title: Morena (political party)

text: Various outlets have described MORENA as "not in the strict sense a political party, but an alliance of diverse movements and political actors, whose main reference is its founder and presidential candidate, Andrés Manuel López Obrador." Due to AMLO's pragmatism, some critics have claimed that MORENA is subject to Obrador's own decisions rather than having a more consistent ideology as a party. A 2018 article in the magazine Clarín describes MORENA's position as "oscillating between populism and social democracy".


title: Cozumel

text: Cozumel (; ) is an island and municipality in the Caribbean Sea off the eastern coast of Mexico's Yucatán Peninsula, opposite Playa del Carmen. It is separated from the mainland by the Cozumel Channel and is close to the Yucatán Channel. The municipality is part of the state of Quintana Roo, Mexico.


title: Cozumel

text: The economy of Cozumel is based on tourism, with visitors able to benefit from the island's balnearios, scuba diving, and snorkeling. The main town on the island is San Miguel de Cozumel.


title: Cozumel

text: The name "Cozumel" was derived from the Mayan "Cuzamil" or "Ah Cuzamil Peten" in full, which means "the island of swallows" ().


title: Cozumel

text: The island is located in the Caribbean Sea along the eastern side of the Yucatan Peninsula about south of Cancún and from the mainland. The island is about long and wide. With a total area of , it is Mexico's largest Caribbean island, largest permanently inhabited island, and Mexico's third-largest island, following Tiburón Island and Isla Ángel de la Guarda.


title: Cozumel

text: The majority of the island's population lives in the town of San Miguel (pop. 77,236 in 2010), which is on the island's western shore. The municipality, which includes two small areas on the mainland enclaved within the Municipality of Solidaridad with a land area of , has a total land area of .


title: Cozumel

text: Large parts of the island are covered with mangrove forest which has many endemic animal species. Cozumel is a flat island based on limestone, resulting in a karst topography. The highest natural point on the island is less than above sea level. The cenotes are deep water-filled sinkholes formed by water percolating through the soft limestone soil for thousands of years. Cozumel's cenotes are restricted to qualified cave divers with appropriate credentials.


title: Cozumel

text: There are three rodents that are larger than their mainland counterparts: "Oryzomys couesi", "Peromyscus leucopus", and critically endangered "Reithrodontomys spectabilis", the latter of which is also endemic to the island.


title: Cozumel

text: Cozumel is surrounded by a diverse ecosystem of coral reefs that is home to more than 1,000 marine species. The reefs are primarily found on underwater cliffs, there are also some in coastal lagoons and on sand bars at the north tip of the island. They are part of the much larger Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System which is the second largest reef in the world, stretching over 1,000 kilometers (620 mi). Cozumel's deeper coral reefs were historically famed for their black corals, yet black coral populations declined from the 1960s to the mid-1990s because of overharvesting and by 2016 had not recovered. A huge portion of the reef on the south side of the island is sectioned off into the Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park. This park is protected under the Ramsar Convention along with Manglares y Humedales del Norte de Isla Cozumel, they both are included in the UNESCO protected area called Isla Cozumel Biosphere Reserve, Mexico. The site includes the coral reefs on the southern coast of Cozumel. The reefs in Cozumel are made up of hard coral and soft coral. The marine life that inhabit the reefs include zoanthids, polychaets, actinarians, hydroids, sponges, crustaceans, mollusks, echinoderms and many varieties of Caribbean fish. The park is also a habitat to several endangered marine species such as the loggerhead sea turtle, hawksbill sea turtle, queen triggerfish, and the endemic splendid toadfish. Due to the abundant marine life and coral reefs the clear and warm Caribbean water, Cozumel is considered one of the best scuba-diving destinations in the world.


title: Cozumel

text: Cozumel has a tropical savanna climate under the Köppen climate classification that closely borders on a tropical monsoon climate. The dry season is short, from February to April, but even in these months precipitation is observed, averaging about of rain per month. The wet season is lengthy, covering most of the months, with September and October being the wettest months, when precipitation averages over . Thunderstorms can occasionally occur during the wet season. Temperatures tend to remain stable with little variation from month to month though the temperatures are cooler from December to February with the coolest month averaging . Owing to its proximity to the sea, the island is fairly humid, with an average humidity of 83%. The wettest recorded month was October 1980 with of precipitation and the wettest recorded day was June 19, 1975, with . Extremes range from —recorded January 18, 1977—to .


title: Cozumel

text: The Maya are believed to have first settled Cozumel by the early part of the 1st millennium AD, and older Preclassic Olmec artifacts have been found on the island as well. The island was sacred to Ix Chel, the Maya Moon Goddess, and the temples here were a place of pilgrimage, especially by women desiring fertility. There are a number of ruins on the island, most from the Post-Classic period. The largest Maya ruins on the island were near the downtown area and have now been destroyed. Today, the largest remaining ruins are at San Gervasio, located approximately at the center of the island.


title: Cozumel

text: The first Spanish expedition to visit Cozumel was led by Juan de Grijalva in 1518. In the following year Hernán Cortés stopped by the island on his way to Veracruz. The Grijalva and Cortés expeditions were both received peacefully by the Maya of Cozumel, unlike the expeditions' experiences on other parts of the mainland. Even after Cortés destroyed some of the Maya idols on Cozumel and replaced them with an image of the Virgin Mary, the native inhabitants of the island continued to help the Spanish re-supply their ships with food and water so they could continue their voyages. Gerónimo de Aguilar was rescued at this time.


title: Cozumel

text: As many as 10,000 Maya lived on the island then, but in 1520, infected crew members of the Pánfilo Narváez expedition brought the smallpox contagion to the island and by 1570 only 186 men and 172 women were left alive on Cozumel. In the ensuing years Cozumel was often the target of attacks by pirates, and in 1650 many of the islanders were forcibly relocated to the mainland town of Xcan Boloná to avoid the Buccaneers’ predation. Later, in 1688, most of the rest of the island's population, as well as many of the settlements along the Quintana Roo coast, were evacuated inland to towns such as Chemax. In 1848, refugees escaping the tumult of the Caste War of Yucatán settled on the island and in 1849 the town of San Miguel de Cozumel was officially recognized by the Mexican government.


title: Cozumel

text: In 1861, American President Abraham Lincoln ordered his Secretary of State, William Henry Seward, to meet with the Mexican "chargé d'affaires" Matias Romero to explore the possibility of purchasing the island of Cozumel for the purpose of relocating freed American slaves offshore. The idea was summarily dismissed by Mexican President Benito Juarez, but in 1862 Lincoln did manage to establish a short-lived colony of ex-slaves on Île à Vache off the coast of Haiti.


title: Cozumel

text: Although the original airport was a World War II relic and was able to handle jet aircraft and international flights, a much larger airport was built in the late 1970s.


title: Cozumel

text: Scuba diving is still one of Cozumel's primary attractions, mainly due to the coral reef on the western shore of Cozumel. These coral reefs are protected from the open ocean by the island's natural geography. In 1996, the government of Mexico also established the Cozumel Reefs National Marine Park, forbidding anyone from touching or removing any marine life within the park boundaries. Despite the importance of healthy reefs to Cozumel's tourist trade, a deepwater pier was built in the 1990s for cruise ships to dock, causing damage to the reefs, and it is now a regular stop on cruises in the Caribbean. Over the past few decades, coral reef health has significantly declined in Cozumel, with much lower coral cover now present than was historically recorded.


title: Cozumel

text: The island was struck directly by two Category 4 hurricanes during the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season. In July, Hurricane Emily passed just south of Cozumel, exposing the island to the storm's intense inner core. Despite Emily being a powerful storm, it was the larger, stronger, slower-moving Hurricane Wilma that caused the most destruction when it hit the island in October. Wilma's eye passed directly over Cozumel.


title: Cozumel

text: There was some damage to the underwater marine habitat. This included the coral reefs, which suffered particularly at the shallower dive sites, and the fish that inhabit the reefs.


title: Cozumel

text: Tourism, diving and charter fishing comprise the majority of the island's economy. There are more than 300 restaurants on the island and many hotels, some of which run dive operations, have swimming pools, private docks, and multiple dining facilities.


title: Cozumel

text: Other water activities include para-sailing, kitesurfing, and a tourist submarine. There are also two dolphinariums. At the cruise ship docks, there are several square blocks of stores selling Cuban cigars, jewelry, T-shirts, tequila, and a large variety of inexpensive souvenirs. Also, the only working pearl farm in the Caribbean is located on the north edge of the island.


title: Cozumel

text: San Miguel is home to many restaurants with a huge variety of different cuisines, along with several discothèques, bars, cinemas, and outdoor stages. The main plaza is surrounded by shops; in the middle of the plaza is a fixed stage where Cozumeleños and tourists celebrate every Sunday evening with music and dancing.


title: Cozumel

text: All food and manufactured supplies are shipped to the island. Water is provided by three different desalination facilities located on the island.


title: Cozumel

text: There are three universities on the island: the State Public University of Quintana Roo (UQROO) and two private universities, the Partenon Institute and the Interamerican University for Development (UNID). In addition to teaching English as a degree program, they offer other career options including natural resources research, tourism and commercial systems.


title: Cozumel

text: The Festival of Santa Cruz and El Cedral Fair is a historical tradition held in the town of El Cedral, in the south of Cozumel Island at the end of April. This annual event is said to have been started over 150 years ago by Casimiro Cárdenas. Cárdenas was one of a group that fled to the island from the village of Saban, on the mainland, after an attack during the Caste War of Yucatán in 1848. The attackers killed other villagers, but Cárdenas survived whilst clutching a small wooden cross.


title: Cozumel

text: Legend has it that Cárdenas vowed to start an annual festival wherever he settled, to honor the religious power of this crucifix. Today, the original Holy Cross (Santa Cruz) Festival forms part of the wider Festival of El Cedral, which includes fairs, traditional feasts, rodeos, bullfights, music and competitions. The celebrations last about five days in all and are held every year at the end of April or beginning of May.


title: Cozumel

text: The Cozumel Carnival or "Carnaval de Cozumel" is one of the most important carnival festivities in México. It has been celebrated as a tradition beginning from the late nineteenth century and fills Cozumel's streets with parades. It begins the week before Mardi-Gras in February. Cozumel's Carnaval is a tradition which has been passed down through many generations that celebrates a mixture of cultures that escaped to the warm embrace of Cozumel. Dating back to the mid-1800s, Cozumel Carnaval was started by young people dressed in vibrantly colorful costumes known as "Estudiantinas" or "Comparsas", who expressed themselves in the streets of Cozumel through the artforms of dance, song, and fantasy.


title: Cozumel

text: Cozumel Municipality is one of eleven municipalities of Quintana Roo. The municipal seat is located in San Miguel de Cozumel, the largest city in the municipality.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: Sexual attraction to transgender people has been the subject of scientific study and social commentary. Psychologists have researched sexual attraction toward trans women, cross dressers, non-binary people, and a combination of these. Publications in the field of transgender studies have investigated the attraction transgender individuals can feel for each other. The people who feel this attraction to transgender people name their attraction in different ways. Cisgender men attracted to transgender women primarily identify as heterosexual and sometimes as bisexual, but rarely as homosexual, and may even regard their attraction as its sexual orientation and invent their own terms for it. Transgender individuals often call their attraction to other transgender people "T4T" and may consider it both a sexual identity and a form of political identity.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: Despite being referred to as a paraphilia by several researchers, having a sexual preference for transgender people is neither diagnosable as a mental illness nor as a paraphilic disorder.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: In their sociological study, Martin S. Weinberg and Colin J. Williams interviewed 26 "men sexually interested in transwomen" (MSTW). 13 identified themselves as heterosexual, and 13 as "bisexual or probably bisexual". The authors opined "These labels only superficially describe their sexual interest," and noted that the expressed interest in trans women was sometimes used as a basis for denying a more stigmatized self-identity. As an example, they described a case who "said that he was 'bisexual' rather than 'gay' because he was able to think of the transwomen as women".


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: As part of HIV prevention research in 2004, Operario et al. interviewed 46 men in the San Francisco area who had sex with transgender women, but found "no consistent patterns between how men described their sexual orientation identity versus their sexual behavior and attraction to transgender women". Of the sample, 20 of them described themselves as being straight or heterosexual. Some men were definitive about this declaration, while others were hesitant and wondered if they should consider themselves bisexual.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: A Northwestern University study recruited 205 men interested in trans women. In that online survey, 51% identified as straight, 41% as bisexual, and the remainder as gay. Also, 55% said their ideal partner would be a cisgender female, and 36% said it would be a trans woman. The study authors concluded that "The interest in trans women appears to be a distinct sexual interest separate from heterosexual men's attraction to women for the majority of men, but there is a substantial minority who may experience it as their sexual orientation."


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: A 2016 study that used the penile plethysmograph demonstrated that the arousal patterns, genital and subjective, of men who report attraction to transgender women who have "female-typical physical characteristics (e.g. breasts) while retaining a penis" are similar to those of straight men and different from those of gay men. The study showed that these men are much more aroused to female than to male stimuli. They differed from both the groups of straight and gay men, however, in also displaying strong arousal to stimuli featuring trans women, to which they responded as much as to the cisgender female stimuli. Of the men attracted to trans women, 41.7% identified as bisexual, with the remainder identifying as straight. The bisexuals among them did not display significantly more arousal to male stimuli than their heterosexual counterparts, though they did report a higher number of male sex partners.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: A 2019 study that asked 958 participants which gender identities they would be interested in dating found that 96.7% of heterosexual men, 98.2% of heterosexual women, 88.5% of gay men, 71.2% of lesbian women, and 48.3% of bisexual, queer, and non-binary participants reported that they would not be interested in dating a transgender person, and the remainder would be interested.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: Erotic materials created for people attracted to trans men have become more visible, especially due to pornographic actor Buck Angel. Trans activist Jamison Green writes that cisgender gay men who are partnered with trans men "are often surprised to find that a penis is not what defines a man, that the lack of a penis does not mean a lack of masculinity, manliness, or male sexuality". Gay author Andrew Sullivan has criticized the idea that gay men should necessarily be attracted to trans men, arguing that sexual orientation is based on biological sex, not gender identity.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: A variety of casual terms have developed to refer to people who are attracted to transgender people. These terms include "trans-attracted", "trans-oriented", "transfan", "trans admirer," and "trans catcher". The terms "transromantic", "transamorous" and "transsensual" have also emerged, but have not seen much usage.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: The terms "tranny chaser" (sometimes shortened to "chaser") and "tranny hawk" have been used, although "tranny" is considered a slur by many. The term "chaser" is predominantly used to describe men sexually interested in trans women, but it is sometimes used to refer to those interested in trans men as well. Transgender people themselves often use the term in a pejorative sense, because they consider chasers to value them for their trans status alone, rather than being attracted to them as a person. However, some claim this term in an affirming manner. Sociologist Avery Tompkins of Transylvania University in Kentucky argued in an article in the "Journal of Homosexuality" that a sex-positive trans politics cannot emerge if terms such as "tranny chaser" informed discussion of attraction to transgender people.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: In scientific literature, the terms "gynandromorphophilic" (noun: "gynandromorphophilia") and "gynemimetophilic" (noun: "gynemimetophilia") are used for men who are attracted to trans women who possess a combination of male and female physical characteristics, while "andromimetophilic" (noun: "andromimetophilia") are their counterparts.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: The term "skoliosexual" has been used to describe attraction to non-binary people. The terms "pansexual" and "polysexual" (as well as "bisexual") may be used to indicate that gender variant people are among the types of people to which one is attracted.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: Transgender people may experience sexual and romantic attraction to other transgender people. This attraction is sometimes called T4T ("trans for trans") or T4T attraction. The word T4T comes from Craigslist personals and forums transgender people used to find other transgender people to date and have sex with.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: There are a variety of reasons why transgender people might date, even prefer to date, other transgender people. Some transgender people prefer dating and having sex with other transgender people because of the violence they fear they might experience from cisgender people. Others feel that dating and having sex with other transgender people allows them the emotional safety and the freedom to explore themselves sexually without others questioning the authenticity of their gender. Others may simply find other transgender people more attractive than cisgender people.


title: Attraction to transgender people

text: T4T, however, is, for some, not just a preference or a type of attraction. Amira Lundy-Harris, Aren Aizura, and Rachel Anne William also regard T4T political identity as a form of separatism focused on advocating for transgender people in the face of a society that discriminates against them.


title: Chase Elliott

text: William Clyde "Chase" Elliott II (born November 28, 1995) is an American professional stock car racing driver. He competes full-time in the NASCAR Cup Series, driving the No. 9 Chevrolet Camaro ZL1 for Hendrick Motorsports. He won the 2014 NASCAR Nationwide Series championship, becoming the first rookie to win a national series championship in NASCAR and the youngest champion in that series.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott began racing in the Cup Series on a full-time basis in 2016, during which he was named the 2016 NASCAR Sprint Cup Series Rookie of the Year. In 2020, he won the Cup Series championship in Phoenix Arizona, the first for Hendrick Motorsports since 2016. He has 18 career wins in the Cup Series, including seven on road courses.


title: Chase Elliott

text: He is the son of 1988 Winston Cup Series champion Bill Elliott; the Elliotts are the third father-son NASCAR champions in history, along with Lee and Richard Petty and Ned and Dale Jarrett.


title: Chase Elliott

text: At the age of 13, Elliott was featured alongside thirteen other athletes, including future world number one golfer Jordan Spieth and future NBA 2nd overall pick Michael Kidd-Gilchrist, as potential stars in the July 13, 2009 issue of "Sports Illustrated".


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott raced in 40 races in various series in 2010, winning twelve events over the course of the year and finishing in the top ten 38 times. It was the third season of his racing career, and he won the Blizzard Series, Miller Lite and Gulf Coast championship en route to being named the Georgia Asphalt Pro Late Model Series Rookie of the Year. He ended the season by winning the Winchester 400. "Sports Illustrated" named Elliott as the high school player of the week in April 2011. During the year, he competed in the Champion Racing Association, winning the series' National Super Late Model championship. Later that year, just after his sixteenth birthday, he won the Snowball Derby and became the race's youngest winner. He beat the second place driver, DJ Vanderley, by a record 0.229 seconds. In 2012, he won the Alan Turner Snowflake 100, prelude to the Snowball Derby, for the second time in three years.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In November 2013, Elliott won the All American 400, becoming the first driver to win all four of the country's largest short-track races: the All American 400, the Snowball Derby, the World Crown 300 and the Winchester 400. In December, it appeared as though Elliott had become the first driver to sweep the Snowball Derby and Snowflake 100 in the same weekend. Upon post-race inspection, however, a piece of tungsten was found in Elliott's car, which was prohibited by the Derby rulebook. Elliott was accordingly disqualified and the victory awarded to Erik Jones. Elliott won the Snowball Derby in 2015 after initial winner Christopher Bell was disqualified.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott signed a three-year driver development contract with Hendrick Motorsports in February 2011. He competed in the K&N Pro Series East in 2011 with number 9, finishing 9th in season points. Elliott returned to the K&N Pro Series East in 2012, winning his first career race in the series at Iowa Speedway in May. He finished fourth in series points.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2011 and 2012, Elliott competed in three K&N Pro Series West races (once in 2011, twice in 2012), all at Phoenix International Raceway. In his lone 2011 event, he finished third, and in the 2012 races, he finished 17th (due to a crash) and fourth.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott competed in six ARCA Racing Series races in 2012 and five races in 2013 with number 9, in order to gain experience at larger circuits. ARCA allows 17-year old drivers to race at Pocono Raceway and Kentucky Speedway, two circuits where NASCAR has a minimum age of 18; the minimum age for ovals longer than 2,000 meters, or 1.25 miles, is 18 years of age; shorter tracks and road courses have a minimum age of 16. On June 8, 2013, Elliott became the youngest winner in ARCA superspeedway history following his Pocono victory.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In January 2013, it was announced that Elliott would compete in nine NASCAR Camping World Truck Series events for Hendrick Motorsports during the 2013 racing season, using trucks prepared by Turner Scott Motorsports.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In qualifying for the UNOH 200 at Bristol Motor Speedway, Elliott won his first career NASCAR pole position with a lap speed of , and became the youngest pole-sitter in Truck Series history.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott would win his first race in the Chevrolet Silverado 250 at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park, in the first road course truck race outside the US; he was at the time the youngest winner in Truck Series history, at the age of 17 years, 9 months, and 4 days. The win was however controversial as Elliott made contact with leader Ty Dillon in the last corner. Dillon hit the tire barrier while Elliott went into the grass though recovered enough to be able to coast to the finish line ahead of Kyle Busch Motorsports driver Chad Hackenbracht.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Dillon afterwards stated that the next time they raced each other "he won't finish the race"; later Elliott stated he had attempted to apologize to Dillon but without any response. The following week at Iowa Speedway, Elliott cut down a tire early in the race and crashed without involvement from Dillon.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In October 2016, Elliott entered the Alpha Energy Solutions 200 at Martinsville Speedway, his first truck race since 2013, driving the No. 71 for Contreras Motorsports, leasing owners points and the truck chassis from JR Motorsports, where he led the most laps with 109 and finished 2nd.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott joined GMS Racing's No. 23 entry for two races (Atlanta and Martinsville) in 2017, and he won at Martinsville. Three years later, he returned to the series and team in the No. 24; the effort was spawned from Kevin Harvick offering a bounty to full-time Cup drivers able to beat Kyle Busch. The attempt was initially scheduled for the Atlanta race before being moved to Charlotte in May due to the COVID-19 pandemic's impact on the schedule. Elliott ultimately won the race ahead of Busch to claim the bounty; tensions had been high between the two following an incident earlier in the season.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In January 2014, it was announced that Elliott would be competing full-time in the Nationwide Series in 2014, driving the No. 9 Chevrolet for JR Motorsports, with sponsorship from NAPA Auto Parts. On April 4, 2014, Elliott won the O'Reilly Auto Parts 300 at Texas Motor Speedway, holding Kevin Harvick and Kyle Busch off after taking the lead with 16 laps to go. On April 11, 2014, Elliott won the VFW Sport Clips Help a Hero 200 at Darlington Raceway by passing Elliott Sadler on the last lap after restarting sixth with two laps to go. Elliott won the EnjoyIllinois.com 300 at Chicagoland Speedway after holding off Trevor Bayne. At Phoenix, Elliott clinched the Nationwide Series championship with a 53-point lead over teammate Regan Smith, becoming the first rookie and youngest driver to win a NASCAR national series title. Later in the year, he was named the Nationwide Series' Most Popular Driver.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2015, Elliott received his first DNF in his career after being involved in the second big one at Daytona, finishing 28th. On September 11, Elliott won his first race of the season at Richmond, snapping his 36-race winless streak. He battled with Chris Buescher for the championship, but was unable to catch up and finished 2nd in points.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Following Elliott's move up to the Cup Series in 2016, he continued driving for JR Motorsports part-time in the Xfinity Series. In 2016, he drove the No. 88 car in 5 races, including the season-opening PowerShares QQQ 300 at Daytona, which he won. He also drove the No. 5 car in Texas.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2018, he began the season driving the No. 88 car at Daytona, which teammate Tyler Reddick won in a photo finish with teammate Elliott Sadler. Following Spencer Gallagher's suspension from NASCAR, it was announced that Elliott would pilot the No. 23 car for GMS Racing in select events, including the races at Charlotte, Pocono, Chicagoland, Daytona, and Bristol.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2022, surprisingly, he DNQed for the Darlington Spring event due to the cancellation of qualifying due to rain.


title: Chase Elliott

text: On January 29, 2015, Hendrick Motorsports announced Elliott would make his Sprint Cup Series debut in 2015, driving the No. 25 with Kenny Francis as crew chief. He was scheduled to race in five races at Martinsville, Richmond, Charlotte, Indianapolis, and Darlington. The team also announced that he would take over Jeff Gordon's No. 24 starting in 2016.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott's Cup debut in the STP 500 was threatened by potential rain; due to a lack of owner's points and race attempts, had qualifying been rained out, he would have failed to qualify. Elliott eventually recorded a lap speed of , qualifying 27th. During the race, contact with Brett Moffitt on lap 75 forced his car to drop debris onto the track and damage to hang from its rear, while his power steering was damaged. Dropping to 37th, Elliott entered the garage, and returned to the race on lap 144, 69 laps behind the leader and in last. Elliott would ultimately finish 38th, 73 laps down. On May 5, 2015, it was announced that Elliott would be entering the Sprint All-Star Race's Sprint Showdown. He finished 8th and 5th in the event's two segments.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott joined the Sprint Cup Series full-time in 2016, driving the No. 24 with Alan Gustafson as crew chief. Elliott carried primary sponsorship from NAPA Auto Parts (twenty-four races), 3M (five races), SunEnergy1 (four races), Kelley Blue Book (two races), and Mountain Dew (two races). He won the 2016 Rookie of the Year over Ryan Blaney, Chris Buescher, Jeffrey Earnhardt, and Brian Scott.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In his Daytona 500 debut, Elliott won the pole with a speed of . At the age of 20, he became the youngest pole-sitter in 500 history. Elliott led three laps in the race, but on lap 18, spun exiting turn four and slid into the grass, damaging the front of the car. Elliott returned to the race on lap 59, 40 laps down, and finished 37th. The next week he finished 8th at Atlanta for his first Sprint Cup top-ten finish. The following week, in Las Vegas, Elliott showed a strong car all day and even had his car inside the top-five with 40 laps to go, but crashed and finished 38th. Elliott picked up more top tens during the spring, finishing 5th at Texas for his first career Top-5, 4th at Bristol, 5th at Talladega, 9th at Kansas, 3rd at Dover, 8th in the Coca-Cola 600, and a career best 2nd at Michigan. At Pocono for the running of the Axalta "We Paint Winners" 400, Elliott would have his breakout race of his Sprint Cup career, Elliott would start 13th and later get the lead in the race and he would lead a race high of 51 laps, leading the most laps in a Sprint Cup race for the first time in his career. On a restart, Elliott would lose the lead and the race came down to fuel mileage but the fuel would hold and he would finish 4th. At Michigan in June, Elliott finished second after he missed a shift in the lead. He won the fan vote to advance into the All-Star Race along with Danica Patrick where he finished a respectable 7th after nearly winning the final segment of the Sprint Showdown, losing to Kyle Larson in a photo finish. Fifteen races into his rookie season, he sat 6th in the standings, the highest without a victory, with two poles for the Daytona 500 and at Talladega, six Top-5s and eleven Top-10s. Two weeks later at Sonoma, Elliott started 16th, but would ultimately finish 21st.


title: Chase Elliott

text: He was one of the first rookies to qualify for the Chase along with Chris Buescher since Denny Hamlin in 2006. On September 18, at the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles 400, he had a chance at his first win, but a late caution wiped out his 3-second lead over Martin Truex Jr., who would go on to win the race while Elliott would finish in 3rd. He was eliminated after the Round of 12 but managed to finish 10th in the final standings. Elliott Would Win The 2016 Rookie Of The Year Awards.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott started the 2017 season by winning the pole for the Daytona 500 for the second year in a row. He followed it up with a win in the first Can-Am Duel race, becoming the first driver since Dale Earnhardt in 1996 to win both the Daytona 500 pole and a qualifying race and the third in NASCAR history (Davey Allison is the first after doing so in 1990). At Martinsville a little later in the year, he sneaked past Kyle Busch after Ricky Stenhouse Jr. bumped the No. 18 out of the way, allowing Elliott to steal the stage 2 victory. At Talladega on May 7, he was involved in a 16 car pileup that nearly saw him flip over, as his car got airborne. At Michigan in June, Elliott got his 3rd second-place finish in a row at the track.


title: Chase Elliott

text: On October 1, Elliott had another chance at his first career win leading his first 138 laps at Dover and having a 4-second lead over Kyle Busch with 50 laps to go, but caught lap traffic and was stuck behind Ryan Newman, who has long held the reputation as one of the hardest guys to pass, allowing Busch to pass Elliott with two laps to go for the win while Elliott finished second. Jeff Gordon, the previous driver of the No. 24 car and a mentor to Elliott, confronted Newman after the race because he cost Elliott his first career win. At the fall race at Martinsville, Elliott was able to take the lead from Brad Keselowski with four to go, but his winning chances were ruined after being hit by Denny Hamlin from behind and spun out with three to go. Unhappy with Hamlin, he drove him to the outside wall after the race ended on the cooling lap. "My mom always said if you don’t have anything nice to say don’t say anything at all," Elliott told NBCSN. "He's not even worth my time. … We had a good opportunity. I can’t control his decisions and whatever the hell that was. On to Texas." He later got an apology from Hamlin after the race via Twitter.


title: Chase Elliott

text: At Phoenix, Elliott was in a must-win situation to advance to Miami. He did lead 34 laps of the race but once again, he had to settle for second as Matt Kenseth passed him with 10 laps to go, ending his championship hopes. However, he wound up finishing 5th in the final standings.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2018, Hendrick Motorsports switched Elliott's car number from the No. 24 to the No. 9, the number that his father drove during most of his racing career, and also Chase's number in NASCAR's lower series. Elliott retained his crew, including crew chief Alan Gustafson.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In qualifying for the Daytona 500, Elliott posted the 9th fastest time, ending his streak of consecutive Daytona 500 poles at two. Only a few hours later in the Advance Auto Parts Clash, he would be upfront for most of the race, leading 17 out of the 75 laps but dropped back after an incident in the backstretch and was later caught up in a wreck on the final lap. Elliott won the second Can-Am Duel to earn a spot in the second row for the Daytona 500. Elliott ran towards the front during the first half of the Daytona 500, even leading four laps, before getting caught up in an accident on lap 102 and finishing 33rd.


title: Chase Elliott

text: At Richmond in April, Elliott finished second in the Toyota Owners 400. This was his best finish of the season to date and the eighth second-place finish of his career, tying the number of second-place finishes his father had before his first win. The following week at Talladega, he finished third in the GEICO 500 after starting the race at the rear of the field due to an unapproved tire change. Elliott had a strong race at Dover, starting 6th, finishing in the top 10 in both stages before slipping to 12th at the end. He scored another twelfth-place finish at Kansas, and rallied from a disappointing 22nd qualification to finish 11th at the Coca-Cola 600. Elliott had what he called his team's "best race of the year" to date in the Pocono 400 where he finished tenth and earned additional points with top tens in both stages. He scored a race-high 49 points with two top five stage finishes and a fourth-place overall finish in the Toyota/Save Mart 350 at Sonoma, which he considers "one of [his] worst" tracks.


title: Chase Elliott

text: He scored his first pole of the 2018 season at the Coke Zero Sugar 400 at Daytona, with a lap that was 0.240 seconds faster than anyone else in qualifying. The following day, his race ended early when he was collected in the “big one” on lap 54 along with 25 other drivers after Ricky Stenhouse Jr. turned Brad Keselowski near the front of the field, resulting in a 34th-place finish for Elliott. At Watkins Glen, Elliott started third, won Stage 2 for the third week in a row (Loudon, Pocono, Watkins Glen), and led the final 33 laps to finally capture his first career Monster Cup Series Series victory. Chase's win emulated his father, Bill, by finishing second eight times before winning, winning his first race on a road course, getting Hendrick Motorsports their 250th win, and becoming the youngest driver to win on a road course. (Bill won his first career race at the now-defunct Riverside International Raceway). Bill was also a spotter of Chase's for the race. He was notably given a push to the front stretch by teammate Jimmie Johnson when his car ran out of fuel when being congratulated by the rest of the drivers.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott qualified for the 2018 playoffs. Elliott secured his second career victory on October 7, holding off Denny Hamlin in overtime at Dover. With the win, Elliott secured a spot in the third round. After a final lap melee at Talladega, he scored another win at Kansas later that month, holding off a hard-charging Kyle Busch late in the going. He made it through the Round of 8 until he was eliminated by a late crash with Denny Hamlin and Kurt Busch at Phoenix. Elliott finished the season sixth in the points standings.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott started the 2019 season qualifying 18th for the 2019 Daytona 500. He spent majority of the race mid-pack before getting caught in a wreck on lap 200, finishing 17th. The following week at Atlanta, Elliott finished outside of the top 10 for the second race in a row after qualifying 22nd and finished in 19th. However, at Las Vegas, Elliott got his first top 10 of the season after he finished ninth. At Martinsville, Elliott finished second after getting passed for the lead with 126 laps to go. He got his first win of the season at Talladega after a crash under the white flag caused the race to end under yellow. Elliott also defeated Martin Truex Jr. at Watkins Glen for the second year in a row. Elliott breezed past the first round of the playoffs with a fourth-place finish at Las Vegas and 13th at Richmond. At the Charlotte Roval, he was leading the field on lap 65 when he locked his brakes and collided with the turn 1 tire barrier. Despite the minimal damage on his front end, Elliott took advantage of several cautions to retake the lead on lap 104 before scoring his third win of the season and his sixth career victory. However, he finished 38th at Dover when he experienced an engine failure on the seventh lap. Elliott advanced to the Round of 8 after finishing second at Kansas, but once again failed to make the Championship 4 after crashing and finishing 39th at Phoenix.


title: Chase Elliott

text: The 2020 season began with a stage win and another 17th-place finish in the Daytona 500. The following week at Las Vegas saw him win the first two stages, but a flat tire on lap 220 caused him to spin into the turn one wall and finish 26th. He recorded top tens in the next three races, including winning the pole and leading a race-high 93 laps at Phoenix before brushing the wall late in the event to finish seventh.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott would be plagued by late misfortunes during the ensuing races. With 28 laps left in the Toyota 500 at Darlington, Elliott was turned by Kyle Busch while running in second, leading to him giving the finger to Busch as he drove by. He would soon after beat Busch and receive a bounty from Kevin Harvick in a Truck race while tensions between the two were still high. In the next Cup race, the Coca-Cola 600 (the only Crown Jewel his father Bill had never won), Elliott was leading when Hendrick teammate William Byron's flat tire resulted in a caution and overtime. Elliott's team elected to pit before the restart, dropping him out of the lead; he eventually finished third before being promoted to second after fellow Hendrick driver Jimmie Johnson was disqualified. Elliott would rebound by winning the Alsco Uniforms 500 after passing Kevin Harvick for the lead with 27 laps to go. He was on the verge of a second consecutive race win at Bristol until he made contact with Joey Logano with three laps remaining, relegating him to 22nd and sparking a post-race discussion between the two.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In July, Elliott won the 2020 NASCAR All-Star Race at Bristol after winning two of the first three stages and dominating the final segment. The victory made the Elliotts the second father-son duo to win the All-Star Race, joining Dale Earnhardt and Dale Earnhardt Jr.; like Chase, Bill Elliott's 1986 race win came at a track beside the traditional host site Charlotte, doing so at Atlanta. A month later, during the inaugural Go Bowling 235 on the Daytona road course, Elliott led a race-high 34 laps en route to his second points-paying victory of the 2020 season and his third consecutive road course victory. The win put him in the lead for all-time winning percentage on road courses, with 36.36%.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In the first race of the playoffs, the Cook Out Southern 500, Elliott's car featured a throwback paint scheme honoring his teammate, mentor, and friend Jimmie Johnson. He was running up front for much of the race, and he was leading with less than 20 laps to go before Martin Truex Jr. attempted to pass him off of a run; the two made contact and both cars went into the wall, causing damage that set them back in speed and track position. Elliott decided not to pit but fell to 20th.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In the Bank of America Roval 400, Elliott had arguably the best car in the entire race as he started second, tied with teammate William Byron for most laps led, and won for his fourth straight road course victory. Winning this race made Elliott the youngest and oldest driver to win the Roval. Entering Martinsville's Xfinity 500, Elliott needed a win to advance to the final round; he worked his way to finish 4th in Stage 1, dominated to win Stage 2, and passed Martin Truex Jr. with 43 laps to go to win, which locked himself into the Championship Round at Phoenix.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott started last in the Season Finale 500 after failing pre-race inspection twice, but ultimately led a race-high 153 laps to win the race and the championship. At the age of 24, he became the second-youngest driver to win a Cup championship. Along with his father, the Elliotts became third father-son duo to win titles following the Pettys (Lee and Richard) and the Jarretts (Ned and Dale).


title: Chase Elliott

text: The early 2021 season was filled with highs and lows. After finishing 2nd in the Daytona 500, he was leading much of the following race at the Daytona Road Course before a caution for rain prompted him to pit and a spin with six laps remaining relegated him to 21st. In May, Elliott finally won his first race of the season in a rain delay at the inaugural race at the Circuit of the Americas. Elliott's victory achieved two milestones: the 268th Cup victory for Hendrick Motorsports, tying Petty Enterprises for the most Cup victories by a race team in NASCAR history, and Chevrolet's 800th Cup victory as a manufacturer. He finished 13th at the inaugural Ally 400 at Nashville, but was disqualified when his car had five loose lug nuts during post-race inspection. A few weeks later at Road America, Elliott would win again, beating Christopher Bell and Kyle Busch.


title: Chase Elliott

text: At the Xfinity 500, Elliott swept both stages, securing enough points to clinch a spot in the NASCAR Cup Series Championship Race. In a battle against teammate Kyle Larson, and JGR drivers Denny Hamlin and Martin Truex Jr., Elliott finished 5th (lowest of all championship 4 contenders) and failed to repeat as a champion. Larson ended up winning the race and the title.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In February 2022, Elliott signed a 5-year extension with Hendrick Motorsports that will see him stay with the team until 2027.


title: Chase Elliott

text: The 2022 season for Chase Elliott started off with a 10th place finish in the Daytona 500, followed by a controversial 26th place finish at California after Hendrick Motorsports teammate and eventual winner Kyle Larson made contact with Chase in turn one, sending him into the wall. Following the incident, Chase collected 10 consecutive top 15 finishes, which included a 4th at the Circuit of the Americas road course in Austin, winning the pole and finishing 10th at Martinsville, getting his first win of the season at Dover, and getting a 5th place finish at Darlington. After Darlington, Chase hit a rough patch finishing 29th at Kansas after losing a tire late in the race, crashing out in the All-Star Race, leading 86 of the first 188 laps in the Coca-Cola 600 before getting caught up in a crash and failing to finish, and a 21st place finish at Gateway after contact with Ross Chastain.


title: Chase Elliott

text: After rebounding with an 8th place finish at Sonoma, Chase Elliott would go on a tear with 5 consecutive finishes of 1st or 2nd. Starting with his second win of the season at Nashville after leading 42 of 300 laps, Chase then looked to win his second consecutive race and back-to-back wins at Road America. He led more than half the race, leading 36 of the 62 laps, but had to settle for 2nd after getting passed by Tyler Reddick who would go on to capture his first win in the Cup series. Elliott followed up his 2nd place finish at Road America, with a win at his home track of Atlanta. Elliott dominated the race, winning both stages and leading 96 of the 260 laps, en route to his 3rd win of the season, and joining his father Bill Elliott in becoming only the second father-son tandem to win at Atlanta (joining Dale Earnhardt & Dale Earnhardt Jr.), and also joining his father in becoming the only two Georgia born racecar drivers to win at Atlanta Motor Speedway. Following the win at Atlanta, Elliott capped off a solid run at New Hampshire finishing 2nd. He was leading late in the race, but was passed by eventual winner Christopher Bell with 41 laps to go. Elliott would then follow up New Hampshire with a 3rd place finish at Pocono; However he would later be awarded as the winner, his 4th win of the season, when supposed winner Denny Hamlin and second place finisher Kyle Busch would be disqualified after their racecars failed post-race inspections.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Following a 5th place finish at Richmond, and a 4th place finish at Watkins Glen, Elliott was awarded the 2022 regular season championship, clinching the title with one race left in the regular season. In the final race of the regular season, Elliott started on the outside pole at Daytona. He led the most laps of the race, leading 31 of the 160 laps, but was caught up in a major crash when multiple cars were taken out due to rain. Elliott ended up finishing 29th.


title: Chase Elliott

text: At the Southern 500, Elliott finished 36th after a crash resulted in catastrophic rear suspension damage. Despite this, he rebounded to finish 11th at Kansas and runner-up to Chris Buescher at the Bristol Night Race to advance to the Round of 12. On October 2, Elliott won at Talladega to clinch a spot in the Round of 8, his second career victory at the track and series-high fifth win of the season; also equaling his career-best from his championship-winning season in 2020. He finished 28th at the Phoenix finale after being spun to the inside wall by Ross Chastain with 119 laps to go. As a result of the finish, Elliott finished fourth in the points standings.


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2021, Elliott debuted in the 24 Hours of Daytona, driving the No. 31 Cadillac for Action Express Racing alongside Mike Conway, Pipo Derani, and Felipe Nasr. The car started on the pole, but it suffered multiple mechanical problems that resulted in one of Elliott's stints taking place while the team was 22 laps behind the leader before retiring with four hours remaining due to a gear failure.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott appeared in the Superstar Racing Experience's 2021 season finale at Nashville Fairgrounds Speedway. After starting fourth, he battled his father Bill for much of the second half before Chase cleared him and won; it was the second time the father and son raced against each other after first doing so at a late model race at South Alabama Speedway in 2013.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott appeared in the Superstar Racing Experience's 2022 season finale at Sharon Speedway. After winning his 2nd heat race he would battle Tony Stewart for the win ultimately coming out the winner.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott has made appearances on television, including CMT's "The Dude Perfect Show". He voices the character Mark Set-Go on Nickelodeon's "Blaze and the Monster Machines" and Chase Racelott in the 2017 Pixar film "Cars 3".


title: Chase Elliott

text: In 2021, Elliott was the subject of a documentary with Dale Earnhardt Jr. called ‘Chase’ which talks about the story of his racing career.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott has appeared on the cover of magazines, including "NASCAR Illustrated"; "NASCAR Pole Position"; and "Georgia Magazine".


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott is featured as a playable driver in "Forza Motorsport 6", via the NASCAR expansion pack. The expansion features twenty-four paint schemes from the 2016 Sprint Cup Series season, including Elliott's No. 24 NAPA SS. Elliott, along with Jimmie Johnson and Kyle Busch, provide commentary in the expansion as the "voices of motorsport." Elliott and Johnson also had roles in developing the expansion.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott has been a driver in all of the "NASCAR Heat" series of games by 704Games. All four 2018 HMS drivers, including Elliott, were on the cover of "NASCAR Heat 3", which was released September 7, 2018. Elliott also appeared by himself on the cover for "NASCAR Heat 5", which was released on July 10, 2020.


title: Chase Elliott

text: Appearing on the cover of a NASCAR game has led to what is called the “Cover Curse” leading to the driver having a wreck-filled terrible season, with bad luck and misfortune. Elliott is one of the few drivers to not have this happen to him. Appearing on the 2018 NASCAR Heat 3 cover, Elliott scored his first win in the Cup that year at Watkins Glen. In 2020 Elliott appeared on the cover of the standard edition of NASCAR Heat 5 and would go on to win the championship that season, Chase Elliott is also 1 of 3 drivers on the cover of .


title: Chase Elliott

text: Elliott is also featured on the cover of Nascar Heat Ultimate a Nintendo Switch title using NASCAR Heat 5 as the base, while adding the 2021 drivers and schemes.


title: Chase Elliott

text: "NOTE: The asterisk denotes Elliott won a Daytona 500 qualifying race, which counts as a stage win for championship purposes (ten points) but not a playoff point."


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Mathew John Baynton (born 18 November 1980) is an English actor, writer, comedian, singer, and musician best known as a member of the British Horrible Histories troupe in which he starred in the TV series "Horrible Histories"; as well as an actor in "Yonderland" and "Ghosts". He was also the co-creator, writer and star of the sitcom "The Wrong Mans". Other major television roles include Deano in "Gavin & Stacey", Chris Pitt-Goddard in "Spy", Simon in "Peep Show", and twin brothers Jamie Winton and Ariel Conroy in "You, Me and the Apocalypse".


title: Mathew Baynton

text: He is the youngest of three boys, with two older brothers, Daniel and Andrew. He was educated at Southend High School for Boys. He graduated with first class honours from the Rose Bruford College of Speech and Drama, and later trained in clowning at École Philippe Gaulier in Paris. Baynton explained his motivation in an interview with "Metro": "The performing instinct came from making my family laugh, so I've always been drawn to the funny side of things. Comedy is really rewarding."


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton is one of the performers of the hit children's television series "Horrible Histories", appearing in the first five series as a singer, actor, and occasional writer. Along with the five other members of the "Horrible Histories" cast, Baynton is the creator, writer, and star of "Yonderland", an eight-part family fantasy comedy series that premiered on Sky1 on 10 November 2013. He starred with the same troupe in "Bill", a BBC family comedy film based loosely around the early life of William Shakespeare, who ventures to London to pursue his dream of becoming a playwright. The troupe also reunited in 2019 to create the BBC series " Ghosts", with Baynton appearing as a romantic poet named Thomas Thorne.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton teamed with friend and fellow "Gavin & Stacey" alumnus James Corden to create, write, and star in "The Wrong Mans", a comedy-thriller for BBC Two that premiered in autumn 2013. The series is co-produced by online television provider Hulu.com in the United States, where it premiered in November 2013. The first six-part series proved a critical and commercial success, and a similarly well-received two-part sequel was broadcast in December 2014.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Other notable TV comedy roles include Deano in "Gavin & Stacey"; Chris in the Darren Boyd sitcom vehicle "Spy"; and William in the 2017 black comedy series "Quacks".


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton appeared at the 2013 Edinburgh Fringe Festival, starring in the world premiere of Tom Basden's play "Holes". He reprised his role of Gus in a London revival of the same play in summer 2014.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: In late 2015, Baynton portrayed Jamie Winton and his brother Ariel Conroy in Sky1's science fiction comedy-drama miniseries "You, Me and the Apocalypse".


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton is a former member of the band Special Benny as a vocalist and guitarist. Their debut album "Toys" was released in 2010.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: He has also performed as a solo act under the name Dog Ears. His debut solo EP, "So It Goes", was released in November 2011. It consists of four self-penned songs.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: He and his wife Kelly Robinson, a film historian, have two children: a son, Bo, born in 2011, and a daughter, Ida, born in 2016.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton has commented on his son's skewed view of his father's profession: "He thinks work is putting on a beard. One day his eyes will be opened, but I do find it wonderful that that's his view of work." He commented during the same interview that while many actors do not want their children to become an actor as well, but Baynton has said that he sees no problem with his son following in his footsteps by stating that "if he enjoys it, so why shouldn't I let him?". Bo appeared as the young Mary, Queen of Scots in one episode of Horrible Histories.


title: Mathew Baynton

text: Baynton tries to keep Bo and Ida out of the spotlight. However, Baynton raised awareness about breaking gender barriers after Bo was mocked in the park for wearing a pink bicycle helmet. Baynton expressed his belief that he lets his son express his likes and dislikes freely without categorising toys and colours in gendered categories. Baynton stated "I won't be teaching my boy how to be a 'boy.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Shiri Freda Appleby (born December 7, 1978) is an American actress and television director. She is best known for her leading roles as Liz Parker in the WB/UPN science fiction drama series "Roswell" (1999–2002) and Rachel Goldberg in the Lifetime/Hulu drama series "Unreal" (2015–2018).


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Her major film credits include "A Time for Dancing" (2000), "Swimfan" (2002), "Havoc" (2005), "Charlie Wilson's War" (2007), and "The Devil's Candy" (2015).


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Appleby also starred as intern Daria Wade in the final season of the NBC medical drama series "ER" (2008–2009). She later starred as Cate Cassidy in The CW drama series "Life Unexpected" (2010–2011) and as Lucy Lambert in the web comedy series "Dating Rules from My Future Self" (2012). Appleby also had recurring roles on the NBC drama series "Chicago Fire" (2012–2013) and the HBO comedy-drama series "Girls" (2013–2014).


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Appleby's Israeli-born mother is of Moroccan Jewish descent, and her father is American and of Ashkenazi Jewish descent. Appleby's mother was an actress in Israel. She was raised in Calabasas in Los Angeles County and kept kosher in her home growing up. She attended Hebrew school, and had a Bat Mitzvah.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Appleby graduated from Calabasas High School in 1997. She attended University of Southern California from 1998 to 1999, where she studied English. After two years she got the starring role in "Roswell" and was working steadily, but while shooting "Life Unexpected" in 2010, Appleby started to work towards a psychology degree from the online University of Phoenix. It took her 14 months, while also working, to complete the degree in 2012.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Appleby began her acting career at the age of four, starting with advertisements for various products such as Cheerios and M&M's. She started acting and taking acting classes because her parents were concerned that she was so shy and introverted. Her first advertisement was for Raisin Bran, but it was never aired. She made guest appearances on many television programs, most notably "thirtysomething" (1987), "Doogie Howser, M.D." (1989), "ER" (1994), "Baywatch" (1989), "" (1995), "7th Heaven" (1997), "Beverly Hills, 90210" (1990), before landing her break-out role in the series "Roswell" (1999–2002), where she tried out for the roles of Isabel and Maria before landing the leading role of Liz Parker.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: Appleby has been featured in a number of music videos, such as Bon Jovi's video for "It's My Life" with Will Estes, and the 2004 video for the song "I Don't Want to Be" by Gavin DeGraw, opposite Scott Mechlowicz. She also appeared in Sense Field's music video for "Save Yourself," which is part of the "Roswell" soundtrack and featured in the first season DVD box set.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2006, she had a recurring role on the short-lived ABC drama "Six Degrees" as Anya, a young assistant in a relationship with a much older photographer. Later that year, she played Hildy Young in the new USA Network series "To Love and Die", that began airing in late December 2008. She also participated in a short film called "Carjacking" directed by Dan Passman and co-starring Geoff Stults.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2007, she appeared in the movie "What Love Is" alongside Cuba Gooding Jr., Matthew Lillard, and Anne Heche. She also participated in another short film "Love Like Wind" from Shaolin Film Productions. At the end of the year, she appeared as Charlie Wilson's press secretary in the film "Charlie Wilson's War", which stars Tom Hanks and Julia Roberts. In 2008, Appleby had a recurring role on the 15th and final season of "ER" (her second time on the show), playing an intern named Daria Wade.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2010, Appleby starred in The CW network drama "Life Unexpected" as Cate Cassidy, a radio talk show host whose daughter whom she gave up for adoption becomes a part of her life. The show was canceled after two seasons.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2012, Appleby starred as the main character of "Dating Rules from My Future Self," which she also produced.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2013, she had a role in the Lena Dunham HBO series, "Girls," which was controversial. She said the role allowed her to break out of a career where she was often typecast as being sweet. Appleby said that she got the role because she was shadowing director Jesse Peretz (as she is interested in directing), and talked with "Girls" producer Jenni Konner, with whom she was friendly. Konner asked her if she would be interested in the part.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2013, she was cast in the leading role in the Lifetime drama/dark comedy series "Unreal", a show about the inner workings of a reality show (a show within a show), which premiered on June 1, 2015, and was produced by former "The Bachelor" producer, Sarah Gertrude Shapiro and writer Marti Noxon. To research her role as a reality show dating show producer, Appleby said that she spent time with a producer to quiz them about the work. She said that one of the appeals of the show was that the central focus was not about her character being in a romantic relationship. The show garnered strong reviews and had been picked up for four seasons. In 2016, Appleby directed her first episode of "Unreal", titled "Casualty". She went on to direct multiple episodes of the series. In July 2018, the series ended after four seasons.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In 2017, Appleby starred in Janicza Bravo's first full length feature, "Lemon", which debuted at Sundance Film Festival.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In July 2012, Appleby got engaged to her boyfriend of two years, chef and restaurateur Jon Shook, during a trip to Ventotene, Italy. Shook is the co-owner with Vinny Dotolo of the Los Angeles restaurants Animal, Son of a Gun, Trois Mec, and Jon & Vinny's. Shook said that he met Appleby through his business partner Dotolo's wife, who was friends with Appleby. In December 2012, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child in early 2013. Appleby gave birth to a girl in March 2013. Shook and Appleby have since married. Their second child, a son, was born in December 2015.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: In Hebrew, the word "shiri" means either "my song" or "my poem" or simply "sing" (second person female imperative). Appleby said her parents said that when she was born, she was like the song in their hearts.


title: Shiri Appleby

text: She has a scar above her left eyebrow that she got when a neighbor's dog bit her when she was young. To get over her fear of dogs, she went on the show "Emergency Vets", accompanying staff veterinarian Dr. Kevin Fitzgerald (she also overcame another phobia in the same episode by holding a live snake, one of Fitzgerald's patients) and shortly after adopted a tabby cat, which she named Abby.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: John Orson Whitaker, Jr. (born December 13, 1959) is an American actor notable for several film and television performances during his childhood. The redheaded Whitaker played Jody Davis on "Family Affair" from 1966 to 1971. He also originated the role of Scotty Baldwin on "General Hospital" in 1965, and played the lead in Hallmark's 1969 "The Littlest Angel", and portrayed the title character in the 1973 musical version of "Tom Sawyer".


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: Whitaker was born in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Van Nuys, the fifth of eight children of Thelma and John O. Whitaker, Sr.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: Whitaker began his professional acting career at the age of three by appearing in a television commercial for a local used-car dealer. He went on to appear in advertisements for Mattel Toymakers, for such toys as Larry the Lion and Crackers the Parrot in their Animal Yackers series. In 1965, Whitaker originated the character of the young Scotty Baldwin in the soap opera "General Hospital". In 1966, he acted in a major feature film, "The Russians Are Coming, the Russians Are Coming", which also starred Brian Keith. After Keith was cast as the lead in the television series "Family Affair", he recommended Whitaker to play the part of his on-screen nephew.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: "Family Affair" aired from 1966 to 1971. It co-starred Whitaker playing the role of an orphaned boy named Jody Davis, living in a high-rise apartment in New York City with his twin sister Buffy (Anissa Jones) and older sister Cissy (Kathy Garver), his bachelor uncle Bill Davis (Brian Keith), and Bill's gentleman's gentleman, Mr. French (Sebastian Cabot). Jody and Buffy were originally supposed to be different ages, but the show's producers thought Whitaker and Jones looked so cute together that they changed them to be twins. While a regular on the show, Whitaker also starred in the Hallmark Hall of Fame production "The Littlest Angel" alongside Fred Gwynne and Tony Randall, and an episode of the long-running Western "The Virginian" in 1969.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: Also, in 1969, Whitaker was a guest star playing Jack in an episode of "Bewitched" titled "Samantha and the Beanstalk". In 1970, Whitaker played the part of Willie in a "Green Acres" episode titled "The Confrontation". Later, he played Dinky Watson in a "Green Acres" episode titled "The Beeping Rock".


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: After "Family Affair", he appeared in a two-part episode of "Gunsmoke" in 1971. Whitaker went on to star in the 1973 Sid and Marty Krofft Saturday morning children's series "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters" alongside Billy Barty and Scott Kolden, and appeared in feature films, including Disney's "Snowball Express" (1972), "The Biscuit Eater" (1972), "Napoleon and Samantha" (1972), and "The Magic Pony" (1977). His most prominent feature film role during this period was the lead in the musical version of "Tom Sawyer" (1973).


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: In an interview with Tom Snyder on "The Late Late Show", Whitaker said he had worked as a computer consultant at CBS. He later joined a Los Angeles talent agency, Whitaker Entertainment, owned by his sister. Whitaker also was Dana Plato's manager.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: In 1999, Whitaker received the Young Artist Former Child Star Lifetime Achievement Award at the 20th Youth in Film Awards.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: In 2012, Whitaker co-produced and co-hosted a short-lived radio talk show, "The Dr. Zod and Johnny Show". The following year, he appeared onstage in Judson Theatre Company's production of "To Kill a Mockingbird" in the cameo role of Judge Taylor.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: In 2016, Whitaker gave a guest-star cameo appearance in Amazon's reboot of "Sigmund and the Sea Monsters". In the premiere episode, he played the part of heckling boat owner Zach, against David Arquette's salty character Captain Barnabas. The episode had a similar cameo appearance by original show creators Sid and Marty Krofft.


title: Johnny Whitaker

text: Whitaker struggled as an adult with an addiction to drugs and alcohol until his family held an intervention and threatened to cut off contact with him unless he got help. He agreed and joined a twelve-step program; he later became a certified drug counselor and founder of a nonprofit organization for Spanish-speaking addicts. In 2011, he said he had been clean and sober for 13 years.


title: Spinster

text: Spinster is a term referring to an unmarried woman who is older than what is perceived as the prime age range during which women usually marry. It can also indicate that a woman is considered unlikely to ever marry. The term originally denoted a woman whose occupation was to spin. A synonymous term is old maid. The closest equivalent term for males is "bachelor" or "confirmed bachelor", but this generally does not carry the same connotations in reference to age and perceived desirability in marriage.


title: Spinster

text: Long before the Industrial Age, "the art & calling of being a spinster" denoted girls and women who spun wool. According to the "Online Etymological Dictionary", spinning was "commonly done by unmarried women, hence the word came to denote" an unmarried woman in legal documents from the 1600s to the early 1900s, and "by 1719 was being used generically for 'woman still unmarried and beyond the usual age for it'". As a denotation for unmarried women in a legal context, the term dates back to at least 1699, and was commonly used in banns of marriage of the Church of England where the prospective bride was described as a "spinster of this parish".


title: Spinster

text: The "Oxford American Dictionary" tags "spinster" (meaning "...unmarried woman, typically an older woman beyond the usual age for marriage") as "derogatory" and "a good example of the way in which a word acquires strong connotations to the extent that it can no longer be used in a neutral sense."


title: Spinster

text: By the 1800s, the term had evolved to include women who chose not to marry. During that century middle-class spinsters, as well as their married peers, took ideals of love and marriage very seriously, and spinsterhood was indeed often a consequence of their adherence to those ideals. They remained unmarried not because of individual shortcomings but because they didn't find the one "who could be all things to the heart".


title: Spinster

text: One 19th-century editorial in the fashion publication "Peterson's Magazine" encouraged women to remain choosy in selecting a mate — even at the price of never marrying. The editorial, titled "Honorable Often to Be an Old Maid", advised women: "Marry for a home! Marry to escape the ridicule of being called an old maid? How dare you, then, pervert the most sacred institution of the Almighty, by becoming the wife of a man for whom you can feel no emotions of love, or respect even?"


title: Spinster

text: The "Oxford American English Dictionary" defines spinster as "an unmarried woman, typically an older woman beyond the usual age for marriage". It adds: "In modern everyday English, however, spinster cannot be used to mean simply 'unmarried woman'; as such, it is a derogatory term, referring or alluding to a stereotype of an older woman who is unmarried, childless, prissy, and repressed."


title: Spinster

text: Currently, "Merriam-Webster's Dictionary" defines the "unmarried woman" sense of the term in three ways: (1) an archaic usage meaning "an unmarried woman of gentle family", (2) a meaning related to (1) but not tagged as archaic: "an unmarried woman and especially one past the common age for marrying" and (3) "a woman who seems unlikely to marry".


title: Spinster

text: Dictionary.com describes the "woman still unmarried beyond the usual age of marrying" sense of the term as "Disparaging and Offensive". A usage note goes on to say that this sense "is ... perceived as insulting. It implies negative qualities such as being fussy or undesirable". Also included is a sense of the word used specifically in a legal context: "a woman who has never married".


title: Spinster

text: Age is a crucial part of the definition, according to Robin Lakoff's explanation in "Language and Woman's Place": "If someone is a spinster, by implication she is not eligible [to marry]; she has had her chance, and been passed by. Hence, a girl of twenty cannot be properly called a spinster: she still has a chance to be married". Yet other sources on terms describing a never-married woman indicate that the term applies to a woman as soon as she is of legal age or age of majority (see bachelorette, single).


title: Spinster

text: The title "spinster" has been embraced by feminists like Sheila Jeffreys, whose book "The Spinster and Her Enemies" (1985) defines spinsters simply as women who have chosen to reject sexual relationships with men. In her 2015 book, "Spinster, Making a Life of One's Own," Kate Bolick has written, "To me, the spinster is self-reliant and inscrutable. We think we know what the wife is up to and what the mother is up to but the single woman is mysterious. I like that mystery. So the term is a useful way to hold onto the idea of autonomy that can get so easily lost inside of marriage or motherhood".


title: Spinster

text: In 2005, in England and Wales, the term was abolished in favour of "single" for the purpose of marriage registration. However, it is still often used when the banns of marriage are read by Church of England parish churches.


title: Spinster

text: A 2009 University of Missouri study of 32 women found that modern "spinsters" feel a social stigma attached to their status and a sense of both heightened visibility and invisibility. "Heightened visibility came from feelings of exposure and invisibility came from assumptions made by others".


title: Spinster

text: Women may not have married for a variety (and/or combination) of reasons, including personal inclination, a dearth of eligible men (whose numbers can decrease dramatically during wartime), and socio-economic conditions (that is, the availability of livelihoods for women). Writer and spinster Louisa May Alcott famously wrote that "liberty is a better husband than love to many of us". Social status issues could also arise where it was unacceptable for a woman to marry below her social rank but her parents lacked the funds to support a marriage within their social rank.


title: Spinster

text: In the early 19th century, particularly in England, women would fall under coverture, stating that all property and contracts in their name would be ceded to their husbands. This was particularly common in women who owned businesses.


title: Spinster

text: The First World War prevented many within a generation of women from experiencing heterosexual romance and marriage or having children.


title: Spinster

text: In modern peacetime societies with wide opportunities for romance, marriage and children, there are other reasons that women remain single as they approach old age. Psychologist Erik Erikson postulated that during young adulthood (ages 18 to 39), individuals experience an inner conflict between a desire for intimacy (i.e., a committed relationship leading to marriage) and a desire for isolation (i.e., fear of commitment). Other reasons women may choose not to marry include a focus on career, a desire for an independent life, economic considerations, or an unwillingness to make the compromises expected in a marriage.


title: Spinster

text: Some writers have suggested that to understand why women do not marry, one should examine reasons women "do" marry and why it may be assumed they should marry in the first place. According to Adrienne Rich, "Women have married because it was necessary, in order to economically, in order to have children who would not suffer economic deprivation or social ostracism, in order to remain respectable, in order to do what was expected of women because coming out of 'abnormal' childhoods they wanted to feel 'normal', and because heterosexual romance has been represented as the great female adventure, duty, and fulfillment".


title: Spinster

text: Never-married women are called "aanissat" in Arabic, "spinsters" or "old maids" in English, "vieilles filles" in French, "zitelle" in Italian, "alte Jungfer" in German, "shengnu" in Mandarin, "stara panna" in Polish and "dakhtar torsheedeh" in Persian. In Japan, where women had traditionally been expected to marry at a young age, those who were unmarried after the age of 25 were metaphorically referred to as "(unsold) Christmas cakes" (クリスマスケーキ) in reference to items which are still unsold after the 25th.


title: Spinster

text: In Australia, parties are held for young single people to meet and socialize (particularly in the rural areas). These events are known as Bachelor and Spinster Balls or colloquially "B and S Balls". A philanthropic group of women between the ages of 21 and 35, called the Spinsters of San Francisco, organizes events.


title: Spinster

text: By the 2010s, interest developed in this word as a form of reappropriation from third-wave feminists. Examples include blogs and videos, such as "Reclaiming the Pejorative", including a "Bitch Magazine" article and the Spinster House YouTube channel.


title: Spinster

text: In both "The Taming of the Shrew" (early 1590s) and "Much Ado About Nothing" (late 1590s), William Shakespeare referred to a contemporary saying that it was the fate of women who died unmarried to lead apes into hell. By the time of the British Regency, "ape leader" had become a slang term for an old maid. It is often used in that context in Regency romances and other literature set in that period.


title: Spinster

text: The word "thornbacks" was used to refer to old maids in Peter Anthony Motteux's 1694 English translation of François Rabelais' 16th century novels "Gargantua and Pantagruel". In one of the earliest examples of autobiographical writing in English, John Dunton wrote in 1705 that unmarried women in Boston were called "thornbacks" at the age of thirty. A thornback ("Raja clavata") is a commonly eaten species of ray fish, the female young of which were called "maids", and in Scotland "maiden-skates".


title: Spinster

text: The books "Washington Square" and "The Heiress" have old maid heroines who ultimately choose to remain spinsters and embrace the freedom of not having to enter marriage.


title: Spinster

text: One stereotype of spinsters that appears in literature is that they are downtrodden or spineless women who were victims of an oppressive parent. This stereotype is played out in William Faulkner's classic short story "A Rose for Emily" (1930), in which Emily's father is confident that no man is worthy of his daughter's hand in marriage.


title: Spinster

text: Other stereotypes include women who were relegated to lifetime roles as family caretaker for their family of origin or for a married sibling's children, "poor relations" who would work "to earn their keep" as nannies or unpaid domestics. For example, being a governess was the fate expected by the rejected titular orphan in Charlotte Brontë's novel "Jane Eyre" (1847); Eyre retained that status until the man she loved was widowed and available.


title: Spinster

text: A common theme in the fiction writings of author/poet Sandra Cisneros is marital disillusionment; for example. in the poem "Old Maids" (1994).


title: Spinster

text: In the Charles Dickens' classic "Great Expectations", the primary antagonist is Miss Havisham, a spinster embittered by being defrauded and abandoned on her wedding day; an event that shaped the rest of her life, and by extension, those around her.


title: Spinster

text: Another stereotype of the spinster that has appeared in literature is the quick-witted and sometimes quick-tempered independent woman, who has remained unmarried by choice, as in "Spinster Thurber's Carpet" (1897), Pauline Phelps's popular short story and play about an unmarried woman who decides during the Revolutionary War that she'd rather have a carpet than a husband.


title: Spinster

text: The popular and shrewdly intelligent detective Miss Marple was a spinster heroine in Agatha Christie's series of crime novels, which later became a television series.


title: Spinster

text: In Jane Austen's "Emma", the character Miss Bates is a spinster and Austen (who never married) gives her stereotypical negative characteristics such as garrulousness.


title: Spinster

text: In Salman Rushdie's "Midnight's Children", Alia Sinai becomes a spinster after the man she was engaged to marry elopes with her sister. Alia's characterization at times resembles the proud, feminist conception of a spinster: she becomes a successful professional and a courageous pro-democracy political activist. Other aspects of Alia's characterization, however, align with the more traditional, misogynistic conception of spinsterhood: she is portrayed as ugly, bitter, vengeful, and, at least as concerns her family, destructive.


title: Spinster

text: The Kingston Trio's "Take Her Out of Pity", included on their 1961 album "Close-Up", is based on the traditional American folk song, "The Old Maid's Song".


title: Spinster

text: Bob Dylan's song "The Lonesome Death of Hattie Carroll" (1963) tells the true story of a murder at a spinsters' ball in Baltimore in 1963.


title: Spinster

text: Paul McCartney, while in the Beatles, composed the hit song "Eleanor Rigby" (1966) about the loneliness and death of a spinster (though he never used the term in the lyrics).


title: Spinster

text: The country song "Delta Dawn", made famous by Tanya Tucker, overviews the plight of a woman focused on a single lost love, destined to go unmarried unless the lover returns.


title: Spinster

text: Tina Fey's portrayal of her character Liz Lemon, on the hit NBC series "30 Rock", exemplifies another classic spinster stereotype. Lemon, a 40-something single woman whose relationships never seem to work out, has unrealistically high expectations for a male partner: her dream husband is the archetypal "Astronaut Mike Dexter", and for much of the series her character is holding out on settling on a man until she can score an astronaut.


title: Spinster

text: Clare Foster portrays female adventurer Roberta Steingas on ABC's comedy drama "Galavant", who decides to depart for "Spinster Island" after parting from her significant other, Richard, and giving up on marriage. In keeping with typical stereotypes, travelers on the voyage to "Spinster Island" are provided with a cat and a box of chocolates. Fortunately for Roberta, Richard returns and proposes to her before she leaves.


title: Juul

text: Juul Labs, Inc. (, stylized as JUUL Labs) is an American electronic cigarette company that spun off from Pax Labs in 2017. Juul Labs makes the Juul electronic cigarette, which atomizes nicotine salts derived from tobacco supplied by one-time use cartridges.


title: Juul

text: Juul Labs was co-founded by Adam Bowen and James Monsees and is headquartered in San Francisco. Altria (formerly Philip Morris Companies), acquired a 35% stake in Juul Labs for $12.8 billion on December 20, 2018. Juul received a $2 billion bonus to distribute among its 1,500 employees.


title: Juul

text: After a large social media marketing campaign, Juul became the most popular e-cigarette in the United States by the end of 2017 and had a market share of 72% as of September 2018. Juul also purchased ad space in Seventeen magazine, and on the Nick Jr. TV network. According to documents obtained by the Massachusetts Attorney General's office, Juul bought ads on seventeen different educational, gaming, and crafting sites directed towards middle and highschool students. Its widespread use by young people has triggered concern from the public health community and multiple investigations by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA); Given the high nicotine concentrations in Juul, the potential health consequences of its use by young people could be more severe than those from their use of other e-cigarette products.


title: Juul

text: In 2018, per an investigation by the FDA, Juul agreed to pull certain flavored cartridges (which could entice underage use) from the market. In 2019, the company reached a settlement with the Center for Environmental Health, under which it agreed to scale back and restrict its marketing efforts to those who are appropriately aged. By July 2020, Juul's market share fell to 42% and as of September 2022, it was 28%. A 2022 survey found that Juul is the third most popular e-cigarette brand among middle-school and high-school students, used by 22% of e-cigarette users. On June 23, 2022, the FDA denied authorization for Juul to continue selling its products in the United States, and issued Marketing Denial Orders (MDOs) banning any further marketing or sale of the products effective immediately. That order was blocked by the U.S. Court of Appeals in Washington, D.C. the next day.


title: Juul

text: In 2005, two former cigarette smokers, Adam Bowen and James Monsees, met while they were graduate students in product-design at Stanford University and developed an e-cigarette called Ploom, and later created the Pax vaporizer device for cannabis and loose-leaf tobacco before founding Juul. By 2007, they started a business by the same name. In 2015, the company sold Ploom, changed their name to Pax Labs, and developed Juul. Juul Labs, Inc. was founded on May 22, 2015. The Juul electronic cigarette was introduced by Pax Labs in June 2015.


title: Juul

text: In July 2017, Juul Labs was spun out of PAX Labs as an independent company, with Tyler Goldman, former CEO of PAX Labs, named as CEO of Juul after the spin-off. In December 2017, Goldman was replaced by Kevin Burns. Co-founder James Monsees worked as Chief Product Officer and board member at Juul. Co-founder Adam Bowen worked as Chief Technology Officer and board member at Juul. Other board members include Nicholas Pritzker, whose family owned chewing tobacco giant Conwood, Riaz Valani, and Hoyoung Huh.


title: Juul

text: The company grew from 200 employees in September 2017 to 1,500 by the end of 2018. , the Juul e-cigarette is manufactured in Shenzhen, China while the pods are made in the United States. Pods are also referred to as, "vape juice."


title: Juul

text: In July 2018, Juul raised $650 million, giving it a valuation of $15 billion. On December 20, 2018, Altria, one of the world's largest cigarette manufacturers, bought 35% of Juul for $12.8 billion. According to Wells Fargo, the deal valued Juul Labs at $38 billion. At the time, Juul had an annual revenue of about $2 billion. Juul bought a building in San Francisco in 2019 for almost $400 million.


title: Juul

text: In April 2018, former Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley joined Juul, working in the government affairs team to coordinate lobbying for the product, while advocating against underage usage. Ethical questions have been raised about Coakley's lobbying for the industry considering her former position as attorney general and the accusations of Juul marketing to youth.


title: Juul

text: On June 13, 2019, United States House of Representatives launched an investigation into the Juul Labs, looking into the business deal with Altria, social media and advertising practices, and communications. The investigation was spearheaded by Illinois Representative Raja Krishnamoorthi, chairman of the Oversight Subcommittee on Economic and Consumer Policy. The subcommittee found that "Juul appears to be violating FDA regulations against making unapproved express and implied claims that its product helps users stop smoking cigarettes and is safer than cigarettes".


title: Juul

text: On September 25, 2019, it was announced that Kevin Burns was stepping down as CEO and K.C. Crosthwaite, the Chief Growth Officer for Altria, would be taking over the role. In October 2019, it was reported that Juul planned to lay off approximately 500 workers by the end of 2019. In October 2019, a number of executives departed the company including Chief Financial Officer Tim Danaher, Chief Administrative Officer Ashley Gould, Chief Marketing Officer Craig Brommers, and Senior Vice President of advanced technologies David Foster.


title: Juul

text: On October 31, 2019, Altria announced that it was writing down $4.5 billion of the investment it had made in Juul. Altria cut Juul's valuation to approximately $10 billion in October 2020 to $4.3 billion by March 2021 $1.6 billion by March 2022, and $450 million in July 2022 (3.5% of the original valuation).


title: Juul

text: K. C. Crosthwaite has been CEO of Juul since 2019. Adam Bowen is the founder and Chief Technology Officer and James Monsees founder and Chief Product Officer. In March 2020, it was reported that Monsees was planning to step down from his role at the company. He would also be stepping down as an adviser and board member.


title: Juul

text: Jose Luis Murillo is the Chief Regulatory Officer of Juul. His previous position was Senior Vice President, Regulatory Affairs at Altria.


title: Juul

text: In October 2018 Juul Labs, Inc. purchased VMR Products, the parent company of V2 e-cigarettes in a $75 million deal. VMR Products LLC was an electronic cigarette company that marketed brands of e-cigarettes and vaporizers, including "V2", "V2 Pro", "Vapor Couture" and "Vapour2". In July 2014, "Time" referred to the company as "the market leader in online sales of e-cigs". A February 2015 article in "The Financial Times" claimed the company was the "largest online seller of e-cigarettes in the world". It was reported that Juul's rationale for the acquisition of VMR products was to gain access to the Chinese market. VMR Products was owned at the time by Huabao International Holdings. Huabao is approved to sell vapor products by the Chinese State Tobacco Monopoly Administration, the government agency that controls the tobacco market in China.


title: Juul

text: Current company investors include Tiger Global Management, mutual fund firm Fidelity Investments, and Tao Capital. In June 2018, Juul reportedly raised $1.2 billion in a financing round that valued the company at more than $16 billion. Around the same time TPG Capital declined to invest in Juul due to ethical concerns.


title: Juul

text: Altria Group (formerly Philip Morris Companies), acquired a 35% stake in Juul Labs for $12.8 billion on December 20, 2018. Altria is the largest tobacco company in the United States. According to a Wall Street Journal report, Altria's investment in Juul was pushed by the fact that many smokers were switching to the electronic variant and Altria's own e-cigarette product, MarkTen, was not selling well. Critics have cited the acquisition as proof that the vaping industry and "Big Tobacco," the latter of which long denied the link between smoking and health complications, are increasingly one and the same. Shortly after the deal, which also allowed Juul to be sold in more places, then FDA Commissioner Scott Gottlieb called out the combined company for "deviating from the representation that they already made to the agency about steps they are taking to restrict their products in a way that will decrease access to kids."


title: Juul

text: The Juul e-cigarette looks similar to a USB flash drive, and it is recharged using a magnetic USB dock.


title: Juul

text: Juul e-cigarettes use nicotine salts (protonated nicotine) rather than free-base nicotine as used in most previous generations of e-cigarettes. The nicotine is derived from tobacco. Juul received a US patent for its nicotine salt preparation in 2015. The nicotine salts are said to create an experience more like smoking than other e-cigarettes on the market, as Juul attempts to deliver a nicotine peak in five minutes, similar to a traditional cigarette. The nicotine salts reduce the harshness of the Juul aerosol as compared to tobacco smoke. The protonated nicotine formulation of nicotine salts has been described as problematic because it seemingly allow users to inhale much higher nicotine concentrations than they would otherwise be able to. Each cartridge (called a Juul pod or "JUULpod") contains about the same amount of nicotine as one pack of cigarettes and delivers approximately 200 puffs. The amount of nicotine in each cartridge – 59 mg/ml in the United States, limited to 20 mg/ml in the European Union – is substantially more than the majority of e-cigarettes on the market. In August 2018, Juul introduced pods in 3 percent strengths for its mint and Virginia tobacco flavors. This is equivalent to 30 mg/ml. Each cartridge contains propylene glycol, glycerin, flavorings, and nicotine salts. Juul pods came in eight flavors until late 2019, of which mango was the most popular. A Juul starter kit sells for about $50.


title: Juul

text: Joel Johnson of "Co.Design" described the nicotine intake as "eye-widening" and its aesthetics as "demure". Upon initial release, Ben Radding of "Men's Fitness" called Juul the "iPhone of E-cigs." The comparison to the iPhone and other Apple products has been made by many other commentators. Pharmacologist James Pauly, a specialist in nicotine, notes that Juul delivers more nicotine than other e-cigarettes, and that the salts also may reduce the harshness, making it easier for new smokers, such as teenagers, to consume more nicotine than they are aware of.


title: Juul

text: In August 2019, a spokesperson for Juul Labs said that the company was exploring an option similar to the deposit system for Juul pods to reduce marine pollution (which was proposed by Yogi Hale Hendlin, Postdoctoral Research Fellow in the Department of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco). The spokesperson mentioned in an email that the company is committed to responsible stewardship and environmental sustainability.


title: Juul

text: Juul's products have become immensely popular among teenagers, raising concerns among the public health community that long-term declines in youth nicotine use are being reversed. An October 2018 study of 13,000 Americans found that 9.5% of teenagers aged 15–17 and 11% of young adults aged 18–21 currently use Juul, and that teenagers age 15–17 are 16 times more likely to be Juul users than 25–34 year olds. Juul use is also very popular among middle school and high school students; with one in five students between the ages of 12 and 17 having seen a Juul used in school. Teenagers use the verb "Juuling" to describe their use of Juul.


title: Juul

text: The National Drug Trends of 2018 revealed increasing adolescent use of e-cigarettes, including the Juul. Cigarette smoking rates among 12th graders continued to decline as it has been for two decades. On the other hand, the increase in vaping rates from 2017 to 2018 was the largest gap recorded since the study began in 1975. Researchers hypothesize this may be due to the number of educational programs implemented to warn youth of the risks of cigarette smoking, while there is still a lack of programs regarding vaping devices. The percentage of 12th grade students who reported vaping nicotine almost doubled, from 11% in 2017 to 21% in 2018. Among 10th graders, the percentage doubled from 8% to 16%. Furthermore, a Truth Initiative study found that of 15 to 17-year-olds who use Juul, 56% used the device more than three times a month. Over 25% of teenagers reported using the Juul more than ten times a month. These findings suggest that teenagers are not just experimenting with Juuls, but rather using them on a regular basis. This was in apparent contrast to the creators James Monsees and Adam Bowen claim that the mission of the Juul is to improve adult smokers' lives by eliminating cigarettes.


title: Juul

text: Many reasons have been proposed for Juul's popularity among teenagers, including adolescents' misperception that Juul is safe, ease of concealment, sleek high-tech design, and fruity pod flavors. Advertising aimed directly at teens, may also have played a role. In February 2020, the Massachusetts Attorney General's office revealed that evidence it obtained during its investigation documented that the company bought ad space on Seventeen magazine, Nickolodeon and Nick Jr, and on seventeen homework and game sites for middle and highschool students, including CoolMathGames.com and dailydressupgames.com.


title: Juul

text: A 2015 Stanford University study analyzing adolescents' perceptions of risks and benefits of conventional cigarettes and e-cigarettes found that some of the participants believed that e-cigarettes did not contain nicotine, only water vapor. Additionally, the 2017 Truth Initiative survey found 63% of teens and young adults did not understand that the Juul products they used always contains nicotine. A lack of educational programs and public health campaigns regarding the use of e-cigarettes and Juuls reflect how teenagers may perceive these devices as many of the risks are still unknown. Former PAX Labs CEO Goldman said to "Fortune" in 2016 that "Juul should not be used by those under the legal age, nor should any nicotine products, as stated by the U.S. Surgeon General." In 2018 Matt Myers, president of Campaign for Tobacco-Free Kids, said the design "misleads about risk" of addiction.


title: Juul

text: Juul's resemblance to a flash drive and very compact size makes it easy to conceal, and its low vapor output and subtle scent, which can be passed off as perfume, mean that it can be used discreetly, even in class. Accordingly, it is easy to conceal in clothing or elsewhere; a high school in Newton, Massachusetts discovered a Juul disguised as a Sharpie, for instance. Juul's iPhone-reminiscent design, as well as its compact and high-tech design, are other commonly cited reasons for its rising popularity among young people.


title: Juul

text: Juul's sweet flavors, especially the fruit and crème brûlée ones, are especially attractive to teenagers, according to journalists, academics, and the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Unlike cigarette smoke's smell, Juuls can emit a fruity scent when vaped. In a 2016 study by the CDC and FDA, 31% of middle and high school students who use e-cigarettes claimed they used them due to the availability of flavors. In response, Juul renamed some flavors—"cool cucumber" to "cucumber", "crème brûlée" to "creme", and "classic menthol" to "menthol"—saying that it "heard the criticism" and "responded by simplifying the names and losing the descriptors." As of November 2018, Juul put a halt on all flavored pods to prevent the increase in teen usage.