title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris space concept is a concept using Vibrant Clarity design philosophy. It included panoramic glass roof, flat rear passenger floor, high window surfaces, 19 inch alloy wheels, free form geometric lamps, prominent brake callipers, deep rear bumper with integrated chrome exhausts, gold coloured body.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the October 2006 Paris Motor Show. Exterior styling was done by ED², Toyota's European design base located in southern France.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris received a five star cabin protection rating from Euro NCAP for adults, but four stars for children.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Introduced as a new model in 2006, the Auris replaced the Corolla Runx and Allex. Trim levels were 150X,180G and RS. For model year 2007 on Japanese models only, G-BOOK, a subscription telematics service, was offered as an option. Japanese models were built by Iwate Plant, Kanto Auto Works, Ltd.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Designed by TUMI, this was a Japanese market limited edition (1000 units) version. It included model specific seat cloth, floor mats, a luggage mat, illuminated scuff plates, shift knob, instrument panel ornament and badging.


title: Toyota Auris

text: This version came with a grey interior, dual zone climate control, passenger side under seat tray. The 150X M package version added rear privacy glass, smart entry and start system and anti theft system. The models went on sale on 29 January 2008, through Toyota's Netz dealers.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In January 2011, Toyota revealed the Toyota Auris GT at the Tokyo Auto Salon. Based on a 1.8L Auris. All equipment is available for purchase individually except for the supercharger. The concept was shown in Gold metallic paint with a black TRD graphic along the lower side of the car.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In Australia, the Auris is sold as "Corolla" hatchback with "Seca" emblem on the hatch door above the licence plate. Grades are: base-model "Ascent", mid-spec "Conquest", sports "Levin SX" and sports luxury "Levin ZR".


title: Toyota Auris

text: All models are powered by the 1.8-litre 2ZR-FE engine, with either a six-speed manual or four-speed automatic. All, but the Ascent come with standard alloy wheels and fog lights.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Levin models have sports style body kits. Electric moonroof is only available as an option on Levin ZR. As of January 2009, ESC has been made available as standard on Conquest and Levin ZR – Ascent and Levin SX have ESC as an option.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Australian Corolla Hatchback received a facelift during the fourth quarter of 2009. The entire body design has been given a sporty makeover. Major changes were made to the front and rear fascia, wheel designs and interior trims. The "Seca" branding has been removed from the hatch door, tail lights design has been changed.


title: Toyota Auris

text: A newer bumper design has also been adapted with a special "diffuser" fitted at the bottom to give the rear a sportier look and on either side of the diffuser are reflectors which were lacking in any other previous Corolla Hatchback models. The front receives new grille and revised headlamps.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Fog lights have been removed from the Conquest model. Ascent continues to receive 15-inch steel wheels while the rest receive 16-inch alloys with Conquest and Levin SX sharing the same alloys. Side mirrors now feature indicators. The trim materials have also been changed along with a new D-shaped sports steering wheel available on Conquest and Levin models. Other changes have also been made to equipment and technology. Moonroof is still only available as an option on Levin ZR alone.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In New Zealand, the Auris was sold as "Corolla" hatchback. Grades are: base-model "GX", sports luxury "GLX". All models are powered by the 1.8-litre Petrol 2ZR-FE engine, with either a six speed manual or four speed automatic. GX models come with steel wheels and hubcaps, whilst GLX models come with alloys, front fog lights, leather bound steering wheel & shifter knob and cruise control. Diesel models were also available in a 1.4L and 2.0L D-4D both being a 6-speed manual only.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The New Zealand Corolla Hatchback, like Australia, received a facelift during the fourth quarter of 2009. The entire body design has been given a sporty makeover. Major changes were made to the front and rear fascia, wheel designs and interior trims. Tail lights design has been changed.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris was released on 1 February 2007 in the United Kingdom, replacing the E120 series Corolla hatchback. Toyota positioned the Auris at the lower medium segment to compete with cars such as Volkswagen Golf, Vauxhall/Opel Astra, Hyundai i30 and the Ford Focus.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Trim levels were T2, T3 and T Spirit – followed by the T180 model in April 2007. European trim levels were Terra, Strata, Luna, Sol, Premium and Prestige. In February 2007, Toyota announced an investment of £100 million in its Deeside engine factory to build a petrol engine for the Auris.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Deeside plant would start building 1.33 litre Dual VVT-i engine beginning in 2009–10, and would also produce Auris engines previously built in Japan.


title: Toyota Auris

text: TOD engines were introduced in 2008. The "1NR-FE" 1.33 Dual VVT-i engine featured Toyota's first Stop & Start system sold in Europe, and replaced the 1.4 VVT-i engine. The 2.0 D-4D engine added a diesel particulate filter. A 1.6 Valvematic replaced the 1.6 Dual VVT-i engine.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris HSD Full Hybrid Concept was unveiled at the September 2009 Frankfurt Motor Show. The concept version included Hybrid Synergy Drive technology, 18-inch alloy wheels with low rolling resistance tyres, a larger, more efficient rear spoiler, 20 mm lower ride height, seats and upper dashboard with blue Gaucholino leather upholstery, instrument cluster with hybrid blue illumination, solar panel roof with ventilation.


title: Toyota Auris

text: On 17 July 2009, Toyota announced the production of hybrid Auris by Toyota Motor Manufacturing (UK) Ltd (TMUK) beginning in 2010. It is equipped with engines produced at TMUK's Deeside Plant and produced at TMUK's Burnaston Plant.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The production version of the Auris Hybrid was presented at the March 2010 Geneva Motor Show. Mass production began in May 2010 at Toyota Manufacturing UK (TMUK) Burnaston plant and became the first mass-produced hybrid vehicle to be built in Europe. Sales in the United Kingdom began on 1 July 2010, at a price starting at (), () less than the Toyota Prius.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris Hybrid shares the same powertrain and batteries as the Prius. Combined fuel economy is . Carbon dioxide emissions (CO) are 89 g/km on the standard test cycle which allows the model to be exempted from paying Vehicle Excise Duty (for cars registered prior to 1 April 2017) and the London congestion charge. In July 2010, the Auris Hybrid was selected as "WhatGreenCar Car of the Year 2010" by magazine "What Car?".


title: Toyota Auris

text: The upscale sibling of the Auris is called the Blade. It replaced the Toyota Allex, which, in turn, was the replacement for the Toyota Sprinter. The Blade was sold at Japanese Toyota dealerships "Toyota Store" and "Toyopet Store" locations, while the Auris was exclusive to "Toyota Corolla Store" and "Toyota NETZ Store" locations. It has different front and rear sheetmetal, and is powered by Toyota's 2.4-litre "2AZ-FE" engine. All 2.4-litre models have CVT automatic gearboxes.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In August 2007, Toyota released the Blade Master, an upgraded trim of the Blade which features Toyota's , 3.5 litre "2GR-FE" V6 engine, larger brakes, and an upgraded suspension. Toyota discontinued the Blade in April 2012, ahead of the replacement of the Auris, without a direct successor.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The second generation Auris was revealed on 20 August 2012. It features a wider, lower stance with a more luxurious interior. Its dashboard was later used on the E170 series Corolla saloon that was released later in 2013.


title: Toyota Auris

text: It was first shown at the 2012 Paris Motor Show, with European sales starting in early 2013. It went on sale in Japan in September 2012, and in Australia and New Zealand in October 2012, as the Corolla Hatchback. In some parts of Asia, the sales of the new Auris was sold from the second quarter of 2013.


title: Toyota Auris

text: For the Japanese market, the Auris is available with either 1.2-litre turbocharged 8NR-FTS, 1.5-litre 1NZ-FE or 1.8-litre 2ZR-FAE engine. The smaller motor is installed in the base model 150X. Front-wheel drive and full-time 4WD are offered. The more powerful engine is reserved for the more luxurious 180S and sporty RS models. The 180S comes only with CVT, while the sole transmission for the RS is six-speed manual. All cars with 1.8-litre engine are front-wheel-drive.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In August 2013, Toyota in Japan launched an advertising campaign for the Auris, featuring Char Aznable from the "Mobile Suit Gundam" series. As part of the collaboration, Toyota unveiled a one off "MS-186H-CA" Auris that takes styling cues from the anime.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The facelift model went on sale in Japan on 6 April 2015, while the Hybrid model went on sale on 18 April 2016. When the sales of the Hybrid model began, the Netz logo emblem on the front grille was replaced by the Toyota logo emblem, and it began to be sold at "Toyopet Store" dealerships. The Auris was discontinued there on 20 March 2018.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In Australia, the Auris continued to be called the Corolla Hatchback. Model grades are Ascent, Ascent Sport, Levin SX and Levin ZR. All models are motored by 1.8-litre engine matched to six-speed manual or CVT gearbox. The Levin sport models have front sports seats, carbon fiber-like interior trim and 17-inch alloys. Panoramic roof is available for the top-of-the-line Levin ZR.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Meanwhile, for the New Zealand market the GX and GLX are the equivalent of Ascent and Ascent Sport. Manual transmission is only for the base GX. The GLX, as well as the sporty Levin SX and ZR come with CVT only.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Based on the Ascent hatchback, the limited edition Corolla RZ was released in 2014. It has black alloys, special decals, and upgraded interior.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The facelift model Corolla hatchback is introduced in mid-2015 with new front fascia and restyled tail lights. The Levin moniker was dropped from the sporty models, which are now simply called Corolla SX and ZR. The SX and ZR have sporty front bumper and lower body kits which distinguish them from the Ascent and Ascent Sport. The ZR is only offered with CVT.


title: Toyota Auris

text: In Ireland, the Auris is available in a 5-door van form. This model is closely related to the 5-door hatchback. The main changes are a flat floor pan instead of the rear seat, black glass on the rear doors and a divider between the front seats and the load area. As of June 2019, this model is still in production.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Toyota introduced the Scion iM concept car at the November 2014 Los Angeles Auto Show. It was based on the Auris five-door hatchback with aggressive body kits, lowered suspension, high performance brakes and 19-inch alloy wheels. The production version for the North American market debuted at the New York International Auto Show in April 2015.


title: Toyota Auris

text: While the 2016 iM partially filled the void left by the discontinued Scion xB, Toyota stated that it was not a direct replacement. The iM was only offered with a 1.8 L "2ZR-FAE" Valvematic DOHC 16-valve inline-four engine that produces and . The engine is mated to a six-speed manual transmission or a continuously variable transmission (CVTi-S).


title: Toyota Auris

text: In the United States, the Scion iM sold 5,097 units in 2015. Due to the discontinuation of the Scion marque in 2016, the vehicle was re-branded as the Toyota Corolla iM for the 2017 model year. The Toyota Corolla iM therefore has the Toyota and iM emblem, but the Corolla emblem was never applied to the cars. Changes with the Corolla iM included a smaller under carriage shield that does not require removal for easier oil changes. The replaceable oil element filter was changed to the spin on cartridge type. The Corolla iM continued until it was replaced by the E210 series Corolla hatchback in March 2018, for the 2019 model year. All iM cars were manufactured in Japan.


title: Toyota Auris

text: Toyota unveiled a world premiere at the 2012 Paris Motor Show of the Auris in a new estate or station wagon variant, which is 285 mm longer than the five-door hatchback. It also represents the first model in its segment to be offered with a full hybrid powertrain.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The wheelbase is kept to 2600 mm just like its five-door twin however its profile of the estate version is different, with the steeply raked windscreen flowing into the extended roofline. The estate is 285 mm longer, providing more loadspace.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The rear bumper and the tailgate has a different styling, while the sill is set to be 80 mm lower than it is on its hatchback twin. The engine lineup is carried over from the hatchback, including 1.33-litre Dual VVT-i and 1.6-litre Valvematic petrol units, plus a 1.4-litre D-4D diesel. A hybrid is also sold with a 1.8-litre VVT-i petrol engine and an electric motor, providing a maximum output of 136 HP (100 kW), enough for a 0–62 mph (0–100 km/h) sprint in 10.9 seconds and a top speed of .


title: Toyota Auris

text: The third generation Auris is based on the Toyota New Global Architecture (TNGA) platform. It was unveiled as a pre-production model in March 2018 at the Geneva Motor Show. The Auris nameplate was discontinued across Europe with the production version of the E210 series Corolla in January 2019, but it had been used in Taiwan from September 2018 to July 2020. The Taiwanese Auris is powered by a 2.0-litre "M20A-FKS" petrol engine mated to a simulated 10-speed Direct Shift "K120" continuously variable transmission. It is equipped with TSS, VSC, TRC, HAC, Head-Up-Display, Push Start and Smart Entry.


title: Toyota Auris

text: The Auris-based Corolla hatchback was the winner of 2008 and 2009 Australian Rally Championship. This so-called Corolla S2000 has a modified 2.0-litre naturally aspirated "3S-GE" engine as used by the Celica SS-III, all-wheel-drive system from the Celica GT-Four, and six-speed sequential gearbox. Neal Bates and co-driver Coral Taylor won the series of 2008, while Simon and Sue Evans were the winner in 2009.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The twentieth season of the reality show singing competition "American Idol" premiered on February 27, 2022 on the ABC television network. It is the fifth season to air on ABC since the series' revival. Ryan Seacrest returned as host, and Katy Perry, Luke Bryan and Lionel Richie returned as judges. Bobby Bones did not return as in-house mentor.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: Noah Thompson from Louisa, Kentucky, won the season on May 22, 2022, while HunterGirl was the runner-up, and Leah Marlene finished in third place. Thompson was also the second consecutive male country artist to have won following Chayce Beckham the previous season. It was also the first season in the ABC era where the runner-up was a female contestant. This season also featured an all-country Top 2, the first time since season 10.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, the "Idol Across America" virtual auditions program returned from last season. The remote auditions took place from August 5 to October 28, 2021, as well as a number of open-call auditions, and from these, the producers selected the contestants who can then audition in front of the judges.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: "American Idol" introduced the "platinum ticket" during the audition round in celebration of the show's twentieth season. A total of three platinum tickets were awarded and gave the recipients the opportunity to advance directly to the second round of Hollywood Week and choose their partners for that week's Duet Challenge before the remaining contestants were paired. The platinum ticket recipients were HunterGirl, Kenedi Anderson, and Jay.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: Hollywood Week was filmed December 6–9, 2021, at the Orpheum Theatre in Los Angeles, California. The Genre and Duet Challenges from the last two seasons return. In the Genre Challenge, contestants chose groups based on a specific genre and were mentored by a former Idol alum: season 10 runner-up Lauren Alaina (Country), season 2 winner Ruben Studdard (R&B), season 9 winner Lee DeWyze (Indie folk), season 10 finalist Haley Reinhart (Soul), season 7 winner David Cook (Rock), and season 6 winner Jordin Sparks (Pop). After all the contestants in their respective groups performed, the judges brought them to the stage and made their decisions. Those who advanced moved onto the Duet Challenge. After the platinum ticket holders chose their duet partners, the judges paired the remaining contestants. The duets were given twelve hours to rehearse, which included a consultation with a vocal coach, a stage rehearsal, and a session for advice from one of the judges. Those who passed the Duet Challenge advanced to the Showstopper Round.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Showstopper Round aired on April 4, featuring the top fifty-nine (thirty-three aired) performing for the judges and a live audience at the Orpheum Theatre. The following day, the judges narrowed the number of contestants down to twenty-four in the Final Judgment. The following is a list of the contestants who performed, the song they performed at the Showstopper, and if they advanced or not.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 24 contestants were split into two groups of twelve and performed at Aulani resort in Kapolei, Hawaii. Pre-recorded performances of the first group aired on April 10 and the second group on April 11. Jimmie Allen served as a guest mentor for the first group and Bebe Rexha for the second group.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 20 performances were taped on April 12, 2022, and aired on Sunday, April 17, followed by the live results on Monday, April 18.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 14 performed breakout hits on Sunday, April 24, 2022. Gabby Barrett served as a guest mentor. The judges picked songs for each of the Top 11 to perform, without knowing who chose it until after performing. Katy and Luke tied with the most songs selected and saved one contestant from elimination.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 7 performed songs that either they've posted or went viral on TikTok and songs dedicated to their mothers or grandmothers. will.i.am served as a guest mentor.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 5 performed Carrie Underwood songs and a song of their choice. Underwood served as a guest mentor.


title: American Idol (season 20)

text: The Top 3 performed songs by Bruce Springsteen, their winner's singles and a reprise of their favorite performance of the season.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Endless Love is a 2014 American romantic drama film directed by Shana Feste and co-written by Feste with Joshua Safran. A second adaptation of Scott Spencer's novel (following the 1981 movie starring Brooke Shields), the film stars Alex Pettyfer, Gabriella Wilde, Bruce Greenwood, Joely Richardson, and Robert Patrick.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: The film was released on February 14, 2014, by Universal Pictures in the US and UK, and on February 13, 2014, in Australia.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: 17-year-old Jade Butterfield graduates from high school with an impressive college scholarship but few friends, focusing on her studies rather than a social life. David, another senior, has had a crush on her for years but never acted on it.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Jade asks her parents, Hugh and Anne, for a graduation party as her gift, which is very unlike her. She invites the entire class, including David. At first, the party consists of only Mr. and Mrs. Butterfield's friends. However, David comes and gets everyone to go to Jade's by sabotaging another.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: The night is full of music, laughter and dancing. Jade and David are caught kissing in a closet during a power outage when Jade's father, Hugh, toasts Jade. They exit the closet together, seen by all. Hugh disapproves of David, feeling he will adversely affect his daughter's medical-school internship.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: David tries to please Hugh by fixing a car which belonged to Jade's late brother Chris; ironically, Hugh is the only one "not" delighted by this gesture. Late that night, Jade sneaks David into the study where - at her urging - they make love. They strive to make the most of the ten days she has left at home. Ultimately, Jade opts to decline the internship to spend the summer with David, infuriating Hugh. She later invites David to accompany the family to their lake house; he is welcomed warmly by everybody but Hugh, who his wife Anne begs to give him a chance. She points out that Jade seems truly happy for the first time in ages.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: One night, David sees Hugh cheating on Anne with another woman; and Hugh intimidates him into keeping quiet about it. David and Jade, along with Jade's brother Keith and his girlfriend Sabine, sneak into a local zoo after-hours for a night of fun. Jenny, David's jealous ex, calls the police; when they arrive, David sacrifices himself so the others can escape. Hugh bails David out, on the condition he ends it with Jade and she takes the internship as planned.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Jade escapes to find David at a restaurant where he's eating with his friend Mace, who secretly invited Jenny. Jade suddenly turns up, assumes the worst and upset, drives off and gets into an accident. At the hospital, Hugh gives Harry a restraining order to keep David away from Jade...who has suffered only minor injuries. Upon leaving the hospital, she tries to contact David - having realized he was never unfaithful to her and never would be. But his dad won't allow it because of the restraining order. Over the next few months, David and Jade each try to see other people; but both are unhappy.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: David runs into Anne at a bookstore, and she tells him she admires his and Jade's love. She arranges for David to meet Jade at the airport when she comes home for the holidays. They reaffirm their love and Jade plans to go off with David that night, while Anne confronts Hugh about his obsession with destroying David's life; including Hugh never sending her college recommendation letter for him.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: At home, Hugh reams Keith and Sabine for listening to records from Chris's collection. Keith seconds his mother's sentiments regarding what losing Chris has done to Hugh. Then Keith announces he is moving in with Sabine, and Anne opts to join them. Hugh then finds Jade preparing to leave with David; who is waiting outside. He charges in a rage, knocking over a lit candle on the way and furiously attacking David. Jade rushes to his defense, proclaiming that it was Hugh, not David; who tore the family apart.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: The defeated Hugh goes back inside, discovering the fire started in Chris's room. Jade and David see the house in flames, so he rushes back in to save Hugh, who is struggling to gather up Chris' possessions. When David falls unconscious, Hugh drops everything and helps him to safety instead. Outside, they put aside their differences while waiting for medical help.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Anne and Hugh amicably separate, but remain determined to rediscover their love, inspired by Jade and David; who are flying out to California, having been selected as maid of honor and best man at Sabine and Keith's wedding. Both couples celebrate on the beach, where they camp. Sharing David's bedroll, Jade fondly recalls how her first love - the relationship she shares with him - was everything all at once, the kind of undying love worth fighting to keep.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Emma Roberts was originally offered the role of Jade, but turned it down. Sophie Lowe, Gabriella Wilde, Sarah Bolger, and Olivia Cooke were on the final shortlist for the role; Wilde was ultimately cast.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Principal photography began in May 2013 in Georgia. Filming wrapped in July 2013. Scenes were shot in Savannah, Georgia, Fayette County, Georgia, Butts County, Georgia at Lake Jackson, and at the Atlanta Botanical Garden.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: The film was not a box office success, earning a domestic gross of $23,438,250, barely over its estimated production budget of $20 million.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: "Endless Love" has received negative reviews from film critics. Criticism was mainly made towards the many liberties taken with the original source material. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 16% based on 94 reviews, with the consensus: "Blander than the original "Endless Love" and even less faithful to the source material, this remake is clichéd and unintentionally silly." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews" from critics.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Peter Travers of Rolling Stone wrote: "This Endless Love is a photo shoot, not a movie. It'd play better as a slideshow of jpgs. Even nine-year-old girls ought to cry foul on this movie's endless blandness."


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Ronnie Scheib of Variety wrote: "In "The Greatest" (2009) and "Country Strong" (2010), Feste proved herself quite skilled, if not especially innovative, at limning her characters’ emotional travails. But subtlety, complexity and even the slightest modicum of realism elude her here."


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Film historian Leonard Maltin gave the remake a more positive review than the original, giving it two out of a possible four stars (he gave its 1981 predecessor zero out of four, rating it a "BOMB"). Yet he described the newer film as "Mediocre ... This is sure to connect with its target audience -- and it's Oscarworthy compared to the 1981 version -- yet it remains overwrought and pointless for fans of the novel. Moreover, Lionel Richie's title tune (the only memorable aspect of the original) is sorely missed here."


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: In 2013, after reading the screenplay for the film, Scott Spencer - the author of the novel on which the film was based - wrote that "It's about one hundred pages, and the only ones that were not dreary were sciatica inducing". In 2014 he wrote that his novel "has been even more egregiously and ridiculously misunderstood" in making the remake than in the 1981 film.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: End title track "Don't Find Another Love" was sung by Tegan and Sara and written by Golden Globe award-winning composer Julie Frost. Singer/songwriter Skylar Grey's cover of Robert Palmer's "Addicted to Love" was used for the trailer of the film. In addition, the song "Explosions" by Ellie Goulding was used in trailers adapted as television commercials. Another song which was taken is the track "Pumpin Blood" by the Swedish dance-pop group NoNoNo.


title: Endless Love (2014 American film)

text: Director Shana Feste had considered using the original film's iconic theme song in one scene but eventually decided against it.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira (Sanskrit: युधिष्ठिर, IAST: "Yudhiṣṭhira") is the eldest among the five Pandava brothers. He is mentioned in the ancient epic Mahabharata. He was sired by King Pandu of the Kuru Dynasty and his first wife, Kunti. Yudhishthira is later crowned the king of Indraprastha with his capital at Hastinapura.


title: Yudhishthira

text: From his childhood, Yudhishthira was greatly influenced by his uncle Vidura and his great uncle Bhishma, and believed in the virtues of "dharma". He was trained by two warrior-sages, Kripacharya and Dronacharya. Yudhisthira was appointed as the crown prince of Hastinapura, but was later replaced by Duryodhana. Because of Kunti's misunderstanding, Yudhishthira and his siblings had a polyamorous marriage with Draupadi, the princess of Panchala. Dhritarashtra, on Bhishma's request, divided his kingdom to end the succession dispute between Yudhishthira and Duryodhana. The eldest son of Pandu was given a barren land to rule, which he subsequently developed into the magnificent city of Indraprastha.


title: Yudhishthira

text: After he performed the Rajasuya Yagna, Yudhishthira was invited to play Pachisi, a game of dice by his jealous cousin, Duryodhana and his uncle, Shakuni. Shakuni, a master at the game, represented Duryodhana against Yudhishthira and manipulated him into gambling his kingdom, wealth, the freedom of his brothers, Draupadi, and even himself. After the game, the Pandavas and Draupadi were sent into exile for thirteen years, with the last year requiring them to go incognito. During his exile, Yudhisthira was tested by his spiritual father and for his year of being incognito, Yudhishthira disguised himself as Kanka and served the King of Matsya Kingdom.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira was the leader of the successful Pandava faction in the Kurukshetra War and defeated many venerable warriors such as Shalya. At the end of the epic, he was the only one among his brothers to ascend to heaven while retaining his mortal body.


title: Yudhishthira

text: The word "Yudhishthira" means "the one who is steady in the war", from the words, "yuddha" (युद्ध) meaning 'war', and "sthira" (स्थिर) meaning 'steady'. His other names are:


title: Yudhishthira

text: Once a Brahmin rishi, Kindama and his wife were enjoying nature in the forest when Yudhishthira's father Pandu accidentally shot at them, mistaking them for deer. Before dying, Kindama cursed the king to die when he engages in intercourse with any woman. Due to this curse, Pandu was unable to become a father. As an additional penance for the murder, Pandu abdicated the throne of Hastinapura, and his blind brother Dhritarashtra took over the reins of the kingdom.


title: Yudhishthira

text: After knowing the curse of Pandu, Kunti told him that he could be the father of the child and told her boon of sage Durvasa. Then Pandu requested Kunti to apply her boon and suggested to call Dharma to get a truthful, knowledgeable and justice knowing son who can rule Hastinapur. On the full moon of May (Sanskrit: Jyeshth masa) first and the eldest of the Pandavas, Yudhishthira was born.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira's four younger brothers were Bhima, (born by invoking Vayu); Arjuna, (born by invoking Indra); and the twins Nakula and Sahadeva (born by invoking Aśvins). If Karna, the son of Kunti born before her marriage by invoking Surya, is counted, Yudhishthira would be the second-eldest of Kunti's children.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira was trained in religion, science, administration and military arts by the Kuru preceptors, Kripa and Drona. Specifically, he became a master in using the spear and war chariot. It is said that his spear was so strong that it could penetrate a stone wall as though it were a piece of paper. His chariot always flew at a 4 finger distance above the ground due to his piety.


title: Yudhishthira

text: After Yudhishthira and his brothers had completed their studies, they returned to Hastinapura. Duryodhana along with Shakuni planned to kill them and sent Yudhishthira, his siblings and his mother to a palace made of lac, called Lakshagriha.


title: Yudhishthira

text: One night, Shakuni's man, Purochana set it on fire. However, the princes and their mother survived. They were heartbroken and decided to hide from Hastinapura. Later, Arjuna attended Draupadi's swayamvar and won her hand in marriage. But due to Kunti's misunderstanding, Draupadi became the common wife of all the Pandavas. Later at Indraprastha, Draupadi bore Yudhishthira a son, Prativindhya and a daughter Suthanu. Suthanu was later married to Asvabhanu, Krishna and Satyabhama's eldest son. Although Yudhishthira had another wife named Devika, Draupadi was his chief consort as well as the empress.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira was married to Devika in a self-choice marriage ceremony, arranged by her father Govasena, who was the king of Sivi Kingdom. They had a son, Yaudheya. According to Puranas, Yaudheya was also the name of the son of Prativindhya. The Bhagavata Purana, as well as Vishnu Purana, also mention Pauravi as one of the wives of Yudhishthira. A son named Devaka was born to this couple.


title: Yudhishthira

text: When the Pandavas returned to Hastinapura after hiding, there was conflict between Yudhishthira and Duryodhana regarding as the crown prince of Hastinapura. Yudhishthira was originally made the crown prince of Hastinapura, but after the event of Lakshagriha, people thought that he was dead, and Duryodhana was made the new crown prince of Hastinapura. On Bhishma's advice, Dhritarashtra gave half of the kingdom to Pandavas to rule. However the land was under the control of Takshaka. Pandavas defeated Takshaka and with the help of Mayasura, they built a magnificent city named Indraprastha.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Arjuna, Bhima, Nakula, and Sahadeva led armies across the four corners of the world to obtain tributes from all kingdoms for Yudhishthira's sacrifice. The non-compliant Magadha king, Jarasandha was defeated by Bhima and Krishna. At his sacrifice, Yudhishthira chose Krishna as his honored guest. At the yajna, many kings were present there, including Duryodhana and Shishupala. Shishupala was beheaded by Krishna for his evil deeds. An annoyed and jealous Duryodhana returned to Hastinapura.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira was challenged to play a game of dice in Hastinapura by his cousin, Duryodhana. Duryodhana invited him because he was jealous of Yudhishthira's wealth and power that he witnessed at the Rajasuya. Shakuni used the dice made from the bones of his father, which always ensured that he got the number he wanted and Yudhisthira was allowed to bet whatever he had he was proud of and had right over. After losing his brothers and his empire, he bet himself and also his wife which lead to the Vastraharan. Later, he lost his kingdom in the game again and was forced into exile for 13 years, which included one year in anonymity.


title: Yudhishthira

text: During their exile, the 4 other Pandavas happened upon a lake, which was haunted by a Yaksha. The Yaksha challenged the brothers to answer his moral questions before drinking the water; the four Pandavas laughed and drank the water anyway. As a result, they choked on the water and died. Yudhishthira went in last, answered many questions put forth to him by the Yaksha and revived his brothers. He asked for any other wish as he was impressed and told him he could ask for wealth, strength, power, anything he wished. Yudhishthira said he already got the strength, wealth and power when all his four brothers were revived and said he could not ask for any other wish. Sahadeva said if you do not use this wish, we might be in trouble in the future. Arjuna knowing that his brother Sahadeva knows the future told Yudhishthira to ask another wish. Bhima and Nakula also knew that Sahadeva and Arjuna were very smart and told him to use his wish. Later Yama, his father told him to ask for a wish. Yudhishthira said, "Asking for 1 or 2 boons is not being greedy but asking for 3 or more boons is being greedy and it is one of the gravest sins. My brothers are insisting me to ask for a wish and the person who is ready to give me a boon, my father also wants me to ask for another boon. I do not ask for being the wealthiest man nor being the most powerful man. All I ask is that me, my brothers and Draupadi should not be recognized during the 13th year of exile."This story is often cited as an example of Yudhishthira's upright principles. The Yaksha later identified himself as Yudhishthira's father, Dharma and pointed them to the kingdom of Matsya to spend their last year in exile anonymously.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Along with his brothers, Yudhishthira spent his last year of exile in the kingdom of Matsya. He disguised himself as a Brahmin named Kank (among themselves Pandavas called him Jaya) and taught the game of dice to the king.


title: Yudhishthira

text: When the period of exile was completed, Duryodhana refused to return Yudhishthira's kingdom. Yudhishthira made numerous diplomatic efforts to retrieve his kingdom peacefully but in vain. He was convinced by Krishna to wage war.


title: Yudhishthira

text: The flag of Yudhishthira's chariot bore the image of a golden Moon with planets around it. Two large and beautiful kettle-drums, called Nanda and Upananda, were tied to it. Before the war started, Yudhishthira stepped down from his chariot to take blessings from his grandsire Bhishma, teachers Drona and Kripa and uncle Shalya, who all were in his opposite side in the war showing his respect towards his elders. He also asked the willing Kauravas to join his side. On his request one of Dhritarashtra sons, Yuyutsu joined the war on the side of Pandavas.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira was described to be an excellent car-warrior and a master at spear-fighting. Yudhishthira’s spear was called Shakti. Yudhishthira defeated many warriors in the War, like Duryodhana.


title: Yudhishthira

text: On the first day, he fights with Shalya and wounds him. On the 14th day of the war when Arjuna was busy in searching Jayadratha. Drona decided to capture him as Arjuna repelled Drona's plan of capturing Yudhishthira. Yudhishthira and Drona engaged in a fierce duel where Yudhishthira defeated Drona on a spear fight. Ashwathama came in aid of his father and too got defeated and the latter fled away.


title: Yudhishthira

text: On the night of the 14th day, he tried to stop Duryodhana as he was inflicting heavy casualties on the Pandava army. However, an enraged Duryodhana severely wounds Yudishthira. But before being taken away from the battlefield Yudishthira wounds Duryodhana and make him unconscious as well.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira defeated major warriors like Kritavarma and Dushasana and Yudhishthira was approached by Drona, the Kauravas' then-Supreme Commander and his mentor, in the latter' inquiry on the death of his son Ashwatthama when he heard the name claimed to have died at Bhima's hand. Torn between his duty to cripple Drona and upholding his moral, Yudhishthira opted to half truth where he confirmed the death of Ashwatthama the elephant, but omitted the contextual part that it was an elephant and not the Bhrama's son. This was effective in the former purpose of crippling Drona, but also caused his own chariot to finally fall down to the ground, instead of slightly levitating as it had been before this incident. On the Sixteenth day, he faced Duryodhana and got a good fight. However, Yudishthira soon destroyed Duryodhana's chariot and put him to flight.


title: Yudhishthira

text: On the seventeenth day, he injured Duryodhana badly and about to kill him and Karna came in aid of his friend and defeated Yudhishthira.


title: Yudhishthira

text: On the last day of the war, Yudhishthira killed Madra king Shalya and his brother Madrasena. It is said that Yudhishthira was highly energetic for the day, and engaged in a fierce duel against the Kauravas' final supreme commander, before slaying his uncle.


title: Yudhishthira

text: With the battlefield cleared of the Kauravas but no sight of Duryodhana, Yudhishthira received a report that his nemesis went into hiding in a nearby swamp. The Pandavas brothers and Krishna thus went to the swamp, and taunted Duryodhana off his refuge. Yudhishthira proposed a final challenge to Duryodhana, to a battle against any of the Pandavas under any weapon of Duryodhana's desire.


title: Yudhishthira

text: With Duryodhana choosing Bhima, the other Pandavas brothers, Krishna and Balarama witnessed the mace duel between the mace fighters. When Bhima finally defeated Duryodhana ad started insulting his nemesis, Yudhishthira became sufficiently displeased with his brother's disrespect and ordered Bhima off the battleground. Ultimately, Yudhishthira heard out Duryodhana's final conversation and lamentation, before leaving the fallen Kauravas' overlord on his deathbed.


title: Yudhishthira

text: After getting victory in the war, Yudhishthira was crowned as the Emperor of Hastinapura for 36 years. He performed the ashvamedha on Krishna and Vyasa's insistence. In this sacrifice, a horse was released to wander for a year, and Yudhishthira's brother Arjuna led the Pandava army, following the horse. The kings of all the countries where the horse wandered were asked to submit to Yudhishthira's rule or face war. All paid tribute, once again establishing Yudhishthira as the undisputed Emperor of Bharatavarsha.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Upon the onset of the "Kali Yuga" and the departure of Krishna, Yudhishthira and his brothers retired, leaving the throne to their only descendant to survive the war of Kurukshetra, Arjuna's grandson, Parikshit. Giving up all their belongings and ties, the Pandavas, accompanied by a dog, made their final journey of pilgrimage to the Himalayas. Among the Pandavas and Draupadi, one-by-one died on the way to reach the top, starting from Draupadi. Finally, it was Yudhishthira who was able to reach the top, with the dog accompanying him.


title: Yudhishthira

text: On reaching the top, Indra asked him to abandon the dog before entering the Heaven. But Yudhishthira refused to do so, citing the dog's unflinching loyalty as a reason. Indra said he let his family die, but Yudhishthira said he could not prevent their deaths, but to abandon a poor creature was a great sin. It turned out that the dog was his god-father Dharma Deva in disguise. He then went to heaven and found his Kaurava cousins but not his brothers and Draupadi. He asked Yamraj about this. Yamaraj took him to hell and told him of the sins of Pandavas and their wife. Yudhishthira decides that he would rather live in hell with good people than in heaven with bad people. This is another test and after this the Pandavas and Draupadi attain heaven.


title: Yudhishthira

text: In the first story he attains hell. While the Pandavas and Draupadi are walking to heaven, Draupadi and his brothers die one by one but Yudhishthira does not look back. He feels as if he has left all his mortal ties by not doing so. When he reaches heaven and does not find Draupadi and his brothers there but finds his Kaurava cousins he asks Yamaraj angrily about his brothers and wife. Yamaraj takes him to hell and tells him about his family's sins. Yudhishthira gets angry as he feels the sins of his family to be small compared to the sins of his cousins. Yamaraj tells him that since he has not renounced mortal ties and is still angry at his cousins, he has attained hell.


title: Yudhishthira

text: In the second story he attains heaven. He reaches heaven and asks Yamaraj about his brothers and Draupadi politely and asks about his cousins as well. Yamaraj takes him to hell and tells him of his family's sins. Yamaraj tells Yudhishthira that he too had to experience hell once for his lie or half lie to Drona about Ashwathama's death. Other's believe it was because he hesitated to lie and thought of human rather than universal Dharma. Yamaraj assures Yudhishthira that his brothers and Draupadi will join him in heaven once they have atoned for their sins.


title: Yudhishthira

text: In the third story Yudhishthira attains heaven. He himself tells his brothers and Draupadi of their sins. When he has to go through hell he only questions how long he has to be there. He knew his sin. He eventually attains heaven with his brothers and Draupadi.


title: Yudhishthira

text: After he was made aware that Karna was his elder brother, Yudhishthira cursed all women with not being able to hide any secrets. Had Yudhishthira's mother Kunti not kept that fact a secret, the war might have been averted, with millions spared.


title: Yudhishthira

text: He was master in spear-fighting and chariot racing. Yudhishthira was a polyglot, knowing unusual languages. He was known for his honesty, justice, sagacity, tolerance, good behavior and discernment.


title: Yudhishthira

text: He closed his eyes and came out of the gambling hall even when he lost everything. Otherwise the entire Kuru sabha and all the one who were present would be burnt into ashes.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Dhritarashtra said to Sanjaya "The son of Kunti and Pandu, Yudhishthira, is virtuous and brave and eschews deeds that bring on shame. Endued with great energy, he hath been wronged by Duryodhana. If he were not high-minded, they would in wrath burn the Dhritarashtras. I do not so much dread Arjuna or Bhima or Krishna or the twin brothers as I dread the wrath of the king, O Suta, when his wrath is excited. His austerities are great; he is devoted to "Brahmacharya" practices. His heart's wishes will certainly be fulfilled. When I think of his wrath, O Sanjaya, and consider how just it is, I am filled with alarm."


title: Yudhishthira

text: Yudhishthira acquired deep spiritual knowledge from Lord Shiva and many prominent sages including Vyasa, Parashurama, Bhrigu, Savarni Manu, Narada, Markandeya, Asita Devala and Dhaumya.


title: Yudhishthira

text: Being an important person in the epic "Mahabharata", Yudhishthira's role has been enacted by various actors over the years.


title: Operation Carthage

text: Operation Carthage, on 21 March 1945, was a British air raid on Copenhagen, Denmark during the Second World War which killed 145 civilians. The target of the raid was the , the Gestapo headquarters in the city centre. It was used for the storage of dossiers and the torture of Danish citizens during interrogations. The Danish Resistance had long requested the British conduct a raid against the site. The building was destroyed, 18 prisoners were freed and Nazi anti-resistance activities were disrupted. Part of the raid was mistakenly directed against a school which was roughly to the west-southwest; the raid caused 125 civilian deaths, including 86 schoolchildren and 18 adults at the school. The Aarhus Air Raid was a similar attack against the Gestapo headquarters in Aarhus on 31 October 1944, which succeeded.


title: Operation Carthage

text: The raid was requested by members of the Danish resistance movement to free imprisoned members and to destroy the records of the Gestapo, to disrupt their operations. The RAF initially turned down the request as too risky, due to the location in a crowded city centre and the need for low-level bombing but they approved the raid in early 1945 after repeated requests. Once approval had been given, planning for the raid took several weeks; scale models of the target building and the surrounding city were built for use by pilots and navigators in preparation for a very low-level attack.


title: Operation Carthage

text: The attacking force consisted of Royal Air Force De Havilland Mosquito F.B.VI fighter-bombers of No. 2 Group RAF from No. 140 Wing RAF, comprising No. 21 Squadron RAF, No. 464 Squadron RAAF, and No. 487 Squadron RNZAF. The aircraft flew in three waves of six aircraft, with two reconnaissance Mosquito B.IVs from the Royal Air Force Film Production Unit to record the results of the attack, taking a short film. Thirty RAF Mustang fighters gave air cover from German aircraft and attacked anti-aircraft guns during the raid.


title: Operation Carthage

text: The force left RAF Fersfield in the morning and reached Copenhagen after 11:00. The raid was carried out at rooftop level. During the first attack, a Mosquito hit a lamp post, damaging its wing and causing the aircraft to crash into a garage complex next to the Jeanne d'Arc School, about to the west-southwest of the target, setting it on fire. Several bombers in the second and third wave accidentally hit the school, mistaking the burning structure as having been successfully bombed by the first wave.


title: Operation Carthage

text: There are two short documentaries on YouTube (17 mins) and which features an interview with Edward Sismore, an RAF navigator on the raid. In 2022, Netflix released a feature film about the events, "The Bombardment".


title: Operation Carthage

text: On the following day, a reconnaissance aircraft surveyed the target to assess the results. The damage was severe, with the west wing of the six-storey building reduced nearly to ground level. The Danish underground supplied a photograph showing the building burning from end to end. The raid had destroyed the Gestapo headquarters and records, severely disrupting Gestapo operations in Denmark, as well as allowing the escape of 18 prisoners. Fifty-five German soldiers, 47 Danish employees of the Gestapo and eight prisoners died in the headquarters building. Four Mosquito bombers and two Mustang fighters were lost and nine Allied airmen were killed. At the Jeanne d'Arc School, 86 schoolchildren and 18 adults were killed, many of them nuns.


title: Operation Carthage

text: On 14 July 1945, remains of an unidentified male casualty were recovered from the ruins of the Shellhus and transferred to the Department of Forensic Medicine of the University of Copenhagen. This happened again four days later and the two casualties were buried in Bispebjerg Cemetery on 4 and 21 September, respectively.


title: Operation Carthage

text: The Danish movie "The Shadow in My Eye" ("Skyggen i mit øje" in Danish), telling the story of the raid, was released in October 2021 in Denmark. Netflix released the movie on its streaming service in March 2022, as "The Bombardment".


title: Rule of thirds

text: The rule of thirds is a "rule of thumb" for composing visual images such as designs, films, paintings, and photographs.


title: Rule of thirds

text: The guideline proposes that an image should be imagined as divided into nine equal parts by two equally spaced horizontal lines and two equally spaced vertical lines, and that important compositional elements should be placed along these lines or their intersections. Proponents of the technique claim that aligning a subject with these points creates more tension, energy and interest in the composition than simply centering the subject.


title: Rule of thirds

text: The photograph on the right demonstrates the application of the rule of thirds. The horizon in the photograph sits at the horizontal line dividing the lower third of the photo from the upper two-thirds. The tree sits at the intersection of two lines, sometimes called a "power point" or a "crash point".


title: Rule of thirds

text: Some proponents claim that points of interest in the photo do not have to actually touch one of these lines to take advantage of the rule of thirds. For example, the brightest part of the sky near the horizon where the sun recently set does not fall directly on one of the lines, but does fall near the intersection of two of the lines, close enough to take advantage of the rule.


title: Rule of thirds

text: The rule of thirds is applied by aligning a subject with the guide lines and their intersection points, placing the horizon on the top or bottom line, or allowing linear features in the image to flow from section to section. The main reason for observing the rule of thirds is to discourage placement of the subject at the center, or prevent a horizon from appearing to divide the picture in half. Michael Ryan and Melissa Lenos, authors of the book "An Introduction to Film Analysis: Technique and Meaning in Narrative Film", state that the use of rule of thirds is "favored by cinematographers in their effort to design balanced and unified images" (page 40).


title: Rule of thirds

text: When filming or photographing people, it is common to line the body up to a vertical line and the person's eyes to a horizontal line. If filming a moving subject, the same pattern is often followed, with the majority of the extra room being in front of the person (the way they are moving). Likewise, when photographing a still subject who is not directly facing the camera, the majority of the extra room should be in front of the subject with the vertical line running through their perceived center of mass.


title: Rule of thirds

text: The rule of thirds was first written down by John Thomas Smith in 1797. In his book "Remarks on Rural Scenery," Smith quotes a 1783 work by Sir Joshua Reynolds, in which Reynolds discusses, in unquantified terms, the balance of dark and light in a painting. John Thomas Smith then continues with an expansion on the idea, naming it the "Rule of thirds":


title: Rule of thirds

text: Two distinct, equal lights, should never appear in the same picture : One should be principal, and the rest subordinate, both in dimension and degree: Unequal parts and gradations lead the attention easily from part to part, while parts of equal appearance hold it awkwardly suspended, as if unable to determine which of those parts is to be considered as the subordinate. "And to give the utmost force and solidity to your work, some part of the picture should be as light, and some as dark as possible: These two extremes are then to be harmonized and reconciled to each other." (Reynolds' Annot. on Du Fresnoy.)


title: Rule of thirds

text: Analogous to this "Rule of thirds", (if I may be allowed so to call it) I have presumed to think that, in connecting or in breaking the various lines of a picture, it would likewise be a good rule to do it, in general, by a similar scheme of proportion; for example, in a design of landscape, to determine the "sky" at about two-thirds ; or else at about one-third, so that the material objects might occupy the other two : Again, two thirds of one element, (as of water) to one third of another element (as of land); and then both together to make but one third of the picture, of which the two other thirds should go for the sky and aerial perspectives. This rule would likewise apply in breaking a length of wall, or any other too great continuation of line that it may be found necessary to break by crossing or hiding it with some other object : In short, in applying this invention, generally speaking, or to any other case, whether of light, shade, form, or color, I have found the ratio of about two thirds to one third, or of one to two, a much better and more harmonizing proportion, than the precise formal "half", the too-far-extending "four-fifths"—and, in short, than any other proportion whatever. I should think myself honored by the opinion of any gentleman on this point; but until I shall by better informed, shall conclude this general proportion of two and one to be the most pictoresque medium in all cases of breaking or otherwise qualifying straight lines and masses and groupes "[sic]", as Hogarth's line is agreed to be the most beautiful, (or, in other words, the most pictoresque) medium of "curves".


title: Rule of thirds

text: Writing in 1845, in his book "Chromatics", George Field notes that Sir Joshua Reynolds gives the ratio 2:1 as a rule for the proportion of warm to cold colors in a painting, and attributes to Smith the expansion of that rule to all proportions in painting:


title: Rule of thirds

text: Sir Joshua has given it as a rule, that the proportion of warm to cold colour in a picture should be as two to one, although he has frequently deviated therefrom; and Smith, in his "Remarks on Rural Scenery," would extend a like rule to all the proportions of painting, begging for it the term of the "rule of thirds," according to which, a landscape, having one third of land, should have two thirds of water, and these together, forming about one-third of the picture, the remaining two-thirds to be for air and sky; and he applies the same rule to the crossing and breaking of lines and objects, &c.


title: Rule of thirds

text: Even at this early date, there was skepticism over the universality of such a rule, at least in regards to color, for Field continues:


title: Rule of thirds

text: This rule, however, does not supply a general law, but universalises a particular, the invariable observance of which would produce a uniform and monotonous practice. But, however occasionally useful, it is neither accurate nor universal, the true mean of nature requiring compensation, which, in the case of warmth and coolness, is in about equal proportions, while, in regard to advancing and retiring colours, the true balance of effect is, approximately, three of the latter to one of the former; nevertheless, the proportions in both cases are to be governed by the predominance of light or shade, and the required effect of a picture, in which, and other species of antagonism, the scale of equivalents affords a guide.


title: Rule of thirds

text: Smith's conception of the rule is meant to apply more generally than the version commonly explained today, as he recommends it not just for dividing the frame, but also for "all" division of straight lines, masses, or groups. On the other hand, he does not discuss the now-common idea that intersections of the third-lines of the frame are particularly strong or interesting for composition.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: The iPad 10.2-inch (officially iPad (8th generation)) is a tablet computer developed and marketed by Apple Inc. as the successor to the 7th-generation iPad. It was announced on September 15, 2020 and released on September 18, 2020.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: The eighth-generation iPad uses the same design as the seventh-generation iPad, with a 10.2-inch screen with 1620 by 2160 pixels at a pixel density of 264-pixel PPI, Touch ID support, and compatibility with the Smart Connector.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: It uses the Apple A12 Bionic chip, which Apple claims provides a 40% faster 6-core CPU and a 2x faster 4 core GPU compared to the processor of the previous generation. It is the first iPad tablet that includes a Neural Engine, a component introduced with the A11 processor. It is the final iPad tablet available with white bezels on the Silver and Gold models; all iPad (9th generation) tablets come with black bezels.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: The eighth-generation iPad is compatible with the first-generation Apple Pencil, the Smart Keyboard and keyboard attachments compatible with the Smart Connector.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: Miles Somerville of 9to5Mac found the tablet to be a good value proposition at its price point. He described it as having a nearly identical appearance to its predecessor, but with improved battery life, enhanced performance owing to the upgrade from the A10 Fusion to the A12 Bionic, and better screen sensitivity for Apple Pencil use, while continuing the poor implementation of Pencil charging on a perpendicular direction from the tablet's Lightning port. He found it sufficient for basic activities, gaming, everyday content consumption, and general multitasking, although not measuring up to the 2020 iPad Pro or the simultaneously released fourth-generation iPad Air, in part due to its display that supports only a 60 Hz refresh rate instead of 120 Hz. He especially faulted Apple's choice of keeping a 1.2-megapixel camera on the front of the tablet, which could be a strong negative factor for an intended audience of students, who might plan to use the device for teleconference classes over platforms such as Zoom.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: Scott Stein of CNET rated the tablet 8.1 out of 10. Stein commended it for its faster processing that handled iPadOS better than previous models, better support for Apple Pencil and keyboard cases, and a faster charger included in the box. He faulted it for the large bezels that lead to a cramped feel of its screen during multitasking with two apps open, lack of support for the second-generation Apple Pencil and newer Magic Keyboard cases, the outdated 720p camera that does not function well in landscape mode teleconferencing because of placement, the display limited to a 60 Hz refresh rate and lacking True Tone color temperature auto-adjustment, and the insufficient 32 gigabytes of storage for the entry-level model.


title: IPad (8th generation)

text: David Price of Macworld UK echoed many of the other critiques while noting that this model of iPad would find an audience among average consumers who had not upgraded their iPads in years. He described the continuing design as "comfortably big enough" for typical content, with thoughtful touches, but a dated look because of the large bezels, and welcomed the ongoing inclusion of a headphone jack and rear-facing camera that sits flush with the tablet body. He noted that the lack of screen lamination and consequent flex of the screen during touches could be noticeable to users of higher-end tablets, that the lack of flash on either rear or front camera would hinder low-light teleconferencing and FaceTime Video use, and that the included amount of RAM was low compared to other tablets.


title: Peter Greene

text: Peter Greene (born Peter Green; October 8, 1965) is an American actor. A character actor, he is generally known for portraying villains. He is best known for the roles in the 1994 films "The Mask", where he plays the films antagonist, Dorian Tyrell, and "Pulp Fiction", in which he portrayed Zed, a sadistic security guard, rapist, and serial killer who serves as an antagonist in the film.


title: Peter Greene

text: A native of Montclair, New Jersey, Greene did not pursue a career in acting until his mid-20s. He initially landed several roles in cinema and television in the early 1990s.


title: Peter Greene

text: Greene had roles in "Pulp Fiction"; "The Mask"; "Clean, Shaven"; and "The Usual Suspects" in 1994 and 1995. In "Pulp Fiction", Greene appeared as Zed, who rapes Marsellus Wallace. "The Mask" saw him play the villainous Dorian Tyrell opposite Jim Carrey and Cameron Diaz. Greene played the schizophrenic Peter Winter in "Clean, Shaven". "The Usual Suspects" saw him play the character of Redfoot. Greene often plays villains, such as in "Judgment Night", "", "Training Day" (as a corrupt narcotics officer) and martial arts/crime film "Fist of the Warrior" (opposite Ho-Sung Pak, Roger Guenveur Smith and Sherilyn Fenn).


title: Peter Greene

text: Greene worked with director Jordan Alan twice: once on the film "Kiss and Tell", a dark comic turn and then again four years later in "The Gentleman Bandit" (aka "Gentleman B"). After Greene's arrests in 1998 for drug related crimes, Alan had to put the actor through rehab to get him through the second film and eventually, after coming upon Greene doing heroin with Mike Starr, he was forced to replace Greene's voice because of the vocal problems caused by drugs. Despite these problems, Alan vouched for Greene to producer Tobe Jaffe for the movie "Blue Streak", in which Greene played Martin Lawrence's nemesis.


title: Peter Greene

text: Greene has continued to work mostly as a character actor. He appeared in the short-lived television drama "The Black Donnellys". He also appeared as a policeman in Prodigy and Mobb Deep's video for "A,B,C's", as well as the focal character in House of Pain's video for "Fed Up". Greene appeared in the opening scene of the premiere of the FX series" Justified" where he was characterized as a "thuggish Peter Weller lookalike" by reviewer Scott Tobias, writing for The A.V. Club. He has appeared in two films by director Eric Brian Hughes: "Turnabout" and "Exit 0". Greene appears in the digital series "The Jersey Connection" by filmmaker Tim Firtion. Greene was featured in the 2020 TV series "For Life" in a small role as an Aryan Brother named "Wild Bill" Miller.


title: Peter Greene

text: Greene struggled with heroin and cocaine addiction in the 1990s. In 2007, Greene was arrested for possessing crack cocaine.


title: John Lone

text: John Lone (; jyutping: zyun1 lung4; born October 13, 1952) is an American actor. He starred as Pu Yi in the Academy Award-winning film "The Last Emperor" (1987), for which he was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor.


title: John Lone

text: A veteran of the East West Players, he appeared in numerous high-profile screen and stage roles throughout the 1980s, 90s and early 2000s, in films like "Iceman", "Year of the Dragon", "M. Butterfly", "The Shadow", and "Rush Hour 2". He was also nominated for the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Male for his performance in "The Moderns".


title: John Lone

text: He was raised in an orphanage and later adopted by a woman from Shanghai. At age 7, he was sent to train in the style of the Peking opera at Hong Kong's Chin Chiu Academy, where he was trained in singing, dance, and classical Chinese theater techniques. It was here that he was given the name "Johnny"; he chose the surname Lone to reflect the fact that he was an orphan and for its similarity to Leung, part of his given name.


title: John Lone

text: Lone declined an offer to join a Belgian dance company, and a contract to make Kung fu films, and accepted a sponsorship by an American family. He moved to Los Angeles and spent three years taking night classes at Santa Ana College to improve his English. In 1972, he married fellow student Nina Savino and gained American citizenship. They divorced in 1979. In 1978, he graduated from the American Academy of Dramatic Arts in Pasadena, California.


title: John Lone

text: Due to the lack of roles in Hollywood for people of East Asian descent at the time, Lone was often left to play minor parts on television. Lone was with the Asian American theatre organization East West Players for ten years before Mako offered him a role as an Asian emigrant trying to assimilate in David Henry Hwang's first play "FOB." Lone starred alongside Tzi Ma and his performance garnered him an Obie Award in 1981.


title: John Lone

text: While in New York City he was discovered by the talent agent Jadin Wong, who helped him to launch his career. One of his earliest roles was as the cook in the film "King Kong".


title: John Lone

text: His first major role in films was as the title character in "Iceman". In 1985, John Lone played the gang leader Joey Tai in Michael Cimino's "Year of the Dragon", for which he was nominated the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor.


title: John Lone

text: Impressed by Lone's performance, Cimino recommended Lone to his longtime friend Bernardo Bertolucci, who was casting for "The Last Emperor". Bertolucci met Lone while casting in Los Angeles and chose him as Puyi at first sight. Lone portrayed Puyi at different stages of his life, from an 18-year-old to a man in his sixties. In preparation for his role, he visited China to study the body language of the elderly. He was nominated for a Golden Globe Award for Best Actor in a Motion Picture - Drama at the 45th Golden Globe Awards in 1988 for his performance. He and Chen presented the Academy Award for Best Documentary Short Film at the 1988 Academy Awards.


title: John Lone

text: In 1987, David Henry Hwang and John Dexter were casting for Hwang's play "M. Butterfly". Hwang knew of Lone's Peking opera training, and thought of him for the part of Song Liling, an opera singer. He sent him a copy of the script, but Lone was too busy to respond. In 1991, David Cronenberg prepared to direct the film adaptation of "M. Butterfly", and invited Lone to play Song Liling. After a three-hour meeting with Cronenberg, Lone agreed to play Song. Lone did his own singing for the film.


title: John Lone

text: In the 1995 film "The Hunted," Lone played assassin Kinjo alongside Christopher Lambert. Further international film appearances included the role of corrupt Hong Kong cop Ricky Tan in "Rush Hour 2" (2001) and the antagonist Shiwan Khan in "The Shadow" (1994).


title: John Lone

text: Lone's focus then shifted to the Chinese market."" He played the Qianlong Emperor in the 30-episode television drama series "Qianlong and the Fragrant Concubine" (乾隆与香妃) in 2004. He also appeared in the title role of Kangxi Emperor, in "Records of Kangxi's Travel Incognito" (1998–2007), a Chinese television series about the Manchu-ruling Qing Empire monarch.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: Marvel's Hit-Monkey, or simply Hit-Monkey, is an American adult animated streaming television series created by Will Speck and Josh Gordon for the streaming service Hulu, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name. The series is produced by Marvel Television, with Gordon and Speck serving as showrunners.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: The series stars Ally Maki, Olivia Munn, Nobi Nakanishi, Fred Tatasciore, George Takei, and Jason Sudeikis. "Hit-Monkey" was announced and ordered at Hulu in February 2019, as part of a group of series based on Marvel characters that were intended to lead to a crossover special titled "The Offenders", with it being produced by Marvel Television. Oversight of the series was moved to Marvel Studios in December 2019 when Marvel Television was folded into that company.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: "Hit-Monkey" was released on Hulu on November 17, 2021. The series was met with generally positive reviews from critics for its animation, voice acting, action scenes, plot, and faithfulness to the source material of the comics.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: Hit-Monkey is a wronged Japanese macaque who is mentored by the ghost of an American assassin named Bryce Fowler as he damages Tokyo's crime underworld.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: In February 2019, it was announced that Marvel Television was developing an adult animated television series based on Hit-Monkey, with a series order at Hulu, along with "M.O.D.O.K." and ones based on Tigra and Dazzler together, as well as Howard the Duck, that were intended to lead up to a crossover special titled "The Offenders". The series was created by Will Speck and Josh Gordon, both of whom were expected to write for the series and executive produce alongside Jeph Loeb. In December 2019, Marvel Television was folded into Marvel Studios, which carried subsequent oversight of the series. The following month, Marvel decided not to move forward with "Howard the Duck", "Tigra & Dazzler", and "The Offenders", with "M.O.D.O.K." and "Hit-Monkey" continuing as planned. In May 2021, "M.O.D.O.K." co-creator Jordan Blum revealed that the series would have a different animation style from "M.O.D.O.K.". In January 2022, Hulu's head of content Craig Erwich stated that additional seasons of "Hit Monkey" would be determined solely by the Marvel Studios team. With the cancelation of "M.O.D.O.K." in May 2022, "Variety" reported "Hit-Monkey" was also not expected to be renewed.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: In September 2021, it was revealed that Jason Sudeikis would voice Bryce, along with Fred Tatasciore as Hit-Monkey, with George Takei, Olivia Munn, Ally Maki, and Nobi Nakanishi also starring.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: "Hit Monkey" was released on November 17, 2021 on Hulu in the United States. Internationally, the series was released on January 26, 2022 on Disney+ (via Star), Disney+ Hotstar and Star+ in Latin America.


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 82% approval rating with an average rating of 6.9/10 based on 16 critic reviews. The website's critical consensus reads: "If Marvel's "Hit-Monkey" is never as thrillingly original as its title might suggest, vibrant animation and a solid voice cast keep things consistently watchable." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 57 out of 100 based on 6 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Hit-Monkey (TV series)

text: Kristen Reid of "Paste" stated that the animation of "Hit-Monkey" is remarkable with its inspiration of Japanese animation, and claimed that the level of violence and lack of morality is refreshing compared to the Marvel Cinematic Universe, while finding the sense of humor of the series entertaining despite its lack of originality. Brenton Stewart of "CBR.com" found "Hit-Monkey" unique and refreshing through its animation compared to other high-quality Marvel productions, stating that the company should continue to provide more adult animated projects that take risks. Stephen Robinson of "The A.V. Club" gave the series a A− rating, stating that "Hit-Monkey" manages to be one of the best recent Marvel TV shows created, while the animation and the development of the villains, and complimenting the performance and chemistry of the cast. Siddhant Adlakha of "IGN" rated the series 7 out of 10 and found the animation of the series impressive, complimented how the plot and the visual elements manage to balance between humor and gore, despite saying that the characters feel more American than Japanese through their dialogues and mannerism. John Townsend of "Starburst" rated the series 3 out of 5 stars, saying that Marvel Television successfully provides a show with an inventive and clever humor, making less-known Marvel characters likable.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The Magnavox Odyssey is the first commercial home video game console. The hardware was designed by a small team led by Ralph H. Baer at Sanders Associates, while Magnavox completed development and released it in the United States in September 1972 and overseas the following year. The Odyssey consists of a white, black, and brown box that connects to a television set, and two rectangular controllers attached by wires. It is capable of displaying three square dots and one line of varying height on the screen in monochrome black and white, with differing behavior for the dots depending on the game played. Players place plastic overlays on the screen to display additional visual elements for each game, and one or two players for each game control their dots with the knobs and buttons on the controller by the rules given for the game. The console cannot generate audio or track scores. The Odyssey console came packaged with dice, paper money, and other board game paraphernalia to accompany the games, while a peripheral controller—the first video game light gun—was sold separately.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The idea for a video game console was conceived by Baer in August 1966. Over the next three years he, along with Bill Harrison and Bill Rusch, created seven successive prototype consoles. The seventh, known as the Brown Box, was shown to several manufacturers before Magnavox agreed to produce it in January 1971. After releasing the console through their dealerships, Magnavox sold 69,000 units in its first calendar year and 350,000 by the time the console was discontinued in 1975. The console spawned the Odyssey series of dedicated consoles as well as the 1978 Magnavox Odyssey 2. One of the 28 games made for the system, a ping-pong game, was an inspiration for Atari's successful 1972 "Pong" arcade game, in turn driving sales of the Odyssey. Patents by Baer and the other developers for the system and the games, including what was termed by a judge as "the pioneering patent of the video game art", formed the basis of a series of lawsuits spanning 20 years, earning Sanders and Magnavox over US$100 million. The release of the Odyssey marked the beginning of the first generation of video game consoles and was an early part of the rise of the commercial video game industry.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The Odyssey consists of a black, white, and brown oblong box connected by wires to two rectangular controllers. The console connects to the television set through an included switch box, which allows the player to switch the television input between the Odyssey and the regular television input cable, and presents itself like a television channel on channel three or four, which thereafter became the standard for game consoles. The controllers, designed to sit on a flat surface, contain one button marked Reset on the top of the controller and three knobs: one on the right side of the controller, and two on the left with one extending from the other. The reset button resets individual elements depending on the game, such as making a player's dot visible after it is turned off. The system can be powered by six C batteries, which were included; an optional AC power supply was sold separately. The Odyssey lacks sound capability and can only display monochrome white shapes on a blank black screen.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Internally, the Odyssey architecture is composed of digital computing parts. The circuitry is implemented in diode–transistor logic using discrete transistors and diodes. The games themselves do not use ROM cartridges like later consoles, but instead, use "game cards" composed of printed circuit boards that plug into the console. These cards modify the internal circuitry like a set of switches or jumpers, causing the Odyssey to display different components and react to inputs differently. Multiple games use the same cards, with different instructions given to the player to change the style of the game.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The Odyssey is capable of displaying three square dots and a vertical line on the screen. Two of the dots are controlled by the two players, and the third by the system itself. The main console has two dials, one of which moves the vertical line across the screen, and one which adjusts the speed of the computer-controlled dot. Different games direct the player to adjust the dials to different positions, such as changing the center line of a tennis game into the side wall of a handball game. The games include plastic overlays that stick to the television via static cling to create visuals. Games that use the same game card can have different overlays, which can change a game with the same controls from, for example, a mountain ski path to a movement-based Simon Says game.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: In addition to the overlays, the Odyssey came with dice, poker chips, score sheets, play money, and card decks. One peripheral controller was released for the Odyssey, the first video game light gun. Named the Shooting Gallery, the rifle-shaped device registered a hit when pointed at a light source such as a dot on the television screen. Four shooting-based games were included with the light gun.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: In 1951, while working for a military contractor Loral Electronics, engineer Ralph H. Baer was assigned to build a television set; Baer later claimed that while doing so he had the idea to build something into a television set that the owner could control in addition to its normal function of receiving signals from a remote television station. Loral did not pursue the idea, but it returned to Baer in August 1966 while waiting for a bus. Baer, then the head of the Equipment Design Division at military contractor Sanders Associates, came up with the concept of using a television to play games, and the next morning wrote up a four-page proposal for a "game box" that would plug into a television screen, costing around US$25. The proposed device would transmit a signal that the television set could tune into like a television channel, which Baer referred to as Channel LP, short for "let's play", and he described several games that could be played on it. While electronic computer games had been developed since the start of the 1950s, they were typically only found in large academic or research institutions, and in 1966 no commercial games or video game industry existed, or any form of video games for consumer television sets.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: As a "game box" had little to do with the typical military contracts Sanders worked on, Baer picked an empty room and assigned one of his technicians, Bob Tremblay, to work on it with him rather than bring the idea to his bosses. By December 1966, they had completed an initial prototype later christened "TV Game #1", which could display and move a vertical line on a television screen. Baer demonstrated the prototype to the Sanders director of research and development, Herbert Campman, who hesitantly agreed to fund it for US$2,000 for labor and US$500 for materials, making it an official project.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Baer spent the next few months designing further prototypes, and in February 1967, assigned technician Bill Harrison to begin building the project. Harrison spent the next few months in between other projects building out successive modifications to the prototype. Baer, meanwhile, brainstormed with engineer Bill Rusch on ideas for games for the console, resulting in a proposal for the basis of many games later created for the system. Harrison began developing some early games in May, beginning with a two-player game where the players repeatedly press a button in competition to fill or empty a bucket of water, and by June multiple games were completed for what was then a second prototype box. These included a game where players controlled dots chasing each other and a light gun shooter game with a plastic rifle. Baer demonstrated the new prototype to Campman, who enjoyed the shooting game, increased funding, and recommended Baer demonstrate the project to senior management. Baer demonstrated the console to the board, who were largely uninterested, though a couple of members were enthusiastic; nevertheless, CEO Royden Sanders authorized the project to be continued with the aim of selling or licensing the console as a commercial product.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: By August 1967, Baer and Harrison completed a more focused prototype machine with fewer components, but found that to even come near to Baer's initial price target of the console would require so much to be excluded that the resulting product would not be very enjoyable. Baer additionally felt that he was not proving successful at designing fun games for the system; to make up for this he formally added Bill Rusch, who had helped him come up with the initial games for the console, to the project. Though the pair found Rusch difficult to work with, he soon proved his value to the team by coming up with a way to display a third, console-controlled spot on the screen in addition to the previous two player-controlled ones, and proposing the development of a ping-pong game. By November, the team, now on their fourth prototype machine, had a ping-pong game, a chasing game, a light gun game, and three types of controllers: joysticks for the chase game, a rifle for the light gun game, and a three dial controller for the ping-pong game. Campman felt that the system was advanced enough to begin trying to find a manufacturer to buy it; they had decided to sell the rights to produce the console, as Sanders was not in the business of making and selling commercial electronics.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The team first approached the cable television industry, and the prototype attracted the attention of TelePrompTer Corporation, who had seen it during a visit. After a few months of talks, cash-flow problems forced TelePrompter to back out in April 1968. The same economic downturn that caused TelePrompter's problems caused financial difficulties at Sanders as well, which put the project on hold after the fifth prototype was developed while simultaneously undergoing large-scale layoffs. It was picked up again in September, this time without Rusch, and went through two more iterations resulting in January 1969 in the seventh prototype, known as the "Brown Box" due to the wood-grain stickers on the casing. With the system now largely complete, as the team began filing for patents they were unsure whom to approach to sell it until a Sanders patent attorney recommended contacting television manufacturers. Baer demonstrated the system to several companies, who all expressed enthusiasm; only RCA wanted to purchase the device, however, and an agreement could not be reached. Soon afterwards, though, RCA executive Bill Enders left RCA for Magnavox and convinced them to look at the console again. The creators of the Brown Box again demonstrated the device to Magnavox in July 1969; they received a tepid reaction from most of the executives, but Vice President of Magnavox Console Products Planning Gerry Martin was in favor, and Magnavox agreed to produce the console. After a long period of negotiations the two companies finally signed an agreement in January 1971.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: A team from Magnavox led by George Kent turned the prototype console into a final product. They designed the exterior of the machine and re-engineered some of the internals with consultation from Baer and Harrison; they removed the ability to display color, used only the three dial controller, and changed the system of selecting games from a dial to separate game cards that modified the console's circuitry when plugged into the console. At the time, color televisions were still seen as a luxury item, and the ability to show color would have added additional expense and time spent dealing with FCC testing and regulations. The internal circuitry had been designed with discrete components rather than integrated circuits due to cost concerns, and although integrated circuits were becoming common by 1972 Magnavox did not redesign the circuitry to use them. The games for the system were designed by Ron Bradford of Bradford/Cout Design and adman Steve Lehner, based largely on the ones developed by Baer, Harrison, and Rusch. The product planning for the console was initially overseen by Bob Wiles of the color television division, but was turned over to product manager Bob Fritsche as its own category of product in September 1971. Magnavox named the console first as the Skill-O-Vision while testing, and then released it as the Odyssey. The rifle game was turned into a separately sold add-on game, "Shooting Gallery", and Magnavox added paper money, playing cards, and poker chips to the console, to go along with the plastic overlays for the games designed by Bradford that enhanced the primitive visuals. The new additions helped raise the price of the console to . Baer was upset with the board game additions, which he felt were pointless add-ons that would go unused by players. Magnavox performed market surveys and playtests in Los Angeles and Grand Rapids, Michigan, and demonstrated it to dealers in Las Vegas in May 1972. The console was publicly unveiled at a press event at the Tavern on the Green in New York City on May 22, 1972. Magnavox announced the system's launch date of September 1972, with availability restricted to dealers in 18 metropolitan areas, and demonstrated it for the next few months to Magnavox dealerships and media.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Magnavox began advertising the Odyssey in mid-September 1972, including an appearance on the game show "What's My Line?" on October 16, 1972. As the term "video game" was not yet in use, the company described the console as "the new electronic game of the future" and "closed-circuit electronic playground". Magnavox initially ordered 50,000 units, but before release increased its production capabilities and built a larger inventory, as market testing found an enthusiastic response to the console. The Odyssey was sold only through Magnavox dealers, who handled their own advertising in their local markets; the company hoped that as the video game console was the first such product, consumers would visit its stores specifically for it.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: There are conflicting reports between Baer and Magnavox employees as to whether Magnavox produced 120,000 or 140,000 consoles in 1972. Magnavox only sold 69,000 units. Baer believed that the low initial sales were due to the high price, and because Magnavox restricted sales to its dealerships and implied that the device only worked with Magnavox televisions. Other sources have stated that dealers may have misled customers to sell more televisions, though advertisements and in-store promotional videos explicitly stated that the Odyssey worked with "any brand TV, black and white or color". Customers unfamiliar with the new device, seeing it was only sold at Magnavox dealerships, may have misunderstood its interoperability.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Magnavox assistant product planner Don Emry said that the sales were in line with the original projections, if not the production run. After the initial holiday season Magnavox considered discontinuing the console, but the modest continuing demand, along with high customer satisfaction reports in surveys, convinced it to continue stocking the console. Magnavox published two catalogs each year, one before the Christmas season and another for its annual sale in January. The Odyssey did not appear in the pre-Christmas 1972 catalog, but the January 1973 catalog depicted the console in a two-page spread with pictures of bundled and optional games and the light gun. Fritsche's team proposed the creation of alternate versions of the Odyssey, a "lite" version with five games and a version with four controllers and a dozen new or updated games. Baer proposed an add-on that would add sound to games, and a putting controller and associated golf game. Magnavox rejected the proposals, instead releasing four games for sale in 1973, designed wholly or in part by Emry.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Although still only available at Magnavox dealers, national marketing for Odyssey began in late 1973. The company lowered the price to US$50 if purchased with a television. The console was released that year with different games in 12 other countries: Australia, Belgium, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, the Soviet Union, Spain, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and Venezuela. In late 1973, Magnavox ran a large advertising campaign for its 1974 products, including sponsoring Frank Sinatra's November television special "Ol' Blue Eyes Is Back". Commercials during the special and advertisements for it showed the Odyssey and other Magnavox products. Continuing demand led Magnavox to manufacture an additional 27,000 units for the 1973 holiday season, selling 20,000 of them according to Baer. In 1974 Odyssey appeared in the Sears Wish Book. Magnavox sold 89,000 consoles in total in 1973, 129,000 Odyssey units in 1974, and 80,000 units in 1975. According to Baer the company sold 350,000 Odysseys in total worldwide, though Fritsche stated it reached 367,000. The light gun peripheral sold 20,000 units.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Although there was continued customer demand for the console, Magnavox discontinued production of the Odyssey in the fall of 1975. Rising inflation had raised the manufacturing cost of the system to Magnavox from roughly US$37 to US$47, and Magnavox was unable to raise the retail price to match. Instead, it sought a cheaper alternative; in May 1974 it signed a contract with Texas Instruments for integrated circuits to replace the transistors and diodes of the original system, and designed a limited version of the console around them. The result was the first of several dedicated consoles—consoles that could only play games built into the system—in the Magnavox Odyssey series, the Magnavox Odyssey 100 and Magnavox Odyssey 200, as part of the first generation of video game consoles; the Odyssey 100 was only capable of playing the ping-pong and hockey games from the original Odyssey, while the 200 also had the handball game and a rudimentary on-screen scoring system. The 100 and 200 were released in November 1975 to replace the Odyssey for US$69.95 and US$109.95, respectively. Eleven dedicated Odyssey consoles were produced before a follow-up non-dedicated console in 1978, the Magnavox Odyssey 2.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: While it showed the potential of video game consoles and was an early part of the rise of the commercial video game industry, the Odyssey is not generally considered a major commercial success. Magnavox produced no more games for the console after 1973 and rejected proposals for different versions of the console or accessories. While a few clone systems were produced in limited quantities, and multiple dedicated systems—generally focused on ping-pong game variants—were created by several companies, no other home video consoles capable of playing separately-produced games were released until the 1976 Fairchild Semiconductor Channel F.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: Due to his work on the Odyssey, Baer has been referred to as the "Father of Video Games". In 2004, Baer was awarded the National Medal of Technology for "his groundbreaking and pioneering creation, development and commercialization of interactive video games, which spawned related uses, applications, and mega-industries in both the entertainment and education realms". The Museum of Modern Art (MoMA) added the Magnavox Odyssey to its permanent collection of video games in 2013. MoMA's Paul Galloway described the console as "a masterpiece of engineering and industrial design" and stated that it was "hard to overstate the importance of [Ralph Baer's] place in the birth of the industry". The Brown Box prototype and the TV Game #1 prototype are located in Washington, D.C. at the Smithsonian Institution's National Museum of American History.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: In May 1972, Nutting Associates chief engineer Nolan Bushnell, designer of the first commercial arcade video game, "Computer Space", saw a demonstration of the Odyssey. Inspired, when he and Ted Dabney quit Nutting to found Atari, he assigned Allan Alcorn to create a cheap ping-pong arcade game as a training exercise, though he did not tell Alcorn that it was for training nor that the idea was based on the Odyssey "Table Tennis" game. Alcorn soon developed "Pong" (1972), which Bushnell recognized as a potential hit, and it became the company's first game. "Pong" was very successful, and in turn helped drive sales of the Odyssey; Baer noted that customers bought the console because of "Table Tennis", in turn because of "Pong", and joked that they may as well have stopped designing games after that game card. In April 1974, however, Magnavox sued Atari along with several competitors, including Allied Leisure, Bally Midway, and arcade distributor Empire, for infringing on its patents for video games played on a television screen. Two more lawsuits joined it by 1975, against Sears, Nutting, Williams Electronics, and others. Baer later stated that the lawsuits were not filed right away because Magnavox and Sanders needed to wait until they could expect to be awarded more money than it would cost to pursue the suits. The root of the conflict was a set of patents by Baer and the development team—particularly a pair which described how the Odyssey showed player-controlled objects, or dots, on a video monitor and described a number of games that could be played with the system, with one patent by Baer and one by Rusch.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: The judge, John Grady, ruled in early 1977 that Baer's patent for the Odyssey constituted "the pioneering patent of the video game art", held the defendants' games as infringing, and set a precedent that any video game where a machine-controlled visual element hit and bounced off a player-controlled element violated Rusch's patent. At the time of judgement, only Seeburg Corporation and Chicago Dynamic Industries—though bankrupt—remained out of the defendants of the initial three lawsuits, with all other companies having settled out of court. Atari's settlement, made in June 1976, granted it a license in exchange for US$1.5 million and access granted to Magnavox to all technology produced by Atari from June 1976 to June 1977; other defendants paid higher penalties. Over the next twenty years, Sanders and Magnavox sued several other companies over the issue, focusing on "paddle-and-ball" type games like "Pong" and "Table Tennis" that more clearly violated the patent; the final lawsuits ended in the mid-1990s. Defendants included Coleco, Mattel, Seeburg, and Activision; Sanders and Magnavox won or settled every lawsuit. Many of the defendants unsuccessfully attempted to claim that the patents only applied to the specific hardware implementations that Baer had used, or that they were invalidated by prior computer or electronic games. In 1985, Nintendo sued and tried to invalidate the patents, claiming as prior art the 1958 "Tennis for Two" game built by William Higinbotham. The court, however, ruled that the oscilloscope-based game did not use video signals and therefore did not qualify as a video game, and ruled again in favor of Magnavox and Sanders. Magnavox won more than US$100 million in the various lawsuits and settlements involving the Odyssey related patents before they expired in the early 1990s.


title: Magnavox Odyssey

text: A total of 28 games distributed on 11 different game cards were released for the Magnavox Odyssey. 13 games were Included with console—a set of 12 in America and a different set of 10 in other countries—with six others available for purchase either individually or in a bundle; the additional games primarily used the same game cards with different screen overlays and instructions. Another game, "Percepts", was available for free to players that sent in a survey card. A light gun accessory, "Shooting Gallery", was available for purchase, and included four games on two cards that used the rifle. A final four games were released for sale in 1973. The console does not enforce game rules or keep track of scores for the games; that is left up to the players.


title: Black or White

text: "Black or White" is a single by the American singer Michael Jackson. It was released by Epic Records on November 11, 1991, as the first single from Jackson's eighth studio album, "Dangerous" (1991). Jackson wrote, composed, and produced it with Bill Bottrell. The song is a fusion of pop rock, dance and hip hop. Epic Records described it as "a rock 'n' roll dance song about racial harmony".