title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: As a ruse, Henry agrees to give Alais to Richard and make him heir-apparent. He makes a deal with Eleanor for her freedom in return for Aquitaine, to be given to John and Richard marrying Alais. When the deal is revealed at the wedding, Richard refuses to go through with the ceremony. After Richard leaves, Eleanor masochistically asks Henry to kiss Alais in front of her, and then looks on in horror as they perform a mock marriage ceremony. Having believed Henry's intentions, John, at the direction of middle brother, Geoffrey II, Duke of Brittany, plots with Philip to make war on England. Henry and Philip meet to discuss terms, but Henry soon learns that Philip has been plotting with John and Geoffrey, and that he and Richard were once lovers.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Henry dismisses all three sons as unsuitable and locks them in a wine cellar, telling Alais, "the royal boys are aging with the royal port." He makes plans to travel to Rome for an annulment, so that he can have new sons with Alais, but she says he will never be able to release his sons from prison or they will be a threat to his future children. Henry sees that she is right and condemns them to death, but cannot bring himself to kill them, instead letting them escape. He and Eleanor go back to hoping for the future, with Eleanor returning on the barge to prison, laughing it off with Henry before she leaves.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: The original stage production had not been a success, getting a bad review in "The New York Times" and losing $150,000. Producer Martin Poll optioned Goldman's novel "Waldorf" for the movies. They discussed "Lion in Winter", which Poll had read and loved. He hired Goldman to write a screenplay.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Poll was meant to make a film with Joseph Levine and Peter O'Toole, "The Ski Bum" (which would be written by James Goldman's brother William). That project fell through and Poll suggested they do "Lion in Winter" instead. O'Toole, who was 36, portrays Henry II at age 50. He had played the same king as a young man in the film "Becket" just four years earlier.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: In October 1967, the actors rehearsed at Haymarket Theatre in London. Production started in November 1967 and continued until May 1968.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: The film was shot at Ardmore Studios in Bray, County Wicklow, Ireland, and on location in Ireland, Wales (Marloes Sands), and in France at Abbaye de Montmajour, Arles, Château de Tarascon, Carcassonne and Saône-et-Loire.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: The sculpted stone figures appearing during the main title music were a lucky, unexpected find by the director while shooting scenes in France. They were filmed along the artist's driveway and later edited to create the title sequence where they appear to be on interior walls of the castle.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: The film earned an estimated $6.4 million in distributor rentals in the domestic North American market during its initial year of release. It was the 14th most popular movie at the U.S. box office in 1969.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Renata Adler of "The New York Times" wrote that the film was "for the most part, outdoorsy and fun, full of the kind of plotting and action people used to go to just plain movies for."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: "Variety" called it "an intense, fierce, personal drama put across by outstanding performance of Peter O'Toole and Katharine Hepburn. Anthony Harvey, a relatively new director, has done excellent work with a generally strong cast, literate adaptation by the author, and superb production values assembled by Martin H. Poll, who produced for Joseph E. Levine presentation under the Embassy banner."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 4 stars out of 4, writing, "One of the joys which movies provide too rarely is the opportunity to see a literate script handled intelligently. 'The Lion in Winter' triumphs at that difficult task; not since 'A Man for All Seasons' have we had such capable handling of a story about ideas. But 'The Lion in Winter' also functions at an emotional level, and is the better film, I think."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" declared, "Top honors for the most literate movie of the year, and for the finest and most imaginative and fascinating evocation of an historical time and place, can be awarded this very day to 'The Lion in Winter.'"


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Pauline Kael of "The New Yorker" was less positive, writing that the film miscalculated in attempting to elevate the melodramatic plot "with serious emotions, more or less authentic costumes and settings, pseudo-Stravinsky music, and historical pomp. And it just won't do to have actors carrying on as if this were a genuine, 'deep' historical play on the order of 'A Man for All Seasons' ... They're playing a camp historical play as if it were the real thing—delivering commercial near-poetry as if it were Shakespeare."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: In a mixed review for "The Monthly Film Bulletin", David Wilson called Katharine Hepburn's performance "perhaps the crowning achievement of an extraordinary career" but described the film as a whole as being "essentially a piece of highly polished theatricality, and not much else if one looks beyond its insistently sophisticated surface gloss."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes collected reviews giving the film approval and an average rating of . The critical consensus reads, "Sharper and wittier than your average period piece, "The Lion in Winter" is a tale of palace intrigue bolstered by fantastic performances from Peter O'Toole, Katharine Hepburn, and Anthony Hopkins in his big-screen debut."


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: After the seeing the film, Albert R. Broccoli and Harry Saltzman offered Dalton the role of James Bond for the first time, as a replacement for Sean Connery in "On Her Majesty's Secret Service" (1969)"." Dalton declined because he felt he was too young, although he would later be cast in the role in "The Living Daylights" (1987) and "Licence to Kill ("1989).


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Though the background and the eventual destinies of the characters are generally accurate, "The Lion in Winter" is fictional: while there was a Christmas court at Caen in 1182, there was none at Chinon in 1183. In reality, Henry had many mistresses and many illegitimate children; the "Rosamund" mentioned in the film was his mistress until she died. The Revolt of 1173–1174 provides the historical background leading to the play's events. There was also a second rebellion, when Young Henry and Geoffrey revolted in 1183, resulting in Young Henry's death. While some historians have theorized that Richard was homosexual, it is not certain.


title: The Lion in Winter (1968 film)

text: Geoffrey died in 1186 in a jousting tournament held in Paris (with some speculation that Geoffrey was involved in plotting against Henry with Philip at the time). A third rebellion against Henry by Richard and Philip in 1189 was finally successful, and a decisively defeated Henry retreated to Chinon in Anjou, where he died. Richard the Lionheart succeeded Henry II, but spent very little time in England (perhaps 6 months), after which he became a central Christian commander during the Third Crusade, leading the campaign after the departure of Philip. Richard won some considerable victories, but he did not succeed in retaking Jerusalem. John finally succeeded Richard in 1199 after Richard's death. During his unsuccessful reign he lost most of his father's holdings in Northern France and angered the English barons, who revolted and forced him to sign the Magna Carta. John is also known for being the villain in the Robin Hood legends. Lastly, William Marshal, who during the film is harried about by Henry II, outlived the English royal family and eventually ruled England as regent for the young Henry III.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Persepolis is a 2007 adult animated biographical drama film based upon Marjane Satrapi's autobiographical graphic novel of the same name. It was written and directed by Satrapi in collaboration with Vincent Paronnaud. The story follows a young girl as she comes of age against the backdrop of the Iranian Revolution. The title references the historical city of Persepolis.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The film was an international co-production made by companies in France and Iran. It premiered at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, where it co-won the Jury Prize, alongside "Silent Light". In her acceptance speech, Satrapi said "Although this film is universal, I wish to dedicate the prize to all Iranians." It was released in France and Belgium on 27 June 2007, earning universal praise from critics, and was nominated for Best Animated Feature at the 80th Academy Awards.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: At the Paris-Orly Airport in France, Marjane 'Marji' Satrapi looks at the flight schedule before taking a seat and reflecting on her childhood.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: During the 1979 Iranian revolution against the Shah of Iran, Marji's middle-class family participates in the rallies, but she is forbidden from attending. One day, Marji's uncle Anoosh arrives to have dinner with the family after being released from a nine-year prison sentence, inspiring Marji with his stories of his life on the run from the government.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The Shah is eventually deposed and elections for a new leading power commence; Marji's family's situation does not improve, and they are upset when Islamic fundamentalists win the elections and start imposing strict Islamic law. The government forces women to dress modestly and wear headscarves, and Anoosh is rearrested and executed for his political beliefs, along with other political dissenters. Over time, many Iranians escape to various countries abroad.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Though disillusioned, Marji and her family try to adapt to life under the new regime. The Iran–Iraq War breaks out soon after, and Marji witnesses firsthand its horrors; meanwhile, the Iranian government begins implementing laws that cut down even more on social freedoms. Later, her uncle Taher suffers a heart attack and must go to England for surgery, but the borders are closed, and only people approved by the Board of Health can leave. When Marji's aunt attempts to get permission, she finds that the hospital director she must deal with is her former window-washer, who is incompetent and totally submissive to his religion.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Marji and her father go to see Khosro, a man who prints fake passports and promises to make the passport in a week. Khosro is sheltering Niloufar, a young woman wanted for her Communist beliefs, to whom Marji takes an instant liking. Later, Niloufar is spotted and promptly arrested and executed; Khosro's house is ransacked in the process, and he flees without making the passport. Marji watches as her uncle dies, and the family tries to find solace in secret parties where they enjoy pleasures the government has outlawed, including alcohol.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: As she grows up, Marji refuses to stay out of trouble, secretly buying heavy metal music on the black market, wearing unorthodox clothing such as denim jackets, and celebrating punk rock and other Western music sensations like Michael Jackson, which nearly causes her to be arrested. She is expelled from school when she openly rebuts a teacher's lies about government abuses.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Fearing her arrest, Marji's parents send her to a French lycée in Vienna, Austria where she lives with Catholic nuns, but is upset by their discriminatory and judgmental behavior. Marji makes few friends and ultimately feels isolated with people who view her with open disdain. After a while, she is thrown out of her shelter for insulting a nun, and moves between houses until she rents a room from Dr. Frau Schloss, an unstable former teacher.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: One night, Marji hears her grandmother's voice telling her to stay true to herself as she leaves a party after lying to an acquaintance that she is French; her would-be lover reveals his homosexuality after a failed attempt at sex with her. She goes on to engage in a passionate love affair with a man named Markus, which ends badly when she discovers him cheating on her. Schloss then accuses Marji of stealing her brooch, and Marji finally leaves. She spends the day on a park bench, reflecting upon how "stupid" she has been, and realizes she has nowhere else left to go. After living on the street for a few months, she contracts bronchitis and almost dies.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Marji awakens in a Viennese hospital and returns to Iran with her family's permission, hoping that the end of the war will improve their quality of life. After spending several days watching television, she falls into clinical depression, and attempts suicide by overdosing on medication. She falls asleep and has a dream about God and Karl Marx telling her what is important and encouraging her to live. Her determination is renewed, she attends university classes and starts a relationship with fellow student Reza.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: With Iranian society stricter than before, Marji, while waiting for Reza in the plaza one day, lies to a police officer that a man made advances on her to avoid being arrested for wearing makeup. Her grandmother is disappointed by Marji's behavior and berates her, telling her that both her grandfather and her uncle died supporting freedom and that she should never forsake them or her family by sacrificing her integrity. Realizing her mistake, Marji delivers a speech during a class at the university, and her grandmother is pleased to hear that she openly confronted the blatantly sexist double standard in her university's forum on public morality, but both Marji's and Reza's families are forced to pay a fine when they are caught holding hands out in public. To avoid even more scrutiny from the religious police, the two get married, yet Marji's mother worries that her daughter has made a terrible mistake in being married at such a young age. A year later, Marji's relationship with Reza falls apart and Marji, after having a talk with her grandmother, decides to get a divorce.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The fundamentalist police discover and raid a party Marji is attending, and while the women are detained, the men escape across the rooftops. One of them, Nima, hesitates before jumping, consequently falling to his death. After Nima's death and her divorce, Marji leaves Iran permanently to avoid being targeted by the Iranian authorities as a political dissident. Before leaving, she takes a trip to the Caspian Sea with her grandmother and visits the graves of her grandfather and uncle. Marji's mother forbids her from returning, and Marji agrees. Her grandmother dies soon after her departure.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Returning to the present, Marji collects her luggage and gets into a taxi. As the taxi drives away from the airport, the driver asks her where she is from and she replies "Iran", keeping the promise she made to Anoosh and her grandmother that she would remember where she came from and always stay true to herself. She recalls her final memory of her grandmother telling her how she placed jasmine in her brassiere to smell lovely every day.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The film is presented in the black-and-white style of the original graphic novels. Satrapi explains in a bonus feature on the DVD that this was so that the place and the characters would not look like foreigners in a foreign country but simply people in a country to show how easily a country can become like Iran. The present-day scenes are shown in color, while sections of the historic narrative resemble a shadow theater show. The design was created by art director and executive producer Marc Jousset. The animation is credited to the Perseprod studio and was created by two specialized studios, and Pumpkin 3D.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Directed by Christian Desmares, the film was produced by a total of twenty animators. Initially opposed to producing an animated movie due to the high level of difficulty, producers Marc-Antoine Robert and Xavier Regault gave protagonist, Marjane Satrapi, alternative options of film production to avoid animation. As admitted by producer Robert, "I know the new generation of French comic book artists quite well, and I'm afraid of Marjane's. I offered to write an original script for her, because I didn't want to work on an animated movie at all...I knew how complicated it was". And yet, despite the difficulty, the producers followed through with Satrapi's wishes and focused on interpreting her life story as depicted in her novel "Persepolis," ""With live-action, it would have turned into a story of people living in a distant land who don't look like us," Satrapi says. "At best, it would have been an exotic story, and at worst, a 'third-world' story".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The animation team worked alongside Satrapi to gain a detailed understanding of the types of graphic images she deemed necessary for accuracy. Following her guidelines, the animators, such as interviewee Marc Jousset, commented on their use of the "tradition animation techniques" Satrapi requested to keep the drawings simple and avoid the "more high-tech techniques" that "would look dated". Satrapi's vision, according to Jousset, involved a lot of focus on the characters' natural, humane physical imperfections.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: During their initial stages of production, the animation team attempted to use 2D image techniques "on pen tablets," but were immediately unsatisfied with the product due to the lack of definition, Jousset has said. Applying traditional techniques as simple as paper and ink to the production allowed Satrapi to use methods she was familiar with. As a result, Satrapi crafted an image depiction she, herself, would recognize as her own work, and thus, her own story. "It was clear that a traditional animation technique was perfectly suited to Marjane's and Vincent's idea of the film".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Choosing black and white as the film's dominant colors was an intentional choice by Satrapi, along with the director and animation team, to continue on the path of traditional animation techniques. Despite its simplicity, members of the animation team such as Jousset discussed how black and white makes imperfections more obvious: "Using only black and white in an animation movie requires a great deal of discipline. From a technical point of view, you can't make any mistakes...it shows up straight away on the large screen". In addition to color display, the animation team worked especially hard on techniques that mimicked the styles of Japanese cartoonists, known as "manga," and translating them into their own craft of "a specific style, both realistic and mature. No bluffing, no tricks, nothing overcooked". According to Jousset, "Marjane had quite an unusual way of working...Marjane insisted on being filmed playing out all the scenes...it was a great source of information for the animators, giving them an accurate approach to how they should work". With this in mind, the animators commented on the immense hardships they faced when creating each image of "1,200 shots" through Satrapi's perspective because even though "Marjane's drawings looked very simple and graphic...they're very difficult to work on because there are so few identifying marks. Realistic drawings require outstanding accuracy". Despite the difficulties in working with animation film, however, Satrapi's drive and determination to make the film motivated the animators to finish each graphic image with full accuracy. Following alongside a more traditional style of graphic imagery was not only difficult in terms of drawing, but also in terms of locating a team to draw the images since traditional animators "hardly exist in France anymore". With a group of more than 100 people, though, animator Pascal Chevé confirmed the variety of style each team member brought to the table: "An animator will be more focused on trying to make the character move in the right way. Assistant animators will then put the final touches to the drawings to make sure they're true to the original. Then the 'trace' team comes in, and they work on each drawing with...a felt pen, to ensure that they are consistent with the line that runs throughout the movie".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Although it was hard to craft realistic cartoon drawings, Jousset said the biggest challenge was staying on schedule and within budget of "6 million Euros, which is reasonable for a 2D movie made in France", but that "I think the culmination of the fact that it was a true story, that the main character worked with you, that an animated movie dealt with a current issue and that it was intended for adults was tremendously exciting for the team".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film an approval rating of 96% based on 162 reviews, with an average rating of 8.20/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Persepolis" is an emotionally powerful, dramatically enthralling autobiographical gem, and the film's simple black-and-white images are effective and bold". Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 90 out of 100 based on 31 reviews, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film four stars out of four, writing that although its black and white animation "may sound Spartan", it is "surprisingly involving" and that Satrapi's story is told "caringly, lovingly and with great style". He added, "while so many films about coming of age involve manufactured dilemmas, here is one about a woman who indeed does come of age, and magnificently."


title: Persepolis (film)

text: "Time" magazine's Richard Corliss named the film one of the Top 10 Movies of 2007, ranking it #6, and called it "a coming-of-age tale that manages to be both harrowing and exuberant".


title: Persepolis (film)

text: The film has drawn complaints from the Iranian government. Even before its debut at the 2007 Cannes Film Festival, the government-connected Iran Farabi Foundation sent a letter to the French embassy in Tehran reading, "This year the Cannes Film Festival, in an unconventional and unsuitable act, has chosen a movie about Iran that has presented an unrealistic face of the achievements and results of the glorious Islamic Revolution in some of its parts." Despite such objections, the Iranian cultural authorities relented in February 2008 and allowed limited screenings of the film in Tehran, albeit with six scenes censored due to sexual content.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: In June 2007 in Thailand, the film was dropped from the lineup of the Bangkok International Film Festival. Festival director Chattan Kunjara na Ayudhya said, "I was invited by the Iranian embassy to discuss the matter and we both came to mutual agreement that it would be beneficial to both countries if the film was not shown" and "It is a good movie in artistic terms, but we have to consider other issues that might arise here."


title: Persepolis (film)

text: "Persepolis" was initially banned in Lebanon after some clerics found it "offensive to Iran and Islam." The ban was later revoked after an outcry in Lebanese intellectual and political circles.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: On 7 October 2011, the film was shown on the Tunisian private television station Nessma. A day later a demonstration formed and marched on the station. The main Islamic party in Tunisia, Ennahda, condemned the demonstration. Nabil Karoui, the owner of Nessma TV, faced trial in Tunis on charges of "violating sacred values" and "disturbing the public order." He was found guilty and ordered to pay a fine of 2,400 dinars ($1,700; £1,000), a much more lenient punishment than predicted. Amnesty International said that criminal proceedings against Karoui are an affront to freedom of expression.


title: Persepolis (film)

text: In the United States, a group of parents from the Northshore School District, Washington, objected to adult content in the film and graphic novel, and lobbied to discontinue it as part of the curriculum. The Curriculum Materials Adoption Committee felt that "other educational goals—such as that children should not be sheltered from what the board and staff called 'disturbing' themes and content—outweighed the crudeness and parental prerogative."


title: DISC assessment

text: DISC assessments are behavioral self-assessment tools based on the 1928 DISC emotional and behavioral theory of psychologist William Moulton Marston. The tools are designed to predict job performance. However, the scientific validity of DISC has been contested and is by some considered to be a pseudoscience.


title: DISC assessment

text: DISC is an acronym, the theory describing personality through four claimed central traits: dominance, inducement, submission, and compliance.


title: DISC assessment

text: The first self-assessment based on Marston's DISC theory was created in 1956 by Walter Clarke, an industrial psychologist. In 1956, Clarke created the Activity Vector Analysis, a checklist of adjectives on which he asked people to indicate descriptions that were accurate about themselves. This self-assessment was intended for use in businesses needing assistance in choosing qualified employees.


title: DISC assessment

text: Merenda, Peter F., and Clarke published their findings on a new instrument in the January 1965 issue of the "Journal of Clinical Psychology". Instead of using a checklist, the "Self Description" test asks respondents to make a choice between two or more terms. "Self Description" was used by John Geier to create the Personal Profile System in the 1970s.


title: DISC assessment

text: DISC has been used to help determine a course of action when dealing with problems as a leadership team—that is, taking the various aspects of each DISC type into account when solving problems or assigning jobs.


title: DISC assessment

text: The DISC assessments have demonstrated no ability to predict job performance as the validity is low. The assessment has high reliability, meaning that an individual will consistently get the same result over time.


title: DISC assessment

text: A research paper in the Scandinavian Psychological Association also found high levels of internal consistency in a normative DISC assessment.


title: DISC assessment

text: Psychologist Wendell Williams has criticized the use of DISC in the employee recruitment process. In his criticism, Williams argues that a good job performance test should be well constructed, have test-retest reliability, have Criterion Validity for criteria of job performance, and incorporate the theory of job performance in the test's design.


title: DISC assessment

text: A 2013 German study studied the validity and reliability of a DISC assessment, Persolog, to see if it was up to standards for the TBS-DTk the test assessment system of the Diagnostics and Test Board of the Federation of German Psychological Associations.


title: DISC assessment

text: The study found that it "largely" met the requirements in terms of reliability but not at all in terms of validity.


title: DISC assessment

text: Marston described the DISC characteristics in his 1928 book "Emotions of Normal People", which he generated from emotions and behavior of people in the general population. According to Marston, people illustrate their emotions using four behavior types: Dominance, Inducement, Submission, and Compliance.


title: DISC assessment

text: In Marston's analysis, Dominance is characterized by actively using force to overcome resistance in the environment; Inducement involves using charm in order to deal with obstacles; Submission is a warm and voluntary acceptance of the need to fulfill a request; and Compliance represents fearful adjustment to a superior force.


title: DISC assessment

text: He argued that these behavioral types came from people's sense of self and their interaction with the environment. He based the four types on two underlying dimensions that influenced people's emotional behavior. The first dimension is whether a person views their environment as favourable or unfavourable. The second dimension is whether a person perceives themselves as having control or lack of control over their environment.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: "Stress Relief" is a two-part episode of the American comedy television series "The Office". It constitutes the fourteenth and fifteenth episodes of the fifth season, and the 86th and 87th overall episodes of the series. Both episodes were directed by Jeffrey Blitz and written by Paul Lieberstein, who also plays Toby Flenderson on the show.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: In this episode, Dwight stages a fire in the office to test the office's fire safety skills, but things go from bad to worse when Stanley suffers a heart attack, causing Michael to come up with ways to relieve stress in the office, including a comedic roast of himself. Meanwhile, Andy, Jim, and Pam watch an illegally downloaded movie at work starring Jack Black, Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman, and Pam deals with her parents' recent argument that's caused her father to move in with her and Jim temporarily.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Both parts of "Stress Relief" originally aired together on February 1, 2009, immediately following NBC's broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII, and "The Office" writers and producers sought to attract newcomers to the series with the expected increase in viewership. Guest stars Black, Alba and Leachman do not interact with the regular characters themselves, but rather appear in a film within the episode. "The Office" creator Greg Daniels said this was done to keep the episode more grounded in reality.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: The episode received generally positive reviews, with "Time" magazine declaring it the best overall television episode of any series in 2009. The episode is considered a favorite by many fans of the series. Many commentators particularly praised the chaotic cold open scene, in which Dwight panics his co-workers with a simulated fire as part of a twisted safety demonstration. Because it aired following the Super Bowl, "Stress Relief" was the most viewed episode of "The Office" with 22.9 million viewers according to Nielsen Media Research during its original broadcast. It won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series, and received another nomination for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Annoyed that none of his co-workers paid attention to the fire safety seminar he gave last week, Dwight Schrute (Rainn Wilson) tries to get revenge by sealing the office exits shut, cutting the phone lines and starting a fire in a trash can. Dwight calmly explains the proper safety procedures as the panicked employees try to flee, smash windows, ram the photocopier into doors, crawl through the ceiling by removing tiles, and destroy office equipment. Dwight eventually reveals it was just a prank, but things go terribly wrong when Stanley Hudson (Leslie David Baker) suffers a heart attack and collapses in the commotion. Later that day, Dwight is subsequently reprimanded by Dunder Mifflin CFO David Wallace (Andy Buckley), and Michael Scott (Steve Carell) strips him of his position as safety officer. After Stanley is released from the hospital, his doctors warn him to keep his stress levels under control to avoid further damaging his health. Michael arranges for a CPR training session for the employees, but they are too easily distracted and the lesson proves fruitless. The session ends awfully when Dwight destroys the expensive CPR dummy and wears its face, earning another rebuke from David Wallace. Dwight is ordered to apologize to his co-workers and get signatures acknowledging that they forgive him, but after he openly declares that his apology is insincere and denies that he is responsible for Stanley's heart attack, they refuse to sign. With tensions running high in the office, Michael tries to calm his workers down with yoga and meditation sessions. However, Michael soon realizes "he" is actually the source of his employees' stress when the beeping of Stanley's stress reader quickens the closer Michael gets to him. Michael hands the stress reader to Oscar Martinez (Oscar Nunez) and is horrified when the same result occurs.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Pam Beesly's (Jenna Fischer) parents are going through a rough patch in their marriage, and Pam's father is staying with her and Jim Halpert (John Krasinski). Jim attempts to cheer Pam up by watching a pirated movie titled "Mrs. Albert Hannaday" with Andy Bernard (Ed Helms) (they do not know how to access such films while Andy does, so they have to watch the movie in Andy's company). The film stars Jack Black, who is engaged to a character played by Jessica Alba, but falls in love with her elderly grandmother, played by Cloris Leachman. During the movie, Jim and Pam discuss Pam's parents' situation, but Andy believes their comments are directed at the characters in the film, leading him to conclude they are "movie geniuses" finding hidden depths in the film.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Michael believes the employees are stressed because they are reluctant to express their feelings, so he organizes a comedic roast of himself in the warehouse. Dwight tricks most of the employees into signing his apology letter by pretending it is a sign-in sheet, but Phyllis Vance (Phyllis Smith) uncovers it and refuses to sign it. Each of the office and warehouse workers gleefully take jabs at Michael, who initially seems to enjoy the jokes, but grows increasingly hurt and offended. When it comes time for him to roast his employees, Michael ends up storming out of the warehouse, visibly upset. After the roast, Michael takes a personal day (much to the concern of his employees, who start to feel bad about the scathing jokes towards Michael) and spends time at a playground to reflect, feeding pigeons by tossing whole slices of bread on the ground and making bird noises, despite the lack of birds in the winter weather. Dwight manages to trick Phyllis into signing his apology letter by bribing a mailman to ask her to sign for a fake package. Michael returns to the office, where he roasts each of his co-workers with one-liners. When Michael roasts Stanley, ("Stanley, you crush your wife during sex and your heart sucks"), Stanley laughs heartily, breaking the tension. Michael tells his employees that they are the reason he got into the paper business, and they applaud him.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Pam asks Jim to talk to her father and convince him to work things out with her mother. But shortly after they talk, Pam learns her father has sought a separation and will be looking for his own apartment. Pam assumes it is because of something Jim said to her father, and blames him for their breakup. Pam later confronts her father about why he left her mother while Jim looks on through the window. Pam returns to the office and tells Jim her father left because Jim told him how much he loves Pam, and he realized that he had never felt that way about her mother even at their best. Pam comes to terms with the separation and tearfully embraces Jim. Later, she expresses confidence that the two are true soul mates. Andy overhears her comments about her real life scenario, still thinks she is talking about the film they watched and concludes that he cannot be a movie critic because he is not as insightful as Jim and Pam.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: In the final scene of the episode, the ending of the illegally downloaded movie is revealed: Jack Black visits Cloris Leachman with flowers and a new walker, only to discover her affair with another young man and he walks away heartbroken.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: "Stress Relief" was directed by Jeffrey Blitz and written by Paul Lieberstein, who also plays Toby Flenderson on the show. The episode originally aired on NBC in the United States on February 1, 2009, immediately after the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII. NBC decided to air "The Office" after the Super Bowl, rather than another show, due to positive feedback the series received from short promo commercials it aired during the 2008 Summer Olympics. Some criticized the decision to place an episode of "The Office", an already established NBC series, after the Super Bowl instead of a new show, and suggested it meant the network lacked any exceptional new material.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: In writing the script for the episode, Lieberstein said he sought to appeal to newcomers to the series and attract them to the show, without alienating regular viewers: "We wanted to do a stand-alone comedy episode that could bring people in." Lieberstein said the script drew less attention to long-standing story arcs, which new viewers would not understand. Lieberstein said, "It almost had an air of a pilot in a way, where we had to reintroduce everything. We wanted it to be extremely funny and extremely funny up front." "The Office" creator Greg Daniels said he felt the episode had to focus on physical comedy and easily accessible set pieces. Daniels said, "I looked at all the shows that followed the Super Bowl in years past and I feel that a comedy would be a good choice in the current climate. People want to laugh so we're trying our best to supply some laughs." Actor Rainn Wilson said of the episode, "It's a great opportunity for people to revisit the world of "The Office" and hopefully get into our style of comedy."


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: The two parts of "Stress Relief" ran an hour long (including commercials), compared to the typical half-hour length of most "The Office" episodes. Since the end of the second season, the series had begun occasionally showing longer episodes (which they dubbed "super-sized") on special occasions. Unlike other episodes of "The Office", "Stress Relief" included an extended main title sequence that included the names and images of the entire supporting cast of the series, in order to afford them recognition in anticipation of the high post-Super Bowl viewership. The opening scene, in which the characters frantically scramble to escape the Dunder Mifflin office due to what they believe is a fire, took about a day-and-a-half to shoot. It took much longer than the average 45 minutes of shooting time for a scene of that length due to the amount of stunt work involved. Due to the pressure of following the Super Bowl, actress Jenna Fischer said, "I don't think we've ever worked so hard on an episode in the history of our show." "The Office" actor and writer B. J. Novak, who did not appear in "Stress Relief", said of the episode, "It's awesome. After this airs, people are going to refer to the Super Bowl as the Pre-"Office" Football Spectacular."


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: In anticipation of particularly high viewership due to the Super Bowl, NBC officials encouraged "The Office" producers to feature celebrity guest appearances in the episode. Jack Black, Jessica Alba and Cloris Leachman all made guest appearances in "Stress Relief" as a result. However, they do not interact with the cast and characters of "The Office", but rather appear separately in a bootleg film called "Mrs. Albert Hannaday", which the characters watch within the episode. Greg Daniels said this was done because it "helps keep the show grounded and less like "I Love Lucy"". Lieberstein also said the casting decision made sense because, "If we're just casting some salesman that comes into the office and it's Jack Black, it's hard to believe that." "Stress Relief" marked Black's fourth television appearance in five years: he previously appeared in the Fox sitcom "Cracking Up" in 2004, the Comedy Central series "The Naked Trucker and T-Bones Show" in 2004, and the Fox animated comedy series "The Simpsons" in 2007. Steve Carell said of Leachman's performance, "She is that extra seasoning. That extra spice to the pot that makes for a delicious comedy gumbo."


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Just before Dwight starts his fire simulation, he said his co-workers previously failed to listen because he made a presentation on the computer program Microsoft PowerPoint, of which he said, "PowerPoint is boring". Michael refers to Barack Obama, the first African American president of the United States, to Stanley while he is suffering a heart attack by shouting, "Stanley! Barack is president! You are black! Stanley!" A deleted scene further addresses Obama's election, with Michael praising the choice and Darryl, with Darryl half-jokingly telling the White office workers what will change for them (they no longer have to pretend to like jazz, and Morgan Freeman won't get any more acting work because "he's more for you guys"). Michael calls an employee from the Red Cross, an international humanitarian movement, to conduct a lesson about CPR. The instructor suggests they pump the heart to the tune of "Stayin' Alive", a disco song by the pop band, the Bee Gees, but Michael mixes the song up with "I Will Survive" by Gloria Gaynor. At the end of the lesson, Dwight cuts the face off the CPR dummy and places it on his face in the manner of Hannibal Lecter, a fictional cannibalistic serial killer who cut the face off a man and wore it as a mask in the 1991 thriller film, "The Silence of the Lambs". Watching "Mrs. Albert Hannaday", Andy says the Cloris Leachman character was originally supposed to be played by the much younger actress, Nicole Kidman, and the last-minute replacement prompted a minor overhaul in the film's script. The songs "You Make My Dreams" by Hall and Oates, "All Out of Love" by the soft rock duo Air Supply, "Have a Little Faith in Me" by singer-songwriter John Hiatt, and "Lady" by Little River Band play during scenes in "Mrs. Albert Hannaday".


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Michael describes the roast as an event in the style of televised comedy specials that air on the cable network, Comedy Central. In describing the upcoming roast, Michael says he plans to call YouTube, an online video sharing website, to record the event. During the roast, Pam says Michael's penis is so small, "If it were an iPod, it would be a Shuffle", a reference to the smallest of the Apple Inc. portable media player brands. Kelly said she would rather kiss Lord Voldemort, the hideous antagonist of the "Harry Potter" novels and films, than Michael. Andy sings a song about Michael, "What I Hate About You", to the tune of the rock song by The Romantics, "What I Like About You". Angela makes a joke, "If you put sunblock on a window, you might be Michael Scott", which is modeled after the "you might be a redneck" one-liner jokes by comedian Jeff Foxworthy. While roasting his co-workers at the end of the episode, Michael says to Andy, "Cornell called and they think you suck", a reference to Cornell University, the Ithaca, New York college Andy attended.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: In its original American broadcast on February 1, 2009, "Stress Relief" was viewed by 22.9 million viewers in 13.34 million homes, according to Nielsen Media Research, making it the most watched episode of "The Office" and the only episode to reach over 20 million viewers. The episode drew a 10.6 rating and 14.46 million viewers between the ages 18 and 49. It more than doubled the show's previously highest rating in the age group, and constituted the largest 18–49 rating for an NBC entertainment telecast in four-and-a-half years, since the tenth season finale of the medical drama series "ER" on May 13, 2004. An estimated 37.7 million viewers watched at least six minutes or more of "Stress Relief". As expected, "The Office" benefited highly from following the broadcast of Super Bowl XLIII, which was seen by 98.7 million average viewers, making it the most watched Super Bowl in history at the time.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: "Stress Relief" received generally positive reviews. "Time" magazine named it the best overall television episode of any series in 2009. "Stress Relief" was voted the third highest-rated episode out of 26 from the fifth season, according to an episode poll at the fansite "OfficeTally"; the episode was rated 8.89 out of 10. Stanley's heart attack in response to Dwight's fake fire drill ranked number 10 in "phillyBurbs.com"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s top ten moments from the fifth season of "The Office". Many critics particularly praised the opening scene, in which Dwight panics his co-workers by simulating a fire. The sequence included scenes such as Kevin looting a vending machine amid the chaos, Michael throwing a nearby projector out of the conference room window to call for help, Oscar's legs crashing through the ceiling as he tries to crawl out, Angela tossing her cat through an open ceiling tile only for it to fall through another tile, Jim and Andy using the copier as a battering ram, and the latter's reaction to a series of popping caps: "The fire is shooting at us!"


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Alan Sepinwall, television columnist for "The Star-Ledger" called it a "balls to the wall, gut-busting, amazing "Office" episode", and called the fire opening scene "not only the best "Office" pre-credits sequence ever, but an all-time sitcom classic". Sepinwall said "Stress Relief" was accessible to newcomers and regular viewers, and displayed both the comedic and human sides of the characters. He said the only drawback of the episode was the "Mrs. Albert Hannaday" subplot, which he felt was an unnecessary gimmick added solely to accommodate the guest stars. "TV Guide" writer Shahzad Abbas wrote, "This was one of my favorite episodes ever. It had me laughing the whole way through." Abbas particularly praised the fire opening scene and the final scene in which Michael insults everybody, which he called "a very satisfying ending to the roast saga". He called the Black/Leachman romance "creepy and hilarious", but described the Jim and Pam romance subplot as the weak link of the episode.


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: David Krone of the "Los Angeles Daily News" said although he had mixed feelings about the fifth season so far, he found "Stress Relief" to be "one of the season's best efforts". Krone specifically praised the Jim and Pam subplot and Dwight's character, adding, "It's a pretty perfect way to unwind – or, if your team lost, to become reanimated – after the Super Bowl." Rick Ingebritson of "The Palm Beach Post" said the episode "was funny from start to finish", particularly praising Dwight Schrute's role and the Michael Scott roast. However, Ingebritson said he was disgusted by the Leachman nude scene from "Mrs. Albert Hannaday". Will Leitch of "New York" magazine, said the episode was funny, but "curiously unfocused [like] two half-hour episodes awkwardly spliced together. He praised the Black/Leachman film, the trouble Dwight kept getting in, and the Jim and Pam subplot, which he called "a rare Pam-Jim plot point that worked". However, he called the Michael roast "yet another Michael-wanting-to-be-loved-and-still-be-the-Boss subplot that takes over the second half".


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Not all reviews were positive. "Entertainment Weekly" writer Whitney Pastorek said the episode started strong with the fire scare scene, but "tapered off into a disjointed plot" that she felt would not win new viewers. She said many jokes went too long and lost momentum, but nevertheless wrote "a lot of the episode’s humor was engaging and smart". Lorenzo Perez of "The News & Observer" said the Pam subplot was "overworked" and lacked impact, and the Dwight character was over-the-top, proving "The Office" writers clearly have no idea how to rein him in. Perez also expressed doubt the show would attract a new audience because it ran too late into the night following the Super Bowl. However, Perez said he enjoyed the Black/Leachman cameos. Terry Morrow of the "Knoxville News Sentinel" said, "This particular visit to "The Office" doesn't pop like most episodes". Morrow praised the Black/Leachman film, but said, "To be upstaged by a B-plot, one not involving the show's main characters at all, is a bit of a misdirection the show doesn't need in a post-Super Bowl time slot." "USA Today" critic Robert Bianco said the plot was extremely thin and the Black and Leachman cameos were humorless and grotesque. Bianco wrote, "Unfortunately, in an hour you get at most a handful of funny moments. So if you want funny from a comedy, look elsewhere."


title: Stress Relief (The Office)

text: Jeffrey Blitz won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series for "Stress Relief". Dean Holland and David Rogers were also nominated for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series. "Stress Relief" accounted for two of the ten Primetime Emmy Award nominations "The Office" received for the show's fifth season.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Life was an American magazine published weekly from 1883 to 1972, as an intermittent "special" until 1978, and as a monthly from 1978 until 2000. During its golden age from 1936 to 1972, "Life" was a wide-ranging weekly general-interest magazine known for the quality of its photography, and was one of the most popular magazines in the nation, regularly reaching one-quarter of the population.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" was independently published for its first 53 years until 1936 as a general-interest and light entertainment magazine, heavy on illustrations, jokes, and social commentary. It featured some of the most notable writers, editors, illustrators and cartoonists of its time: Charles Dana Gibson, Norman Rockwell and Jacob Hartman Jr. Gibson became the editor and owner of the magazine after John Ames Mitchell died in 1918. During its later years, the magazine offered brief capsule reviews (similar to those in "The New Yorker") of plays and movies currently running in New York City, but with the innovative touch of a colored typographic bullet resembling a traffic light, appended to each review: green for a positive review, red for a negative one, and amber for mixed notices.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In 1936, "Time" publisher Henry Luce bought "Life", only wanting its title: he greatly re-made the publication. "Life" (now stylized in all caps) became the first all-photographic American news magazine, and it dominated the market for several decades, with a circulation of more than 13.5 million copies a week at one point. Possibly the best-known image published in the magazine was Alfred Eisenstaedt's photograph of a nurse in a sailor's arms, taken on August 14, 1945 during a VJ-Day celebration in New York's Times Square. The magazine's role in the history of photojournalism is considered its most important contribution to publishing. Its profile was such that the memoirs of President Harry S. Truman, Prime Minister Winston Churchill, and General Douglas MacArthur were all serialized in its pages.


title: Life (magazine)

text: After 2000, Time Inc. continued to use the "Life" brand for special and commemorative issues. "Life" returned to regularly scheduled issues when it became a weekly newspaper supplement from 2004 to 2007. The website life.com, originally one of the channels on Time Inc.'s Pathfinder service, was for a time in the late 2000s managed as a joint venture with Getty Images under the name "See Your World, LLC". On January 30, 2012, the Life.com URL became a photo channel on Time.com.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" was founded on January 4, 1883, in a New York City artist's studio at 1155 Broadway, as a partnership between John Ames Mitchell and Andrew Miller. Mitchell held a 75% interest in the magazine with the remaining 25% held by Miller. Both men retained their holdings until their deaths. Miller served as secretary-treasurer of the magazine and managed the business side of the operation. Mitchell, a 37-year-old illustrator who used a $10,000 inheritance to invest in the weekly magazine, served as its publisher. He also created the first "Life" name-plate with cupids as mascots and later on, drew its masthead of a knight leveling his lance at the posterior of a fleeing devil. Then he took advantage of a new printing process using zinc-coated plates, which improved the reproduction of his illustrations and artwork. This edge helped because "Life" faced stiff competition from the best-selling humor magazines "Judge" and "Puck", which were already established and successful. Edward Sandford Martin was brought on as "Life"s first literary editor; the recent Harvard University graduate was a founder of the "Harvard Lampoon".


title: Life (magazine)

text: The motto of the first issue of "Life" was: "While there's Life, there's hope." The new magazine set forth its principles and policies to its readers:


title: Life (magazine)

text: We wish to have some fun in this paper...We shall try to domesticate as much as possible of the casual cheerfulness that is drifting about in an unfriendly world...We shall have something to say about religion, about politics, fashion, society, literature, the stage, the stock exchange, and the police station, and we will speak out what is in our mind as fairly, as truthfully, and as decently as we know how.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The magazine was a success and soon attracted the industry's leading contributors, of which the most important was Charles Dana Gibson. Three years after the magazine was founded, the Massachusetts native first sold "Life" a drawing for $4: a dog outside his kennel howling at the moon. Encouraged by a publisher, also an artist, Gibson was joined in "Life" early days by illustrators such as Palmer Cox (creator of the Brownie), A. B. Frost, Oliver Herford and E. W. Kemble. "Life"s literary roster included the following: John Kendrick Bangs, James Whitcomb Riley and Brander Matthews.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Mitchell was accused of anti-Semitism at a time of high rates of immigration to New York of eastern European Jews. When the magazine blamed the theatrical team of Klaw & Erlanger for Chicago's Iroquois Theater Fire in 1903, many people complained. "Life" drama critic, James Stetson Metcalfe, was barred from the 47 Manhattan theatres controlled by the Theatrical Syndicate. "Life" published caricatures of Jews with large noses.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Several individuals would publish their first major works in "Life". In 1908 Robert Ripley published his first cartoon in "Life", 20 years before his "Believe It or Not!" fame. Norman Rockwell's first cover for "Life" magazine, "Tain't You", was published May 10, 1917. His paintings were featured on "Life" cover 28 times between 1917 and 1924. Rea Irvin, the first art director of "The New Yorker" and creator of the character "Eustace Tilley", began his career by drawing covers for "Life".


title: Life (magazine)

text: This version of "Life" took sides in politics and international affairs, and published pro-American editorials. After Germany attacked Belgium in 1914, Mitchell and Gibson undertook a campaign to push the U.S. into the war. Gibson drew the Kaiser as a bloody madman, insulting Uncle Sam, sneering at crippled soldiers, and shooting Red Cross nurses.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Following Mitchell's death in 1918, Gibson bought the magazine for $1 million, but the end of World War I had brought on social change. "Life" brand of humor was outdated, as readers wanted more daring and risque works, and "Life" struggled to compete. A little more than three years after purchasing "Life", Gibson quit and turned the decaying property over to publisher Clair Maxwell and treasurer Henry Richter. Gibson retired to Maine to paint and lost interest in the magazine.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In 1920, Gibson selected former "Vanity Fair" staffer Robert E. Sherwood as editor. A WWI veteran and member of the Algonquin Round Table, Sherwood tried to inject sophisticated humor onto the pages. "Life" published Ivy League jokes, cartoons, flapper sayings and all-burlesque issues. Beginning in 1920, "Life" undertook a crusade against Prohibition. It also tapped the humorous writings of Frank Sullivan, Robert Benchley, Dorothy Parker, Franklin Pierce Adams and Corey Ford. Among the illustrators and cartoonists were Ralph Barton, Percy Crosby, Don Herold, Ellison Hoover, H. T. Webster, Art Young and John Held, Jr.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" had 250,000 readers in 1920, but as the Jazz Age rolled into the Great Depression, the magazine lost money and subscribers. By the time Maxwell and editor George Eggleston took over, "Life" had switched from publishing weekly to monthly. The two men went to work revamping its editorial style to meet the times, which resulted in improved readership. However, "Life" had passed its prime and was sliding toward financial ruin. "The New Yorker", debuting in February 1925, copied many of the features and styles of "Life"; it recruited staff from its editorial and art departments. Another blow to "Life" circulation came from raunchy humor periodicals such as "Ballyhoo" and "Hooey", which ran what can be termed "outhouse" gags. In 1933, "Esquire" joined "Life" competitors. In its final years, "Life" struggled to make a profit.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Announcing the end of "Life", Maxwell stated: "We cannot claim, like Mr. Gene Tunney, that we resigned our championship undefeated in our prime. But at least we hope to retire gracefully from a world still friendly."


title: Life (magazine)

text: For "Life" final issue in its original format, 80-year-old Edward Sandford Martin was recalled from editorial retirement to compose its obituary. He wrote:


title: Life (magazine)

text: That "Life" should be passing into the hands of new owners and directors is of the liveliest interest to the sole survivor of the little group that saw it born in January 1883 ... As for me, I wish it all good fortune; grace, mercy and peace and usefulness to a distracted world that does not know which way to turn nor what will happen to it next. A wonderful time for a new voice to make a noise that needs to be heard!


title: Life (magazine)

text: In 1936, publisher Henry Luce paid $92,000 (worth $ in ) to the owners of "Life" magazine because he sought the name for his company, Time Inc. Time Inc. sold "Life" subscription list, features, and goodwill to "Judge". Convinced that pictures could tell a story instead of just illustrating text, Luce launched the new "Life" on November 23, 1936, along with John Shaw Billings and Daniel Longwell as founding editors. The third magazine published by Luce, after "Time" in 1923 and "Fortune" in 1930, "Life" developed as the definitive photo magazine in the U.S., giving as much space and importance to images as to words. The first issue of "Life", which sold for ten cents (worth $ in ), featured five pages of Alfred Eisenstaedt's photographs.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In planning the weekly news magazine, Luce circulated a confidential prospectus, within Time Inc. in 1936, which described his vision for the new "Life" magazine, and what he viewed as its unique purpose. "Life" magazine was to be the first publication, with a focus on photographs, that enabled the American public,


title: Life (magazine)

text: To see life; to see the world; to eyewitness great events; to watch the faces of the poor and the gestures of the proud; to see strange things — machines, armies, multitudes, shadows in the jungle and on the moon; to see man’s work — his paintings, towers and discoveries; to see things thousands of miles away, things hidden behind walls and within rooms, things dangerous to come to; the women that men love and many children; to see and take pleasure in seeing; to see and be amazed; to see and be instructed...


title: Life (magazine)

text: Luce's first issue cover depicted the Fort Peck Dam in Montana, a Works Progress Administration project, photographed by Margaret Bourke-White.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The format of "Life" in 1936 was a success: the text was condensed into captions for 50 pages of photographs. The magazine was printed on heavily coated paper and cost readers only a dime. The magazine's circulation was beyond the company's predictions, going from 380,000 copies of the first issue to more than one million a week four months later. It soon challenged "The Saturday Evening Post", then the largest-circulation weekly in the country. The magazine's success stimulated many imitators, such as "Look", which was founded a year later in 1937 and ran until 1971.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Luce moved "Life" into its own building at 19 West 31st Street, a Beaux-Arts building constructed in 1894. Later "Life" moved its editorial offices to 9 Rockefeller Plaza.


title: Life (magazine)

text: A co-founder of the new "Life" magazine, Longwell served as managing editor from 1944 to 1946 and chairman of the board of editors until his retirement in 1954. He was credited for publishing Winston Churchill's "The Second World War" and Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea".


title: Life (magazine)

text: Luce also selected Edward Kramer Thompson, a stringer for "Time", as assistant picture editor in 1937. From 1949 to 1961 he was the managing editor, and served as editor-in-chief for nearly a decade, until his retirement in 1970. His influence was significant during the magazine's heyday, which was roughly from 1936 until the mid-1960s. Thompson was known for the free rein he gave his editors, particularly a "trio of formidable and colorful women: Sally Kirkland, fashion editor; Mary Letherbee, movie editor; and Mary Hamman, modern living editor."


title: Life (magazine)

text: When the U.S. entered the war in 1941, so did "Life". By 1944, of the 40 "Time" and "Life" war correspondents, seven were women: Americans Mary Welsh Hemingway, Margaret Bourke-White, Lael Tucker, Peggy Durdin, Shelley Smith Mydans, Annalee Jacoby, and Jacqueline Saix, an Englishwoman. (Saix's name is often omitted from the list, but she and Welsh are the only women listed as part of the magazine's team in a "Times" publisher's letter, dated May 8, 1944.)


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" backed the war effort each week. In July 1942, "Life" launched its first art contest for soldiers and drew more than 1,500 entries, submitted by all ranks. Judges sorted out the best and awarded $1,000 in prizes. "Life" picked 16 for reproduction in the magazine. The National Gallery in Washington, D.C. agreed to put 117 entries on exhibition that summer. "Life", also supported the military's efforts to use artists to document the war. When Congress forbade the armed forces from using government money to fund artists in the field, "Life" privatized the programs, hiring many of the artists being let go by the Department of War (which would later become the Department of Defense). On December 7, 1960, "Life" managers later donated many of the works by such artists to the Department of War and its art programs, such as the United States Army Art Program.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Each week during World War II, the magazine brought photographs of the war to Americans; it had photographers from all theaters of war. The magazine was imitated in enemy propaganda using contrasting images of "Life" and "Death".


title: Life (magazine)

text: In August 1942, writing about labor and racial unrest in Detroit, "Life" warned that "the morale situation is perhaps the worst in the U.S. ... It is time for the rest of the country to sit up and take notice. For Detroit can either blow up Hitler or it can blow up the U.S." Mayor Edward Jeffries was outraged: "I'll match Detroit's patriotism against any other city's in the country. The whole story in "Life" is scurrilous ... I'd just call it a yellow magazine and let it go at that." The article was considered so dangerous to the war effort that it was censored from copies of the magazine sold outside North America.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The magazine hired war photographer Robert Capa. A veteran of "Collier's" magazine, Capa accompanied the first wave of the D-Day invasion in Normandy, France, on June 6, 1944, and returned with only a handful of images, many of them out of focus. The magazine wrote in the captions that the photos were fuzzy because Capa's hands were shaking. He denied it, claiming that the darkroom had ruined his negatives. Later he poked fun at "Life" by titling his war memoir "Slightly Out of Focus" (1947). In 1954, Capa was killed after stepping on a landmine, while working for the magazine covering the First Indochina War. "Life" photographer Bob Landry also went in with the first wave at D-Day, "but "all" of Landry's film was lost, and his shoes to boot."


title: Life (magazine)

text: In a notable mistake, in its final edition just before the 1948 U.S. presidential election, the magazine printed a large photo showing U.S. presidential candidate Thomas E. Dewey and his staff riding across San Francisco, California harbor entitled "Our Next President Rides by Ferryboat over San Francisco Bay". Incumbent President Harry S. Truman won the election. Dewey was expected to win the election, and this mistake was also made by the "Chicago Tribune".


title: Life (magazine)

text: On May 10, 1950, the council of ministers in Cairo banned "Life" from Egypt forever. All issues on sale were confiscated. No reason was given, but Egyptian officials expressed indignation over the April 10, 1950 story about King Farouk of Egypt, entitled the "Problem King of Egypt". The government considered it insulting to the country.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" in the 1950s earned a measure of respect by commissioning work from top authors. After "Life" publication in 1952 of Ernest Hemingway's "The Old Man and the Sea", the magazine contracted with the author for a 4,000-word piece on bullfighting. Hemingway sent the editors a 10,000-word article, following his last visit to Spain in 1959 to cover a series of contests between two top matadors. The article was republished in 1985 as the novella, "The Dangerous Summer".


title: Life (magazine)

text: In February 1953, just a few weeks after leaving office, President Harry S. Truman announced that "Life" magazine would handle all rights to his memoirs. Truman said it was his belief that by 1954 he would be able to speak more fully on subjects pertaining to the role his administration played in world affairs. Truman observed that "Life" editors had presented other memoirs with great dignity; he added that "Life" also made the best offer.


title: Life (magazine)

text: For his 1955 Museum of Modern Art traveling exhibition "The Family of Man", which was to be seen by nine million visitors worldwide, curator Edward Steichen relied heavily on photographs from "Life;" 111 of the 503 pictures shown, constituting more than 20% as counted by Abigail Solomon-Godeau. His assistant Wayne Miller entered the magazine's archive in late 1953 and spent an estimated nine months there. He searched through 3.5 million images, most in the form of original negatives (only in the last years of the war did the picture department start to print contact sheets of all assignments) and submitted to Steichen for selection, many that had not been published in the magazine.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In November 1954, the actress Dorothy Dandridge was the first African-American woman to be featured on the cover of the magazine.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In 1957, R. Gordon Wasson, a vice president at J. P. Morgan, published an article in "Life" extolling the virtues of magic mushrooms. This prompted Albert Hofmann to isolate psilocybin in 1958 for distribution by Sandoz alongside LSD in the U.S., further raising interest in LSD in the mass media. Following Wasson's report, Timothy Leary visited Mexico to try out the mushrooms, which were used in traditional religious rituals.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life"s motto became "To see Life; to see the world." The magazine produced many popular science serials, such as "The World We Live In" and "The Epic of Man" in the early 1950s. The magazine continued to showcase the work of notable illustrators, such as Alton S. Tobey, whose contributions included the cover for a 1958 series of articles on the history of the Russian Revolution.


title: Life (magazine)

text: However, as the 1950s drew to a close and television became more popular, the magazine was losing readers. In May 1959 it announced plans to reduce its regular news-stand price from 25 cents a copy to 20. With the increase in television sales and viewership, interest in news magazines was waning. "Life" had to try to create a new form.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In the 1960s, the magazine was filled with color photos of movie stars, President John F. Kennedy and his family, the war in Vietnam, and the Apollo program. Typical of the magazine's editorial focus was a long 1964 feature on actress Elizabeth Taylor and her relationship with actor Richard Burton. Journalist Richard Meryman traveled with Taylor to New York, California, and Paris. "Life" ran a 6,000-word first-person article on the screen star.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "I'm not a 'sex queen' or a 'sex symbol,' " Taylor said. "I don't think I want to be one. Sex symbol kind of suggests bathrooms in hotels or something. I do know I'm a movie star and I like being a woman, and I think sex is absolutely gorgeous. But as far as a sex goddess, I don't worry myself that way... Richard is a very sexy man. He's got that sort of jungle essence that one can sense... When we look at each other, it's like our eyes have fingers and they grab ahold... I think I ended up being the scarlet woman because of my rather puritanical upbringing and beliefs. I couldn't just have a romance. It had to be a marriage."


title: Life (magazine)

text: In the 1960s, the magazine featured photographs by Gordon Parks. "The camera is my weapon against the things I dislike about the universe and how I show the beautiful things about the universe," Parks recalled in 2000. "I didn't care about Life magazine. I cared about the people," he said.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The June 1964 Paul Welch "Life" article entitled "Homosexuality In America" was the first time a national publication reported on gay issues. "Life"'s photographer was referred to the gay leather bar in San Francisco called the Tool Box for the article by Hal Call, who had long worked to dispel the myth that all homosexual men were effeminate. The article opened with a two-page spread of the mural of life-size leathermen in the bar, which had been painted by Chuck Arnett in 1962. The article described San Francisco as "The Gay Capital of America" and inspired many gay leathermen to move there.


title: Life (magazine)

text: On March 25, 1966, "Life" featured the drug LSD as its cover story. The drug had attracted attention among the counter culture and was not yet criminalized.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In March 1967, "Life" won the 1967 National Magazine Award, chosen by the Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Despite the industry's accolades and its coverage of the U.S. mission to the Moon in 1969, the magazine continued to lose circulation. Time Inc. announced in January 1971 its decision to reduce circulation from 8.5 million to 7 million, in an effort to offset shrinking advertising revenues. The following year, "Life" cut its circulation further, to 5.5 million beginning with the January 14, 1972 issue. "Life" was reportedly not losing money, but its costs were rising faster than its profits. "Life" lost credibility with many readers when it supported author Clifford Irving, whose fraudulent autobiography of Howard Hughes was revealed as a hoax in January 1972. The magazine had purchased serialization rights to Irving's manuscript.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Industry figures showed that some 96% of "Life"'s circulation went to mail subscribers, with only 4% coming from the more profitable newsstand sales. Gary Valk was publisher when on December 8, 1972, the magazine announced it would cease publication by the end of the year and lay off hundreds of staff. The weekly "Life" magazine published its last issue on December 29, 1972.


title: Life (magazine)

text: From 1972 to 1978, Time Inc. published ten "Life Special Reports" on such themes as "The Spirit of Israel", "Remarkable American Women" and "The Year in Pictures". With a minimum of promotion, these issues sold between 500,000 and 1 million copies at cover prices of up to $2.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Beginning with an October 1978 issue, "Life" was published as a monthly, with a new, modified logo. Although it remained a familiar red rectangle with the white type, the new version was larger, the lettering was closer together and the box surrounding it was smaller.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" continued for the next 22 years as a moderately successful general-interest, news features magazine. In 1986, it decided to mark its 50th anniversary under the Time Inc. umbrella with a special issue showing every "Life" cover starting from 1936, which included the issues published during the six-year hiatus in the 1970s. The circulation in this era hovered around the 1.5 million-circulation mark. The cover price in 1986 was $2.50 (). The publisher at the time was Charles Whittingham; the editor was Philip Kunhardt. In 1991 "Life" sent correspondents to the first Gulf War and published special issues of coverage. Four issues of this weekly, "Life in Time of War", were published during the first Gulf War.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The magazine struggled financially and, in February 1993, "Life" announced the magazine would be printed on smaller pages starting with its July issue. This issue also featured the return of the original "Life" logo.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life" reduced advertising prices by 34% in a bid to make the monthly publication more appealing to advertisers. The magazine reduced its circulation guarantee for advertisers by 12% in July 1993 to 1.5 million copies from the current 1.7 million. The publishers in this era were Nora McAniff and Edward McCarrick, while Daniel Okrent was the editor. "Life" for the first time was the same trim size as its longtime Time Inc. sister publication, "Fortune".


title: Life (magazine)

text: Though experiencing financial trouble, in 1999 the magazine still made news by compiling lists to round out the 20th century. "Life" editors ranked their "Most Important Events of the Millennium." This list has been criticized for being overly focused on Western achievements. The Chinese, for example, had invented type four centuries before Johannes Gutenberg, but with thousands of ideograms, found its use impractical. "Life" also published a list of the "100 Most Important People of the Millennium." This list, too, was criticized for focusing on the West. Thomas Edison's number one ranking was challenged since critics believed other inventions, such as the Internal combustion engine, the automobile, and electricity-making machines, for example, had greater effects on society than Edison's. The top 100 list was criticized for mixing world-famous names, such as Isaac Newton, Albert Einstein, Louis Pasteur, and Leonardo da Vinci, with figures largely unknown outside of the United States (18 Americans compared to 13 Italian and French, and 11 English).


title: Life (magazine)

text: "It's a sad day for us here," Don Logan, chairman and chief executive of Time Inc., told CNN.com. "It was still in the black," he said, noting that "Life" was increasingly spending more to maintain its monthly circulation level of approximately 1.5 million. ""Life" was a general interest magazine and since its reincarnation, it had always struggled to find its identity, to find its position in the marketplace," Logan said.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The magazine's last issue featured a human interest story. In 1936, its first issue under Henry Luce featured a baby named George Story, with the headline "Life Begins"; over the years the magazine had published updates about the course of Story's life as he married, had children, and pursued a career as a journalist. After "Time" announced its pending closure in March, George Story happened to die of heart failure on April 4, 2000. The last issue of "Life" was titled "A Life Ends", featuring his story and how it had intertwined with the magazine over the years.


title: Life (magazine)

text: For "Life" subscribers, remaining subscriptions were honored with other Time Inc. magazines, such as "Time". In January 2001, these subscribers received a special, "Life"-sized format of "The Year in Pictures" edition of "Time" magazine. It was a "Life" issue disguised under a "Time" logo on the front. (Newsstand copies of this edition were published under the "Life" imprint.)


title: Life (magazine)

text: While citing poor advertising sales and a difficult climate for selling magazine subscriptions, Time Inc. executives said a key reason for closing the title in 2000 was to divert resources to the company's other magazine launches that year, such as "Real Simple". Later that year, its parent company, Time Warner, struck a deal with the Tribune Company for Times Mirror magazines, which included "Golf, Ski, Skiing, Field & Stream", and "Yachting". AOL and Time Warner announced a $184 billion merger, the largest corporate merger in history, which was finalized in January 2001.


title: Life (magazine)

text: In 2001, Time Warner began publishing special newsstand "megazine" issues of "Life", on topics such as the September 11 attacks in 2001 and the Holy Land. These issues, which were printed on thicker paper, were more like softcover books than magazines.


title: Life (magazine)

text: "Life"s online presence began in the 1990s as part of the Pathfinder.com network. The standalone Life.com site was launched on March 31, 2009, and closed on January 30, 2012. Life.com was developed by Andrew Blau and Bill Shapiro, the same team who launched the weekly newspaper supplement. While the archive of "Life", known as the Life Picture Collection, was substantial, they searched for a partner who could provide significant contemporary photography. They approached Getty Images, the world's largest licensor of photography. The site, a joint venture between Getty Images and "Life" magazine, offered millions of photographs from their combined collections. On the 50th anniversary of the night Marilyn Monroe sang "Happy Birthday" to John F. Kennedy, Life.com presented Bill Ray's iconic portrait of the actress, along with other rare photos.


title: Life (magazine)

text: The film, "The Secret Life of Walter Mitty" (2013), starring Ben Stiller and Kristen Wiig, portrays "Life" as it transitioned from printed material toward having only an online presence. Life.com later became a redirect to a small photo channel on Time.com. Life.com also maintains Tumblr and Twitter accounts and a presence on Instagram.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Beginning in October 2004, "Life" was revived for a second time. It resumed weekly publication as a free supplement to U.S. newspapers, competing for the first time with the two industry heavyweights, "Parade" and "USA Weekend". At its launch, it was distributed with more than 60 newspapers with a combined circulation of approximately 12 million. Among the newspapers to carry "Life" were the "Washington Post", "New York Daily News", "Los Angeles Times", "Chicago Tribune", "Denver Post", and "St. Louis Post-Dispatch". Time Inc. made deals with several major newspaper publishers to carry the "Life" supplement, including Knight Ridder and the McClatchy Company. The launch of "Life" as a weekly newspaper supplement was conceived by Andrew Blau, who served as the President of "Life". Bill Shapiro was the founding editor of the weekly supplement.


title: Life (magazine)

text: This version of "Life" retained its trademark logo but sported a new cover motto, "America's Weekend Magazine." It measured 9½ x 11½ inches and was printed on glossy paper in full color. On September 15, 2006, "Life" was 19 pages of editorial content. The editorial content contained one full-page photo, of actress Julia Louis-Dreyfus, and one three-page, seven-photo essay, of Kaiju Big Battel. On March 24, 2007, Time Inc. announced that it would fold the magazine as of April 20, 2007, although it would keep the web site.


title: Life (magazine)

text: On November 18, 2008, Google began hosting an archive of the magazine's photographs, as part of a joint effort with "Life". Many images in this archive had never been published in the magazine. The archive of over six million photographs from "Life" is also available through Google Cultural Institute, allowing for users to create collections, and is accessible through Google image search. The full archive of the issues of the main run (1936–1972) is available through Google Book Search.


title: Life (magazine)

text: Special editions of "Life" are published on notable occasions, such as a "Bob Dylan" edition on the occasion of his winning the Nobel Prize in Literature, in 2016, "Paul at 75", in 2017, and ""Life" Explores: The Roaring '20s" in 2020. "Life" is now published by the IAC's subsidiary Dotdash Meredith.


title: Murad I

text: Murad I (; (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from – meaning "sovereign" in this context); 29 June 1326 – 15 June 1389) was the Ottoman Sultan from 1362 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan Gazi and Nilüfer Hatun. Murad I came into the throne after his elder brother Süleyman Pasha's death.


title: Murad I

text: Murad I conquered Adrianople, renamed it to Edirne, and in 1363 made it the new capital of the Ottoman Sultanate. Then he further expanded the Ottoman realm in Southern Europe by bringing most of the Balkans under Ottoman rule, and forced the princes of Serbia and Bulgaria as well as the East Roman emperor John V Palaiologos to pay him tribute. Murad I administratively divided his sultanate into the two provinces of Anatolia (Asia Minor) and Rumelia (the Balkans).


title: Murad I

text: According to the Ottoman sources, Murad I's titles included "Bey", "Emîr-i a’zam" (Great Emir), "Ghazi", "Hüdavendigâr", "Khan", "Padishah", "Sultânü’s-selâtîn" (Sultan of sultans), "Melikü’l-mülûk" (Malik of maliks), while in Bulgarian and Serbian sources he was referred to as Tsar. In a Genoese document, he was referred to as "dominus armiratorum Turchie" (Master lord of Turks).


title: Murad I

text: Murad fought against the powerful beylik of Karaman in Anatolia and against the Serbs, Albanians, Bulgarians and Hungarians in Europe. In particular, a Serb expedition to expel the Turks from Adrianople led by the Serbian brothers King Vukašin and Despot Uglješa, was defeated on September 26, 1371, by Murad's capable second lieutenant Lala Şâhin Paşa, the first governor ("beylerbey") of Rumeli. In 1385, Sofia fell to the Ottomans. In 1386 Prince Lazar Hrebeljanović defeated an Ottoman force at the Battle of Pločnik. The Ottoman army suffered heavy casualties, and was unable to capture Niš on the way back.


title: Murad I

text: In 1389, Murad's army defeated the Serbian Army and its allies under the leadership of Lazar at the Battle of Kosovo.


title: Murad I

text: There are different accounts from different sources about when and how Murad I was assassinated. The contemporary sources mainly noted that the battle took place and that both Prince Lazar and the Sultan lost their lives in the battle. The existing evidence of the additional stories and speculations as to how Murad I died were disseminated and recorded in the 15th century and later, decades after the actual event. One Western source states that during the first hours of the battle, Murad I was assassinated by Serbian nobleman and knight Miloš Obilić by knife. Most Ottoman chroniclers (including Dimitrie Cantemir) state that he was assassinated after the finish of the battle while going around the battlefield. His older son Bayezid, who was in charge of the left wing of the Ottoman forces, took charge after that. His other son, Yakub Bey, who was in charge of the other wing, was called to the Sultan's command center tent by Bayezid, but when Yakub Bey arrived he was strangled, leaving Bayezid as the sole claimant to the throne.


title: Murad I

text: In a letter from the Florentine senate (written by Coluccio Salutati) to the King Tvrtko I of Bosnia, dated 20 October 1389, Murad I's (and Jakub Bey's) killing was described. A party of twelve Serbian lords slashed their way through the Ottoman lines defending Murad I. One of them, allegedly Obilić, had managed to get through to the Sultan's tent and kill him with sword stabs to the throat and belly.


title: Murad I

text: Murad's internal organs were buried in Kosovo field and remain to this day on a corner of the battlefield in a location called "Meshed-i Hudavendigar" which has gained a religious significance for the local Muslims. It was vandalized between 1999–2006 and was renovated recently. His other remains were carried to Bursa, his Anatolian capital city, and were buried in a tomb at the complex built in his name.


title: Murad I

text: He was the son of Orhan and the Valide Hatun Nilüfer Hatun, daughter of the Lord of Yarhisar, who was of ethnic Greek descent.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: The usage share of web browsers is the portion, often expressed as a percentage, of visitors to a group of web sites that use a particular web browser.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Measuring browser usage in the number of requests (page hits) made by each user agent can be misleading.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Not all requests are generated by a user, as a user agent can make requests at regular time intervals without user input. In this case, the user's activity might be overestimated. Some examples:


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Websites often include code to detect browser version to adjust the page design sent according to the user agent string received. This may mean that less popular browsers are not sent complex content (even though they might be able to deal with it correctly) or, in extreme cases, refused all content. Thus, various browsers have a feature to "cloak" or "spoof" their identification to force certain server-side content.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Net Applications, in their NetMarketShare report, uses unique visitors to measure web usage. The effect is that users visiting a site ten times will only be counted once by these sources, while they are counted ten times by statistics companies that measure page hits.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Net Applications uses country-level weighting as well. The goal of weighting countries based on their usage is to mitigate selection area based sampling bias. This bias is caused by the differences in the percentage of tracked hits in the sample, and the percentage of global usage tracked by third party sources. This difference is caused by the heavier levels of market usage.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Statistics from the United States government's Digital Analytics Program (DAP) do not represent world-wide usage patterns. DAP uses raw data from a unified Google Analytics account.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: According to StatCounter web use statistics (a proxy for all use), in the week from 7–13 November 2016, "mobile" (meaning smartphones) alone (without tablets) overtook desktop for the first time and by the end of the year smartphones were in the majority. Since 27 October, the desktop has not shown a majority, even on weekdays.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Previously, according to StatCounter press release, the world has become desktop-minority; , there was about 49% of desktop usage for that month. The two biggest continents, Asia and Africa, have been mobile-majority for a while, and Australia is by now desktop-minority too. A few countries in Europe and South America have also followed this trend of being mobile-majority.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: In March 2015, for the first time in the US the number of mobile-only adult internet users exceeded the number of desktop-only internet users with 11.6% of the digital population only using mobile compared to 10.6% only using desktop; this also means the majority, 78%, use both desktop and mobile to access the internet.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: StatCounter statistics are directly derived from hits (not unique visitors) from 3 million sites using StatCounter totaling more than 15 billion hits per month. No weightings are used.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Net Applications bases its usage share on statistics from 40,000 websites having around 160 million unique visitors per month. The mean site has 1300 unique visitors per day.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Wikimedia traffic analysis reports are based on server logs of about 4 billion page requests per month, based on the user agent information that accompanied the requests. These server logs cover requests to all the Wikimedia Foundation projects, including Wikipedia, Wikimedia Commons, Wiktionary, Wikibooks, Wikiquote, Wikisource, Wikinews, Wikiversity and others.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Note: Wikimedia has recently had a large percentage of unrecognised browsers, previously counted as Firefox, that are now assumed to be Internet Explorer 11 fixed in the February 2014 and later numbers. And February 2014 numbers include mobile for Internet Explorer and Firefox (not included in Android). Chrome did not include the mobile numbers at that time while Android does since there was an "Android browser" that was the default browser at that time.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: Method: Only counts visits to local sites in 23 European countries and then averages the percentages for those 23 European countries independent of population size.


title: Usage share of web browsers

text: "TheCounter.com" identifies sixteen versions of six browsers (Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Opera, Netscape, and Konqueror). Other browsers are categorised as either "Netscape compatible" (including Google Chrome, which may also be categorized as "Safari" because of its "Webkit" subtag) or "unknown". Internet Explorer 8 is identified as Internet Explorer 7. Monthly data includes all hits from 2008-02-01 until the end of the month concerned. More than the exact browser type, this data identifies the underlying rendering engine used by various browsers, and the table below aggregates them in the same column.


title: Match

text: A match is a tool for starting a fire. Typically, matches are made of small wooden sticks or stiff paper. One end is coated with a material that can be ignited by friction generated by striking the match against a suitable surface. Wooden matches are packaged in matchboxes, and paper matches are partially cut into rows and stapled into matchbooks. The coated end of a match, known as the match "head", consists of a bead of active ingredients and binder, often colored for easier inspection. There are two main types of matches: safety matches, which can be struck only against a specially prepared surface, and strike-anywhere matches, for which any suitably frictional surface can be used. Because of the substance used to coat each match, this makes them non-biodegradable.


title: Match

text: Historically, the term "match" referred to lengths of cord (later cambric) impregnated with chemicals, and allowed to burn continuously. These were used to light fires and fire guns (see matchlock) and cannons (see linstock). Such matches were characterised by their burning speed i.e. "quick match" and "slow match". Depending on its formulation, a slow match burns at a rate of around 30 cm (1 ft) per hour and a quick match at per minute.


title: Match

text: The modern equivalent of this sort of match is the simple fuse, still used in pyrotechnics to obtain a controlled time delay before ignition. The original meaning of the word still persists in some pyrotechnics terms, such as "black match" (a black-powder-impregnated fuse) and "Bengal match" (a firework akin to sparklers producing a relatively long-burning, colored flame). But, when friction matches became commonplace, they became the main object meant by the term.


title: Match

text: A note in the text "Cho Keng Lu", written in 1366, describes a sulfur match, small sticks of pinewood impregnated with sulfur, used in China by "impoverished court ladies" in AD 577 during the conquest of Northern Qi. During the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (AD 907–960), a book called the "Records of the Unworldly and the Strange" written by Chinese author Tao Gu in about 950 stated:


title: Match

text: If there occurs an emergency at night it may take some time to make a light to light a lamp. But an ingenious man devised the system of impregnating little sticks of pinewood with sulfur and storing them ready for use. At the slightest touch of fire, they burst into flame. One gets a little flame like an ear of corn. This marvelous thing was formerly called a "light-bringing slave", but afterward when it became an article of commerce its name was changed to 'fire inch-stick'.


title: Match

text: Another text, "Wu Lin Chiu Shih", dated from 1270 AD, lists sulfur matches as something that was sold in the markets of Hangzhou, around the time of Marco Polo's visit. The matches were known as "fa chu" or "tshui erh".


title: Match

text: Before the use of matches, fires were sometimes lit using a burning glass (a lens) to focus the sun on tinder, a method that could only work on sunny days. Another more common method was igniting tinder with sparks produced by striking flint and steel, or by sharply increasing air pressure in a fire piston. Early work had been done by alchemist Hennig Brand, who discovered the flammable nature of phosphorus in 1669. Others, including Robert Boyle and his assistant, Ambrose Godfrey, continued these experiments in the 1680s with phosphorus and sulfur, but their efforts did not produce practical and inexpensive methods for generating fires.


title: Match

text: A number of different ways were employed in order to light smoking tobacco: One was the use of a spill – a thin object something like a thin candle, a rolled paper or a straw, which would be lit from a nearby, already existing flame and then used to light the cigar or pipe – most often kept near the fireplace in a spill vase. Another method saw the use of a striker, a tool that looked like scissors, but with flint on one "blade" and steel on the other. These would then be rubbed together, ultimately producing sparks. If neither of these two was available, one could also use ember tongs to pick up a coal from a fire and light the tobacco directly.


title: Match

text: The first modern, self-igniting match was invented in 1805 by Jean Chancel, assistant to Professor Louis Jacques Thénard of Paris. The head of the match consisted of a mixture of potassium chlorate, sulfur, gum arabic and sugar. The match was ignited by dipping its tip in a small asbestos bottle filled with sulfuric acid. This kind of match was quite expensive, however, and its use was also relatively dangerous, so Chancel's matches never really became widely adopted or in commonplace use.


title: Match

text: This approach to match making was further refined in the following decades, culminating with the 'Promethean match' that was patented by Samuel Jones of London in 1828. His match consisted of a small glass capsule containing a chemical composition of sulfuric acid colored with indigo and coated on the exterior with potassium chlorate, all of which was wrapped up in rolls of paper. The immediate ignition of this particular form of a match was achieved by crushing the capsule with a pair of pliers, mixing and releasing the ingredients in order for it to become alight.


title: Match

text: In London, similar matches meant for lighting cigars were introduced in 1849 by Heurtner who had a shop called the Lighthouse in the Strand. One version that he sold was called "Euperion" (sometimes "Empyrion") which was popular for kitchen use and nicknamed as "Hugh Perry", while another meant for outdoor use was called a "Vesuvian" or "flamer". The head was large and contained niter, charcoal and wood dust, and had a phosphorus tip. The handle was large and made of hardwood so as to burn vigorously and last for a while. Some even had glass stems. Both Vesuvians and Prometheans had a bulb of sulfuric acid at the tip which had to be broken to start the reaction.


title: Match

text: Samuel Jones introduced fuzees for lighting cigars and pipes in 1832. A similar invention was patented in 1839 by John Hucks Stevens in America.


title: Match

text: In 1832, William Newton patented the "wax vesta" in England. It consisted of a wax stem that embedded cotton threads and had a tip of phosphorus. Variants known as "candle matches" were made by Savaresse and Merckel in 1836. John Hucks Stevens also patented a safety version of the friction match in 1839.


title: Match

text: Chemical matches were unable to make the leap into mass production, due to the expense, their cumbersome nature and inherent danger. An alternative method was to produce the ignition through friction produced by rubbing two rough surfaces together. An early example was made by François Derosne in 1816. His crude match was called a briquet phosphorique and it used a sulfur-tipped match to scrape inside a tube coated internally with phosphorus. It was both inconvenient and unsafe.