title: Carlos Gracie

text: During this time, aside from both teaching and learning jiu-jitsu under Pires, Gracie dedicated himself to participate in unsanctioned prizefights in small bars, promote cockfighting, and experiment on nutrition and dietary habits. He would claim in 1981 to have competed in amateur boxing with a 20-0 record during this time, while his daughter Reila Gracie cited him as a national middleweight champion, but there's no record for those claims. In June 1931, Pires moved to Santa Catarina due to his job in the Ministry of the Economy, leaving his academy in Gracie's hands.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: Aside from martial arts, Gracie was also interested in alternative medicine and occultism due to the early death of his first girlfriend because of illness. He started working as a spiritual consultant to Bank of Brazil executive Oscar Santa Maria, a member of the Brazilian Rosacrucian Society, in which Carlos was deemed as having "strong mediumnic powers." In exchange for funding his academy and other ventures, Carlos would put Santa Maria in contact with a supposedly Peruvian spirit named Egidio Lasjovino. Gracie was also a follower of Helena Blavatsky's theosophy.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: On July 3, 1931, Gracie and Jayme Ferreira celebrated a challenge event between three jiu-jitsu fighters from his academy and three capoeira fighters trained by Ferreira, echoing a street fight Carlos supposedly had years before with a capoeirista named Samuel. The challenge forced the fighters to wear judogis and forbade strikes on the ground, which caused one of the capoeiristas, Coronel, to be disqualified upon hitting George Gracie. In the other two matches, Oswaldo Gracie and Benedicto Peres defeated their opponents. The event was negatively received, however, not only due to a ruleset perceived as too favorable to the jiu-jitsu side, but also to accusations that Ferreira (a Greco-Roman wrestling teacher associated to Gracie) was not a capoeira master and therefore his side could not represent the art.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: Famous professional wrestler and sportsman Manoel Rufino dos Santos criticized further the Gracie family, so a fight was stipulated for August 22, 1931 between him and Carlos Gracie himself to settle it down. In response to the announcement, Carlos's teacher Donato Pires said through the press that Gracie's claims to be a direct apprentice to Mitsuyo Maeda were false and thus was equally unfit to represent jiu-jitsu. This almost caused the fight to be delayed when Carlos and his brothers assaulted Donato in front of the America Hotel in Catete one day before the event. By this incident, ties to Pires were severed and the Marquez de Abrantes academy became fully a property of Gracie.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: The match, which was the only professional bout in Carlos's life, finally took place on the promised day. During the first two five-minute rounds, Rufino dominated the bout, forcing Carlos to defend from his guard and at one point even hit illegal strikes that were admonished by the referee. At the third, Rufino passed his guard and locked a submission hold, which Gracie avoided by diving out of the ring through the ropes. The referee ordered the match to be restarted on the center of the ring, but Gracie locked a guillotine choke in the process, causing turmoil. Carlos claimed Rufino had tapped out while his opponent denied it, so the judges deliberated for some time and decided to solve the argument by restarting the match. However, Gracie refused to fight, insisting he had already won, and thus Rufino was declared winner.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: The conflict then moved to the newspapers, where Rufino criticized Carlos's skill and dismissed his jiu-jitsu credentials, leading Carlos, George and Hélio to assault him in front of his teaching place at the Tijuca Tênis Clube on October 18. They hit him repeatedly with a steel box and immobilized him for Carlos to apply an armlock, dislocating Rufino's shoulder so badly that it needed surgery. This time the brothers were arrested and were convicted to two years and a half in prison for assault, as well as for trying to run away during the arrest, but their connections to President of Brazil Getúlio Vargas granted them a pardon.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: The same year, Carlos retired from competition and focused on teaching and managing his brothers. After moving to Fortaleza, he started teaching jiu-jitsu in the national police while he researched in the Gracie Diet. He also became a real estate investor.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: In 1948, he published his book "Introdução ao Jiu-jitsu", which was mostly a nutrition and philosophy manual despite its title.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: Gracie Jiu Jitsu developed in Brazil in the early 1900s using techniques learned from the great Japanese Judo champion, Mitsuyo Maeda (known in Brazil as Conde Koma—the "Count of Combat"). Maeda, who was taught by Jigoro Kano, the creator of Judo, fought hundreds of victorious challenge matches against practitioners of other styles using his Judo techniques to overcome them. Maeda had become a champion Judoka in Japan and was so highly revered by Kano he was sent around the world to spread Judo, alongside other fellow talented Judoka.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: According to reports, the young Carlos Gracie refined his system by fighting in matches that were open to all skill levels and learning from those experiences to make Jiu Jitsu more effective. Some reports claim that he advertised in newspapers and on street corners for new opponents upon whom to practice but no documented records of this exist. Gracie claimed to have fought anyone and everyone who was willing, regardless of size, weight, or fighting style. Later, his claims were challenged by his brother Jorge Gracie, who stated; "My brother Carlos is nothing when it comes to fighting. Carlos does not have the authority nor the competence to speak about Jiu Jitsu… Who created the sporting tradition of my family if not me, in all honesty, with my career?"


title: Carlos Gracie

text: This tradition of open challenge is a part of the heritage of Gracie style of Jiu Jitsu. After Carlos retired from the ring, he managed the fight careers of his brothers and sons, continuing to challenge fighters of all styles throughout the world. This tradition of open challenge is continued by his sons, grandsons, brothers, nephews, and students.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: Carlos Gracie copied and adapted a nutritional regimen, from the Argentine/French naturist Juan Esteve Dulin, and is now marketed as the Gracie Diet. Following the Hippocratean maxim "Let your food be your remedy", Carlos aimed this diet to a system that would primarily prevent illness on days of competition. The basic principle of the Gracie Diet is to keep blood pH level neutral by consuming only compatible nutrients at each meal. The Gracie Diet is flexible but it definitely prohibits consumption of pork and its derivatives and adopts abstinence from alcohol and tobacco.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: Gracie fathered 21 children, 13 of whom earned the rank of black belt in Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu. At the time of his death, Gracie had twenty-one children, one hundred and six grandchildren, and one hundred and twenty-eight great-grandchildren.


title: Carlos Gracie

text: In 2009, Carlos's daughter Reila Gracie (mother of Roger Gracie) published a biography, "Carlos Gracie – O Criador De Uma Dinastia"; its English translation is titled "Carlos Gracie: The Creator of a Dynasty".


title: 2021 Cannes Film Festival

text: The 74th annual Cannes Film Festival took place from 6 to 17 July 2021, after having been originally scheduled from 11 to 22 May 2021. American director Spike Lee was invited to be the head of the jury for the festival for a second time, after the COVID-19 pandemic in France scuttled plans to have him head the jury of the 2020 Cannes Film Festival.


title: 2021 Cannes Film Festival

text: The Official Selection was announced on 3 June 2021. French film director Leos Carax's musical film "Annette" was the opening film of the festival. Arthur Harrari's "" opened the Un Certain Regard section. The Honorary Palme d'Or was awarded to American actress and filmmaker Jodie Foster, and Italian filmmaker Marco Bellocchio.


title: 2021 Cannes Film Festival

text: The Palme d'Or went to "Titane", directed by Julia Ducournau, who became the second female director to win the award and the first to win not jointly with another director (in 1993 Jane Campion had won jointly with Chen Kaige). At the awards ceremony on 17 July 2021, jury head Spike Lee made a gaffe by accidentally announcing the festival's top prize winner at the start of the night instead of the end.


title: 2021 Cannes Film Festival

text: The Cinéfondation section focuses on films made by students at film schools. The following 17 entries (13 live-action and 4 animated films) were selected out of 1,835 submissions. Four of the films selected represent schools participating in Cinéfondation for the first time.


title: 2021 Cannes Film Festival

text: The following films have been selected to be screened out of competition, in the "Cinéma de la plage" section.


title: Bimbo

text: Bimbo is slang for a conventionally attractive, sexualized, naive, and unintelligent woman. The term was originally used in the United States as early as 1919 for an unintelligent or brutish man.


title: Bimbo

text: As of the early 21st century, the "stereotypical bimbo" appearance became that of an attractive woman. It is often used to describe women who are blonde, have curvaceous figures, heavy makeup, and revealing clothing. It is commonly associated with "the dumb blonde" stereotype.


title: Bimbo

text: In 2017, "The Bimbo Movement" was founded by self-proclaimed bimbo and adult star Alicia Amira, "the woman most responsible for popularizing the idea of reclaiming hyper-femininity" in order to destigmatise women who are bimbos and to reclaim the term "bimbo". The Bimbo Movement is a movement to empower women to be proud to embrace their femininity, take ownership of their sexuality, and by reclaiming the word "bimbo", fight back against the misogynistic connotations the term “bimbo” had been associated with. The bimbo movement is an internationally recognised women's right movement consisting of hundreds of thousands of self-proclaimed bimbos working to end stigma.


title: Bimbo

text: The word bimbo derives from the Italian "bimbo", a masculine-gender term that means "(male) baby" or "young (male) child" (the feminine form of the Italian word is "bimba"). Use of this term began in the United States as early as 1919, and was a slang word used to describe an unintelligent or brutish man.


title: Bimbo

text: It was not until the 1920s that the term bimbo first began to be associated with women in popular culture. In 1920, Frank Crumit, Billy Jones, and Aileen Stanley all recorded versions of "My Little Bimbo Down on the Bamboo Isle", with words by Grant Clarke and music by Walter Donaldson. The song uses the term "bimbo" to describe an island girl of questionable virtue. The 1929 silent film "Desert Nights" uses it to describe a wealthy female crook, and in "The Broadway Melody", an angry Bessie Love calls a chorus girl a bimbo. The first use of its female meaning cited in the "Oxford English Dictionary" is dated 1929, from the scholarly journal "American Speech", where the definition was given simply as "a woman".


title: Bimbo

text: In the 1940s, bimbo was still being used to refer to both men and women, as in, for example the comic novel "Full Moon" by P. G. Wodehouse who wrote of "bimbos who went about the place making passes at innocent girls after discarding their wives like old tubes of toothpaste".


title: Bimbo

text: The term died out again for much of the 20th century until it became popular again in the 1980s and 1990s, with political sex scandals. As bimbo began to be used increasingly for females, exclusively male variations of the word began to surface, like mimbo and himbo, a backformation of bimbo, which refers to an unintelligent, but attractive, man.


title: Bimbo

text: In 2017, the term was reintroduced when self-proclaimed bimbos around the world joined forces and created the “bimbo movement” in order to end stigma about bimbos and to reclaim the word "bimbo" proving that hyper-femininity and female sexuality is power. The bimbo movement attempts to end stigma about bimbos, sex workers, and plastic surgery.


title: Bimbo

text: By the early 2020s, the term re-entered usage by way of some members of Generation Z seeking to further reclaim the pejorative, such as the "BimboTok" community on the social media platform TikTok, where users engaged in stereotypical hyper-femininity to satirise consumerism, capitalism, and misogyny.


title: Bimbo

text: The term is sometimes associated with men or women who dye their hair blond, indicating that physical attractiveness is more important to them than other, non-physical traits and as an extension to "the dumb blonde" stereotype.


title: Bimbo

text: In American politics, the word was used in the 1990s during Bill Clinton's sexual misconduct allegations, leading to the invention of the term "Bimbo eruptions" to refer to political sex scandals. The expression was also used in a 2014 report in which Colin Powell explained his reluctance to vote for Hillary Clinton in light of her husband's continued affairs with "bimbos".


title: Bimbo

text: After the first 2015 Republican Presidential Debate, Donald Trump re-tweeted a message calling debate moderator and Fox News host Megyn Kelly a "bimbo" via Twitter.


title: Bimbo

text: This took place after Kelly asked Trump a question that referenced his television show "The Apprentice" from season 6 in 2005. Shortly afterwards, Stephen Richter of The Globalist published an opinion piece in which he accused Trump of being a bimbo, noting the original definition of bimbo as "an unintelligent or brutish male".


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya () is an Indian Hindi-language soap opera produced by Rashmi Sharma under Rashmi Sharma Telefilms. It premiered on 3 May 2010 on Star Plus and became one of the most popular and longest running television series. The series starred Giaa Manek, Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Rucha Hasabnis, Rupal Patel, Mohammad Nazim, Vishal Singh, Loveleen Kaur Sasan, Tanya Sharma, Sonam Lamba, Amar Upadhyay, Kunal Singh and Rohit Suchanti.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: This series revolved around the Modi family and explored morals and values of a typical Gujarati joint family, when cousins Gopi and Rashi marry Modi sons, Ahem and Jigar; after leaps, it also focused simultaneously on the second generation. The storyline took several leaps including one year leap in June 2013, eight year leap in February 2014, ten years in February 2015, four years in May 2016 and three months in March 2017. The series ended on 23 July 2017, completing 2,184 episodes with its time slot taken by "Tu Sooraj, Main Saanjh Piyaji".


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: The second season of the series, "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya 2" premiered on 19 October 2020 on Star Plus starring Devoleena Bhattacharjee, Rupal Patel, Nazim in cameos and Sneha Jain and Harsh Nagar in lead role.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi, an illiterate, kind and shy girl, has been adopted by her aunt and uncle, Urmila and Jeetu after her parents' death. Urmila and Jeetu's daughter, Rashi Shah, is educated, friendly, lively and cunning. Gopi and Rashi marry cousins Ahem and Jigar, the sons of Modi family. Kokila, Ahem's steadfast and kind-hearted mother, makes Gopi smarter and confident so he accept her. Rashi often tries to create trouble for her but later regrets, and both are happily accepted. Ahem's sister, Kinjal gets married to Rashi's cousin, Dhaval. Later, Gopi and Ahem have a daughter, Meera while Rashi and Jigar have twin sons, Sahir and Samar.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi finds out her parents are actually alive and unites with them. Her evil sister, Radha marries Umang Mehta, whose first wife Tripti kills him. Radha blames Gopi for Umang's death and decides to hurt Meera. Gopi finds out she is pregnant again, but unable to tell the family. When the family is out at a picnic, Radha orchestrates an accident which results in Gopi accidentally throwing Meera in the river. Kokila holds Gopi responsible for Meera's death, and makes her leave the house for taking away the family's happiness.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi gives birth and raises her and Ahem's second daughter, Vidya single-handedly, working as an art teacher in Somgarh. Kokila and Ahem are depressed due to the loss of Meera and Gopi. Rashi is the new matriarch of the Modi family. Kinjal and Dhaval have a son, Prateek. Along with Sahir, Samar and Prateek, Vidya learns that Ahem is her father. Soon, Gopi meets Ahem and revealed that Vidya is their own daughter. Eventually, Gopi and Ahem find their long-lost daughter, Meera, who grew up as an orphan named Gauri. The whole family is reunited after Radha's true colors are revealed, and she is sent to jail with Tripti.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Rashi's cousin, Paridhi enters into Modi house. Later, Rashi sacrifices her life to save Gopi from the latter's obsessed colleague, Anurag Joshi. Jigar goes into depression due to Rashi's demise. Paridhi starts impress Modis. Jigar marries Paridhi, in force of his family.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Radha returns, tricks Jigar into sleeping with her, and gets pregnant. Soon Radha delivers a daughter, who is also named Rashi .Paridhi being mother and took responsibility of Rashi where as Radha threatens to kill baby Rashi. The Modi family follows her. Gopi realizes that her sister will never reform and stabs Radha to death and is sentenced to 14 years.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi is released after 10 years, 4 years being reduced from her 14 years sentence due to her good behavior. She returns to her family without letting the jail authorities inform her family about her release, as she wants to surprise them. However, Gopi is shocked seeing the many twists happened in Modi family. Kokila lives in Rashi's house as a maid to a mentally disabled Urmila. Jr. Rashi was not accepted by Paridhi after Gopi went to prison. Kinjal lives away from her husband and son in Modi Mansion. Ahem lives with Meera, Vidya and a woman, Mansi Raheja (who took care of Meera and Vidya) in Bandra, Mumbai and runs a Bakery shop by the name MV (after Meera-Vidya).


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi, Jigar and Kokila travel to Mumbai to bring back Ahem and Meera-Vidya. The personalities of Meera and Vidya have changed so drastically that Gopi couldn't recognize them initially. The silent, gentle and caring Meera has turned aggressive, rebellious and disrespectful towards elders. The fun-loving, naughty Vidya has turned gentle and takes care of Meera, as opposed to how Meera took care of her in their childhood.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Ahem, Meera and Vidya blame Gopi for abandoning them for Jr. Rashi and hate her. Ahem attempts to show he doesn't care Gopi anymore. Meera accidentally pushes Gopi from building but is saved by Ahem for which Ahem has performed puja for her. Eventually, Gopi manages to reunite the family. However, Meera refuses to accept Gopi and creates many problems for her. Kinjal, Dhawal and Prateek leave for America.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Later, Kokila's childhood friend, Gaura enters to take revenge for her brother's death, caused by Kokila's mistake. Vidya's marriage is arranged to Gaura's grandson, Shravan. Gaura secretly gets Meera married to her son & Shravan's father Dharam. Equally involved in the revenge game with Gaura, Dharam traps Meera in their plan by constantly instigating her against Modi family.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: During this time, Gopi's mother, Madhu returns with her adopted daughter Sonakshi "Sona". She blames Kokila for Radha's death & having alienated Gopi from her, so she seeks revenge. In collaboration with Gaura, she gets Kokila kidnapped & had her replaced by a dopple-ganger named Premlata. Premlata nearly killed Kokila by electrocution but Gopi saves Kokila & exposes Premlata. Madhu then tries to stab Kokila but Gopi comes to Kokila's rescue & gets stabbed. Unable to bear the guilt of having stabbed her own daughter, Madhu commits suicide. Gopi survives & Sona marries Sahir. Paridhi returns from America & refuses to accept Sona as daughter in law. Meera accepts Gopi and apologize to her. Gaura attempts to kill Kokila, and hurt the Modis several times, but she is eventually caught and arrested.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Dharam and Meera gradually fall in love and they get remarried. On the same day, Ahem dies from a car accident arranged by Gaura.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi is in depression since Ahem's demise having not talked for years. Kokila has to look after Gopi on her own. Paridhi and Jigar's personality have changed and they did not care for the family. Hetal, Chirag, Baa and Jr. Rashi live in Canada. Paridhi has thrown Sahir, Sona and their kids out of Modi mansion and gets Samar married to an educated fashionista, Monica.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: On the other hand, Vidya has a 4-year-old daughter, Priyal, but is hated by Meera who believes that Vidya was responsible for her miscarriage. Later they reunite after Dharam's daughter, Naiya is exposed as the real culprit, who did it for the sake of inheritance.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Kokila accepts Dr. Krishna Raheja's marriage proposal for Gopi, who recovers and refuses. Krishna is revealed to be Mansi's brother, who vows revenge on Gopi for separating Mansi from Ahem. Soon, Gopi and Kokila meet Ahem's look-alike Jaggi and ask him to save Gopi from Krishna's evil plans and later the Modis were successful. Later, It is revealed that Jaggi is Parag and Urvashi's illegtimate son and revealed to be Ahem and Kinjal's half-brother. Jigar leaves for America.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi marries Jaggi to save him from the traps of an evil girl Radhika. Gaura returns and pays Chanda, the surrogate mother of Meera and Dharam's twins, to create troubles for Modis and kills her when she attempts to expose her. Paridhi and Monica leave to America.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Eventually, Gaura's crimes are caught and she is sent to prison for the accident that led to Ahem's death. The Modis rescue Sita Rathod from a forced marriage whose step-mother, Bhavani falls in love with Dharam and compels Meera to leave the house.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Gopi learns from her friend, Antara, who is in her deathbed, that she gave birth to a twins during Vidya's birth.Vidya and her long-lost son Ramakant( Meera and Vidya brother) Antara had cheated Gopi by swapping baby boy from Gopi twins. Ramakant has grown into a spoiled and selfish young man of Singapore. Gopi and Jaggi retrieve Ramakant who heavily troubles the Modis. Later, the Modis arrange his marriage to Sita.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Ramakant elopes with and marries Anita's daughter, Sameera who wants revenge from the Modis for Anita's death. She joins hands with Bhavani to ruin the Modi family. All the crimes of Bhavani and Sameera are revealed. Ramakant apologizes for his past mistakes to Modi family. In the final episode, Ramakant marries Sita and Gopi remembers her journey in Modi Bhawan ending the saga on a happy note.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In May 2012, lead Giaa Manek signed on to appear on the reality show "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa" on rival network Colors TV. "Saathiya" producers objected, noting that Manek was under contract with their network and that doing a reality series could tarnish her onscreen image as a soft-spoken character. The producers took their complaints to the Association of Motion Pictures and TV Programme Producers (AMPTPP) and to Cine and TV Artistes’ Association (CINTAA) for arbitration. Members of CINTAA had meetings with Manek and asked her to quit the reality show. Manek declined and Star replaced her with Devoleena Bhattacharjee.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In January 2014, Rucha Hasabnis playing Rashi confirmed that she planned to quit the series any time in that year. However, owing to her marriage she decided to quit acting and she exited in August 2014 with her character being killed.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In May 2016, Mohammed Nazim playing Ahem quit the show and his character was killed off in the show. The reason from a source stated, "Since the existing key actors aired their reservations about playing grandparents, the creatives had no option but to put the time leap on hold. Something drastic needed to be done to liven up the storyline. After brainstorming, the best idea seemed to bump off Ahem's character, so a new man could be introduced in protagonist Gopi's life to take the story forward," Then, Khalid Siddiqui was cast opposite Bhattacharjee as Krishna in May 2016. As their story was not well received by the viewers, with a decrease in ratings, in July 2016, Nazim was made to re-enter the series as Jaggi, a look-a-like of Ahem's illegitimate twin half-brother and the story focused on him and Bhattacharjee.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In September 2015, Lovely Sasan playing Paridhi quit the series as she did not want to play the role of a mother. However, after sometime when the makers approached her, she agreed and returned in March 2016.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Based on Gujarat as backdrop, the series was mainly filmed at sets in Mira road near Mumbai. The outside shell of the Modi Mansion shown in the episodes was of the Shubham Villa located in Madh Island. In December 2012, a sequence was shot at Bhuj, Gujarat for 10 days. In March 2013, a sequence was shot at Madh Island.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Besides, some sequences were also filmed at foreign locations including Switzerland in May 2011 and Singapore in February and March 2017. Earlier, US was planned but was cancelled due to Visa issues of Mohammad Nazim and Singapore was finalized.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: On 26 May 2021, Shoonya Square Productions announced that they will be producing a reboot version of Saathiya on Star Plus's Sister channel Star Bharat with similar cast figures like Giaa Manek, Mohammad Nazim, Rupal Patel and Vandana Vithlani reprising their roles. Along with these actors, they will be several new characters with a different storyline but the same concept of a Gujarati Joint-Family. The show airs on Star Bharat, the sister channel of StarPlus. In early July 2021 the title was finalized as "Tera Mera Saath Rahe". On 25 July 2021, the first promo was released featuring Giaa Manek and Rupal Patel. The reboot version was broadcast from 16 August 2021 and ended on 17 July 2022.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" has spawned several different language remakes including "Intiki deepam illalu" (Telugu), "Pudhcha Paaul" (Marathi), "Deivam Thandha Veedu" (Tamil), " Chandanamazha" (Malayalam), "Amritavarshini" (Kannada) and "Bodhuboron" (Bengali). It was dubbed in Telugu as "Kodala Kodala Koduku Pellamaa" on Star Maa and in Vietnamese as "Am Muu Va Tin Yeu". All the versions including the dubbed one became successful ones being one of the most watched TV programmes in their respective regions, crossing 1000+ episodes, Tamil version ended with 992 episodes and the Telugu dubbed version ended with 854 episodes.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In 2016, this series was dubbed in Indonesian and aired under the title Gopi (according to the main character) starting 15 September 2016 until 19 April 2017. Re-airing in Indonesia starting 17 March 2021 on ANTV.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: "Saath Nibhaana Saathiya" aired in Pakistan on Urdu 1 and H Now Entertainment but was later discontinued due to ban on Indian content in the country. It also aired in Sri Lanka dubbed into Sinhala as "Mage Sanda Obai" on Swarnavahini. In Indonesia, it began airing on ANTV from 26 September 2016 under the title "Gopi" but was airing from Monday to Friday at 3:00 pm (Indonesia Western Time). It was broadcast by THVL 1 in Vietnam with the title "Âm Mưu Và Tình Yêu". In Bulgaria, the series was dubbed in Bulgarian as "Остани с мен" on Diema Family. The series has been dubbed into Turkish as Masum on Kanal 7 where it began to air in March 2020 and ended on 30 July 2021. It was also broadcast in Romanian (Subtitled) as "Suflete Tradate" which aired on .


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: "Hindustan Times" appreciated the series for the majority cast being new comers however criticised the series as "The loud clothes and backward settings induce a pukey sensation. There's serious amount of overacting involved by the actors, whether they play protagonists or mums and dads. It't’s too old fashioned and boring".


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: Initially starting with low viewership in May 2010, it increased gradually and also became one of the top rated Hindi GEC at that time. As in early November 2010, it occupied the top position with 5.3 TVR. As the ratings increased, It was acclaimed by "Hindustan Times" for redefining the 7:00pm (IST) slot as a prime time.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In the first week of 2011, it was the most watched Hindi GEC with 6.3 TVR. In week ending 26 March 2011, it occupied fourth position with 5 TVR. In week 13 of 2011, it was at third position with 5.31 TVR. In the week ending 9 April 2011, it was at the second position with 4.96 TVR. In week ending 3 September 2011, it topped with 6.3 TVR. In week 43, it was at top position with 6.5 TVR. In week 50, at December, the series garnered its highest rating of 7.58 TVR, being most watched Hindi GEC in that week, being the first Hindi GEC to garner that rating in its 7:00 pm (IST) slot. In week ending 3 December 2011, it maintained its top position garnering 6.26 TVR. Overall, it was the most watched Indian Hindi television show of 2011.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: It maintained its first position in first week of 2012 garnering 6 TVR. On week 19 2012, it occupied first position with 5+ TVR, beating "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai" which was in that position the previously week. In the week ending 21 July 2012, it was at sixth position with 2.9 TVR. In the last six months, the ratings of the series dipped averaging about 6 TVR to 3+ TVR, being one of the most watched Hindi GEC. As in mid December 2012, it was at third position with 4.3 TVR.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In June 2013, it was the sixth most watched Hindi GEC fiction with a trp of 2.6. In week 43 and 44, it garnered 7.4 and 7.5 million viewership. Overall, during 2013, it became the seventh most watched Indian Hindi Television program with an average of 6.4 million and peak of 8.7 million viewership.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In week 4 of 2014, it garnered a rating of 4.6 TVR. On week 49, it was in third position with 3.9 TVR. Overall, it still continued to maintain its position in the weekly list of top 10 Hindi GECs during 2014.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In second week of July 2015, it was at the top position. On week 32 of 2015, it was the most watched with 4 TVR while the previous week, it shared the first position with "Kumkum Bhagya" garnering 3.8 TVR. From week 33 to 35, it garnered 3.6, 3.4 and 3.6 TVR, maintaining its position in top five shows. In second week of September 2015, it was at second position with 4.3 TVR. In 2015, overall it maintained its weekly position in top ten watched Hindi GEC ranging between 3.5 and 4 TVR.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In week 4 of 2016, it garnered a TRP of 3.5 occupying third position. In week ending 29 April 2016, it was at third position with 10.51 million impressions and the following week at fourth position with 10.25 million impressions. In week 26, it was at third position with 9.386 million impressions. In week 35, it occupied second position with 10.68 million impressions. In week 41 it was at third position with 10.074 million impressions.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: In week 4 of 2017, it was at seventh position in urban areas. Maintaining its position in top ten programs since weeks after the premiere, in 2017, the viewership dipped with it moving out of top ten Hindi GEC. In week 27 of 2017, it garnered 6.7 million impressions occupied twelfth position.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: The rerun of the series in Star Utsav during COVID-19 lockdown in 2020 became one of the top five watched Hindi GEC.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: The clip from an episode where the lead character Gopi (Giaa Manek) washes a laptop went viral and was subjected to various trolls and criticism.


title: Saath Nibhaana Saathiya

text: On 21 August 2020, music composer Yashraj Mukhate uploaded an edited video which featured the characters Kokila (Rupal Patel), Rashi (Rucha Hasabnis) and Gopi (Gia Manek) in the soap opera by adding rap song to a dialogue delivery by Rupal Patel in which Kokila scolds Rashi for putting up the cooker without the "chana" (known also as gram or chickpeas) in the kitchen. The video quickly garnered over 4.5 million views as on 24 August 2020 in Instagram and memes also trended related to the rap song.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Rowing, sometimes called crew in the United States, is the sport of racing boats using oars. It differs from paddling sports in that rowing oars are attached to the boat using oarlocks, while paddles are not connected to the boat. Rowing is divided into two disciplines: sculling and sweep rowing. In sculling, each rower holds two oars—one in each hand, while in sweep rowing each rower holds one oar with both hands. There are several boat classes in which athletes may compete, ranging from single sculls, occupied by one person, to shells with eight rowers and a coxswain, called eights. There are a wide variety of course types and formats of racing, but most elite and championship level racing is conducted on calm water courses long with several lanes marked using buoys.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Modern rowing as a competitive sport can be traced to the early 17th century when professional watermen held races (regattas) on the River Thames in London, England. Often prizes were offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies. Amateur competition began towards the end of the 18th century with the arrival of "boat clubs" at British public schools. Similarly, clubs were formed at colleges within Oxford and Cambridge in the early nineteenth century. Public rowing clubs were beginning at the same time in England, Germany, the United States. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale College.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Rowing is one of the oldest Olympic sports. Though it was on the programme for the 1896 games, racing did not take place due to bad weather. Male rowers have competed since the 1900 Summer Olympics. Women's rowing was added to the Olympic programme in 1976. Today, there are fourteen boat classes which race at the Olympics.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: In addition, the sport's governing body, the World Rowing Federation, holds the annual World Rowing Championships with twenty-two boat classes.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Across six continents, 150 countries now have rowing federations that participate in the sport. Major domestic competitions take place in dominant rowing nations and include The Boat Race and Henley Royal Regatta in the United Kingdom, the Australian Rowing Championships in Australia, the Harvard–Yale Regatta and Head of the Charles Regatta in the United States, and the Royal Canadian Henley Regatta in Canada. Many other competitions often exist for racing between clubs, schools, and universities in each nation.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: An Egyptian funerary inscription of 1430 BC records that the warrior Amenhotep (Amenophis) II was also renowned for his feats of oarsmanship, though there is some disagreement among scholars over whether there were rowing contests in ancient Egypt. In the Aeneid, Virgil mentions rowing forming part of the funeral games arranged by Aeneas in honour of his father. In the 13th century, Venetian festivals called "regata" included boat races among others.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The first known "modern" rowing races began from competition among the professional watermen in the United Kingdom that provided ferry and taxi service on the River Thames in London. Prizes for wager races were often offered by the London Guilds and Livery Companies or wealthy owners of riverside houses.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The oldest surviving such race, Doggett's Coat and Badge was first contested in 1715 and is still held annually from London Bridge to Chelsea. During the 19th century these races were to become numerous and popular, attracting large crowds. Prize matches amongst professionals similarly became popular on other rivers throughout Great Britain in the 19th century, notably on the Tyne. In America, the earliest known race dates back to 1756 in New York, when a pettiauger defeated a Cape Cod whaleboat in a race.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Amateur competition in England began towards the end of the 18th century. Documentary evidence from this period is sparse, but it is known that the Monarch Boat Club of Eton College and the Isis Club of Westminster School were both in existence in the 1790s. The Star Club and Arrow Club in London for gentlemen amateurs were also in existence before 1800. At the University of Oxford bumping races were first organised in 1815 when Brasenose College and Jesus College boat clubs had the first annual race while at Cambridge the first recorded races were in 1827. Brasenose beat Jesus to win Oxford University's first Head of the River; the two clubs claim to be the oldest established boat clubs in the world. The Boat Race between Oxford University and Cambridge University first took place in 1829, and was the second intercollegiate sporting event (following the first Varsity Cricket Match by 2 years). The interest in the first Boat Race and subsequent matches led the town of Henley-on-Thames to begin hosting an annual regatta in 1839.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Founded in 1818, Leander Club is the world's oldest public rowing club. The second oldest club which still exists is the Der Hamburger und Germania Ruder Club which was founded 1836 and marked the beginning of rowing as an organized sport in Germany. During the 19th century, as in England, wager matches in North America between professionals became very popular attracting vast crowds. Narragansett Boat Club was founded in 1838 exclusively for rowing. During an 1837 parade in Providence, R.I, a group of boatmen were pulling a longboat on wheels, which carried the oldest living survivor of the 1772 Gaspee Raid. They boasted to the crowd that they were the fastest rowing crew on the Bay. A group of Providence locals took issue with this and challenged them to race, which the Providence group summarily won. The six-man core of that group went on in 1838 to found NBC. Detroit Boat Club was founded in 1839 and is the second oldest continuously operated rowing club in the U.S. In 1843, the first American college rowing club was formed at Yale University. The Harvard–Yale Regatta is the oldest intercollegiate sporting event in the United States, having been contested every year since 1852 (excepting interruptions for wars and the COVID-19 pandemic).


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The Schuylkill Navy is an association of amateur rowing clubs of Philadelphia. Founded in 1858, it is the oldest amateur athletic governing body in the United States. The member clubs are all on the Schuylkill River where it flows through Fairmount Park in Philadelphia, mostly on the historic Boathouse Row. The success of the Schuylkill Navy and similar organizations contributed heavily to the extinction of professional rowing and the sport's current status as an amateur sport. At its founding, it had nine clubs; today, there are 12. At least 23 other clubs have belonged to the Navy at various times. Many of the clubs have a rich history, and have produced a large number of Olympians and world-class competitors.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The sport's governing body, Fédération Internationale des Sociétés d'Aviron, was founded in 1892, and is the oldest international sports federation in the Olympic movement.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: FISA first organized a European Rowing Championships in 1893. An annual World Rowing Championships was introduced in 1962. Rowing has also been conducted at the Olympic Games since 1900 (cancelled at the first modern Games in 1896 due to bad weather).


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Women row in all boat classes, from single scull to coxed eights, across the same age ranges and standards as men, from junior amateur through university-level to elite athlete. Typically men and women compete in separate crews although mixed crews and mixed team events also take place. Coaching for women is similar to that for men. The world's first women's rowing team was formed in 1896 at the Furnivall Sculling Club in London. The club, with signature colors a very distinct myrtle and gold, began as a women's club, but eventually allowed the admittance of men in 1901.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The first international women's races were the 1954 European Rowing Championships. The introduction of women's rowing at the 1976 Summer Olympics in Montreal increased the growth of women's rowing because it created the incentive for national rowing federations to support women's events. Rowing at the 2012 Summer Olympics in London included six events for women compared with eight for men. In the US, rowing is an NCAA sport for women but not for men; though it is one of the country's oldest collegiate sports, the difference is in large part due to the requirements of Title IX.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the international level, women's rowing traditionally has been dominated by Eastern European countries, such as Romania, Russia, and Bulgaria, although other countries such as Germany, Canada, the Netherlands, Great Britain and New Zealand often field competitive teams. The United States also has had very competitive crews, and in recent years these crews have become even more competitive given the surge in women's collegiate rowing.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: While rowing, the athlete sits in the boat facing toward the stern and uses the oars, which are held in place by oarlocks, to propel the boat forward (towards the bow). Rowing is distinguished from paddling in that the oar is attached to the boat using an oarlock, where in paddling there is no oarlock or attachment of the paddle to the boat.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The rowing stroke may be characterized by two fundamental reference points: the "catch", which is placement of the oar blade in the water, and the "extraction", also known as the "finish" or "release", when the rower removes the oar blade from the water.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: After the blade is placed in the water at the catch, the rower applies pressure to the oar levering the boat forward which is called the drive phase of the stroke. Once the rower extracts the oar from the water, the recovery phase begins, setting up the rower's body for the next stroke.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the catch, the rower places the blade in the water and applies pressure to the oar by pushing the seat toward the bow of the boat by extending the legs, thus pushing the boat through the water. The point of placement of the blade in the water is a relatively fixed point about which the oar serves as a lever to propel the boat. As the rower's legs approach full extension, the rower pivots the torso toward the bow of the boat and then finally pulls the arms towards his or her chest. The hands meet the chest right above the diaphragm.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the end of the stroke, with the blade still in the water, the hands drop slightly to unload the oar so that spring energy stored in the bend of the oar gets transferred to the boat which eases removing the oar from the water and minimizes energy wasted on lifting water above the surface (splashing).


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The recovery phase follows the drive. The recovery starts with the extraction and involves coordinating the body movements with the goal to move the oar back to the catch position. In extraction, the rower pushes down on the oar handle to quickly lift the blade from the water and rapidly rotates the oar so that the blade is parallel to the water. This process is sometimes referred to as "feathering the blade". Simultaneously, the rower pushes the oar handle away from the chest. The blade emerges from the water square and feathers immediately once clear of the water. After feathering and extending the arms, the rower pivots the body forward. Once the hands are past the knees, the rower compresses the legs which moves the seat towards the stern of the boat. The leg compression occurs relatively slowly compared to the rest of the stroke, which affords the rower a moment to recover, and allows the boat to glide through the water. The gliding of the boat through the water during recovery is often called "run".


title: Rowing (sport)

text: A controlled slide is necessary to maintain momentum and achieve optimal boat run. However, various teaching methods disagree about the optimal relation in timing between drive and recovery. Near the end of the recovery, the rower squares the blade into perpendicular orientation with respect to the water and begins another stroke.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Within each discipline, there are several boat classes. A single regatta (series of races) will often feature races for many boat classes. They are classified using:


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Although sculling and sweep boats are generally identical to each other (except having different riggers), they are referred to using different names:


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Racing boats (often called "shells") are long, narrow, and broadly semi-circular in cross-section in order to reduce drag in the water. There is some trade off between boat speed and stability in choice of hull shape. They usually have a fin towards the rear, to help prevent roll and yaw and to increase the effectiveness of the rudder.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Originally made from wood, shells are now almost always made from a composite material (usually a double skin of carbon-fiber reinforced plastic with a sandwich of honeycomb material) for strength and weight advantages. World Rowing rules specify minimum weights for each class of boat so that no individual team will gain a great advantage from the use of expensive materials or technology.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Smaller sculling boats are usually steered by the scullers pulling harder on one side or the other while larger boats often have a rudder, controlled by the coxswain, if present, or by one of the crew using a cable attached to one of the shoes.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: With the smaller boats, specialist versions of the shells for sculling can be made lighter. The riggers in sculling apply the forces symmetrically to each side of the boat, whereas in sweep oared racing these forces are staggered alternately along the boat. The sweep oared boat has to be stiffer to handle these unmatched forces, so consequently requires more bracing and is usually heavier – a pair (2-) is usually a more robust boat than a double scull (2x) for example, and being heavier is also slower when used as a double scull. In theory, this could also apply to the 4x and 8x, but most rowing clubs cannot afford to have a dedicated large hull which might be rarely used and instead generally opt for versatility in their fleet by using stronger shells which can be rigged for either sweep rowing or sculling. The symmetrical forces also make sculling more efficient than rowing: the double scull is faster than the coxless pair, and the quadruple scull is faster than the coxless four.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Many adjustments can be made to the equipment to accommodate the physiques of the crew. Collectively these adjustments are known as the boat's rigging.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Oars, sometimes referred to as blades, are used to propel the boat. They are long (sculling: 250–300 cm; sweep oar: 340–360 cm) poles with one flat end about 50 cm long and 25 cm wide, called the blade. Classic blades were made out of wood, but modern blades are made from more expensive and durable synthetic material, the most common being carbon fiber.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: An 'oar' is often referred to as a "blade" in the case of sweep oar rowing and as a "scull" in the case of sculling. A sculling oar is shorter and has a smaller blade area than the equivalent sweep oar. The combined blade area of a pair of sculls is however greater than that of a single sweep oar, so the oarsman when sculling is working against more water than when rowing sweep-oared. He is able to do this because the body action in sculling is more anatomically efficient (due to the symmetry).


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The "spoon" of oars is normally painted with the colours of the club to which they belong. This greatly simplifies identification of boats at a distance. As many sports teams have logos printed on their jerseys, rowing clubs have specifically painted blades that each team is associated with.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Indoor rowing (on indoor rower, or rowing tank) is a way to train technique and strength by going through the same motions as rowing, with resistance(usually a large tank of water). Indoor rowing is helpful when there are no rowable bodies of water near by, or weather conditions don't permit rowing.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: A rowing tank is an indoor facility which attempts to mimic the conditions rowers face on open water. Rowing tanks are used primarily for off-season rowing, muscle-specific conditioning and technique training, or simply when bad weather prevents open-water training.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Ergometer rowing machines (colloquially "ergs" or "ergo") simulate the rowing action and provide a means of training on land when waterborne training is restricted, and of measuring rowing fitness. Ergometers do not simulate the lateral balance challenges, the exact resistance of water, or the exact motions of true rowing including the sweep of the oar handles. For that reason ergometer scores are generally not used as the sole selection criterion for crews (colloquially ""ergs don't float""), and technique training is limited to the basic body position and movements. However, this action can still allow a workout comparable to those experienced on the water. Indoor rowing has become popular as a sport in its own right with numerous indoor competitions (and the annual World Championship CRASH-B Sprints in Boston) during the winter off-season.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: There are several formats for rowing races, often called "regattas". The two most common are side by side and head races.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Most races that are held in the spring and summer feature side-by-side, or sprint racing; all the boats start at the same time from a stationary position, and the winner is the boat that crosses the finish line first. The number of boats in a race typically varies between two (which is sometimes referred to as a "dual race") to eight, but any number of boats can start together if the course is wide enough.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The standard length races for the Olympics and the World Rowing Championships is long. In the United States, some scholastic (high school) races are , while many youth races are the standard 2 kilometres. "Masters" rowers (rowers older than 27) often race 1,000 m. However the race distance can and does vary from "dashes" or sprints, which may be long, to longer dual races like the Boat Race.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Two traditional non-standard distance shell races are the annual Boat Race between Oxford and Cambridge and the Harvard-Yale Boat Race which cover courses of approximately . The Henley Royal Regatta is also raced upon a non-standard distance at 2,112 meters (1 mile, 550 yards).


title: Rowing (sport)

text: In general, multi-boat competitions are organized in a series of rounds, with the fastest boats in each heat qualifying for the next round. The losing boats from each heat may be given a second chance to qualify through a repechage. The World Rowing Championships offers multi-lane racing in heats, finals and repechages. At Henley Royal Regatta two crews compete side by side in each round, in a straightforward knock-out format, with no repechages.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Head races are time trial / processional races that take place from autumn (fall) to early spring (depending on local conditions). Boats begin with a rolling start at intervals of 10 – 20 seconds, and are timed over a set distance. Head courses usually vary in length from to , though there are longer races such as the Boston Rowing Marathon and shorter such as Pairs Head.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The oldest, and arguably most famous, head race is the Head of the River Race, founded by Steve Fairbairn in 1926 which takes place each March on the river Thames in London, United Kingdom. Head racing was exported to the United States in the 1950s, and the Head of the Charles Regatta held each October on the Charles River in Boston, Massachusetts, United States is now the largest rowing event in the world.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: These processional races are known as "Head Races", because, as with bumps racing, the fastest crew is awarded the title "Head of the River" (as in "head of the class"). It was not deemed feasible to run bumps racing on the Tideway, so a timed format was adopted and soon caught on.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Time trials are sometimes used to determine who competes in an event where there is a limited number of entries, for example, the qualifying races for Henley Royal Regatta, and "rowing on" and "getting on" for the Oxford and Cambridge Bumps races respectively.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: A bumps race is a multi-day race beginning with crews lined up along the river at set intervals. They start simultaneously and all pursue the boat ahead while avoiding being bumped by a boat from behind. If a crew overtakes or makes physical contact with the crew ahead, a "bump" is awarded. As a result, damage to boats and equipment is common during bumps racing. To avoid damage the cox of the crew being bumped may concede the bump before contact is actually made. The next day, the bumping crew will start ahead of any crews that have been bumped. The positions at the end of the last race are used to set the positions on the first day of the races the next year. Oxford and Cambridge Universities hold bumps races for their respective colleges twice a year, and there are also "Town Bumps" races in both cities, open to non-university crews. Oxford's races are organised by City of Oxford Rowing Club and Cambridge's are organised by the Cambridgeshire Rowing Association.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The stake format was often used in early American races. Competitors line up at the start, race to a stake, moored boat, or buoy some distance away, and return. The 180° turn requires mastery of steering. These races are popular with spectators because one may watch both the start and finish. Usually only two boats would race at once to avoid collision. The Green Mountain Head Regatta continues to use the stake format, but it is run as a head race with an interval start. A similar type of racing is found in UK and Irish coastal rowing, where a number of boats race out to a given point from the coast and then return fighting rough water all the way. In Irish coastal rowing the boats are in individual lanes with the races consisting of up to 3 turns to make the race distance 2.3 km.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Rowers in multi-rower boats are numbered sequentially from the bow aft. The number-one rower is called the bowman, or just 'bow', whilst the rower closest to the stern is called the 'strokeman' or just 'stroke'. There are some exceptions to this – some UK coastal rowers, and in France, Spain, and Italy rowers number from stern to bow.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: In addition to this, certain crew members have other titles and roles. In an 8+ the stern pair are responsible for setting the stroke rate and rhythm for the rest of the boat to follow. The middle four (sometimes called the "engine room" or "power house") are usually the less technical, but more powerful rowers in the crew, whilst the bow pair are the more technical and generally regarded as the pair to set up the balance of the boat. They also have most influence on the line the boat steers.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The coxswain (or simply the cox) is the member who steers the boat using rudder strings, and coordinates the power and rhythm of the rowers, by communicating to the crew, often through a device called a cox box and speakers. The cox usually sits in the stern of the boat facing the rowers but in bowloaders, usually seen in the coxed four and coxed pair types of boat, the coxswain lies in the bow.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: It is an advantage for the coxswain to be light as this requires less effort for the crew to propel the boat. In many competitive events there is a minimum weight, under World Rowing rules, set for the coxswain to prevent unfair advantage. If a coxswain is under the minimum weight allowance (underweight), they may have to carry weights in the boat such as sandbags.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the elite level, the World Rowing Federation recognizes an under 19 category for athletes who are age 18 or less by the end of the calendar year for a given event. The World Rowing Junior Championships is the world championship event for this category. Athletes under 23 years of age by the end of the calendar year may compete in the under 23 category, and the World Rowing U23 Championships is held for these athletes. World Rowing uses the term "Senior" for events open to any age.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Under World Rowing rules, athletes may compete in "Masters" categories when they reach age 27. World Rowing holds the World Rowing Masters Regatta for these athletes, at which there are several age subcategories.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Lightweight boat classes are restricted by the rowers' weight. According to the World Rowing Federation, this weight category was introduced "to encourage more universality in the sport especially among nations with less statuesque people". The first lightweight events were held at the World Championships in 1974 for men and 1985 for women. Lightweight rowing was added to the Olympics in 1996. As of 2021, the only Olympic lightweight boat classes are the men's and women's double sculls.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the collegiate level in the United States, the lightweight weight requirements can be different depending on competitive season. For fall regattas (typically head races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 165.0 lb. and 135.0 lb. for women. In the spring season (typically sprint races), the lightweight cutoff for men is 160.0 lb., with a boat average of 155.0 lb. for the crew; for women, the lightweight cutoff is 130.0 lb.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: For juniors in the United States, the lightweight cutoff for men is 150.0 lb.; for women, it is 130.0 lb. In the fall the weight limits are increased for women, with the cutoff being 135 lb.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Adaptive rowing is a special category of races for those with physical disabilities. Under World Rowing rules there are 5 boat classes for adaptive rowers; mixed (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed intellectual disability (2 men and 2 women plus cox) LTA (Legs, Trunk, Arms), mixed (1 man and 1 woman) TA (Trunk and Arms), and men's and women's AS (Arms and Shoulders). Events are held at the World Rowing Championships and were also held at the 2008 Summer Paralympics.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: The World Rowing Federation, known as FISA until recently, is the sport's international governing body. World Rowing runs the World Rowing Championships, as well as several other international elite competitions including the World Rowing Cup and World Rowing Junior Championships. World Rowing also sponsors rowing at the Olympics.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: At the end of each year, the FISA holds the World Rowing Championships with events in 22 different boat classes. Athletes generally consider the Olympic classes to be premier events. In 2017 FISA voted to adopt a new Olympic programme for 2020, whereby the lightweight men's coxless four event was replaced by the women's heavyweight coxless four. This was done to ensure that rowing had a gender equal Olympic programme. During Olympic years only non-Olympic boats compete at the World Championships.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Rowing is one of the few bearing sports that exercises all the major muscle groups, including quads, biceps, triceps, lats, glutes and abdominal muscles. The sport also improves cardiovascular endurance and muscular strength. High-performance rowers tend to be tall and muscular: although extra weight does increase the drag on the boat, the larger athletes' increased power tends to compensate. The increased power is achieved through the increased leverage on the oar provided by the longer limbs of the athlete. In multi-person boats (2,4, or 8), the lightest person typically rows in the bow seat at the front of the boat.


title: Rowing (sport)

text: Rowing is a low-impact sport with movement only in defined ranges, so that twist and sprain injuries are rare. However, the repetitive rowing action can put strain on knee joints, the spine and the tendons of the forearm, and inflammation of these are the most common rowing injuries. If one rows with poor technique, especially rowing with a curved rather than straight back, other injuries may surface, including back pains and wrist injuries. Blisters occur for almost all rowers, especially in the beginning of one's rowing career, as every stroke puts pressure on the hands, though rowing frequently tends to harden hands and generate protective calluses. Holding the oars too tightly or making adjustments to technique may cause recurring or new blisters, as it is common to feather the blade. Another common injury is getting "track bites", thin cuts on the back of one's calf or thigh caused by contact with the seat tracks at either end of the stroke.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Nicholas Thompson Swisher (born November 25, 1980) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and first baseman in Major League Baseball (MLB). He was a switch hitter who threw left-handed, and played for the Oakland Athletics, Chicago White Sox, New York Yankees, Cleveland Indians and Atlanta Braves. He won the 2009 World Series with the Yankees against the Philadelphia Phillies and was an All-Star in 2010. A power hitter with excellent plate discipline, Swisher hit at least 20 home runs in each of nine consecutive seasons from 2005 to 2013, and reached 75 bases on balls on seven occasions in that span.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher is the son of former MLB catcher Steve Swisher, who played for various National League baseball clubs in the 1970s and 1980s. Swisher was born in Columbus, Ohio, but grew up in Parkersburg, West Virginia. Before his professional career, Swisher played college baseball for the Ohio State Buckeyes. Drafted by the A's in the 2002 MLB draft, Swisher made his MLB debut with the Athletics in 2004, and played for the team through 2007. After he spent one year with the White Sox in 2008, the Yankees acquired him prior to the start of the 2009 campaign. He played in New York for four years before signing with the Cleveland Indians prior to the 2013 season.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher was born in Columbus, Ohio, the son of Lillian Marie (Vaught) Malizia and Steve Swisher, a former major leaguer. His mother was of part Italian descent; her grandfather immigrated to the Buffalo, New York area from the town of Oliveri, in Sicily. Swisher's parents divorced when he was 11 years old. He then went to live with his grandparents in Parkersburg, West Virginia, who raised him during his teenage years.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher attended Parkersburg High School where he was a three-sport star, playing football and baseball, while lettering in basketball. As a strong safety on his football team, he was recruited by several Division I-A college football programs, including the University of Notre Dame, but chose to pursue baseball.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Undrafted out of high school, Swisher enrolled at Ohio State University, as that school and Ohio University were the only colleges to recruit him for baseball. Playing for the Ohio State Buckeyes baseball team in the Big Ten Conference, Swisher was named Big Ten Freshman of the Year in 2000, after hitting .299 with 10 home runs and 48 runs batted in (RBI). In 2000, he played collegiate summer baseball with the Wareham Gatemen of the Cape Cod Baseball League. He was an All-Big Ten selection as a first baseman as a sophomore in 2001, after hitting .322 with 56 RBI and a league-leading 15 home runs. He earned All-Big Ten honors as an outfielder in 2002, after batting .348 with 10 home runs and 52 RBI.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher was selected by the Oakland Athletics in the first round (16th overall) of the 2002 Major League Baseball draft with a pick they received from the Boston Red Sox as compensation for the signing of free agent Johnny Damon by the Red Sox. Swisher and the Athletics' 2002 draft are heavily featured in Michael Lewis' 2003 book "". In a book whose key theme is the gulf between orthodox baseball thinking and the new sabermetric-influenced system being implemented by Billy Beane, Swisher was notable as one of the few examples of a player who traditional scouts and Beane could agree upon.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher made his professional debut with the Vancouver Canadians of the Class A-Short Season Northwest League in 2002, batting .250 with two home runs and 12 RBI in 13 games. He was later promoted to the Visalia Oaks of the Class A-Advanced California League, where he batted .240 with four home runs and 23 RBI in 49 games. Swisher started the 2003 season with the Modesto A's, Oakland's new California League affiliate, where he batted .296 with 10 home runs and 43 RBI in 51 games before receiving a promotion to the Midland RockHounds of the Class AA Texas League in June. He batted .230 with five home runs and 43 RBI in 76 games for Midland to finish the season, and then played in the Arizona Fall League for the Mesa Desert Dogs.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher played for the Sacramento River Cats of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League for the 2004 season, batting .269 with 29 home runs and 92 RBI in 125 games. That season, he led all minor league baseball players with 103 walks.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher made his MLB debut in 2004 for the Athletics, playing in 20 games. Retaining his rookie status for 2005, Swisher batted .236 with 21 home runs and 74 RBI in 131 games for the Athletics. He finished sixth in the American League Rookie of the Year voting. Teammate Huston Street won the award, while fellow 2002 Oakland draftee Joe Blanton finished seventh.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Following his rookie season, Swisher improved in most offensive categories. During the 2006 regular season, Swisher compiled a .254 batting average with 35 home runs and 95 RBI (both career-highs) in 157 games. He also improved his on-base percentage by raising it to .372, as well as boosting his slugging percentage to .493. Swisher finished second for the team in on-base plus slugging (OPS) behind veteran slugger Frank Thomas. Swisher spent about half of his playing time in left field, and the other half at first base. The A's lacked both Dan Johnson and Erubiel Durazo for a large portion of the 2006 season, leaving room for Swisher to move back into his preferred position on a temporary basis. During the season, Swisher wrote a column for ESPN.com about his various baseball experiences called "Sophomore Year". This included multiple articles that pertained to his early MLB playing experiences, as well as the MLB Draft of 2002.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher made his postseason debut as the Athletics took on the Minnesota Twins in the 2006 ALDS. Swisher got three hits and an RBI during the series as the A's performed a three-game sweep against the Twins to advance to the ALCS. During the 2006 ALCS vs the Detroit Tigers, Swisher had a .100 batting average with one hit as Oakland would eventually lose the ALCS to the Tigers in four games.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On May 11, 2007, Swisher signed a five-year, $26.75 million contract extension with Oakland that included a club option for 2012. On September 16, 2007, Swisher initiated a brawl when he charged the mound after getting hit by a pitch from Texas Rangers pitcher Vicente Padilla. Earlier in the plate appearance, Padilla (who had hit Swisher the prior year) threw two inside pitches with the apparent intention of hitting Swisher. Both players were ejected following the brawl, and Swisher received a three-game suspension.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher was traded on January 3, 2008 to the Chicago White Sox for minor leaguers Ryan Sweeney, Gio González, and Fautino de los Santos as part of what Athletics general manager Billy Beane termed a "rebuilding effort". While Swisher quickly established himself as a fan favorite on his new team, he struggled offensively, batting just .219 through the season (the lowest batting average in the majors), though he improved his home run total from 22 in 2007 to 24 in 2008. He also led the majors in pitches per plate appearance, with 4.51. Because of his poor offensive play, White Sox manager Ozzie Guillén benched Swisher for most of September, saying publicly that "I have to put the best lineup out there to win the game ... To me, the best lineup right now is without (Swisher)." Swisher finished the 2008 regular season with a .219 batting average, 24 home runs, and 69 RBI in 153 games.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Despite his career-low stats in the regular season, Swisher was included in the postseason roster for the White Sox. During the 2008 ALDS against the Tampa Bay Rays, Swisher had a hit and two walks. The White Sox would eventually lose the division series against the Rays in four games.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On November 13, 2008, Swisher and minor league pitcher Kanekoa Texeira were traded to the New York Yankees for utility man Wilson Betemit and minor league pitchers Jeffrey Marquez and Jhonny Núñez. Swisher was acquired to be the Yankees starting first baseman. However, the Yankees signed Mark Teixeira later in the offseason, who took the starting role. At the end of spring training, manager Joe Girardi announced that Xavier Nady would be starting in right field while Swisher would be a bench player. Due to the perceived logjam, many teams reportedly pursued Swisher, but the Yankees opted to keep him as a reserve outfielder and first baseman.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On April 9, 2009, in a game against the Baltimore Orioles, Swisher started for the first time as a Yankee in right field, replacing Xavier Nady, who was playing DH to give Hideki Matsui a rest. Swisher went 3-for-5 with a home run and tied his career high of five RBIs. Just five days later, Swisher became the starting right fielder after Nady went on the disabled list due to an elbow injury.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On April 13, 2009, in a game against the Tampa Bay Rays, Swisher pitched one inning in relief, allowing one hit and one walk before retiring the next three batters in a row, including a strikeout against Gabe Kapler, in his first pitching appearance in the major leagues. He was the first Yankee position player to pitch since Wade Boggs in 1997, and the first Yankee to homer and pitch in the same game since Lindy McDaniel did it in Detroit on September 28, 1972. Swisher finished his first season as a Yankee batting .249 with 29 home runs and 82 RBI in 150 games.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher hit his first postseason home run in the 2009 World Series. He got his only championship title as the Yankees eventually won the World Series against the Philadelphia Phillies in six games.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Due to a .128 batting average in the 2009 postseason, Swisher worked with hitting coach Kevin Long to reinvent his swing for the 2010 season. Swisher was a contestant in the 2010 All-Star Final Vote from July 4 to 8. Swisher lobbied for the post with a promotion commercial of him with a surf board to indicate that he would be surfing in Southern California since the game was to be hosted by the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim. In what was to that date the closest vote in Final Vote history, he won the final place on the AL roster ahead of Red Sox first baseman Kevin Youkilis. Additionally, Swisher participated in the Home Run Derby. Swisher finished the season with a career-high .288 batting average, 29 home runs and 89 RBI in 150 games. Although Swisher was usually hitting in the bottom third of the lineup, he was moved into the #2 slot in the lineup after Nick Johnson went down with an injury.


title: Nick Swisher

text: In 2011, Swisher was moved down in the lineup to allow Curtis Granderson to hit second behind Derek Jeter; Swisher spent the majority of the season hitting sixth behind Robinson Canó. His .996 fielding percentage ranked second among all American League right fielders, behind Baltimore's Nick Markakis. Although Swisher's offensive totals dipped slightly from his 2010 career year, he still managed to hit .260, and was one of four Yankees with at least 20 home runs (together with Granderson, Teixeira, and Canó), and finished fourth on the team with 85 RBI.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On November 9, 2012, Swisher declined a $13.3 million one-year qualifying offer from the Yankees, making him a free agent. Under the new collective bargaining agreement, the Yankees received a compensatory pick because the Indians signed Swisher, but it was not the Indians' pick. Cleveland, in turn, surrendered its highest pick outside of the top ten, but that pick did not go to the Yankees: The Indians' slot was instead skipped in the draft.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On December 23, 2012, Swisher agreed to a four-year, $56 million contract with the Cleveland Indians. The contract reportedly included a fifth year vesting option worth $14 million, making the total contract worth $70 million. The deal became official on January 3, 2013. He soon called a section of the stadium Brohio. The Yankees received a compensation draft pick for the 2013 MLB draft as a result of losing Swisher, subsequently using it on Aaron Judge.


title: Nick Swisher

text: The 2014 season marked a difficult one for Swisher, as injuries had caused him to post career lows in batting average (.208), games played (97) and home runs (8). On June 19, 2014, after going 0–4 at the plate with three strike outs, and with two outs and two strikes, Swisher hit a walk-off grand slam against the Los Angeles Angels of Anaheim, propelling the Indians to a 5–3 win in 10 innings. On August 20, the Indians announced that Swisher would have arthroscopic surgery on both of his knees, ending his season.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher began the 2015 season on the 15-day disabled list, still recovering from surgery on both knees. On May 5, Swisher was activated from the disabled list, and played almost exclusively at DH for Cleveland, but was placed on the 15-day disabled list with left knee inflammation on June 14.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On August 7, 2015, the Indians traded Swisher and Michael Bourn with cash considerations to the Atlanta Braves for Chris Johnson. Swisher batted .195 in 46 games for the Braves. On March 28, 2016, the Braves released Swisher, despite owing him $15 million for the 2016 season.


title: Nick Swisher

text: On April 14, 2016, Swisher signed a minor league contract to return to the Yankees. They assigned him to the Scranton/Wilkes-Barre RailRiders of the Class AAA International League. Playing first base, Swisher batted .255 with seven home runs and 25 RBI in 55 games. The Yankees opted not to promote Swisher to the major leagues, in spite of injuries suffered by Mark Teixeira, Dustin Ackley, and Chris Parmelee. On July 2, Swisher opted out of his contract to be with his family following the birth of his second daughter. He announced his retirement on February 17, 2017, and became an analyst for Fox.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher's father, Steve Swisher, played 509 games in the major leagues with the Chicago Cubs, St. Louis Cardinals, and San Diego Padres from 1974 through 1982.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher was very close to his paternal grandmother, Betty Lorraine Swisher, who raised him after his parents' divorce. She died from brain cancer in 2005; he has a memorial tattoo in her honor on his chest (her initials, surrounded by angel's wings and a halo.) Swisher routinely looked up to the sky to honor his parents and grandparents. He also touched his lips and pointed to the sky in his grandmother's honor after he got a hit. In addition, he inked her initials on the bottom of his bats' knobs, and kissed the letters when he came to home plate. To honor her further, he let his hair grow for eleven months and donated it to Pantene Beautiful Lengths, a program that creates free wigs for cancer patients. On May 19, 2007, he cut his hair with assistance from his father. His website, nickswisher.net, is also dedicated to his grandmother. After his grandfather, Don, died in November 2008, Swisher began adding his initials to his bats as well. He later stated that he planned on getting another tattoo on his back in the same style as his existing one after the 2009 season to honor his grandfather.


title: Nick Swisher

text: In August 2009, "People" reported that Swisher was dating actress JoAnna Garcia. Swisher and García became engaged in May 2010, and married on December 11, 2010, at the Breakers Hotel & Resort in Palm Beach, Florida. The couple has two daughters, born in May 2013 and June 2016.


title: Nick Swisher

text: In 2011, Swisher guest starred as himself on two episodes of his wife's sitcom, "Better with You." The first episode aired February 16 and the second aired February 23.


title: Nick Swisher

text: He also appeared in the episode "Perfect Week" of "How I Met Your Mother", which aired in February 2010.


title: Nick Swisher

text: Swisher released a children's music album titled "Believe" on August 9, 2011. A percentage of the proceeds was to be donated to "Swish's Wishes", a charity started by Swisher for children who are facing health crises. The 12-song album features guest appearances from Bernie Williams and Barry Zito. All of the songs recorded on the album are cover songs that were selected by Swisher. The album peaked at #3 on the chart of iTunes Children's Albums.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: Voice () is a South Korean crime-thriller television series starring Lee Ha-na, Jang Hyuk, Kim Jae Wook (Season 1), Lee Jin-wook (Season 2 & 3) and Song Seung-heon (Season 4) which follows the lives of 112 emergency call center and dispatch team members as they fight against crimes using the sounds that they hear. It premiered on OCN on January 14, 2017. The first season concluded on March 12. The second season aired from August 11 to September 16, 2018. The third season aired from May 11 to June 30, 2019. The fourth season was premiered on June 18, 2021 and it aired on every Friday and Saturday at 22:50 KST on tvN till July 31, 2021.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: Moo Jin-hyuk (Jang Hyuk) is a "mad dog" detective who becomes guilt-ridden after his wife was murdered while he was at work. Kang Kwon-joo (Lee Ha-na) is a tough policewoman who is gifted with perfect psycho-acoustics skills and went for voice profiling. She was working at the call center when a brutal murder case took place and in the process of investigating, her father was killed. Three years later, Jin-hyuk and Kwon-joo team up as the "Golden Time team" and solve cases together, chasing after the psychopathic serial killer who took their loved ones.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: The Golden Time team solves urgent real-time incidents from phone calls received through the emergency service line. They race through the precarious time left for crime victims, who are held captive or being chased by their assailants and save them from the imminent danger. One day, a mysterious serial killer named Dr Fabre appears, A voice profiler police and center director of 112 call center, Kang Kwon-joo teams up with Dispatch Team Leader and stubborn Detective Do Kang-woo (Lee Jin-wook)to solve that crime. They try to arrest Dr Fabre while solving other diverse cases, including voice phising, date harassment, and illegal car racing.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: The Golden Time team solves urgent real-time incidents from phone calls received through the emergency service line. They race through the precarious time left for crime victims, who are held captive or being chased by their assailants, and save them from the imminent danger. One day, the team members face an international evil cartel that is behind a string of cyber crimes. In order to fight against the cartel and save lives within the golden time, a talented voice profiler police Kang Kwon-joo executes instructions to the detective field units, Do Kang-woo and his team.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: A serial killer with an enhanced hearing ability appears. The serial killer murders people using his enhanced ability. Because of this, Kang Kwon-joo, who also has an enhanced hearing ability, is driven into a corner. Kang Kwon-joo cooperates with Detective Derek Jo (Song Seung-heon) to catch the serial killer. Derek Jo is a person of principle, who doesn't allow mistakes. He is a team leader from the LAPD (Los Angeles Police Department). His LAPD team dealt with criminal gangs.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: On November 2, 2017, a source from OCN confirmed production for the second season of "Voice". On April 17, 2018, it was confirmed that Lee Ha-na would be reprising her lead female role and Lee Jin-wook would be joining season 2 as the new male lead. OCN announced a third season to be broadcast in the first half of 2019, with Lee Ha-na and Lee Jin-wook confirmed to reprise their roles. The first script reading took place on May 23, 2018 at Studio Dragon in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea. During the press conference of the second season, director Lee Seung-young shared that the season would have 12 episodes as the writer wrote season 2 with season 3 in mind.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: In September 2018, OCN officially confirmed a third season scheduled to be broadcast in the first half of 2019. It was later announced that both Lee Ha-na and Lee Jin-wook had confirmed to reprise their roles. The first script reading took place in February 2019 at Studio Dragon in Sangam-dong, Seoul, South Korea.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: OCN announced that the VOD rights for “Voice” were sold to 56 countries including the United States, Canada, France, Switzerland, Hong Kong, Singapore, and more.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: Halfway airing through the series, the drama was submitted for Korea's censorship board review due to viewers' complaints of it showing excessive violence. It was subsequently issued an advisory warning. OCN then changed its viewing rating from the original of 15+ to 19+ for episodes 11, 12 and 16 in order to make the story as realistic as possible.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: Ratings for the first season set new records for OCN dramas when it aired in South Korea, proving to be a hit among viewers. It is one of the highest rated dramas in Korean cable television history and ranked first among cable TV dramas for many consecutive weeks.


title: Voice (TV series)

text: Upon its premiere, the second season set the record for the highest premiere rating of an OCN television series. Despite its shorter run, the second season surpassed the first season's ratings and eventually became the highest-rated OCN television series, breaking viewership records previously held by "Tunnel" (2017).


title: Voice (TV series)

text: A Thai remake, titled "Voice สัมผัสเสียงมรณะ", was aired from November 4, to December 24, 2019 on True4U.


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: Eric Johann Johnson (born August 7, 1979) is a Canadian actor known for playing Flash Gordon on the eponymous 2007–2008 television series, Whitney Fordman on the superhero series "Smallville", Detective Luke Callaghan on the police drama "Rookie Blue", and Jack Hyde in the "Fifty Shades" film series. Since 2022, he has played a misogynist corrupt sheriff in the HBO Max horror series "".


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson began his career acting at the age of nine, when his parents enrolled him in Stage Polaris, a theater company in Edmonton. Johnson played the younger version of Brad Pitt's character in 1994 film "Legends of the Fall". In Canada, Johnson was the lead in an award-winning film titled "Scorn". His break-out role came in 2001, as football jock and Clark Kent rival Whitney Fordman in "Smallville".


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: In 2004, Johnson played the anti-Mormon son, Joshua Steed, in "The Work and the Glory" and later its sequels. A few years later, he played the title role in the television revival of "Flash Gordon" that debuted on Sci Fi in August 2007; the series was cancelled after one season. On November 27, 2010, Johnson starred as Jake Finley in the Hallmark movie, Debbie Macomber's "Call Me Mrs. Miracle". He also portrayed Luke Callahan in the Canadian police drama "Rookie Blue" and inmate Cal Sweeney, a bank robber, in the Fox series "Alcatraz". In 2012, Johnson was cast as the voice actor and physical actor of Sam Fisher in "", replacing Michael Ironside, who voiced the character in previous installments.


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: In 2013, Johnson was cast in Cinemax's original medical drama "The Knick" as a racist, but talented, young medic who is Clive Owen's protege; the series was directed by Steven Soderbergh.


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson played villain Jack Hyde in the drama sequels "Fifty Shades Darker" (2017) and "Fifty Shades Freed" (2018).


title: Eric Johnson (actor)

text: Johnson was born in Edmonton, Alberta. His father, Fred, managed a binding corporation, and his mother, Jane, is a librarian, massage therapist, and music teacher. In 2004, Johnson married writer-producer Adria Budd, whom he met on the set of "Smallville", as she was Annette O'Toole's and John Glover's personal assistant. They have a child born in 2007.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey (13 March 1764 – 17 July 1845), known as Viscount Howick between 1806 and 1807, was a British Whig politician who served as Prime Minister of the United Kingdom from 1830 to 1834. He was a member of the noble House of Grey.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey was a long-time leader of multiple reform movements, and during his time as prime minister his government brought about two notable reforms. The Reform Act 1832 enacted parliamentary reform, greatly increasing the electorate of the House of Commons. The Slavery Abolition Act 1833 led to the abolition of slavery in most of the British Empire, with compensation to be paid to slave-owners.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey was a strong opponent of the foreign and domestic policies of William Pitt the Younger in the 1790s. In 1807, he resigned as foreign secretary to protest against George III's uncompromising rejection of Catholic Emancipation. Grey finally resigned as prime minister in 1834 over disagreements in his cabinet regarding Ireland, and retired from politics. Scholars rank him highly among British prime ministers, believing that he averted much civil strife and enabled Victorian progress.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Descended from a long-established Northumbrian family seated at Howick Hall, Grey was the second but eldest surviving son of General Charles Grey, 1st Earl Grey KB (1729–1807) and his wife Elizabeth (1743/4–1822), a daughter of George Grey of Southwick, County Durham. He had four brothers and two sisters. He was educated at Richmond School, followed by Eton and Trinity College, Cambridge, acquiring a facility in Latin and in English composition and declamation that enabled him to become one of the foremost parliamentary orators of his generation.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: On 14 November 1807, on the death of his father, Grey became the second Earl Grey, Viscount Howick and Baron Grey of Howick. A few months later, on 30 March 1808, on the death of his father's elder brother Sir Henry Grey, and he became the third Grey Baronet of Howick.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey was elected to Parliament for the Northumberland constituency on 14 September 1786, aged just 22. He became a part of the Whig circle of Charles James Fox, Richard Brinsley Sheridan, and the Prince of Wales, and soon became one of the major leaders of the Whig party. He was the youngest manager on the committee for prosecuting Warren Hastings. The Whig historian T. B. Macaulay wrote in 1841:


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey was also noted for advocating Parliamentary reform and Catholic emancipation. His affair with Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire, herself an active political campaigner, did him little harm although it nearly caused her to be divorced by her husband.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: In 1806, Grey, by then Lord Howick owing to his father's elevation to the peerage as Earl Grey, became a part of the Ministry of All the Talents (a coalition of Foxite Whigs, Grenvillites, and Addingtonites) as First Lord of the Admiralty.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Following Fox's death later that year, Howick took over both as foreign secretary and as leader of the Whigs. The ministry broke up in 1807 when George III blocked Catholic Emancipation legislation and required that all ministers individually sign a pledge, which Howick refused to do, that they would not "propose any further concessions to the Catholics".


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: The government fell from power the next year, and, after a brief period as a member of parliament for Appleby from May to July 1807, Howick went to the Lords, succeeding his father as Earl Grey. He continued in opposition for the next 23 years. There were times during this period when Grey came close to joining the Government. In 1811, the Prince Regent tried to court Grey and his ally William Grenville to join the Spencer Perceval ministry following the resignation of Lord Wellesley. Grey and Grenville declined because the Prince Regent refused to make concessions regarding Catholic Emancipation. Grey's relationship with the Prince was strained further when his estranged daughter and heiress, Princess Charlotte, turned to him for advice on how to avoid her father's choice of husband for her.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: On the Napoleonic Wars, Grey took the standard Whig party line. After being initially enthused by the Spanish uprising against Napoleon, Grey became convinced of the French emperor's invincibility following the defeat and death of Sir John Moore, the leader of the British forces in the Peninsular War. Grey was then slow to recognise the military successes of Moore's successor, the Duke of Wellington. When Napoleon first abdicated in 1814, Grey objected to the restoration of the Bourbons' authoritarian monarchy; and when Napoleon was reinstalled the following year, he said that the change was an internal French matter.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: In 1826, believing that the Whig party no longer paid any attention to his opinions, Grey stood down as leader in favour of Lord Lansdowne. The following year, when George Canning succeeded Lord Liverpool as prime minister, it was, therefore, Lansdowne and not Grey who was asked to join the Government, which needed strengthening following the resignations of Robert Peel and the Duke of Wellington. When Wellington became prime minister in 1828, George IV (as the Prince Regent had become) singled out Grey as the one person he could not appoint to the Government.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: In 1830, following the death of George IV and when the Duke of Wellington resigned on the question of Parliamentary reform, the Whigs finally returned to power, with Grey as prime minister. In 1831, he was made a member of the Order of the Garter. His term was a notable one, seeing the passage of the Reform Act 1832, which finally saw the reform of the House of Commons, and the abolition of slavery throughout almost all of the British Empire in 1833 with the Slavery Abolition Act. As the years had passed, however, Grey had become more conservative, and he was cautious about initiating more far-reaching reforms, particularly since he knew that the King was at best only a reluctant supporter of reform.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey contributed to a plan to found a new colony in South Australia: in 1831 a "Proposal to His Majesty's Government for founding a colony on the Southern Coast of Australia" was prepared under the auspices of Robert Gouger, Anthony Bacon, Jeremy Bentham and Grey, but its ideas were considered too radical, and it was unable to attract the required investment. In the same year, Grey was appointed to serve on the Government Commission upon Emigration (which was wound up in 1832).


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: It was the issue of Ireland which precipitated the end of Grey's premiership in 1834. Lord Anglesey, the Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, preferred conciliatory reform including the partial redistribution of the income from the tithes to the Roman Catholic Church and away from the established Church of Ireland, a policy known as "appropriation". The Chief Secretary for Ireland, Lord Stanley, however, preferred coercive measures. The cabinet was divided, and when Lord John Russell drew attention in the House of Commons to their differences over appropriation, Stanley and others resigned. This triggered Grey to retire from public life, leaving Lord Melbourne as his successor. Unlike most politicians, he seems to have genuinely preferred a private life; colleagues remarked caustically that he threatened to resign at every setback.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey returned to Howick but kept a close eye on the policies of the new cabinet under Melbourne, whom he, and especially his family, regarded as a mere understudy until he began to act in ways of which they disapproved. Grey became more critical as the decade went on, being particularly inclined to see the hand of Daniel O'Connell behind the scenes and blaming Melbourne for subservience to the Radicals with whom he identified the Irish patriot. He made no allowances for Melbourne's need to keep the radicals on his side to preserve his shrinking majority in the Commons, and in particular, he resented any slight on his own great achievement, the Reform Act, which he saw as a final solution of the question for the foreseeable future. He continually stressed its conservative nature. As he declared in his last great public speech, at the Grey Festival organised in his honour at Edinburgh in September 1834, its purpose was to strengthen and preserve the established constitution, to make it more acceptable to the people at large, and especially the middle classes, who had been the principal beneficiaries of the Reform Act, and to establish the principle that future changes would be gradual, "according to the increased intelligence of the people, and the necessities of the times". It was the speech of a conservative statesman.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Before his marriage, Grey had an affair with the married Georgiana Cavendish, Duchess of Devonshire. Grey met Cavendish while attending a Whig society meeting in Devonshire House, and they became lovers. In 1791 she became pregnant and was sent to France, where she gave birth to an illegitimate daughter, who was raised by Grey's parents:


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: On 18 November 1794, Grey married Mary Elizabeth Ponsonby (1776–1861), only daughter of William Ponsonby, 1st Baron Ponsonby of Imokilly and Louisa Molesworth. The marriage was a fruitful one; between 1796 and 1819 the couple had ten sons and six daughters:


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey spent his last years in contented, if sometimes fretful, retirement at Howick with his books, his family, and his dogs. The one great personal blow he suffered in old age was the death of his favourite grandson, Charles, at the age of 13. Grey became physically feeble in his last years and died quietly in his bed on 17 July 1845, forty-four years to the day since going to live at Howick. He was buried in the Church of St Michael and All Angels there on the 26th in the presence of his family, close friends, and the labourers on his estate.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Grey is commemorated by Grey's Monument in the centre of Newcastle upon Tyne, which consists of a statue of Lord Grey standing atop a high column. The monument was damaged by lightning in 1941 and the statue's head was knocked off. The monument lends its name to Monument Metro station on the Tyne and Wear Metro, located directly underneath. Grey Street in Newcastle upon Tyne, which runs south-east from the monument, is also named after Grey.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Durham University's Grey College is named after Grey, who as prime minister in 1832 supported the Act of Parliament that established the university.


title: Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey

text: Earl Grey tea, a blend which uses bergamot oil to flavour the brew, is commonly believed to be named after Grey, although the term was apparently first used decades after his death.