title: Ford Edge

text: The Sport trim level debuted at the 2008 Chicago Auto Show, with sales beginning as a 2009 model. The trim level includes leather-trimmed with grey faux-suede inserts, reclining 60/40 fold-flat seats with center fold-down armrest, second-row seat back release (marketed as EasyFold), premium AM/FM stereo with six-disc in-dash CD/MP3 player, SYNC in-car connectivity system, large-diameter chrome exhaust tips, 20-inch premium chrome-clad aluminum wheels, all body-colored trim and optional 22-inch wheels.


title: Ford Edge

text: Safety equipment includes standard dual front airbags, front side-impact airbags, side-curtain airbags, antilock brakes, traction control, electronic stability control, and a tire-pressure monitoring system.


title: Ford Edge

text: Ford Canada announced in June 2007 that a gasoline-electric hybrid version of the Edge was to debut in the 2010 model year. The model was expected to use a new hybrid system from Ford, pairing an electric motor with a V6 engine.


title: Ford Edge

text: A concept of the Ford Edge with HySeries Drive was shown at the 2007 Washington Auto Show, and the automaker claimed potential future production. This was a hybrid electric vehicle that used hydrogen fuel along with plug-in charging of its lithium-ion battery pack, for a combined range over . The HySeries system was introduced in the Ford Airstream concept from the 2007 Detroit Auto Show.


title: Ford Edge

text: The updated Ford Edge was revealed at the 2010 Chicago Auto Show, with production starting on February 12, 2010, as a 2011 model. Exterior changes include a new front fascia, wheels, and a revised bumper, while the revamped interior features upgraded materials and capacitive touch controls in place of some conventional buttons and switches, which can also be seen on the second-generation Lincoln MKX.


title: Ford Edge

text: Engines offered for the updated first generation: a 2.0-L EcoBoost I4 engine, a 3.5-L Duratec with Ti-VCT making and of torque, and the Sport model had the same 3.7-L Duratec engine as the 2011 Lincoln MKX with and of torque. The turbocharger in the new 2.0-L engine is designed for 150,000 miles or 10 years.


title: Ford Edge

text: The SE includes cloth-trimmed seats, single-zone manual air-conditioning, steering wheel controls, and 17-inch painted aluminum wheels.


title: Ford Edge

text: The SEL includes everything in the SE plus unique cloth-trimmed seats, six-way power driver's seat, dual-zone electronic automatic temperature controls, leather-wrapped steering wheel with cruise control, five-way switch pads and secondary audio controls, 18-inch painted aluminum wheels, reverse sensing system, and supplemental parking lamps.


title: Ford Edge

text: The Limited includes everything in the SEL plus leather-trimmed seats, 10-way heated power driver's seat, Sony audio system with HD radio with 12 speakers in 10 locations, MyFord Touch with two driver-configurable 4.2-inch color LCD displays in cluster and 8-inch color LCD display in center stack, Ford Sync including media hub with two USB ports, SD card reader and video input jacks, 18-inch chrome-clad aluminum wheels with optional 20-inch chrome-clad aluminum wheels, rear view camera, and six-way heated power, fold-flat front passenger seat. In Israel, this trim is called SEL Plus.


title: Ford Edge

text: The Sport includes the 3.7-L Twin-independent Variable Cam Timing V6 engine from the Mustang, six-speed SelectShift automatic transmission with paddle activation, unique charcoal black leather-trimmed seats with Silver Smoke Metallic inserts, 22-inch polished aluminum wheel with Tuxedo Black spoke accents, body-color front and rear lower fascia, 4-inch chrome oval dual exhaust tips, and body-color side lower cladding and rocker molding.


title: Ford Edge

text: For 2015, the Ford Edge was redesigned with a new Taurus and Explorer-like grille, new headlights, LED combination taillights, increased interior room, and a rear-view camera. This generation of the Edge comes with a standard EcoBoost engine, the all-new 2.0-L (only the displacement and bore-center spacing carry over), which has a new twin-scroll turbo to boost low-end torque figures. Unlike the previous 2.0-L EcoBoost, the 2015 generation has a towing capacity of 3500 lb and is available with all-wheel drive. The midspecification engine is a 3.5-L V6, with slightly reduced power output. The highest engine in the range, powering Sport models, is the new 2.7-L twin-turbo EcoBoost V6.


title: Ford Edge

text: For the first time, Ford marketed the Edge in European markets (as part of the company's "One Ford" strategy); it sits above the Ford Kuga. Gasoline engines are not sold in Europe; instead, this market receives either of two turbo-charged Duratorq diesel engines as used in other Ford Europe products such as the Ford Mondeo. Both engines are mated to an all-wheel drive system as standard; no option for two-wheel drive is available. The two engines are rated at 180 hp and 210 hp. Which output the customer receives is entirely dependent on the transmission choice, with a six-speed manual as standard mated to the 180-hp unit. A six-speed PowerShift automatic dual-clutch transmission option is available, mated to the 210-hp unit.


title: Ford Edge

text: Ford Edge was sold in Europe as a premium large crossover with only high-end trims and diesel engines at prices 50% higher than in North America. Due to low sales, the model was limited in 2019 to only a few countries, with the last stocks sold in early 2021, and in 2022, it is announced that along with the Lincoln Nautilus, the Ford Edge will be discontinued in 2024.


title: Ford Edge

text: The Ford Endura was the Australia/New Zealand type of the second generation Ford Edge. The Ford Endura was put on the market on December 2018, yet got discontinued in 2020 due to slow sales.


title: Ford Edge

text: In January 2018, Ford announced that the entire Edge lineup (alongside the Lincoln MKX's renaming) was to receive a midcycle facelift for 2019, which replaces the existing Ford three-bar front grille with a design similar to the larger Ford Explorer, new aluminum-alloy wheel options for each trim level, new exterior and interior color combinations, and a 12-speaker B&O Play surround-sound system that replaces the existing Sony system. All models receive a newly designed Ford 8F35 eight-speed automatic transmission (featuring automatic stop-start technology), which also allows the base 2.0-L EcoBoost turbocharged inline I4 engine to gain a boost, and all Edges to achieve improved United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) fuel economy.


title: Ford Edge

text: With the launch of the 2018 model in Australia (February 2019 in New Zealand), the Edge is sold as the Ford Endura, and is the successor to the Ford Territory. In Australia, the Endura was made available in Trend, ST-Line, and Titanium trim levels. In November 2020, the Endura was announced as being discontinued in Australia by the end of the year. It had been discontinued in New Zealand prior to this.


title: Ford Edge

text: The 2019 Edge made its debut at the 2018 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, and went on sale in the spring of 2018 as an early 2019 model year vehicle.


title: Ford Edge

text: For the 2020 model year, dual-zone automatic climate control was included on all trims. However, the CD player was removed.


title: Ford Edge

text: The Edge in China was facelifted with the rest of the world in 2019 while receiving another facelift for the 2021 model year exclusively for the Chinese three-row Edge called the Ford Edge Plus. The Edge Plus features a slightly redesigned exterior and a different interior design. The interior features two new displays measuring 8 and 13.2 inches across and a new squared-off multi-function steering wheel. The updated center console houses both the climate controls and the air vents, while a cover below conceals a power socket, a single USB port and a wireless charger. The Edge Plus is powered by the previous 2.0-liter turbo-inline-4 engine producing and , which links to an eight-speed automatic transmission. Both FWD and AWD are offered.


title: Ford Edge

text: For the 2021 model year, all Ford Edge models gain a standard twelve-inch, tablet-style touchscreen infotainment system display screen, with wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto smartphone integration, as well as standard SiriusXM Satellite Radio with 360L. GPS navigation is an optional feature on all models except for the base SE trim. A spare tire and wheel, a previously standard feature, is now an option for 2021. A new ST-Line trim, based on the mid-level SEL trim, adds ST-inspired exterior and interior styling, a unique ActiveX (leatherette)-trimmed interior, and unique black-finished aluminum-alloy wheels, but is powered by the base 2.0L EcoBoost Turbocharged Inline Four-Cylinder (I4) gasoline engine mated to an eight-speed automatic transmission. The previously available leather-trimmed interior in the SEL trim is now changed to ActiveX (leatherette)-trimmed seating surfaces (the luxury-oriented Titanium trim still retains its leather-trimmed interior). The Titanium trim gains a new Titanium Elite Package, which adds a unique interior color scheme, model-specific exterior styling cues, and larger tires with unique aluminum-alloy wheels.


title: Ford Edge

text: Ford also announced that a new model of Edge, the ST, would be offered instead of the Sport as the top trim level for the line. It will feature a 2.7-L EcoBoost twin-turbocharged V6 engine producing , a modest increase over the 2018 Sport, which used the same engine. ST styling included a dark-finished mesh front grille, aluminum-alloy wheels, and unique interior.


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: Jaideep Ahlawat is an Indian actor who appears in Hindi films. He completed his graduation from Film and Television Institute of India (FTII), Pune in 2008. After completing his education, he headed Mumbai, to pursue his dreams to become an actor. He started his career in Bollywood with a small roles in films like "Aakrosh" (2010) and the same year, he also starred in a satire comedy film called "Khatta Meetha", wherein his negative role of a politician got appreciated in the film circles.


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: Though he appeared in smaller roles in "Chittagong" (2011) and "Rockstar" (2011), but went unnoticed till he got "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012), wherein he plays the character called Shahid Khan. He played the villain in the Hindi movie "" that released in 2013.


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: Since then, Ahlawat has acted in films such as "Aatma" (2013), "Gabbar is Back" (2015) and "Meeruthiya Gangsters" (2015) "Vishwaroopam 2". His character of RAW agent Mir in the Alia Bhatt-starrer "Raazi" (2018) was much appreciated. He got his widest recognition by playing Delhi Police Inspector Hathiram Chaudhary, the lead role in the Amazon Prime web series "Paatal Lok" (2020) in which he got first ever FILMFARE best actor male in Drama series. He also appeared in the Bollywood film "Raees", produced by Shah Rukh Khan, he first rose to prominence in the role of Nawab (Musa's henchman) in "Raees", Shahid Khan in Anurag Kashyap's "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012) and as AK 74 in the movie "".


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: Jaideep was born in a jat family Kharkara,Meham village in Rohtak district of Haryana state. He got his high school certificate from Govt. High School, Kharkara. He attended Jat College, Rohtak. After his graduation, Ahlawat did MA in English from Maharshi Dayanand University in 2005. He completed his acting graduation from FTII in 2008, actors like Rajkumar Rao, Vijay Verma, Sunny Hinduja were his FTII mates.


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: Jaideep did theatre at a young age but wanted to be an Indian Army officer. However, after not clearing his SSB interviews, multiple times, he ventured into acting. He used to do stage shows in Punjab and Haryana. He started to take acting seriously only after his graduation. He entered the film-world the hard way, without any godfather. In 2008, Ahlawat came to Mumbai.


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: He was first noticed in a negative character in Priyadarshan's "Khatta Meetha" (2010). In the same year he appeared in "Aakrosh" with Ajay Devgn. Thereafter he did more films including Anurag Kashyap's "Gangs of Wasseypur" (2012) and Kamal Hasan's "Vishwaroopam" (2012). Gangs of Wasseypur movie came as a turning point in Jaideep’s life, as its success, helped him gain enough recognition in India. Jaideep then appeared in a Tamil spy thriller film "Vishwaroopam" with Kamal Hassan, which turned a great success in the south in 2013. A Hindi version of this flick has been made called "Vishwaroop" in the same year, which gave him more recognition. Impressed by his acting skills & popularity, Kamal Hassan has roped him in the sequel "Vishwaroopam 2" as well, that released in 2016. He was also seen in the series "Bard of Blood".


title: Jaideep Ahlawat

text: He had played a negative character in Bollywood film, "Khaali Peeli", which was released in October 2020.


title: Burning bush

text: The burning bush (or the unburnt bush) refers to an event recorded in the Jewish Torah (as also in the biblical Old Testament). It is described in the third chapter of the Book of Exodus as having occurred on Mount Horeb. According to the biblical account, the bush was on fire, but was not consumed by the flames, hence the name. In the biblical narrative, the burning bush is the location at which Moses was appointed by Yahweh to lead the Israelites out of Egypt and into Canaan.


title: Burning bush

text: The Hebrew word in the narrative that is translated into English as "bush" is "seneh" ( ), which refers in particular to brambles; "seneh" is a biblical "dis legomenon", only appearing in two places, both of which describe the burning bush. The use of "seneh" ( ) may be a deliberate pun on "Sinai" (), a feature common in Hebrew texts.


title: Burning bush

text: In the narrative, an angel of the Lord is described as appearing in a bush, and God is subsequently described as calling out from it to Moses, who had been grazing Jethro's flocks there. When Moses starts to approach, God tells Moses to take off his sandals first, due to the place being holy ground.


title: Burning bush

text: The voice from the bush (who later self-discloses as Yahweh) reveals that he is "the God of Abraham, the God of Isaac, and the God of Jacob." Moses hides his face.


title: Burning bush

text: Some Old Testament scholars regard the account of the burning bush as being spliced together from the Yahwist and Elohist texts, with the angel of Yahweh and the removal of sandals being part of the Yahwist version, and the Elohist's parallels to these being God and the turning away of Moses's face, respectively.


title: Burning bush

text: The text portrays Yahweh as telling Moses that he is sending him to the Pharaoh in order to bring the Israelites out of Egypt, an action that Yahweh is described as having decided upon as a result of noticing that the Israelites were being oppressed by the Egyptians. Yahweh tells Moses to tell the elders of the Israelites that Yahweh would lead them into the land of the Canaanites, Hittites, Amorites, Hivites, and Jebusites, a region generally referred to as a whole by the term "Canaan"; this is described as being a land of "milk and honey".


title: Burning bush

text: Moses asks "When I come to the Israelites and say to them, ‘The God of your fathers has sent me to you,’ and they ask me, ‘What is His name?’ what shall I say to them?” (Ex 3:13) The voice of God from the bush reveals that he is Yahweh. The text derives "Yahweh" () from the Hebrew word "hayah" ( ) in the phrase "ehyeh ašer ehyeh", meaning "I shall be whatever I shall be", or "I am that I am".


title: Burning bush

text: According to the narrative Yahweh instructs Moses to confront the Egyptians and Israelites and briefs the prophet on what is to take place. Yahweh then performs various demonstrative miracles in order to bolster Moses's credibility. Among other things, his staff was transmuted into a snake, Moses's hand was temporarily made leprous, and water was transmuted into blood. In the text, Yahweh instructs Moses to take a staff in his hands, in order to perform miracles with it, as if it is a staff given to him, rather than his own; some textual scholars propose that this latter instruction is the Elohist's version of the more detailed earlier description, where Moses uses his own staff, which they attribute to the Yahwist.


title: Burning bush

text: Despite the signs, Moses is described as being very reluctant to take on the role, arguing that he lacked eloquence, and that someone else should be sent instead; in the text, Yahweh reacts by angrily rebuking Moses for presuming to lecture the one who made the mouth on who was qualified to speak and not to speak. Yet Yahweh concedes and allows Aaron to be sent to assist Moses, since Aaron is eloquent and was already on his way to meet Moses. This is the first time in the Torah that Aaron is mentioned, and here he is described as being Moses's mouthpiece.


title: Burning bush

text: Alexander and Zhenia Fleisher relate the biblical story of the burning bush to the plant "Dictamnus". They write:


title: Burning bush

text: They conclude, however, that "Dictamnus" spp. are not found in the Sinai peninsula, adding: "It is, therefore, highly improbable that any "Dictamnus" spp. was a true 'Burning Bush', despite such an attractive rational foundation."


title: Burning bush

text: Colin Humphreys replies that "the book of Exodus suggests a long-lasting fire that Moses went to investigate, not a fire that flares up and then rapidly goes out."


title: Burning bush

text: Another theory is that it is sunlight on Har Karkom reflected in a surprising way to appear like fire.


title: Burning bush

text: Christian hermits originally gathered at Mount Serbal, believing it to be the biblical Mount Sinai. However, in the 4th century, under the Byzantine Empire, the monastery built there was abandoned in favour of the newer belief that Mount Saint Catherine was the Biblical Mount Sinai; a new monastery – Saint Catherine's Monastery – was built at its foot, and the alleged site of the biblical burning bush was identified. The bush growing at the spot (a bramble, scientific name "Rubus sanctus"), was later transplanted several yards away to a courtyard of the monastery, and its original spot was covered by a chapel dedicated to the Annunciation, with a silver star marking where the roots of the bush had come out of the ground. The Monks at Saint Catherine's Monastery, following church tradition, believe that this bush is, in fact, the original bush seen by Moses, rather than a later replacement, and anyone entering the chapel is required to remove their shoes, just as Moses was said to have done so in the biblical account.


title: Burning bush

text: However, in modern times, it is not Mount Saint Catherine, but the adjacent Jebel Musa ("Mount Moses"), which is currently identified as Mount Sinai by popular tradition and guidebooks; this identification arose from Bedouin tradition.


title: Burning bush

text: Mount Serbal, Mount Sinai, and Mount Saint Catherine all lie at the southern tip of the Sinai peninsula, but the peninsula's name is a comparatively modern invention. It was not known by that name at the time of Josephus or earlier. Some modern scholars and theologians, favor locations in the Hijaz (at the north west of Saudi Arabia), northern Arabah (in the vicinity of Petra, or the surrounding area), or occasionally in the central or northern Sinai Peninsula. Hence, the majority of academics and theologians agree that if the Burning Bush ever existed, then it is highly unlikely to be the bush preserved at St Catherine's Monastery.


title: Burning bush

text: The logo of the Jewish Theological Seminary of America is also an image of the burning bush with the phrase "and the bush was not consumed" in both English and Hebrew.


title: Burning bush

text: Kabbalistic book of Zohar suggests that the burning bush was a hint that even though the Israelites were suffering in Egypt, they had God's protection, like the bush that was burning but not consumed.


title: Burning bush

text: In Eastern Orthodoxy a tradition exists, originating in the early Christian Church Fathers and its Ecumenical Synods (or Councils), that the flame Moses saw was in fact God's "Uncreated Energies"/"Glory", manifested as light, thus explaining why the bush was not consumed. It is viewed as Moses being permitted to see these "Uncreated Energies"/"Glory", which are considered to be eternal things; the Orthodox definition of salvation is this vision of the "Uncreated Energies"/"Glory", and it is a recurring theme in the works of Greek Orthodox theologians such as John S. Romanides.


title: Burning bush

text: In Eastern Orthodox parlance, the preferred name for the event is "The Unburnt Bush", and the theology and hymnography of the church view it as prefiguring the virgin birth of Jesus; Eastern Orthodox theology refers to Mary, the mother of Jesus as the "Theotokos" ("God bearer"), viewing her as having given birth to Incarnate God without suffering any harm, or loss of virginity, in parallel to the bush being burnt without being consumed. There is an Icon by the name of "the Unburnt Bush", which portrays Mary in the guise of "God bearer"; the icon's feast day is held on 4 September ().


title: Burning bush

text: While God speaks to Moses, in the narrative, Eastern Orthodoxy believes that the angel was also heard by Moses; Eastern orthodoxy interprets the angel as being the Logos of God, regarding it as the "Angel of Great Counsel" mentioned in the Septuagint version of ; (it is "Counsellor, Mighty God" in the Masoretic Text).


title: Burning bush

text: The burning bush has been a popular symbol among Reformed churches since it was first adopted by the Huguenots (French Calvinists) in 1583 during its 12th National Synod. The French motto "Flagror non consumor" – "I am burned but not consumed" – suggests the symbolism was understood of the suffering church that nevertheless lives. However, given the fire is a sign of God's presence, he who is a consuming fire (Hebrews 12:29) the miracle appears to point to a greater miracle: God, in grace, is with his covenant people and so they are not consumed.


title: Burning bush

text: According to the Qur’án, Moses ("Musa") departed for Egypt along with his family after completing the time period. The Qur’án states that during their travel, as they stopped near the Tur, Musa observed a fire and instructed the family to wait until he returned with fire for them. When Musa reached the Valley of Tuwa, God called out to him from the right side of the valley from a tree, on what is revered as Al-Buq‘ah Al-Mubārakah (Arabic: الـبُـقـعَـة الـمُـبَـارَكَـة, "The Blessed Ground") in the Qur’án. Musa was commanded by God to remove his shoes and was informed of his selection as a prophet, his obligation of prayer and the Day of Judgment. Musa was then ordered to throw his rod which turned into a snake and later instructed to hold it. The Qur’án then narrates Musa being ordered to insert his hand into his clothes and upon revealing it would shine a bright light. God states that these are signs for the Pharaoh, and orders Musa to invite Pharaoh to the worship of one God.


title: Burning bush

text: The Baháʼí Faith understands the Burning Bush to represent the Voice of God. The term Burning Bush appears frequently in the writings of Bahá’u’lláh, the Prophet-Founder of the faith. In the teachings of the Baháʼí Faith, the Voice of God as spoken from the Burning Bush, is now, through the Revelation of Bahá’u’lláh, speaking directly to humanity; “a Revelation,” Bahá’u’lláh proclaims, "the potency of which hath caused every tree to cry out what the Burning Bush had aforetime proclaimed unto Moses.”


title: Burning bush

text: In recounting the association between Moses and the Burning Bush, Bahá’u’lláh writes,Call thou to mind the days when He Who conversed with God tended, in the wilderness, the sheep of Jethro, His father-in-law. He hearkened unto the Voice of the Lord of mankind coming from the Burning Bush which had been raised above the Holy Land, exclaiming, “O Moses! Verily I am God, thy Lord and the Lord of thy forefathers, Abraham, Isaac and Jacob.” He was so carried away by the captivating accent of the Voice that He detached Himself from the world and set out in the direction of Pharaoh and his people, invested with the power of thy Lord Who exerciseth sovereignty over all that hath been and shall be. The people of the world are now hearing that which Moses did hear, but they understand not.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs () are a group of soft-bodied marine gastropod molluscs which shed their shells after their larval stage. They are noted for their often extraordinary colours and striking forms, and they have been given colourful nicknames to match, such as "clown", "marigold", "splendid", "dancer", "dragon", or "sea rabbit". Currently, about 3,000 valid species of nudibranchs are known.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs are often casually called sea slugs, as they are a family of opistobranchs (sea slugs), within the phylum Mollusca (molluscs), but many sea slugs belong to several taxonomic groups which are not closely related to nudibranchs. A number of these other sea slugs, such as the photosynthetic "Sacoglossa" and the colourful Aglajidae, are often confused with nudibranchs.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs occur in seas worldwide, ranging from the Arctic, through temperate and tropical regions, to the Southern Ocean around Antarctica. They are almost entirely restricted to salt water, although a few species are known to inhabit lower salinities in brackish water.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs live at virtually all depths, from the intertidal zone to depths well over . The greatest diversity of nudibranchs is seen in warm, shallow reefs, although one nudibranch species was discovered at a depth near .


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs are benthic animals, found crawling over the substrate. The only exceptions to this are the neustonic "Glaucus" nudibranchs, which float upside down just under the ocean's surface; the pelagic nudibranchs "Cephalopyge trematoides", which swim in the water column; and "Phylliroe bucephalum."


title: Nudibranch

text: The body forms of nudibranchs vary a great deal, but because they are opisthobranchs, unlike most other gastropods, they are apparently bilaterally symmetrical externally (but not internally) because they have undergone secondary detorsion. In all nudibranchs, the male and female sexual openings are on the right side of the body, reflecting their asymmetrical origins. They lack a mantle cavity. Some species have venomous appendages (cerata) on their sides, which deter predators. Many also have a simple gut and a mouth with a radula.


title: Nudibranch

text: The eyes in nudibranchs are simple and able to discern little more than light and dark. The eyes are set into the body, are about a quarter of a millimeter in diameter, and consist of a lens and five photoreceptors.


title: Nudibranch

text: The adult form is without a shell or operculum (in shelled gastropods, the operculum is a bony or horny plate that can cover the opening of the shell when the body is withdrawn). In most species, there is a swimming veliger larva with a coiled shell, but the shell is shed at metamorphosis when the larva transforms into the adult form. Some species have direct development, and the shell is shed before the animal emerges from the egg mass.


title: Nudibranch

text: The name "nudibranch" is appropriate, since the dorids (infraclass Anthobranchia) breathe through a "naked gill" shaped into branchial plumes in a rosette on their backs. By contrast, on the back of the aeolids in the clade Cladobranchia, brightly coloured sets of protruding organs called cerata are present.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs have cephalic (head) tentacles, which are sensitive to touch, taste, and smell. Club-shaped rhinophores detect odors.


title: Nudibranch

text: In the course of their evolution, nudibranchs have lost their shells, while developing alternative defence mechanisms. Some species evolved an external anatomy with textures and colours that mimicked surrounding sessile invertebrate animals (often their prey sponges or soft corals) to avoid predators (camouflage). Other nudibranchs, as seen especially well on Chromodoris quadricolor, have an intensely bright and contrasting colour pattern that makes them especially conspicuous in their surroundings. Nudibranch molluscs are the most commonly cited examples of aposematism in marine ecosystems, but the evidence for this has been contested, mostly because few examples of mimicry are seen among species, many species are nocturnal or cryptic, and bright colours at the red end of the spectrum are rapidly attenuated as a function of water depth. For example, the Spanish dancer nudibranch (genus "Hexabranchus"), among the largest of tropical marine slugs, potently chemically defended, and brilliantly red and white, is nocturnal and has no known mimics. Other studies of nudibranch molluscs have concluded they are aposematically coloured, for example, the slugs of the family Phylidiidae from Indo-Pacific coral reefs.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs that feed on hydrozoids can store the hydrozoids' nematocysts (stinging cells) in the dorsal body wall, the cerata. These stolen nematocysts, called kleptocnidae, wander through the alimentary tract without harming the nudibranch. Once further into the organ, the cells are assimilated by intestinal protuberances and brought to specific placements on the creature's hind body. Nudibranchs can protect themselves from the hydrozoids and their nematocysts; the specific mechanism is yet unknown, but special cells with large vacuoles probably play an important role. Similarly, some nudibranchs can also take in plant cells (symbiotic algae from soft corals) and reuse these to make food for themselves. The related group of sacoglossan sea slugs feed on algae and retain just the chloroplasts for their own photosynthetic use, a process known as kleptoplasty.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs use a variety of chemical defences to aid in protection, but it is not necessary for the strategy to be lethal to be effective; in fact, good arguments exist that chemical defences should evolve to be distasteful rather than toxic. Some sponge-eating nudibranchs concentrate the chemical defences from their prey sponge in their bodies, rendering themselves distasteful to predators. One method of chemical defense used by nudibranchs are secondary metabolites, which play an important role in mediating relationships among marine communities. The evidence that suggests the chemical compounds used by dorid nudibranchs do in fact come from dietary sponges lies in the similarities between the metabolites of prey and nudibranchs, respectively. Furthermore, nudibranchs contain a mixture of sponge chemicals when they are in the presence of multiple food sources, as well as change defence chemicals with a concurrent change in diet. This, however, is not the only way for nudibranchs to develop chemical defences. Certain Antarctic marine species defense mechanisms are believed to be controlled by biological factors like predation and competition, and selective pressures. Certain species are able to produce their own chemicals "de novo" without dietary influence. Evidence for the different methods of chemical production comes with the characteristic uniformity of chemical composition across drastically different environments and geographic locations found throughout "de novo" production species compared to the wide variety of dietary and environmentally dependent chemical composition in sequestering species.


title: Nudibranch

text: Another method of protection is the release of the ugdon acid from the skin. Once the specimen is physically irritated or touched by another creature, it will release the mucus automatically, eating the animal from the inside out.


title: Nudibranch

text: In 1884, Philip Henry Gosse reported observations by "Professor Grant" (possibly Robert Edmond Grant) that two species of nudibranchs emit sounds that are audible to humans.


title: Nudibranch

text: Two very elegant species of Sea-slug, viz., "Eolis punctata" [i.e. "Facelina annulicornis"], and "Tritonia arborescens" [i.e. "Dendronotus frondosus"], certainly produce audible sounds. Professor Grant, who first observed the interesting fact in some specimens of the latter which he was keeping in an aquarium, says of the sounds, that 'they resemble very much the clink of a steel wire on the side of the jar, one stroke only been given at a time, and repeated at intervals of a minute or two; when placed in a large basin of water the sound is much obscured, and is like that of a watch, one stroke being repeated, as before, at intervals. The sound is longest and most often repeated when the "Tritonia" are lively and moving about, and is not heard when they are cold and without any motion; in the dark I have not observed any light emitted at the time of the stroke; no globule of air escapes to the surface of the water, nor is any ripple produced on the surface at the instant of the stroke; the sound, when in a glass vessel, is mellow and distinct.' The Professor has kept these "Tritonia" alive in his room for a month, and during the whole period of their confinement they have continued to produce the sounds with very little diminution of their original intensity. In a small apartment they are audible at the distance of twelve feet. The sounds obviously proceed from the mouth of the animal; and at the instant of the stroke, we observe the lips suddenly separate, as if to allow the water to rush into a small vacuum formed within. As these animals are hermaphrodites, requiring mutual impregnation, the sounds may possibly be a means of communication between them, or, if they are of an electric nature, they may be the means of defending from foreign enemies one of the most delicate, defenceless, and beautiful Gasteropods that inhabit the deep.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs are hermaphroditic, thus having a set of reproductive organs for both sexes, but they cannot fertilize themselves. Mating usually takes a few minutes, and involves a dance-like courtship. Nudibranchs typically deposit their eggs within a gelatinous spiral, which is often described as looking like a ribbon. The number of eggs varies; it can be as few as just 1 or 2 eggs ("Vayssierea felis") or as many as an estimated 25 million ("Aplysia fasciata"{not a nudibranch}). The eggs contain toxins from sea sponges as a means of deterring predators. After hatching, the infants look almost identical to their adult counterparts, albeit smaller. Infants may also have fewer cerata. The lifespan of nudibranchs can range from a few weeks to a year, depending on the species.


title: Nudibranch

text: All known nudibranchs are carnivorous. Some feed on sponges, others on hydroids (e.g. "Cuthona"), others on bryozoans (phanerobranchs such as "Tambja", "Limacia, Plocamopherus" and "Triopha"), and some eat other sea slugs or their eggs (e.g. "Favorinus") or, on some occasions, are cannibals and prey on members of their own species. Other groups feed on tunicates (e.g. "Nembrotha", "Goniodoris"), other nudibranchs ("Roboastra", which are descended from tunicate-feeding species), barnacles (e.g. "Onchidoris bilamellata"), and anemones (e.g. the Aeolidiidae and other Cladobranchia).


title: Nudibranch

text: The surface-dwelling nudibranch, "Glaucus atlanticus", is a specialist predator of siphonophores, such as the Portuguese man o' war. This predatory mollusc sucks air into its stomach to keep it afloat, and using its muscular foot, it clings to the surface film. If it finds a small victim, "Glaucus" simply envelops it with its capacious mouth, but if the prey is a larger siphonophore, the mollusc nibbles off its fishing tentacles, the ones carrying the most potent nematocysts. Like some others of its kind, "Glaucus" does not digest the nematocysts; instead, it uses them to defend itself by passing them from its gut to the surface of its skin.


title: Nudibranch

text: Nudibranchs are commonly divided into two main kinds, dorid and aeolid (also spelled eolid) nudibranchs:


title: Nudibranch

text: The exact systematics of nudibranchs are a topic of recent revision. Traditionally, nudibranchs have been treated as the order Nudibranchia, located in the gastropod mollusc subclass Opisthobranchia (the marine slugs: which consisted of nudibranchs, sidegill slugs, bubble snails, algae sap-sucking sea slugs, and sea hares). Since 2005, pleurobranchs (which had previously been grouped among sidegill slugs) have been placed alongside nudibranchs in the clade Nudipleura (recognising them as more closely related to each other than to other opisthobranchs). Since 2010, Opisthobranchia has been recognised as not a valid clade (it is paraphyletic) and instead Nudipleura has been placed as the first offshoot of Euthyneura (which is the dominant clade of gastropods).


title: Nudibranch

text: This classification was based on the work of Johannes Thiele (1931), who built on the concepts of Henri Milne-Edwards (1848).


title: Nudibranch

text: Newer insights derived from morphological data and gene-sequence research seemed to confirm those ideas. On the basis of investigation of 18S rDNA sequence data, strong evidence supports the monophyly of the Nudibranchia and its two major groups, the Anthobranchia/Doridoidea and Cladobranchia. A study published in May 2001, again revised the taxonomy of the Nudibranchia. They were thus divided into two major clades:


title: Nudibranch

text: However, according to the taxonomy by Bouchet & Rocroi (2005), currently the most up-to-date system of classifying the gastropods, the Nudibranchia are a subclade within the clade of the Nudipleura. The Nudibranchia are then divided into two clades:


title: Nudibranch

text: This gallery shows some of the great variability in the color and form of nudibranchs, and nudibranch egg ribbons.


title: John Alite

text: John Edward Alite (born September 30, 1962), is an Albanian American former Gambino crime family associate, who later in his life became a government witness, agreeing to testify against the crime family and John A. "Junior" Gotti in 2008. That year, Alite pleaded guilty to racketeering charges, including two murders and a variety of other crimes, and in 2011, was sentenced to a total of 10 years in prison. Due to his cooperation with prosecutors, he was released on a five-year supervised release in 2012. Alite has estimated that he shot between 30 to 40 people, beat about 100 people with a baseball bat, and killed six people. Later in life, Alite publicly denounced the life of organized crime and became a motivational speaker, podcaster and books author.


title: John Alite

text: Alite was born on September 30, 1962 in Queens, New York City; his grandparents were Albanian immigrants from Gjirokastër, and grew up in Woodhaven, Queens. He received a baseball scholarship to the University of Tampa, but dropped out after three years. He grew up in the same neighborhood as John Gotti's son, John A. Gotti, and were boyhood friends. He was Gotti's best man at his wedding in 1990. Alite's first wife was Carol, and his second wife was Claudia DiPippa; he has four children.


title: John Alite

text: Alite was associated with the Gambino family, and led a crew in Tampa, Florida that extorted rival valet businesses, and reported to Gambino capo Ronald Trucchio. He also arranged for the purchase of Mirage, a Tampa nightclub.


title: John Alite

text: In 1995, Charles Carneglia and Alite were involved in a major conspiracy to murder John A. Gotti. Later that year, Alite was arrested for illegal possession of a firearm in violation of a parole agreement and spent three years in prison. After his release, Alite earned an additional three months back in prison for acting as a go-between for corrupt prison guard Troy Kemmerer who was smuggling sperm donation kits in and out of Allenwood Federal Prison for inmate Antonino Parlavecchio, who was trying to impregnate his wife Maria.


title: John Alite

text: As federal racketeering indictments were handed down for his group's activities in the Tampa area, Alite fled to Rio de Janeiro, Brazil in January 2004, and lived and worked in the Copacabana neighborhood, according to the Brazilian Federal Police. He lived there for 10 months before authorities arrested him. He served two years in prison in Brazil and was eventually extradited to federal authorities in Tampa, for trial in 2006.


title: John Alite

text: In January 2008, Alite pleaded guilty to racketeering charges that included two murders, four murder conspiracies, at least eight shootings, and two attempted shootings as well as armed home invasions and armed robberies in New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania and Florida, stemming from his alleged involvement in a Gambino crew in Tampa, Florida. Alite agreed to testify in the trial of Gambino family enforcer Charles Carneglia, who was found guilty of four murders and is now serving a life sentence.


title: John Alite

text: Alite was also a government witness in the unsuccessful racketeering trial against John Gotti Jr. Prosecutors indicted Gotti for racketeering and murder conspiracy charges, stemming from an alleged drug trafficking ring in Florida, and the murders of George Grosso in 1988, Louis DiBono in 1990 and Bruce John Gotterup in 1991. Alite testified that Gotti was responsible for at least eight murders, among other crimes.


title: John Alite

text: Alite's testimony was largely undermined during cross examination. On December 1, 2009, the 12 jurors announced that they had failed to reach a unanimous verdict on all the charges against Gotti and the judge declared a mistrial and released Gotti. Interviewed after the trial, the jurors said that they did not find Alite to be credible. Federal prosecutors from Brooklyn and Tampa described Alite's cooperation as "extraordinary" and "substantial" when submitting statements to the judge responsible for sentencing Alite for two murders and other crimes.


title: John Alite

text: On April 26, 2011, Alite was sentenced to a total of 10 years in prison. In January 2012, he was released on a five-year supervised release; in October 2015, a letter was written to the U.S. Probation Office claiming that Alite broke the terms of his supervised release in a New Jersey gun case which prompted an investigation that sent Alite back to prison for three months.


title: John Alite

text: Alite later became a youth motivational speaker on avoiding crime. He has four books that he co-wrote, "Gotti's Rules" (2015), "Darkest Hour" (2018), "Prison Rules" (2019), and "Mafia International" (2021)". "In July 2020, he appeared in the "" Netflix docuseries. On March 25 2020 he started his own podcast, called "Mafia Truths with John Alite". In September 2021, Alite was the subject of an episode of National Geographic‘s "Locked Up Abroad". Later he featured in a Gamology react video on "Hitman 3" where he provided commentary on the game and how it compared to his exploits as a former hitman.


title: Carpaccio

text: Carpaccio (, , ) is a dish of meat or fish (such as beef, veal, venison, salmon or tuna), thinly sliced or pounded thin, and served raw, typically as an appetizer. It was invented in 1963 by Giuseppe Cipriani from Harry's Bar in Venice, Italy and popularised during the second half of the twentieth century. The beef was served with lemon, olive oil, and white truffle or Parmesan cheese. Later, the term was extended to dishes containing other raw meats or fish, thinly sliced and served with lemon or vinegar, olive oil, salt and ground pepper, and fruits such as mango or pineapple.


title: Carpaccio

text: The dish, based on the Piedmont speciality "carne cruda all'albese", was invented in 1963 by Giuseppe Cipriani, founder of Harry's Bar in Venice. He originally prepared the dish for countess Amalia Nani Mocenigo when he learned that her doctors had recommended that she eat raw meat. The dish was named "carpaccio" after Vittore Carpaccio, the Venetian painter known for the characteristic red and white tones of his work.


title: County seat

text: A county seat is an administrative center, seat of government, or capital city of a county or civil parish. The term is in use in Canada, China, Hungary, Romania, Taiwan, and the United States. The equivalent term shire town is used in the US state of Vermont and in some other English-speaking jurisdictions. County towns have a similar function in the Republic of Ireland and the United Kingdom, as well as historically in Jamaica.


title: County seat

text: In most of the United States, counties are the political subdivisions of a state. The city, town, or populated place that houses county government is known as the seat of its respective county. Generally, the county legislature, county courthouse, sheriff's department headquarters, hall of records, jail and correctional facility are located in the county seat, though some functions (such as highway maintenance, which usually requires a large garage for vehicles, along with asphalt and salt storage facilities) may also be located or conducted in other parts of the county, especially if it is geographically large.


title: County seat

text: A county seat is usually, but not always, an incorporated municipality. The exceptions include the county seats of counties that have no incorporated municipalities within their borders, such as Arlington County, Virginia (where the county seat is the entire county). Ellicott City, the county seat of Howard County, Maryland, is the largest unincorporated county seat in the United States, followed by Towson, the county seat of Baltimore County, Maryland. Likewise, some county seats may not be incorporated in their own right, but are located within incorporated municipalities. For example, Cape May Court House, New Jersey, though unincorporated, is a section of Middle Township, an incorporated municipality. In some of the colonial states, county seats include or formerly included "Court House" as part of their name, (e.g. Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia).


title: County seat

text: The provinces of Ontario, Quebec, New Brunswick, Prince Edward Island, and Nova Scotia have counties as an administrative division of government below the provincial level, and thus county seats.


title: County seat

text: In the provinces of Prince Edward Island, New Brunswick, and Nova Scotia the term "shire town" is used in place of county seat.


title: County seat

text: County seats in China are the administrative centers of the counties in the People's Republic of China.


title: County seat

text: "Xian" have existed since the Warring States period and were set up nationwide by the Qin dynasty. The number of counties in China proper gradually increased from dynasty to dynasty. As Qin Shi Huang reorganized the counties after his unification, there were about 1,000. Under the Eastern Han dynasty, the number of counties increased to above 1,000. About 1400 existed when the Sui dynasty abolished the commandery level (郡 jùn), which was the level just above counties, and demoted some commanderies to counties.


title: County seat

text: In Imperial China, the county was a significant administrative unit because it marked the lowest level of the imperial bureaucratic structure; in other words, it was the lowest level that the government reached. Government below the county level was often undertaken through informal non-bureaucratic means, varying between dynasties. The head of a county was the magistrate, who oversaw both the day-to-day operations of the county as well as civil and criminal cases.


title: County seat

text: The current number of counties mostly resembled that of the later years of Qing Dynasty. Changes of location and names of counties in Chinese history have been a major field of research in Chinese historical geography, especially from the 1960s to the 1980s. There are 1,355 counties in Mainland China out of a total of 2,851 county-level divisions.


title: County seat

text: In Taiwan, the first counties were first established in 1661 by the Kingdom of Tungning. The later ruler Qing empire inherited this type of administrative divisions. With the increase of Han Chinese population in Taiwan, the number of counties also grew by time. By the end of Qing era, there were 11 counties in Taiwan. Protestant missionaries in China first romanized the term as hien. When Taiwan became a Japanese colony in 1895, the hierarchy of divisions also incorporated into the Japanese system in the period when Taiwan was under Japanese rule. By September 1945, Taiwan was divided into 8 prefectures ( and ), which remained after the Republic of China took over.


title: County seat

text: Currently there are 13 county seats in Taiwan, which are in the forms of county-administered city, urban township or rural township.


title: County seat

text: In the United States, a "county" is an administrative or political subdivision of a state that consists of a geographic region with specific boundaries and usually some level of governmental authority.


title: County seat

text: Most counties have only one county seat. However, some counties in Alabama, Arkansas, Georgia, Iowa, Kentucky, Massachusetts, Mississippi, Missouri, New Hampshire, New York, and Vermont have two or more county seats, usually located on opposite sides of the county. An example is Harrison County, Mississippi, which lists both Biloxi and Gulfport as county seats, and Hinds County, Mississippi, which lists both Raymond and the state capital of Jackson. The practice of multiple county seat towns dates from the days when travel was difficult. There have been few efforts to eliminate the two-seat arrangement, since a county seat is a source of pride (and jobs) for the towns involved.


title: County seat

text: In New England, counties have served mainly as dividing lines for the states' judicial systems. Connecticut (since 1960) and Rhode Island have no county level of government and thus no county seats, and Massachusetts has dissolved many but not all of its county governments. In Vermont, Massachusetts, and Maine county government consists only of a Superior Court and Sheriff (as an officer of the court), both located in a designated "shire town." Bennington County, Vermont has two shire towns; the court for "North Shire" is in the shire town Manchester, and the Sheriff for the county and court for "South Shire" are in the shire town Bennington.


title: County seat

text: In Virginia, a county seat may be an independent city surrounded by, but not part of, the county of which it is the administrative center; for example, Fairfax City is both the county seat of Fairfax County and completely surrounded by Fairfax County, but the city is politically independent of the county. When the county seat is in the independent city, government offices such as the courthouse may be in the independent city under an agreement, such as in Albemarle, or may in be enclaves of the county surrounded by the independent city, such as in Fairfax. Others, such as Prince William, have the courthouse in an enclave surrounded by the independent city and have the county government, the Board of Supervisors, in a different part of the county, far from the county seat. The following counties have their county seat in an independent city:


title: County seat

text: As well, Bedford was an independent city from 1968 to 2013, while also being the county seat of Bedford County. Bedford reverted to an incorporated town, and remains the county seat, though is now part of the county.


title: County seat

text: Two counties in South Dakota (Oglala Lakota and Todd) have their county seat and government services centered in a neighboring county. Their county-level services are provided by Fall River County and Tripp County, respectively.<ref name=Sdcounties>


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma () is a city in and the county seat of Yuma County, Arizona, United States. The city's population was 93,064 at the 2010 census, up from the 2000 census population of 77,515.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma is the principal city of the Yuma, Arizona, Metropolitan Statistical Area, which consists of Yuma County. According to the United States Census Bureau, the 2020 estimated population of the Yuma MSA is 203,247. According to Guinness World Records, Yuma is the "Sunniest City on Earth," promising "sunshine and warm weather at least 91% of the year." Anywhere from 70,000 to over 85,000 out-of-state visitors make Yuma their winter residence.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma's weather also makes it an agricultural powerhouse, growing over 175 types of crops, the largest of which is lettuce. Yuma County provides 90% of all leafy vegetables grown from November to March in the United States. Yuma is also known for its large military population due to several military bases, including the Marine Corps Air Station.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The area's first settlers for thousands of years were Native American cultures and historic tribes. Their descendants now occupy the Cocopah and Quechan reservations.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: In 1540, Spanish colonial expeditions under Hernando de Alarcón and Melchior Díaz visited the area and immediately recognized the natural crossing of the Colorado River as an ideal spot for a city. The Colorado River narrows to slightly under wide in one area. Military expeditions that crossed the Colorado River at the Yuma Crossing include Juan Bautista de Anza (1774), the Mormon Battalion (1848) and the California Column (1862).


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: During and after the California Gold Rush to the late 1870s, the Yuma Crossing was known for its ferry crossings for the Southern Emigrant Trail. This was considered the gateway to California, as it was one of the few natural spots where travelers could cross the otherwise very wide Colorado River.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Following the United States establishing Fort Yuma, two towns developed one mile downriver. The one on the California side was called Jaeger City, named after the owner of Jaeger's Ferry, which crossed the river there. It was for a time the larger of the two, with the Butterfield Overland Mail office and station, two blacksmiths, a hotel, two stores, and other dwellings.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The other was called Colorado City. Developed on the south side of the river in what is now Arizona by speculator Charles Poston, it was the site of the custom house. When started, it was just north of the border between Mexican-ruled Sonora, Mexico and California. After the Gadsden Purchase by the United States, the town bordered on the Territory of New Mexico. This area was designated as the Territory of Arizona in 1863. The Colorado City site at the time was duly registered in San Diego; both banks of the Colorado River just below its confluence with the Gila were recognized as being within the jurisdiction of California. The county of San Diego collected taxes from there for many years.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: From 1853 a smaller settlement, Arizona City, grew up on the high ground across from the fort and was organized under the name of its post office in 1858. It had adobe dwellings, two stores and two saloons. Colorado City and Jaeger City were almost completely destroyed by the Great Flood of 1862 and had to be rebuilt on higher ground. At that time Colorado City became part of Arizona City. It took the name Yuma in 1873.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: From 1854, Colorado City was the major steamboat stop for traffic up and down the Colorado River. After the 1862 flood, it became part of Arizona City. The steamboats transported passengers and equipment for the various mines and military outposts along the Colorado; Colorado City was the terminus of wagon traffic up the Gila River into New Mexico Territory. They offloaded the cargo from ships at the mouth of the Colorado River at Robinson's Landing and from 1864 at Port Isabel. From 1864, the Yuma Quartermaster Depot, today a state historic park, supplied all forts in present-day Arizona, as well as large parts of Colorado and New Mexico. After Arizona became a separate territory, Yuma became the county seat for Yuma County in 1871, replacing La Paz, the first seat.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The Southern Pacific Railroad bridged the river in 1877, and acquired George Alonzo Johnson's Colorado Steam Navigation Company, the only steamboat company on the river. Yuma became the new base of navigation on the river, ending the need for Port Isabel, which was abandoned in 1879. The warehouses and shipyard there were moved to Yuma.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma is near the borders of California to the west and Mexico to the south, and just west of the Gila River's confluence with the Colorado. The city is approximately from the Gulf of California (Sea of Cortez), a branch of the Pacific.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.07%) is water.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma is noted for its weather extremes. Of any populated place in the contiguous United States, Yuma is the driest, the sunniest, and the least humid, has the lowest frequency of precipitation, and has the highest number of days per year—175—with a daily maximum temperature of or higher.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma features a hot desert climate (Köppen climate classification "BWh"), with extremely hot summers and warm winters. Atmospheric humidity is usually very low, except during what are called "Gulf surges", when a maritime tropical air mass from the Gulf of California is drawn northward, usually in connection with the summer monsoon or the passage of a tropical storm to the south.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The sun is said to shine during about 90% of the daylight hours, making Yuma one of the sunniest places in the world. The city receives the most recorded mean sunshine of anywhere on Earth, although the equipment used by the United States tends to provide higher sunshine estimates than the traditional Campbell–Stokes recorder.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: On average, Yuma receives of rain annually. Even in the wettest year of 2005, only fell. The driest year at Yuma Airport was 2007, with only recorded. On average, the wettest months of the year are during the monsoon months of August and September, and December, when moisture from winter storms arrives from the Pacific Ocean. June is the driest month, with drought virtually absolute.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: In 1995, Yuma recorded its all-time high temperature of . The lowest recorded temperature was in the Yuma-Mesa area in January 2007. The temperature fell to for approximately two hours, harming many crops grown in and around Yuma. Citrus suffered the most, particularly the lemon crop. According to an Arizona Department of Agriculture report in February 2007, there was a 75% to 95% loss of crop and trees. On average (according to the 1991-2020 climate period), the temperature reaches freezing point in one year in fifteen, and there are 117 days per year during which the temperature reaches or exceeds , usually from April through October. During July and August, the temperature fails to reach on only one and two days on average, respectively.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: In 1997, the desert city sustained a full tropical storm after Hurricane Nora made landfall at the mouth of the Colorado River and quickly moved due north along it. This rare event cut power to 12,000 customers in Yuma, and dropped of rain at Marine Corps Air Station Yuma. The last time a hurricane had hit near Yuma was in mid-August 1977, when similar rainfalls were recorded.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Snow in Yuma has only been recorded on December 12, 1932, when a light coating of snow covered the city for the first and only time in its history. A few flakes fell in January 1937 and December 1967, mixed with rain.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma first appeared on the 1860 U.S. Census as the village of "Arizonia" (Arizona City) in what was then Arizona County, New Mexico Territory (see Arizona City (Yuma, Arizona) for details). It returned as Arizona City in 1870 and then became Yuma in 1873. On April 12, 1902, the village of Yuma was incorporated as a town. It formally incorporated as a city on April 7, 1914.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 93,064 people. There were 38,626 housing units in Yuma city, 79.5% of which were occupied housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 68.8% White, 3.2% Black or African American, 1.8% Native American, 1.9% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, and 4.5% from two or more races. 54.8% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 77,515 people, 26,649 households, and 19,613 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 34,475 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 68.3% White, 3.2% Black or African American, 1.5% Native American, 1.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 21.4% from other races, and 3.9% from two or more races. 45.7% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: There were 26,649 households, out of which 38.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 56.6% were married couples living together, 13.1% had a female householder with no husband present, and 26.4% were non-families. 21.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.79 and the average family size was 3.27.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 29.6% under the age of 18, 11.9% from 18 to 24, 27.1% from 25 to 44, 17.5% from 45 to 64, and 13.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.1 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 97.2 males.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: According to the 2006 American Community Survey estimate, the median income for a household in the city was $39,885, and the median income for a family was $41,588. Males had a median income of $35,440 versus $27,035 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,393. About 14.1% of families and 16.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 23.4% of those under age 18 and 13.9% of those age 65 or over.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: High unemployment remains an issue in Yuma. Citing April 2014 data, the Bureau of Labor Statistics ranked Yuma as having the highest unemployment rate in the United States at 23.8 percent, above the 21.6 percent in El Centro, California. Yuma's agricultural workforce, which adjusts to the picking season, is cited by the Arizona Department of Commerce as the reason for the apparent high unemployment.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area has the highest unemployment rate in the United States as of 2018 at 20.9%. A large percentage of the work force is employed seasonally in agriculture, contributing to apparent unemployment.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: According to the city's 2019 "Comprehensive Annual Financial Report", the top employers in the Yuma Metropolitan Statistical Area in 2018 were:


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma contains the historical Yuma Territorial Prison, the Yuma Quartermaster Depot State Historic Park (formerly known as the Yuma Crossing Historic Park), and a historic downtown area. Yuma is an "Arizona Main Street City." Because of budget cutbacks at the state level, Arizona State Parks no longer operates the Territorial Prison and Quartermaster Depot. They are now operated by the Yuma Crossing National Heritage Area and the City of Yuma. The Yuma Visitors' Bureau oversees the Welcome Center at the Quartermaster Depot and is the official visitors' center for the Yuma Community.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Near Yuma are the Kofa Mountain Range and wildlife refuge, Martinez and Mittry Lakes, and the Algodones Dunes.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The city is the location of the Marine Corps Air Station Yuma, which conducts an annual air show and many large-scale military exercises. There is also the Yuma Proving Ground, an Army base that tests new military equipment. Yuma Proving Ground is also home to the Special Operations Free Fall School, which provides training in free-fall parachute operations to Special Forces units in all branches of service, as well as those of other nations.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The Colorado River runs along the north and west side of town, serving as the border between Arizona and California. Yuma is an important station for trucking industry movement of goods between California, Arizona and Mexico.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The Rialto movie theater once owned a Kilgen pipe organ, one of the most expensive pipe organs to have been made. Originally played as accompaniment to silent films, it has been moved to the Yuma Theatre.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Every February residents and visitors enjoy the annual rodeo, the Yuma Jaycees Silver Spur Rodeo. A parade opens the events. Cowboys and cowgirls from all over the country compete in the festivities.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: On New Year's Eve 2018, the town of Yuma dropped a head of iceberg lettuce from the town's water tower, to symbolize the beginning of the new year, much like the ball drop in New York City's Times Square. This is known as the "Iceberg Drop".


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma has a soccer-specific stadium, Desert Sun Stadium, which hosted Frontera United of the United Premier Soccer League from 2015 to 2017. Previously a baseball facility, Desert Sun Stadium was home to the Yuma Desert Rats of the North American League and site of home games of four teams for the Arizona Winter League. The San Diego Padres used the field as a spring training facility from 1969 until 1993 and a Japanese baseball team, the Yakult Swallows, used the field for spring training from 1995 to 2015. Many local club sports exist in the area as well, including the Yuma Sidewinders Rugby Football Club. The rugby team participates in the Division III Arizona Men's Rugby league, and travels throughout Arizona, California and Nevada, as well as playing home games in Yuma.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The city of Yuma operates as a charter city under the Charter of the City of Yuma. The elected government of the city is the City Council which follows the mayor–council government system and whose members include:


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The Mayor of the City of Yuma acts as the chief executive officer of the city, and is elected for a period of four years. The mayor is elected from the city at large. The mayor has the following powers and responsibilities: act as an ex officio chairman of the city council (ensuring all ordinances thereof are enforced), call and preside over meetings, administer oaths and issue proclamations. The mayor is also recognized as the official head of the city by the courts and has the power to take command of the police and govern the city by proclamation during times of great danger.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The City of Yuma City Council is the governing body of the City of Yuma and is vested with all powers of legislation in municipal affairs. The council is composed of six council members elected from the city at large for four-year terms, as well as the Mayor of Yuma. A deputy mayor is also elected by the Council who shall act as Mayor during the temporary absence of the mayor. Karen Watts became the most recent Deputy Mayor in 2020. The current council members are Gary Knight, Leslie McClendon, Chris Morris, Ema Lea Shoop, Mike Shelton, and Karen Watts. The next election is the August 2022 Primary for the three city council seats that are currently held by Watts, Knight, and McClendon. Former Deputy Mayor Karen Watts announced her bid for Mayor in 2022.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The City Council appoints a city administrator who acts as the chief administrative officer of the city. The city administrator is directly responsible to the City Council for the administration of all city affairs placed in his charge by the City Charter, or by ordinances passed by the council. Some of the administrator's duties include: see that all laws and provisions of the City Charter are faithfully executed, prepare and submit the annual budget and capital program to the City Council and keep the City Council fully advised as to the financial condition and future needs of the city.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The city is zoned to the Yuma Union High School District. Yuma has five public high schools: Yuma Union High School, Kofa High School, Cibola High School, Gila Ridge High School, Vista Alternative High School; and the private Yuma Catholic High School and Calvary Baptist School. Yuma also has four charter high schools: AZTEC High School, Desert View Middle & High School, Harvest Preparatory Academy, and YPIC Charter High School.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma has two main elementary school districts, District One and Crane District, which include several schools as well as junior high schools. Yuma has four charter elementary school: AmeriSchools Academy North and South, Harvest Preparatory Academy, and Desert View Academy.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Additionally, Yuma has six private elementary schools: Yuma Lutheran School, Yuma Adventist Christian School, Immaculate Conception School, St. Francis of Assisi School, Calvary Baptist School and Southwestern Christian School.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Arizona Western College is Yuma's community college, serving primarily as a choice for transfer students and those with shorter career goals.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: All three public state universities offer undergraduate and graduate degree programs at the AWC Yuma campus. Northern Arizona University has a branch campus, Arizona State University operates an ASU Local site, and the University of Arizona has a facility adjacent to the campus.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Yuma is served by the Yuma County Library District which consists of a Main Library and several branches, including sites in Somerton, Wellton, Fortuna Foothills, and San Luis. A new main state-of-the-art library is now open.


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: A number of movies have been shot in the Yuma area, including "The Sheik" (1921), "Beau Geste" (1926), "Beau Geste" (1939), "Beau Geste" (1966), "Gunga Din" (1939), "Flight of the Phoenix" (1965), "Return of the Jedi" (1983), "Spaceballs" (1987), and "Jarhead" (2005).


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: Dale Gribble lied about owning Gribble and Sons Propane located in Yuma on the animated sitcom FOX sitcom "King of the Hill".


title: Yuma, Arizona

text: The eponymous town is in the 1953 Western story Three-Ten to Yuma, as well as the 1957 film "" and its , which were both based on the story.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Elizabeth Louise Kendall (born 11 June 1971) is a British Labour Party politician who has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Leicester West since 2010.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall was educated at Queens' College, Cambridge, where she read history. From 2011 to 2015, she served as Shadow Minister for Care and Older People and was invited to attend meetings of the Shadow Cabinet. Kendall stood in the Labour Party leadership election in September 2015 following the resignation of Ed Miliband. She finished in last place. In April 2020, new Labour Leader Keir Starmer appointed Kendall Junior Shadow Minister for Social Care, outside the Shadow Cabinet.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall was born and raised in the village of Abbots Langley in Hertfordshire, near Watford. Her father was a senior Bank of England official, and her mother was a primary school teacher. Her father was also a local Liberal councillor and her parents involved her in local campaigns as a child. Both of her parents are now active supporters of the Labour Party.


title: Liz Kendall

text: She attended Watford Grammar School for Girls, where she was Head Girl and a contemporary of Geri Halliwell and the Conservative Member of Parliament (MP) Priti Patel. After leaving school, she was accepted to read History at Queens' College, Cambridge, where she captained the women's football team, and graduated from Cambridge University with a first in 1993.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall joined the Labour Party in 1992 and, after leaving university, worked for the Institute for Public Policy Research (IPPR) where she became an associate director for health, social care and children's early years. In 1996, she became a political adviser to Harriet Harman, and her special adviser in the Department for Social Security after the 1997 general election.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In 1998, when Harman was sacked from the government, Kendall resigned and was awarded a fellowship by the King's Fund, a health charity. She also wrote a series of research papers for the IPPR and was appointed as the Director of the Maternity Alliance, a charity for pregnant women. She was unsuccessful in an attempt to be selected as Labour's prospective parliamentary candidate for Chesterfield at the 2001 general election, following the retirement of Tony Benn.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In 2001, she returned to government to work for Patricia Hewitt, at the Department for Trade and Industry, and then followed her to the Department for Health where she was involved in bringing in the smoking ban in 2006. After Hewitt left government, Kendall became the Director of the Ambulance Services Network, where she remained until 2010.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In 2010 Kendall was elected as MP for Leicester West with a majority of 4,017 despite a 7.6% swing away from Labour.


title: Liz Kendall

text: She made her maiden speech in a debate on tackling poverty in the UK on 10 June 2010. She was briefly a member of the Education Select Committee between July 2010 and October 2010. She supported David Miliband for the leadership of the Labour Party in 2010.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In Ed Miliband's first reshuffle in October 2010, she joined the Opposition frontbench as Shadow Junior Health Minister where she served under John Healey. In 2011, she contributed along with other Labour MPs and former Labour ministers to "The Purple Book", in which she wrote a chapter on the early years and health and social care where she proposed a "Teach Early Years First" scheme. Later that year, she was appointed to the new role of Shadow Minister for Care and Older People and became an attending member of the shadow cabinet. She was re-elected in the 2015 general election, and was reported as being a member of the Breakfast Club; along with Chuka Umunna, Tristram Hunt and Emma Reynolds.


title: Liz Kendall

text: On 10 May 2015, Kendall announced that she was standing as a successor to Ed Miliband for the Labour Party's leadership following its defeat in the general election a few days earlier. Kendall was regarded by many in the media as the Blairite candidate, though Kendall stated she would like to be known as the "modernising candidate". In mid-June, Kendall secured the 35 nominations needed for a place in the leadership ballot.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Her leadership bid was supported by Shadow Cabinet colleagues Ivan Lewis, Chuka Umunna, Tristram Hunt, Emma Reynolds and Gloria De Piero. Senior Labour politicians supporting her included Alan Milburn, Alistair Darling, John Hutton and John Reid.


title: Liz Kendall

text: On 19 May 2015, Chesterfield MP Toby Perkins was appointed as her leadership election campaign manager. Her campaign director was Morgan McSweeney, head of the LGA Labour Group. Her director of strategic communications was Mark Ferguson, former editor of LabourList. Other members of her campaign team included Hopi Sen, Margaret McDonagh and Tony Blair's former press spokesman Matthew Doyle. She also had the support of the Blue Labour Group within the Labour Party including figures such as Maurice Glasman and Rowenna Davis.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In June 2015, Kendall's leadership bid received praise from "The Sun", who said that she is the "only prayer they [the Labour Party] have". "The Sun" also praised her for saying "the country comes first" in response to Andy Burnham who said "the Labour Party always comes first" in the "Newsnight" Labour leadership hustings. Commentators from across the political spectrum said that Kendall was the leadership candidate the Conservatives would "fear the most". This claim was even re-stated by some Conservative politicians including George Osborne, Boris Johnson, Ruth Davidson, Anna Soubry and Philip Davies.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall resigned from the Shadow Cabinet following the election of Jeremy Corbyn as Labour leader in September 2015. She supported Owen Smith in the failed attempt to replace Jeremy Corbyn in the 2016 Labour Party leadership election. One year later James Chapman, former Director of Communications at HM Treasury under George Osborne, said, "We really need Liz Kendall to be the leader of [a] new centre party." Chapman had already tweeted his proposals for a new centrist political party opposed to Brexit, 'The Democrats'. After stepping down from frontline politics, Kendall was a regular guest on BBC current affairs programme "This Week" until its cancellation in July 2019.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Keir Starmer reappointed her to the frontbench after winning the 2020 Labour leadership election. After the November 2021 shadow cabinet reshuffle, it was announced that Karin Smyth will cover her duties while Kendall is on maternity leave.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has argued that Labour should be "genuinely as passionate about wealth creation as we are about wealth redistribution" and her party should not just understand business but be "the champion of people who take a risk, create something and make a success of it". Kendall has also said that there is "nothing progressive about racking up debts for the next generation" and it is wrong to spend more on debt interest repayments than on education. Kendall has given support to George Osborne's plan to enshrine in law an overall budget surplus during "normal times" but has called for more detail on the proposals. Kendall has also said that the last Labour government was wrong to run a deficit before the financial crash but that it did not cause the crash.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has also committed herself to the living wage and said the Low Pay Commission's remit should be extended to encourage more firms to pay it and has said she would end the exploitation of care workers by preventing firms from docking the cost of uniform and travel time from their wages. She has also come out in support of worker representation on company boards as part of her plans for economic reform. After the Budget, Kendall commissioned her supporter, the former minister Margaret Hodge, to undertake a review into the £100bn tax reliefs that firms are entitled to.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall is a pro-European and has spoken in favour of reforming the European Union. She supported an in/out referendum on Britain's membership of the EU, and wanted the Labour Party to play a leading role in a cross-party Yes to Europe campaign. Kendall also backed the NATO target to spend at least 2% of GDP on defence. She is in favour of renewing Britain's Trident nuclear submarines. Kendall supports a two-state solution, but she abstained on a motion recognising the State of Palestine, instead favouring the continuation of the Israeli–Palestinian peace process. She is a member of Labour Friends of Israel.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has spoken about education as a way of tackling inequality. She has spoken in support of expanding the academies programme and keeping the free schools initiative saying that focus should be on the quality of education rather than structures and that investment in the early years should be a priority over cutting university tuition fees. Kendall also said that more effort was needed in the education system to raise aspiration for the 'white working class young'. Kendall has also said that as Prime Minister, she would order a review of National Lottery Funding to free up funds for early years services.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has advocated increased patient choice in the NHS, arguing "there will remain a role for the private and voluntary sectors where they can add extra capacity to the NHS or challenges to the system" and with healthcare providers "what matters is what works".


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall gave some support to David Cameron's proposal that the right of EU migrants to claim tax credits and benefits should be withdrawn, or delayed for a number of years. She supports the current points-based immigration system and backed tough rules on abuse of the immigration system but has pledged not to try and "out-UKIP UKIP" and spoke of the benefits of immigration in her own constituency.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has supported "radical devolution" to England to deal with the West Lothian Question and appointed Tristram Hunt to look at what powers ought to be devolved to England. In July 2015, Kendall came out in favour of English Votes for English Laws. Her leadership rivals favoured the formation of a constitutional convention to consider the issue. Kendall has also said that Labour must oppose the 'tyranny of the bureaucratic state' but must also share power at every level so that powers are devolved to communities and individuals too.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall has supported Labour's links with the trade union movement but has said that both the trade unions and the Labour Party have to change. Kendall said that if she became Prime Minister, she would reverse any changes to trade union and employment rights made by the previous Conservative government. Kendall also criticised Len McCluskey for threatening to withdraw funding from the Labour Party were his choice of candidate not to be elected.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall is a supporter of LGBT rights and voted for gay marriage in 2013. Kendall has said that, under her leadership, the Labour Party would work with other centre-left parties to end the criminalisation of homosexuality across the world and she has spoken in favour of Michael Cashman becoming the UK's special envoy on LGBTI issues.


title: Liz Kendall

text: Kendall was previously in a relationship with the actor and comedian Greg Davies. They ended their relationship a few months before the 2015 general election.


title: Liz Kendall

text: In November 2021 Kendall announced she would take maternity leave in 2022 as she would be having a baby through surrogacy. She and her partner welcomed their son Henry in January 2022.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: John Bel Edwards (born September 16, 1966) is an American politician and attorney serving as the 56th governor of Louisiana since 2016. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the Democratic leader of the Louisiana House of Representatives for two terms.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards was first elected to the Louisiana House in 2007. He defeated Republican U.S. Senator David Vitter in the second round of the 2015 election for governor. Edwards won a second term in 2019, becoming the first Democrat to win reelection as governor of Louisiana since Edwin Edwards (no relation) in 1975. He is a United States Army veteran, having served with the 82nd Airborne Division, reaching the rank of captain. He is Louisiana's only statewide elected Democratic official.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: John Bel Edwards was born in East Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana on September 16, 1966. He was raised in Amite, Louisiana, the son of Dora Jean (née Miller) and Tangipahoa Parish Sheriff Frank M. Edwards, Jr. Born into an economically and politically well-established family in the parish, he graduated from Amite High School in 1984 as valedictorian. In 1988, Edwards received a bachelor's degree in engineering from the United States Military Academy, where he was on the Dean's List and served as vice chairman of the panel that enforced the West Point honor code.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards completed Airborne School in 1986, while a student at West Point. After receiving his commission, he completed the Infantry Officer Basic Course at Fort Benning (1988), Ranger School (1989), and the Infantry Officer Advanced Course (1992). Edwards served in the Army for eight years, mostly in the 25th Infantry Division and 82nd Airborne Division, including commanding a company in the 82nd's 3rd Brigade, 505th Parachute Infantry Regiment. He ended his military career to return to Louisiana because of family considerations. Edwards earned a Juris Doctor from the Louisiana State University Paul M. Hebert Law Center in 1999.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: After graduating from law school, Edwards clerked for Judge James L. Dennis of the United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit and then became a practicing attorney with the Edwards & Associates law firm in Amite. Edwards handled a variety of cases, but did not practice criminal law because his brother was the local sheriff.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: In 2007, Edwards ran for a seat in the Louisiana House of Representatives and was forced into a general election runoff with fellow attorney George Tucker. Edwards won every parish in the district. He was the only freshman lawmaker to chair a committee, the Veterans Affairs Committee, in the legislature. Edwards was also selected as chair of the Democratic House caucus, a rarity for a freshman legislator. Edwards criticized Governor Bobby Jindal for Jindal's frequent trips away from Louisiana to raise funds for Republicans elsewhere while Louisiana had been reducing its funding for higher education.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: In 2011, Edwards was reelected to the Louisiana House of Representatives, defeating Johnny Duncan, 83% to 17%. He chaired the Louisiana House Democratic Caucus, making him the House Minority Leader. Cities and towns that Edwards represented included Amite, Greensburg, and Kentwood as well as part of Hammond.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: On February 21, 2013, Edwards announced his candidacy for governor in 2015. He said that Louisiana needed "a healthy dose of common sense and compassion for ordinary people". The only major Democrat in the race, Edwards polled first in the nonpartisan blanket primary with 444,517 votes (39.9%), followed by Vitter, who finished second with 256,300 votes (23%). In third place was Louisiana Public Service Commissioner Scott Angelle of Breaux Bridge, who received 214,982 votes (19.3%).


title: John Bel Edwards

text: On November 5, 2015, Jay Dardenne of Baton Rouge, the outgoing Republican lieutenant governor, who placed fourth in the gubernatorial primary election with 166,656 votes (15%), endorsed Edwards in the runoff against Vitter. Dardenne made his announcement at "Free Speech Alley" in front of the LSU Student Union building in Baton Rouge.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Meanwhile, the Republican Governors Association entered the Louisiana campaign in support of Vitter with an advertisement highlighting Edwards's past support for President Barack Obama, who twice lost Louisiana's electoral votes. Edwards was an Obama delegate at the 2012 Democratic National Convention. He supported Hillary Clinton in the 2016 presidential election.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: A JMC Analytics poll before the primary showed Edwards with a nine-point lead over Vitter, 28% to 19%. After the primary polls showed Edwards with a commanding lead. Market Research Insight pollster Verne Kennedy placed Edwards ahead, 54% to 38% or 51% to 40%, depending on the level of turnout among African-American voters, 25% or 20%.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: On his inauguration day, Edwards failed to persuade the majority-Republican Louisiana House to choose a Democrat, Walt Leger III of New Orleans, as Speaker. On the second ballot, after Republican Cameron Henry, an ally of Vitter, withdrew from consideration, a second Republican, Taylor Barras of New Iberia, was named Speaker. Since Huey Long, governors had traditionally handpicked the state house speakers. Barras's selection was considered a surprise because he had not been mentioned as a candidate until the voting started.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: On April 13, 2016, Edwards signed an executive order to protect lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender people from harassment or job dismissals. The order prohibits state agencies from discrimination based on either gender identity or sexual orientation. The order allows an exception for religious organizations that claim that compliance would violate their religious beliefs. "We respect our fellow citizens for their beliefs, but we do not discriminate based on our disagreements. I believe in giving every Louisianan the opportunity to be successful and to thrive in our state", Edwards said.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards also rescinded another executive order issued in 2015 by his predecessor, Bobby Jindal, which protected businesses and nonprofit organizations that oppose same-sex marriage from being legally punished for acting on those views. This order had prohibited state agencies from penalizing businesses and individuals who refuse or limit service because of a "religious belief that marriage is or should be recognized as the union of one man and one woman."


title: John Bel Edwards

text: In 2016, Edwards enacted Medicaid expansion. By the next year, the number of Louisianans without health insurance was cut in half (11.4%, down from 22.7%). According to a study conducted by LSU's E.J. Ourso College of Business, Edwards's Medicaid expansion made over 500,000 more adults eligible for Medicaid, of whom 327,000 were uninsured.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards promised early in 2017 that he could work with the incoming Donald Trump administration. He expressed eagerness to work with the Trump Cabinet, particularly on Medicaid expansion and federal infrastructure projects.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: In January 2017, Edwards traveled to Italy on a personal trip to discuss ways to combat human trafficking. He traveled with members of the Hospitaller Sisters of Mercy, who established a shelter in Baton Rouge for child victims of human trafficking. Edwards met with Pope Francis during the trip.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards campaigned on a policy to reduce Louisiana's prison population. One of his first actions as governor was to commute 22 sentences out of 56 that the state's Board of Pardons had identified for him. Since the end of 2016 and to July 2018, Edwards did not sign a single commutation despite at least 70 cases that the state's Board of Pardons identified for him during the period. In 2018, Edwards signed legislation that shortened the sentences for nonviolent, non-sex-crime offenders who showed good behavior while in prison.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: In May 2018, Edwards signed a bill into law banning abortion after 15 weeks of pregnancy. In May 2019, he signed an even more restrictive six-week abortion ban, although a similar bill in the 5th Circuit, one with a similar predecessor, was blocked by Judge Carlton Reeves in the Southern District of Mississippi. In response to backlash from his more progressive supporters, Edwards released a statement saying, "As governor, I have been true to my word and my beliefs on this issue. But it is also my sincere belief that being pro-life means more than just being pro-birth." He referenced his attempts to expand investment in education, reform Louisiana's criminal justice system, pass laws to protect LGBT citizens from discrimination in the workplace, raise the minimum wage, and ensure equal pay for men and women.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: At the end of 2018, Edwards said that his top priority for 2019 was to achieve a $1,000 pay raise for teachers and a $500 raise for school support workers. For the first time in 10 years, the House passed a budget that included pay raises for teachers and support staff.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: On September 8, 2021, Edwards delayed all upcoming Louisiana elections five weeks after excessive statewide infrastructure damage caused by Hurricane Ida. On September 12, 2021, less than two weeks after Ida crested, Edwards declared another statewide state of emergency in anticipation of Hurricane Nicholas. On January 5, 2022, Edwards pardoned Homer Plessy, subject of the 1896 U.S. Supreme Court case "Plessy v. Ferguson", which upheld segregation laws.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards is married to Donna Hutto. She graduated from the University of Southern Mississippi in Hattiesburg with a business degree in industrial management before training as a teacher. They have two daughters, Sarah and Samantha Edwards, and a son, John Miller Edwards.


title: John Bel Edwards

text: Edwards is the brother of Independence, Louisiana, chief of police Frank Millard Edwards, as well as Tangipahoa Parish Sheriff Daniel H. Edwards. Edwards is brother-in-law to 21st Judicial District Court Juvenile Judge Blair Downing Edwards, a Republican. In 2011, one of Edwards's brothers, Christopher Edwards, died in a car crash after his vehicle veered into oncoming traffic and collided with a UPS truck.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The Toyota UR engine family is a 32-valve dual overhead camshaft V8 piston engine series which was first introduced in 2006, as the UZ series it replaced began phasing out. Production started with the 1UR-FSE engine with D4-S direct injection for the 2007 Lexus LS. The series launched with a die-cast aluminum engine block, aluminum heads, and magnesium cylinder head covers. All UR engines feature variable valve timing for both intake and exhaust cams or Dual VVT-i. Timing chains are used to drive the camshafts. The UR engine has been produced in 4.6, 5.0, and 5.7-liter displacement versions.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The 1UR-FSE V8 engine, introduced with the Lexus LS 460 & LS 460 L luxury sedans in 2006 has a displacement, which it gets from a bore and stroke of . The engine includes D4-S direct injection and dual VVT-iE producing at 6,400 rpm and at 4,100 rpm.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: 1UR-FSE undergoes X-ray inspection and a CT (computed tomography) scan to ensure minimal deformation after the die-casting process. Camshafts are hollow to minimize weight.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The 1UR-FE is based on the 1UR-FSE but lacks the D4-S direct injection technology. Originally used for Lexus vehicles in the Middle East, it was introduced in 2010 in other markets to replace the 2UZ-FE engine in truck and SUV applications. This engine produces at 6,400 rpm and at 4,100 rpm in the Lexus GS and LS. For the Toyota Land Cruiser and Lexus GX the engine produces at 5,500 rpm and at 3,400 rpm.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The 2UR-GSE is a naturally aspirated V8 engine fitted to the IS F, RC F, GS F, LC 500, and IS 500. It is an all-alloy DOHC, 4 valves per cylinder with Yamaha-designed high-flow cylinder heads, titanium inlet valves, high-lift camshafts and dual-length intake. It has D4-S gasoline port and direct injection, Dual VVT-i with electric VVT-iE inlet camshaft actuation. Bore and stroke is . The engine has a redline of 7,300 rpm. The South Africa-based Gazoo Racing SA Toyota Hilux Dakar truck also utilizes the engine.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: In the IS F, the engine had an 11.8:1 compression ratio and produced @ 6,600 rpm and @ 5,200 rpm of torque. In the RC F and GS F, the compression ratio was increased to 12.3:1 and output @ 7,100 rpm and of torque at 4,800-5,600 rpm. The engine received a further increase in power to @ 7,100 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm in the LC and @ 7,100 rpm and of torque at 4,800 rpm in the 2019 RC F. Although since 2018, the RC F received a power decrease to in European markets.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The 2UR-FSE is a engine which previously powered the Lexus LS 600h and the third-generation Toyota Century. It has D4-S gasoline direct injection, Dual VVT-i, and VVT-iE on the intake cam. It has the same bore and stroke as the 2UR-GSE, but produces at 6,400 rpm and at 4,000 rpm. The electric motors (Lexus Hybrid Drive) in the system add extra power into the drivetrain, allowing the combination to deliver in total.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The engine's valve covers are made from a magnesium alloy, the cylinder heads are manufactured from aluminum alloy, while like the 1UR engine block it is die-cast to save weight.


title: Toyota UR engine

text: The 3UR-FE is a engine designed for use in the Toyota Tundra, Sequoia, Land Cruiser, and Lexus LX570 vehicles, without the D-4S gasoline direct injection but with Dual VVT-i. Bore and stroke is , it produces @ 5,600 rpm and of torque @ 3,600 rpm, with a compression ratio of 10.2:1. A stainless steel exhaust manifold incorporating a 3-way catalytic converter is used. This engine is cast at Toyota's Bodine Aluminum and currently assembled at Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama. Over 1.3 million kilometers of durability testing have gone into the engine. E85 ethanol capability was optional for the 2009 model year. The engine's service weight is .


title: Toyota UR engine

text: For a time, Toyota offered an available bolt-on Toyota Racing Development Eaton Corporation Twin Vortices Series roots-type supercharger kit for the Tundra and Sequoia which bumps power up to and of torque. The supercharger kit could be installed by dealers and was covered under warranty. Later on, Magnuson offered an improved version of the supercharger kit which raised the output to 550hp.


title: Twinkie

text: A Twinkie is an American snack cake, described as "golden sponge cake with a creamy filling". It was formerly made and distributed by Hostess Brands. The brand is currently owned by Hostess Brands, Inc. (), having been formerly owned by private equity firms Apollo Global Management and C. Dean Metropoulos and Company as the second incarnation of Hostess Brands. During bankruptcy proceedings, Twinkie production was suspended on November 15, 2012 and resumed after an absence of a few months from American store shelves, becoming available again nationwide on July 15, 2013.