title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Design and development work began in 2004, with September 29, 2005 being when designer George Saridikas' exterior proposal was chosen, as well as Robert Gelardi's interior proposal under chief S-197 designer Doug Gaffka. Doug Gaffka afterward, became immediately responsible for the design of the 2008–2009 Bullitt and the GT500KR, upon MY2010 design selection in 2006. The resulting production exterior design of late 2006 was substantially revised, resulting in better aerodynamic performance (Ford claimed the coefficient of drag was reduced by 4% on V6 models and 7% on GT models, and that the front aerodynamic lift was reduced by 37% for V6 models and 23% for GT models.).


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Specific changes to the exterior include a restyled Mustang emblem, a new headlight design with integrated turn signals, new slimmer side mirror design, a prominent "powerdome" hood, and revised three-lens taillights with LEDs that blink in sequence for turn indication. Additionally, the 2010 Mustang GT used smaller fog lights than the 2005–2009 models though they were still mounted in the car's grille. Fog lights on V6 models (a part of a revised "Pony Package" first introduced for 2006) are now mounted in the lower fascia below the grille. The radio antenna had been moved to the rear of the car and the lock for the trunk no longer featured a keyhole on the trunk lid, substituting with a remote trunk release only. In spite of its changes, the 2010 Mustang's overall exterior dimensions were nearly identical to the 2005–2009 models.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang's interior was revised featuring higher quality thermoplastic olefin surfaces, available real aluminium trim, and improved fit and finish. The new design moved away from the linear nature of the previous models. Ford SYNC became available as a factory installed option on all trim levels of the Mustang except the base model.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: This generation was the first to be sold in Japan in left hand drive form with exterior lighting modifications to comply with Japanese Government regulations.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The standard engine was a 4.0 L V6 mated to a 5-speed manual transmission or an optional 5-speed automatic transmission. The V6 powertrains were unchanged from those used in 2005–2009 Mustangs. Though the 2010 Mustang V-6 retained a single exhaust outlet, the diameter of the tip had been increased one-half of an inch to three inches. The 2010 Mustang included new spring rates and dampers to improve ride quality and control and Ford's "AdvanceTrac" traction and stability control system standard. Newly standard on the base Mustang were 17-inch painted aluminum wheels while 18-inch wheels continue to be optional (except for V8 models, where 18-inch wheels were mounted by default). Other new available features and options for the 2010 Mustang included Ford SYNC, dual-zone automatic climate control, an updated navigation system with Sirius Travel Link, a capless fuel filler, a reverse camera system to aid in backing up, and an updated version of the V6 "Pony Package".


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: For 2011, the aging 4.0 L V6 used in the Mustang since the 2005 model year was replaced with Ford's Duratec 37 3.7 L DOHC V6. Unlike earlier V6s, the new engine featured Twin-independent Variable Cam Timing (Ti-VCT), true dual exhaust (compared to the single outlet exhaust for the previous 4.0 L V6); this engine was rated to produce an improved at 6500 rpm and of torque at 4250 rpm.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The upgraded powertrains were capable of achieving better fuel efficiency due in part to the new transmissions. With the standard Getrag MT82 6-speed manual transmission co-developed with Ford, the Mustang had been rated by the EPA to achieve in city driving and on the highway. The newly optional Ford 6R60 6-speed automatic achieved in city and on the highway. A newly standard 2.73:1 limited slip rear axle was more fuel efficient compared to the more aggressive 3.31:1 axle used previously. The 3.31:1 axle remained available in the 2011 Mustang as a performance option.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2011 Mustang offered a "V6 Performance Package" starting in the summer of 2010. The package featured a standard 3.31:1 rear axle, stiffer suspension tuning, 19-inch wheels with performance tires, a strut tower brace, and performance-oriented electronic stability control calibration.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Other, non-powertrain related upgrades made to the 2011 Mustang included a Nexteer Automotive Electric Power Steering (EPS) system with pull-drift compensation and active nibble control, general aerodynamic and NVH improvements over the 2010 Mustang, a digital message/information center, blind spot mirrors integrated into the car's side mirrors, a universal garage door opener, a 160 mph speedometer, and Ford's MyKey programmable vehicle key technology.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang Cobra Jet is a 2012 Mustang that was the same design as the GT500 but it has wider tires and a bigger engine. Cobra Jet Mustangs were sold only to professional drag racers and came without a VIN, making it impossible to register them as a road car.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Between 2009 and 2010, development took place on further updates to the second generation S-197. In late 2010 design work (by Robert Gelardi) was frozen, with prototypes being first spotted in May 2011. On November 2, 2011, Ford unveiled the 2013 model year Mustang. The 2013 model year Mustang exterior was updated with a new front fascia featuring a larger grille, standard HiD headlamps and two LED accent strips adjacent to the headlamp lens. Models equipped with the Pony Package offered LED lighting mounted on the side-view mirrors that produce a projection of a running horse on the ground, 18-inch wheels, and lower valance fog lamps. In the rear, LED tail lamp clusters included sequential turn signals (as with 2010–2012 Mustangs) and a reverse indicator light integrated within the brake light. The trunk lid included a black panel that united the left and right tail lamp clusters. Several new wheel designs were offered.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Inside, Ford now offered a 4.2-inch display between the speedometer and tachometer on Premium models. Selections in this information display included G-force, acceleration times, air-fuel ratio, cylinder head temperature, and oil temperature. All models equipped with the 6-speed automatic transmission included a SelectShift feature, which provided drivers the ability to choose and hold a gear and to shift manually.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2010 Mustang GT added a more powerful version of the 4.6 L V8 seen in 2005–2009 Mustang GTs. The Mustang GT's revised V8 produced at 6000 rpm and of torque at 4250 rpm. The 5-speed manual and automatic transmissions offered with the updated V8 continued unchanged from before. The size of the 2010 Mustang GT's dual exhaust tips had been increased by one-half of an inch to while the exhaust note has been improved to enhance the sound of the V8. Like the base V6-equipped Mustang, the 2010 Mustang GT included new spring rates and dampers to improve ride quality and control. AdvanceTrac was also standard in the Mustang GT though a special "Sport Mode" setting was added for spirited driving. The 2010 Mustang GT came with standard 18-inch wheels – one inch greater than the previous Mustang GT's standard wheels – while 19-inch wheels were a new option.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Newly available for the Mustang GT for 2010 were two performance packages. The "3.73 Axle Package" featured higher performance front brake pads, a more aggressive 3.73:1 rear axle, and a recalibrated AdvanceTrac system. The "Track Package" featured higher performance front and rear brake pads, stabilizer bars and rear lower control arms from the GT500, uniquely tuned shocks and struts, Pirelli summer tires (includes automatic upgrade to 19-inch wheels), a 3.73:1 rear axle with carbon plates in the differential, and a recalibrated AdvanceTrac system.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Starting in late 2010 for the 2011 model year, the Mustang GT's engine became an all-aluminum 32-valve 5.0 L DOHC V8, codenamed Coyote. The 2011 Mustang GT marked this engine's first use in any production Ford. While the new engine's displacement was similar to Ford's original "5.0" V8, it was an unrelated design and instead shared more in common with the 4.6 L V8 and other Modular engines that it replaced. The new 5.0 used a DOHC head design like other Modular engines and even shared its bore spacing and deck height with the outgoing 4.6 L V8. Differing the new engine from earlier Modular engines, among other features, was its use of wider bore diameters (and a longer stroke relative to the 4.6 L V8 in particular), to allow the use of larger valves, and camshaft torque-actuated Twin-independent Variable Cam Timing (Ti-VCT). This more advanced design is approximately – about heavier than the Mustang GT's previous 4.6 L V8. Red-line had been raised to 7,000 rpm. Using premium grade, 91-octane or higher gasoline, the new 5.0 L V8 could produce at 6500 rpm and of torque at 4250 rpm. Output of the 5.0 drops to at 6500 rpm and of torque at 4250 rpm when regular grade gasoline is used.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The new 5.0 incorporates piston cooling oil jets that helped warm the engine faster and keep the engine running cooler under load. Racing style tubular headers replaced the standard cast iron headers. Coolant and oil flow patterns were optimized for proper flow when under high lateral forces, such as those experienced when on a road course track.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang GT also got new transmissions for 2011. Both transmissions are heavier duty versions of the same designs offered with the V6 Mustang; a Getrag/Ford MT82 6-speed manual transmission and Ford's 6R80 6-speed automatic transmission. The 6-speed manual transmission came with a 3.31:1 rear axle while 6-speed automatics get a taller 3.15:1 rear axle. Combined with its new & more efficient V8, the new 6-speed transmissions contributed to an improvement in fuel economy in the 2011 Mustang GT over its counterpart from the 2010 model year. As certified by the EPA, manual transmission models were able to achieve in city and on the highway while automatic transmission models were able to achieve in city and on the highway.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang GT gained the same non-powertrain related upgrades that standard V6 Mustangs got for 2011. Other, new features exclusive to the 2011 Mustang GT included "5.0" fender badges replacing the "GT" badges used previously, an optional Brembo Brake Package includes 14 inch Brembo front disk brakes taken from the Shelby GT500, unique 19-inch wheels with Pirelli P-Zero ultra high performance summer only tires, a unique calibration of the Advanced Track stability system including a "sport" mode, and suspension enhancements such as stiffer springs (less aggressive than the BOSS 302 and Shelby models but more so than the regular GT models) and various other suspension enhancements. Convertible versions of the Mustang GT in particular received a front strut tower brace, stiffened crossmembers, and other enhancements resulting in a 12% increase in structural rigidity compared to 2010 Mustang GT convertibles. All 2011 Mustang GT's with 19 inch wheels (Brembo brake equipped, California special, etc.) also received the strut tower brace and stiffened cross members.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Taller rear head rests were added in the middle of the 2012 model year for whiplash protection, with fold down feature for visibility when rear passengers are not present. The rear fascia is altered for slightly better aerodynamics than the 2010 as well.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Mustang 'High Gear' concept is a concept car designed by Jennifer Seely of Ford and based on a 2013 Ford Mustang GT. The design was inspired by international products in categories such as jewelry, couture clothing, and architecture. The vehicle included rose-gold chrome accents throughout the exterior and interior; satin-black body; quilted suede seats with leather-wrapped interior upholstery. Modifications were also made to the engine, undercarriage, drivetrain, and sound system. The vehicle was unveiled at the 2012 SEMA show, during the first SEMA Mustang Build Powered by Women event.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Changes for the 2013 model year included standard "blacked out" tail lights and a front fascia similar to the styling of the Shelby GT500 models. The GT models include LED fog lights mounted in the grille and functional heat extractors on the sides of the hood. The engine gained for a total of 420.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: GT Track Package included the complete Brembo Brake package, a 3.73:1 Torsen helical cut limited slip differential, Boss 302 aluminum radiator, Boss 302 engine oil cooler, and numerous suspension changes.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: To commemorate the 60th anniversary of the U.S. Air Force Thunderbirds, Ford released a single special edition 2014 Ford Mustang GT coupe, VIN 0001. The car is white with red and blue accents and features USAF markings and logos, wide body modifications, a handcrafted and painted belly pan by Creations n' Chrome that emulated the appearance of an F-16 Thunderbird, front and rear wide body elements by TS Designs, custom 22-inch wheels by Forgiato, a modified navigation screen, instrument cluster, rear seat delete, Recaro seats with embroidered Thunderbirds elements, unique sill plates and puddle lamps, a Ford Racing supercharger, suspension handling pack and Brembo brakes.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The vehicle was sold at the Gathering of Eagles charity event during the Experimental Aircraft Association (EAA) AirVenture Oshkosh 2013. The vehicle was purchased by James Slattery of San Diego, California for $398,000.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Ford revived the Boss 302 nameplate for 2012. The standard 2011 Ford Mustang GT's 5.0-liter V8 is enhanced with an upgraded intake system, forged rotating assembly, CNC ported heads, revised camshafts and a high flow "runners in the box" intake taken from the 302R racecar. It produces – over the standard GT's . The engine produces of torque, about of torque less at peak when compared to the standard GT, and comes with a six-speed MT-82 manual transmission. A 3.73 rear axle uses carbon fiber plates in its limited slip differential or an optional Torsen differential.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The quad exhaust system is made up of two standard Mustang GT outlets and two side pipes that exit on either side of the rear crossover. The side pipes send the exhaust through a set of metal "attenuation" discs to create an extra growling exhaust sound. The discs are removable and include a spacer plate sized to match aftermarket exhaust dump valves.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Boss 302 takes the Mustang GT's suspension and adds higher-rate coil springs, stiffer bushings, and a larger diameter rear stabilizer bar. The body is lowered up front and just in the rear to give it a more raked stance designed to recall the original. The shocks are adjustable at the shock tower by using a flat head screwdriver. The standard Mustang traction and stability control programs have been altered with a new intermediate sport mode designed to allow for more flexibility on the track.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The aero package is almost entirely copied from the Boss 302R race car. The 19-inch black-alloy racing wheels are 9-inches wide up front and 9.5-inches out back and come with Pirelli P-Zero tires.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: While more powerful than a standard GT, the Boss 302 did not offer many of the luxury amenities of other Mustang models. Features not available on the Boss 302 included a premium audio system, a Bluetooth phone system (the Ford Sync system was added on later models), SiriusXM Satellite Radio, and power-adjustable front seats.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Boss 302 Laguna Seca edition is a further upgraded version of the Boss 302. Additions include Recaro sport seats, a Torsen limited-slip rear differential (both optional on the standard Boss 302), revised suspension tuning with unique spring and damper rates, and a larger rear stabilizer. The Laguna Seca model loses its rear seats, which are replaced by a cross-car X-brace to increase structural rigidity approximately 10%. It rides on 19X9-inch front and 19X10 inch rear light-weight alloy wheels with R-compound ultra high-performance tires. Ford Racing front brake ducts help cool the brakes.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2012 Laguna Seca Boss 302 comes in two colors – Black or Ingot Silver – with a red roof and red accents. For 2013, color choices include both School Bus Yellow and Black, both with reflective matte silver stripes. A more aggressive front splitter and a larger rear spoiler increase downforce for high speed track use. Only 750 Laguna Seca versions will be built each year for the two-year run (for a total of 1500).


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The limited-edition Laguna Seca is designed to bridge the gap between the Boss 302 and the Boss 302R.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2010 Shelby GT500 was revealed by Ford through a press release on January 1, 2009, prior to a public unveiling at the 2009 North American International Auto Show. Many of the basic design characteristics of the new GT500 are shared with that of the Mustang and Mustang GT. The GT500 gains the same exterior and interior updates as the 2010 Mustang and Mustang GT. The front fascia is new with larger upper and lower grilles, a unique hood, large fog lights mounted in the lower front fascia (similar to the previous GT500), Shelby's signature cobra badges on the grille, front fenders, and trunk lid medallion (with Shelby lettering over the medallion), 19-inch wheels (18-inch on the convertible model), and a Gurney Flap rear spoiler. Inside the GT500 gains a cobra disc on the steering wheel, shift ball, and seats with embroidered cobras.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: Mechanically the 2010 Shelby GT500 remains closely related to the 2007–2009 GT500, but the 2010 model has been upgraded with various features similar to or found in the 2008 Shelby GT500KR. A conical cold air intake and other enhancements to the GT500's supercharged 5.4 L DOHC V8 have resulted in an increase in output to at 6200 rpm and at 4500 rpm, gains of and of torque over the 2007–2009 GT500 respectively. The Tremec TR-6060 6-speed manual transmission returns for the 2010 GT500 but has been enhanced with larger clutch discs ( versus the discs used previously) and other measures to increase performance and noise, vibration, and harshness (NVH) control. Additionally, the fifth and sixth gear ratios of the transmission have been changed from 0.80 to 0.74 and 0.63 to 0.50 respectively, contributing to an improvement in fuel efficiency that the 2010 GT500 enjoys over its predecessor. Complementing the transmission's gear ratio changes is a new, more aggressive 3.55:1 ratio rear axle which replaces the 3.31:1 axle used previously. According to "Inside Line", drivers of the new 2010 Shelby can expect 0 to times in 4.3 seconds from a stand still and 4 seconds flat with roll out. Elsewhere, the GT500's aluminum hood, in addition to be stylistically different from that of the Mustang and Mustang GT, features an air extractor that helps cool the engine. Various aerodynamic upgrades, such as the design of the front fascia and the aforementioned Gurney Flap spoiler, contribute to increased downward force and a reduced coefficient of drag. Suspension enhancements found in the GT500KR are used in the 2010 GT500 to improve handling and, specifically, provide better roll control. The 2010 GT500 features Ford's "AdvanceTrac" traction and stability control system standard with different settings to control the level of performance the driver desires.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: For 2011, the Shelby GT500 received significant performance enhancements and other upgrades. Arguably the most important of the GT500's upgrades is a new aluminum engine block for the car's supercharged 5.4 L DOHC V8, replacing the cast-iron block used previously. The block's cylinder bores are coated with an iron and iron oxide composite that is applied with Plasma Transferred Wire Arc (PTWA) technology, which was developed jointly by Ford and Flame-Spray Industries. The developers of PTWA received the IPO 2009 National Inventor of the Year award. The coating allows for the replacement of traditional cast-iron cylinder liners and marks Ford's first use of this process. Between this and the use of lighter-weight aluminum for the engine block, the new block is lighter than the previous cast-iron version, contributing to a reduction in the overall weight of the GT500 compared to the 2010 model. Thanks to the new liner coating, which has friction-reducing characteristics, and a revised exhaust, horsepower production from the 5.4 L V8 has increased slightly for a total of at 6200 rpm. The combination of the lighter engine, EPAS, and aerodynamic enhancements result in an improvement in fuel efficiency for the 2011 GT500 relative to the 2010 model that eliminates the car's gas guzzler tax.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: A newly optional "SVT Performance Package" includes a 3.73:1 rear axle, Goodyear Eagle F1 SuperCar G:2 tires, forged aluminum 19-inch wheels in the front and 20-inch in the rear, as well as a firmer suspension tuning.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2011 Shelby GT500 gains the same non-powertrain related upgrades that standard V6 Mustangs and Mustang GTs. New features include standard HID headlights and a glass roof option.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2013 Shelby GT500 features the 5.8L Trinity V8 engine rated at at 6500 rpm and at 4000 rpm of torque, with a top speed of .


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The 2013 models gain a new front end sheet metal along with standard HID headlamps, along with a new LED tail light assembly. Performance changes include twin fuel pumps (a Mustang GT's single supply pump, twice over), larger fuel injectors, a grippier and larger-diameter clutch, a larger fan, a three-row intercooler (the previous car used a double-row unit), a beefed-up Tremec 6060 six-speed with an internal oil pump, and a single-piece carbon-fiber driveshaft. Larger Brembo front disc brakes with six-piston calipers, reinforced axle tubes, and aero tweaks to help the car reach 200+mph safely. Ford says the changes have resulted in a 14-percent reduction in drag and a 66-percent increase in front-end downforce. Also new for 2013 is a larger front anti-roll bar and retuned springs. An rpm-adjustable electronic launch-control function is standard, as is four-mode electronic stability control.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: A Performance package is also offered, adding two-mode adjustable Bilstein dampers and a Torsen limited-slip rear differential. In addition to the performance package, a track package for road racing can be ordered bringing a transmission cooler, a nose-mounted differential cooler for the Torsen limited-slip unit, and an air-to-oil engine-oil cooler.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: A Mustang resembling the Trans Am Series Mustang driven by Parnelli Jones has been entered in the Continental Challenge, tributing the fortieth anniversary of Parnelli's championship.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: The Ford Mustang is used in the NASCAR Nationwide Series as a silhouette racing car beginning on July 2, 2010.


title: Ford Mustang (fifth generation)

text: In 2012, Jack Roush won the Daytona International Speedway's opening race of the 50th Anniversary Rolex 24 At Daytona weekend in a Mustang Boss 302R. Leading the Continental Tire SportsCar Challenge's final 18 laps, Johnson held off a veritable conga line of six BMW M3's behind as he closed on the driving pair's first win of 2012 in the BMW Performance 200 at Daytona.


title: K–12

text: K–12, from kindergarten to 12th grade, is an American English expression that indicates the range of years of publicly supported primary and secondary education found in the United States, which is similar to publicly supported school grades before college in several other countries, such as Afghanistan, Australia, Canada, China, Ecuador, Egypt, India, Iran, the Philippines, South Korea, and Turkey.


title: K–12

text: U.S. public education was conceived of in the late 18th century. In 1790, Pennsylvania became the first state to require some form of free education for everyone regardless of whether they could afford it. New York passed similar legislation in 1805. In 1820, Massachusetts became the first state to create a tuition-free high school, Boston English.


title: K–12

text: The first K–12 public school systems appeared in the early 19th century. In the 1830s and 1840s, Ohioans were taking a significant interest in the idea of public education. At that point in time, schools were commonly operated independently of each other, with little attempt at uniformity. The Akron School Law of 1847 changed this. The city of Akron unified the operations, curriculum and funding of local schools into a single public school district:


title: K–12

text: In 1849, the state of Ohio enacted a law modeled after the Akron law which extended the idea of school districts to cover the rest of the state.


title: K–12

text: By 1930, all 48 states had passed laws making education compulsory, and in 1965, President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the Elementary and Secondary Education Act (ESEA), which committed the federal government to significant ongoing expenditures to each state for the purpose of sustaining local K–12 school systems. The ESEA essentially made K–12 education the law of the land.


title: K–12

text: Since its inception, public K–12 has been debated and subject to several waves of reform throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. In the 1980s, Reagan's 'A Nation at Risk' initiative included provisions requiring public education to be evaluated based on standards, and teacher pay to be based on evaluations. In the 1990s, the Goals 2000 Act and the “Improving America’s Schools” act provided additional federal funding to states to bolster local K–12 systems. This was followed in the 2000s by a rigorous uptick in standards-based evaluations with the No Child Left Behind Act, and the Race to the Top Act. In 2015, President Barack Obama signed the Every Student Succeeds Act (ESSA), which returned some power to state governments with respect to evaluations and standards.


title: K–12

text: The expression "K–12" is a shortening of kindergarten (K) for 5–6 year olds through twelfth grade (12) for 17–18 year-olds, as the first and last grades,


title: K–12

text: respectively, of free education in these countries. The related term "P–12" is also occasionally used in Australia and the United States to refer to the sum of K–12 plus preschool education.


title: K–12

text: The image at the right illustrates the education system in the United States. The table shows the progression of the education system starting with the basic K–12 system then progressing through post-secondary education. K–14 refers to K–12 plus two years of post-secondary where training was received from vocational-technical institutions or community or junior colleges. K-16 is 12 years of compulsory education plus a 4-year undergrad program. The K numbers refer to the years of educational attainment and continues to progress upward accordingly depending on the degree being sought.


title: K–12

text: The term is often used as a kind of shorthand to collectively refer to the entirety of primary and secondary education, as it is much easier than having to say one is referring in the aggregate to elementary, middle, and high school education. However, it is rare for a school district to actually teach all K–12 grades at one unified school campus. Even the smallest school districts try to maintain, at a minimum, a two-tier distinction between an elementary school (K–8) and a high school (9–12).


title: K–12

text: The term is often used in school website URLs, generally appearing before the country code top-level domain (or in the United States, the state top-level domain). The terms "PK–12", "PreK–12", or "Pre-K–12" are sometimes used to add pre-kindergarten.


title: K–12

text: It is also used by American multinationals selling into the educational sector, such as Dell where UK customers are presented with this as a market segment choice.


title: K–12

text: In Australia, P–12 is sometimes used in place of K–12, particularly in Queensland, where it is used as an official term in the curriculum framework. P–12 schools serve children for the thirteen years from prep until Year 12, without including the separate kindergarten component. In Canada (Nova Scotia) P–12 is used commonly in place of K–12 and serves students from grade Primary through 12.


title: K–12

text: K–14 education also includes community colleges (the first two years of university). K–16 education adds a four-year undergraduate university degree. For simplicity purposes education shorthand was created to denote specific education levels of achievement. This shorthand is commonly used in articles, publications and educational legislation. The following list contains the most commonly found shorthand descriptors:


title: K–12

text: The Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit of the California Community College Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems.


title: K–12

text: The ASCCC Chancellor's Office Career Technical Education (CTE) Unit of the Economic Development and Workforce Preparation Division focuses on program coordination and advocacy, policy development and coordination with K–18 workforce preparation and career and technical education systems. Responsible for the implementation of the Vocational and Technical Education Act (VTEA), managing and coordinating activities that impact other interagency and intra-agency objectives. In addition, the CTE Unit is also responsible for the development, dissemination, and implementation of the California State Plan and the annual performance reports.


title: K–12

text: Further reference to K–18 education can be found in this publication by Ann Diver-Stamnes and Linda Catelli in chapter 4 "College/University Partnership Projects for Instituting Change and Improvement in K–18 Education".


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: Rajendra Kumar Tuli (20 July 1927 – 12 July 1999) was an Indian actor who starred in Bollywood films. Starting his career in 1949, he appeared in more than 80 films in a career spanning over four decades. He was popularly known as the 'Jubilee Kumar' during the 1960s when he starred in several commercially successful films.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: He also produced several films starring his son Kumar Gaurav. The Government of India honored him with the Padma Shri in 1970.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: Rajendra Kumar was born in a Punjabi Hindu Khatri family in Sialkot, in the Punjab province of British India. His grandfather was a successful military contractor and his father had a textile business in Karachi, Sindh, British India. During the Partition of India, the family had to leave all the land and property behind and move to India. When they came to Bombay, Kumar decided to try his luck in the Hindi film industry. He never wanted to be a hero and took up work with director H. S. Rawail as an assistant. For nearly five years, he worked with Rawail as an assistant in films like "Patanga", "Sagai", "Pocket Maar".


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: During this time, he made his film debut with a cameo in the 1949 film "Patanga", followed by a small role in Kidar Sharma's 1950 film "Jogan", opposite Dilip Kumar and Nargis. It was producer Devendra Goel who noticed Kumar in "Jogan" and gave him a break in "Vachan" in 1955. Kumar was paid only fifteen hundred rupees for the film; however, the film was a hit and was Kumar's first silver jubilee film and he was given a title – 'A star is Born'. He got further success with his supporting role in Mehboob Khan's blockbuster epic film "Mother India" in 1957 in which he played Nargis's character's son. His first major success as a romantic leading man was in Amit Saxena's musical "Goonj Uthi Shehnai" (1959), co-starring Ameeta.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: The 1960s saw Kumar rise to stardom. There were times when he had six or seven films which had run for more than 25 weeks (known in India as a "silver jubilee film"), all running at the cinema at the same time, which rendered him the nickname "Jubilee Kumar". He starred in many box office hits including "Dhool Ka Phool" (1959), "Gharana" (1961), "Dil Ek Mandir" (1963), "Mere Mehboob" (1963), "Sangam" (1964), "Ayee Milan Ki Bela" (1964), "Arzoo" (1965), "Suraj" (1966), "Jhuk Gaya Aasmaan" (1968), "Talash" (1969) and "Ganwaar" (1970). He received the Filmfare Nomination for Best Actor for "Dil Ek Mandir" (1963), "Ayee Milan Ki Bela" (1964), "Arzoo" (1965), and as Best Supporting Actor for "Sangam" (1964). He also starred in K. Asif's incomplete film "Sasta Khoon Mehanga Paani" co- starring Saira Banu. His brother Naresh Kumar directed him in films like "Gora Aur Kala" (1972) and "Do Jasoos" (1975).


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: From 1972 onwards, he faced competition from Rajesh Khanna and many of his films were flops. He then switched to character roles in the late 1970s and 1980s. He was offered a role in the film "Saajan Bina Suhaagan" opposite Nutan in 1978 which was a success. He also starred in a number of Punjabi films like "Do Sher" and "Teri Meri Ik Jindri".


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: In 1981, Rajendra introduced his son Kumar Gaurav in the film "Love Story" which he produced and also starred in. The film was declared a blockbuster. Rajendra produced a few other films starring his son but none matched the success of "Love Story" with the exception of the 1986 film "Naam", which featured his son starring alongside Sanjay Dutt. His last production was the 1993 film "Phool" which also didn't do well. In 1995, he acted in the television serials "Andaz" and "Vansh" which were his last acting roles.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: He married Shukla of the Behl family of Hindi films, a sister of Ramesh Behl and Shyam Behl and aunt of their sons Goldie Behl and Ravi Behl. He and Shukla had a son and two daughters. His son Kumar Gaurav also had a brief acting career. His daughter Dimple was married to Hollywood film producer Raju Patel.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: Kumar acted with Sunil Dutt and Nargis in the film "Mother India" (1957) where Sunil Dutt and Rajendra Kumar played sons of Nargis's character. He had a special relationship with Dutt and used to actively participate in campaigning for him, whenever the latter used to contest for elections. Dutt quoted as having said that "Even though Rajendra Kumar did not win any award throughout his career, he was one of the most genuine human beings I have ever encountered. When I was struggling with the troubles related to the arrest of my son Sanjay Dutt and my house was repeatedly being searched by means of numerous police raids, Rajendra Kumar was the one who came to my rescue by staying at my house and ensuring that raids were conducted using due procedures, false evidences were not planted in the house and valuables were not stolen." Kumar was best friends with Raj Kapoor, so much so that his son Kumar Gaurav was engaged to the latter's daughter, Reema. However, their friendship fell apart after their children broke the engagement and Kumar Gaurav married Sunil Dutt and Nargis's daughter Namrata.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: Known to refuse taking any medication, he died at the age of 71 on 12 July 1999, just a day after his son's 43rd birthday, and just 8 days before his 72nd birthday. He died of cardiac arrest in his sleep.


title: Rajendra Kumar

text: Rajendra Kumar was nominated for Filmfare Award for Best Actor for three consecutive years in 1964, 1965 and 1966. In 1965, he also received an additional nomination for Best Supporting Actor.


title: XXXX Gold

text: XXXX Gold is a mid-strength Australian lager manufactured in the state of Queensland, Australia, by Castlemaine Perkins, and it is one of Australia's most popular beers. XXXX Gold is also produced in the Boag's Brewery in Launceston, Tasmania. XXXX Gold is a sponsor of the Queensland Bulls and the Queensland, South Australian, Australian Capital Territory and Northern Territory Cricket Associations. XXXX Gold previously sponsored the Australian V8 Supercars Championship Series from 2008 to 2011, as well as the Professional Bull Riders' (PBR) Australian branch. XXXX Gold has sponsored the Brisbane Lions since 2017 (shorts sponsor 2017–2018), and it remains one of the few active XXXX sponsorships.


title: XXXX Gold

text: Victoria Bitter has held the highest market share of all beer sold in Australia for more than two decades. However, in 2012, this mantle passed to the Lion Nathan's Queensland XXXX Gold. Lion Nathan passed the mantle back to Victoria Bitter in 2013. In March 2012, XXXX GOLD obtained a three-year lease on the Pumpkin Island on the Southern Great Barrier Reef, which they turned into XXXX Island to use in advertising and promotional events. XXXX sponsored the "XXXX Gold Beach Cricket Tri-Nations series", which involved famous cricket players from Australia, England and the West Indies such as Allan Border, Graham Gooch, Courtney Walsh and Sir Viv Richards.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: Inoue was born in Isa, Kagoshima, and was fond of drawing since he was a child. During elementary and junior high school, Inoue joined the kendo and basketball clubs, becoming captain of the latter. In his third year at Kagoshima Prefectural Oguchi High School, Inoue took a summer course at an art preparatory school with the plan of enrolling into an art university, but such schools were too expensive so he ended up going to Kumamoto University near his hometown. His submission to "Weekly Shōnen Jump" caught the attention of editor Taizo Nakamura and, at the age of 20, Inoue dropped out of college to move to Tokyo and pursue a career as a manga artist.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: Before his debut, Inoue was an assistant to Tsukasa Hojo on "City Hunter". He made his debut in 1988, when appeared in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine. It won the 35th annual Tezuka Award. His first serialization was in 1989 with "Chameleon Jail", for which he was the illustrator of a story written by Kazuhiko Watanabe.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: Inoue's first real fame came with his next manga, "Slam Dunk", about a basketball team from Shohoku High School. It was published in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from 1990 to 1996 and has sold over 170 million copies worldwide. In 1995 it received the 40th annual Shogakukan Manga Award for shōnen manga and in 2007 was declared Japan's favorite manga. "Slam Dunk" was adapted into a 101 episode anime television series and four films. The manga's popularity caused a surge of interest in basketball among Japanese youth, leading to Inoue and his publisher Shueisha creating the "Slam Dunk" Scholarship program in 2006 and Inoue receiving commendation from the Japan Basketball Association for helping popularize basketball in the country.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: Inoue launched "Buzzer Beater" as an online comic in May 1996 on the Sports-i ESPN website (now J Sports). It is about a basketball team from Earth that attempts to compete on the intergalactic level, it appears on his official website in four languages: Japanese, English, Chinese, and Korean. "Buzzer Beater" was produced into a 13 episode anime series in 2005. In 2007, a second 13 episode series was produced. Both seasons were animated by TMS Entertainment.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: "Vagabond" was Inoue's next manga, adapted from the fictionalized accounts by Eiji Yoshikawa of the samurai Miyamoto Musashi, which he began drawing in 1998. The series won the Kodansha Manga Award for General manga in 2000 and the Grand Prize of the 6th Osamu Tezuka Culture Awards in 2002, receiving his award alongside fellow mangaka, Kentaro Miura.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: While still working on "Vagabond", Inoue began drawing "Real" in 1999, his third basketball manga, which focuses on wheelchair basketball. It received an Excellence Prize at the 2001 Japan Media Arts Festival. Inoue also created character designs for the Xbox 360 RPG, "Lost Odyssey", based on initial material provided by Hironobu Sakaguchi. Sakaguchi sought out Inoue for his talent of depicting "people" and his ability to "illustrate the internal emotions of a character" since the goal of the video game was to explain people.


title: Takehiko Inoue

text: In 2013, Inoue published an illustrated travel memoir on the life and architecture of Antoni Gaudí titled "", detailing his thoughts and travels in Catalan.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Udta Punjab () is a 2016 Indian black comedy crime drama film written and directed by Abhishek Chaubey, co-written by Sudip Sharma, and produced by Shobha Kapoor, Ekta Kapoor, Sameer Nair and Aman Gill under Balaji Motion Pictures in association with Anurag Kashyap, Vikas Bahl and Vikramaditya Motwane under Phantom Films. Loosely based on and revolves around the drug abuse by the youth population in the Indian state of Punjab and the various conspiracies surrounding it, the film stars Shahid Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Kareena Kapoor and Diljit Dosanjh,


title: Udta Punjab

text: On 4 June 2016, the Central Board of Film Certification, India sought a stay on the film's release citing that the themes dealt with in the film were too vulgar for the general audience. As a result, the producers were directed to make a total of 89 cuts in the film. However, on 13 June 2016, the Bombay High Court struck down the stay and gave permission for the film's national release, albeit with a single cut in the screenplay. The film was released worldwide on 17 June 2016. Made on a budget of , "Udta Punjab" was a commercial success and earned approximately worldwide. It received positive reviews from critics, with praise for its direction, story, screenplay, music and performances of the cast.


title: Udta Punjab

text: At the 62nd Filmfare Awards, "Udta Punjab" received a leading 9 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Chaubey), Best Actor (Shahid Kapoor), Best Supporting Actress (Kareena Kapoor) and Best Supporting Actor (Dosanjh), and won 4 awards including Best Actress (Bhatt) and Best Actor (Critics) (Shahid Kapoor).


title: Udta Punjab

text: Three Pakistani youth throw packets of drugs across the border to India for it to be picked up later. Tejinder "Tommy" Singh, better known as "Gabru" among his fans, is a young and successful Punjabi musician who lives a luxurious lifestyle. Together with an ostentatious crew led by Tayaji and cousin Jassi, he routinely indulges in cocaine consumption. Tommy is popular for his energetic songs with lyrics that often glorify violence and drug addiction. However, his addiction costs him his music contract and lands him in jail. While in prison, he meets two of his die-hard fans who remark how Tommy's lifestyle had 'inspired' theirs, leading them to murder their own mother for drug money. Realizing that his songs have negatively affected teenagers, Tommy decides to change his ways upon release. A few days later, he engages in an altercation and inadvertently shoots Tayaji, injuring his ear. This causes Tayaji to send Tommy and his crew away to a farmhouse so that he can prepare for an upcoming concert.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Working on the farm is a migrant worker from Bihar nicknamed Bauria, whose dreams of playing national-level hockey for the country were shattered due to her father's death, pushing her to Punjab to work as a laborer. She works for a local landlord who uses agriculture as a front for drug-peddling. One night, she finds a suspicious packet on the farm and realizes that it is some kind of a drug. She resolves to sell it but her search for a potential buyer lands her in trouble as she unwittingly contacts the original owners of the heroin. She is captured by the gang of drug peddlers but not before she discards it into a well. As a compensation for their lost drugs, the peddlers forcibly keep her at their house, where she is sexually and physically abused, given drugs, and pimped to men. Some weeks later, she manages to escape.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Over in the neighboring town lives Preet Sahni, a doctor and activist who runs a rehabilitation center. Sartaj Singh is a junior policeman who knows about the drug smuggling his seniors are allowing on a large scale. But when it affects his family, as his brother, Balli, overdoses and is brought to Preet's clinic, he realizes the grave situation. Preet and Sartaj decide to find the root cause of the problem together. Balli is admitted into her drug rehabilitation centre against his will.


title: Udta Punjab

text: At his concert, instead of singing, Tommy starts preaching. Infuriated by his speech about how one should lead one's life, his fans start throwing bottles at him. The angered Tommy urinates in front of the crowd before fleeing. He hides in an old structure and meets Bauria, also hiding. The two share their stories and bond. However, Bauria is recaptured by the same gang when she defends Tommy from being attacked by them. He learns the next day that an arrest warrant has been issued for him because of the public ruckus at the concert, and sets out to find Bauria after realising his feelings for her.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Preet and Sartaj find that the driving force behind the drug problem in Punjab is an elderly man called Virender Singh, who has flourished with the support of his father-in-law, MP Maninder Brar. The two go to extreme measures to collect evidence against the politician and put together a report to be sent to the state's Election Commission to thwart Brar's campaign for another term in power. Sartaj and Preet fall in love; however, one night, Preet sees a manic Balli trying to escape from her rehab center. On trying to stop him, she is accidentally stabbed in the neck by him. As Balli is Sartaj's brother, senior officer Jhujar Singh who investigates the homicide decides to send him underground. While falsifying the crime scene he comes across the report made by her and Sartaj, and is infuriated when he sees that he too has been named in the drug racket. He calls Sartaj and knocks him out when he arrives.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Waking up in the presence of the local drug mafia at their farmhouse, where Bauria is also confined, a bruised and beaten Sartaj is questioned by Jhujar, who is a key member in the drug racket. Sartaj says whatever he did was for the sake of Punjab. At the same time, Tommy enters the house, armed with a hockey stick. Taking advantage of the distraction, Sartaj grabs Jhujar's gun and shoots the whole gang before freeing Balli. Tommy helps Bauria escape from her captors. Balli kneels and cries in front of his brother, whose face is expressionless.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Eventually, it is shown that the government issued an inquiry into Brar's activities and there has been a huge crackdown on the drug menace. Over in Goa, amidst his crew members, Tommy calls Bauria to ask for her real name. Sitting by the beach, she catches sight of a foreigner having fun. Inspired, she says "Mary Jane", to which Tommy flirtatiously replies that she is his "life", and she ends the call before going for a swim.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Priyanka Chopra was initially approached for the lead female role. Later Parineeti Chopra was in talks for the same part. Principal photography of the film commenced in March 2015, Three of the actors Shahid Kapoor, Kareena Kapoor and Alia Bhatt halved their fees for the film.<ref name="http://www.deccanchronicle.com/ 2016"></ref>


title: Udta Punjab

text: The music for "Udta Punjab" was composed by Amit Trivedi with lyrics by the late Shiv Kumar Batalvi, Shellee and Varun Grover. The background music was composed by Benedict Taylor & Naren Chandavarkar. The music rights are acquired by Zee Music Company.


title: Udta Punjab

text: The first song "Chitta Ve" was released on 4 May 2016. Two more singles "Da Da Dasse" and "Ik Kudi" were released before the Release of the final soundtrack. The complete soundtrack consisting of 7 songs was released on 18 May 2016.


title: Udta Punjab

text: Amit Trivedi said about the soundtrack, "The film required a really dark soundtrack. So, I had to incorporate psychedelic trance and hip hop into it. It will be edgier and more in-your-face than anything else seen in Bollywood music before. I don't know how the audience will react to it because it is not something that we are used to. But I do know that there are people who have an appetite for psy-trance and hip hop in India. So, I hope it is received well". The movie's music rights were sold for , making it the biggest such deal in Bollywood history.


title: Udta Punjab

text: The movie has been reported to have had issues with the censor board over profanities and scenes of drug use. On 9 June 2016, the Censor Board (CBFC) came out with a list of 94 cuts and 13 pointers prior to the film's release. One of the pointers even included deleting the names of cities in Punjab. On 13 June 2016, Bombay High Court cleared Udta Punjab with one cut and disclaimers. The scene where Tommy Singh (Shahid Kapoor) is shown urinating on a crowd needs to be chopped off, ruled the court. The CBFC was directed to issue an 'A' certificate to Udta Punjab within two days.


title: Udta Punjab

text: The row over the film being drug-themed slated for release on 17 June escalated with co-producer Anurag Kashyap hitting out at CBFC chief Pahlaj Nihalani, calling him "oligarch" and "dictator" and that it was like living in North Korea. The makers of the film are said to have been asked by the Revising Committee of the Censor Board to remove all references to Punjab and to make 89 cuts. Kashyap got the support of several filmmakers including Karan Johar, Mahesh Bhatt, Ram Gopal Varma, Aamir Khan, Imtiaz Ali, Varun Dhawan and Mukesh Bhatt. "It is a dark day for freedom of expression and creativity in the country," Mukesh Bhatt said, calling Pahlaj Nihalani a "stooge" of the government.


title: Udta Punjab

text: It was later cleared by Bombay High Court with the number of cuts reduced from 89 to a single scene, wherein a character is seen urinating on a crowd of people. The Court directed the Board to issue an 'A' certificate before the scheduled release of the movie. According to "The Economist", Nihalani "was appointed by the BJP, whose coalition partner in Punjab, the SAD, had much to lose from bad publicity" resulting from the movie, due to a subplot in the movie drawing "a parallel with the real-life case of a convicted drug lord who named the SAD deputy chief’s brother-in-law as his accomplice".


title: Udta Punjab

text: In August 2017, soon after his removal as CBFC Chief, Nihalani revealed in an interview that he had received instructions from the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting to block the release of the film.


title: Udta Punjab

text: On 15 June 2016, some parts of the film were leaked online onto various peer-to-peer sharing websites. While some torrent sites hosted torrent files containing a forty-minute clip, the whole film was also uploaded on other media sharing sites like Mega. "Indiatimes.com" reported that the leaked clips allegedly contained the text "FOR CENSOR" on the top-left corner, implying that the leaked copies were part of the samples shared with the Censor Board. "The Huffington Post" reported that the producers of the film had filed a complaint with the Cyber Crime cell in Mumbai. It added that Balaji Motion Pictures and Phantom Films, its producers, had succeeded in pulling down as many as 600 links from the web. Commenting on the leak, the film's spokesperson said, "Two copies of the CD were sent to the CBFC and this version is from the same source. It's literally a no-brainer to conclude where the leak has come from and, sure enough, the cyber crime cell will get to the bottom of this."


title: Udta Punjab

text: "Udta Punjab" was acclaimed by critics. Meena Iyer of "The Times of India" gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5. Rajeev Masand of News18 writes "the film is hard-hitting and uncomfortable to watch, and mixes dark humor to a tale about the dirty drug and political nexus in Punjab", giving it 3.5 rating out of 5. Shubhra Gupta of "The Indian Express" gave the film 3 stars out of 5, saying it is "the kind of film which has something to say, and it says it with both flair and conviction". Sukanya Verma of Rediff.com gave the film 4 stars out of 5, saying ""Udta Punjab" is a wake-up call, an important film and a mighty impressive one at that, carrying a loud anti-drug message". Rohit Vats of Hindustan Times wrote ""Udta Punjab" works mostly because of its tone and stand against drugs, though the second half is no match for the first", giving the film 3.5 rating out of 5. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 4 stars out of 5, writing ""Udta Punjab" is littered with standout scenes, but none matches the sledgehammer impact of the climax". Namrata Joshi of "The Hindu" described the film as "a gut-wrenching look at the frightening dystopia that is Punjab today owing to rampant drug abuse".


title: Udta Punjab

text: The film was a commercial success, and became Shahid Kapoor's largest-opening film at the time. It earned approximately in India, with an additional coming from overseas revenue on its opening day. The film grossed worldwide during its opening weekend and worldwide in its first week. , the film has earned 15 crore (US$16.6 million) worldwide.


title: Vin Scully

text: Vincent Edward Scully (November 29, 1927 – August 2, 2022) was an American sportscaster. He was best known for his 67 seasons calling games for Major League Baseball's Los Angeles Dodgers, beginning in 1950 (when the franchise was located in Brooklyn) and ending in 2016.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully's tenure with the Dodgers was the longest of any broadcaster with a single team in professional sports history, and he was second only to Tommy Lasorda (by two years) in terms of number of years associated with the Dodgers organization in any capacity. He retired at age 88 in 2016, ending his record-breaking run as the team's play-by-play announcer. In his final season behind the microphone, Scully announced most Dodgers home games (and selected road games) on SportsNet LA television and KLAC radio. He was known for his distinctive voice, lyrically descriptive style, and signature introduction to Dodgers games: "It's time for Dodger baseball! Hi, everybody, and a very pleasant good (afternoon/evening) to you, wherever you may be." He is considered by many to be the greatest baseball broadcaster of all time, according to fan rankings, Bleacher Report and Fox Sports.


title: Vin Scully

text: In addition to Dodgers baseball, Scully called various nationally-televised football and golf contests for CBS Sports from 1975 to 1982, and was NBC Sports' lead baseball play-by-play announcer from 1983 to 1989. He also called the World Series for CBS Radio from 1979 to 1982 and again from 1990 to 1997.


title: Vin Scully

text: Born in the Bronx, Scully grew up in the Washington Heights section of Manhattan. His father, Vincent Aloysius Scully, was a silk salesman; his mother, Bridget (Freehill), was a homemaker. He was of Irish descent. His biological father died of pneumonia when Scully was four, and his mother later married an English merchant sailor named Allan Reeve, whom Scully considered "my dad". He had one sibling, a younger sister who died of brain cancer in 2002, aged 65. Scully attended Fordham Preparatory School in the Bronx. He worked delivering beer and mail, pushing garment racks and cleaning silver in the basement of the Pennsylvania Hotel in New York City.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully discovered his love of baseball at age eight when he saw the results of the second game of the 1936 World Series at a laundromat and felt a pang of sympathy for the badly defeated New York Giants, who had lost the game 18–4 to the New York Yankees. Since he lived near the Polo Grounds and because he was a member of the NYC Police Athletic League and Catholic Youth Organization, he was able to attend games for free and became a "very big Giants fan".


title: Vin Scully

text: After serving in the United States Navy for two years, Scully began his career as a student broadcaster and journalist at Fordham University, where he majored in English. While at Fordham, he helped found its FM radio station WFUV (which now presents a Vin Scully Lifetime Achievement Award each year), was assistant sports editor for Volume 28 of "The Fordham Ram" his senior year, sang in a barbershop quartet, played center field for the Fordham Rams baseball team (wearing number 17), called radio broadcasts for Rams baseball, football, and basketball, earned a degree, and sent about 150 letters to stations along the Eastern seaboard. He received only one response, from CBS Radio affiliate WTOP in Washington, D.C., which hired him as a fill-in.


title: Vin Scully

text: Red Barber, the sports director of the CBS Radio Network, recruited Scully for its college football coverage. Scully impressed his boss with his coverage of a November 1949 University of Maryland versus Boston University football game from frigid Fenway Park in Boston, despite having to do so from the stadium roof. Expecting an enclosed press box, Scully had left his coat and gloves at his hotel, but never mentioned his discomfort on the air; the game proved an exciting affair that attracted Barber to ask him for further assignments. Barber mentored Scully, and Scully would follow Barber's advice on being an impartial announcer without blatant "homer" connections. When the Dodgers moved to Los Angeles, management had approached Scully about taking a pro-Dodger tone now that the team was the only one in its city (as the minor league Los Angeles teams had done) to which Scully responded weeks later by saying he would stick to objective and factual coverage.


title: Vin Scully

text: In 1950, Scully joined Barber and Connie Desmond in the Brooklyn Dodgers' radio and television booths, replacing Ernie Harwell after the latter departed for the crosstown Giants. When Barber got into a salary dispute with World Series sponsor Gillette prior to the 1953 World Series, Scully took Barber's spot in the NBC television booth, becoming the youngest person to broadcast a World Series (a record that stands to this day). After Barber subsequently left the Dodgers to work for the New York Yankees beginning in 1954, Scully became the team's principal announcer, working with Desmond (1954–56), André Baruch (1954–55), Al Helfer (1955–57), and Jerry Doggett (1957). Scully announced Dodgers games in Brooklyn until 1957, after which the club moved to Los Angeles. During that time, Dodgers broadcasts were heard over WMGM radio (1050) on the AM dial, as well as WOR-TV (channel 9) both in New York.


title: Vin Scully

text: Beginning with the 1958 season, Scully accompanied the Dodgers to their new location and quickly became popular in Southern California. During the Dodgers' first four seasons in Los Angeles, inexperienced baseball fans had difficulty following the action in the very large Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, and it soon became common for them to bring transistor radios to the games to hear Scully and Jerry Doggett describe the action, a practice that continued even after the team moved to the much smaller Dodger Stadium for the 1962 baseball season. Radio and television engineers often had difficulty compensating for the sound of Scully's play-by-play reverberating through the stands at Dodgers home games.


title: Vin Scully

text: In 1964, the New York Yankees offered Scully the job to replace the recently fired Mel Allen as their lead play-by-play announcer. Scully declined the offer and chose to remain with the Dodgers. By 1976, his popularity in Los Angeles had become such that Dodger fans voted him the "most memorable personality" in the history of the franchise.


title: Vin Scully

text: Before 1966, local announcers exclusively called the World Series. Typically, the Gillette Company, the Commissioner of Baseball and NBC television would choose the announcers, who would represent each of the teams that were in the World Series for the respective year. For the 1966 World Series, Curt Gowdy called half of each game before ceding the microphone to Vin Scully in Los Angeles, and Chuck Thompson in Baltimore. Scully was not satisfied with the arrangement as he said "What about the road? My fans won't be able to hear me." In Game 1 of the 1966 World Series, Scully called the first 4½ innings. When Gowdy inherited the announcing reins, Scully was so upset that he refused to say another word.


title: Vin Scully

text: Unlike the modern style in which multiple sportscasters have an on-air conversation (usually with one functioning as play-by-play announcer and another as color commentator), Scully and his broadcast partners Jerry Doggett (1956–87) and Ross Porter (1977–2004) each called their innings solo, rotating between radio and television, with Scully working the entire game except for the 3rd and 7th innings. When Doggett retired after the 1987 season, he was replaced by Hall-of-Fame Dodgers pitcher Don Drysdale, who previously broadcast games for the California Angels. Drysdale died in his hotel room following a heart attack before a game against the Montreal Expos in 1993, resulting in a very difficult broadcast for Scully and Porter, who were told of the death but could not mention it on-air until Drysdale's family had been notified and the official announcement of the death made. Scully announced the news of his death by saying, "Never have I been asked to make an announcement that hurts me as much as this one. And I say it to you as best I can with a broken heart." Former outfielder Rick Monday succeeded Drysdale in the Dodgers' broadcast crew.


title: Vin Scully

text: On August 28, 2015, the Dodgers announced—via a series of cue cards presented by comedian Jimmy Kimmel on the Dodger Stadium video board—that Scully would be back for the 2016 season, his 67th with the Dodgers. At a press conference August 29, Scully said 2016 would probably be his final year. "I mean, how much longer can you go on fooling people? So yeah, I would be saying, 'Dear God, if you give me next year, I will hang it up.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully's final regular season game broadcast from Dodger Stadium occurred on September 25, 2016 as the Dodgers defeated the Colorado Rockies 4-3 on a walk-off home run by Charlie Culberson to clinch the National League West Division title. His final game was broadcast from San Francisco's Oracle Park (formerly AT&T Park) on October 2, 2016.


title: Vin Scully

text: From 1975 to 1982, Scully announced National Football League telecasts for CBS Sports, teaming with several different color analysts including Sonny Jurgensen, Paul Hornung, Alex Hawkins, George Allen, Jim Brown, John Madden, and Hank Stram. Scully called Dwight Clark's touchdown catch in the on January 10, 1982, that put the San Francisco 49ers into Super Bowl XVI. It was the final NFL game he announced. "This was a hell of a game to quit doing football," he commented.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully also contributed to the network's tennis and PGA Tour golf coverage in the late 1970s and early 1980s, usually working the golf events with Pat Summerall, Ken Venturi, and Ben Wright. From 1975 to 1982, he was part of the team that covered the Masters Tournament for CBS. Scully's network commitments led to his working a reduced schedule with the Dodgers, who hired Ross Porter to cover for games that Scully couldn't call.


title: Vin Scully

text: In 1977, Scully began his first of two stints calling baseball for CBS Radio, broadcasting the All-Star Game through 1982 (usually paired with Brent Musburger) and the World Series from 1979 to 1982 (alongside Sparky Anderson).


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully decided to leave CBS in favor of a job calling baseball games for NBC (beginning in 1983) following a dispute over assignment prominence (according to CBS Sports producer Terry O'Neil, in the book "The Game Behind the Game"). CBS decided going into the 1981 NFL season that John Madden, whom CBS had hired in 1979 and who had called games alongside Frank Glieber and Gary Bender his first two years, was going to be the star color commentator of their NFL television coverage. But they had trouble figuring out who was going to be his play-by-play partner, since Scully was in a battle with CBS' lead play-by-play announcer Pat Summerall for the position. At the time Scully was the number two announcer for CBS, a position he had held since 1975, and was calling games alongside the former Kansas City Chiefs head coach Hank Stram, who had been promoted from CBS' number three broadcast team alongside Curt Gowdy.


title: Vin Scully

text: To resolve the situation, both Scully and Summerall were paired with Madden in four-week stretches, which coincided with each of their respective absences due to other engagements. While Summerall was away calling the US Open tennis tournament for CBS as he did every September, Scully called the first four weeks of the season alongside Madden. After that Scully went on to cover the National League Championship Series and World Series for CBS Radio, as he had done for the past few Octobers, and Summerall returned to the broadcast booth to work with Madden. Scully then teamed with Stram for the remainder of the NFL season.


title: Vin Scully

text: After the eighth week of the NFL season, CBS Sports decided that Summerall meshed more with Madden than Scully did and it named him to be the announcer who would call Super Bowl XVI for CBS on January 24, 1982, at the Pontiac Silverdome. An angry Scully, who felt that his intelligence had been insulted by the move, was assigned as a consolation prize that year's , which he called alongside Stram. Summerall took Stram's place alongside Jack Buck to call the game over CBS Radio.


title: Vin Scully

text: Outside of Southern California, Vin Scully is remembered as NBC television's lead baseball broadcaster from 1983 to 1989. Besides calling the Saturday "Game of the Week" for NBC, Scully called three World Series (1984, 1986, and 1988), four National League Championship Series (1983, 1985, 1987, and 1989), and four All-Star Games (1983, 1985, 1987, and 1989). Scully also reworked his Dodgers schedule during this period, broadcasting home games on the radio, and road games for the Dodgers television network, with Fridays and Saturdays off so he could work for NBC. During his stint at NBC, Scully provided the call for one of baseball's most memorable plays when Bill Buckner made a tenth-inning error in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series against the New York Mets. Scully also called Kirk Gibson's famous home run during Game 1 of the 1988 World Series.


title: Vin Scully

text: Teaming with Joe Garagiola (who was the full-time lead play-by-play man for NBC's baseball telecasts from 1976 to 1982 before converting into a color commentary role to work with Scully) for NBC telecasts (except in 1989, when he was paired with Tom Seaver after Garagiola left NBC Sports following the 1988 World Series due to a contract dispute), the pair were on hand for several key moments in baseball history: Fred Lynn hitting the first grand slam in All-Star Game history (1983); the 1984 Detroit Tigers winning the World Series (along the way, he called Tigers pitcher Jack Morris' no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox on April 7); Ozzie Smith's game-winning home run in Game 5 of the 1985 National League Championship Series; the New York Mets' miracle rally in Game 6 of the 1986 World Series; the 1987 All-Star Game in Oakland, which was deadlocked at 0–0 before Tim Raines broke up the scoreless tie with a triple in the top of the 13th inning; the first official night game in the history of Chicago's Wrigley Field (August 9, 1988); Kirk Gibson's game-winning home run in Game 1 of the 1988 World Series; and chatting with former President of the United States Ronald Reagan (who said to Scully, "I've been out of work for six months and maybe there's a future here.") in the booth during the 1989 All-Star Game in Anaheim as Bo Jackson hit a lead-off home run.


title: Vin Scully

text: On Saturday, June 3, 1989, Scully was doing the play-by-play for the NBC "Game of the Week" in St. Louis, where the Cardinals beat the Chicago Cubs in 10 innings. Meanwhile, the Dodgers were playing a series in Houston, where Scully flew to be on hand to call the Sunday game of the series. However, the Saturday night game between the teams was going into extra innings when Scully arrived in town, so he went to the Astrodome instead of his hotel. He picked up the play-by-play, helping to relieve the other Dodger announcers, who were doing both television and radio, and broadcast the final 13 innings (after already calling 10 innings in St. Louis), as the game went 22 innings. He broadcast 23 innings in one day in two different cities.


title: Vin Scully

text: Laryngitis prevented Scully from calling Game 2 of the 1989 National League Championship Series between the San Francisco Giants and Chicago Cubs. Bob Costas, who was working the American League Championship Series between Oakland and Toronto with Tony Kubek for NBC, was flown from Toronto to Chicago to fill in that evening (an off day for the ALCS). After the 1989 season, NBC (along with ABC, with whom NBC had shared baseball coverage since 1976), lost the television rights to cover Major League Baseball to CBS. For the first time since 1946, NBC would not televise baseball. In the aftermath, Scully said of NBC losing baseball, "It's a passing of a great American tradition. It is sad. I really and truly feel that. It will leave a vast window, to use a Washington word, where people will not get Major League Baseball and I think that's a tragedy."


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully also served as an announcer for NBC's PGA Tour golf coverage during his time at the network, usually teaming with Lee Trevino from 1983 to 1990.


title: Vin Scully

text: After the National League Championship Series in 1989, Scully's NBC contract was up and he left to focus primarily on his duties with the Dodgers. Scully also returned to being the national radio announcer for the World Series, since CBS Radio gave him the position that Jack Buck had vacated in order to become the primary announcer of CBS's television coverage of Major League Baseball. Scully's first assignment was the 1990 World Series and he remained in that role until 1997, working with Johnny Bench for the first four years and Jeff Torborg for the final three. After ESPN Radio acquired the World Series radio rights from CBS in 1998, Scully was offered a continued play-by-play role but declined. The final World Series game that Scully called was Game 7 of the 1997 World Series between the Florida Marlins and Cleveland Indians.


title: Vin Scully

text: From 1991 to 1996, Scully broadcast the annual golf Skins Game for ABC, having previously called the event for NBC from 1983 to 1989. He also called the Senior Skins Game for ABC from 1992 to 2000, as well as various golf events for TBS during this period. In 1999, Scully was the master of ceremonies for MasterCard's "Major League Baseball All-Century Team" before the start of Game 2 of the World Series.


title: Vin Scully

text: For health reasons, Scully no longer called most non-playoff games played east of Denver beginning around 2005. He missed most of the Dodgers' opening homestand of the 2012 MLB season (the first five out of six games) because of an illness, returning to the announcers' booth on April 15, 2012, which was the 65th anniversary of Jackie Robinson's breaking of the color barrier in baseball. It was only the second time that Scully had missed a Dodger Stadium home opener in his career with the team; the first time was when he was busy broadcasting the Masters golf tournament for CBS in 1977.


title: Vin Scully

text: As of his final season in 2016, Scully called approximately 100 games per season (all home games and select road games in San Francisco, San Diego, and Anaheim) for both flagship radio station KLAC and television outlet SportsNet LA. Scully was simulcast for the first three innings of each of his appearances, then announced the remaining innings only for the TV audience. If Scully was calling the game, Charley Steiner took over play-by-play on radio beginning with the fourth inning, with Rick Monday as color commentator. If Scully was not calling the game, either Joe Davis or Steiner would call the entire game on television with Orel Hershiser and Nomar Garciaparra on color commentary. while Monday, now doing play-play, joined Kevin Kennedy on radio.


title: Vin Scully

text: On January 31, 2016, Scully announced that he planned to retire from broadcasting after the conclusion of the 2016 season; his final game was the team's October 2 finale at San Francisco. Scully left open the possibility of calling postseason games (but not the World Series) if the Dodgers were to advance; in September, however, Scully stated that he would retire after the end of the regular season and not call postseason games because he did not want to "say goodbye 12 different times". Scully was assigned a total of six road games for the 2016 season: the opening game in San Diego, two games in Anaheim, and the entirety of the three-game regular-season closing series in San Francisco.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully was honored by the Dodgers during their September 23 home game against the Rockies, which featured a pre-game ceremony that paid tribute to his career. The ceremony included speeches by Commissioner of Baseball Rob Manfred, Sandy Koufax, Clayton Kershaw, Mayor Eric Garcetti, the team's Spanish play-by-play man Jaime Jarrín (who took over Scully's distinction as the longest-tenured broadcaster in 2017), Kevin Costner, and Scully himself. The team also unveiled that Kirk Gibson's 1988 World Series home run had been named the most memorable Vin Scully call in a fan vote.


title: Vin Scully

text: His final home game was on September 25, 2016, against the visiting Colorado Rockies. The Dodgers ended up winning on a 10th inning walk-off home run by Charlie Culberson and in doing so clinched the NL West Division title. The final broadcast of his career was the Dodgers' October 2 game at AT&T Park against the San Francisco Giants. Scully's commentary during his final game was simulcast in its entirety on radio, instead of only the first three innings. After the game, he offered a prayer and a final message:


title: Vin Scully

text: The following year, the Dodgers advanced to the World Series for the first time in 29 years. Despite many Dodgers fans petitioning Scully to come out of retirement, including Fox Sports announcer Joe Buck (who was quoted as saying, "I swear on my late father, to have Vin come do some of the series with us and in my place would be an honor"), Scully declined, preferring to keep a low profile and responding that "I've done enough of them." Scully did, however, take part in the first pitch ceremony prior to Game 2 with Steve Yeager and Fernando Valenzuela, teammates on the Dodgers team that won the 1981 World Series. In 2020, he was auctioning sports memorabilia in part to donate to neuromuscular research. After the Dodgers World Series win in 2020, it was announced that Scully would narrate the team's year-end championship documentary.


title: Vin Scully

text: In 1970, ABC Sports producer Roone Arledge tried to lure Scully to his network to call play-by-play for the then-new "Monday Night Football" games, but Scully's commitment to the Dodgers forced him to reject the offer.


title: Vin Scully

text: Besides his sportscasting work, Scully was the uncredited narrator for the short-lived NBC sitcom "Occasional Wife". Scully also co-hosted the Tournament of Roses Parade with Elizabeth Montgomery for ABC in 1967, served as the host for the NBC game show "It Takes Two" in 1969–70, and in 1973 hosted "The Vin Scully Show", a weekday afternoon talk-variety show on CBS. In 1977, he hosted the prime-time "Challenge of the Sexes" for CBS.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully was the announcer in the popular Sony PlayStation–exclusive "MLB" video game series by 989 Sports for a number of years. Scully retired from announcing for video games after "MLB 2005". Matt Vasgersian, Eric Karros, and Steve Lyons (and formerly Dave Campbell and Rex Hudler) took over as the lead announcers in the video game series, which was retitled "MLB: The Show". Scully appears as himself in the 1999 film "For Love of the Game", has a brief cameo (along with then-Dodgers partner Jerry Doggett) in the 1961 film "Bachelor in Paradise", appears as a CBS news reporter in the 1960 film "Wake Me When It's Over", provides the opening narration in the 1966 film "Fireball 500", and can be heard calling baseball games in the films "Experiment in Terror" (1962), "Zebra in the Kitchen" (1965), "The Party" (1968), and "The Bucket List" (2007), as well as in episodes of TV series including "General Electric Theater", "Alcoa Premiere", "Mister Ed", "The Joey Bishop Show", "The Fugitive", "Highway to Heaven", and "Brooklyn Bridge". The surname of the Dana Scully character on the television show "The X-Files" is an homage to Vin Scully, as the show's creator Chris Carter is a Dodgers fan; Scully himself can be heard calling a game in the Season 6 episode "The Unnatural".


title: Vin Scully

text: Harry Shearer has impersonated Scully in a sketch for "Saturday Night Live", and has used the voice for "The Simpsons" when the storyline includes the fictional team the Springfield Isotopes. San Francisco Giants broadcaster Jon Miller is known for his impersonation of Scully. Voice actor Chris Cox has appeared on the comedy podcast series "Sklarbro Country" as the character "Racist Vin Scully".


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully received the Ford Frick Award from the National Baseball Hall of Fame in 1982, and was honored with a Lifetime Achievement Emmy Award for sportscasting and induction into the National Radio Hall of Fame in 1995. The National Sports Media Association (formerly the National Sportscasters and Sportswriters Association) named Scully as National Sportscaster of the Year four times (1965, 1978, 1982, 2016) and California Sportscaster of the Year 33 times, and inducted him into its Hall of Fame in 1991. He was the 1992 Hall of Fame inductee of the American Sportscasters Association, which also named him Sportscaster of the Century (2000) and top sportscaster of all-time on its Top 50 list (2009). The California Sports Hall of Fame inducted Scully in 2008. Scully was inducted into the NAB Broadcasting Hall of Fame in 2009. On May 11, 2009, he was awarded the Ambassador Award of Excellence by the LA Sports & Entertainment Commission.


title: Vin Scully

text: On an episode of MLB Network's series "Prime 9", about the nine greatest baseball broadcasters of all-time, Scully was named No. 1.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6675 Hollywood Blvd. Since 2001, the press box at Dodger Stadium has been named for Scully, and a street within the team's former Dodgertown spring training facility in Vero Beach, Florida was named "Vin Scully Way".


title: Vin Scully

text: WFUV, the Fordham University radio station that Scully helped found, presents an annual Vin Scully Lifetime Achievement Award for sports broadcasting. Scully himself was the inaugural recipient of the award in 2008.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully served as the Grand Marshal for the 2014 Tournament of Roses Parade. Also, he participated aboard the Los Angeles Dodgers' 50th anniversary float in the 2008 Tournament of Roses Parade.


title: Vin Scully

text: On September 5, 2014, Bud Selig presented him with the Commissioner's Historic Achievement Award. He was the 14th recipient and (after Rachel Robinson) second non-player to receive the award, which was created to recognize accomplishments and contributions of historical significance to the game of baseball.


title: Vin Scully

text: Several honors were bestowed in 2016, Scully's final year. On January 29, the Los Angeles City Council voted unanimously to rename Elysian Park Avenue, which changed the address of Dodger Stadium to 1000 Vin Scully Ave. July 8 was dubbed "Vin Scully Day" by the acting governor of California, Kevin de León. During the pre-game ceremony on September 23, 2016, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti presented Vin Scully with the key to the city. On November 22, Scully received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the highest civilian honor given by the President of the United States.


title: Vin Scully

text: In 2017, Scully's commentary for the final Brooklyn Dodgers/New York Giants game in 1957 was selected for preservation in the National Recording Registry by the Library of Congress as being "culturally, historically, or artistically significant". Also in 2017, Scully won the Icon Award as part of that year's ESPY Awards ceremony.


title: Vin Scully

text: At Game 2 of the 2017 World Series, being played at Dodger Stadium, Scully participated in a pre-game ceremony; addressing the crowd over the PA system, he implied that he was about to throw the ceremonial first pitch, and introduced Steve Yeager to serve as a ceremonial catcher. However, Scully then claimed that he could not actually pitch because he had hurt his rotator cuff, resulting in him introducing the actual ceremonial pitcher, Fernando Valenzuela. Scully also uttered his famous introduction, "It's time for Dodger baseball!"


title: Vin Scully

text: In 1972, Scully's 35-year-old wife Joan Crawford died of an accidental medical overdose; the couple had been married for 15 years. In late 1973, he married Sandra Hunt, who had two children of her own, and they soon had a child together. Scully's eldest son, Michael, died in a helicopter crash at the age of 33 while working for the ARCO Transportation Company. He was inspecting oil pipelines for leaks near Fort Tejon, California, in the immediate aftermath of the 1994 Northridge earthquake.


title: Vin Scully

text: Although Michael's death still haunted him, Scully, a devout Roman Catholic, said in numerous interviews that he credited his religious faith and being able to dive back into his work with helping him ease the burden and grief from losing his wife and son. He encouraged devotion to the Virgin Mary, saying, "Her prayers are more powerful than those of the rest of heaven combined. No one was closer or more devoted to Christ on earth, so it only makes sense to see the same thing in heaven. Now, the Blessed Virgin seeks to help her spiritual children get home to spend eternity with her Son." In 2016, Scully narrated an audio recording of the Rosary for Catholic Athletes for Christ in which he recites the Rosary mysteries and leads a group of responders.


title: Vin Scully

text: An unauthorized biography of Scully, "Pull Up a Chair: The Vin Scully Story", written by Curt Smith, was published in 2009.


title: Vin Scully

text: In November 2017, Scully stated that he would "never watch another NFL game again," due to some of the league's players kneeling during the playing of the national anthem prior to games.


title: Vin Scully

text: Scully had four children, two stepchildren, 21 grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. He resided in Thousand Oaks, California, and attended St. Jude the Apostle Church in Westlake Village, California. Scully was a second cousin of the former Lord Mayor of Dublin, Mary Freehill.


title: Vin Scully

text: Vin and his second wife Sandra were married for 48 years until Sandra's death from amyotrophic lateral sclerosis on January 3, 2021.


title: Vin Scully

text: On August 2, 2022, Scully died at his home in Hidden Hills, California, at the age of 94. His funeral was held at St. Jude the Apostle Roman Catholic Church, in Westlake Village, California on August 8.


title: Graviton

text: In theories of quantum gravity, the graviton is the hypothetical quantum of gravity, an elementary particle that mediates the force of gravitational interaction. There is no complete quantum field theory of gravitons due to an outstanding mathematical problem with renormalization in general relativity. In string theory, believed by some to be a consistent theory of quantum gravity, the graviton is a massless state of a fundamental string.


title: Graviton

text: If it exists, the graviton is expected to be massless because the gravitational force has a very long range, and appears to propagate at the speed of light. The graviton must be a spin-2 boson because the source of gravitation is the stress–energy tensor, a second-order tensor (compared with electromagnetism's spin-1 photon, the source of which is the four-current, a first-order tensor). Additionally, it can be shown that any massless spin-2 field would give rise to a force indistinguishable from gravitation, because a massless spin-2 field would couple to the stress–energy tensor in the same way that gravitational interactions do. This result suggests that, if a massless spin-2 particle is discovered, it must be the graviton.


title: Graviton

text: It is hypothesized that gravitational interactions are mediated by an as yet undiscovered elementary particle, dubbed the "graviton". The three other known forces of nature are mediated by elementary particles: electromagnetism by the photon, the strong interaction by gluons, and the weak interaction by the W and Z bosons. All three of these forces appear to be accurately described by the Standard Model of particle physics. In the classical limit, a successful theory of gravitons would reduce to general relativity, which itself reduces to Newton's law of gravitation in the weak-field limit.


title: Graviton

text: The term graviton was originally coined in 1934 by Soviet physicists and F.M. Gal'perin. A mediation of the gravitational interaction by particles was anticipated by Pierre-Simon Laplace. Just like Newton's anticipation of photons, Laplace's anticipated "gravitons" had a greater speed than "c", the speed of gravitons expected in modern theories, and were not connected to quantum mechanics or special relativity, since these theories didn't yet exist during Laplace's lifetime.


title: Graviton

text: When describing graviton interactions, the classical theory of Feynman diagrams and semiclassical corrections such as one-loop diagrams behave normally. However, Feynman diagrams with at least two loops lead to ultraviolet divergences. These infinite results cannot be removed because quantized general relativity is not perturbatively renormalizable, unlike quantum electrodynamics and models such as the Yang–Mills theory. Therefore, incalculable answers are found from the perturbation method by which physicists calculate the probability of a particle to emit or absorb gravitons, and the theory loses predictive veracity. Those problems and the complementary approximation framework are grounds to show that a theory more unified than quantized general relativity is required to describe the behavior near the Planck scale.


title: Graviton

text: Like the force carriers of the other forces (see photon, gluon), gravitation plays a role in general relativity, in defining the spacetime in which events take place. In some descriptions energy modifies the "shape" of spacetime itself, and gravity is a result of this shape, an idea which at first glance may appear hard to match with the idea of a force acting between particles. Because the diffeomorphism invariance of the theory does not allow any particular space-time background to be singled out as the "true" space-time background, general relativity is said to be background-independent. In contrast, the Standard Model is "not" background-independent, with Minkowski space enjoying a special status as the fixed background space-time. A theory of quantum gravity is needed in order to reconcile these differences. Whether this theory should be background-independent is an open question. The answer to this question will determine our understanding of what specific role gravitation plays in the fate of the universe.


title: Graviton

text: String theory predicts the existence of gravitons and their well-defined interactions. A graviton in perturbative string theory is a closed string in a very particular low-energy vibrational state. The scattering of gravitons in string theory can also be computed from the correlation functions in conformal field theory, as dictated by the AdS/CFT correspondence, or from matrix theory.


title: Graviton

text: A feature of gravitons in string theory is that, as closed strings without endpoints, they would not be bound to branes and could move freely between them. If we live on a brane (as hypothesized by brane theories), this "leakage" of gravitons from the brane into higher-dimensional space could explain why gravitation is such a weak force, and gravitons from other branes adjacent to our own could provide a potential explanation for dark matter. However, if gravitons were to move completely freely between branes, this would dilute gravity too much, causing a violation of Newton's inverse-square law. To combat this, Lisa Randall found that a three-brane (such as ours) would have a gravitational pull of its own, preventing gravitons from drifting freely, possibly resulting in the diluted gravity we observe, while roughly maintaining Newton's inverse square law. See brane cosmology.


title: Graviton

text: A theory by Ahmed Farag Ali and Saurya Das adds quantum mechanical corrections (using Bohm trajectories) to general relativistic geodesics. If gravitons are given a small but non-zero mass, it could explain the cosmological constant without need for dark energy and solve the smallness problem. The theory received an Honorable Mention in the 2014 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation for


title: Graviton

text: explaining the smallness of cosmological constant. Also the theory received an Honorable Mention in the 2015 Essay Competition of the Gravity Research Foundation for naturally explaining the observed large-scale homogeneity and isotropy of the universe due to the proposed quantum corrections.


title: Graviton

text: While gravitons are presumed to be massless, they would still carry energy, as does any other quantum particle. Photon energy and gluon energy are also carried by massless particles. It is unclear which variables might determine graviton energy, the amount of energy carried by a single graviton.


title: Graviton

text: Alternatively, if gravitons are massive at all, the analysis of gravitational waves yielded a new upper bound on the mass of gravitons. The graviton's Compton wavelength is at least , or about 1.6 light-years, corresponding to a graviton mass of no more than . This relation between wavelength and mass-energy is calculated with the Planck–Einstein relation, the same formula that relates electromagnetic wavelength to photon energy. However, if gravitons are the quanta of gravitational waves, then the relation between wavelength and corresponding particle energy is fundamentally different for gravitons than for photons, since the Compton wavelength of the graviton is not equal to the gravitational-wave wavelength. Instead, the lower-bound graviton Compton wavelength is about times greater than the gravitational wavelength for the GW170104 event, which was ~ 1,700 km. The report did not elaborate on the source of this ratio. It is possible that gravitons are not the quanta of gravitational waves, or that the two phenomena are related in a different way.


title: Graviton

text: Unambiguous detection of individual gravitons, though not prohibited by any fundamental law, is impossible with any physically reasonable detector. The reason is the extremely low cross section for the interaction of gravitons with matter. For example, a detector with the mass of Jupiter and 100% efficiency, placed in close orbit around a neutron star, would only be expected to observe one graviton every 10 years, even under the most favorable conditions. It would be impossible to discriminate these events from the background of neutrinos, since the dimensions of the required neutrino shield would ensure collapse into a black hole.


title: Graviton

text: LIGO and Virgo collaborations' observations have directly detected gravitational waves. Others have postulated that graviton scattering yields gravitational waves as particle interactions yield coherent states. Although these experiments cannot detect individual gravitons, they might provide information about certain properties of the graviton. For example, if gravitational waves were observed to propagate slower than "c" (the speed of light in a vacuum), that would imply that the graviton has mass (however, gravitational waves must propagate slower than "c" in a region with non-zero mass density if they are to be detectable). Recent observations of gravitational waves have put an upper bound of on the graviton's mass. Astronomical observations of the kinematics of galaxies, especially the galaxy rotation problem and modified Newtonian dynamics, might point toward gravitons having non-zero mass.


title: Graviton

text: Most theories containing gravitons suffer from severe problems. Attempts to extend the Standard Model or other quantum field theories by adding gravitons run into serious theoretical difficulties at energies close to or above the Planck scale. This is because of infinities arising due to quantum effects; technically, gravitation is not renormalizable. Since classical general relativity and quantum mechanics seem to be incompatible at such energies, from a theoretical point of view, this situation is not tenable. One possible solution is to replace particles with strings. String theories are quantum theories of gravity in the sense that they reduce to classical general relativity plus field theory at low energies, but are fully quantum mechanical, contain a graviton, and are thought to be mathematically consistent.


title: Montpellier HSC

text: Montpellier Hérault Sport Club (), commonly referred to as Montpellier HSC or simply Montpellier, is a French professional football club based in the city of Montpellier in Occitanie. The original club was founded in 1919, while the current incarnation was founded through a merger in 1974. Montpellier currently plays in Ligue 1, the top level of French football and plays its home matches at the Stade de la Mosson, located within the city. The first team is managed by Olivier Dall'Oglio and captained by Teji Savanier.


title: Montpellier HSC

text: Montpellier is owned by Laurent Nicollin, the son of the late Louis Nicollin, a French entrepreneur, who had been owner since 1974. The club have produced several famous players in its history, most notably Laurent Blanc, who has served as manager of the France national team. Blanc is also the club's all-time leading goalscorer. Eric Cantona, Roger Milla, Carlos Valderrama and Olivier Giroud are other players who have played in Montpellier's colours. In 2001, Montpellier introduced a women's team.


title: Montpellier HSC

text: Montpellier was founded under the name Stade Olympique Montpelliérain (SOM) and played under the name for most of its existence. In 1989, after playing under various names, the club changed its name to its current form. Montpellier is one of the founding members of the first division of French football. Along with Marseille, Rennes and Nice, Montpellier is one of only a few clubs to have played in the inaugural 1932–33 season and is still playing in the first division. The club won Ligue 1 for the first time in the 2011–12 season. Montpellier's other honours to date include winning the Coupe de France in 1929 and 1990, and the UEFA Intertoto Cup in 1999.


title: Montpellier HSC

text: In the 2011–12 season, Montpellier won its first Ligue 1 title, finishing the season with 82 points, three points ahead of runners-up Paris Saint-Germain. On 20 May 2012, in a game marred by stoppages for crowd violence, John Utaka scored a brace to secure a 2–1 victory over Auxerre and win the Ligue 1 title for Montpellier. Olivier Giroud, who finished the season with 21 goals and 9 assists, was the league's top goal scorer. Despite being tied on goals with Paris Saint-Germain attacker Nenê, he was named the league's top scorer by the Ligue de Football Professionnel due to finishing with more goals in open play.


title: Harold Bloom

text: Harold Bloom (July 11, 1930 – October 14, 2019) was an American literary critic and the Sterling Professor of Humanities at Yale University. In 2017, Bloom was described as "probably the most famous literary critic in the English-speaking world." Following the publication of his first book in 1959, Bloom wrote more than 50 books, including over 40 books of literary criticism, several books discussing religion, and a novel. During his lifetime, he edited hundreds of anthologies concerning numerous literary and philosophical figures for the Chelsea House publishing firm. Bloom's books have been translated into more than 40 languages. Bloom was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1995.


title: Harold Bloom

text: Bloom was a defender of the traditional Western canon at a time when literary departments were focusing on what he derided as the "school of resentment" (multiculturalists, feminists, Marxists, and others). He was educated at Yale University, the University of Cambridge, and Cornell University.