title: Root canal treatment

text: Recent studies indicate that substances commonly used to clean the root canal space incompletely sterilize the canal. A properly restored tooth following root canal therapy yields long-term success rates near 97%. In a large-scale study of over 1.6 million patients who had root canal therapy, 97% had retained their teeth 8 years following the procedure, with most untoward events, such as re-treatment, apical surgery or extraction, occurring during the first 3 years after the initial endodontic treatment. Endodontically treated teeth are prone to extraction mainly due to non-restorable carious destruction, other times due to the improper fit of the crown margins that encircles the tooth which lead to the ingress of bacteria, and to a lesser extent to endodontic-related reasons such as endodontic failure, vertical root fracture, or perforation (procedural error).


title: Root canal treatment

text: An infected tooth may endanger other parts of the body. People with special vulnerabilities, such as a recent prosthetic joint replacement, an unrepaired congenital heart defect, or immunocompromisation, may need to take antibiotics to protect from infection spreading during dental procedures. The American Dental Association (ADA) asserts that any risks can be adequately controlled. A properly performed root canal treatment effectively removes the infected part of the pulp from the tooth.


title: Root canal treatment

text: In the early 1900s, several researchers theorized that bacteria from teeth which had necrotic pulps or which had received endodontic treatment could cause chronic or local infection in areas distant from the tooth through the transfer of bacteria through the bloodstream. This was called the "focal infection theory", and it led some dentists to advocate dental extraction. In the 1930s, this theory was discredited.


title: Root canal treatment

text: Bacteremia (bacteria in the bloodstream) can be caused by many everyday activities, e.g. brushing teeth, but may also occur after any dental procedure which involves bleeding. It is particularly likely after dental extractions due to the movement of the tooth and force needed to dislodge it, but endodontically treated teeth alone do not cause bacteremia or systemic disease.


title: Root canal treatment

text: The alternatives to root canal therapy include no treatment or tooth extraction. Following tooth extraction, options for prosthetic replacement may include dental implants, a fixed partial denture (commonly referred to as a 'bridge'), or a removable denture. There are risks to forgoing treatment, including pain, infection and the possibility of worsening dental infection such that the tooth will become irreparable (root canal treatment will not be successful, often due to excessive loss of tooth structure). If extensive loss of tooth structure occurs, extraction may be the only option.


title: Root canal treatment

text: Research comparing endodontic therapy with implant therapy is considerable, both as an initial treatment and in retreatment for failed initial endodontic approaches. Endodontic therapy allows avoidance of disruption of the periodontal fiber, which helps with proprioception for "occlusal feedback", a reflex important in preventing patients from chewing improperly and damaging the temporomandibular joint. In a comparison of initial nonsurgical endodontic treatment and single-tooth implants, both were found to have similar success rates. While the procedures are similar in terms of pain and discomfort, a notable difference is that patients who have implants have reported "the worst pain of their life" during the extraction, with the implantation itself being relatively painless. The worst pain of endodontic therapy was reported with the initial anesthetic injection. Some patients receiving implants also describe a dull nagging pain after the procedure, while those with endodontic therapy describe "sensation" or "sensitivity" in the area. Other studies have found that endodontic therapy patients report the maximum pain the day following treatment, while extraction and implantation patients reported maximum pain the end of the week after the operation.


title: Root canal treatment

text: Implants also take longer, with a typically 3- to 6-month gap between the tooth implantation and receiving the crown, depending on the severity of infection. With regard to gender, women tend to report higher psychological disability after endodontic therapy, and a higher rate of physical disability after tooth implantation, while men do not show a statistically significant difference in response. Mastication is significantly stronger in endodontically treated teeth as compared to implants. Initial success rates after single tooth implants and endodontic microsurgery are similar the first 2 to 4 years following surgery, though after this the success rate of endodontic microsurgery is decreased as compared to implantation.


title: Root canal treatment

text: To an extent, the criteria for success due to the inherent differences in the procedure have historically limited comparisons, with success of endodontic therapy defined as the absence of periapical lucency on radiographs, or the absence of visible cavity at the root of the tooth on imaging. Implant success, on the other hand, is defined by osseointegration, or fusion of the implant to the adjacent maxilla or mandible. Endodontically treated teeth have significantly less requirement for follow up treatment after final restoration, while implants need more appointments to finish treatment and more maintenance. Socioeconomically, Americans of European descent and affluent patients tend to choose implant therapy, while African American and less affluent patients prefer endodontic therapy.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: Bloomingdale's Inc. is an American luxury department store chain; it was founded in New York City by Joseph B. and Lyman G. Bloomingdale in 1861. A third brother of both, Emanuel Watson Bloomingdale, was also involved in the business. It became a division of the Cincinnati-based Federated Department Stores in 1930 under then-president Samuel Bloomingdale.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: In 1994, the Macy's department store chain joined the Federated Department Stores holding company. In 2007, Federated Department Stores was renamed Macy's, Inc. As of October 29, 2022, there are 54 stores (56 boxes) including 32 department stores (34 boxes, all full line), 1 Bloomies, 1 furniture/other store and 20 outlet stores (There are a total of 35 stores) with the Bloomingdale's nameplate in operation throughout the United States. Its headquarters and flagship store are located at 59th Street and Lexington Avenue in the New York City borough of Manhattan.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: The retail market boomed in the 1980s. New stores opened along the East Coast, Florida, Chicago, and in Dallas, Texas. In 1996, Bloomingdale's expanded to the west coast with the acquisition of some former leases of The Broadway (Southern California) and Emporium stores (Bay Area) which closed early that year due to Macy's and Bullock's (owned by Macy's) already existing in the malls since Federated Stores acquired Broadway Stores Inc in 1995.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: In 2007, Bloomingdale’s expanded into San Diego (Fashion Valley) and Costa Mesa (South Coast Plaza) by acquiring leases of former Robinsons-May stores which closed in 2006 due to Macy's already existing in the malls since Federated Stores acquired the May Department Stores Company in 2005.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On February 14, 2008, parent company, Macy's, Inc., announced plans to enter the Phoenix market with a 180,000 square foot store by 2009. Arizona would have been the thirteenth state to have a Bloomingdale's store location, with this store being the tenth in the western U.S. and 41st throughout the chain. This store never materialized as a result of the Great Recession in 2009.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On September 10, 2008, Bloomingdale's announced plans to open three stores, two of which will be modeled after the SoHo store: a 3-level, anchor store at The Shops at Georgetown Park in Washington, D.C. by August 2011, a 3-level store at Westfield Valley Fair in San Jose, California by Fall 2011, and a store in Santa Monica Place, in Santa Monica, CA (which opened on August 6, 2010). The store is reported to be modeled after the chain's concept store in New York's SoHo neighborhood to carry select contemporary men's and women's apparel.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: Twelve days later, the first proposed overseas locations for the chain were announced. A September 22, 2008 press release from Macy's Inc. told of plans for two Bloomingdale's locations (a three-level apparel and accessories store, as well as a separate one level home store to open in February 2010 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates. As is the case for rival Saks Fifth Avenue, the international presence for Bloomingdale's will be operated under license by a local interest – in this case, Al Tayer Group LLC, a leading UAE-based conglomerate. Bloomingdale's CEO announced that the Dubai store will most likely be the only store outside of the US since Bloomingdale's has no further plans to expand to other countries.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On November 3, 2011, Bloomingdale's announced it opened a new store in Glendale Galleria in late 2013 as part of the mall's remodeling plan, replacing the mall's former Mervyn's store.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On January 4, 2012, Bloomingdale's announced it would close four stores. The most significant closure was at the Mall of America in Bloomington, Minnesota, where Bloomingdale's was one of the mall's first anchors. Additionally, a home store at Oakbrook Center in Oak Brook, Illinois and full line stores in Perimeter Mall in Dunwoody, Georgia and (former) White Flint Mall in North Bethesda, Maryland have closed.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On January 3, 2013, Bloomingdale's announced that they would close the Las Vegas Home store at Fashion Show Mall.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: Bloomingdale's announced that they had replaced the Bloomingdale's store of in Stanford Shopping Center in Palo Alto, California with a new store. The store opened in 2014.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On November 12, 2015, Bloomingdale's opened up their first store in Hawaii at Ala Moana Center in Honolulu, Hawaii. The three-story, store replaced a former Sears store, and includes special services such as smart fitting rooms, charging lounges, and dining services at its 40 Carrots restaurant.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: In late 2019, Bloomingdale's, along with Macy’s, announced that fur will no longer be sold in any of its stores, including The Outlet, as of the end of the 2020 fiscal year.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On February 7, 2020, Macy’s, Inc. announced that they will permanently close one full-line Bloomingdale’s location at The Falls Mall, which is located in South Miami, Florida and was the mall’s first anchor. It was also the oldest Bloomingdale’s department store in Florida.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: In March 2020, Macy's, Inc. announced that it would temporarily close all Bloomingdale's and Macy's locations until March 31 to help reduce the spread of COVID-19. Its stores remained closed during April when the company announced that locations with less restrictive or relaxed coronavirus measures would reopen in early May. The company expected all its stores to be open over the following six weeks.


title: Bloomingdale's

text: On January 7, 2021, it was announced that the location in Santa Monica, CA would be permanently closing. It was one of three anchors at Santa Monica Place, the others being Nordstrom and the now vacant, Century 21.


title: Sexual abuse in the American film industry

text: There have been cases and accusations of sexual abuse in the American film industry reported against people related to the medium of cinema of the United States.


text: Accusations of sexual assault in the industry go back to 1921, and during the last decades they have gained strength due to the accusations against producers, directors, actors and related publicists. Speculation about sexual assault in the industry grew in 1977, when director Roman Polanski left the United States after being convicted on charges of sexual abuse against a minor.


text: In October 2017, the issue gained extensive media coverage after producer Harvey Weinstein was accused of sexually abusing more than 80 women. The accusations of Weinstein led to dozens of men and women to publicly begin to denounce sexual aggressions, in what became known as the Weinstein effect and the Me Too movement. Some actors in the medium joined the protest and became sensitized with the victims. The subject is of ongoing general interest to the public and continues to feed public opinion, and moreover has served to heighten public awareness and interest in general industry trends that allow events such as these to happen. The public has begun to increasingly look at not only the constraints that women are placed in but also the way the legal system only strengthens these constraints through contracts and such in Hollywood.


text: The first mediatic case occurred on September 5, 1921, when comic actor Roscoe "Fatty" Arbuckle was accused of sexual abuse against actress Virginia Rappe. Arbuckle had organized a party in which, it was alleged, he took advantage of Rappe's drunkenness to rape her. The aggression was so violent that Rappe died four days later. The news coverage reached such a pitch that journalist and newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst wrote columns in which he directly accused Arbuckle and added details to the event, such as that Arbuckle had raped Rappe with a bottle. Arbuckle was the defendant in three widely publicized trials for the rape of Rappe, and after the first two trials, which resulted in hung juries, Arbuckle was acquitted in the third trial and received a formal written statement of apology from the jury. Despite Arbuckle's acquittal, the scandal was enough to end his career.


text: Louis B. Mayer has been accused of sexual abuse, including having groped a then-teenage Judy Garland. According to Gerald Clarke's book "Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland", Mayer "held meetings with the young woman seated on his lap, his hands on her chest."


text: In 1977, Samantha Geimer, then 13 years old, accused director Roman Polanski of forcing her to have sex with him. Geimer stated that the director took her to the house of actor Jack Nicholson in Los Angeles, under the pretense of wanting her as a model for a photo shoot for "Vogue" magazine. There, Polanski supplied her quaaludes and later photographed her topless. Both were alone in Nicholson's house, so Polanski took advantage of the situation by taking her to the master bedroom and then raping her. Polanski was accused of sexual abuse of a minor, drug use, perversion and sodomy, but only convicted pursuant to a plea of unlawful sexual intercourse. The Court ordered 90 days of state prison that included a psychiatric evaluation, while deliberating the final sentence. However, Polanski requested another 90-day probation period to finish a then-current project, which was granted. After filming finished, the director returned to the United States for his evaluation period and was released after 42 days. However, Polanski fled to Europe before his sentencing, after reportedly learning that the judge in the case would renege on a probation agreement and instead impose a jail sentence. Polanski settled in his native France, where his French nationality prevented him from being extradited to the United States. The Polanski case sparked the interest of the American media, who condemned the actions of the French authorities.


text: In March 2003, during the 75th Academy Awards ceremony, Polanski was awarded the Academy Award for Best Director for the film "The Pianist"; Polanski did not attend. Attendees at the ceremony gave the director a standing ovation, despite his being absent. In September 2009, he was arrested at the Zürich Airport in Switzerland at the request of American authorities on the Samantha Geimer case. However, the following year, the Justice Department announced that Switzerland would not extradite Polanski. In December 2016, the Supreme Court of Poland rejected a request for Polanski's extradition. Polanski is a dual citizen of France and Poland, and lived in France, which does not extradite its citizens. In 2017, Geimer herself asked to close the case, arguing that she only preferred to "turn the page."


text: In 2010, Charlotte Lewis also accused Polanski of predatory sexual conduct against her when she was 16 years old, claiming that Polanski insisted that she sleep with him in return for casting her in the 1986 film "Pirates".


text: In 1978, actress Mia Farrow and her husband André Previn adopted Soon-Yi Previn, born in Seoul. After Farrow's divorce from Previn, she began a relationship with film director Woody Allen. In December 1987, Farrow and Allen had a son, Satchel (who would later go by the name Ronan Farrow). Farrow had adopted two other children by herself: Moses in 1978 and Dylan in 1985. Allen would co-adopt them in December 1991.


text: In January 1992, a crisis in the relationship between Farrow and Allen appeared when Farrow discovered Allen and her oldest daughter Soon-Yi were having an affair, which the couple admitted. Later that year, on August 17, Allen issued a statement saying that he was in love with Previn and the affair still existed.


text: The relationship between Woody Allen and Soon-Yi Previn had started in December 1991, when Soon-Yi was 21 years old. The discovery of their affair sparked a dispute over custody of the younger children Satchel (later: Ronan), Dylan and Moses, in the course of which an allegation of sexual abuse against Allen arose. While the parties were negotiating how to resolve custody of the children, they had agreed that Allen could make supervised visits to the minors, always in the presence of a caretaker designated by Mia Farrow.


text: On August 4, 1992, Farrow received Allen in her Connecticut holiday home and went shopping with a friend, leaving 7-year-old Dylan and 4-year-old Satchel under the care of two babysitters, who had explicit instructions never to leave the children alone, and were accompanied by another nanny and the three children of Farrow's friend Casey Pascal. Moses Farrow, who was then 14 years old, was also present. According to a later statement, although no one observed that Allen or Dylan had left the group that day, the babysitters retraced their steps and concluded that there may have been a period of 10 or 20 minutes in which they were neither with Allen nor Dylan. At this point, Allen was alleged to have taken Dylan to a crawl space behind Mia Farrow's bedroom closet and sexually abused her.


text: The police investigation began several days later, after a pediatrician whom Mia had taken Dylan to had informed the police (as required by law). The State Police and Connecticut Attorney's Office referred Dylan to the Child Sexual Abuse Clinic at Yale New Haven Hospital to determine if she had been sexually abused. After a six-month investigation, the hospital's Child Sexual Abuse Clinic concluded that Dylan was not sexually abused by Allen and that Dylan's statements did not refer to actual events that occurred to her. They stated that the allegation was likely a combination of emotional distress and coaching by her mother. The allegation was also investigated by New York Social Services, who concluded that there was no credible evidence of abuse, and by the New York Supreme Court in the custody case, which dismissed the abuse allegation.


text: In the closing statements of the custody trials, Mia Farrow's attorney, Eleanor Alter, acknowledged the possibility that the allegation of abuse was all Dylan's fantasies, but that Dylan still believed it had actually happened. In February 2014, when she was 28, Dylan repeated the assault allegation in an open letter in the "New York Times" blog of Nicholas Kristof, a family friend, stating: "When I was seven years old, Woody Allen took me by the hand and took me to a dark attic on the second floor of our house. He told me to lie on my stomach and play with my brother's electric train. Then he abused me sexually, he spoke to me while he was doing it, whispering to me that I was a good girl, that this was our secret and he promised me that we would go to Paris and I would become a movie star."


text: Although Allen has denied the allegation against him, his son Ronan defended his sister. Ronan became one of the main activists against sexual abuse and one of the first to write a report about the sexual abuse allegations against Harvey Weinstein, leading to the Weinstein effect and the Me Too movement. Conversely, Ronan and Dylan's older brother, Moses Farrow, who was 14 years old in 1992, wrote an open letter saying that he was in the house that day and had never lost sight of Allen and Dylan, that there was no sexual abuse, that the allegation was a fabrication by Mia Farrow and that there had never been an electric train set in the attic, as Dylan had claimed.


text: Allen has been married to Soon-Yi since 1997, and other developments have come to light in the intervening time. Amidst the allegations against Allen, Soon-Yi released a statement to the press stating that her mother Mia Farrow had been abusive and emotionally unstable in the household. Her interview in New York Magazine prompted some of the Farrow children to speak out against Allen and Soon-Yi.


text: Following the 2017 accusations, actors such as Griffin Newman, Elliot Page, Evan Rachel Wood, David Krumholtz, Greta Gerwig, Mira Sorvino, Rebecca Hall, Timothée Chalamet, Rachel Brosnahan, Natalie Portman, Colin Firth, Marion Cotillard, Chloë Sevigny, Joaquin Phoenix, Hayley Atwell, Peter Sarsgaard, and Elle Fanning publicly expressed their regret for having worked with Allen, with Newman, Hall, Chalamet and Fanning saying they would donate their earnings from Allen's film "A Rainy Day in New York" (2018) to charities. Conversely, actors Diane Keaton, Alec Baldwin, Jeff Goldblum, Cherry Jones and Scarlett Johansson came out in his defense. Actor Michael Caine initially said he wouldn't work again with Allen but later retracted his statement, commenting that the accusations against Allen were not proved and that "You can't go on hearsay the whole time".


text: Egan also accused former BBC America president Garth Ancier, former Disney Channel president David Neuman, and Broadway producer Gary Goddard of participating in the violations. Jeff Herman, his attorney, said: "Hollywood has a problem with the sexual exploitation of children." During 2011, photographs emerged of a party organized by Singer and director Roland Emmerich, showing a pool shared by mature and young men.


text: Among the defendants were also child actor manager Martin Weiss, who was arrested in 2011. Despite denying committing sexual acts with minors, a recording showed that Weiss had confessed to "being with a child". The recording was made by Jason James Murphy, who stated that in 1996, when he was eleven years old and Weiss was his manager, Weiss took him to a field and asked him "if he had seen someone's penis", then abused him. Weiss was sentenced to 15 years in prison, a sentence he ultimately did not fully serve. The accusations also extended to producer Marc Collins-Rector, friend of Singer, who was accused of sexually abusing boys and adolescents. Collins-Rector achieved a judicial agreement and moved to the Dominican Republic.


text: In other cases, actor Jeffrey Jones was arrested in 2003 after forcing a 14-year-old boy to pose nude for him; Jones did not deny the accusations. In the 1980s, Victor Salva (director of "Jeepers Creepers") served 15 months in prison for abusing a 12-year-old boy named Nathan Forrest Winters—one of the actors in his film "Clownhouse"—and for forcing him to have oral sex with another 14-year-old boy. Salva had become friends with Winters' parents in order to gain their trust before inviting Winters to his house, where he sexually assaulted him. According to Winters, he was "blackballed" from working in the industry ever again, while Salva was released early from prison and has continued to work in Hollywood. In early 2017, "Wild Card" actress Greice Santo and her husband R. J. Cipriani accused Edmonton Oilers owner Daryl Katz of offering money to Santo in exchange for sexual favors and film producer Michael Gelmon of defending Katz and threatening to end Santo's career.


text: In 2004, actor and producer Brian Peck was convicted of a lewd act against a child and oral copulation of a person under 16. Peck served 16 months in prison after admitting to two counts of abusing a Nickelodeon child actor. He was charged with eight counts of sexual abuse, including abuse "by anesthesia or controlled substance". Since release from prison, he has been a dialogue coach and has worked on a Disney series and other projects featuring children.


text: Executive producer Steven Marshall was sentenced to years in prison for distribution of child pornography. Marshall was arrested in 2009 on charges of distribution and possession of child pornography. Marshall pleaded guilty to distribution and the possession charge was dropped. Authorities say he engaged in sending and receiving child pornography and participated in online chats detailing child abduction, bondage, rapes and murders.


text: Bob Villard, popular headshot photographer and manager who has represented Tobey Maguire, Leonardo DiCaprio, Danny Nucci and other actors, was charged with transportation of child pornography. Villard was accused in 2001 and charged after searches of his home uncovered thousands of photographs of boys in skimpy bathing suits posed in sexually suggestive positions. He pleaded no contest to a misdemeanor and was sentenced to three years of probation. In 2005, Villard was back in court and pleaded no contest to the felony charge of committing a lewd act on a child. The victim was a 13-year-old boy who sought his services as an acting coach. Villard was given an eight-year prison sentence.


text: In 2016, acting coach and actor Cameron Thor, best known for playing Lewis Dodgson in the 1993 "Jurassic Park" film, was sentenced to six years in prison for sexually assaulting 13-year-old Jordyn Ladell back in 2009. Consequently, his role as Lewis Dodgson was recast with Campbell Scott for the upcoming 2022 film "Jurassic World Dominion".


text: In November 2017, actor Corey Feldman expressed interest in making a documentary that exposes pedophilia in Hollywood and the "sectors of power" within the industry. Feldman alleged that he suffered sexual abuse within what he described as a "network of prostitution." Feldman said he would seek money to hire lawyers to back him up, since the material to be published would make a direct statement against "six main Hollywood producers who would seek to deny it." Feldman also said that actor Corey Haim, who was one of his friends and who died in 2010, had died without being able to confess to the public the name of the person who raped him when both were looking for a job opportunity. Feldman had already participated in the 2014 documentary "An Open Secret", which exhibited the sexual abuse committed during the casting and recruitment of young actors in movies or commercials by people in the film industry. The documentary also makes multiple references to the accusations against Singer, and the opinions of the children's parents, who at some point saw themselves as needing to "trust" the agents for the means to improve their economic condition. Similarly, the case of photographer Bob Villard was exposed in the material. According to the statements, Villard took photographs of children and adolescents and then sold them without permission or authorization from parents through the eBay portal as erotic content.


text: In 2019, Rob Cohen (director of "XxX" and "") was accused by an unnamed woman of getting her drunk and sexually assaulting her while she was unconscious in a hotel room. Early that year, Cohen was also accused by his transgender daughter Valkyrie Weather and his ex-wife Dianna Mitzner of sexually assaulting the former when she was a toddler. Cohen denied both allegations. In January 2021, Cohen was also accused by actress Asia Argento of drugging her with Gamma-hydroxybutyrate and raping her during filming of "'XxX", leading a representative of Cohen to dismiss the story as "absolutely false". Back in 2018, however, Argento herself was accused by actor Jimmy Bennett of sexually assaulting him when he was 17 and she was 37. In the wake of Bennett's claims, Argento was dropped from "X-Factor Italy".


text: Since 2014, around 60 women publicly accused actor and television presenter Bill Cosby of sexually abusing them during the 1970s and 1980s. Most contended that Cosby had drugged them to facilitate the aggression. For example, former model Janice Dickinson said that one afternoon in 1982, while suffering from intense menstrual pain, Cosby recommended a "pill" that would supposedly calm the discomfort. "The last thing I remember is losing consciousness and Cosby over me as the monster he is," she told CNN. In the same article, Cosby is held responsible for raping a 15-year-old minor.


text: In December 2015, three Class II felony charges of aggravated indecent assault were filed against Cosby in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania by Andrea Constand, based on allegations concerning incidents from January 2004. Cosby's first trial in June 2017 ended in a mistrial.


text: Cosby faced two trials (the second still ongoing) over charges of sexual abuse. In January 2018, he joked about the issue and appeared unconcerned. Throughout the trial, Cosby and his lawyer relied on the image of Cosby in America's eyes and argued that the media was portraying Cosby in a light that would easily sway the jury. They also went on to say that Cosby was being discriminated against as a black man in America. Cosby furthered this notion in many interviews, maintaining that these allegations were based on his race in America.


text: On April 26, 2018, as the result of a retrial, Cosby was found guilty of three counts of aggravated indecent assault, and on September 25, 2018, Cosby was sentenced to three to ten years in state prison and fined $25,000, plus the cost of the prosecution, $43,611. Cosby appealed on June 25, 2019.


text: On June 30, 2021, Cosby was released from prison and his conviction was overturned, due to a procedural technicality. It was decided that District Attorney Kevin Steele had unjustly prosecuted Cosby, since his predecessor had agreed not to after Cosby's testimony in Constand's civil case.


text: In October 2016, following the premiere of the movie "The Birth of a Nation" (2016), its director and lead actor, Nate Parker, was singled out for a 1999 case in which he and his friend Jean Celestin (who co-wrote the film) were accused of drugging and sexually abusing an 18-year-old woman. The promotion of "The Birth of a Nation" came amidst a climate of accusations against its director, which were credited with hampering the film's success.


text: Actor Casey Affleck was also singled out for sexual harassment. According to reports, during the filming of the movie "I'm Still Here" (2010), Affleck was accused of sexually harassing both the film's producer Amanda White and director of photography Magdalena Gorka. Both parties reached an out-of-court settlement in 2010. Actress Brie Larson, having won the Best Actress Award at the Academy Awards a year earlier, had to present the award to Affleck for Best Actor, but did not applaud when the actor went on stage to collect the award. Later, she would say that, "whatever it was that I did onstage kind of spoke for itself". In January 2018, Affleck announced that he would not present the Academy Award for Best Actress at the 90th Academy Awards ceremony, so as not to be the subject of attention during the time of the Me Too movement.


text: In 2015, Linda Lewis, daughter-in-law of Loretta Young, stated publicly that Young had confided in her that the birth of her daughter Judy Lewis, widely assumed to have been the result of an affair, was the result of Young's rape at the hands of Clark Gable during filming of "Call of the Wild" (1935).


text: In 2016, actress Tippi Hedren claimed in her autobiography that she had been sexually harassed by film director Alfred Hitchcock during the filming of "The Birds" in 1963, and that he had forbidden other male actors to approach her.


text: At the end of 2016, it was reported that Marlon Brando had sexually abused actress Maria Schneider in 1972 during a scene in the film "Last Tango in Paris" (1972). According to the reports, neither Brando nor director Bernardo Bertolucci warned the actress that she would be filming a sexual scene with Brando that day, leading in turn to reports that Bertolucci had "confessed" to Schneider being raped on set, prompting Bertolucci to release a statement clarifying that a simulation and not actual intercourse had taken place.


text: The subject of sexual abuse in Hollywood acquired important significance in the world media in 2017, after producer Harvey Weinstein, founder of Miramax and the Weinstein Company, was accused by more than 80 women of having sexually assaulted them. The accusations ranged from sexual harassment to rape, with Weinstein denying any wrongdoing. According to the women's reports, Weinstein invited young actresses or models to a hotel room or office on the pretext of discussing their careers, and then demanded massages or sexual intercourse. In an audio recording revealed during the ensuing scandal, Weinstein can be heard pressing model Ambra Gutierrez to accompany him to take a shower and, after her refusal, the producer insists, "I will not do anything to you, I swear it for my children."


text: Among the actresses who claim to have suffered harassment or rape by Weinstein are Rose McGowan, Angelina Jolie, Mira Sorvino, Paz de la Huerta, Annabella Sciorra and Gwyneth Paltrow. Another, Italian actress Asia Argento, collated a list of sexual abuse accusations against Weinstein. The incidents alleged in the list date from 1980 to 2015 and include 18 complaints of rape. In them, it is alleged that Weinstein granted important roles in films in exchange for sexual favors. As a result, the Weinstein Company and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences decided to expel Weinstein.


text: Weinstein has been charged with first and third degree rape. He was sentenced to 23 years in a maximum security prison on March 11, 2020. This has led to a larger conversation on what these implications of sexual assault have on other industries. In light of the scandal, others in varying industries have stepped forward to admit they have been sexually assaulted, leading to a conversation about a culture that perpetuates this. Many have begun a larger conversation on the cover-up of the abuses and the nuances that lead to it.


text: Weinstein, however, continues to maintain his innocence, and his attorneys believe his conviction was achieved due to peer pressure. Weinstein's attorney Donna Rotunno says it was fueled by the pressure to charge a man with five accounts against him, and that emotions ran high in the courtroom, furthering the jury's pressure to convict Weinstein. Both Weinstein and Rotunno maintain that the women had consensual encounters with Weinstein, providing texts between the women and Weinstein that indicated potential consent.


text: The accusations against Weinstein led to the disclosure of a number of victims of other sexual assaults by people in the film industry.


text: On October 30, 2017, actor Anthony Rapp stated that in 1986, while still a minor, he had been sexually harassed by actor Kevin Spacey during a party held at Spacey's home. According to the statement, Rapp was in Spacey's bedroom watching TV when Spacey walked in drunk and laid on top of Rapp. In response to these allegations, Spacey alleged that he did not remember behaving inappropriately, and asked for forgiveness if it was so. In the same statement, Spacey publicly declared that he was gay.


text: The accusations against Spacey were aggravated when technical staff from the Netflix television series "House of Cards", in which Spacey starred, declared that the actor frequently harassed men during filming. The show's actor Roberto Cavazos also accused Spacey of harassing him, stating, "It seems that it only took being a male under 30 to make Mr. Spacey feel free to touch us."


text: After the accusations, Spacey announced his admission to the Meadows clinic in Arizona to undergo treatment for sex addiction. Netflix broke commercial ties with the actor, leading them to cancel the proposed Gore Vidal biopic "Gore", which would have starring Spacey, and his participation in the forthcoming film "All the Money in the World" (2017) was eliminated, with actor Christopher Plummer enlisted to replace Spacey and re-shoot the scenes with Spacey's character. "House of Cards" later announced that its following sixth season would be the series' last, and that it would be filmed without Spacey.


text: The accusations against Harvey Weinstein unleashed a campaign through the hashtag Me Too, with which different people joined the list of victims of sexual abuse by actors, directors and producers. The comedian Louis C.K. and filmmaker Brett Ratner had projects canceled after receiving at least six accusations each; C.K. later confirmed the allegations against him and apologized, while Ratner denied the claims against him. The filmmaker James Toback had a total of 200 accusations of sexual harassment levied against him.


text: Acting coach Anna Graham Hunter made allegations against the actor Dustin Hoffman, claiming that in 1985, during the filming of the television film "Death of a Salesman", the actor groped her and harassed her; for example, when she asked Hoffman what he wanted to eat at breakfast, Hoffman replied, "I'll have a hard-boiled egg and a soft-boiled clitoris." This accusation was soon followed by those of six other women. Hoffman later released an apology but denied wrongdoing, saying, "I have the utmost respect for women and feel terrible that anything I might have done could have put her in an uncomfortable situation," continuing, "I am sorry. It is not reflective of who I am," but has not publicly responded to the other six allegations.


text: Other actors like Richard Dreyfuss, James Woods and Jeffrey Tambor denied the accusations against them. In January 2018, after winning the Golden Globe Award for Best Actor – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy, James Franco was accused by five women, including Sarah Tither-Kaplan, who claimed that when she was a student of Franco, he forced them to undress and remove the plastic protections during the filming of sexual scenes. Franco did not attend the 23rd Critics' Choice Awards ceremony afterwards.


text: "Time" magazine named the "Silence Breakers" behind the Me Too movement to collectively be "Time" Person of the Year in 2017.


text: Public opinion was against not only those who committed sexual abuse but those who covered for or silenced it. Actors such as Matt Damon and Ben Affleck admitted knowing the sexual crimes of Weinstein. After actress Meryl Streep denied having knowledge of Weinstein's behavior, actress Rose McGowan, one of his victims, rejected her claim and called her a "hypocrite."


text: On January 7, 2018, during the 75th Golden Globe Awards ceremony, the vast majority of attendees decided to wear black in solidarity with the victims. The participation of some attendees was criticized, including Streep herself and Oprah Winfrey, who, after receiving the honorary Cecil B. DeMille Award, dedicated her speech to the victims of such aggressions. That same night, singer Seal declared that Winfrey had been a friend of Weinstein's and claimed that she knew about his behavior.


text: Actor Liam Neeson criticized the social movement, alleging that the accusations against his fellow actors had turned into a witch hunt, adding, "There are some people, famous individuals, who are suddenly accused of touching a girl's knee, or something like that, and then they are dismissed from their shows." In January 2018, French actress Brigitte Bardot called some of the actresses who denounced the abuses "hypocrites". In her statement, she said, "There are many actresses who provoke the producers to obtain a role, then, when speaking of them, they say they were harassed."


text: At the 85th Academy Awards nominations ceremony on January 10, 2013, host Seth MacFarlane joked when announcing the Best Supporting Actress nominees: "Congratulations, you five ladies no longer have to pretend to be attracted to Harvey Weinstein."


text: On January 10, 2016, the presenter of the 73rd Golden Globe Awards ceremony, Ricky Gervais, made the following comment about the movie "Spotlight" (about a journalist team who investigated the sexual abuse scandal in Boston): ""Spotlight" is the movie about how a group of sexual predators was allowed to abuse children and continue working with impunity and without punishment. Roman Polanski called it 'the best romantic comedy in history.'"


text: On January 7, 2018, during the 75th Golden Globe Awards ceremony, presenter Seth Meyers said in reference to the movie "The Shape of Water": "When I heard that the story of an innocent woman who falls in love with a water monster was filmed, I just said, 'Oh no, not another Woody Allen movie!'".


text: The psychology center Cepsim in Madrid, Spain described in summary the profile of the abuser: "They are men or women with a lot of power who use it with vulnerable people to get what they want. Normally they lack empathy, which is what places us in someone else's pain and makes us not hurt or be selfish." The Department of Psychology of the University of Málaga added that the rapist does not usually assimilate that he is committing a crime, since his mind is usually narcissistic. People with media power usually present themselves with a "charming" personality, so victims are not believed. The personality of abusers in show business also has atypical behaviors such as quoting actresses and models to castings or sign contracts in unusual places such as hotel rooms or private rooms. After the abuse they resort to blackmail or a direct threat to silence the victim. Criminal law lawyer Alicia Ozores explained to the newspaper "La Vanguardia" that some abusers tried to take refuge under the argument that "they were addicted to sex", this in order to reduce a sentence and cleanse their image because sex addiction is a recognized disorder. Weinstein and Spacey used the argument in response to the accusations against them. According to the psychological profile of the abuser, many stalkers and rapists did not need to resort to physical violence, since they used persuasion, deception or pressure to subdue the victim, based on their authoritative relationship. In the case of child abuse itself, the rapist would be opportunistic, taking advantage of the carelessness of the parents and in this case of their desire to venture into the media.


text: Regarding the victims, their fear is usually related to the disbelief of public opinion and to being judged by it. Usually, the society condemns the abuse but in turn questions the reason why the victim did not speak or denounce before. Brazilian psychologist Flavia Dos Santos told Colombian newspaper "El País" that victims are usually convinced to speak when they are told that their statement reduce the amount of future incidents. The victim usually feels helpless to know that his abusers are people with media power and as a result can enjoy impunity when he has public demand. Many of the later behaviors of the victims, such as guilt or disbalance in interpersonal relationships, were shown in the documentary "An Open Secret", where victims narrate that sexual abuse has been assumed as part of the culture in Hollywood and for that reason nobody has worried about eradicating it.


text: Sexual abuse as a result of having a position of power was one of the issues during the 2016 United States presidential election, particularly when in October of the same year and a month before the election, an audio recording was released that dated from 2005 in which Donald Trump, then the presidential candidate for the Republican Party, was heard expressing himself in 2005 on how he used his power to "grab women." In the recording, Trump said of women, "when you're a star, they let you do anything. Grab them by the pussy."


text: That same day, Trump gave a statement in which he apologized for the video's content, and said that he was "not perfect." Likewise, during the third presidential debate he argued: "nobody respects women more than me." Trump won the presidential election a month later and a year later the production company Brave New Films presented a video that compiled the testimonies of 16 women who publicly accused Trump of harassing or sexually assaulting them.


text: In October 2017, former President Barack Obama and former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton expressed their sympathy with victims of sexual abuse. Obama would testify about the specific behavior of Weinstein, "Michelle and I are disgusted by the recent reports on Harvey Weinstein; any man who degrades women in that way should be condemned and held accountable, regardless of their wealth or condition."


text: Actor Isaac Kappy, who committed suicide in 2019, participated in a podcast with conspiracy theorist Alex Jones, claiming Tom Hanks and Seth Green were pedophiles.


title: Milton Obote

text: Apollo Milton Obote (28 December 1925 – 10 October 2005) was a Ugandan political leader who led Uganda to independence from British colonial rule in 1962. Following the nation's independence, he served as prime minister of Uganda from 1962 to 1966 and the second president of Uganda from 1966 to 1971, then again from 1980 to 1985.


title: Milton Obote

text: He founded the Uganda People's Congress (UPC) in 1960, which played a key role in securing Uganda's independence from the United Kingdom in 1962. He then became the country's prime minister in a coalition with the Kabaka Yekka movement/party, whose leader King Mutesa II was named president. Due to a rift with Mutesa over the 1964 Ugandan lost counties referendum and later getting implicated in a gold smuggling scandal, Obote overthrew him in 1966 and declared himself president, establishing a dictatorial regime with the UPC as the only official party. Obote implemented ostensibly socialist policies, under which the country suffered from severe corruption and food shortages.


title: Milton Obote

text: He was overthrown in a coup d'état by Idi Amin in 1971, but was re-elected in 1980 a year after Amin's 1979 overthrow. His second period of rule ended after a long and bloody conflict known as the Ugandan Bush War, during which he was overthrown a second time by another coup d'état in 1985, prompting him to live the rest of his life in exile.


title: Milton Obote

text: Milton Obote was born at Akokoro village in Apac district in northern Uganda. He was the third born of nine children of a tribal chief of the Oyima clan Lango ethnic group. He began his education in 1940 at the Protestant Missionary School in Lira, and later attended Gulu Junior Secondary School, Busoga College and eventually university at Makerere University. Having intended to study law, a subject not taught at the university, Obote took a general arts course, including English and geography. At Makerere, Obote honed his natural oratorical skills; he may have been expelled for participating in a student strike, or alternatively left after a place to study law abroad was not funded by the protectorate government. He worked in Buganda in southern Uganda before moving to Kenya, where he worked as a construction worker at an engineering firm.


title: Milton Obote

text: While in Kenya, Obote became involved in the national independence movement. Upon returning to Uganda in 1956, he joined the political party Uganda National Congress (UNC), and was elected to the colonial Legislative Council in 1957. In 1959, the UNC split into two factions, with one faction under the leadership of Obote merging with the Uganda People's Union to form the Uganda People's Congress (UPC).


title: Milton Obote

text: Obote represented the UPC at the Ugandan Constitutional Conference, held at Lancaster House in 1961, alongside fellow Ugandan politician A. G. Mehta. The Conference was organised by the British Government to pave the way for Ugandan independence.


title: Milton Obote

text: In the runup to independence elections, Obote formed a coalition with the Buganda royalist party, Kabaka Yekka. The two parties controlled a Parliamentary majority and Obote became Prime Minister in 1962. He assumed the post on 25 April 1962, appointed by Sir Walter Coutts, then Governor-General of Uganda. The following year the position of Governor-General was replaced by a ceremonial presidency to be elected by the parliament. Mutesa, the "Kabaka" (King) of Buganda, became the ceremonial President, with Obote as executive prime minister.


title: Milton Obote

text: In January 1964, a mutiny occurred at the military barracks at Jinja, Uganda's second city and home to the 1st Battalion of the Uganda Army. There were similar mutinies in two other eastern African states; all three countries requested the support of troops from the British military. Before they arrived, however, Obote sent his defence minister Felix Onama to negotiate with the mutineers. Onama was held hostage, and agreed to many demands, including significant pay increases for the army, and the rapid promotion of many officers, including the future president Idi Amin. In 1965, Kenyans had been barred from leadership positions within the government, and this was followed by the removal of Kenyans en masse from Uganda in 1969, under Obote's guidance.


title: Milton Obote

text: As prime minister, Obote was implicated in a gold smuggling plot, together with Idi Amin, then deputy commander of the Ugandan armed forces. When the Parliament demanded an investigation of Obote and the ousting of Amin, he suspended the constitution and declared himself President in March 1966, allocating to himself almost unlimited power under state of emergency rulings. Several members of his cabinet, who were leaders of rival factions in the party, were arrested and detained without charge. Obote responded with an armed attack upon Mutesa's palace, which ended with Mutesa fleeing to exile. In 1967, Obote's power was cemented when the parliament passed a new constitution that abolished the federal structure of the independence constitution and created an executive presidency.


title: Milton Obote

text: On 19 December 1969, there was an assassination attempt against Obote. As he was leaving the UPC annual delegates' conference at Lugogo Indoor Stadium in Kampala, Mohamed Sebaduka fired one shot at the president. The bullet struck Obote in the face, breaking two of his teeth and passing through his cheek. Sebaduka's pistol jammed, and another assassin, Yowana Wamala, threw a grenade at the president, but it failed to explode. Sebaduka was shot by Obote's bodyguards, but both conspirators escaped in the pandemonium following the attempt. Investigators later arrested them and several members of the Democratic Party—the leading opposition party—accusing former prime minister Benedicto Kiwanuka of orchestrating the plot. In the aftermath of the attempt, all opposition political parties were banned, leaving Obote as an effectively absolute ruler. A state of emergency was in force for much of the time and many political opponents were jailed without trial for life. Obote's regime terrorised, harassed, and tortured people. His secret police, the General Service Unit, led by Obote's cousin, was responsible for many cruelties.


title: Milton Obote

text: In 1969–70, Obote published a series of pamphlets that were supposed to outline his political and economic policy. "The Common Man's Charter" was a summary of his approach to socialism, which became known as the Move to the Left. The government took over a 60% share in major private corporations and banks in the country in 1970. During Obote's regime, flagrant and widespread corruption emerged in the name of his version of "socialism". Food shortages sent prices through the ceiling. Obote's persecution of Indian traders contributed to this rise in prices.


title: Milton Obote

text: The Israeli government was training the Ugandan police and military and providing arms to the Anyanya in Southern Sudan who were engaged in a guerilla war with the Sudanese government. The Obote government withdrew support for the rebels and arrested a German mercenary called Steiner and extradited him to Sudan for trial. The Israeli government was very unhappy with these events.


title: Milton Obote

text: In January 1971, Obote was overthrown by the army while on a visit to Singapore to attend a Commonwealth conference, and Amin became President. In the two years before the coup Obote's relations with the West had become strained. Some have suggested that Western Governments were at least aware of, and may have aided, the coup. The Israeli government certainly played an active role in planning and implementing the coup. They operated mechanized equipment and maintained a high profile in and around the capital including manning roadblocks. According to one source, "They were to be seen everywhere." The fall of Obote's regime was welcomed and celebrated by many Ugandans.


title: Milton Obote

text: Once he was informed of the coup, Obote immediately flew to Nairobi to rally loyalist army elements in Uganda to oppose Amin's takeover. However, Kenyan authorities blocked his attempts to contact his followers, and the remaining pro-Obote soldiers failed to organize a counteroffensive. The pro-Amin forces were consequently able to swiftly eliminate them in a series of purges. Still, Obote refused to give up, and moved to Tanzania where he received much more support. Tanzanian President Julius Nyerere had close ties with Obote and had supported his socialist orientation. The Tanzanian and Somali governments initially planned to help Obote regain power by invading Uganda through the Kagera Salient. This project was never implemented, as Chinese Premier Zhou Enlai informed the involved parties that he opposed a military intervention, while the Tanzanians feared that Western powers might intervene on Amin's side. At this point, Obote's loyalists in the Uganda Army had been crushed, and Nyerere offered Obote training camps in Tanzania to organize a guerrilla army in exile. Meanwhile, thousands of Obote supporters (including many soldiers) escaped to Sudan whose government also offered them sanctuary and training camps. From late March 1971, Obote built up a rebel army, and moved to Sudan.


title: Milton Obote

text: However, Obote's exile efforts were hampered by his lack of support among Ugandans, as many other opposition groups—both leftists and conservatives—were more willing to support Amin than offer him any aid. Even part of the UPC had decided to split from him. There were also considerable ethnic tensions as well as personal rivalries in Obote's camps, undermining the military training. In addition, the Sudanese government signed a treaty with Amin in early 1972, expelling Obote and his followers, greatly weakening them. Overall, Obote was unable to mobilize more than about 1,000 insurgents, many of whom lacked proper training. As tensions mounted between Tanzania and Uganda, even escalating in occasional border clashes, Nyerere finally greenlit the planned invasion. Even some exiles critical of Obote, such as Yoweri Museveni's group, joined the operation. The 1972 invasion of Uganda by Obote's rebel alliance was a military disaster, with much of the insurgent force destroyed. This failure contributed to the existing tensions among the anti-Amin forces. On his part, Obote would accuse Museveni of having lied about controlling an underground network in southern Uganda. This alleged network was supposed to cause a popular uprising, but the latter did not materialize, thereby contributing to the invasion's defeat. Obote never forgave Museveni for this, creating a lasting rift. The attempted invasion was also met with international condemnation, forcing the Tanzanian government to officially close the insurgent camps and pledge to stop supporting anti-Amin rebels. Obote and members of his inner circle consequently relocated to Dar es Salaam where many began to work as teachers, lawyers, doctors, etc., while his common fighters were moved to Tabora to become coffee farmers.


title: Milton Obote

text: The Tanzanian government informed Obote that it would continue tolerating anti-Amin insurgent activities as long as they remained clandestine, despite the international agreement signed after the failed invasion. As a result, Obote kept a low-profile in the next years, as he continued his efforts to regain power. As he had not siphoned off money to overseas banks during his first presidency, Obote mostly lived off a Tanzanian pension. He gave no more interviews, and rarely ventured abroad to meet other opposition figures. Most of the time, he stayed at a comfortable beach house close to Nyerere's private residence; Tanzanian officials initially continued to call him "President", and later "Mzee". Despite his rare public appearances and public restraint, Obote vigorously plotted to overthrow Amin: He set up a small rebel force of 100 guerrillas which occasionally launched raids from Kenya into Uganda, and created his own "navy" of six boats which smuggled coffee on Lake Victoria to finance political and militant activities. The navy also built up an underground network in Uganda. These operations were entrusted to some of his most trusted followers such as David Oyite-Ojok. Obote hoped to gradually undermine Amin's regime until being able to launch a general uprising with support by the exiles in Tanzania. However, the efforts of his rebel network produced few tangible results, as his movement was unable to assassinate important followers of Amin and lacked support among most Ugandans. In fact, Obote remained deeply unpopular in much of Uganda, and even those opposed to Amin did not want to see him return to power.


title: Milton Obote

text: In 1979, Idi Amin was ousted by Tanzanian forces aided by Ugandan exiles. By 1980, Uganda was governed by an interim Presidential Commission. At the time of the 1980 elections, the chairman of the commission was a close associate of Obote, Paulo Muwanga. Muwanga had briefly been the "de facto" President of Uganda from 12–20 May 1980, as one of three presidents who served for short periods of time between Amin's ousting and the setting up of the Presidential Commission. The other two presidents were Yusuf Lule and Godfrey Binaisa.


title: Milton Obote

text: The elections in 1980 were won by Obote's Uganda People's Congress (UPC) party. However, the UPC's opposition believed that the elections were rigged, which led to a guerrilla war by Yoweri Museveni's National Resistance Army (NRA) and several other military groups. Obote held the additional title of Minister of Finance.


title: Milton Obote

text: In 1983, the Obote government launched Operation Bonanza, a military expedition that claimed tens of thousands of lives and displaced a significant portion of the population. The brunt of the blame for this massacre was placed on the people of northern Uganda for supporting the action of the Prime Minister which increased the existing regional tensions in the country. It has been estimated that approximately 100,000 to 500,000 people died as a result of fighting between Obote's Uganda National Liberation Army (UNLA) and the guerrillas.


title: Milton Obote

text: On 27 July 1985, Obote was deposed again. As in 1971, he was overthrown by his own army commanders in a military coup d'état; this time the commanders were Brigadier Bazilio Olara-Okello and General Tito Okello. The two men briefly ruled the country through a Military Council, but after a few months of near-chaos, Museveni's NRA seized control of the country. By July 1985, Amnesty International estimated that the Obote regime had been responsible for more than 300,000 civilian deaths across Uganda. Abuses were particularly conspicuous in an area of central Uganda known as the Luweero Triangle.


title: Milton Obote

text: After his second removal from power, Obote fled to Kenya and later to Zambia. For some years, it was rumoured that he would return to Ugandan politics. In August 2005, however, he announced his intention to step down as leader of the UPC. In September 2005, it was reported that Obote would return to Uganda before the end of the year. On 10 October 2005, Obote died of kidney failure in a hospital in Johannesburg, South Africa.


title: Milton Obote

text: Milton Obote was given a state funeral, attended by President Museveni, in the Ugandan capital Kampala in October 2005, to the surprise and appreciation of many Ugandans because he and Museveni had been bitter rivals. Other groups, such as the Baganda survivors of the Luweero Triangle massacres, were bitter that Obote was given a state funeral.


title: Milton Obote

text: He was survived by his wife and five children. On 28 November 2005, his wife Miria Obote was elected UPC party president.


title: Rupee

text: India, Mauritius, Nepal, Pakistan, Seychelles, and Sri Lanka, and of former currencies of Afghanistan, Bahrain, Kuwait, Oman, the United Arab Emirates (as the Gulf rupee), British East Africa, Burma, German East Africa (as Rupie/Rupien), and Tibet. In Indonesia and the Maldives, the unit of currency is known as "rupiah" and "rufiyaa" respectively, cognates of the word rupee.


title: Rupee

text: The Indian rupees () and Pakistani rupees () are subdivided into one hundred paise (singular "paisa") or pice. The Nepalese rupee (रू) subdivides into one hundred paisa (singular and plural) or four sukaas. The Mauritian, Seychellois, and Sri Lankan rupees subdivide into 100 cents.


title: Rupee

text: The Hindustani word "rupyā" is derived from the Sanskrit word "rūpya" (), which means "wrought silver, a coin of silver", in origin an adjective meaning "shapely", with a more specific meaning of "stamped, impressed", whence "coin". It is derived from the noun "rūpa" () "shape, likeness, image".


title: Rupee

text: The history of the rupee traces back to Ancient India circa 3rd century BC. Ancient India was one of the earliest issuers of coins in the world, along with the Lydian staters, several other Middle Eastern coinages and the Chinese wen.


title: Rupee

text: "Arthashastra", written by Chanakya, chief adviser to the first Maurya emperor Chandragupta Maurya (c. 340–290 BCE), mentions silver coins as "rūpyarūpa", other types including gold coins ("rūpya-suvarṇa"), copper coins ("tāmrarūpa") and lead coins ("sīsarūpa") are mentioned. "Rūpa" means form or shape, example, "rūpyarūpa", "rūpya" – wrought silver, "rūpa" – form. This coinage system continued more or less across the Indian subcontinent well till 20th century.


title: Rupee

text: During his reign from 1537 to 1545, Afghan ruler Sher Shah Suri of the Sur Empire set up a new civic and military administration and issued a coin of silver, weighing 178 grains, which was also termed the "Rupiya". Suri also introduced copper coins called "dam" and gold coins called "mohur" that weighed 169 grains (10.95 g). The use of the rupee coin continued under the Mughal Empire with the same standard and weight, though some rulers after Mughal Emperor Akbar occasionally issued heavier rupees.


title: Rupee

text: The European powers started minting coinage as early as mid-17th century, under patronage of Mughal Empire. The British gold coins were termed Carolina, the silver coins Anglina, the copper coins Cupperoon and tin coins Tinny. The coins of Bengal were developed in the Mughal style and those of Madras mostly in a South Indian style. The English coins of Western India developed along Mughal as well as English patterns. It was only in AD 1717 that the British obtained permission from the Emperor Farrukh Siyar to coin Mughal money at the Bombay mint. By early 1830, the British had become the dominant power in India and started minting coinage independently. The Coinage Act of 1835 provided for uniform coinage throughout India. The new coins had the effigy of William IV on the obverse and the value on the reverse in English and Persian. The coins issued after 1840 bore the portrait of Queen Victoria. The first coinage under the crown was issued in 1862 and in 1877 Queen Victoria assumed the title the Empress of India. The gold silver ratio expanded during 1870–1910. Unlike India, her colonial master Britain was on the gold standard.


title: Rupee

text: The 1911 accession to the throne of the King-Emperor George V led to the famous "pig rupee". On the coin, the King appeared wearing the chain of the Order of the Indian Elephant. Through poor engraving, the elephant looked very much like a pig. The Muslim population was enraged and the image had to be quickly redesigned. Acute shortage of silver during the First World War, led to the introduction of paper currency of One Rupee and Two and a half Rupees. The silver coins of smaller denominations were issued in cupro-nickel. The compulsion of the Second World War led to experiments in coinage where the standard rupee was replaced by the "Quaternary Silver Alloy". The Quaternary Silver coins were issued from 1940. In 1947 these were replaced by pure Nickel coins. Even after independence, the British coinage was continued in India. The Monetary System remained unchanged at One Rupee consisting of 64 pice, or 192 pies.


title: Rupee

text: In India, the "Anna Series" was introduced on 15 August 1950. This was the first coinage of the Republic of India. The King's Portrait was replaced by the Ashoka's Lion Capital. A corn sheaf replaced the Tiger on the one Rupee coin. The monetary system was retained with one Rupee consisting of 16 Annas. The 1955 Indian Coinage (Amendment) Act, that came into force with effect from 1 April 1957, introduced a "Decimal series". The rupee was now divided into 100 'Paisa' instead of 16 Annas or 64 Pice. The "Naye Paise" coins were minted in the denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 50 Naye Paise. Both the Anna series and the Naye Paise coins were valid for some time. From 1968 onwards, the new coins were called just Paise instead of Naye Paise because they were no longer naye(new).


title: Rupee

text: With high inflation in the sixties, small denomination coins which were made of bronze, nickel-brass, cupro-nickel, and aluminium-bronze were gradually minted in Aluminium. This change commenced with the introduction of the new hexagonal 3 paise coin. A twenty paise coin was introduced in 1968 but did not gain much popularity. Over a period, cost-benefit considerations led to the gradual discontinuance of 1, 2 and 3 paise coins in the 1970s. Stainless steel coinage of 10, 25 and 50 paise, was introduced in 1988 and of one rupee in 1992. The very considerable costs of managing note issues of Rs 1, Rs 2, and Rs 5 led to the gradual coinisation of these denominations in the 1990s.


title: Rupee

text: In East Africa, Arabia, and Mesopotamia, the rupee and its subsidiary coinage was current at various times. The usage of the rupee in East Africa extended from Somaliland in the north to as far south as Natal. In Mozambique, the British India rupees were overstamped, and in Kenya, the British East Africa Company minted the rupee and its fractions, as well as pice.


title: Rupee

text: The rise in the price of silver immediately after the First World War caused the rupee to rise in value to two shillings sterling. In 1920 in British East Africa, the opportunity was then taken to introduce a new florin coin, hence bringing the currency into line with sterling. Shortly after that, the florin was split into two East African shillings. This assimilation to sterling did not, however, happen in British India itself. In Somalia, the Italian colonial authority minted 'rupia' to exactly the same standard and called the "pice" 'besa'.


title: Rupee

text: The Indian rupee was the official currency of Dubai and Qatar until 1959, when India created a new Gulf rupee (also known as the "external rupee") to hinder the smuggling of gold. The Gulf rupee was legal tender until 1966, when India significantly devalued the Indian rupee and a new Qatar-Dubai riyal was established to provide economic stability.


title: Rupee

text: The Straits Settlements were originally an outlier of the British East India Company. The Spanish dollar had already taken hold in the Straits Settlements by the time the British arrived in the 19th century. The East India Company tried to introduce the rupee in its place. These attempts were resisted by the locals, and by 1867 when the British government took over direct control of the Straits Settlements from the East India Company, attempts to introduce the rupee were finally abandoned.


title: Rupee

text: The original silver rupee, .917 fine silver, , was divided into 16 annas, 64 paise, or 192 pies. Each circulating coin of British India, until the rupee was decimalised, had a different name in practice. A paisa was equal to two "dhelas", three "pies", or six "damaris". Other coins for half anna ("adhanni", or two paisas), two annas ("duanni"), four annas (a "chawanni", or a quarter of a rupee), and eight annas (an "athanni", or half a rupee) were widely in use until decimalization in 1961. (The numbers "adha", "do", "chār", "ātha" mean respectively half, two, four, eight in Hindi and Urdu.) Two "paisa" was also called a "taka", see below.


title: Rupee

text: Decimalisation occurred in India in 1957, in Pakistan in 1961, and in Sri Lanka (then called Ceylon) in 1969. Since 1957 an Indian rupee is divided into 100 paise. The decimalised paisa was originally officially named "naya paisa" meaning the "new paisa" to distinguish it from the erstwhile paisa which had a higher value of rupee. The word "naya" was dropped in 1964 and since then it is simply known as "paisa" (plural "paise").


title: Rupee

text: The most commonly used symbol for the rupee is "₨". India adopted a new symbol () for the Indian rupee on 15 July 2010. In most parts of India, the rupee is known as rupaya, rupaye, or one of several other terms derived from the Sanskrit "rūpya", meaning silver.


title: Rupee

text: "Ṭaṅka" is an ancient Sanskrit word for money. While the two-paise coin was called a "taka" in West Pakistan, the word "taka" was commonly used in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh), alternatively for rupee. In the Bengali and Assamese languages, spoken in Assam, Tripura, and West Bengal, the rupee is known as a "taka", and is written as such on Indian banknotes. In Odisha it is known as "tanka". After its independence, Bangladesh started to officially call its currency "taka" (BDT) in 1971.


title: Rupee

text: The issuance of the Indian currency is controlled by the Reserve Bank of India, and issuance of Pakistani currency is controlled by State Bank of Pakistan.


title: Rupee

text: Currently in India (from 2010 onwards), the 50 paise coin (half a rupee) is the lowest valued legal tender coin. Coins of 1, 2, 5, and 10 rupees and banknotes of 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 2000 rupees are commonly in use for cash transaction.


title: Rupee

text: Large denominations of rupees are traditionally counted in lakhs, crores, arabs, kharabs, nils, padmas, shankhs, udpadhas, and anks. Terms beyond "crore" are not generally used in the context of money; for example, an amount would be called ₨ 1 lakh crore (equivalent to 1 trillion) instead of ₨ 10 kharab.


title: Rupee

text: The rupee sign ₨ is a currency sign used to represent the monetary unit of account in Pakistan, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Mauritius, Seychelles, and formerly in India. It resembles, and is often written as, the Latin character sequence "Rs" or "Rs.". Currency signs exist for other countries that use the rupee but not this sign: their usage is also described at the main article.


title: Rupee

text: In Latin script, "rupee" (singular) is abbreviated as Re. and "rupees" (plural) as ₨. The Indonesian "rupiah" is abbreviated Rp. In 19th century typography, abbreviations were often superscripted: formula_1 or formula_2. In Brahmic scripts, rupee is often abbreviated with the grapheme for the first syllable, optionally followed by a circular abbreviation mark or a Latin abbreviation point: रु૰ (Devanagari "ru."), રૂ૰ (Gujarati "ru."), රු (Sinhala "ru"), రూ (Telugu "rū").


title: Rupee

text: The history of the rupees can be traced back to Ancient India around the 6th century BC. Ancient India had some of the earliest coins in the world, along with the Chinese wen and Lydian staters.


title: Rupee

text: The rupee coin has been used since then, even during British India, when it contained 11.66 g (1 tola) of 91.7% silver with an ASW of 0.3437 of a troy ounce (that is, silver worth about US$10 at modern prices). Valuation of the rupee based on its silver content had severe consequences in the 19th century, when the strongest economies in the world were on the gold standard. The discovery of vast quantities of silver in the United States and various European colonies resulted in a decline in the value of silver relative to gold.


title: Rupee

text: At the end of the 19th century, the Indian silver rupee went onto a gold exchange standard at a fixed rate of one rupee to one shilling and fourpence in British currency, i.e. 15 rupees to 1 pound sterling.


title: Alice Glass

text: Margaret Osborn (born 25 August 1988), known professionally as Alice Glass, is a Canadian singer and songwriter. She is the co-founder and former frontwoman of the electronic band Crystal Castles. In 2014, she embarked on a solo career. She released her eponymous debut EP in 2017. Her solo debut album, "Prey//IV," was released in February 2022.


title: Alice Glass

text: Alice Glass was born Margaret Osborn on 25 August 1988 in Toronto, Ontario. She was raised Catholic, attending parochial school up until junior high. At age 15, she ran away from home to live in a squat community of punks under the name Vicki Vale (after the comic book character) and started an all-girl experimental punk band called Fetus Fatale. In December 2003, she and Ethan Kath began working together on the project that would become Crystal Castles. She picked the stage name Alice Glass based on a pin with the name Alice that she shoplifted and Hopey Glass, a character in "Love and Rockets".


title: Alice Glass

text: Crystal Castles' first official release was their 2006 single "Alice Practice". The song got the band their first record deal with Merok Records in London. The same year, Crystal Castles played their first live show at Clinton's Tavern in Toronto. "Alice Practice" was eventually featured on their eponymous debut album released in 2008. Glass topped "NME"s Cool List that year and responded to it by criticizing the idea of the cool list itself. The duo followed their debut album with two more critically acclaimed albums, "II" (2010) and "III" (2012), completing a trilogy. Glass co-wrote every Crystal Castles song she contributed vocals to. In October 2014, Glass announced her departure from Crystal Castles due to her own professional and personal reasons. In the announcement, she noted that working within the band compromised her efforts towards "sincerity, honesty, and empathy for others". She later had a number of public disagreements with her former bandmate, including accusing him of assault and sexual misconduct.


title: Alice Glass

text: In July 2015, Glass released her debut single as a solo artist, "Stillbirth". The release was largely an effort to increase awareness of domestic and sexual abuse. Glass worked with anti-sexual assault organization RAINN to donate all proceeds from the song's revenue to aid abuse victims.


title: Alice Glass

text: In August 2017, Glass released "Without Love", which served as the lead single to her eponymous debut EP which was released the following week. She headed on tour with Marilyn Manson following the release of the EP.


title: Alice Glass

text: In October 2017, Glass posted a statement on her official website explaining her departure from Crystal Castles, accusing co-founder Ethan Kath of sexual, physical, and mental abuse. The accusations detail the abuse starting when Glass was 15 and began recording with Kath and escalated until her eventual departure from Crystal Castles. Kath responded the same day in a statement issued to "Pitchfork" through his attorney, where he called the accusations "pure fiction" and said he was consulting with his lawyers as to his legal options. The following month, Kath sued Glass for defamation, but was dismissed in February 2018. In May, Glass was awarded nearly US$21,000 in attorney fees after Kath's lawyers sought to vacate the dismissal of his defamation lawsuit against Glass.


title: Alice Glass

text: In January 2018, Glass released "Forgiveness" as the second single from her EP. She also released that month a brand new single called "Cease and Desist", which she said "is a call to arms for all survivors." Both singles were accompanied by music videos.


title: Alice Glass

text: In April 2018, Glass embarked on her SnowBlood Tour alongside American singer Zola Jesus, with electronic musician Pictureplane being an opening act on select dates. The tour is named after Lady Snowblood, spurned star of the eponymous 1973 Japanese film. Later that month, Glass released a remix EP, consisting of remixes of songs from her eponymous EP released in 2017. The EP includes remixes from both Zola Jesus and Pictureplane.


title: Alice Glass

text: In June 2018, Glass released a new single, "Mine", accompanied by a music video directed by Lucas David and starring American drag queen Violet Chachki. In December, Glass was featured on Adult Swim's singles series with a new song titled "I Trusted You".


title: Alice Glass

text: In 2020, Glass revealed that she received little royalties from her work in Crystal Castles. She disavowed her tenure in the band and asked fans to cease their support of the group.


title: Alice Glass

text: Glass released the single "Suffer and Swallow" on 6 January 2021, which was the first song she shared from her long-awaited solo debut album which she said was to be released later that year. The song was accompanied by a stop-motion music video by Lucas David. She had a guest appearance on Alice Longyu Gao's single "Legend" which was released on 27 May 2021.


title: Alice Glass

text: On 19 November 2021, Glass unveiled the title and shared the track listing of her solo debut album "Prey//IV" and announced a release date of 28 January 2022 by her own Eating Glass Records. The announcement was accompanied the single "Baby Teeth", which had by a music video by Astra Zero and Lucas David.


title: Alice Glass

text: On 8 December 2021, Glass premiered the single "Fair Game" accompanied by a music video directed by Bryan M. Ferguson


title: Alice Glass

text: On 28 January 2022, Glass released "Love Is Violence", after the album's release was delayed to February. The single was accompanied by a gory music video by Bryan M. Ferguson. The early 2000s-inspired video depicts two teenagers who sensually pull out each other's entrails.


title: The Waterboys

text: The Waterboys are a folk rock band formed in Edinburgh in 1983 by Scottish musician Mike Scott. The band's membership, past and present, has been composed mainly of musicians from Scotland, Ireland, Wales and England. Mike Scott has remained as the only constant member throughout the band's career. They have explored a number of different styles, but their music is mainly a mix of folk music with rock and roll. They dissolved in 1993 when Scott departed to pursue a solo career. The group reformed in 2000, and continue to release albums and to tour worldwide. Scott emphasises a continuity between The Waterboys and his solo work, saying that "To me there's no difference between Mike Scott and the Waterboys; they both mean the same thing. They mean myself and whoever are my current travelling musical companions."


title: The Waterboys

text: The early Waterboys sound became known as "The Big Music" after a song on their second album, "A Pagan Place". This style was described by Scott as "a metaphor for seeing God's signature in the world." Waterboys chronicler Ian Abrahams elaborated on this by defining "The Big Music" as "...a mystical celebration of paganism. It's extolling the basic and primitive divinity that exists in everything ('the oceans and the sand'), religious and spiritual all encompassing. Here is something that can't be owned or built upon, something that has its existence in the concept of Mother Earth and has an ancestral approach to religion. And it takes in and embraces the feminine side of divinity, pluralistic in its acceptance of the wider pantheon of paganism."


title: The Waterboys

text: "The Big Music" either influenced or was used to describe a number of other bands specializing in an anthemic sound, including U2, Simple Minds, In Tua Nua, Big Country and Hothouse Flowers.


title: The Waterboys

text: In the late 1980s, the band became significantly more folk-influenced. The Waterboys eventually returned to rock and roll, and have released both rock and folk albums since reforming.


title: The Waterboys

text: The Waterboys have gone through three distinct phases. Their early years, or "Big Music" period was followed by a folk music period which was characterised by an emphasis on touring over album production and by a large band membership, leading to the description of the group as a "Raggle Taggle band". After a brief return to the "Big Music" for one tour and the release of a mainstream rock and roll album with "Dream Harder", the band dissolved until they reunited in 2000. In the years since, they have revisited both rock and folk music, and continue to tour and release studio albums.


title: The Waterboys

text: Scott, the founder and only permanent member of The Waterboys, made a number of solo recordings in late 1981 and early 1982 while in a band named Another Pretty Face (later called Funhouse). These sessions at Redshop Studio are the earliest recordings that would be released under the Waterboys' name. During the same period, Scott formed the short-lived band The Red and the Black, with saxophone player Anthony Thistlethwaite, after hearing him play on "Waiting on Egypt", a Nikki Sudden album. The Red and the Black performed nine concerts in London. Thistlethwaite introduced Scott to drummer Kevin Wilkinson, who joined The Red and the Black. During 1982, Scott made a number of recordings, both solo and with Thistlethwaite and Wilkinson. These recording sessions, both of Scott's solo work and the group performances, would later be divided between The Waterboys' first and second albums.


title: The Waterboys

text: In 1983, even though Scott's record label, Ensign Records, expected his first album to be a solo effort, Scott decided to start a new band. He chose The Waterboys as its name from a line in the Lou Reed song "The Kids" on the album "Berlin". In March 1983, Ensign released the first recording under the new band name, a single titled "A Girl Called Johnny", the A-side of which was a tribute to Patti Smith. This was followed in May by The Waterboys' first performance as a group, on the BBC's "Old Grey Whistle Test". The BBC performance included a new member, keyboard player Karl Wallinger. The Waterboys released their self-titled debut, "The Waterboys", in July 1983. Their music, influenced by Patti Smith, Bob Dylan and David Bowie, was compared by critics to Van Morrison and U2 in its cinematic sweep. The band's earlier sound was described as new wave and post-punk.


title: The Waterboys

text: After the release of their debut, The Waterboys began touring. Their first show was at the Batschkapp Club in Frankfurt in February 1984. The band then consisted of Mike Scott on vocals and guitar, Anthony Thistlethwaite on saxophone and mandolin, Wallinger on keyboards, Roddy Lorimer on trumpets, Martyn Swain on bass and Kevin Wilkinson on drums. John Caldwell from Another Pretty Face also played guitar, and Scottish singer Eddi Reader sang backing vocals for the band's first two concerts. The band made some new recordings and over-dubbed old material in late 1983 and early 1984 which were released as The Waterboys' second album, "A Pagan Place", in June 1984. The "official" Waterboys line-up at this time, according to the sleeve of "A Pagan Place", was Scott, Thistlethwaite, Wallinger and Wilkinson, with guest contributions from Reader, Lorimer and many others.


title: The Waterboys

text: "A Pagan Place" was preceded by the single "The Big Music". The name of the single's A-side track was adopted by some commentators as a description of The Waterboys' sound, and is still used to refer to the musical style of their first three albums. The release of the album was followed by further touring in the U.K., Europe and U.S. including support for The Pretenders and U2 and a show at the Glastonbury Festival.


title: The Waterboys

text: The band began to record new material in early 1985 for a new album, with Wilkinson leaving the band to join China Crisis. Late in the sessions, future Waterboy Steve Wickham added his violin to the track "The Pan Within"; he had been invited after Scott had heard him on a Sinéad O'Connor demo recorded at Karl Wallinger's house.


title: The Waterboys

text: The Waterboys (officially a trio of Scott, Thistlethwaite and Wallinger, with a slew of guests) released their third album, "This Is the Sea", in October 1985. It sold better than either of the two earlier albums, and managed to get into the Top Forty. A single from it, "The Whole of the Moon", reached number 26 in the UK. Promotion efforts were hampered by Scott's refusal to perform on "Top of the Pops", which insisted that its performers lip sync. The album release was followed by successful tours of the UK and North America, with Wickham becoming a full-time member, Marco Sin replacing Martyn Swain on bass, and Chris Whitten replacing Kevin Wilkinson on drums. Towards the end of the tour Wallinger left to form his own band, World Party, and was replaced by Guy Chambers. At the same time, drummer Dave Ruffy replaced Chris Whitten.


title: The Waterboys

text: At the invitation of new member Steve Wickham, Mike Scott moved to Dublin and quickly became influenced by the traditional Irish music there as well as by country and gospel. The band's line-up changed once again with Scott, Wickham and Thistlethwaite now joined by Trevor Hutchinson on bass and Peter McKinney on drums. The new band, which the official Waterboys' website refers to as the "Raggle Taggle band" line-up, spent 1986 and 1987 recording in Dublin and touring the UK, Ireland, Europe and Israel. Some of these performances were released in 1998 on "The Live Adventures of the Waterboys", including a famous Glastonbury performance in 1986.


title: The Waterboys

text: In 1988 Scott took the band to Spiddal in the west of Ireland where they set up a recording studio in Spiddal House to finish recording their new album. "Fisherman's Blues" was released in October 1988, and showcased many guest musicians that had played with the band in Dublin and Spiddal. Critics and fans were split between those embracing the new influence of Irish and Scottish folk music and others disappointed after hoping for a continuation of the style of "This Is the Sea". "World Music: The Rough Guide" notes that "some cynics claim that Scotsman Mike Scott gave Irish music back to the Irish... his impact can't be underestimated", but Scott himself explains that it was the Irish tradition that influenced him; "I was in love with Ireland. Every day was a new adventure, it was mythical... Being part of a brotherhood of musicians was a great thing in those days, with all the many musicians of all stripes we befriended in Ireland. I still have that connection to the Irish musicians and tap into it..." Owing to the large number of tracks that were recorded in the three years between "This Is the Sea" and "Fisherman's Blues", The Waterboys released a second album of songs from this period in 2001, titled "Too Close to Heaven" (or "Fisherman's Blues, Part 2" in North America), and more material was released as bonus tracks for the 2006 reissue of the remastered "Fisherman's Blues" album.


title: The Waterboys

text: After further touring the band returned to Spiddal to record a new album. The Waterboys now consisted of Mike Scott, Steve Wickham, Anthony Thistlethwaite, Colin Blakey on whistle, flute and piano, Sharon Shannon on accordion, Trevor Hutchinson on bass and Noel Bridgeman on drums. Their fifth album, "Room to Roam" was released in September 1990. One of the album's tracks was a recording of the traditional ballad "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy".


title: The Waterboys

text: Just before "Room to Roam" was released, Wickham left over a disagreement with Scott and Thistlethwaite regarding the future direction of the band's sound. Scott and Thistlethwaite wanted to move the band back to a more rock and roll style, and Wickham disagreed. His departure started the band's dissolution, and in his wake Shannon and Blakey both left. Scott, Thistlethwaite and Hutchinson recruited Ken Blevins on drums to fulfil the group's tour dates.


title: The Waterboys

text: Trevor Hutchinson left the band in 1991, a year that also saw a re-release of the single "The Whole of the Moon" from "This Is the Sea" and a compilation album, "The Best of The Waterboys 81–90". The single reached number three on the United Kingdom charts and the album reached number two. Scott spent the rest of the year writing new material and moved to New York. Thistlethwaite left the band in December, leaving Mike Scott as The Waterboys' only member. The next album was completed with session musicians and was released in 1993 as "Dream Harder" with a new hard rock-influenced sound, and produced two UK Top 30 singles "The Return of Pan" and "Glastonbury Song"). Frustrated by not being able to get a new touring Waterboys band together, Scott left New York, abandoning the "Waterboys" name and embarking upon a solo career.


title: The Waterboys

text: However, Scott later resurrected the Waterboys name, citing its recognition amongst fans, for the 2000 album "A Rock in the Weary Land". The album had a new, experimental rock sound, inspired by contemporary bands Radiohead and Beck that "shocked" some listeners. Scott described the new sound as "Sonic Rock". A number of old Waterboys guested on the album including Thistlethwaite and Wilkinson. By 2001 the core of the new Waterboys included Mike Scott on vocals and guitar, Richard Naiff on keyboards and organs and Wickham, who had returned to the band, on violin. The group changed direction once again in 2003 and released "Universal Hall" a mostly acoustic album with a return of some Celtic influences from the "Fisherman's Blues" era. The album was followed by a tour of the UK and then Europe. Their first official live album, "Karma to Burn", was released in 2005. A new studio album, "Book of Lightning", was released 2 April 2007.


title: The Waterboys

text: Having harboured the idea for 20 years, Mike Scott set 20 W. B. Yeats poems to music in an enterprise that evolved into a show entitled "An Appointment With Mr. Yeats". The Waterboys held the show's world premiere from 15 to 20 March 2010 in Yeats's own theatre, the Abbey Theatre, Dublin. The five-night show quickly sold out, later receiving several rave reviews, among which were "The Irish Times" and Irish actor/playwright Michael Harding. Some of the poems performed included "The Hosting of the Sidhe", "The Lake Isle of Innisfree", "News for the Delphic Oracle", and 'The Song of Wandering Aengus', along with an amalgamation of two Yeats lyrics that became the song 'Let the Earth Bear Witness' which Scott had produced during 'The Sea of Green' 2009 Iranian election protests. The musical arrangements for the poems were varied and experimental. On the band's website Scott described the arrangements as "psychedelic, intense, kaleidescopic, a mix of rock, folk and faery music", the delivery of which signals yet another musical shift in the ever mutable world of The Waterboys.


title: The Waterboys

text: "An Appointment With Mr. Yeats" returned to Dublin on 7 November 2010 in the city's Grand Canal Theatre. The show was performed at the Barbican Hall, London in February 2011. The album version of "An Appointment With Mr. Yeats" was released on 19 September 2011 and reached the UK Top 30.


title: The Waterboys

text: In October 2014, the band announced their album "Modern Blues", which was first released on 19 January 2015 in the United Kingdom, and was released on 7 April in North America. The album was recorded in Nashville, and produced by Mike Scott and mixed by Bob Clearmountain. The line up includes Paul Brown, David Hood, Ralph Salmins, Zach Ernst, and Steve Wickham. The first UK single from the Modern Blues album was 'November Tale'.


title: The Waterboys

text: "Modern Blues" was followed in 2017 by a double studio album, "Out of All This Blue", which was released on 8 September by BMG Records. The first single from the album was "If The Answer Is Yeah", released in July.


title: The Waterboys

text: In March 2019 the band announced a new studio album "Where the Action Is", which was released on 24 May by Cooking Vinyl. The first UK single from the album was 'Right Side Of Heartbreak (Wrong Side Of Love)', released on 14 March.


title: The Waterboys

text: On 21 May 2019 the band have shared the music video for the third single off the record, "Ladbroke Grove Symphony" which it is a tribute to the former bohemian heart of West London. Mike Scott invokes his time living and writing among the crumbling, seaside-esque streets of Notting Hill during the 1980s. The accompanying montage video captures the magic of the Grove in all its weird and wonderful counterculture, and features new film and vintage photography of Scott he tells the story of the song.


title: The Waterboys

text: The band's fourteenth studio album "Good Luck, Seeker" was released on 21 August 2020. The first song to be previewed from the album was "My Wanderings in the Weary Land" on 5 June. The single "The Soul Singer" was released on 15 July. The Waterboys' fifteenth studio album, "All Souls Hill", was released by Cooking Vinyl on 6 May 2022.


title: The Waterboys

text: The Waterboys' lyrics and arrangements reflect Scott's current interests and influences, the latter including the musical sensibilities of other members. Wickham in particular had a tremendous impact on the band's sound after joining the group. In terms of arrangement and instrumentation, rock and roll and Celtic folk music have played the largest roles in the band's sound. Literature and spirituality have played an important role in Scott's lyrics Other contributing factors include women and love, punk music's DIY ethic, the British poetic tradition, and Scott's experiences at Findhorn, where he has lived for some years.


title: The Waterboys

text: The Waterboys' music can be divided into three distinct styles. The first is represented by the first three albums, released between 1983 and 1985. The band's arrangements during this period, described by Allmusic as a "rich, dramatic sound... majestic", and typically referred to as "The Big Music", combined the rock and roll sound of early U2 with elements of classical trumpet (Lorimer), jazz saxophone (Thistlethwaite) and contemporary keyboards (Wallinger). Scott emphasised the arrangement's fullness by using production techniques similar to Phil Spector's "Wall of Sound". The archetypal example, the song "The Big Music", gave the style its name, but the best-selling example was "The Whole of the Moon", the song that the early 1980s Waterboys are best known for and that demonstrates both Wallinger's synthpop keyboard effects and the effectiveness of the brass section of the band.


title: The Waterboys

text: After Wickham's joining and the move to Ireland, the band went three years before releasing another album. "Fisherman's Blues", and more particularly "Room to Roam", traded "The Big Music"'s keyboards and brass for traditional instruments such as tin whistle, flute, fiddle, accordion, harmonica, and bouzouki. Celtic folk music replaced rock as the main inspiration for song arrangements on both albums. "Rolling Stone" describes the sound as "an impressive mixture of rock music and Celtic ruralism..., Beatles and Donovan echoes and, of course, lots of grand guitar, fiddle, mandolin, whistle, flute and accordion playing". Traditional folk songs were recorded along with those written by Scott. "The Raggle Taggle Gypsy", a British folk ballad at least two hundred years old, was recorded on "Room to Roam". It became closely associated with the band, much as the song "The Big Music" did, and also gave its name to describe the band's character. The recording emphasises how distinctly different the band's music had become in the five years since the last of "The Big Music" albums.


title: The Waterboys

text: After the break-up of the "Raggle Taggle band", Scott used The Waterboys' name for "Dream Harder" and "A Rock in the Weary Land". These two albums, separated by seven years and bookending Scott's solo album releases, were both rock albums but with distinctive approaches to that genre. "Dream Harder" was described as "disappointingly mainstream", whereas the sound of the "A Rock in the Weary Land" was inspired by alternative music and was praised by critics. For 2003's "Universal Hall", however, Wickham had once again rejoined the band, and that album saw a return of the acoustic folk instrumentation of the late 1980s Waterboys, with the exception of the song "Seek the Light", which is instead an idiosyncratic EBM track.