title: Lauren Tewes

text: "I had to borrow money to get a new tire, because my ’62 Volkswagen Bug was not going to get to San Pedro…. That first day, standing there in the little outfit, and I had to say, ”Hi, welcome aboard, I’m Julie McCoy, your cruise director” a gazillion times. But I kept screwing it up and saying, ”Hi, welcome aboard, I’m Julie MacLeod…” because I was talking to Gavin MacLeod and I was so excited."


title: Lauren Tewes

text: In parallel, Tewes appeared in 1979 TV film "Dallas Cowboys Cheerleaders" alongside Jane Seymour and made her film debut in the 1981 movie "Eyes of a Stranger", which co-starred a young Jennifer Jason Leigh.


title: Lauren Tewes

text: In 1984, after seven seasons on "The Love Boat", Tewes was replaced after a highly public battle with cocaine addiction, which she eventually overcame. She did reprise her role as a guest in a 1985 episode, and in the TV movies in the 1986–87 season.


title: Lauren Tewes

text: Tewes was cast in a 1985 CBS sitcom pilot "Anything for Love". The pilot aired as a special that summer, but was not picked up as a series. She went on to star in classic 1980s TV series "My Two Dads", "The New Mike Hammer", "Murder, She Wrote", "T.J. Hooker" and "Hunter".


title: Lauren Tewes

text: In 1994, Tewes moved to Seattle and focused on regional theatre acting and directing across the country. In Seattle, she performed with the Tacoma Actors Guild and the Seattle Repertory Theatre. As well as doing voice-overs for commercials, Tewes continued her TV career and appeared in a 1998 episode of "", a revival of the original series. In 2000–01, she had a recurring role as a police detective on "The Fugitive".


title: Lauren Tewes

text: Tewes plays Maxine Murdoch in the "Imagination Theatre" comedy-mystery radio series "Murder and the Murdochs", which debuted in 2020. She has also played roles in episodes of other radio series on "Imagination Theatre".


title: Lauren Tewes

text: Tewes attended culinary school to become a cheese specialist and works as a sous-chef for a catering company in Seattle when not acting.


title: Lauren Tewes

text: Tewes has been married three times, first to John Wassel, a TV commercials director, then to Paolo Nonnis, an Italian drummer, and finally stage actor Robert Nadir. In 1987, she suffered the loss of her one month-old daughter, born prematurely.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: Thallium poisoning is poisoning that is due to thallium and its compounds, which are often highly toxic. Contact with skin is dangerous and adequate ventilation should be provided when melting this metal. Many thallium compounds are highly soluble in water and are readily absorbed through the skin. Exposure to them should not exceed 0.1 mg per m of skin in an 8 hour time-weighted average (40- hour working week). Thallium is a suspected human carcinogen.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: Part of the reason for thallium's high toxicity is that when present in aqueous solution as the univalent thallium(I) ion (Tl) it exhibits some similarities with essential alkali metal cations, particularly potassium (owing to similar ionic radii). It can thus enter the body via potassium uptake pathways. Other aspects of thallium's chemistry differ strongly from that of the alkali metals, such as its high affinity for sulfur ligands. Thus this substitution disrupts many cellular processes by interfering with the function of proteins that incorporate cysteine, an amino acid containing sulfur. Thallium's toxicity has led to its use (now discontinued in many countries) as a rat and ant poison.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: Among the distinctive effects of thallium poisoning are peripheral nerve damage (victims may experience a sensation of “walking on hot coals”) and hair loss (which led to its initial use as a depilatory before its toxicity was properly appreciated). However hair-loss generally occurs only with low doses; with high doses the thallium kills before hair loss can occur. Thallium was an effective murder weapon before its effects became understood and an antidote (Prussian blue) discovered. It has been called the "poisoner's poison" since it is colorless, odorless and tasteless; its slow-acting, painful and wide-ranging symptoms are often suggestive of a host of other illnesses and conditions.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), thallium release to the environment was reported in Texas and Ohio. This may indicate bioconcentration in aquatic ecosystems.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: The odorless and tasteless thallium sulfate was also used as rat poison and ant killer. Since 1975, this use in the United States and many other countries is prohibited due to safety concerns.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: Thallium may be measured in blood or urine as a diagnostic tool in clinical poisoning situations or to aid in the medicolegal investigation of suspicious deaths. Normal background blood and urine concentrations in healthy persons are usually less than 1 μg/litre, but they are often in the 1–10 mg/litre range (1,000–10,000 times higher) in survivors of acute intoxication. Thallium is present in the blood for a very short time so urine testing is usually most appropriate. A quick way to assess possible thallium poisoning is to perform a microscopic analysis of a hair and its root. In thallium poisoning this analysis will show a tapered anagen hair with black pigmentation at the base (anagen effluvium). This is pathognomonic for thallium toxicity.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: There are two main methods of removing both radioactive and stable isotopes of thallium from humans. First known was to use Prussian blue, which is a solid ion exchange material, which absorbs thallium. Up to 20 g per day of Prussian blue is fed by mouth to the person, and it passes through their digestive system and comes out in the stool. Hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are also used to remove thallium from the blood stream. At later stage of the treatment additional potassium is used to mobilize thallium from the tissue.


title: Thallium poisoning

text: There are numerous recorded cases of fatal thallium poisoning. Because of its use for murder, thallium has gained the nicknames "The Poisoner's Poison" and "Inheritance Powder" (alongside arsenic).


title: Thallium poisoning

text: In Australia, in the early 1950s, there was a notable spate of cases of murder or attempted murder by thallium poisoning. At this time, due to the chronic rat infestation problems in overcrowded inner-city neighbourhoods (notably in Sydney), and thallium's effectiveness as a rat poison, it was still readily available over the counter in New South Wales, where thallium sulphate was marketed as a commercial rat bait, under the brand "Thall-rat ."


title: Thallium poisoning

text: The Australian TV documentary "Recipe for Murder", released in 2011, examined three of the most sensational and widely reported Australian thallium poisonings, the Fletcher, Monty and Grills cases.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 20 August 2020, Russian opposition figure and anti-corruption activist Alexei Navalny was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent and was hospitalized in serious condition. During a flight from Tomsk to Moscow, he became ill and was taken to a hospital in Omsk after an emergency landing there, and put in a coma. He was evacuated to the Charité hospital in Berlin, Germany, two days later. The use of the nerve agent was confirmed by five Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) certified laboratories. On 7 September, doctors announced that they had taken Navalny out of the induced coma and that his condition had improved. He was discharged from the hospital on 22 September 2020. The OPCW said that a cholinesterase inhibitor from the Novichok group was found in Navalny's blood, urine, skin samples and his water bottle. At the same time, the OPCW report clarified that Navalny was poisoned with a new type of Novichok, which was not included in the list of controlled chemicals of the Chemical Weapons Convention.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Other prominent Russians, especially those critical of the Kremlin, have suffered poisoning attacks in the last two decades. Navalny accused President Vladimir Putin of being responsible for his poisoning. The EU and the UK imposed sanctions over Navalny's poisoning on the director of the Russian Federal Security Service (FSB), Alexander Bortnikov and five other senior Russian officials and the State Research Institute of Organic Chemistry and Technology (GosNIIOKhT). According to the EU, the poisoning of Navalny became possible "only with the consent of the Presidential Executive Office" and with the participation of the FSB. An investigation by Bellingcat and "The Insider" implicated agents from the FSB in Navalny's poisoning.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Russian prosecutors refused to open an official criminal investigation of the poisoning, claiming they found no sign that a crime had been committed,<ref name="reuters-02/09/20"></ref> and the Kremlin denied involvement in the poisoning of Navalny.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 17 January 2021, Navalny returned to Russia from Germany and was detained at Sheremetyevo International Airport for violating the terms of his probation. On 2 February, his suspended sentence was replaced with a prison sentence, meaning he would spend over two and half years at a penal colony.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Alexei Navalny has previously been attacked by chemical substances. On 27 April 2017, Navalny was attacked by unknown assailants outside his office in the Anti-Corruption Foundation who sprayed brilliant green dye, possibly mixed with other components, into his face (see Zelyonka attack). He said he had lost 80 percent of the sight in his right eye. He also said that his doctor believed there was a second corrosive substance in the liquid and that "there is hope" the lost eyesight would be restored. He also alleged that the attacker was Aleksandr Petrunko, a man he claimed had ties with State Duma deputy speaker Pyotr Olegovich Tolstoy. Navalny accused the Kremlin of orchestrating the attack.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Another incident occurred in July 2019, when Navalny was arrested and imprisoned. On 28 July, he was hospitalized with severe damage to his eyes and skin. At the hospital, he was diagnosed with an allergic reaction, although this diagnosis was disputed by Anastasia Vasilieva, one of his personal doctors. Vasilieva questioned the diagnosis and suggested the possibility that Navalny's condition was the result of "the damaging effects of undetermined chemicals". On 29 July 2019, Navalny was discharged from hospital and taken back to prison, despite the objections of his personal physician who questioned the hospital's motives.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: In August 2020, in the days leading up to the poisoning, Navalny had been publishing videos on his YouTube channel in which he expressed support for the pro-democracy 2020 Belarusian protests, which were triggered by the heavily contested 2020 Belarusian presidential election. Navalny had also written that the kind of 'revolution' that was taking place in neighbouring Belarus would soon happen in Russia. Local news site "Tayga.Info" reported that during his Siberia trip, Navalny had been carrying out an investigation, as well as meeting local candidates and volunteers.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: When asked if Navalny were preparing an exposé shortly before he became violently ill, Navalny ally Lyubov Sobol stated "I can't reveal all the details, but Navalny was on a work trip. He wasn't relaxing in the regions". The video investigation was later published by Navalny's team on 31 August.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: It is assumed that Navalny was poisoned in a politically motivated attack as 'punishment' for his opposition work. Other prominent Russians including activists, journalists and former spies have suffered poisoning attacks in recent decades such as Alexander Litvinenko in 2006 and Sergei Skripal in 2018, both in the United Kingdom. In the former instance, the poison was administered by being placed in Litvinenko's tea. British authorities blamed both attacks on Russian intelligence agencies and an inquiry concluded that Russian President Vladimir Putin had "probably" approved Litvinenko's killing. In the latter instance, a Novichok nerve agent was used. According to "The New York Times", experts expressed doubts that the Novichok agent would be used by someone other than a state-sponsored agent. Journalist and human rights advocate Anna Politkovskaya, known for her criticism of Putin and her coverage of the Second Chechen War, fell ill during a flight to cover the Beslan school siege in 2004 after drinking tea in an apparent poisoning attempt. She was later assassinated in 2006. In 2018, Pussy Riot activist Pyotr Verzilov was hospitalised in Moscow and later taken to the Charité hospital in Berlin a few days later for treatment which was organised by the Cinema for Peace Foundation after a suspected poisoning, where doctors at the hospital said it was "highly probable" that he was poisoned.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: According to activist Ilya Chumakov, who met Navalny along with other supporters the day before his flight, when Navalny was asked why he was not dead, he said that his death would not be beneficial to Putin and that it would turn him into a hero.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 20 August 2020, Navalny fell ill during a flight from Tomsk to Moscow and was hospitalised in the City Clinical Emergency Hospital No. 1 in Omsk (), where the plane had made an emergency landing. The change in his condition on the plane was sudden and violent, and video footage showed crew members on the flight scurrying towards him and Navalny crying loudly.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Afterwards, his spokeswoman said that he was in a coma and on a ventilator in the hospital. She also said that Navalny only drank tea since the morning and that it was suspected that something was added to his drink. The hospital said that he was in a stable but serious condition, and after initially acknowledging that Navalny had probably been poisoned, the hospital's deputy chief physician told reporters that poisoning was "one scenario among many" being considered. Although doctors in Russia initially suggested he suffered from a metabolic disorder caused by low blood sugar, they later stated that he had most likely been poisoned by antipsychotics or neuroleptics and that industrial chemicals such as 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate were found. A photograph on social media taken by a fan appeared to show Navalny drinking tea at a Tomsk airport café, where Interfax news agency reported that the owners of the café were checking CCTV footage to see if any evidence could be provided.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: By the afternoon, Navalny's wife, Yulia, had reached the hospital from Moscow. She brought with her Navalny's personal doctor, Anastasia Vasilyeva. The authorities, however, initially refused to allow them into the room. They demanded proof in the form of a marriage certificate that Yulia was indeed his wife. A chartered plane paid for by Cinema for Peace Foundation was sent from Germany to evacuate Navalny from Omsk for treatment at the Charité in Berlin. Approximately 31 h after symptoms onset, a doctor from the German team got a brief access to Alexey Navalny, and recorded bradycardia, hypothermia (34·4°C), and wide pupils non-reactive to light. According to German doctors, Navalny was under sedation with propofol, and it was the only obvious drug given at that time. The doctors treating him in Omsk had initially declared he was too sick to be transported but later released him, and he arrived in Berlin on 22 August. Alexander Murakhovsky, the head doctor at the Omsk hospital, told the press conference on 24 August that they had saved his life and found no traces of any poison in his system; he also said the doctors at the hospital had not been under pressure on the part of Russian officials. The doctors treating him at the Charité announced later in the day that while the specific substance was not yet known, clinical findings indicated poisoning with a substance from the group of nerve agents known as cholinesterase inhibitors, and that they would be performing further tests to discover the exact substance. Evidence might come with the publication of the initiated laboratory testing.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: As of 2 September 2020, Navalny was in a medically-induced coma. German physicians said that if he recovered lasting effects could not be ruled out. Dr. Murakhovsky wrote a letter to the Charité, demanding that they show laboratory data about him being poisoned with a cholinesterase inhibitor, stating the doctors in his hospital found no such evidence. He stated that cholinesterase decrease may have happened either by intake of a compound or naturally, also publishing a purported independent analysis detecting no cholinesterase inhibitors. He confirmed giving him atropine, which is used to counteract certain nerve agents and pesticide poisoning, but claimed the reasons were unrelated to poisoning.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 7 September, doctors brought Navalny out of the medically-induced coma. In a press release, Charité said:


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 10 September, news media reported the police protection outside the Charite hospital had been stepped up, that Navalny was able to speak again, but Navalny's spokeswoman described reports of his quick recuperation as "exaggerated".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 14 September, the Charité hospital said that Navalny was taken off the ventilator and that he is able to get out of bed. For the first time, the hospital said that it published the statement following consultations "with the patient and his wife", rather than his wife only.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 15 September, Navalny's spokeswoman said that Navalny would return to Russia. Navalny also posted a picture from his hospital bed on social media for the first time since his poisoning. The Kremlin ruled out a meeting between Navalny and Putin.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 22 September, the doctors at the Charité hospital declared him well enough to be discharged from in-patient care.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: While recovering after discharge from the Charité hospital, Navalny stated "I assert that Putin was behind the crime, and I have no other explanation for what happened. Only three people can give orders to put into action 'active measures' and use Novichok ... [but] FSB director Alexander Bortnikov, foreign intelligence service head Sergey Naryshkin and the director of GRU cannot make such a decision without Putin's orders."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) employees in Tomsk, having learned about the poisoning, told the administration of the hotel where Navalny had stayed that he could have been poisoned with "something from the minibar" and received permission to inspect his room. The inspection was carried out in the presence of a hotel administrator and a lawyer, and was filmed. Navalny's associates took his personal belongings from the room, including several plastic water bottles. The head of the FBK investigation department, Maria Pevchikh, subsequently took these bottles to Germany on the same medical plane on which Navalny himself was transported, and handed them over to German specialists. Although the Navalny's team member maintained control of the bottle, there is no official chain of custody for it.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On the same day, 20th of August, 2020, Navalny's lawyers appealed to the Investigative Committee of Russia and demanded for the initiation of a criminal case in accordance with the Articles 30, 105, and 227 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Upon Navalny's admission to Charité hospital intensive care unit, toxicological analysis and drug screening in the patient's blood and urine samples was performed. Several drugs, including atropin were identified, whose presence was attributed to the previous treatment in Omsk. Cholinesterase status testing was performed in an external laboratory, and it showed virtually no activity of acetylcholinesterase in erythrocytes, which served as a strong evidence supporting exposure to cholinesterase inhibitor. Navalny's attending doctors from the Charité turned to Bundeswehr experts for help to check whether Navalny had been poisoned with a chemical warfare agent.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 2nd of September, 2020, the German government announced that scientists at the Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology obtained in unequivocal proof that Navalny was poisoned by Novichok type nerve agent Although the German government did not disclose any technical details about the exact procedure of Novichok's identification, as well as a concrete formula of the poison, Marc-Michael Blum, an expert in chemical weapons testing and former OPCW employee suggested that the alanytic procedure used by German chemists was similar to the one used for identification of Sarin poisoning, and it allows reliable identification of the poison at the ppb level. His opinion is in agreement with the opinion of Palmer Taylor, a pharmacologist at the University of California, San Diego.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Traces of the Novichok nerve agent were found in blood and urine, as well as on Navalny's skin samples. Traces of the poison were also found on one of Navalny's bottles, which had previously been handed over to Berlin doctors, and on some other undisclosed object(s). Experts suggest that Navalny drank from it after he was poisoned, and left traces on it. Navalny's team suggested that he was possibly poisoned before leaving the hotel. It was also stated that before leaving Russia, Navalny's clothes were seized by the Russian government.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Bruno Kahl, the head of Germany's foreign intelligence service, revealed that the Novichok agent identified from Navalny's toxicology results was a "harder" form than previously seen, suggesting it was a different compound from that used to poison the Skripals.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: The research results from the Bundeswehr Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology were handed over to the OPCW.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: The Charité hospital, with Navalny's consent, published a scientific article titled "Novichok nerve agent poisoning" in the peer-reviewed medical journal "The Lancet". In the article, 14 doctors described Navalny's clinical details and course of treatment. The doctors also confirmed that severe poisoning was the cause of Navalny's condition: "A laboratory of the German armed forces designated by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons identified an organophosphorus nerve agent from the Novichok group in blood samples collected immediately after the patient's admission to Charité." They also expressed the opinion that Navalny survived thanks to timely treatment and previous good health. After the publication, Navalny said that the evidence of the poisoning that Putin was demanding was now available to the whole world.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 3rd of September 2020, Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons received from the German Government a request of assistance according to the Chemical Weapons Convention. A team of inspectors visited the Charité Hospital, met Navalny, confirmed his identity, and directly supervised and monitored blood and urine sampling, which was conducted


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: by the hospital staff in line with the OPCW procedure. The samples, which were maintained under OPCW chain of custody, were transferred to two certified laboratories designated by the OPCW Director General.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Researchers in the two OPCW designated laboratories, the laboratory in Bouchet, subordinate to the Direction générale de l'armement and Umeå, subordinate to the Swedish Defence Research Agency, confirmed Navalny's poisoning with a Novichok nerve agent.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 6 October 2020, the OPCW announced that results of testing samples obtained from Navalny had confirmed the presence of a Novichok nerve agent, saying:


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: The exact structure of the agent involved has not been publicly disclosed, but according to the announcement above, the compound shares structural similarities with A-232 (the example compound for schedule 1.A.14) and A-242 (the example compound for schedule 1.A.15). It was emphasized that any use of chemical weapons is "reprehensible and wholly contrary to the legal norms established by the international community." United Nations special rapporteur on Extrajudicial Executions Agnès Callamard and UN Special Rapporteur on the Promotion and Protection of the Right to Freedom of Opinion Irene Khan have confirmed that they intend to investigate Navalny's poisoning at his request.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: According to "Die Zeit" and "Der Spiegel", "a new and improved version of the Novichok agent, which has not been encountered in the world before", was used in Navalny's poisoning. This new type of Novichok is more toxic and dangerous than its previously known variants, but acts more slowly. It had been planned that Navalny would die on board the plane, but he had survived "thanks to a sequence of successful coincidences: the quick reaction of the pilot who made an emergency landing, and the doctors in Omsk, who immediately injected Navalny with atropine". German experts came to the conclusion that only Russian special services could have used such a "deadly and complex poison". To create a binary chemical weapon of this kind, a special laboratory is needed; it could not be synthesized by ordinary criminals. The German side rejected the version of Navalny's poisoning by foreign special services, as it would have been "unthinkable" in the conditions of constant surveillance of Navalny by the Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB): "All this allows us to draw only one plausible conclusion: it was the Kremlin who gave the order to get rid of unwanted criticism."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: A source in the German special services told "The New York Times" that, according to German experts, Navalny was poisoned by Novichok in the form of a powder dissolved in a liquid, most likely in the tea he drank at the Russian airport. Given that the poison was also found on a bottle from Navalny's hotel room, "The New York Times" concluded that he could have been poisoned twice. Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe has appointed Jacques Maire as special rapporteur on the poisoning of Navalny.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 13 December 2020, an article from "The Sunday Times", quoting anonymous intelligence sources, reported that Navalny had been poisoned a second time while in hospital in Omsk; the prior administration of the antidote atropine in response to the first poisoning is thought to have saved Navalny's life by counteracting the second dose of Novichok. Specialists found Novichok on the politician's underwear and clothes, including on his belt. The poison got on things after intelligence agents entered Navalny's hotel room in Tomsk.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 14 December 2020, Bellingcat and "The Insider", in co-operation with CNN, "Der Spiegel" and Anti-Corruption Foundation, published a joint investigation implicating agents from Russia's Federal Security Service (FSB) in Navalny's poisoning. The investigation detailed a special unit of the FSB specialising in chemical substances, and the investigators tracked members of the unit using telecom and travel data. The same day, Navalny published a new video and tweeted: "Case closed. I know who tried to kill me. The case concerning my murder attempt is solved. We know the names, we know the job ranks, and we have the photos." According to the investigation, Navalny had been under surveillance by a group of eight operatives from the unit since 2017, and there may have been earlier attempts to poison him. The travel data of the alleged FSB officers were made publicly available. When asked about the investigation, Putin called it "the legalisation of the materials of American intelligence agencies" and confirmed that Russian security agents were tailing Navalny, claiming that Navalny was backed by U.S. intelligence and denying that he was poisoned.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: In January 2021, Bellingcat in a separate joint investigation with "Der Spiegel" linked the unit that tracked Navalny and allegedly poisoned him to the deaths of two other activists including Timur Kuashev in 2014 and Ruslan Magomedragimov in 2015, as well as potentially the politician Nikita Isayev in 2019, but it noted that Isayev was "absolutely loyal" to the Kremlin and there was no motive for him to have been killed by the FSB.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: According to Bellingcat, the same FSB unit had been involved in the assassination of Boris Nemtsov and the poisonings of Vladimir Kara-Murza and Dmitry Bykov.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Following the investigation but before its publication, Navalny recorded his telephone conversation with Konstantin Borisovich Kudryavtsev, an alleged FSB operative allegedly involved in his poisoning. The recording was released on 21 December 2020. During the phone conversation, Navalny posed as an aide to the secretary of Russia's Security Council Nikolai Patrushev, pretending to debrief Kudryavtsev about the operation and asking for details of why the mission had failed. Investigators used caller ID spoofing software to make the call look like it was coming from an FSB work phone number. Kudryavtsev unwittingly confessed that the Novichok agent had been applied to Navalny's underwear while he was staying at the hotel in Tomsk; but while Navalny had worn them for the flight as planned, the poison had apparently been absorbed too slowly. He attributed Navalny's survival to the pilots rerouting the flight and doctors in Omsk administering an antidote "almost immediately". Following Navalny's medical evacuation to Germany, the man said he had been sent to recover Navalny's clothes so that they could be treated to remove traces of Novichok before they could be tested by independent experts. The FSB later dismissed the recording of Navalny's telephone call as a forgery, calling it a "provocation" that "would not have been possible without the organizational and technical support of foreign special services". However, Bellingcat had arranged for its representatives to be present during the call, and they were; there are direct witnesses, in addition to the published audio and visual records of the call.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 27 August 2020, Russian police and the Ministry of the Interior said they had launched a routine preliminary investigation into the poisoning, inspecting the hotel room and security footage. Russian police said that over 100 pieces of potential evidence had been collected. Prosecutors asserted that there was no need for any further investigation after the preliminary investigation, claiming it had found no sign that a crime had been committed.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 17 January 2021, Navalny left Germany by plane to return to Russia. Prior to his return, the Federal Penitentiary Service (FSIN) said that Navalny may face jail time upon his arrival in Moscow for violating the terms of his probation, saying it would be "obliged" to detain him once he returned; in 2014, Navalny had received a suspended sentence in the "Yves Rocher case", which he had called politically motivated, and in 2017, the European Court of Human Rights had ruled that Navalny was unfairly convicted. The Investigative Committee of Russia also said that it was investigating Navalny for alleged fraud. The plane was originally scheduled to arrive at Vnukovo Airport. Navalny had called on his supporters to meet him at the airport. Before the flight landed, four of his close aides, including his brother Oleg and Lyubov Sobol, were detained at the airport by police. Riot police also arrived, attempting to move some of the journalists and his supporters waiting by the arrivals area. A number of supporters of Navalny and journalists were detained at the airport by police; earlier, the prosecutor's office had warned against participation in what it stated was an unsanctioned event. In total, over 50 people were detained at Vnukovo Airport. The plane was then diverted to Sheremetyevo International Airport for "technical reasons". At the airport, Navalny told reporters that it was his best day in five months and that he was not afraid.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: He was detained at passport control, with his lawyer, Olga Mikhaylova, who was not allowed to join him. Shortly, the FSIN confirmed his detention and said that he would remain in custody until the court hearing. This was also the last time Navalny spoke personally to his wife Yulia, who has not been allowed to visit him since. Amnesty International declared Navalny to be a prisoner of conscience and called on the Russian authorities to release him. A number of officials and political figures from the United States and European Union, including U.S. Secretary of State Mike Pompeo, German foreign minister Heiko Maas, British foreign secretary Dominic Raab and European Commission president Ursula von der Leyen, expressed concern and called on the Russian authorities to release Navalny.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 18 January, a court decision ordered the detention of Navalny until 15 February for violating his parole. A makeshift court was set up in the police station in which Navalny was being held. Another hearing would later be held to determine whether his suspended sentence should be replaced with a jail term. Navalny described the procedure as "ultimate lawlessness". He also called on his supporters to take to the streets, saying: "Do not be silent. Resist. Take to the streets — not for me, but for you". Navalny's regional network head, Leonid Volkov, said that preparations were being made for protests to be organised across the country on 23 January. On 19 January, while in jail, an investigation by Navalny and his Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBK) was published, accusing Putin of corruption.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 2 February, a Moscow court replaced Navalny's three-and-a-half years suspended sentence with a prison sentence, minus the period of time he spent under house arrest, meaning he would spend two-and-a-half years in a penal colony.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 4 February, Sergey Maximishin, the deputy chief physician of the Omsk hospital that treated Navalny, suddenly passed away, the hospital said in a statement. Omsk's regional health ministry attributed his death to a heart attack. Navalny's chief of staff, Leonid Volkov said: knew more than anyone else about Alexey's condition so I can't dismiss possibility of foul play... However Russia's health care system is very poor and it's not uncommon for doctors of his age to suddenly die."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: One of the developers of substances like Novichok, Vladimir Uglyov, said that he "trusts the German specialists 100%" and suggested that the poison was delivered using “a solution (for example, in dimethylformamide) of a solid analogue of A-234, namely, a solid A-242, which was applied on Navalny's underwear, plus the addition of some faster-acting substance that hides symptoms (for example, clonidine)." Uglyov suggested that Novichok had been applied on Navalny's underwear in a hotel room, and that the poison had entered his body a few hours before departure. According to the scientist, Navalny received about 20% of the lethal dose. Uglyov suggested that the organizers decided to poison Navalny with Novichok, since they mistakenly believed that this substance would be impossible to detect. Uglyov also expressed the opinion that the Russian laboratory could not detect Novichok in the biological samples acquired from Navalny because “German specialists had more modern equipment and instruments for determining such quantities, which were taken from Alexei's blood. And those who did the tests in Moscow had much weaker equipment and the tests showed the absence of the substance." After the release of an independent investigation by Navalny, in which it was assumed that Alexei and his wife Yulia could have been subjected to attempts at poisoning earlier, Uglyov did not rule out that Navalny could have encountered Novichok three times, in previous cases receiving small doses insufficient for a lethal outcome.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Chemical weapons specialist Vil Mirzayanov, who worked at GosNIIOKhT and in the 1990s revealed the Novichok development program in the USSR and Russia, agreed with the conclusions of the "Bundeswehr" special laboratory and suggested that the latest versions of Novichok were used to poison Navalny: the compounds A-242 or A-262. Mirzayanov also stated that the symptoms described by Navalny on 19 September were comparable to those he was aware of for similar cases.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: One of the developers of the Novichok agent, Leonid Rink, stated that if Novichok had been used to poison Navalny, he "would have been dead, not left in coma" and suggested that what happened to Navalny was an attack of acute pancreatitis. This position was later dismissed as "nonsense" by doctor Yaroslav Ashikhmin who treated Navalny, as no increase in pancreatic enzymes was found in Navalny's blood. Another fact-checker pointed out at least three cases of people poisoned with Novichok who survived (Andrei Zheleznyakov, Sergei and Yulia Skripal) whose symptoms were very consistent with those of Navalny. Rink also theorized that Navalny had poisoned himself in a "big theater play" or that the Germans had copied Novichok and then poisoned Navalny in Germany, without providing any evidence for those theories. Rink had also previously (in 2018) echoed a theory floated in Russian state media that the British could have been behind the poisoning of Sergei Skripal. He had also in 1995 confessed to selling Novichok to a criminal gang for $1500 but was never convicted.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Reanimatologist (anesthesiologist) Boris Teplykh, one of the participants in the council of Russian doctors who treated Navalny in the first days after the poisoning, said in an interview with "Meduza" that the Russian specialists from the Moscow Medical Center of Forensic Medicine were looking for organophosphates and traces of cholinesterase inhibitors, but did not find any. Teplykh explained the difference in the test results of Russian and German specialists by the fact that “we worked with forensic toxicologists, and they [Germans] worked with superchemists who deal with chemical warfare agents. Slightly different things."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Navalny's attending physician Anastasia Vasilyeva stated on the TV channel RTVI that all Navalny's symptoms clearly indicated organophosphate poisoning. The fact that she, as the attending physician, was not allowed to examine Alexei, nor access consultations and medical documentation for two days, in her opinion, indicated that they had tried to hide the symptoms of poisoning from her, on the basis of which she concluded that the Omsk doctors were given instructions to be silent.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Andy Smith, Professor of the Department of Toxicology at the University of Leicester, noted that it would be difficult to identify a specific toxic substance in Navalny's body after a few days, though not impossible, given recent advances in analytical chemistry. He also noted that although Navalny, with the help of atropine and other drugs, had survived the acute stage of the poisoning, inhibition of cholinesterase could lead to the appearance of neurodegenerative and neuropsychiatric diseases. In his opinion, this was exactly what the poisoners were counting on.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: The head of the Institute of Toxicology in Munich, Professor Martin Goettlicher, in an interview with "Deutsche Welle", noted that Navalny's symptomatology was in many ways similar to that of the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal. For example, in both cases, patients were put into an artificial coma for about three weeks to restore cholinesterase. Goettlicher also explained that when Navalny was poisoned, those around him did not necessarily have to suffer, as was the case with the Skripals, since the Novichok can be an oily liquid that evaporates or spreads poorly, depending on how the substance got into the body and in what quantity.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: German biochemist Dr. Marc-Michael Blum, who previously headed the OPCW laboratory, as well as the team investigating the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, confirmed that when Navalny was poisoned by Novichok, those around him could not have suffered: according to Blum, this indicated either that the level of exposure to the substance or the degree of its ingress into Navalny's body was too low, or that no one around had come into contact with the epicenter of the poison. Blum praised the work of the laboratory of the Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology of the Bundeswehr, which was the first to confirm the poisoning of Navalny by Novichok (Blum had worked there in 2006–2010). Blum categorically denied that the OPCW laboratories could have engaged in conspiracies and falsified the results of chemical analysis by anyone's political will. After the OPCW published its own report, Blum stated: "five laboratories ... certified by the OPCW ... did the same tests and came to the same result," that "Navalny was poisoned with a chemical agent." Blum confirmed that "use of chemical weapons" and "violation of the Chemical Weapons Convention" is not determined by the presence of a substance on the List of Schedule 1 substances (CWC): "in the end, there is no need for the substance to be on the list — the point is how it will be used."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Boris Zhuikov, Doctor of Chemistry and Head of the Laboratory of the Institute for Nuclear Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences, explained that although Novichok can break down in the body relatively quickly (for example, in a couple of days), when decomposed, it leaves behind specific compounds containing fragments of Novichok molecules, with which it is possible not only to confirm a poisoning by Novichok, but also to establish which substance from this group was used. The Russian team stated that it did not find Novichok itself in its analyses of Navalny's samples, while the German laboratory found traces of Novichok's presence. Zhuikov explained that these statements do not necessarily contradict each other: "the substance itself is really no longer there, but the interaction products remained." Modern methods of analysis (primarily mass spectrometry in combination with chromatography) make it possible to detect such chemical byproducts with very high sensitivity (for example, easily detecting the presence of 1 mg of poison in a human body weighing 70 kg), and the detection of these byproducts can unambiguously identify the original poisonous substance. The German laboratory of the Bundeswehr, which analyzed Navalny's samples, had such equipment.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: A group of six leading Western experts in the field of toxicology and chemical weapons, in an interview with the BBC Russian Service, commented that prompt medical assistance saved Navalny's life: he was given the antidote atropine (perhaps preventively) and breathing support. Scientists explained that there were no other victims of Navalny's poisoning since only Navalny received a high dose of the poisonous substance and was in prolonged contact with it. Experts also said that it is impossible to find the components necessary for the manufacture of Novichok on the market (some components themselves fall under the ban under the Chemical Weapons Convention), and only military laboratories can produce such poisons, since this requires special equipment and special security conditions.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: In November 2021 a statement was published by 55 states parties to the OPCW that condemned the use by a "toxic chemical as a weapon" against Navalny, confirmed presence of cholinease inhibitors consistent with the "Novichok" series and urged Russia to provide answers to OPCW questions, to which Russia did not provide answers since 2020.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 20 August, UN spokesman Stéphane Dujarric expressed concern about Navalny's "sudden illness". US President Donald Trump said the US is monitoring reports of the leader of the Russian opposition. US National Security Advisor Robert O'Brien said that reports of the possible poisoning of Navalny were causing "extreme concern" in Washington.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 21 August, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights said it expects Navalny to receive proper medical attention. The German government announced that there were serious grounds to suspect that poisoning had taken place, and called on to provide Navalny with any medical assistance that could save him. The head of the European Council Charles Michel expressed concern about the state of Navalny. French President Emmanuel Macron stated that France was ready to offer "all necessary assistance ... in terms of health care, asylum, protection" to Navalny and his family and demanded clarity on the circumstances surrounding the incident. German Chancellor Angela Merkel also offered any medical assistance necessary in German hospitals. Amnesty International called for an investigation into the alleged poisoning. According to John Sipher, a former CIA station chief in Moscow, "Whether or not Putin personally ordered the poisoning, he is behind any and all efforts to maintain control through intimidation and murder".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 24 August, German Chancellor Angela Merkel and Foreign Minister Heiko Maas in a joint statement called on the Russian authorities to clarify in detail and as transparent as possible all the circumstances of the incident, to identify and prosecute those responsible. The head of EU diplomacy, Josep Borrell, said that the Russian authorities should immediately begin an independent and transparent investigation into the poisoning of Navalny.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 25 August, French Foreign Minister Jean-Yves Le Drian said that France, on the basis of the preliminary conclusion of the Charité clinic doctors about Navalny's poisoning, considers the incident a criminal act and calls for finding and punishing those responsible.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: US Deputy Secretary of State Stephen Biegun expressed deep concern about Navalny's condition, as well as the impact of reports of his poisoning on civil society in Russia. The American diplomat also stressed the importance of transparency and freedom of speech in any democratic state. Biegun said that "if Navalny’s poisoning is confirmed, the U.S. could take steps that would exceed Washington’s response to findings of Russian meddling in the 2016 U.S. presidential election."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 25 August, the businessman Yevgeny Prigozhin, who has ties with Putin and has been nicknamed "Putin's chef", was quoted as saying that he intended to enforce a court decision last year that required Navalny, his associate Lyubov Sobol and his Anti-Corruption Foundation to pay 88 million rubles in damages to the Moskovsky Shkolnik company over a video investigation. Prigozhin had bought the debt so that Navalny and his associate would owe him directly. Prigozhin was quoted by the company as saying "I intend to strip this group of unscrupulous people of their clothes and shoes" and that if Navalny survived, Navalny would be liable "according to the full severity of Russian law".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 26 August, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson and NATO Secretary General Jens Stoltenberg joined in demanding a transparent investigation. According to Johnson, Navalny's poisoning "shocked the world," and Stoltenberg saw no reason to question the conclusions of the Charite doctors.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 2 September, after the German government officially announced that the pharmaceutical and toxicology laboratory of the Bundeswehr found traces of poison from the Novichok group in Alexey Navalny's body, German Chancellor Angela Merkel issued a statement in which she called Navalny's poisoning an attempt to silence him: "Someone tried to silence [Mr Navalny] and in the name of the whole German government I condemn that in the strongest terms." Merkel said that "Mr. Navalny ha[d] been the victim of a crime" which "raise[d] very serious questions that only the Russian government c[ould] and must answer". The European External Action Service in a statement condemned the poisoning and said that it is "essential that the Russian government investigates thoroughly and in a transparent manner the assassination attempt of Mr Navalny". Boris Johnson demanded that Russia provide an explanation and said that he considered it "outrageous that a chemical weapon was used against Alexey Navalny." He promised to "work with international partners to ensure justice is done." Jean-Yves Le Drian condemned the "shocking and irresponsible" use of a Novichok poisoning agent and said it was in violation of the ban on the use of chemical weapons. The Italian Foreign Ministry "condemned with force" the poisoning of Navalny, called this act a "crime", and, expressing "profound concern and indignation", demanded an explanation from Russia.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Stephen Biegun stated that the US finds the German conclusion about the use of Novichok "very credible” and "deeply concerning". Navalny's chief of staff, Leonid Volkov, stated "In 2020, poisoning Navalny with Novichok is the same as leaving an autograph at the scene of the crime".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 3 September, the European Council called the incident an "assassination attempt". After the German government concluded that Navalny was poisoned by Novichok, the wife of British policeman Nick Bailey, who was exposed to Novichok after the poisoning of Sergei and Yulia Skripal, tweeted, "It's been almost years after the events in Salisbury and there has been no justice for Dawn and her family and none for the Skripals, Charlie or us. And now it's happened again".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 4 September, Jens Stoltenberg stated: "Time and again, we have seen opposition leaders and critics of the Russian regime attacked, and their lives threatened. Some have even been killed. So this is not just an attack on an individual, but on fundamental democratic rights. It is a serious breach of international law, which demands an international response." He also asked the Russian authorities to fully cooperate with an impartial international investigation.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 5 September, Donald Trump announced that the United States should soon receive documents from Germany on the Navalny case, which will allow Washington to determine its position. He noted that he had no reason to question Germany's conclusions that Navalny was poisoned by Novichok, and stressed that if the fact of the poisoning was confirmed, it would anger him.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 6 September, Heiko Maas said that Germany was planning to discuss possible sanctions against Russia if the Kremlin does not provide an explanation soon, saying that any sanctions should be "targeted". Maas also said that there were "several indications" that Russian authorities were behind the poisoning. He also said that a lack of support from Russia in the investigation could "force" Germany to change its position on the Nord Stream 2 gas pipeline from Russia to Germany.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: On 8 September, UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Michelle Bachelet called on Russia "to carry out, or fully cooperate with, a thorough, transparent, independent and impartial investigation, after German specialists said they have "unequivocal proof" that he was poisoned with a Novichok nerve agent."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: In a March 2021 report, the East StratCom Task Force of the European External Action Service registered an increase in false information propagated in Russia about Germany as a result of the deterioration in German-Russian relations developed since the poison attack. In 2020 The Task Force reported over 300 cases of false information targeting Alexei Navalny, while most of the cases have appeared after the poisoning.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Political scientist Nikolai Petrov, senior fellow at the Royal Institute of International Affairs (Chatham House) and professor of political science at the Higher School of Economics, commenting on the poisoning of Navalny for "The New York Times", noted that in the Kremlin “no one else causes such hostility and fear as Navalny". This means that "there is a very long list of potential enemies" who may wish for Navalny's death, or at least want to render him incapacitated. However, Navalny is such a prominent figure in Russia that none of his personal enemies would have dared to take such radical measures against him without, "at least, the tacit consent of Putin." According to Petrov, in Russia there is a system “like in the mafia: nothing can be done without the approval and guarantees of immunity from the boss. I'm not saying that Putin directly ordered the poisoning of him, but no one can act without making sure the boss is happy and punishes them.”


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: The opinion that Putin personally was involved in the poisoning of Navalny was also expressed by the doctor of historical sciences, political scientist Valery Solovei. In his opinion, such operations cannot be carried out without Putin knowing about them, who at least was aware of the poisoning plans. Solovei also believes that after returning to Russia, they will continue to exert financial pressure on Navalny and will try to "hit all his connections, all with whom he cooperates and interacts."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Mark Galeotti, an expert on Russian special services and professor emeritus at University College London, noted in an interview with "Deutsche Welle" that the use of Novichok is proof that either the state or “someone with a high degree of power and authority in the state” was involved in the attempt to poison Navalny. According to Galeotti, if the measures taken by the West in response to this poisoning are not effective, then Moscow will continue to carry out such operations.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Former German ambassador to Russia and former vice-president of the Federal Intelligence Service of Germany "Rüdiger von Fritsch", commenting on the inaction of the Russian Federation in the investigation of Navalny's poisoning, said: "For more than three weeks now we have been in a situation where Russia does not help in any way in the investigation, but only puts forward accusations in reply ... The one who stole himself then shouts very loudly, pointing in the other direction. We are faced with this for the umpteenth time. The scenario is the same: reprimands, shifting the burden of gathering evidence to others, threats, ridicule. The most important thing is not to conduct an investigation, never".


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Professor of Rutgers University, sociologist Sergei Erofeev said that a group of professors from a number of recognized universities nominated Navalny for the Nobel Peace Prize as having made a significant contribution to the fight for human rights. Erofeev noted that although the very idea of such a nomination is not new, it acquired particular relevance in connection with the poisoning of Navalny.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Retired FSB General said that the poisoning of Navalny is "an act of state terrorism", in which "the president and his special services" were involved.


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: Researcher of the Russian armed forces and special services Mark Galeotti, commenting on the telephone conversation between Navalny and the FSB agent, said that Navalny was able to "demonstrate how much top-secret information is available on the darknet — phone numbers, names, everything else. And that all this can be used to identify individuals. And what's more, getting them to talk about their work."


title: Poisoning of Alexei Navalny

text: According to polls conducted by the Levada Center in December 2020, 78% of Russian respondents had heard about Navalny's poisoning. 30% of the respondents believed there was no poisoning at all and that it is a mock-up, 19% opted for a provocation of Western special services, 15% opted for an attempt by the authorities to eliminate the political opponent. 7% of respondents see a personal revenge on one of the people involved in Navalny's investigations, 6% a struggle within the Russian opposition, and 1% believe in health problems, accidental poisoning, or common poisoning. 4% think other reasons are more likely, and 19% find the question hard to answer. There was a significant correlation between the belief in poisoning by the authorities and age, sources of information, and attitude towards the government in general.


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: Joyce Benignia Van Patten (born March 9, 1934) is an American film and stage actress. She is best known for her roles in films like "The Bad News Bears" (1976), "St. Elmo's Fire" (1985) (as Mrs. Beamish), and as Rob Schneider's septuagenarian wife in "Grown Ups" (2010).


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: Van Patten was born in New York City to Josephine Rose (née Acerno), a magazine advertising executive, and Richard Byron Van Patten, an interior decorator. Her mother was of Italian descent, while her father was of Dutch and English ancestry.


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: She is the younger sister of actor Dick Van Patten, and the half-sister of actor/director Tim Van Patten and actor John Van Patten. Following a relatively brief marriage to Thomas King at the age of 16 (she gave birth to a son, Thomas Jr., a year later), she married and divorced three more times, including to actor Dennis Dugan. She was married to actor Martin Balsam from 1959 to 1962, and they had a daughter, actress Talia Balsam.


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: Van Patten has appeared in dozens of television series. She was a member of the original cast of "As the World Turns". She made her television debut as a featured regular on "The Danny Kaye Show", after which she co-starred with Bob Denver and Herb Edelman in the 1968–70 sitcom "The Good Guys" as Claudia Gramus, the long-suffering wife of diner owner Bert Gramus (played by Edelman). She appeared in two episodes of "Perry Mason" ("The Case of the Prankish Professor" and "The Case of the Thermal Thief"). She appeared in guest or recurring roles on "Stoney Burke", "Hawaii Five-O", "Gunsmoke", "The Untouchables", "The Law and Mr. Jones", "The Twilight Zone" ("Passage on the Lady Anne"), "The Jack Benny Program", "Family Affair", "The Many Loves of Dobie Gillis", "The Andy Griffith Show", "Mr. Novak", "The Outer Limits", "Mannix", "The Rockford Files", "The Bob Newhart Show", "The Odd Couple", "The F.B.I.", "Lou Grant", "Law & Order", "Oz", and "The Sopranos". On a 1976 episode of "Columbo", "Old Fashioned Murder", Van Patten played the lead, as a museum owner and curator who commits murder. In 1974, she had a minor role in the episode "Negative Reaction" (with Dick Van Dyke) of the same series. In 1979, she starred as Iris Chapman in "The Mary Tyler Moore Hour", and appeared in "The Martian Chronicles" the following year. In 1995, she played Maureen, Jennie's mother, for two seasons on the WB sitcom "Unhappily Ever After". In 2005, she played Carol Prudy, Susan Mayer's stepmother, on two episodes of "Desperate Housewives".


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: Her film credits include "I Love You, Alice B. Toklas" (1968), "The Trouble with Girls" (1969), "Pussycat, Pussycat, I Love You" (1970), "Making It" (1971), "Something Big" (1971), "Bone" (1972), "Thumb Tripping" (1972), "Mame" (1974), "The Manchu Eagle Murder Caper Mystery" (1975), "The Bad News Bears" (1976), "Mikey and Nicky" (1976), "The Falcon and the Snowman" (1985), "St. Elmo's Fire" (1985), "Billy Galvin" (1986), "Blind Date" (1987), "Monkey Shines" (1988), "Grown Ups" (2010), "This Must Be the Place" (2011), and "God's Pocket" (2014). In 2018 she appeared in the short film "The Rest".


title: Joyce Van Patten

text: At age 9, Van Patten made her stage debut in "Tomorrow, the World!". She appeared on Broadway in, among other shows, "A Hole in the Head", "Brighton Beach Memoirs", "Murder at the Howard Johnson's", "Rumours", "Jake's Women" and "Rabbit Hole". She appeared off-Broadway in such dramas as "Love, Loss, and What I Wore", "The Vagina Monologues", and Chekhov's "The Seagull". She also appeared and recorded, with Charles Aidman and Naomi Caryl Hirschhorn, excerpts from "Spoon River Anthology".


title: Self-concept

text: In the psychology of self, one's self-concept (also called self-construction, self-identity, self-perspective or self-structure) is a collection of beliefs about oneself. Generally, self-concept embodies the answer to the question ""Who am I?"."


title: Self-concept

text: Self-concept is distinguishable from self-awareness, which is the extent to which self-knowledge is defined, consistent, and currently applicable to one's attitudes and dispositions. Self-concept also differs from self-esteem: self-concept is a cognitive or descriptive component of one's self (e.g. "I am a fast runner"), while self-esteem is evaluative and opinionated (e.g. "I feel good about being a fast runner").


title: Self-concept

text: Self-concept is made up of one's self-schemas, and interacts with self-esteem, self-knowledge, and the social self to form the self as a whole. It includes the past, present, and future selves, where future selves (or possible selves) represent individuals' ideas of what they might become, what they would like to become, or what they are afraid of becoming. Possible selves may function as incentives for certain behaviour.


title: Self-concept

text: The perception people have about their past or future selves relates to their perception of their current selves. The temporal self-appraisal theory argues that people have a tendency to maintain a positive self-evaluation by distancing themselves from their negative self and paying more attention to their positive one. In addition, people have a tendency to perceive the past self less favourably (e.g. "I'm better than I used to be") and the future self more positively (e.g. "I will be better than I am now").


title: Self-concept

text: Psychologists Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow had major influence in popularizing the idea of self-concept in the west. According to Rogers, everyone strives to reach an "ideal self." He believed that a person gets to self-actualize when they prove to themself that they are capable enough to achieve their goals and desires, but in order to attain their fullest potential, the person must have been raised in healthy surroundings which consist of "genuineness, acceptance, and empathy", however, the lack of relationships with people that have healthy personalities will stop the person to grow "like a tree without sunlight and water" and affect the individual's process to accomplish self- actualization. Rogers also hypothesized that psychologically healthy people actively move away from roles created by others' expectations, and instead look within themselves for validation. On the other hand, neurotic people have "self-concepts that do not match their experiences. They are afraid to accept their own experiences as valid, so they distort them, either to protect themselves or to win approval from others."


title: Self-concept

text: Abraham Maslow applied his concept of self-actualization in his hierarchy of needs theory. In this theory, he explained the process it takes for a person to achieve self-actualization. He argues that for an individual to get to the "higher level growth needs", he must first accomplish "lower deficit needs". Once the "deficiency needs" have been achieved, the person's goal is to accomplish the next step, which is the "being needs". Maslow noticed that once individuals reach this level, they tend to "grow as a person" and reach self-actualization. However, individuals who experienced negative events while being in the lower deficit needs level prevents them from ascending in the hierarchy of needs.


title: Self-concept

text: The self-categorization theory developed by John Turner states that the self-concept consists of at least two "levels": a personal identity and a social one. In other words, one's self-evaluation relies on self-perceptions and how others perceive them. Self-concept can alternate rapidly between one's personal and social identity. Children and adolescents begin integrating social identity into their own self-concept in elementary school by assessing their position among peers. By age five, acceptance from peers significantly affects children's self-concept, affecting their behaviour and academic success.


title: Self-concept

text: The self-concept is an internal model that uses self-assessments in order to define one's self-schemas. Changes in self-concept can be measured by spontaneous self-report where a person is prompted by a question like "Who are you?". Often when measuring changes to the self self-evaluation, whether a person has a positive or negative opinion of oneself, is measured instead of self-concept.


title: Self-concept

text: Features such as personality, skills and abilities, occupation and hobbies, physical characteristics, gender, etc. are assessed and applied to self-schemas, which are ideas of oneself in a particular dimension (e.g., someone that considers themselves a geek will associate "geek-like" qualities to themselves). A collection of self-schemas makes up one's overall self-concept. For example, the statement "I am lazy" is a self-assessment that contributes to self-concept. Statements such as "I am tired", however, would not be part of someone's self-concept, since being tired is a temporary state and therefore cannot become a part of a self-schema. A person's self-concept may change with time as reassessment occurs, which in extreme cases can lead to identity crises.


title: Self-concept

text: Researchers debate over when self-concept development begins. Some assert that gender stereotypes and expectations set by parents for their children affect children's understanding of themselves by approximately age three. However, at this developmental stage, children have a very broad sense of self; typically, they use words such as big or nice to describe themselves to others. While this represents the beginnings of self-concept, others suggest that self-concept develops later, in middle childhood, alongside the development of self-control. At this point, children are developmentally prepared to interpret their own feelings and abilities, as well as receive and consider feedback from peers, teachers, and family. In adolescence, the self-concept undergoes a significant time of change. Generally, self-concept changes more gradually, and instead, existing concepts are refined and solidified. However, the development of self-concept during adolescence shows a "U"-shaped curve, in which general self-concept decreases in early adolescence, followed by an increase in later adolescence.


title: Self-concept

text: Romantic relationships can affect people's self-concept throughout a relationship. Self-expansion describes the addition of information to an individuals concept of self. Self-expansion can occur during relationships. Expansion of self-concept can occur during relationships, during new challenging experiences.


title: Self-concept

text: Additionally, teens begin to evaluate their abilities on a continuum, as opposed to the "yes/no" evaluation of children. For example, while children might evaluate themselves "smart", teens might evaluate themselves as "not the smartest, but smarter than average." Despite differing opinions about the onset of self-concept development, researchers agree on the importance of one's self-concept, which influences people's behaviors and cognitive and emotional outcomes including (but not limited to) academic achievement, levels of happiness, anxiety, social integration, self-esteem, and life-satisfaction.


title: Self-concept

text: Academic self-concept refers to the personal beliefs about their academic abilities or skills. Some research suggests that it begins developing from ages three to five due to influence from parents and early educators. By age ten or eleven, children assess their academic abilities by comparing themselves to their peers. These social comparisons are also referred to as "self-estimates". Self-estimates of cognitive ability are most accurate when evaluating subjects that deal with numbers, such as math. Self-estimates were more likely to be poor in other areas, such as reasoning speed.


title: Self-concept

text: Some researchers suggest that to raise academic self-concept, parents and teachers need to provide children with specific feedback that focuses on their particular skills or abilities. Others also state that learning opportunities should be conducted in groups (both mixed-ability and like-ability) that downplay social comparison, as too much of either type of grouping can have adverse effects on children's academic self-concept and the way they view themselves in relation to their peers.


title: Self-concept

text: Physical self-concept is the individual's perception of themselves in areas of physical ability and appearance. Physical ability includes concepts such as physical strength and endurance, while appearance refers to attractiveness and body image. Adolescents experience significant changes in general physical self-concept at the onset of puberty, about eleven years old for girls and about 15 years old for boys. The bodily changes during puberty, in conjunction with the various psychological of this period, makes adolescence especially significant for the development of physical self-concept. An important factor of physical self-concept development is participation in physical activities. It has even been suggested that adolescent involvement in competitive sports increases physical self-concept.


title: Self-concept

text: A person's gender identity is a sense of one's own gender. These ideas typically form in young children. According to the International Encyclopedia of Marriage and Family, gender identity is developed at an early age when the child starts to communicate; by the age of eighteen months to two years is when the child begins to identify as a girl or a boy. After this stage, some consider gender identity already formed, although some consider non-gendered identities more salient during that young of an age. Kohlberg noted gender constancy occurs by the ages of five to six, a child becomes well-aware of their gender identity. Both biological and social factors may influence identities such as a sense of individuality, identities of place as well as gendered identities. As part of environmental attitudes, some suggest women more than men care about the environment. Forms of gender stereotyping is also important to consider in clinical settings. For example, a study at Kuwait University with a small sample of 102 men with gender dysphoria examined self-concept, masculinity and femininity. Findings were that children who grew up on lower family bonds had lower self-concept. Clearly, it is important to consider the context of social and political attitudes and beliefs before drawing any conclusions about gender identities in relation to personality, particularly about mental health and issues around acceptable behaviours.


title: Self-concept

text: Self-concept can have motivational properties. There are four types of motives in particular that are most related to self-concept:


title: Self-concept

text: Some of these motives may be more prominent depending on the situation. In Western societies, the most automatic is the self-enhancement motive, and may be dominant in some situations where motives contradict one another. For example, the self-enhancement motive may contradict and dominate the self-assessment motive if one seeks out inaccurate compliments rather than honest feedback. Additionally, self-concept can motivate behavior because people tend to act in ways that reaffirm their self-concept, which is consistent with the idea of the self-verification motive. In particular, if people perceive the self a certain way and receive feedback contrary to this perception, a tension is produced that motivates them to reestablish consistency between environmental feedback and self-concept. For example, if someone believes herself to be outgoing, but someone tells her she is shy, she may be motivated to avoid that person or the environment in which she met that person because it is inconsistent with her self-concept of being an outgoing person. Further, another major motivational property of self-concept comes from the desire to eliminate the discrepancy between one's current self-concept and his or her ideal possible self. This is parallel with the idea of the self-improvement motive. For example, if one's current self-concept is that she is a novice at piano playing, though she wants to become a concert pianist, this discrepancy will generate motivation to engage in behaviors (like practicing playing piano) that will bring her closer to her ideal possible self (being a concert pianist).


title: Self-concept

text: Worldviews about one's self in relation to others differ across and within cultures. Western cultures place particular importance on personal independence and on the expression of one's own attributes (i.e. the self is more important than the group). This is not to say those in an independent culture do not identify and support their society or culture, there is simply a different type of relationship. Non-Western cultures favor an interdependent view of the self: Interpersonal relationships are more important than one's individual accomplishments, and individuals experience a sense of oneness with the group. Such "identity fusion" can have positive and negative consequences. Identity fusion can give people the sense that their existence is meaningful provided the person feels included within the society (for example, in Japan, the definition of the word for self () roughly translates to "one's share of the shared life space"). Identity fusion can also harm one's self-concept because one's behaviors and thoughts must be able to change to continue to align with those of the overall group. Non-interdependent self-concepts can also differ between cultural traditions.


title: Self-concept

text: Additionally, one's social norms and cultural identities have a large effect on self-concept and mental well-being. When a person can clearly define their culture's norms and how those play a part in their life, that person is more likely to have a positive self-identity, leading to better self-concept and psychological welfare. One example of this is in regards to consistency. One of the social norms within a Western, independent culture is consistency, which allows each person to maintain their self-concept over time. The social norm in a non-Western, interdependent culture has a larger focus on one's ability to be flexible and to change as the group and environment change. If this social norm is not followed in either culture, this can lead to a disconnection with one's social identity, which affects personality, behavior, and overall self-concept. Buddhists emphasize the impermanence of any self-concept.


title: Self-concept

text: Anit Somech, an organizational psychologist and professor, who carried a small study in Israel showed that the divide between independent and interdependent self-concepts exists "within" cultures as well. Researchers compared mid-level merchants in an urban community with those in a kibbutz (collective community). The managers from the urban community followed the independent culture. When asked to describe themselves, they primarily used descriptions of their own personal traits without comparison to others within their group. When the independent, urban managers gave interdependent-type responses, most were focused on work or school, due to these being the two biggest groups identified within an independent culture. The kibbutz managers followed the interdependent culture. They used hobbies and preferences to describe their traits, which is more frequently seen in interdependent cultures as these serve as a means of comparison with others in their society. There was also a large focus on residence, lending to the fact they share resources and living space with the others from the kibbutz. These types of differences were also seen in a study done with Swedish and Japanese adolescents. Typically, these would both be considered non-Western cultures, but the Swedish showed more independent traits, while the Japanese followed the expected interdependent traits.


title: Self-concept

text: Along with viewing one's identity as part of a group, another factor that coincides with self-concept is stereotype threat. Many working names have been used for this term: "stigmatization", "stigma pressure", "stigma vulnerability" and "stereotype vulnerability". The terminology that was settled upon Claude Steele and Joshua Aronson to describe this "situational predicament was 'stereotype threat.' This term captures the idea of a situational predicament as a contingency of their [marginalized] group identity, a real threat of judgment or treatment in the person's environment that went beyond any limitations within." Steele and Aronson described the idea of stereotype threat in their study of how this socio‐psychological notion affected the intellectual performance of African Americans. Steele and Aronson tested a hypothesis by administering a diagnostic exam between two different groups: African American and White students. For one group a stereotype threat was introduced while the other served as a control. The findings were that academic performance of the African American students was significantly lower than their White counterparts when a stereotype threat was perceived after controlling for intellectual ability. Since the inception by Steele and Aronson of stereotype threat, other research has demonstrated the applicability of this idea to other groups.


title: Self-concept

text: When one's actions could negatively influence general assumptions of a stereotype, those actions are consciously emphasized. Instead of one's individual characteristics, one's categorization into a social group is what society views objectively - which could be perceived as a negative stereotype, thus creating a threat. "The notion that stereotypes held about a particular group may create psychologically threatening situations associated with fears of confirming judgment about one's group, and in turn, inhibit learning and performance."


title: Self-concept

text: The presence of stereotype threat perpetuates a "hidden curriculum" that further marginalized minority groups. Hidden curriculum refers to a covert expression of prejudice where one standard is accepted as the "set and right way to do things". More specifically, the hidden curriculum is an unintended transmission of social constructs that operate in the social environment of an educational setting or classroom. In the United States' educational system, this caters to dominant culture groups in American society. "A primary source of stereotyping is often the teachers education program itself. It is in these programs that teachers learn that poor students and students of color should be expected to achieve less than their 'mainstream' counterparts." These child-deficit assumptions that are built into the program that instructs teachers and lead to inadvertently testing all students on a "mainstream" standard that is not necessarily academic and that does not account for the social values and norms of non-"mainstream" students.


title: Self-concept

text: For example, the model of "teacher as the formal authority" is the orthodox teaching role that has been perpetuated for many years until the 21st-century teaching model landed on the scene. As part of the 5 main teaching style proposed by Anthony Grasha, a cognitive and social psychologist until his death in 2003, the authoritarian style is described as believing that there are "correct, acceptable, and standard ways to do things".


title: Self-concept

text: Some say, girls tend to prefer one-on-one (dyadic) interaction, forming tight, intimate bonds, while boys prefer group activities. One study in particular found that boys performed almost twice as well in groups than in pairs, whereas girls did not show such a difference. In early adolescence, the variations in physical self-concepts appear slightly stronger for boys than girls. This includes self-concepts about movement, body, appearance and other physical attributes. Yet during periods of physical change such as infancy, adolescence and ageing, it is particularly useful to compare these self-concepts with measured skills before drawing broad conclusions


title: Self-concept

text: Some studies suggest self-concept of social behaviours are substantially similar with specific variations for girls and boys. For instance, girls are more likely than boys to wait their turn to speak, agree with others, and acknowledge the contributions of others. It seems boys see themselves as building larger group relationships based on shared interests, threaten, boast, and call names. In mixed-sex pairs of children aged 33 months, girls were more likely to passively watch a boy play, and boys were more likely to be unresponsive to what the girls were saying. In some cultures, such stereotypical traits are sustained from childhood to adulthood suggesting a strong influence of expectations by other people in these cultures. The key impacts of social self-concepts on social behaviours and of social behaviours on social self-concepts is a vital area of ongoing research.


title: Self-concept

text: In contrast, research suggest overall similarities for gender groups in self-concepts about academic work. In general, any variations are systematically gender-based yet small in terms of effect sizes. Any variations suggest overall academic self-concept are slightly stronger for men than women in mathematics, science and technology and slightly stronger for women than men about language related skills. It is important to observe there is no link between self concepts and skills [i.e., correlations about r = 0.19 are rather weak if statistically significant with large samples]. Clearly, even small variations in perceived self-concepts tend to reflect gender stereotypes evident in some cultures . In recent years, more women have been entering into the STEM field, working in predominantly mathematics, technology and science related careers. Many factors play a role in variations in gender effects on self-concept to accumulate as attitudes to mathematics and science; in particular, the impact other people's expectations rather than role-models on our self-concepts .


title: Self-concept

text: A commonly-asked question is "why do people choose one form of media over another?" According to the Galileo Model, there are different forms of media spread throughout three-dimensional space. The closer one form of media is to another the more similar the source of media is to each other. The farther away from each form of media is in space, the least similar the source of media is. For example, mobile and cell phone are located closest in space where as newspaper and texting are farthest apart in space. The study further explained the relationship between self-concept and the use of different forms of media. The more hours per day an individual uses a form of media, the closer that form of media is to their self-concept.


title: Self-concept

text: Self-concept is related to the form of media most used. If one considers oneself tech savvy, then one will use mobile phones more often than one would use a newspaper. If one considers oneself old fashioned, then one will use a magazine more often than one would instant message.


title: Self-concept

text: In this day and age, social media is where people experience most of their communication. With developing a sense of self on a psychological level, feeling as part of a greater body such as social, emotional, political bodies can affect how one feels about themselves. If a person is included or excluded from a group, that can affect how they form their identities. Growing social media is a place for not only expressing an already formed identity, but to explore and experiment with developing identities. In the United Kingdom, a study about changing identities revealed that some people believe that partaking in online social media is the first time they have felt like themselves, and they have achieved their true identities. They also revealed that these online identities transferred to their offline identities.


title: Self-concept

text: A 2007 study was done on adolescents aged 12 to 18 to view the ways in which social media affects the formation of an identity. The study found that it affected the formation in three different ways: risk taking, communication of personal views, and perceptions of influences. In this particular study, risk taking behavior was engaging with strangers. When it came to communication about personal views, half of the participants reported that it was easier to express these opinions online, because they felt an enhanced ability to be creative and meaningful. When it came to other's opinions, one subject reported finding out more about themselves, like openness to experience, because of receiving differing opinions on things such as relationships.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon (; ) is a brand of vintage Champagne. It is named after Dom Pérignon, a Benedictine monk who was an important quality pioneer for Champagne wine but who, contrary to popular myths, did not discover the Champagne method for making sparkling wines.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon (1638–1715) was a monk and cellar master at the Benedictine abbey in Hautvillers. He pioneered a number of winemaking techniques around 1670—being the first to blend grapes in such a way as to improve the quality of wines, balance one element with another in order to make a better whole, and deal with a number of their imperfections; perfecting the art of producing clear white wines from black grapes by clever manipulation of the presses; enhancing the tendency of Champagne wines to retain their natural sugar in order to naturally induce secondary fermentation in the spring; being a master at deciding when to bottle these wines in order to capture the bubble. He also introduced corks (instead of wood), which were fastened to bottles with hemp string soaked in oil in order to keep the wines fresh and sparkling, and used thicker glass in order to strengthen the bottles (which were prone to explode at that time). The development of sparkling wines as the main style of production in Champagne occurred progressively in the 19th century, more than a century after Dom Pérignon's death.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: The first vintage of Dom Pérignon was 1921 and was only released for sale in 1936, sailing to New York in the liner "Normandie". The brand, not exploited, was given by Champagne Mercier to Moët in 1927 for a wedding between the two families.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: In 1935, 300 bottles of a 1926-vintage precursor to Dom Pérignon were sold to Simon Bros. & Co., the company that imported Moët in the United Kingdom, who gave two bottles to each of their 150 best customers to commemorate their centenary. While these bottles were almost identical to the subsequent Dom Pérignon releases, they did not display the Dom Pérignon name, rather "Champagne specially shipped for Simon Brothers & Co's Centenary 1835—1935." The wine got immediate attention in the marketplace and 100 boxes of the 1921 vintage were shipped to the United States shortly thereafter, this time displaying the Dom Pérignon name. James Buchanan Duke, the billionaire who had founded the American Tobacco Company, ordered 100 bottles for himself. The 17 bottles sold at an auction in Christie's in New York City in June 2004 were part of that order (Doris Duke, the billionaire's daughter, had kept them in her cellar). According to current Dom Pérignon cellar master Richard Geoffroy (2012), who has been Chef de Cave for Dom Pérignon since 1990, the 1921 vintage had a "distinctive bouquet comprising sandalwood, vanilla and praline".


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Until the 1943 vintage, Dom Pérignon was produced from regular vintage Moët & Chandon Champagne that was transferred to the special 18th century-style bottles after extended cellaring. It was, thus, effectively an ""oenothèque"" release of Moët & Chandon Vintage Champagne in a different bottle. From the 1947 vintage, Dom Pérignon has been produced separately from the start.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: In 1971, the Shah of Iran ordered several bottles of the first vintage of Dom Pérignon Rosé (1959) for the 2,500-year celebration of the Persian Empire. A bottle of that champagne, from that order, was sold at auction for €24,758 in 2008.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: In 1981, Dom Pérignon was chosen for the wedding of Lady Diana Spencer and Prince Charles. The magnums of Dom Pérignon Vintage 1961 served on that July 29 carried a special insignia created just for the ceremony.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon is always a vintage champagne, meaning that all grapes used to make the wine were harvested in the same year. The wine is not made in weak years, i.e. when the general quality of the harvest is considered to be too low. The earliest market release of a vintage is usually after 8-10 years for the standard champagne, with longer maturation times for special editions like the "Second Plenitude" or "Œnotheque" (see below).


title: Dom Pérignon

text: From 1921 to 2009, Dom Pérignon champagne has been produced in 43 vintages. More than two vintage years in a row is a rare phenomenon, which until 2006 had only occurred three times: 1969–1971, 1998–2000, and 2002–2006 (the first time five vintages were produced in a row). The 2008 vintage was the first released out of sequence, after the 2009 vintage.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: The 44 white Dom Pérignon vintages up to 2012 are 1921, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1934, 1943, 1947, 1949, 1952, 1953, 1955, 1959, 1961, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1969, 1970, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1983, 1985, 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005, 2006, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2012.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Since 1959 a rosé version of Dom Pérignon is also produced. Twenty-six Dom Pérignon Rosé vintages have been produced and released until 2022: 1959, 1962, 1964, 1966, 1969, 1971, 1973, 1975, 1978, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986 (the first rosé vintage where the white version was not produced), 1988, 1990, 1992, 1993, 1995, 1996, 1998, 2000, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 (the second rosé vintage where the white version was not produced), 2006 and 2008.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: P2, meaning 'second plenitude'. Dom Pérignon choose the best grapes from any of the 17 Grands Crus, including the legendary Premier Cru, Hautvillers and it is released in three different maturation time periods called Plénitudes. After close to 15 years of slow transformation in the cellars, the taste is, according to Dom Perignon, "wider, deeper, longer, more intense - and gifted further with an extended longevity."


title: Dom Pérignon

text: It is the result of extra time of maturation and constantly monitored and tasted by the Chef de cave to determine the perfect time for disgorgement.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: The first Plénitude is the Dom Perignon released after 8-9 years of lees ageing. The second Plénitude is released after 15 to 20 years lees ageing. P3 is released after considerably more lees ageing and in very small quantities.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon has over the years collaborated with different artists, profiles and designers to create limited editions of the bottles design. Some of the limited editions are:


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon is always an assemblage of Pinot noir and Chardonnay grapes, although the final composition changes every vintage: at times a blend in perfectly equal proportions (e.g. 1990 Rosé), at times up to 60% Chardonnay (1982) or 60% Pinot noir (1969), and only once going over 60% (with 65% Chardonnay in 1970). According to Richard Geoffroy's Manifesto and blog: "Dom Pérignon expresses its first plénitude after seven years in the cellar", with a second plénitude 12 to 15 years after the vintage (first Œnothèque release, now referred to as P2) and a third plénitude after 30 to 40 years (second Œnothèque release, now referred to as P3). Around 2016, the producer stopped using the Œnothèque designation and started labeling new plénitude releases as P2 or P3, providing more clarity to the disgorgement date than the Œnothèque designation. The grapes entering the blend come from the best, most sunlit sites. Serena Sutcliffe comments: "With age, Dom Pérignon takes on a totally seductive fresh-toast-and-coffee bouquet, one of the most intriguing scents in Champagne."


title: Dom Pérignon

text: The number of bottles produced in each vintage is not precisely defined, although it is at least 5 million bottles.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: As of September 2022, the current release of Dom Pérignon is from the 2012 vintage and the current release of Dom Pérignon Rosé is from the 2008 vintage.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: Dom Pérignon is often traded at wine auctions, where it is frequently termed "DP". A wave of auction price records started in 2004, with the sale of the Doris Duke collection at Christie's in New York City. Three bottles of Dom Pérignon 1921 sold for US$24,675. In 2008, two sales held by Acker, Merral & Condit also left their mark on the history of Dom Pérignon, with three magnums of Dom Pérignon Œnothèque (1966, 1973 and 1976) selling for US$93,260 in Hong Kong, and a lot of two bottles of the legendary Dom Pérignon Rosé Vintage 1959 selling for US$84,700 in New York. Only 306 bottles of the 1959 Rosé Vintage were produced, and they were never sold. In 1971, it was served in Persepolis at the lavish festivities celebrating the 2500th anniversary of the founding of the Persian Empire by Cyrus the Great.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: On April 17, 2010, a new record was set for a sale of wine in Britain according to "The Daily Telegraph". A buyer would have spent more than £35,000 for Methuselah (6 litre) 1996 Dom Perignon Champagne Rose (Rose Gold). This transaction took place at the Westbury Hotel at a party that followed the screening of the new film, Boogie Woogie.


title: Dom Pérignon

text: A vertical of Dom Pérignon Rosé Œnothèque, a world premiere release from the reserve cellar of Dom Pérignon, never commercially released before, was sold at a record price at a wine auction organized by Sotheby's in Hong Kong in May 2010. The 30 bottle lot of Dom Pérignon Œnothèque Rosé bottles and magnums from 1966, 1978, 1982, 1985, 1988, and 1990 achieved HK$1,331,000 (US$170,641), setting the world auction record for a single lot of champagne and is the first HK$1 million lot of wine Sotheby's has sold in Hong Kong.


title: Jonjo Shelvey

text: Jonjo Shelvey (born 27 February 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for club Newcastle United.


title: Jonjo Shelvey

text: Shelvey began his career at Charlton Athletic, becoming their youngest-ever player at 16 years and 59 days old. In 2010, he moved to Liverpool for an initial £1.7 million, spending a brief loan at Blackpool. During his time at Anfield, Shelvey was part of a Liverpool squad which won the League Cup and lost the FA Cup final in 2012. He joined Swansea City for £5 million in 2013, and Newcastle United for £12 million two and a half years later. A month after joining Newcastle, he was made the team's stand-in captain in the absence of Fabricio Coloccini, as the season ended with relegation. He has since helped the club regain Premier League status, and established himself as Newcastle's vice captain.


title: Jonjo Shelvey

text: Shelvey played for England at under-16, under-17, under-19 and under-21 level and has captained the under-19 team. He won his first cap for the senior team in 2012.


title: Jonjo Shelvey

text: Shelvey played in the youth teams of first Arsenal and then West Ham United, the team he had supported as a boy. In 2004, he moved to Charlton Athletic, making his breakthrough in the 2007–08 season after scoring 14 goals in 23 appearances for Charlton's under-18 team. He made his first-team debut on 26 April 2008, starting in a 3–0 away loss against Barnsley in the Championship. He became Charlton's youngest-ever player, at the age of 16 years and 59 days – beating the previous holder, Paul Konchesky. He still had one week of school remaining when he was given his debut by manager Alan Pardew.