the finest incarnation of Cyrus' music yet." Claire Shaffer of "Rolling Stone" called the album a "karaoke night out that ends up being something more substantial" and pointed that Cyrus "knows exactly what kind of leather-jacket-and-combat-boot show she's putting on here, and her full embrace of rock at its most bombastic, artificial, hair-metal glory is refreshing to say the least". In a positive review, Shaad D'Souza from "Pitchfork" defined "Plastic Hearts" as a "genuinely pleasing, though sometimes hamfisted record that staves off the awkwardness and missteps that plagued her previous albums" and said the album's greatest success is that "for the first time in a long time, a Miley Cyrus record is music first, headlines second".


title: Plastic Hearts

text: In the United States, physical copies of "Plastic Hearts" were unavailable on the release date due to major retailers' stock limitations of physical music in anticipation of Black Friday, on which the release date fell. Cyrus stated that she and her team had not been informed of these expected distribution disruptions when selecting "the suggested [November 27] date", adding that she was "equally/if not more frustrated" than her fans. Nevertheless, the album debuted at number two on the US "Billboard" 200 with 60,000 album-equivalent units, making it her ninth release to chart within the top five and her highest-charting release since "Bangerz" (2013). During its second week of release, "Plastic Hearts" dropped to number 12 with sales of 37,500 copies, and dropped to number 20 in its third week after moving 31,000 units. Additionally, the album became Cyrus' first entry and chart-topper on the "Billboard" Top Rock Albums chart, with seven of its songs entering the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs chart. According to weekly chart data from the Rolling Stone Top 200, "Plastic Hearts" has moved over 406,000 units in the US since release, as of May 2021.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: "Plastic Hearts" debuted at number four on the UK Albums Chart, with sales of 15,318 units. In Canada, the album debuted atop the Canadian Albums Chart, making it her fourth number-one and ninth top-ten album on the chart.


title: Plastic Hearts

text: With "Plastic Hearts", Cyrus was pointed as one of the top artists who led the commercial ressurgence of rock music in 2020–2021. American independent newspaper "The Diamondback" pointed Cyrus alongside Post Malone as the main current artists who "helped to rebrand rock", stating that she "could very well become the female face of a rock revival". "Consequence Of Sound" cited "Plastic Hearts" as a " big pivot to rock in the pop world" along with Poppy's "I Disagree". In 2020, close to the album's release, British rock magazine "Kerrang!" published an article called "Is Pop going Metal?" on which they stated: "Miley Cyrus going rock will bring in legions of new fans to our scene". One year later, the aforementioned magazine cited Cyrus as one of the names who are "offering hope that rock music is slowly-but-surely returning to the centre of popular culture". MTV pointed "Plastic Hearts" as one of the main responsible for the return of nostalgia in pop culture, adding that with the record Cyrus "completely reinvented herself as a glam-rock icon, diving into the past as she cleared a path forward in the pop-rock sphere". Upon its release, "The New York Times" wrote that with "Plastic Hearts" "rock music has found its most earnest and high-profile millennial ambassador", adding: "Maybe rock's not dead — it's just in the capable hands of Miley Cyrus".


title: Federated state

text: A federated state (which may also be referred to as a state, a province, a region, a canton, a land, a governorate, an oblast, an emirate or a country) is a territorial and constitutional community forming part of a federation. Such states differ from fully sovereign states, in that they do not have full sovereign powers, as the sovereign powers have been divided between the federated states and the central or federal government. Importantly, federated states do not have standing as entities of international law. Instead, the federal union as a single entity is the sovereign state for purposes of international law. Depending on the constitutional structure of a particular federation, a federated state can hold various degrees of legislative, judicial, and administrative jurisdiction over a defined geographic territory and is a form of regional government.


title: Federated state

text: In some cases, a federation is created from a union of political entities, which are either independent or dependent territories of another sovereign entity (most commonly a colonial power). In other cases, federated states have been created out of the administrative divisions of previously unitary states. Once a federal constitution is formed, the rules governing the relationship between federal and regional powers become part of the country's constitutional law and not international law.


title: Federated state

text: In countries with federal constitutions, there is a division of power between the central government and the component states. These entities – states, provinces, counties, cantons, Länder, etc. - are partially self-governing and are afforded a degree of constitutionally guaranteed autonomy that varies substantially from one federation to another. Depending on the form the decentralization of powers takes, a federated state's legislative powers may or may not be overruled or vetoed by the federal government. Laws governing the relationship between federal and regional powers can be amended through the national or federal constitution, and, if they exist, state constitutions as well.


title: Federated state

text: In terms of internal politics, federated states can have republican or monarchical forms of government. Those of republican form (federated republics) are usually called "states" (like states of the USA) or "republics" (like republics in the former USSR).


title: Federated state

text: The "federated units" in the table below have inherent governmental authority in the federation's constitutional system, while the "other units" are delegated authority by the federal government or are administered directly by it.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: The Tesla Roadster is an all-electric battery-powered four-seater all-wheel-drive sports car concept in development by Tesla, Inc. Tesla has said that it will be capable of in 1.9 seconds, which would be quicker than any street-legal production car as of the announcement in 2017. The Roadster is the successor to Tesla's first production car, the 2008 Roadster.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Tesla CEO Elon Musk has said that Roadster should ship in 2023. Musk said in a tweet that higher-performance trim levels will be available beyond the base specifications, including a SpaceX package that would "include ~10 small rocket cold air thrusters arranged seamlessly around the car" which would supposedly allow for dramatic improvements in "acceleration, top speed, braking & cornering" such as a claimed 1.1 second 0–60 mph (0–97 km/h) time.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: In 2011, at the end of the production run of the original Tesla Roadster, Elon Musk suggested that a new version of the Roadster, without the Lotus chassis, would return to production by 2014. The new Roadster was first teased in 2014. At the time, it was also referred to as the "Tesla Model R".


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: In 2015, Musk suggested a new Roadster, capable of faster acceleration. A tweet by Elon Musk in December 2016 reconfirmed a second Roadster was in the works, but still "some years away". The second Roadster was designed by Franz von Holzhausen.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: A prototype of the Roadster was shown in a surprise moment at the end of the Tesla Semi event on November 16, 2017, with an announced availability in the year 2020 at the starting price of $200,000. Musk explained the concept as: "The point of doing this is to give a hardcore smackdown to gasoline cars. Driving a gasoline sports car is going to feel like a steam engine with a side of quiche." Test rides were given at the event for those who immediately paid the first $5,000 of a $50,000 deposit to pre-order the vehicle. Additional information followed after the teaser, such as the various world-record speeds Tesla said it will break.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: In June 2018, Elon Musk revealed a potential feature called "SpaceX option package" for the Roadster. This would add around ten cold gas thrusters to the car to improve maneuverability; it would comprise an electric pump to recharge an air tank used to provide compressed air flowing through propelling nozzles to generate a cold jet thrust. The air tanks, based on "composite overwrapped pressure vessel" (COPV) also used in the Falcon 9 and Falcon Heavy rockets, would replace the back seats. The thrusters would be used to improve cornering, acceleration, top speed, and braking. Working pressure would be .


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: During the 2020 second quarter financial results conference call, Elon Musk stated that Tesla plans to tentatively build the Roadster in California and production would be in the next 12 to 18 months. The start of production would be mid to late 2021.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: In January 2021, Elon Musk tweeted that production would be delayed until 2022. He commented that in 2021, the company would finish engineering the Roadster with the goal of having a "candidate design drivable late summer". In September 2021, Musk said that production would be delayed until 2023. Musk further confirmed the 2023 target at The 2021 Shareholder Meeting in October.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Pre-orders of the Roadster began in 2017, with a US$50,000 deposit required. Tesla owners taking part in the referral promotion program began accumulating discounts toward the purchase of a Roadster based on the number of referrals. Those reaching 55 confirmed referrals obtained a 100% rebate toward a future Roadster purchase.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: The base model was initially listed on tesla website as US$200,000 but the first 1,000 to be produced, known as the Founder's Series, will be priced at $250,000. Full payment would be required to pre-order the latter vehicle. The price was later removed from the website, leaving only the deposit/reservation price of the base model as US$50,000.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: The second-generation Tesla Roadster is a 2+2 coupé with a removable glass roof. It was designed by Franz von Holzhausen, Tesla's chief designer who has also been responsible for most earlier vehicles made by Tesla Motors. The Roadster has a 2+2 seating arrangement, with smaller rear seats for two passengers.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: The Roadster has three electric motors, one in front and two at the rear, allowing for all-wheel drive, and torque vectoring during cornering. Tesla said that the vehicle had a battery, twice the capacity of the largest battery in an existing Tesla car (in the Tesla Model S or Model X Performance or Long Range Plus). Tesla has said that the Roadster will have a range on a single charge at highway speeds. Tesla stated that the torque at wheels was . The rear wheels are larger than the front wheels.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Its claimed time will be 8.88 seconds, with a top speed above . If the production Roadster achieves these performance numbers, it will outperform the supercars of 2019 and would have set new production car records, none of which had done better than in 2.0 seconds or 8.88 seconds in the 1/4 mile, until the release of the Rimac Nevera in August 2021. Referring to the performance, Musk stated, "this is what we are achieving in the prototype"; he also indicated the performance may improve in the production model and that the stated numbers refer to the anticipated "base model".


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Research completed by Bloomberg L.P. indicates that the estimate as to the range per charge is optimistic, based on comments from Salim Morsy, the electric vehicle analyst at Bloomberg New Energy Finance. In an article titled "Tesla's Newest Promises Break the Laws of Batteries", Morsy indicated that the claimed battery capacity would require batteries that would be too large for the Roadster's small frame. "I don't think the car you saw last week had the full 200 kilowatt hours in it. I don't think it's physically possible to do that right now." Morsy's analysis directly contradicts Musk, who stated "this is what we are achieving in the prototype".


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Venkat Viswanathan, a mechanical engineering professor at Carnegie Mellon University, told "Jalopnik" that the 1.9 second figure for seemed reasonable given the estimated battery weight of . He added that the feasibility of the acceleration claim assumed suitable tires would be available for the required traction.


title: Tesla Roadster (second generation)

text: Series 4, episode 12 of "Jay Leno's Garage" broadcast on August 23, 2018 featured Jay Leno inside the Tesla Roadster prototype along with its designer Franz von Holzhausen.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Angel Beats! <onlyinclude>is a 13-episode Japanese anime television series produced by P.A. Works and Aniplex and directed by Seiji Kishi. The story was originally conceived by Jun Maeda, who also wrote the screenplay and composed the music with the group Anant-Garde Eyes, with original character design by Na-Ga; both Maeda and Na-Ga are from the visual novel brand Key, who produced such titles as "Kanon", "Air", and "Clannad". The anime aired in Japan between April 3 and June 26, 2010 on CBC. An original video animation (OVA) episode was released in December 2010, and a second OVA was released in June 2015. The story takes place in the afterlife and focuses on Otonashi, a boy who lost his memories of his life after dying. He is enrolled into the afterlife school and meets a girl named Yuri who invites him to join the Afterlife Battlefront, an organization she leads which fights against the student council president Kanade Tachibana, a girl also known as Angel with supernatural powers.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Key worked in collaboration with "Dengeki G's Magazine" published by ASCII Media Works to produce the project into a media franchise. Four manga series are serialized in "Dengeki G's Magazine" and "Dengeki G's Comic": two illustrated by Haruka Komowata and two drawn by Yuriko Asami. A series of illustrated short stories written by Maeda and illustrated by GotoP were also serialized in "Dengeki G's Magazine" between the November 2009 and May 2010 issues. Two Internet radio shows were produced to promote "Angel Beats!". A visual novel adaptation titled "Angel Beats! 1st Beat" was produced by Key and released for Windows on June 26, 2015.</onlyinclude>


title: Angel Beats!

text: "Angel Beats!" received generally positive reviews by critics. The integration of various individual elements together, such as musical performances, humor and action, was commended in one review but panned in another, saying that the story was overloaded with too many elements. P.A. Works was praised for the animation of the action sequences and attention to detail with the weapons used. A major flaw noted by critics, however, was the length of the anime, with its short run leaving many of the characters' back-stories unexplored. The anime was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2010.


title: Angel Beats!

text: "Angel Beats!" is set in the environment of a high school in the afterlife, a type of limbo for people who have experienced trauma or hardships in life and must overcome them before passing on and being reincarnated. The story follows Yuzuru Otonashi, a boy with amnesia who ends up in the afterlife. He meets Yuri Nakamura, a girl who invites him to join the , or SSS, an organization she founded and leads which rebels against an unseen God for their unfair circumstances in life. Their enemy is Angel, the student council president, who has supernatural powers and is believed to be God's associate. After joining the SSS, Otonashi meets other members, including Hideki Hinata, the co-founder; Masami Iwasawa, the lead vocalist of a four-girl rock band, Girls Dead Monster (GDM); and Yui, an underclassman and fan of GDM. Other than the SSS members, the afterlife is populated by fabricated students and teachers, whom Yuri refers to as "non-player characters" (NPCs).


title: Angel Beats!

text: Otonashi participates in several SSS operations and missions, despite still questioning the morality of their actions. During one of GDM's diversion concerts, Iwasawa passes on from the afterlife after achieving satisfaction through her music. After the SSS manages to demote Angel from her position, Otonashi partially regains his memories with the aid of deputy president Ayato Naoi's hypnosis. He later befriends Angel, whose real name is Kanade Tachibana, and remembers the rest of his past while in her presence. Otonashi helps her make peace with the SSS and learns of the afterlife's true purpose. He subsequently offers to aid Kanade in helping other SSS members to pass on, and Kanade is reinstated as student council president in accordance with their plan. They are joined by Hinata and Naoi, with the former helping Yui move on by fulfilling her desire of marriage.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Mysterious shadow-like entities begin appearing, attacking the residents of the afterlife by turning them into NPCs. Otonashi reasons with the other SSS members and many of them agree to pass on in lieu of becoming an NPC. Yuri destroys the source of the shadows, which were created by computers programmed to activate when love was detected in the afterlife to prevent it from becoming a paradise. Her affections for the members of the SSS allow her to finally overcome her regret, and by this time, the only other ones who have not passed on are Otonashi, Kanade, Hinata and Naoi. The five remaining students hold a graduation ceremony before Naoi, Yuri and Hinata pass on leaving only Otonashi and Kanade.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Otonashi confesses to Kanade that he has fallen in love with her and wants them to remain in the afterlife to help others move on. However, Kanade reveals that her regret was being unable to thank her heart's donor, Otonashi, for extending her life. Otonashi is heartbroken after she thanks him and passes on, leaving him alone in the afterlife. Later, two people resembling Otonashi and Kanade encounter each other on the street in the real world. In an alternate epilogue, Otonashi becomes the high school's student council president and helps lost souls depart from the afterlife while waiting to see Kanade again.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The original creators of "Angel Beats!", Jun Maeda and Na-Ga of Key, were interviewed in the July 2009 issue of ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki G's Magazine". Around the time Key completed the first release of their sixth visual novel "Little Busters!", Yōsuke Toba of Aniplex (himself a fan of Key's works) approached Maeda around October 2007 about collaborating to produce an original anime series. Maeda began meeting with Toba and Aniplex on a monthly basis and the story started to gradually progress. Aniplex wanted Maeda to write a screenplay that would be very "Key-like, with touching moments of laughter and tears," but initially Maeda found himself at a loss to write a story more amusing than "Little Busters!", because he thought that he had reached a limit with "Little Busters!" in regards to a "Key-like story". However, one day Maeda was struck by inspiration, where he thought up the initial idea of a story set in the afterlife. Furthermore, with everyone already dead, Maeda conceived of flashy battles where the combatants go all out without fear of death. According to Maeda, the theme of the series is "life", which in "Angel Beats!" is depicted as a precious and wonderful thing, despite the characters in "Angel Beats!" who fight against their fate.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Maeda nominated Na-Ga to begin work on the character designs near the beginning of 2008. Na-Ga was worried that other computer graphics (CG) work for Key would get delayed, but he took the position because of his accumulated experience in CG. Maeda nominated Na-Ga because of the popular characters he designed in "Little Busters!", and because of his frankness. Na-Ga designed Yuri based on her personality as a leader, though it was per Maeda's request that he added the black headband, taken from the character Yukiko Amagi from "Persona 4", who was Maeda's favorite heroine from that game. The length of Yuri's hair and the addition of a green ribbon were decided from production committee meetings. Angel's original concept began with the idea of a brave, fighting girl. Maeda cited that Angel's image had changed considerably over the development process and that originally she was similar to Shiki Ryōgi from "Kara no Kyōkai". Eventually, Angel's concept changed to being a "silent and mysterious girl". Before Na-Ga decided on Otonashi's design, Maeda told him that anything would be fine and to just draw something, and eventually drew up a prototype for Otonashi and Hinata, among others. Some of the characters had vague initial conditions given by Maeda, such as asking Na-Ga to draw an "all female band bass guitarist" in the case of Girls Dead Monster member Sekine and particularly the cryptic "character who speaks in puzzling English phrases" for TK.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The Aniplex producer of "Angel Beats!", Yōsuke Toba, was interviewed in the November 2009 issue of "Dengeki G's Magazine", where he commented that a 13-episode anime with about 21 minutes per episode was not enough to tell the whole story of "Angel Beats!" Maeda had envisioned. Therefore, the various additional media, such as the illustrated short stories and manga, contain some of the story that was unable to make it into the anime because of time constraints. Toba wanted fans of the series to be able to enjoy it to the fullest by exploring all of the media types. Maeda found it tiring to go back and forth between Osaka and Tokyo for business meetings when he was in the process of writing the script, and found it difficult to write an entire script by himself, since he had never done that before with any of the games he produced as a member of Key. It was only after the script was done that Maeda was able to work on the music, which he greatly enjoyed and never tired of it. Maeda composed about 15 songs for Girls Dead Monster and spent about two days each composing each song. He made sure to create songs for Girls Dead Monster that high school girls would compose, including the lyrics. Due to this, Maeda pointed out that the opening and ending theme songs for "Angel Beats!", which Maeda also composed, sound like they were composed by a different person compared to the Girls Dead Monster songs.


title: Angel Beats!

text: In regards to bringing in P.A. Works as the animation studio, Toba had taken notice of the company from back when they provided in-between animation and production assistance for "Fullmetal Alchemist" (2003–4) and "Darker than Black" (2007), respectively; Aniplex helped produce both series. After watching just the first three episodes of P.A. Works' "True Tears" (2008), however, he was shocked at the high quality and immediately went to P.A. Works' studio in Toyama Prefecture to meet with the production staff in the hope that one day Aniplex could collaborate with them on a project together. The following week, Maeda brought up the subject of deciding on an animation studio for "Angel Beats!" and mentioned that he too had seen "True Tears" and had become interested in P.A. Works. Shortly after that, Toba formally made the proposal to P.A. Works to animate the project.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Maeda focused on making jokes an important part of "Angel Beats!", leading Toba to seek out Seiji Kishi to be the director, because of his experience in directing and his pulling power influence on the staff of P.A. Works, where there are many that are still young. Kishi was ultimately approached by P.A. Works representative director Kenji Horikawa about working on a "school comedy written by a game scenario writer" and was shocked after taking the director's position to discover Maeda was the screenwriter. Kishi commented how, far from just being a comedy, the series contains many different aspects, including flashy action scenes, live musical performances, and drama. Kishi stated that normally he would be hard pressed to cover this range of aspects, but was motivated by Maeda's uncompromising attitude in regards to the script. The decision to add in the all female band Girls Dead Monster was due to Maeda's intent to add in many different and interesting elements into the series.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Kishi specifically requested that sound and music director Satoki Iida work on the project, who also helped with the proofreading of the script due to Maeda's fixation on the music production. Iida was interviewed in the April 2010 issue of "Dengeki G's Magazine", where it was stated that Maeda and the group Anant-Garde Eyes received Iida's approval to employ a minimalist approach to the background music (BGM) used throughout the anime. Iida admitted that it was uncustomary to use this music genre in anime and that he had to go through various trials and errors with Maeda and Anant-Garde Eyes to get the music right. Maeda and Anant-Garde Eyes strove to create individual quality music tracks, while Iida pursued the goal of having music that would be useful as BGM tracks, which caused problems during the creation process. Iida realized that it was important for the music and the visuals to combine together to create a synchronization between the two. Toba first took notice of "Angel Beats!" character designer and chief animator Katsuzō Hirata during the production of "Gurren Lagann" (2007) with his skill as an artist and ability to finish work quickly, but thoroughly. It was after Toba saw Hirata's work as chief animator of "Strike Witches" (2008), however, that he pursued Hirata to join the "Angel Beats!" staff; Maeda also gave his seal of approval for Hirata.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The 13-episode "Angel Beats!" anime television series is directed by Seiji Kishi and produced by P.A. Works and Aniplex. It aired in Japan between April 3 and June 26, 2010 on the CBC television network. The first episode was previewed on March 22, 2010 to a selected number of people who participated in a lottery held earlier that month. The screenplay was written by Jun Maeda, who originally conceived the series. Chief animator Katsuzō Hirata based the character design used in the anime on Na-Ga's original designs. Sound and music direction was headed by Satoki Iida.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The series was released on seven BD/DVD compilation volumes between June 23 and December 22, 2010 in limited and regular editions. Three drama CDs, written by Maeda and performed by the anime's cast, were released with the first, fourth and sixth limited edition BD/DVD volumes. The seventh BD/DVD volume featured an original video animation (OVA) episode, as well as a bonus short which serves as another epilogue to the series. Each of the BD/DVD volumes contained commentaries by the characters performed by the voice cast and written by Maeda. A BD box set was released in Japan on June 24, 2015 and also included another OVA episode. Sentai Filmworks licensed the anime, and along with distributor Section23 Films, released the series on BD/DVD on July 26, 2011. Siren Visual licensed the anime for Australia and New Zealand. The series has also been licensed in the United Kingdom by Manga Entertainment and released the series on BD/DVD on June 25, 2012. In November 2017, Sentai Filmworks announced their release of the series would go out-of-print, and the series was later removed from their catalogue and from online streaming service Hidive. Crunchyroll later added the series to its catalog in the Americas, the United Kingdom and Ireland in 2019.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The anime's music is composed by Maeda and the group Anant-Garde Eyes, who also provided the musical arrangement. The music is released on Key's record label Key Sounds Label. The opening theme is "My Soul, Your Beats!" sung by Lia and the ending theme is "Brave Song" sung by Aoi Tada. The single containing both songs titled "My Soul, Your Beats! / Brave Song" was released on May 26, 2010 in limited (CD+DVD) and regular (CD) editions; the limited edition's DVD contains the opening and ending videos without the credits. The in-story band Girls Dead Monster is made up of the real-life singers Marina and LiSA. Five singles for Girls Dead Monster were released in 2010. The first, "Crow Song", was released on April 23 featuring songs sung by Marina. The second and third singles, "Thousand Enemies" and "Little Braver", followed on May 12 and June 9, respectively, with songs sung by LiSA. The fourth single was "Last Song" by Marina and the fifth single was by LiSA; both singles were released on December 8. A Girls Dead Monster album titled "Keep The Beats!" was released on June 30, 2010. A version of "Keep The Beats!" containing instrumental tracks was released on July 28, 2010 bundled with a 256-page band score book. The anime's original soundtrack was released on July 28, 2010 as a two-CD set. A Girls Dead Monster mini-album titled "Rare Tracks" was released on December 28, 2014.


title: Angel Beats!

text: There were several live performance events to promote the music from "Angel Beats!". The first was on April 24, 2010 at the Tower Records in Shibuya, Tokyo where Marina and LiSA performed four songs. The first two, "Crow Song" and "Alchemy", were duets, while the third song "My Song" was sung by Marina, and LiSA sang "My Soul, Your Beats!". On June 5, 2010 at the same venue, Lia and Aoi Tada sang their songs from "My Soul, Your Beats! / Brave Song", Tada and LiSA sang "Crow Song" as a duet, and Lia and LiSA also sang "My Soul, Your Beats!" as a duet for the encore. An event titled "Angel Beats! Fes.: Thousand Bravers" was held on August 1, 2010 at Studio Coast in Shingiba, Koto, Tokyo featuring singers Lia, Tada, Marina, LiSA and Karuta, as well as several voice actors from the anime.


title: Angel Beats!

text: A national concert tour featuring LiSA titled "Girls Dead Monster starring LiSA Tour 2010: Keep The Angel Beats!" was held across Japan August 3 and September 2, 2010; all of the venues ultimately sold out. A BD/DVD video album box set titled "Girls Dead Monster starring LiSA Tour 2010 Final: Keep The Angel Beats!" of the tour's final performance was released on June 1, 2011 by Key Sounds Label bearing the catalog numbers "KSLV-0001–0003". The last concert of Girls Dead Monster was held on December 27, 2010 at an event called "Girls Dead Monster Last Live: Final Operation" featuring Marina and LiSA at the Tokyo International Forum.


title: Angel Beats!

text: A four-episode Internet radio show to promote "Angel Beats!" called aired between May 30, 2009 and March 31, 2010. The show was hosted by Jun Maeda, though guests did make appearances, such as Yōsuke Toba, one of the series' producers, and Na-Ga. One month after each regular broadcast, an additional shorter broadcast called was released. Another Internet radio show to promote the series titled "Angel Beats! SSS Radio" had a pre-broadcast on March 18, 2010, and had 51 regular weekly broadcasts between April 1, 2010 and March 31, 2011. Produced by Hibiki Radio Station, the show was hosted by Harumi Sakurai (the voice of Yuri), Kana Hanazawa (the voice of Angel) and Eri Kitamura (the voice of Yui). Seven CD compilation volumes containing all 51 episodes were released between June 23, 2010 and July 29, 2011.


title: Angel Beats!

text: A series of seven illustrated short stories written by Jun Maeda and drawn by GotoP titled "Angel Beats! Track Zero" were serialized between the November 2009 and May 2010 issues of ASCII Media Works's "Dengeki G's Magazine". "Track Zero" is a prequel to "Angel Beats!" featuring Hinata as the main character and tells the story of how the SSS was formed. A special extra chapter focusing on Girls Dead Monster was published in the sixth volume of "Dengeki G's Festival! Deluxe" on March 29, 2010. The short stories were collected into a bound volume released on June 23, 2010 and included an additional chapter along with the other eight chapters. The chapter titles for the stories are taken from song titles from various musical artists. The first chapter was posted online with illustrations by ASCII Media Works. ASCII Media Works published the "Angel Beats! Official Guidebook" on December 22, 2010. The guidebook contains story summaries of the anime episodes including the OVA, information on the cast of characters, interviews from the voice acting cast and production staff, and illustrations featuring art from the anime.


title: Angel Beats!

text: A four-panel comic strip manga, illustrated by Haruka Komowata and titled , was serialized between the December 2009 and October 2013 issues of ASCII Media Works' "Dengeki G's Magazine". Komowata was also in charge of illustrating a manga which showcased the progress of the "Angel Beats!" project and was serialized between the September 2009 and July 2010 issues of "Dengeki G's Magazine". Four "tankōbon" volumes for "Angel Beats! The 4-koma" were released between December 18, 2010 and November 27, 2013 under ASCII Media Works' Dengeki Comics EX imprint. An anthology titled "Angel Beats! Comic Anthology" was published by ASCII Media Works on December 18, 2010. Komowata also illustrated the four-panel comic strip manga, which was serialized between the December 2013 and January 2016 issues of "Dengeki G's Magazine". Two volumes were released between October 24, 2014 and April 26, 2016.


title: Angel Beats!

text: A manga illustrated by Yuriko Asami, titled "Angel Beats! Heaven's Door", began serialization in "Dengeki G's Magazine" in the May 2010 issue. The manga ended serialization in the magazine's May 2014 issue and continued serialization in "Dengeki G's Comic" between the June 2014 and December 2016 issues. "Heaven's Door" is based on the "Angel Beats! Track Zero" short stories. ASCII Media Works published 11 volumes for "Angel Beats! Heaven's Door" between December 18, 2010 and December 17, 2016. "Heaven's Door" is available in English on Kadokawa Corporation's ComicWalker website and app, and is licensed in North America by Seven Seas Entertainment. Asami also illustrates the "Angel Beats! The Last Operation" manga, which began serialization in the October 2017 issue of "Dengeki G's Comic". "Dengeki G's Comic" ceased publication with the May 2019 issue sold on March 30, 2019, but "The Last Operation" continued on ComicWalker and Niconico Seiga in April 2019 until March 2020. Four volumes were released for "The Last Operation" between January 26, 2018 and March 27, 2020.


title: Angel Beats!

text: It was reported in 2010 that Jun Maeda was writing the scenario for a visual novel video game adaptation of "Angel Beats!", and the game was officially announced in September 2013. Developed by Key, Maeda led the production team as the designer and one of the scenario writers. Two additional writers included Kai, who previously contributed on the scenario of "Clannad", and Leo Kashida, who had worked on the scenario of "" and "Little Busters!". The art director and character designer is Na-Ga. Rated for all ages, "Angel Beats! 1st Beat" was released on June 26, 2015 for Windows. The scenario covers up to the tenth episode of the anime as well as Iwasawa's, Matsushita's and Yui's routes with Otonashi as the main protagonist. Six total volumes were initially planned, with subsequent volumes covering the rest of the character routes. However, in the afterword of the 11th volume of "Angel Beats! Heaven's Door" released in December 2016, Maeda revealed that subsequent volumes had been cancelled, with the content that had been planned for future games used as a basis for the manga "Angel Beats! The Last Operation".


title: Angel Beats!

text: "Angel Beats!" received generally positive reviews. In a review by Anime News Network, reviewer Theron Martin praised the series for integrating individual elements together, including the Girls Dead Monster musical performance scenes, scenes where humor dominates, and action scenes. A common theme in supernatural anime, according to Martin, are souls discontent with their former lives, but the concept of "Angel Beats!" is described as "quite unusual" because it features all the main characters as such souls and gathers them in one place. In the series, "maintaining distinctiveness is essential for survival as an individual," which Martin calls a "sly condemnation of the rigorous conformity impressed upon students by Japanese schooling." Overall, "Angel Beats!" was lauded for "requir[ing] no great familiarity with anime to enjoy."


title: Angel Beats!

text: On the DVD Talk website, reviewer John Sinnott praised the plot for advancing and changing in unexpected ways: "The plot evolves quickly and by the end of the series it's quite a different show than what it was at the beginning." Both Martin and Sinnott agree that a major flaw in the anime is that it is too short, and does not go into detail for a large number of characters. Stig Høgset at THEM Anime Reviews, however, panned the series in part because it "overloads the story with too many elements in an attempt to please as many people as possible." Høgset went on to describe "Angel Beats" as not having "any compelling characters" and the series' humor is largely thought to be annoying. However, Høgset praised P.A. Works for the animation of the action sequences, as did Martin, who added that there is "great detail work on the weapons and instruments used."


title: Angel Beats!

text: The sixth episode of "Angel Beats!", which aired on May 8, 2010 on Osaka's MBS station in Japan, achieved a record 4.9% rating for an anime series broadcast during the late-night "Anime Shower" timeslot in the past three years. The "Angel Beats!" anime was selected as a recommended work by the awards jury of the 14th Japan Media Arts Festival in 2010.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Each of the "Angel Beats!" Blu-ray Disc (BD) compilation volumes ranked in the top three on Japan's Oricon weekly BD sales chart. Volumes one and four ranked at No. 1, volumes two and five ranked at No. 2, and volumes three, six and seven ranked at No. 3. The DVD volumes, however, ranked lower than the BDs on Oricon. Volume one ranked at No. 5, volume two at No. 10, volume three at No. 13, volume four at No. 11, volume five at No. 8, volume six at No. 12, and volume seven at No. 15.


title: Angel Beats!

text: The opening and ending theme song single "My Soul, Your Beats! / Brave Song" debuted at No. 3 on Japan's Oricon weekly singles chart, selling about 80,000 copies in its first week of sales. "My Soul, Your Beats! / Brave Song" was awarded a Gold disc by the Recording Industry Association of Japan (RIAJ) in May 2010 for shipping over 100,000 copies. Girls Dead Monster's single "Crow Song" debuted at No. 7 on the Oricon singles chart, selling approximately 16,400 copies in about four days. "Crow Song" sold over 25,000 more copies over the next three weeks after its release. "Crow Song" was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAJ in November 2011 for shipping over 100,000 copies. The Girls Dead Monster single "Thousand Enemies" debuted at No. 4 on the Oricon singles chart, selling about 28,000 copies in its first week of sales. "Thousand Enemies" sold over 18,000 more copies over the next two weeks after its release.


title: Angel Beats!

text: Girls Dead Monster's third single "Little Braver" debuted at No. 2 on the Oricon singles chart, selling about 38,800 copies in its first week of sales. Girls Dead Monster's fourth and fifth singles, "Last Song" and "Ichiban no Takaramono (Yui final ver.)", ranked at No. 2 and No. 3 on the Oricon singles chart, respectively, both selling about 35,000 copies in their first week of sales. The Girls Dead Monster album "Keep The Beats!" ranked at No. 6 on the Oricon albums chart, selling about 51,000 copies in its first week of sales. "Keep The Beats!" was awarded a Gold disc by the RIAJ in September 2010 for shipping over 100,000 copies. The version of "Keep The Beats!" with instrumental tracks and a band score book ranked at No. 14 on the Oricon albums chart, selling just under 9,000 copies in its first week. The "Angel Beats! Original Soundtrack" ranked at No. 9 on the Oricon albums chart, selling about 13,300 copies in its first week.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The Midday Meal Scheme is a school meal programme in India designed to better the nutritional standing of school-age children nationwide. The programme supplies free lunches on working days for children in government primary and upper primary schools, government aided Anganwadis, "Madarsa" and "Maqtabs". Serving 120 million children in over 1.27 million schools and Education Guarantee Scheme centres, the Midday Meal Scheme is the largest of its kind in the world.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The Midday Meal Scheme has been implemented in the Union Territory of Puducherry under the French Administration since 1930. In post-independent India, the Midday Meal Scheme was first launched in Tamil Nadu, pioneered by the former Chief minister K. Kamaraj in the early 1960s. By 2002, the scheme was implemented in all of the states under the orders of the Supreme Court of India.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The name of the scheme has been changed to PM-POSHAN ("Pradhan Mantri Poshan Shakti Nirman") Scheme, in September 2021, by MoE (Ministry of Education), which is the ministry responsible for the scheme. The Central Government also announced that an additional 24 lakh students receiving pre-primary education at government & government-aided schools would also be included under the scheme by 2022.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Under article 24, paragraph 2c of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, to which India is a party, India has committed to yielding "adequate nutritious food" for children. The programme has undergone many changes since its launch in 1995. The Midday Meal Scheme is covered by the National Food Security Act, 2013. The legal backing to the Indian school meal programme is akin to the legal backing provided in the US through the National School Lunch Act.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The Midday Meal Scheme refers to the government of India programme introduced in all government elementary schools to provide children with cooked lunches. Tamil Nadu was the first state in India to introduce this scheme. The first school which had the scheme was the Sourashtra Boys Higher Secondary School, Madurai, which implemented it in 1925. On 28th November 2001, the Supreme Court asked all state governments to begin this programme in their schools within 6 months. The programme has shown many positive effects. Many parents who couldn't send their children to schools due to poverty, were eager to get their children free nutritious food and this incentivized them to send their children to school. The Midday Meal Scheme increased the number of school-going children.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The roots of the programme can be traced back to the pre-independence era, when a midday meal programme was introduced in 1925 in Tamil Nadu. Initiatives by state governments began in the 1962–63 school year.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The Indian state of Tamil Nadu was a pioneer in introducing midday meal programmes in India to increase the number of children enrolling in school; K. Kamaraj, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu at the time, introduced it first in Chennai and later extended it to all districts of Tamil Nadu. During 1982, 1 July onwards, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu, M. G. Ramachandran upgraded the existing midday meal scheme in the state to 'Nutritious food scheme' keeping in mind that 68 lakh children suffer malnutrition. Gujarat was the second state to introduce an MDM scheme in 1984, but it was later discontinued.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: A midday meal scheme was introduced in Kerala in 1984, and was gradually expanded to include more schools and grades. By 1990–91, twelve states were funding the scheme to all or most of the students in their area: Goa, Gujarat, Kerala, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura and Uttar Pradesh. Karnataka, Odisha and West Bengal received international aid to help with the implementation of the programme, while in AP and Rajasthan the programme was completely funded by foreign aid.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: In Karnataka, the Children's LoveCastles Trust started providing midday meals in 1997. A total of eight schools were adopted and a food bank programme and an Angganwasi milk Programme were started. The food-bank programme was replaced by the State Government midday meal scheme.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The government of India initiated the National Programme of Nutritional Support to Primary Education (NP-NSPE) on 15 August 1995. The objective of the scheme is to help improve the effectiveness of primary education by improving the nutritional status of primary school children. Initially, the scheme was implemented in 2,408 blocks of the country to provide food to students in classes one through five of government, government-aided and local body run schools. By 1997–98, the scheme had been implemented across the country. Under this programme, a cooked midday meal with 300 calories and 12 grams of protein is provided to all children enrolled in classes one to five. In October 2007, the scheme included students in upper primary classes of six to eight in 3,479 educationally backward blocks, and the name was changed from National Programme for Nutrition Support to Primary Education to National Programme of Mid Day Meals in Schools. Though cooked food was to be provided, most states (apart from those already providing cooked food) chose to provide "dry rations" to students. "Dry rations" refers to the provision of uncooked 3 kg of wheat or rice to children with 80% attendance.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: In April 2001, the People's Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL) initiated the Public Interest Litigation (Civil) No. 196/2001, People's Union for Civil Liberties v. Union of India & Others – popularly known as the "right to food" case. The PUCL argued that – "right to life" of the Indian constitution when read together with articles (a) and , makes the right to food a derived fundamental right which is enforceable by virtue of the constitutional remedy provided under of the constitution. The PUCL argued that excess food stocks with the Food Corporation of India should be fed to hungry citizens. This included providing midday meals in primary schools. The scheme came into force with the supreme court order dated 28 November 2001, which requires all government and government-assisted primary schools to provide cooked midday meals.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: In the case of micronutrients (vitamin A, iron, and folate) tablets and de-worming medicines, the student is entitled to receive the amount provided for in the school health programme of the National Rural Health Mission.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The central and state governments share the cost of the Midday Meal Scheme, with the centre providing 60 percent and the states 40 percent. The central government provides grains and financing for other food. Costs for facilities, transportation, and labour is shared by the federal and state governments. The participating states contribute different amounts of money. While the eleventh five-year plan allocated for the scheme, the twelfth five-year plan has allocated , a 134 percent rise. The public expenditure for the Mid Day Meal Programme has gone up from in 2007–08 to in 2013–14. The per day cooking cost per child at the primary level has been fixed to while at the upper primary level is .


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: This is the most widespread practice. In the decentralised model, meals are cooked on-site by local cooks and helpers or self-help groups. This system has the advantage of being able to serve local cuisine, providing jobs in the area, and minimising waste. It also allows for better monitoring (e.g., by parents and teachers).


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: In the absence of adequate infrastructure (such as kitchen sheds, utensils etc.), it can lead to accidents and maintaining hygiene can be difficult. In 2004, 87 children died when the thatched roof of a classroom was ignited by sparks from a cooking fire. In 2011, a child died after succumbing to burn injuries she sustained after accidentally falling into a cooking vessel.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: In the centralised model, an external organisation cooks and delivers the meal to schools, mostly through public-private partnerships. Centralised kitchens are seen more in urban areas, where density of schools is high so that transporting food is a financially viable option. Advantages of centralised kitchens include ensuring better hygienic as large scale cooking is done through largely automated processes. Various NGOs such as the Nalabothu Foundation, Akshaya Patra Foundation, Ekta Shakti Foundation, Naandi Foundation, and Jay Gee Humanitarian Society provide midday meals.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: A study of centralised kitchens in Delhi in 2007 found that even with centralised kitchens, the quality of food needed to be improved. The study also found that when the food arrives and is of inadequate quality, even teachers feel helpless and do not know whom to complain to.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The Ministry of Human Resource Development reported that 95% of tested meal samples prepared by NGOs in Delhi did not meet nutritional standards in 2010–12. In response, the ministry withheld 50% of the payment for the deficient meals.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: International voluntary and charity organisations have assisted. Church World Service has provided milk powder to Delhi and Madras Municipal Corporation; CARE has provided corn soya meal, Bulgar wheat, and vegetable oils; and UNICEF has provided high proteins foods and educational support. In 1982, 'Food for Learning' was launched with assistance from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). Initially the programme was aimed at scheduled caste and scheduled tribe girls. In 1983, the federal Department of Education prepared a scheme under the auspices of the World Food Programme to supply meals to 13.6 million scheduled caste girls and 10.09 million scheduled tribe girls in classes one to five in 15 states and three union territories. The value of the food itself was $163.27 million per year. Labour, facilities, and transportation costs were to be paid by the state governments. The reaction among the states and union territories was mixed. Many states were interested, but some were concerned about their ability to afford it if the FAO support were to be withdrawn.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Tithi Bhojan is a concept designed to ensure greater public participation under the Midday Meal Programme, that started out in the state of [Gujarat]. In order to generate greater community participation, local members were encouraged to celebrate social events like birth of a child and homewarming by donating to the midday meals served in the local schools. It is voluntarily served by the community/family among school children in several forms such as sweets and savoury snacks, along with regular MDM, full meals, supplementary nutritive items like sprouted beans, and contributions in kind such as cookware, utensils, dinner sets or glasses for drinking water. The concept has been adopted by 10 other states, some with local nomenclatures like "Sampriti Bhojan" in Assam, "Dham" in Himachal Pradesh, "Sneh Bhojan" in Maharashtra, "Shalegagi Naavu Neevu" in Karnataka, "Anna Dhanam" in Puducherry, "Priti Bhoj" in Punjab and "Utsav Bhoj" in Rajasthan. In the North Indian states of Uttarakhand, Haryana and the Union territory of Chandigarh, the scheme retains its original name of Tithi Bhojan.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The government of India Review Missions on Mid Day Meal Scheme, comprising members from the central government, state governments, UNICEF, and the office of the supreme court commissioner was created in 2010 to review the programme and offer suggestions for improvement. The scheme is independently monitored twice a year.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: The MDM Scheme has many potential benefits: attracting children from disadvantaged sections (especially girls, Dalits and Adivasis) to school, improving regularity, nutritional benefits, socialisation benefits and benefits to women are some that have been highlighted.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Studies by economists show that some of these benefits have indeed been realised. The positive effect on enrollment of disadvantaged children (Dreze and Kingdon), on attendance (by Chakraborty, Jayaraman, Pande), on learning effort (by Booruah, Afridi and Somanathan), on improving nutritional inputs (Afridi), and on improving nutritional outcomes (by Singh, Dercon and Parker).


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Caste based discrimination continues to occur in the serving of food, though the government seems unwilling to acknowledge this. Sukhdeo Thorat and Joel Lee found in their 2005 study that caste discrimination was occurring in conjunction with the Mid Day Meals programme.


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Media reports also document the positive effect of the programme for women, especially working women and its popularity among parents, children and teachers alike. Media reports have also highlighted several implementation issues, including irregularity, corruption, hygiene, caste discrimination, etc. A few such incidents are listed below:


title: Midday Meal Scheme

text: Despite the success of the program, child hunger as a problem persists in India. According to current statistics, 42.5% of the children under 5 are underweight. Some simple health measures such as using iodised salt and getting vaccinations are uncommon in India. "India is home to the world's largest food insecure population, with more than 500 million people who are hungry", India State Hunger Index (ISHI) said. Many children don't get enough to eat, which has far-reaching implications for the performance of the country as a whole. "Its rates of child malnutrition is higher than most countries in Sub-Saharan Africa," it noted. The 2009 Global Hunger Index ranked India at 65 out of 84 countries. More than 200 million went hungry in India that year, more than any other country in the world. The report states that "improving child nutrition is of utmost urgency in most Indian states".


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: Killers is the second studio album by English heavy metal band Iron Maiden. It was first released on 2 February 1981 in the United Kingdom by EMI Records and on 6 June in the United States by Harvest and Capitol Records. The album was their first with guitarist Adrian Smith, and their last with vocalist Paul Di'Anno, who was fired after problems with his stage performances arose due to his alcohol and food abuse. "Killers" was also the first Iron Maiden album recorded with producer Martin Birch, who went on to produce their next eight albums until "Fear of the Dark" (1992).


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: "Killers" is the only Iron Maiden album to feature two instrumentals. It was written almost exclusively by Steve Harris; only "Twilight Zone" and the title track are cowritten.


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: Bar "Murders in the Rue Morgue" (based on the story of the same name by Edgar Allan Poe) and "Prodigal Son", the songs were written in the years prior to the recording of their debut album. No songs were recorded professionally until the "Killers" sessions, with the exception of "Wrathchild" (a version recorded in 1979 was featured on the "Metal for Muthas" compilation).


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: "The Ides of March" is nearly identical to "Thunderburst", by fellow British NWOBHM band Samson, who featured a pre-Maiden Bruce Dickinson on vocals; however, "The Ides of March" was written during the brief time in 1977 in which future Samson drummer Thunderstick was a member of Iron Maiden. While Harris took sole credit for "The Ides of March", "Thunderburst" is credited to Harris and all four members of Samson's "Head On" line-up, Bruce Bruce, aka Bruce Dickinson, Chris Aylmer, Paul Samson, and Thunderstick, aka Barry Purkis.


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: "Killers" spent eight weeks on the UK chart. The North American edition, which came out a few months later, was initially released on Harvest Records/Capitol Records and subsequently on Sanctuary Records/Columbia Records. The song "Twilight Zone" was added to the album.


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: The Killer World Tour featured the band's first US shows, beginning at The Aladdin, Las Vegas, in support of Judas Priest. Subsequently, "Wrathchild" is the only regularly played track from the album, appearing in almost all their tours.


title: Killers (Iron Maiden album)

text: The song "Wrathchild" was covered in 2003 by the English metal band Sikth and featured as a B-side on their single "Scent of the Obscene". The song was also covered in 2005 by female tribute band The Iron Maidens on their 2007 album "Route 666", by Gallows on the 2008 tribute CD "" released by "Kerrang!" magazine, and by Six Feet Under on the reissue of their 1999 album "Maximum Violence". "Wrathchild" was featured in the PlayStation 2 game "".


title: Sea of Japan

text: The Sea of Japan is the marginal sea between the Japanese archipelago, Sakhalin, the Korean Peninsula, and the mainland of the Russian Far East. The Japanese archipelago separates the sea from the Pacific Ocean. Like the Mediterranean Sea, it has almost no tides due to its nearly complete enclosure from the Pacific Ocean. This isolation also affects faunal diversity and salinity, both of which are lower than in the open ocean. The sea has no large islands, bays or capes. Its water balance is mostly determined by the inflow and outflow through the straits connecting it to the neighboring seas and the Pacific Ocean. Few rivers discharge into the sea and their total contribution to the water exchange is within 1%.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The seawater has an elevated concentration of dissolved oxygen that results in high biological productivity. Therefore, fishing is the dominant economic activity in the region. The intensity of shipments across the sea has been moderate owing to political issues, but it is steadily increasing as a result of the growth of East Asian economies.


title: Sea of Japan

text: "Sea of Japan" is the dominant term used in English for the sea, and the name in most European languages is equivalent, but it is sometimes called by different names in surrounding countries.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The sea is called "Rìběn hǎi" (日本海, literally "Japan Sea") or originally "Jīng hǎi" (鲸海, literally "Whale Sea") in China, "Yaponskoye more" (Японское море, literally "Japanese Sea") in Russia, "Chosŏn Tonghae" (조선동해, literally "Korean East Sea") in North Korea, and "Donghae" (동해, literally "East Sea") in South Korea. A naming dispute exists about the sea name, with South Korea promoting the English translation of its native name as the "East Sea".


title: Sea of Japan

text: The use of the term "Sea of Japan" as the dominant name is a point of contention. South Korea wants the name "East Sea" to be used, either instead of or in addition to "Sea of Japan;" while North Korea prefers the name "East Sea of Korea".


title: Sea of Japan

text: The primary issue in the dispute revolves around a disagreement about when the name "Sea of Japan" became the international standard. Japan claims the term has been the international standard since at least the early 19th century, while the Koreas claim that the term "Sea of Japan" arose later while Korea was under Japanese rule, and before that occupation, other names such as "Sea of Korea" or "East Sea" were used in English. The sea is referred to as the Sea of Japan according to the Encyclopædia Britannica. In 2012, the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO), the intergovernmental organization that maintains a publication listing the limits of ocean and sea areas around the world, abandoned its most recent of several attempts in the last 25 years to revise its publication of the sea's name. This was primarily because of the lack of agreement between the Koreas and Japan over the naming issue. In September 2020, the IHO announced that it would adopt a new numerical system, also known as "S-130". In November 2020, S-23, the previous version of the nautical chart made in 1953 will be made public as an IHO publication to demonstrate the evolutionary process from the analogue to the digital era. The IHO approved the proposal of the new official nautical chart. The new chart will be marked with a numerical identifier without a name.


title: Sea of Japan

text: For centuries, the sea had protected Japan from land invasions, particularly by the Mongols. It had long been navigated by Asian and, from the 18th century, by European ships. Russian expeditions of 1733–1743 mapped Sakhalin and the Japanese islands. In the 1780s, the Frenchman Jean-François de Galaup, comte de Lapérouse, traveled northward across the sea through the strait later named after him. In 1796, a British naval officer, William Robert Broughton explored the Strait of Tartary, the eastern coast of the Russian Far East and the Korean Peninsula.


title: Sea of Japan

text: In 1803–1806, the Russian navigator Adam Johann von Krusenstern while sailing across the globe in the ship "Nadezhda" also explored, in passing, the Sea of Japan and the eastern shores of Japanese islands. In 1849, another Russian explorer Gennady Nevelskoy discovered the strait between the continent and Sakhalin and mapped the northern part of the Strait of Tartary. Russian expeditions were made in 1853–1854 and 1886–1889 to measure the surface temperatures and record the tides. They also documented the cyclonal character of the sea currents.


title: Sea of Japan

text: Other notable expeditions of the 19th century include the American North Pacific Exploring and Surveying Expedition (1853–1856) and British Challenger expedition (1872–1876). The aquatic life was described by V. K. Brazhnikov in 1899–1902 and P. Yu. Schmidt in 1903–1904. The Japanese scientific studies of the sea began only in 1915 and became systematic since the 1920s.


title: Sea of Japan

text: American, Canadian and French whaleships cruised for whales in the sea between 1847 and 1892. Most entered the sea via Korea Strait and left via La Pérouse Strait, but some entered and exited via Tsugaru Strait. They primarily targeted right whales, but began catching humpbacks as right whale catches declined. They also made attempts to catch blue and fin whales, but these species invariably sank after being killed. Right whales were caught from March to September, with peak catches in May and June. During the peak years of 1848 and 1849 a total of over 170 vessels (over 60 in 1848, and over 110 in 1849) cruised in the Sea of Japan, with significantly lesser numbers in following years.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The Sea of Japan was landlocked when the land bridge of East Asia existed. The Japan Arc started to form in the Early Miocene. In the Early Miocene the Japan Sea started to open, and the northern and southern parts of the Japanese archipelago separated from each other. During the Miocene, the Sea of Japan expanded.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The north part of the Japanese archipelago was further fragmented later until orogenesis of the north-eastern Japanese archipelago began in the later Late Miocene. The south part of the Japanese archipelago remained as a relatively large landmass. The land area had expanded northward in the Late Miocene. The orogenesis of high mountain ranges in north-eastern Japan started in Late Miocene and lasted in Pliocene also.


title: Sea of Japan

text: Nowadays the Sea of Japan is bounded by the Russian mainland and Sakhalin island to the north, the Korean Peninsula to the west, and the Japanese islands of Hokkaidō, Honshū and Kyūshū to the east and south. It is connected to other seas by five straits: the Strait of Tartary between the Asian mainland and Sakhalin; La Pérouse Strait between the Sakhalin and Hokkaidō; the Tsugaru Strait between Hokkaidō and Honshū; the Kanmon Straits between Honshū and Kyūshū; and the Korea Strait between the Korean Peninsula and Kyūshū.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The Korea Strait is composed of the Western Channel and the Tsushima Strait, on either side of Tsushima Island. The straits were formed in recent geologic periods. The oldest of them are the Tsugaru and Tsushima straits. Their formation had interrupted the migration of elephants into the Japanese islands at the end of the Neogene Period (about 2.6 million years ago). The most recent is La Perouse Strait, which formed about 60,000 to 11,000 years ago closing the path used by mammoths which had earlier moved to northern Hokkaidō. All the straits are rather shallow with a minimal depth of the order of 100 meters or less. This hinders water exchange, thereby isolating the water and aquatic life of the Sea of Japan from the neighboring seas and oceans.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The sea has a surface area of about , a mean depth of and a maximum depth of . It has a carrot-like shape, with the major axis extending from south-west to north-east and a wide southern part narrowing toward the north. The coastal length is about with the largest part () belonging to Russia. The sea extends from north to south for more than and has a maximum width of about .


title: Sea of Japan

text: It has three major basins: the "Yamato Basin" in the south-east, the "Japan Basin" in the north and the "Tsushima Basin (Ulleung Basin)" in the south-west. The Japan Basin is of oceanic origin and is the deepest part of the sea, whereas the Tsushima Basin is the shallowest with the depths below . On the eastern shores, the continental shelves of the sea are wide, but on the western shores, particularly along the Korean coast, they are narrow, averaging about .


title: Sea of Japan

text: There are three distinct continental shelves in the northern part (above 44° N). They form a staircase-like structure with the steps slightly inclined southwards and submerged to the depths of , and . The last step sharply drops to the depths of about toward the central (deepest) part of the sea. The bottom of this part is relatively flat, but has a few plateaus. In addition, an underwater ridge rising up to runs from north to south through the middle of the central part.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The Japanese coastal area of the sea consists of Okujiri Ridge, Sado Ridge, Hakusan Banks, Wakasa Ridge and Oki Ridge. Yamato Ridge is of continental origin and is composed of granite, rhyolite, andesite and basalt. It has an uneven bottom covered with boulders of volcanic rock. Most other areas of the sea are of oceanic origin. Seabed down to is of continental nature and is covered with a mixture of mud, sand, gravel and fragments of rock. The depths between are covered in hemipelagic sediments (i.e., of semi-oceanic origin); these sediments are composed of blue mud rich in organic matter. Pelagic sediments of red mud dominate the deeper regions.


title: Sea of Japan

text: There are no large islands in the sea. Most of the smaller ones are near the eastern coast, except for Ulleungdo (South Korea). The most significant islands are Moneron, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Ōshima, Sado, Okinoshima, Ulleungdo, Askold, Russky and Putyatin. The shorelines are relatively straight and are lacking large bays or capes; the coastal shapes are simplest for Sakhalin and are more winding in the Japanese islands.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The largest bays are Peter the Great Gulf, Sovetskaya Gavan; Vladimira Bay, Olga; Posyet Bay in Russia; East Korea Bay in North Korea; and Ishikari (Hokkaidō), Toyama (Honshū), and Wakasa (Honshū) Bays in Japan. Prominent capes include Lazareva, Peschanyi (sandy), Povorotny, Gromova, Pogibi, Tyk, and Korsakova in Russia; Crillon on Sakhalin; Sōya, Nosappu, Tappi, Nyuda, Rebun, Rishiri, Okushiri, Daso and Oki in Japan; and Musu Dan in North Korea.


title: Sea of Japan

text: As world sea level dropped during the ice cap advances of the last Ice Age, the exit straits of the Sea of Japan one by one dried and closed. There is controversy as to whether or not in each ice cap advance the world sea level fell low enough for the deepest, the western channel of the Korea Strait, to dry and close, turning the Sea of Japan into a huge cold inland lake with a surface layer of fresh water, freezing over in the winters.


title: Sea of Japan

text: The sea climate is characterized by warm waters and monsoons. This combination results in strong evaporation, which is especially noticeable between October and March when the strong ( or higher) north-western monsoon wind brings cold and dry continental air. The evaporation is blown further south causing snowfall in the mountainous western coasts of Japan. This winter monsoon brings typhoons and storms with the waves reaching which erode the western coasts of Japan. Tsunami waves were also recorded in the sea. In addition, the monsoon enhances the surface water convection, down to the depths of .


title: Sea of Japan

text: The coldest months are January and February with the average air temperature of in the north and in the south. The northern one-quarter of the sea, particularly the Siberian coast and the Strait of Tartary, freezes for about 4−5 months. The timing and extent of freezing vary from year to year, so ice may start forming in the bays as early as in October and its remains may be seen even in June. Ice cover is continuous only in the bays and forms floating patches in the open sea. Ice melting in spring results in cold currents in the northern areas.


title: Sea of Japan

text: In summer the wind weakens to and reverses its direction, blowing warm and humid air from the North Pacific onto the Asian mainland. The warmest month is August with the average air temperature of in the north and in the south. Annual precipitation increases from in the north-west to in the south-east.


title: Sea of Japan

text: A peculiar turbulent cloud pattern, named von Kármán vortices, is sometimes observed over the Sea of Japan. It requires a stable field of low clouds driven by the wind over a small (isolated) and tall obstacle, and usually forms over small mountainous islands. The Sea of Japan meets these conditions as it has frequent winds and cloudy skies, as well as compact, tall islands such as Rishiri (), Ulleungdo () and Ōshima ().