title: Phil Murphy

text: With $19 million raised, of which $15 million was his own money, Murphy continued to spend the most of all the candidates; his spending was more than twice that of all the other Democratic and Republican candidates for governor combined. He also donated $1.5 million to the various county party organizations as well as to some candidates for local offices. Murphy captured the endorsement of the first major national figure to inject himself into the race, former Vice President Joe Biden. Additionally, he was endorsed by former Vice President Al Gore, which helped solidify Murphy's environmentalist credentials after some attacks on his role as a financier investing in fracking operations. He also had the fundraising support of wealthy entertainment figures Jon Bon Jovi and Whoopi Goldberg. Most, though not all, of the key labor unions in the state, also supported Murphy. Nevertheless, there was still a sense of apathy about the election on the part of the state's voters; as the "New York Times" stated shortly before the primary vote, "a majority of voters still say they 'don't know' who to vote for and are not doing much to find out."


title: Phil Murphy

text: Murphy won the June 6 primary decisively, with 48% of the vote. Johnson and Wisniewski finished second and third with 22% apiece, Lesniak got 5%, and scattered others less.


title: Phil Murphy

text: Murphy faced Guadagno, the Republican nominee, in the November general election. In that campaign Guadagno ran as a moderate, attempting to avoid association with both Christie, who held a record-low approval rating for a governor, and Donald Trump. Instead she sought to focus on Murphy's Goldman Sachs background.


title: Phil Murphy

text: On October 1, 2020, Murphy announced he would seek reelection, with Oliver as his running mate. He ran unopposed in the 2021 Democratic primary after two challengers were disqualified. He defeated Republican nominee Jack Ciattarelli in the general election. Murphy became New Jersey's first Democratic governor since Brendan Byrne to be reelected.


title: Phil Murphy

text: On January 16, 2018, Murphy was sworn in as the 56th governor of New Jersey at the Trenton War Memorial, succeeding Chris Christie.


title: Phil Murphy

text: In 2015, Murphy received an honorary degree from Hamilton College. In 2019, he received an honorary degree from Rutgers University.


title: Phil Murphy

text: Murphy first met his future wife, Tammy Snyder, in 1987 when they both worked at Goldman Sachs, but Murphy did not ask her out for another seven years. When he finally did, things progressed quickly: they became engaged 18 days later and were married within six months, in 1994.


title: Phil Murphy

text: Murphy and his wife have four children, three sons and a daughter. They live in Monmouth County in New Jersey. The children have been educated at Rumson Country Day School and Phillips Academy. Tammy Snyder Murphy has held a variety of financial, civic, and political positions as well as having been a homemaker.


title: Phil Murphy

text: Murphy and his wife are part owners of NJ/NY Gotham FC (formerly Sky Blue FC), a professional women's soccer team. In 2018, media outlets reported that the team was "plagued by poor housing, subpar facilities, and mismanagement."


title: Phil Murphy

text: On March 4, 2020, Murphy underwent surgery in New York City to remove cancerous tumors in his kidneys. He made a full recovery shortly afterward.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: Nicholas John Sirianni (born June 15, 1981) is an American football coach who is the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the offensive coordinator for the Indianapolis Colts from 2018 to 2020 and also served as an assistant coach for the San Diego/Los Angeles Chargers and Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: Sirianni is the son of Fran and Amy Sirianni. He is Italian-American. His father was the head coach at Southwestern Central High School, where Nick graduated in 1999.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: Sirianni played wide receiver at Division III Mount Union in Alliance, Ohio. A calf injury and compartment syndrome nearly ended his playing career as a sophomore. As a senior, he had 998 yards and 13 touchdowns and graduated with a degree in education.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: His leap to the NFL came in 2009 after getting an interview through a friend with new Chiefs head coach Todd Haley. Sirianni had gotten to know Haley from attending the same YMCA when Sirianni was in college and Haley was a wide receivers coach with the Chicago Bears. Haley hired Sirianni as the offensive quality control coach. Sirianni was retained under new coach Romeo Crennel and was promoted to wide receivers coach in Crennel's only season as the Chiefs head coach. Sirianni was not retained under new head coach Andy Reid.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: Sirianni joined the San Diego Chargers when Mike McCoy was hired as the team's head coach in . In 2014 he would become the team's quarterbacks coach and in 2016 their wide receivers coach also spending two years in that position.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: Sirianni joined the Indianapolis Colts to become the team's offensive coordinator in 2018 as a part of Frank Reich's staff. He had previously worked with Reich in San Diego.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: On January 24, 2021, Sirianni was hired to become the head coach of the Philadelphia Eagles after the firing of Doug Pederson.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: On September 12, 2021, Sirianni made his regular-season head coaching debut against the Atlanta Falcons and led the Eagles to a 32–6 win. He was placed into COVID protocols on December 22 after feeling symptomatic, and was cleared from them on December 25. Sirianni concluded his first season as head coach with a 9-8 record and a wild card berth, in which the Eagles lost 15–31 to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, who themselves would lose the following week. Sirianni became the third Eagles head coach to make the playoffs in their first year as head coach, joining Chip Kelly in 2013 and Ray Rhodes in 1995.


title: Nick Sirianni

text: He is married to Brett Sirianni; the two met when Nick was working for the Kansas City Chiefs. His father, Fran, and his brother Jay are both former head coaches of Southwestern Central High School, and his brother Mike Sirianni is the head coach at Washington & Jefferson College in Washington, PA. During an interview with Rich Eisen, Sirianni stated that he grew up a fan of the Pittsburgh Steelers.


title: Jalebi

text: Jalebi (, , , Urdu: جلیبی, , , , ), is a popular sweet snack in south and west Asia, Africa, and Mauritius. It goes by many names, including jilapi, zelepi, jilebi, jilipi, zulbia, jerry, mushabak, z’labia, or zalabia.


title: Jalebi

text: The south Asian variety is made by deep-frying maida flour (plain flour or all-purpose flour) batter in pretzel or circular shapes, which are then soaked in sugar syrup. Jalebi is eaten with curd or rabri (in North India) along with optional other flavors such as kewra (scented water).


title: Jalebi

text: In some west Asian cuisines, jalebi may consist of a yeast dough fried and then dipped in a syrup of honey and rose water. The North African dish of "Zalabia" uses a different batter and a syrup of honey (Arabic: "ʻasal") and rose water.


title: Jalebi

text: The origin of jalebi is unknown, however there is documented early history of a Middle Eastern variety known as zalabiyeh. The earliest known history of this food in Western Asia comes from the 10th century in the Arabic cookbook "Kitab al-Tabikh" (English: The Book of Dishes) by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq. In the 13th century Persia, a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi mentioned a similar dish.


title: Jalebi

text: According to the Hobson-Jobson (1903) historical dictionary, the word "jalebi" is derived from the Arabic word zulabiya, or the Persian zolbiya. In Pakistan, the clan leader of Jhelum, Tanvir Bin Uddin, played an influential role in its founding, claiming it to be optimal for energy levels


title: Jalebi

text: "Priyamkarnrpakatha", a work by the Jain author Jinasura, composed around 1450 CE, mentions jalebi in the context of a dinner held by a rich merchant. "Gunyagunabodhini", another Sanskrit work dating before 1600 CE, lists the ingredients and recipe of the dish; these are identical to the ones used to prepare the modern jalebi. According to the Indian ambassador Nagma Malik, jalebi might have started life in Turkey and then arrived in Tunisia long ago before making its way to India. Others claim that it was created by a musician during the reign of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid, Abdourrahman Ibnou Nafaâ Ziriab, who made a prolonged stop over in Tunisia while traveling from Baghdad to Andalusia.


title: Jalebi

text: It has been suggested that the American funnel cake is derived from the Arab and Persian cuisine, brought by German emigrants and called "Drechterkuche". The history of the invention and subsequent spread of this food thus remains open to interpretation and unresolved.


title: Jalebi

text: In India, it is known as "Jalebi" in Hindi. It is often served with sweetened condensed milk dish, rabri or eaten with kachori and vegetable curry in the northern part of the country. It is a popular snack in Kerala and a popular breakfast snack in Uttarakhand and Uttar Pradesh, equally popular as dessert at celebrations in other parts of the North India.


title: Jalebi

text: In Norman Chevers book, "A Manual of Medical Jurisprudence for India" (1870, page 178) mentions "jelabees" as a historical way of poisoning prisoners in India in the 1800s.


title: Jalebi

text: In Bangladesh, this sweet is called "Jilapi" in Standard Bengali or "Zilafi" in some places in eastern Bangladesh such as Sylhet and Chittagong, and it is broadly consumed as an essential iftar item or as a snack."JilapiI" is one of the core food items of Bangladeshi culture.


title: Jalebi

text: In Pakistan, jalebis are a popular dessert that are commonly consumed in households and in public events such as weddings or festivals. Tanvir bin Uddin had an influential role in this founding, claiming it to be optimal for energy levels.


title: Jalebi

text: In Nepal, it is known as "Jerry," a word derived from Jangiri and the Mughal Emperor Jahangir. People usually eat "Jerry" with "Swari", a very thin fried bread like Puri (food). It is often eaten in morning with Nepali Masala chiya.


title: Jalebi

text: "Pani Walalu" or "Undu Walalu" is a traditional sweet of Sri Lanka prepared by frying a type of doughnut, made by using undu flour and rice flour and soaking in kithul treacle.


title: Jalebi

text: It is known as (زولبیا) in Iran, although when translated into English, the spelling has alternatives and can include , , , , and others. In addition to being sweetened with honey and sugar, zoolbias in Iran is also flavoured with saffron or rose water. Often in Iran, zoolbia is served with Persian-style black tea alongside a similar dessert with a different "egg" shape, bamiyeh. These deserts are commonly served during Ramadan month as one of the main elements eaten after fasting.


title: Jalebi

text: In Iran, where it is known as "zolbiya", the sweet was traditionally given to the poor during Ramadan. A 10th century cookbook gives several recipes for "zulubiya". There are several surviving 13th century recipes for the sweetmeat, the most widely accepted being that mentioned in a cookbook by Muhammad bin Hasan al-Baghdadi.


title: Jalebi

text: "Zulbiya" or "zilviya" is one of the unique sweets of Ganja, one of the ancient cities of Azerbaijan. In the past, Zilviya was considered one of the main attributes of the Novruz in Ganja. Zilviya was usually cooked a few days before Novruz and served on the eve of the holiday. Just as each of the sweets and cookies placed on the table on the eve of holiday has a certain meaning in connection with Novruz, the round-shaped zilviyas, mostly baked in yellow and red, symbolized the equality of night and day on March 21.


title: Jalebi

text: Zalābiya or zalabia, zalabiya (زلابية) (Maghrebi Arabic: زلابية) are found in the Levant and other Western Asian countries, including the Arab countries of Yemen, Egypt, Syria, Lebanon, and Iraq.


title: Jalebi

text: These are fried dough foods, including types similar to doughnuts. Zalābiya are made from a batter composed of eggs, yeasted flour, and milk, and then cooked in oil. They are made by a zalbāni. Unlike "jalebi", the Western Asian variety may have a different shape, more like a free-form doughnut or a ball (but this is depending on the exact region and culture), and it may contain cinnamon, lemon, and powdered sugar. In Yemen, the manner of preparing the "zalabiyeh" differed from the variety of "jalebi" made in the Indian sub-continent, insofar that the Indian variety was dipped in syrup, to give to it a glaze-like finish, whereas the Yemeni variety of "zalabiyeh" was "made from a soft yeast bread [and] which is fried on both sides in deep oil. There are those who add to the dough black cumin for improved taste. They are eaten while they are still hot, while some have it as a practice to eat them with honey or with sugar."


title: Jalebi

text: "Zalābiyeh" is first mentioned in a 10th century Arabic cookbook by Ibn Sayyar al-Warraq, a book later translated by Nawal Nasrallah. Ernest A Hamwi, a Syrian immigrant to the United States, is believed to have used the Persian version "zalabia" as an early ice cream cone.


title: Jalebi

text: "Zlebia" or "zlabia" is a type of pastry eaten in parts of Northwest Africa, such as Algeria, Tunisia and Libya. Natural ingredients include flour, yeast, yoghurt, and sugar or honey. This is then mixed with water and commonly two seeds of cardamom (oil for the crackling).


title: Jalebi

text: "Mushabak" or "Mushabaka" is a popular food mainly in the Oromo region. It comes in different shapes and sizes and is usually bathed with sugar syrup or honey. "Mushabaka" is normally baked red. It is often served at celebrations and other social events.


title: Jalebi

text: In Mauritius, jalebi are known as "Gateau Moutaille"; they are of Indian origins. These are also found in Comoros.


title: Jalebi

text: Zalābiya mushabbaka are latticed fritters made in discs, balls and squares. They are dipped in clarified honey perfumed with rose water, musk and camphor. A recipe from a caliph's kitchen suggests milk, clarified butter, sugar and pepper to be added.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque () is located in Abu Dhabi, the capital city of the United Arab Emirates. The largest mosque in the country, it is the key place of worship for daily prayers. A smaller replica of the grand mosque exists in the Indonesian city of Solo.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The Grand Mosque was constructed between 1994 and 2007. The building complex measures approximately , covering an area of more than , excluding exterior landscaping and vehicle parking. The main axis of the building is rotated about 12° south of true west, aligning it in the direction of the Kaaba in Mecca, Saudi Arabia.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The project was launched by the late president of the United Arab Emirates (UAE), Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, who wanted to establish a structure that would unite the cultural diversity of the Islamic world with the historical and modern values of architecture and art. In 2004, Sheikh Zayed died and was buried in the courtyard of the mosque.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque Center (SZGMC) offices are located in the west minarets. SZGMC manages the day-to-day operations and serves as a center of learning and discovery through its educational cultural activities and visitor programs. The library, located in the northeast minaret, serves the community with classic books and publications addressing a range of Islamic subjects: sciences, civilization, calligraphy, the arts, and coins, including some rare publications. The collection comprises material in a broad range of languages, including Arabic, English, French, Italian, Spanish, German, and Korean. For two years running, it was voted the world's second favourite landmark by TripAdvisor.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The mosque's architect Yusef Abdelki took inspiration from a number of sources: the Abu al-Abbas al-Mursi Mosque in Alexandria, designed by Mario Rossi in the 1920s; the Badshahi Mosque in Lahore, Pakistan; and other references of Persian, Mughal, and Indo-Islamic architecture. The dome layout and floorplan of the mosque was inspired by the Badshahi Mosque. Its archways are quintessentially Moorish, and its minarets classically Arab.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: In a joint-venture between Italian contractors Impregilo and Rizzani de Eccher, more than 3,000 workers and 38 sub-contracting companies were conscripted in its construction. The mosque was completed under a second contract by a Joint Venture between ACC and Six Construct (part of Belgian company BESIX Group) between 2004 and 2007. Natural materials were chosen for much of its design and construction due to their long-lasting qualities, including marble stone, gold, semi-precious stones, crystals and ceramics. Artisans and materials came from many countries including India, Italy, Germany, Egypt, Turkey, Morocco, Pakistan, Malaysia, Iran, China, United Kingdom, New Zealand, North Macedonia and the UAE.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The mosque is large enough to accommodate over 40,100 worshippers, while the main prayer hall can hold over 7,000. There are two smaller prayer halls, with a capacity of 1,500 each, one of which is the women's prayer hall.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: There are four minarets on the four corners of the courtyard which rise about in height. The courtyard, with its floral design, measures about , and is considered to be the largest example of marble mosaic in the world.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: To compare, the King Faisal Mosque of Sharjah, formerly the largest mosque in Sharjah and country, measures .


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The carpet in the hall is considered by many to be the world's largest carpet made by Iran's Carpet Company and designed by Iranian artist Ali Khaliqi. This carpet measures , and was made by around 1,200-1,300 carpet knotters. The weight of this carpet is 35 ton and is predominantly made from wool (originating from New Zealand and Iran). There are 2,268,000,000 knots within the carpet and it took approximately two years to complete.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque has seven imported chandeliers from the company Faustig in Munich, Germany that incorporate millions of Swarovski crystals. The largest chandelier is the second largest known chandelier inside a mosque, the third largest in the world, and has a diameter and a height.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The pools along the arcades reflect the mosque's columns, which become illuminated at night. The unique lighting system was designed by lighting architects Speirs and Major Associates to reflect the phases of the moon. Beautiful bluish gray clouds are projected in lights onto the external walls and get brighter and darker according to the phase of the moon.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The 96 columns in the main prayer hall are clad with marble and inlaid with mother of pearl, one of the few places where one can see this craftsmanship.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: The 99 names (qualities or attributes) of God (Allah) are featured on the Qibla wall in traditional Kufic calligraphy, designed by the prominent UAE calligrapher — Mohammed Mandi Al Tamimi. The Qibla wall also features subtle fibre-optic lighting, which is integrated as part of the organic design.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: In total, three calligraphy styles — Naskhi, Thuluth and Kufic — are used throughout the mosque and were drafted by Mohammed Mandi Al Tamimi of the UAE, Farouk Haddad of Syria and Mohammed Allam of Jordan.


title: Sheikh Zayed Grand Mosque

text: In 2013, US-based singer Rihanna received negative criticism for taking photographs with the mosque in the background during a private visit. During the incident she was reported to have posed in a manner deemed offensive and provocative. Staff asked her to leave following the incident.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Amazing Race is an adventure reality game show franchise in which teams of two people race around the world in competition with other teams. The "Race" is split into legs, with teams tasked to deduce clues, navigate themselves in foreign areas, interact with locals, and perform physical and mental challenges that often highlight aspects of a location's culture, history, or economy. Over the course of the "Race", teams travel by airplanes, helicopters, trucks, bicycles, taxicabs, cars, trains, buses, boats and by foot. Teams are progressively eliminated at the end of most legs for being the last to arrive at designated Pit Stops, until only three remain. The first team to arrive at the finish line is awarded the grand prize.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Created by Elise Doganieri and Bertram van Munster, the original series has aired in the United States since 2001 and has earned thirteen Primetime Emmy Awards, ten of them for "Outstanding Reality-Competition Program". Emmy-award-winning New Zealand television personality Phil Keoghan has been the host of the American version of the show since its inception. The show has branched out to include a number of international versions following a similar format.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Each race depicted in "The Amazing Race" is broken up into a number of legs – 10 to 13 in the original American version. In each leg, teams leave the Pit Stop of the previous leg and travel to a different location, where they perform two or more tasks – often including one Detour and one Roadblock – before being given instructions to go to the next Pit Stop. It is every team's goal to complete each leg as quickly as possible, as the first team to check in at the Pit Stop will often win a prize; the prizes have included all-expenses-paid trips, new cars or other vehicles, money, entertainment provided during the Pit Stop, and advantages to be used later in the race (see Express Pass, Salvage Pass, and Double Your Money). The last team to arrive at the Pit Stop will often be eliminated from the competition, but occasionally the team is allowed to continue racing, though they will be given a race-imposed disadvantage in the next leg (see Non-elimination legs). When teams are otherwise not performing tasks or traveling during a leg, they are free to use their time as they see fit, although they will often resort to eating cheaply or sleeping outside a location to save their "Race" money.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Typically, each cycle of the "Race" features eleven teams, each composed of two people with a pre-existing relationship. Examples include dating, engaged, married, and divorced couples; siblings; parents and their children; lifelong friends; sports team colleagues; and co-workers. Original "Race" rules required that teammates have had a pre-existing relationship of more than three years, and no previous acquaintances with other racers during that cycle. Individual racers must be of a specific nationality and meet specific age requirements; this is necessary to allow teams to obtain the necessary passport documentation to travel across the world without incident.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The team format has varied in some seasons. Five seasons featured 12 teams of two rather than the standard 11, while the "Family Edition" featured ten teams of four racers, some of whom were young children. Seasons 26 and 29 included teams made up of people who met for the first time just prior to the start of the race. Some formats featured as few as eight (as seen in the Chinese celebrity edition) or as many as 14 (fourth and fifth seasons of the Israeli version), 16 (fifth Australian season), or 20 (sixth Australian season) teams.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Normally unseen, a two-person audio and video production crew accompanies every team, recording them as they race. Generally, teams may not travel without their production crew, who are switched among teams after each leg to avoid biases from developing.


title: The Amazing Race

text: At the beginning of each leg, each team receives a cash allowance with their first clue, from which they must cover all expenses (food, transportation, lodging, attraction admission, and supplies) except for airfare, which is covered by a production-provided credit card (in the eighth season, this card could also be used to purchase gasoline). Allowance money is usually given in the same currency as the show's nation regardless of location; American seasons of "The Amazing Race" usually provide racers with U.S. dollars, (although in one exception, teams were given Vietnamese đồng at the start of a leg in Vietnam). The amount of money varies from leg to leg, and has ranged from hundreds of dollars to nothing. The teams are allowed to keep any unused money for future legs, barring certain penalties for finishing last.


title: The Amazing Race

text: If team members spend all of their money or have it taken away in a non-elimination leg, they may then attempt to obtain more money in any way that does not violate local laws; this includes borrowing money from other teams, begging from locals (except for some countries, where begging is illegal), or selling their possessions. Since Season Seven, teams have been prevented from begging at United States airports, and teams may not use their personal possessions to barter payment for services.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Teams have reported on the existence of an emergency fund of approximately $200 that is carried by their crew and can only be used in extreme circumstances, but generally not as a means to pay for any activity related to the race. However, neither the exact amount nor the specific circumstances when it can be used have been confirmed.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Route markers are uniquely-colored flags that mark the places where teams must go. Most route markers are attached to the boxes that contain clue envelopes, but some may mark the places where the teams must go in order to complete tasks, or may be used to line courses that the teams must follow.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The route markers used in the inaugural American season were colored yellow and white (it was later used as one of the three color schemes in the Norwegian version). They were changed to yellow and red in the second American season, and this has remained the standard color scheme since. Occasionally, different color schemes are adopted for certain legs, seasons, or versions of the race.


title: The Amazing Race

text: When teams start a leg, arrive at route markers, or complete tasks, they normally receive a letter-sized tear-away envelope that contains their next clue inside a vertical-fold folder. The envelopes are usually yellow, but in the first two seasons of the Latin American version, the envelopes are blue. The clues themselves are typically printed on a vertical strip of paper, although additional information is often provided inside the clue folder. After retrieving the clue, teams open the envelope and must read aloud the instructions given on the clue sheet, then follow those instructions. Teams are generally required to collect every clue during each leg and keep that information with them until they reach the next Pit Stop, surrendering them once they have checked in. Teams may not take an additional clue from the clue box should they lose their first one; teams who do so are assessed a penalty. Teams are not directly penalized for misplacing their clue but will lose time either searching for it or trying to learn from other teams of where to go next.


title: The Amazing Race

text: At route markers, clue envelopes are placed inside a box mounted to the marker. In early seasons, the box contained exactly the number of clues for teams on that leg, allowing teams to indirectly determine their current placement in the leg by counting envelopes. In more recent seasons, extra envelopes are left in clue boxes to prevent this from occurring.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In some cases, clues – most often of the Route Information type – have been provided by more unorthodox means, such as in an advertisement in a local newspaper or on some item related to the task just performed. A common unorthodox means in the American version is to place the clue at the bottom of the Roaming Gnome, the mascot of Travelocity, the former sponsor of the American version.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Route Information clues usually instruct the teams where to go next. Such a clue often provides only the name of the team's next destination; it is up to the teams to figure out how to get there. The destination may be given in a cryptic manner, such as a flag representing the country whose capital they are to fly to, or an obfuscation such as the "westernmost point in mainland Europe". In these cases, teams may use any resources, such as the help of locals or borrowing an Internet-connected device, to deduce the required destination.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Route Information clues will sometimes specify one or more modes of transportation that teams must take. This may include prearranged travel or for charter flights, buses, or boats to more remote locations. Teams may also be provided with a rented vehicle and will be required to navigate themselves with it until further notice. Route Information clues may also restrict teams to specific modes of transport, such as requiring them to walk to their next destination. Teams who fail to follow travel instructions will usually be required to go back and follow them correctly if possible, or else they will receive a penalty at the next Pit Stop (see Penalties and time credits). If no mode of transport is specified, teams are free to use any option available excluding private vehicles.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A Detour presents the team with a choice between two tasks, one of which must be completed before the team is allowed to continue. The two tasks are named, often based on rhymes, puns or wordplay - such as "Plow" / "Fowl" to differentiate between a task involving plowing against a task involving corralling ducks. Teams are given several details about both tasks but may need to travel a short distance by foot or car to the different task locations. The two tasks generally involve different skills, often pairing physically demanding or fear-challenging tasks alongside tasks that rely on intelligence or craftsmanship. The decision about which task to attempt lies solely with the team, though due to logistical constraints some Detour options may impose additional limits, such as how many teams may attempt one of the tasks at one time, or the hours when a task may be available. A team may switch tasks as often as they wish with no penalty other than the time lost in attempting the tasks and travelling between task locations. In some Detours, teams that arrived at one of the tasks could not switch. Unless otherwise instructed, teams can work together to finish a Detour option. Once a team has completed one of the tasks, they are given a clue to their next location. A team that is unable to complete either Detour option or opts to quit the Detour will incur a six-hour penalty (24 hours in earlier seasons).


title: The Amazing Race

text: Occasionally, there may be a twist to the Detour format. Season 25 introduced a "Blind Detour", where competitors were only given the names and locations of the tasks (in some Blind Detours, the tasks will only be named "This" or "That", further reducing the information available). Season 26 featured a "Roulette Detour", where the Detour choice was determined by a spin of a roulette wheel, with Red leading to one task and Black leading to the other. The seventh Canadian season introduced a "One Way" twist that forces a team to perform a specified Detour task.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A Roadblock is a task that only one team member may perform. A Roadblock clue is given as a cryptic question, such as ""Who's really hungry?"" (leading to a task involving exotic food) or ""Who wants to get down and dirty?"" (for a task related to laundry). Based on this information and observation of any other racers at the task, the team must declare which member will complete the task before reading the full task description. Once a team announces its decision of who will complete the Roadblock, it cannot be changed or taken back. The Roadblock task is performed by only the selected racer while his or her partner waits in a designated area, although the partner is sometimes able to supply words of encouragement and advice. Unless directed by the task instructions, the selected racer may gain help from other racers that have been selected to do the Roadblock or from locals. Some Roadblocks may involve the non-selected racer, such as leading a camel his or her partner rides, or helping his or her partner solve a puzzle. On completing the Roadblock, the selected racer receives their next clue, at which point they may return to their partner and continue on. If a racer is unable to complete a Roadblock, or opts to quit a Roadblock, the team must take a four-hour penalty, which either starts when the next team arrives at the Roadblock, or if all teams are present, when they reach the Pit Stop for that leg. In Seasons 7, 15 and 31 and some foreign versions of the show however, the four-hour penalty was served at the Roadblock location and ended before they could continue racing. Some legs feature two Roadblocks, each of which must be completed by different teammates.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Through the first five seasons, there was no limit on the number of Roadblocks that a single team member could perform throughout the race. In practice, this often led to one team member performing the majority of Roadblocks during the race (the male member of co-ed teams performed most of the Roadblocks in such cases). The rule has changed in Season 6, teams have been limited in the number of Roadblocks each teammate may do over the course of a race, effectively making both racers complete about an equal number of Roadblocks, where it has become a traditional norm in subsequent seasons, as well as all international versions.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A Fast Forward is an optional task that, once completed, allows the team that completes it to bypass all remaining tasks in the leg and proceed directly to the Pit Stop. The Fast Forward clue is given with another task clue and is a separate task from the others. Only one team may complete a Fast Forward in any given leg, and a team generally may claim only one Fast Forward in the entire race, though Fast Forwards claimed with the Intersection do not count towards this limit. Teams that win a Fast Forward pass are not guaranteed a first-place finish for that leg and still face elimination if they arrive at the Pit Stop last. Multiple teams may attempt Fast Forward tasks, but only the first team to complete the task may claim the pass; all other teams must return to the main course and complete the leg as normal.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Fast Forwards were initially offered on every leg of the "Race", excluding the final leg. To reduce costs of production involved with unused Fast Forward tasks, the number of Fast Forwards available was reduced to two on each "Race" starting in Season Five, and then down to one in Season 14, or in Season 20, where three Fast Forwards were offered.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Season 18 and Season 19 were the seasons to not feature the Fast Forward for the first time, it was absent again in Season 24, it was absent yet again in Season 26, it was absent once again in Season 28, and it has not been featured since Season 30. However, it is still available in some foreign versions.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Besides clues, teams may encounter the following obstacles, which could affect their placements in a leg:


title: The Amazing Race

text: First introduced in Season 15, the Starting Line Task forces teams to complete a nearby challenge before receiving the clue to their first international destination. Often, the challenge merely determines which teams will receive the right to take the quickest flight; on several occasions, the last team to finish received a penalty to be served later in the race, or in some cases, was immediately eliminated from the race altogether (see Unusual eliminations).


title: The Amazing Race

text: In "The Amazing Race Australia v New Zealand", the two nations' teams were pitted against each other in a game of tug of war, with the winning nation's teams given a ten-minute head start.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In the fourth and fifth seasons of the Israeli version, the 14 teams were divided into two groups of seven on the first leg; each group began the "Race" at separate Starting lines, and had separate tasks to complete before reaching the Pit Stop, where the last-place teams in each group were eliminated. The remaining teams were merged at the start of the second leg, at which point the race returned to its standard format. This twist was used again in the sixth Australian season, but unlike the two aforementioned Israeli seasons, it has been separated into two legs with the 20 teams divided into two groups of ten for each leg.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Yield, introduced in Season Five, allows any one team to force another team to stop racing for a predetermined amount of time. The Yield marker is placed just before a route marker, and teams are required to stop at it and declare their intentions to employ or decline the Yield. A team choosing to use a Yield must stick a photo of the yielded team on the Yield marker, as well as a smaller photo of themselves onto an attached section labeled "Courtesy of". When a team who has been yielded arrives at the marker, they must turn over an hourglass and wait for the sand to drain before they are allowed to continue on to the next route marker. Similar to the Fast Forward, a team may use its Yield power only once on the race, and only one team may be yielded at each marker, although a team may be yielded multiple times during the same race. If a team loses its "Courtesy of" photo, they also lose their Yield power. If a team yields a team that has already passed the marker, the Yield is nullified.


title: The Amazing Race

text: When the Yield was introduced, teams would not be warned of any upcoming Yields. Beginning in Season Six, teams were given warning ("Caution, Yield Ahead!") in the preceding clue that a Yield marker was just ahead. Teams were given opportunities to yield on all but the final leg of Season Five; opportunities were reduced in subsequent seasons until the Yield was replaced by a similar obstacle: the U-Turn. While the Yield was not a presence in the American "Race" for twenty seasons, they are still used within foreign versions, later made a return to the American version in Season 32 and has not been featured since Season 33.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Introduced in the eighth season of the Canadian version, the Pass is essentially a variation on the Yield, where a team can elect to force another team to stop racing for an undetermined amount of time, and wait to be passed by a third team before they can continue racing. Unlike the Yield, the waiting time for the Pass is indeterminate and the Pass is nullified if used on the team currently in last place.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The U-Turn, introduced in the 12th American season, allows a team to force another team to complete both Detour tasks in the leg. Similar to the Yield, a U-Turn marker board is placed on the route either immediately before or immediately after the Detour on certain legs and teams must pause at the marker to declare their intentions to employ or decline the U-Turn before continuing. The team choosing to U-Turn must stick a photo of the U-Turned team on the U-Turn marker, as well as a smaller photo of themselves onto an attached section labelled "Courtesy of". A team generally may exercise their U-Turn power once throughout the race, though in the 29th American season and the Canadian version, there is no limit on how many times a team could use a U-Turn. If a U-Turned team is in possession of an Express Pass, they may use it to skip one – but not both – of the Detour tasks. If a team U-Turns a team which has already passed the marker, the U-Turn is nullified. As seen in the third Israeli season, one leg had two Detours and a U-Turn and the team who were subjected to the U-Turn was required to complete both Detours applicable for the first U-Turn only. The 32nd American season to date was the last season in the American series to feature a U-Turn. However, it has still been featured in the Australian version.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Introduced in the seventh season of the Canadian version, the One Way is a variation of the U-Turn that can elect a team to force another team to do a specific task.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Intersection, introduced in Season 10, requires each team to pair up with one other team; the two teams are to perform all tasks and make decisions together until further notice. Both teams must choose the same Detour option, and if a Fast Forward is offered, both teams may claim credit. During Roadblocks, each team must contribute a team member to do the task.


title: The Amazing Race

text: When a team arrives at the Intersection marker and no other team is already waiting, it must wait there until another team arrives. A team may opt not to partner with a particular team, though it must then wait for another team to arrive. Teams are free to choose their partner team if multiple teams are present. In the second and third seasons of the Chinese celebrity edition, teams voted for the team they wished to pair with.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Seasons 12, 13, 14 and 15 were the seasons to not include an Intersection for the first time, and it has not been featured since Season 17. However, it is still available in some foreign versions.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Head-to-Head forces teams to compete against each other one-on-one in a specific task. The winning team is given the next clue (or is allowed to check in at the nearby Pit Stop), while the losing team(s) must wait for the next team's arrival to start the task over. In one variation, the head-to-head appears in the middle of a leg, and the team that loses the last round will often receive a penalty – most often a predetermined time penalty – before receiving the next clue. In another variation, introduced in Season 30, the head-to-head was placed immediately before the Pit Stop, with winning teams allowed to check in; the last two remaining teams will then battle it out, with the losing team declared to be in last place, and the head-to-head has not been featured since Season 32. This was first introduced in the second Latin American season and the second Norwegian season as the "Intersection" (not to be confused with the collaborative obstacle outlined above), and it has appeared in other versions under different names, including "Double Battle" (Israeli version), "Versus" (first and second seasons of the Chinese celebrity edition), "Face Off" (third and fourth seasons of the Chinese celebrity edition and the Canadian version) and "Duel" (Philippine version).


title: The Amazing Race

text: Occasionally, teams will be forced to team up to compete against other paired up teams – this can either be for a single challenge or an entire leg. The "T-Junction" name comes from the twist that was intended to be introduced on the fifth Australian season, but earlier seasons featured similar twists.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The first instance of this was "The Amazing Race Australia v New Zealand", where teams occasionally competed in "Nation vs Nation" challenges – teaming up with teams from their country in a challenge against teams from the other country.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Another variation of the twist was used on the second and third seasons of the Chinese celebrity edition. This twist titled "Intersection with Integration Versus" in the second season and "Combined Intersection and Face Off" in the third season forced the four remaining teams to pair up as in the Intersection. Within each pair, the two teams would face off in a best-of-five series of challenges over the course of the leg; the two teams who finished best in each pair are declared tied for first place in the leg; the two losing teams face off in a final challenge, with the losing team declared the last-place team.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The fifth Australian season, which intended to feature the T-Junction had teams to join up to form two super-teams and perform all tasks in one leg as a group. The first team to reach the T-Junction would determine who would be in which super-team. The second super-team to check into the Pit Stop would then have to decide which pair from their super-team to eliminate from the race.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Hazard, only seen in Season 19 to date, is a penalty task that must be performed by the team who came in last at the starting line task, similar to the Speed Bump.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A Switchback is a challenge in which teams encounter a task from a previous season that was markedly difficult or memorable. The Switchback is associated with the same country or city as the original task, and often done at the same specific location. For example, the first Switchback in Season 15 recreated a hay-rolling Roadblock from Season Six's visit to Sweden; and a Switchback in Season 27 forced teams to free fall into the Batoka Gorge and swing above the Zambezi River, as was done in the first leg of the inaugural season. Other than making note of the noteworthiness of the challenge, the Switchback did not affect the game mechanics of the race.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Some versions of the show may introduce new racers part-way into the race. The first instance of such a twist was the "Invasion" twist on the second season of the Chinese celebrity edition, where intruder teams had the opportunity to enter the competition mid-season should they finish a leg with a sufficiently high placement as pre-determined. If the invasion was successful, they would be allowed to continue in the race and the last placing original team of the original teams would be eliminated. If the invasion was not successful, the new team would be eliminated regardless of the placement and the remaining teams would all continue onto the next leg. This twist was not used in later seasons of the Chinese celebrity edition, except for a team arriving on the second leg of the fourth season of the Chinese celebrity edition due to prior commitments. The first leg was a non-elimination round to account for this late arrival. Additionally, this late arrival team did not have to achieve a particular placement.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The fifth Australian season also featured new racers mid-race, calling them "Stowaway Teams". The "Stowaway Team" did not have to achieve a particular placement in their debut leg, they simply arrived and were treated like normal racers (with a last-place check-in eliminating the team).


title: The Amazing Race

text: A similar game-mechanic was used in the fifth Australian season, the 33rd American season and the fourth leg of the eighth Canadian season to re-introduce the most recently eliminated teams to account for the unexpected withdrawal of racing teams. In the fifth Australian season, this was because one team had mental health reasons. In the 33rd American season, this was because four teams had extenuating circumstances (work, American work visa expiry, pregnancy and a funeral) following a 19-month hiatus caused by the COVID-19 pandemic. Additionally, the two returning teams from that season were given a Speed Bump task as penalty for returning following their elimination (however, this task went unaired in the episode). And in the fourth leg of the eighth Canadian season, this was because three teams tested positive for COVID-19. Additionally like the 33rd American season, there was a Speed Bump task given the two returning teams from that season. This was later used in the sixth leg of the eighth Canadian season to reintroduce the teams that tested positive for COVID-19, but have recovered shortly after. Those teams had to complete an On Ramp task to get back into the race, with the last team being eliminated. The sixth Australian season reintroduced the teams that recovered from COVID-19 as well, and those had to complete a Speed Bump aspect on the leg in which they return.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The partner swap, only seen in the 30th American season to date, requires teams to swap partners for the remainder of a leg, then reuniting at the Pit Stop.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Some seasons have included one or more double-length legs where teams complete two sets of tasks (usually a second Roadblock and second Detour challenge, as well as other Route Info challenges) before arriving at the next Pit Stop, and airs as two episodes on the show. Usually, teams will be led to the show's host with a clue that implies that a Pit Stop is ahead, but are surprised as they are not checked in at a Pit Stop but instead are given a clue to continue racing.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Double-length legs were born out of necessity during season six. The sixth leg in Hungary was initially planned as two legs, with the first leg being a non-elimination leg; however, producers later discovered during the race that begging is illegal in Hungary, which would have made it nearly impossible for the last place team to acquire the money needed to continue in the race (per the non-elimination penalty used at the time, would have stripped them of their travel money and start the following leg with no money). The producers quickly devised the extended leg to mimic the effects of a non-elimination leg (by keeping the same number of teams in the race and allow for the same number of episodes to still be produced), and using a simple video message clue to provide teams the goal for the first task of the second half of the leg.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A variant of this introduced in Season 18 is the no-rest leg (or called the "marathon leg" in the Australian version), also known as the "continue racing" leg, in which teams are checked in at a Pit Stop as normal, after which they are told that the next leg is to begin immediately and are handed their next clue. Typically all teams can continue racing onto the next leg at a no-rest Pit Stop. Usually, in both cases, teams who arrived first at a midpoint or Pit Stop first are not awarded a prize, nor facing elimination or a non-elimination penalty if they came last, except a few cases whereas a team is eliminated during this point of the leg (see Unusual eliminations).


title: The Amazing Race

text: Another variant of this introduced in Season 32 is the mega leg, in which the number of Roadblocks and Detours and the distance are doubled. Unlike the double-length leg and the no-rest leg, there is no Pit Stop in the middle of the leg.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Introduced in the 32nd American season, teams complete a series of tasks while racing in the city before returning to the starting point, doubling as the leg's Pit Stop. All the tasks involved in the sprint do not contain any Detours or Roadblocks.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Introduced in the 34th American season, the Scramble is an obstacle where teams are informed of the leg's tasks at the start of the leg and can perform them in any order. Completing each task gives a portion of the clue that reveals the location of their ultimate destination.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Pit Stop is the final destination in each leg. Once teams have arrived there and checked in, they are given lodging (which can range from simple accommodations such as tents or cots to complete hotel service) and food free of charge as they wait for the next leg to begin. Teams will also give interviews with the production team to describe their activities from the last leg; this is interspersed during episode footage of that leg on the subsequent broadcast. Teams are generally sequestered to the lodgings but may otherwise use their time freely. In early seasons, teams were allowed to socialize with each other at Pit Stops, but between Season 14 and Season 25, teams were sequestered from each other, and often would not learn of the previous elimination until they saw other teams on the next leg. Following Season 25, teams have occasionally been allowed to mingle with other teams during Pit Stops.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Pit Start is the first destination where teams start each leg. Originally, teams would start the leg exactly 12 hours after the moment they reached the previous leg's Pit Stop mat – before accounting for any time credits or penalties accrued in the previous leg. These breaks could be extended by 24-hour increments as needed as to appear 12 hours long during the broadcast. In more recent seasons, time lengths have varied to avoid teams loitering in airports or other areas. Teams are responsible for being ready to leave at the correct time, and no time credit is given should they miss their departure time due to factors such as oversleeping. Due to restrictions of traveling during the COVID-19 pandemic in the 33rd American season's start from the fifth leg, the teams start the subsequent leg by a group (if the race were go to another country, the teams fly together by chartered plane, and start the leg when they arrive at the destination country). Each group consists of two to four teams and are separated by two or three groups (or three or four if the last leg was the non-elimination leg, with one team who was saved from elimination will start singled-out in the final departure group). Each group will start the subsequent leg by 15-minute intervals.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In each race, a number of legs are predetermined "non-elimination legs", where the last team to check in is not eliminated. Up through the fourth American season, there was no penalty for finishing last on a non-elimination leg. The fourth, fifth, sixth, and eighth Israeli seasons, the French version, the second Philippine season and the sixth Australian season also lacked penalties for non-elimination legs, as did some non-elimination legs on fifth Australian season. While there were plans for the 34th American season to exclude non-elimination legs for the first time in the franchise history, such an idea was in jeopardy due to a positive COVID-19 test from one of the remaining teams. Beginning with the fifth American season, teams who finish in last place in a non-elimination leg are subjected to a penalty in the following leg, usually one of the following:


title: The Amazing Race

text: Other international versions of the "Race" had different non-elimination penalties that issued to the last-placed teams:


title: The Amazing Race

text: There have been many eliminations which have been unusual, which may involve a team being eliminated outside a Pit Stop or more than one team being eliminated.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The winners of most legs of the race typically receive a prize (usually from the show's sponsors as a form of Product placement) for the team to enjoy after the race. However, occasionally, the first arriving team will win an advantage to assist them in the race. These gameplay prizes can also be awarded for completing additionally optional tasks.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Express Pass, introduced in the 17th American season, allows the team who possesses it to skip one task of the team's choosing. It is usually awarded as a prize to the first-place team in earlier legs, though occasionally, it is awarded through other mechanics, such as being given to the first team to complete a task, by forcing a team to give a pass to another team of their choosing before a certain leg, or even by random. The choice of which task to skip is at the team's discretion, but if the team with the pass is eliminated or the pass is not used by a specific point, the team must give the pass to the host at the Pit Stop. The twist of the Express Pass called Double Express Pass was featured from the 22nd to 24th American seasons, which the team that wins this reward must give the second Express Pass to other teams, with the remainder was kept by the winner as usual. A variation of the Double Express Pass was used in the 27th American season in which the winner of the Express Pass would give the second pass to another team after they had used their pass. The 30th American season was the first season to not feature the Express Pass, though it was still featured in the Canadian version. The eighth Canadian season introduced another twist of the Express Pass called Triple Express Pass, in which the team that wins the prize must give the other two Express Passes to two other teams.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Salvage Pass, introduced in the second Australian season, is awarded to the winners of the first leg. The team who receives the pass may choose to give themselves a one-hour head start for the start of the next leg of the race or save the last team to arrive at the Pit Stop from elimination. The Salvage Pass was also used alongside the Express Pass in Philippine version; however, teams in the Philippine version have the option of using it to gain a 30-minute advantage at a task. The Express Pass featured in the sixth Vietnamese season gave teams the additional option to use their pass to save the last placing team (or second-last placing team on a double elimination leg) – much like the Salvage Pass.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The First Class Pass, introduced in the fifth Australian season, is awarded to the winners of a non-elimination leg. The winners of the pass would be able to skip the next leg and would instead receive a luxury experience while the other teams were racing. Additionally, the First Class Pass holder will allocate "The Salvage" (an advantage to assist the team on the next leg) and "The Sabotage" (a penalty to disadvantage a team) between the Bottom Two teams (see Non-elimination legs).


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Save, used in Season 25 and Season 26 (although this was unaired, unclaimed and unused), allows the team holding it to avoid elimination once should they finish last in an elimination leg, up to the ninth leg. The Save can also be given to another team to use if desired. The Save in Season 25 was awarded to the winners of the first leg. In Season 26, it could be obtained during the third leg by completing both sides of the Detour. The Save wasn't used on either season, and has not been featured since Season 27.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A twist also called the Save was introduced in the Chinese celebrity edition where the team who won it was required to bring another team back into the competition. In the third season, the Save was renamed to "Return Ticket", and the team who won the ticket could bring back another team before the fourth leg. The sixth Israeli season also incorporated the Return Ticket by bringing back previously eliminated teams to compete a leg, with the winner earning the Return Ticket and the ability to return to the competition. In the eighth season of "The Amazing Race Canada", this twist was introduced as the On Ramp Pass to bring back two out of three teams eliminated due to COVID-19.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The Double Your Money prize was a special prize awarded to the winners of the first leg in Season 21. The prize doubles the grand prize from to , should they win the entire race. The team that won the prize on the first leg was eliminated before the final leg and no one was eligible to win and the prize has not been featured since Season 22.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The final leg of the race is run by the three remaining teams. In earlier American seasons, the leg was a non-elimination or double-length leg, with an intermediate destination in or near the home country (such as Hawaii, Alaska or Canada for the American version) before traveling to the final city back in the home country. However, in later seasons, final legs have been single legs, whereby teams are flown directly from the final foreign country to the final city in the home country. In some races, which was first seen in the , the Finish Line was held outside the home country.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Teams still must complete all the tasks in the final city before they are directed to the Finish Line mat (with a design of the series logo, though some versions used a Pit Stop mat, as seen in the Asian version) to claim the cash reward for the winning team as well as various prizes. In the original American version, the grand prize was a cash prize of . At the check-in mat, the host and in most cases the other eliminated teams celebrate the arrival of the teams. Generally, all three teams are allowed to arrive, but in seasons one and four, the third-place team was so far behind and outside the final city that they were given a clue at their next Route Marker that informed them of the results.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A typical feature of the final leg is what is unofficially dubbed the "Final Memory Challenge" – a challenge (either "Route Info" or a "Roadblock"), an often elaborate challenge which tests the contestants on their time spent during the race, with common examples including memory-based tasks based on their observation skills (such as finding items related to the race which they encountered along, usually in sequential order) and knowing how well they understand their partner or the other teams, or any tasks relating to the theme of the journey they have taken (such as completing a puzzle of the world) or the final leg (such as counting poker chips amounting to representing the grand prize). While the first instance of a memory challenge was in the third American season, it had become a larger trend beginning with the ninth American season – with most subsequent seasons (both American and international versions) including at least one Memory Challenge, which typically appears as the second-to-last or last challenge before reaching the Finish Line. In a few recent seasons, a minor version of a memory challenge may also appear in legs towards the end of the race, usually either in the second or third to last leg.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In the fourth and fifth Israeli seasons, while the Finish Line was still located outside the home country of Israel (which was usual in the series), teams who arrived at the Finish Line (an empty Pit Stop mat and the final clue box) were only told to return to Israel and travel to a specific location before being informed the outcome. The French version was identical to the fourth and fifth Israeli seasons, except that Finish Line was held inside the home country of France. From the sixth Israeli season onwards, teams briefly return to Israel and complete one more set of tasks before arriving at the Finish Line in the home country.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In the 25th and 26th American seasons, four teams raced the final leg, but at some point during the leg one of the four teams was eliminated from the race. This twist was also included on the sixth Vietnamese season and the eighth Canadian season without the mid-leg elimination, effectively making the latter two the first two times in the franchise's history four teams crossed the Finish Line.


title: The Amazing Race

text: All teams must abide by the rules set at the beginning of the race, and teams are given time penalties for any rule infraction, which can negatively affect finishing position in that leg of the race. Usually in a non-elimination leg, if the last team to arrive at the mat is checked in before a previous team has completed its penalty, any remainder of the penalty time will be applied at the start of the next leg of the race, beginning at the departure time of the next-to-last team; in some cases, if multiple teams are penalized and were the last set of teams to arrive, the teams who did not finish last (as long as their penalties does not affect the placements) are allowed to check-in immediately with the penalty to be applied at the start of the next leg. In a no-rest leg, the last team will be given their next clue immediately while any remainder of the penalty will be removed.


title: The Amazing Race

text: While the complete set of official rules has not been released to the public, certain rules have been revealed during the various versions of the race:


title: The Amazing Race

text: The teams are often given additional rules and instructions that apply specifically to a given leg or to a task supplied with one of the clues; these are usually not explained to the viewer unless they affect the "Race" results.


title: The Amazing Race

text: If a team trying to check in at the Pit Stop has committed an infraction during the leg, the team generally must return to the point of infraction and perform the task or action correctly before being allowed to check in. If it is impossible to correct the action, the team is instead asked to wait at a nearby spot to serve a penalty period before being allowed to officially check-in. The penalty for most rule infractions is 30 minutes, plus any time gained from breaking the rule. Minor violations for various tasks would have a penalty of 15 minutes, while some violations have longer penalties: two hours for bartering personal goods for services, up to four hours for failing to complete a miscellaneous task, four hours for failing to complete a Roadblock or Speed Bump, six hours for failing to complete a Detour (or completing a Fast Forward incorrectly), or 24 hours for flying outside of economy class, if doing so cost more than the economy class fare. Earlier seasons of the Race enforced a 24-hour penalty for not completing either Detour option, but by season 17, the penalty was reduced to six hours. If teams incur multiple penalties, they are cumulative.


title: The Amazing Race

text: A penalized team does not generally have to wait out its full penalty time at the Pit Stop if the team is in last place and all other teams have already checked in; unless if the leg was a non-elimination or a no-rest, the team will be eliminated immediately; otherwise, either the remainder of the penalty will be applied to the team's start time on the next leg, or in the event of a no-rest leg, any penalty would be nullified. Occasionally, infractions have come to the production team's attention only after the team has checked in; in these cases, the penalty will be applied to the start of the next leg (with viewers given notification if it affects the departure order). In the 3rd American season, such a situation resulted in changing which team finished in last place; production brought the penalized team back to the Pit Stop, where the host explained to the teammates what had happened before their elimination.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Should a vehicle (including cars and boats) break down through no fault of the team using it, a replacement vehicle is provided for them, but "no time credit is given for their wait in this unlucky situation."


title: The Amazing Race

text: Teams may also receive time credits, applied to the next leg, that results from "production difficulties." These are only revealed to the viewer if they affect the placement at the start of the next leg.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In most versions, there is a four-hour penalty for not completing a Roadblock, which is served upon arrival at the Pit Stop. On the American version, the penalty can be enforced in a number of ways:


title: The Amazing Race

text: The production of "The Amazing Race" is a challenge due to its premise being a race around the world. Among the difficult duties that producers face, scouting out locations, designing tasks, selecting teams, and planning logistics for the entire course are the most important to accomplish in pre-production. During the Race, the camera crews need to keep up with the movement of the teams and the host. And when the footage for the entire season has been recorded and edited, team members, production crew as well as the local staff who hosted or facilitated the tasks are obliged to keep the details of the race confidential and not leak out anything that hints at locations, events, or outcomes of the Race. An exception is the television network that airs the show in a country which hosted one of the legs where they can air teasers such as "Who among the teams will come here to (the network's home country name)?" However, in recent American seasons, CBS had released a map to show the locations that the racers would be visiting.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The show is broadcast on CBS in the United States and simulcast via satellite in various networks around the world.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Through its efforts, the American version has received many accolades, including Primetime Emmy Awards and nominations in categories for audio and video production and editing. In 2010, CBS announced that season 18 of the show would be broadcast in high definition.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The original version of "The Amazing Race" is the American version, which debuted on CBS on September 5, 2001, with Phil Keoghan as the host. In October 2005, CBS optioned "The Amazing Race" for franchising to other countries.


title: The Amazing Race

text: "The Amazing Race Asia" was the first Asian version of the show. The regional version was bought by Buena Vista International Television – Asia Pacific (BVITV–AP) and Sony Pictures Television International in October 2005. Auditions were then announced that took place in February to March 2006. The show first aired on November 9, 2006, on AXN Asia and was hosted by Allan Wu. The show aired for three more seasons, with the last season having ended in 2010. After a six-year hiatus, the series was announced to be returning for a 5th season to air in late 2016.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On April 8, 2008, Israeli television network Reshet announced their own their version of the show, "HaMerotz LaMillion" ('The Race to the Million'). Its first season premiered on February 5, 2009, on Channel 2. The first four seasons of the show was a co-production by Reshet and activeTV, an Australian production company that had also produced the Asian version of the race. Since the fifth season, the show has been produced in-house by Reshet, and in 2017 Reshet launched their own channel that became the new home of the show starting with the sixth season. The ninth season will be broadcast on Channel 12.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In March 2010, a Chinese version of the show, "", was announced by the Disney–ABC International Television Asia Pacific. The show was produced by Shanghai-based international production company Fly Films; the company had previously produced Shanghai Rush in 2009, a show heavily influenced by "The Amazing Race". The was filmed between March and April 2010 and aired in August 2010 by International Channel of Shanghai and was hosted by Allan Wu, who had also previously hosted the Asian version. The Chinese version ran for three seasons, with the last season having ended in 2012. In 2014, Shenzhen Media Group announced they had bought the rights to "The Amazing Race" and would be producing a new Chinese version of the program, unrelated to Shanghai Media Group's "China Rush".


title: The Amazing Race

text: On July 19, 2010, Australian channel Seven Network purchased the format rights to produce the Australian series. "The Amazing Race Australia" was produced by activeTV in association with ABC Studios and was distributed by Disney Media Distribution Asia Pacific. The host for the first 3 series was New Zealand-born actor Grant Bowler. Two series were produced in 2011 and 2012 and after a brief hiatus in 2013, a third season was produced in-house and without activeTV in 2014. This series also included teams from both Australia and New Zealand. Following another hiatus for 5 years, the show was revived by Network 10 in 2019. This new series was produced by Eureka Productions and hosted by former rugby league footballer Beau Ryan. The first season of 10's iteration – and the fourth season overall – premiered on October 28, 2019.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On March 26, 2011, it was announced that TV5 had acquired the rights to produce a Philippine version of "The Amazing Race". The first season of "The Amazing Race Philippines" aired on October 29, 2012, and ended on December 15, 2012. Derek Ramsay hosted the show. The show aired a second season in 2014.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Vietnam bought the format as "The Amazing Race Vietnam – Cuộc đua kỳ thú". It was announced on March 1, 2012, by BHD Corp. and VTV3. Dustin Nguyen served as the director, executive producer and host of the first season of the show. The second, third, and fifth seasons were broadcast with Huy Khánh as the host, with Phan Anh filling in during the fourth season. After a three-year hiatus, the show was revived with Song Luân as host.


title: The Amazing Race

text: During 2005, AXN Central Europe announced a version of the show to be called "The Amazing Race Central Europe". Applications were closed with the submission of 2,500 applicants, with filming expected to have occurred in 2006 and broadcast from September 2006. The show was cast but was never filmed.


title: The Amazing Race

text: By October 2011, a Norwegian version of the show titled "The Amazing Race Norge" was announced by TV 2. Applications were open from October 11, 2011, to October 31, 2011. Filming took place in January 2012. Ex-football player Freddy dos Santos hosted the show. The first season premiered on April 11, 2012. The second and latest season ended on May 29, 2013.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On March 23, 2012, a French version of the show was announced. It was produced by Shine France for D8 with filming having occurred between June and July 2012. It premiered on October 22 of the same year. The finale aired on December 24.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On July 23, 2012, a Ukrainian version of the show was announced, called "Velyki Perehony". It premiered on April 13, 2013, at 20:00, and concluded on June 29, 2013.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In late 2006, a South-American independent production company announced that it would produce a Brazilian version in 2007, to be called "", and to be aired in a purchased time slot in the Brazilian network RedeTV!. Applications were open from January until July, and filming occurred during August and September. The first and only season premiered on October 13, 2007, and concluded on January 5, 2008.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On October 15, 2008, a Latin American version of the show was announced by Discovery Latin America in association with Disney and Harris Whitbeck presented the show. The first season was filmed in early 2009 and broadcast late in that year across Latin America and the Caribbean and the second season aired in late 2010. In January 2011 it was announced that Space acquired the rights to produce the third season of the show. The fourth season also aired on Space in September 2012, but solely composed of Brazilian teams with Paulo Zulu as the host, replacing Whitbeck. In the fifth season, María Victoria "Toya" Montoya, a former contestant from the third season, replaced Whitbeck as regular host of the series.


title: The Amazing Race

text: On November 30, 2012, it was revealed that CTV would produce a Canadian version of "The Amazing Race". An announcement made by Phil Keoghan aired on this channel during the December 2, 2012, episode of the American version of the show. The show premiered on July 15, 2013, with Olympic gold medalist Jon Montgomery as host and has since aired eight seasons.


title: The Amazing Race

text: As of , there have been 85 winning teams in over 14 franchises of "The Amazing Race". The most recent winners are dating couple Derek Xiao & Claire Rehfuss who won "The Amazing Race 34".


title: The Amazing Race

text: A video game based on this reality show was developed by Ludia and published by Ubisoft for the Wii. It was released on November 2, 2010, in North America.


title: The Amazing Race

text: The game features many locations previously visited on real races, as well as some new ones like Venezuela. Host Phil Keoghan provided voice-acting throughout the entire game.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Players customize their own characters and can race against other, pre-made characters. These existing teams are showcased in the opening, which closely mirrors the actual show's opening (including the use of the same music). However, when playing the actual game, no-one, not even the player, is referred to by name. Instead, teams are differentiated by color (ex. team yellow).


title: The Amazing Race

text: The rules of the race are fairly similar to the actual race. Teams receive money, fly to a location and complete various tasks (which were represented by a large collection of minigames). The last team to arrive is eliminated, unless they are saved by a non-elimination leg, in which the penalty is the team loses all their money they saved up to that point (unlike the show during seasons 5–9, the teams are still given money at the start of the next leg). However, teams all leave the Pit Stop at the same time.


title: The Amazing Race

text: Some clues had changes to their rules: while the Detour and Roadblock retain their rules, there is no limit on individual Roadblocks. Fast Forwards appear in the race, but they are not optional, and the team that completes it the fastest gets a two-hour time credit. The Intersection marker was also present, however, the rules were changed where a task that all teams complete, similar to an additional task on the real race. The Yield, U-Turn, Speed Bump, and Express Pass are not featured in this game.


title: The Amazing Race

text: As an added bonus, completing various tasks and doing certain objectives in the game will unlock "video files." These are selected clips from the actual U.S. TV show; usually featuring notable clips selected from the first 15 seasons, such as extremely dramatic moments (examples are Uchenna & Joyce couldn't pay their taxi driver at the final Pit Stop and Chris & Alex making the closest finish in "The Amazing Race 2") or funny moments (such as when Fran & Barry kept walking past a clue that was within arm's length). The clips appear exactly as they did on TV, except that "all" logos are pixelated, even those that went uncensored on TV.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In 2015, a Canadian animated "Amazing Race" parody program titled "" aired on Teletoon and Cartoon Network. The show itself is a spin-off the "Total Drama" series (which is, in turn, a parody of other reality shows, predominately "Survivor"). The animated show features 18 teams of two who will compete in a race around the world for C$1,000,000. The show is hosted by Don, who is modelled after "The Amazing Race US" host, Phil Keoghan. The teams race to "Don Boxes" to receive their next "travel tip", which will instruct the teams to complete challenges and go to other locations. Like "The Amazing Race", there are a variety of challenge types. There are "either or"; in which the teams are given a choice of two choices (like a Detour), a "botch or watch"; which only one member of the team can complete the task (like a Roadblock), and "all-ins"; in which both members must complete the given task. At the end of each episode, there is a "Chill Zone" which the teams may rest until the next episode. Teams check into the "chill zones" by stepping on the "carpet of completion". The last team to set foot on the carpet may be eliminated from the race. The first team to reach the final "chill zone" will win C$1,000,000.


title: The Amazing Race

text: In the adult sitcom show "American Dad", there is an episode called "The Bitchin Race", where the show's characters compete in a reality show that's similar to "The Amazing Race". The episode also featured Phil Keoghan portraying the host of the show himself.


title: Cathedral

text: A cathedral is a church that contains the "cathedra" () of a bishop, thus serving as the central church of a diocese, conference, or episcopate. Churches with the function of "cathedral" are usually specific to those Christian denominations with an episcopal hierarchy, such as the Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Anglican, and some Lutheran churches. Church buildings embodying the functions of a cathedral first appeared in Italy, Gaul, Spain, and North Africa in the 4th century, but cathedrals did not become universal within the Western Catholic Church until the 12th century, by which time they had developed architectural forms, institutional structures, and legal identities distinct from parish churches, monastic churches, and episcopal residences. The cathedral is more important in the hierarchy than the church because it is from the cathedral that the bishop governs the area under his or her administrative authority.


title: Cathedral

text: Following the Protestant Reformation, the Christian church in several parts of Western Europe, such as Scotland, the Netherlands, certain Swiss Cantons and parts of Germany, adopted a presbyterian polity that did away with bishops altogether. Where ancient cathedral buildings in these lands are still in use for congregational worship, they generally retain the title and dignity of "cathedral", maintaining and developing distinct cathedral functions, but void of hierarchical supremacy. From the 16th century onwards, but especially since the 19th century, churches originating in Western Europe have undertaken vigorous programmes of missionary activity, leading to the founding of large numbers of new dioceses with associated cathedral establishments of varying forms in Asia, Africa, Australasia, Oceania and the Americas. In addition, both the Catholic Church and Orthodox churches have formed new dioceses within formerly Protestant lands for converts and migrant co-religionists. Consequently, it is not uncommon to find Christians in a single city being served by three or more cathedrals of differing denominations.


title: Cathedral

text: The word "cathedral" is derived, possibly via the French , from the Latin and from the Latin ('seat'), and ultimately from the Ancient Greek (), 'seat, bench', from () 'down' and () 'seat, base, chair'.


title: Cathedral

text: The word refers to the presence and prominence of the bishop's or archbishop's chair or throne, raised above both clergy and laity, and originally located facing the congregation from behind the high altar. In the ancient world, the chair, on a raised dais, was the distinctive mark of a teacher or rhetor and thus symbolises the bishop's role as teacher. A raised throne within a basilican hall was also definitive for a Late Antique presiding magistrate; and so the "cathedra" also symbolises the bishop's role in governing his diocese.


title: Cathedral

text: The word "cathedral", as the seat of a bishop, is found in most languages; however in Europe a cathedral church can be referred to as a (in Italian) or (e.g. German, Dutch, etc.), from the Latin term or . While the terms are not synonymous (a "duomo" is a collegiate church, cognate with the English "Minster") many cathedral churches are also collegiate churches, so that , or , has become the common name for a cathedral in those countries. It is also common in some iberian territories the use of "Sé" (in Portuguese), and "Seu" (in Catalan, with its Spanish form "Seo"), all of them from the Latin term , meaning "episcopal seat".


title: Cathedral

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church, the Latin word "cathedral" commonly translates as ( in Slavic languages), meaning 'assembly', but this title is also applied to monastic and other major churches without episcopal responsibilities. When the church at which an archbishop or "metropolitan" presides is specifically intended, the term () is used.


title: Cathedral

text: The episcopal throne embodies the principle that only a bishop makes a cathedral, and this still applies even in those churches that no longer have bishops, but retain cathedral dignity and functions in ancient churches over which bishops formerly presided. But the throne can also embody the principle that a cathedral makes a bishop; both specifically, in that the bishop is elected within the cathedral and is inaugurated by being enthroned within the cathedral by acclamation of clergy and laity; and also generally, in that the bishops' essential qualifications of regular prayer, higher learning and musical worship were for many centuries, primarily accessible through cathedral functions. In this there is a distinction between those church traditions, predominantly those of Eastern Orthodox Christianity but formerly also including Celtic churches in Ireland, Scotland and Wales, whose bishops came to be made in monasteries; and those church traditions whose bishops have tended predominantly to arise through the ranks of cathedral clergy.


title: Cathedral

text: In the Catholic or Roman Catholic tradition, the term "cathedral" correctly applies only to a church that houses the seat of the bishop of a diocese. The abbey church of a territorial abbey serves the same function (that is, houses the seat of the abbot), but does not acquire the title. In any other jurisdiction canonically equivalent to a diocese but not canonically erected as such (prelature, vicariate, ordinariate, prefecture, apostolic administration), the church that serves this function is correctly called the "principal church" of the respective entity—though some have coopted the term "cathedral" anyway. The Catholic Church also uses the following terms.


title: Cathedral

text: The term "cathedral" actually carries no implication as to the size or ornateness of the building, although many cathedrals are impressive edifices simply because diocesan celebrations typically require the capacity of one of the larger churches in the diocese. Thus, the term "cathedral" is often applied colloquially to large and impressive churches that do not function as cathedrals, (e.g. the Arctic Cathedral in Tromsø, Norway and the Sagrada Família, a minor basilica in Barcelona.).


title: Cathedral

text: The history of cathedrals starts in the year 313, when the emperor Constantine the Great personally adopted Christianity and initiated the Peace of the Church. Indeed, in strict terminology, there could not have been "cathedrals" before that date, as before the 4th century there were no Christian "cathedrae"; bishops were never seated when leading congregational worship, but instead presided standing on a raised platform or "pulpitum". In the third century, the phrase "ascending the platform", "ad pulpitum venire", becomes the standard term for Christian ordination. During the siege of Dura Europos in 256, a complete Christian house church, or "domus ecclesiae" was entombed in a defensive bank, surviving when excavated, in places to wall-top height. The Dura church had been converted out of a large urban courtyard house of standard form, in which two rooms had been knocked together to make an assembly hall, capable of holding 60-75 standing; while a tank had been inserted in a room on the opposite side of the courtyard as a baptistery, with rich wall paintings above it. The large room was indeed found to have a raised pulptum at one end, big enough for one person in turn to read, preach and preside from; but too low to have been surmounted by a throne, and too small to have contained an altar. Otherwise the large room had no decoration or distinctive features at all.


title: Cathedral

text: In 269, soon after Dura fell to the Persian army, a body of clerics assembled a charge sheet against the bishop of Antioch, Paul of Samosata, in the form of an open letter. Amongst the accusations was that Paul, who had received the civil rank of "ducenarius" due to contacts in the imperial court, had improperly erected an enclosure, or "secretum", for himself in the church of Antioch; that within this enclosure he had erected a throne from which he presided in worship; and that he had trained a female choir to sing hymns of his own devising. These practices were all condemned as innovations, improperly importing the symbols of his secular Roman magistracy into church ritual; while presumptuously and blasphemously asserting that the person of the bishop in eucharistic worship is seated in the place of Christ himself. Still in a hundred years, all bishops in the Mediterranean world had cathedrals, all sat on thrones within an enclosed sanctuary space, and all had established trained choirs to enhance eucharistic worship.


title: Cathedral

text: The driving principle underlying this change was the acceptance by bishops, more or less willingly, of an imperial invitation to adopt and maintain the duties, dignity and insignia proper to a public magistrate. Characteristically a Roman magistrate presided from a raised throne in a large, richly decorated and aisled rectangular hall called a "basilica"; and now bishops would do the same. The earliest of these new basilican cathedrals of which substantial remains are still visible (and maybe amongst the very earliest to be built) is below the Cathedral of Aquileia on the northern tip of the Adriatic sea. Dated from a mosaic inscription between 313 and 319, the complex consisted of two parallel east–west aisled halls of similar size; with a third smaller north–south cross-hall connecting them, which has been interpreted as the presence hall of the "episcopium" or bishop's residence. The three halls create an open courtyard, in which was originally located a separate baptistery. Surviving from both large basilican halls are rich mosaic pavements showing (amongst other scenes) Jonah and the Whale, and a series of, mainly female, donor portraits. It appears that similar cathedrals of double-basilica and baptistry were soon afterwards erected in Milan, Trier and Pavia; but that subsequently single-basilican churches became the more common cathedral model.


title: Cathedral

text: Constantine's declaration of imperial favour towards Christianity transformed all aspects of Christian life in the Roman Empire. From being a minority religion, largely confined to urban areas and restricted social groupings, and subject to official hostility and occasional persecution; Christianity acquired greatly expanded numbers of potential adherents of all classes, initially still within city areas, but eventually extending out to the "pagus", the city's rural hinterland. The consequence was a radical expansion in the buildings, funding and personnel of associated Church establishments throughout the 4th century. The first cathedrals represent this expansion in material form.


title: Cathedral

text: The location and layout of the first cathedrals varied substantially from city to city, although most, as at Aquileia, tended to be sited within the city walls but away from the urban centre; certain elements are almost always found.


title: Cathedral

text: Basilican halls had previously been characteristic of major civic complexes and military headquarters buildings; but now became the standard structure for accommodating large Christian congregations. From now on, the term basilica denotes any substantial church building. These new basilicas were wholly different in scale from earlier Christian assembly halls, as they were also different in form from any Roman non-Christian temple or religious structure. The halls were longitudinal, aisled, and flooded with light from large clerestory windows. Floors and walls were richly decorated with mosaic and inlay – usually in abstract or floral patterns. The two original double basilicas at Aquileia had both been about 37m by 17m in size, but within 30 years one hall was quadrupled to 73m by 31m. This expanded basilica now demonstrated three additional features that became characteristic of early cathedrals: an enclosure at the eastern end of the church surrounding the altar; a "" east of the altar facing west, and consisting of a raised dais with a centrally place bishop's throne and benches either side for the clergy of his "familia"; and a partitioned-off "narthex" at the western end into which "catechumens" would withdraw during the central act of the Eucharistic liturgy.


title: Cathedral

text: The baptistery in the Dura church was about 1m square and 1m deep; baptismal candidates could stand in it, but could not be immersed. In the new cathedrals, as had been the case before, only bishops baptised; and ceremonies were held not more than twice a year to allow for suitable periods of instruction. So baptisteries needed to be greatly increased in size, with associated accommodation to ensure privacy in undressing, anointing and redressing; and the baptismal tank, commonly octagonal, was now fully deep enough for total immersion, and wide enough to accommodate both the candidate and an assisting male or female deacon. Baptisteries commonly adopted centralised plan forms derived from funerary chapels; and are invariably separate from the congregational basilica.


title: Cathedral

text: No one lived in the house church at Dura; such residential facilities as the latrine and kitchen were removed in the conversion. But cathedral complexes always included an episcopal residence. Prominent amongst the charges that had been directed against Paul of Samosata had been his alleged over-familiarity with pious women. As was common, Paul had been married when elected bishop; and again, as was universally expected for a bishop, he had then ceased sexual contact with his wife and no longer cohabited with her. But his accusers charged that, by continuing to associate with other women (even without any indication of actual impropriety) he was creating an unacceptable potential for scandal. To avoid similar such occasions arising, it was necessary for the new cathedrals to create male-only living quarters for the bishop and his entire establishment; and since, in churches in the West, all presbyters and deacons were also expected to live apart from their wives after ordination, these living quarters, the "episcopium", were necessarily substantial in extent. In addition to eating and sleeping quarters for ordained boys and men, the episcopium also commonly provided private dining halls for the hospitality expected of the bishop's enhanced social status, a private oratory or chapel for the bishop, and often a bath house.


title: Cathedral

text: Just as the episcopal residence was integral within the complex of cathedral buildings, so too there was no distinction between episcopal, diocesan and cathedral property and endowments. In principle, all diocesan income was paid into a common fund, and divided into four fixed shares for each main area of expenditure; the Bishop himself; the cathedral clergy; the fabric and lighting of cathedral and city churches; and charitable donations. Many diocese already held substantial endowments, but income increased enormously with the Peace of the Church; partly due to imperial subsidies in kind, but mainly from private bequests and regular private benefactions (often called 'first fruits'); although at this date, tithe was never paid to the church. In addition, many individual landowners supported private chapels and oratories on their own property; and endowed independent charitable institutions, and eventually monasteries and nunneries too.


title: Cathedral

text: Augustine of Hippo estimated his personal income as being 20 times that of his father, a minor civil servant; and Augustine was by no means the wealthiest bishop in North Africa. But in accepting from Constantine the status of civil magistrates, bishops were now also committed to substantial expenditure to maintain their new style and status; and also to fulfil the associated duties, for instance in employing qualified legal assessors to support them when sitting as civil judges.


title: Cathedral

text: All ordained clerics attached to the cathedral were paid through stipends from the general fund. This applied both to the clergy working directly within the cathedral itself, and also to the clergy, called "canonici" attached to churches founded by the bishop within the city. From the end of the 4th century, as the mission of the church extended more into rural areas, 'baptistery churches' were founded in more distant villages, so that rural populations could receive the bishop's baptism locally; and the clergy in these churches also counted as "canonici" and drew a regular stipend.


title: Cathedral

text: Plentiful donor inscriptions show that most new church building programmes; mosaics, roofs, furnishings, were financed by private donations. The costs of maintenance and lighting, however, fell on the general fund. This also applied to the churches, known as "tituli", served directly by the bishop's clergy, generally also including any surviving house churches from the period before the Peace of the Church and the rural baptistery churches; but not to the chapels, called "parochiae", established by rural landowners for the convenience of their tenants. The bishop, in respect of his civil status, was expected to contribute to public works of general benefit; aqueducts, bridges, watercourses.


title: Cathedral

text: In all cities, bishops dedicated substantial sums to the support of widows, orphans and the poor. Such donations had been a strong feature of the church in earlier centuries, but tended then to be specifically directed to the Christian needy. Now the charitable compass became general. Bishops were especially expected to take responsibility for raising ransom funds, where local persons had fallen captive. In addition, it was expected that each diocese would support a "xenodochium", a hostel for the homeless and strangers.