title: Random House

text: McIntosh explained some of the motivation behind the merger in a memo to employees, writing, "Book discovery and buying patterns continue to shift, resulting in growth opportunities in the nonfiction categories in which Crown in particular already has a strong foothold: food, lifestyle, health, wellness, business, and Christian."" ""We must invest even more aggressively in title-level and scaled marketing programs, capabilities and partnerships," she added." "Detailing additional growth strategies, McIntosh explained of the merger, "We will need to do two things simultaneously. First, we must expand and strengthen the expert publishing teams who are specialized in and dedicated to each category. Second, we must invest even more aggressively in title-level and scaled marketing programs, capabilities, and partnerships. This will ensure that we not only maximize the sales for each individual book but also keep pace with consumer trends.""


title: Random House

text: In 2019, Penguin Random House acquired British children's book publisher Little Tiger Group (including American subsidiary Tiger Tales Press) and added it to Random House Children’s Books.


title: Random House

text: The publisher's main office in the United States is located at 1745 Broadway in Manhattan, in the 684-foot – 210 m Penguin Random House Tower, completed in 2009 and spanning the entire west side of the block between West 55th Street and West 56th. Its lobby showcases floor-to-ceiling glassed-in bookcases filled with books published by the company's many imprints. Earlier addresses were 457 Madison Avenue, New York 22, NY; 20 East 57th Street, New York 22, NY; and 201 East 50th Street, New York, NY 10022.


title: Random House

text: The Random House Group is one of the largest general book publishing companies in the United Kingdom; it is based in London.


title: Random House

text: The Group comprises five publishing companies: Cornerstone Publishing, Vintage Publishing, Ebury Publishing, Random House Children's Publishers UK and Transworld Publishers, with more than 40 diverse imprints.


title: Random House

text: In 1989, Century Hutchinson was folded into the British Random House Group, briefly known as Random Century (1990–92), Century became an imprint of the group's Cornerstone Publishing.


title: Random House

text: The Random House Group also operates branches in Australia, New Zealand, South Africa (as a joint venture under the name Random House Struik), and India as part of its overseas structure. In Australia offices are in Sydney and Melbourne. In New Zealand it is based in Glenfield, Auckland, while Random House's Indian headquarters are located in New Delhi.


title: Random House

text: Verlagsgruppe Random House was established after Bertelsmann's 1998 acquisition of Random House, grouping its German imprints (until then operating as Verlagsgruppe Bertelsmann) under the new name; before April 2020, it has explicitly no legal part of the worldwide Penguin Random House company and a hundred percent subsidiary of Bertelsmann instead but de facto is led by the same management. It is the second largest book publisher in Germany with more than 40 imprints, including historic publishing houses Goldmann and Heyne Verlag, as well as C. Bertelsmann, the publishing house from which today's Bertelsmann SE & Co. KGaA would eventually evolve. Verlagsgruppe Random House is headquartered in Munich (with additional locations in Gütersloh (where Bertelsmann is headquartered), Cologne, and Aßlar), employs about 850 people, and publishes roughly 2,500 titles per year. Following the formation of Penguin Random House, a Penguin Verlag (with no legal connection to Penguin Books) was founded for the German market in 2015, as part of the Verlagsgruppe Random House. With Bertelsmann acquiring full ownership of Penguin Random House in April 2020, Verlagsgruppe Random House is being reintegrated with the main Penguin Random House company.


title: Random House

text: Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial is Random House's Spanish-language division, targeting markets in Spain and Hispanic America. It is headquartered in Barcelona with locations in Argentina, Chile, Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela, Uruguay, and the United States. From 2001 until November 2012, it was a joint venture with Italian publisher Mondadori (Random House Mondadori). Upon Bertelsmann's acquisition of Mondadori's stake in the JV, the name was kept temporarily four months. Some Spanish-language authors published by Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial include Roberto Bolaño, Javier Marías, Mario Vargas Llosa and Guillermo Arriaga.


title: Random House

text: Random House of Canada was established in 1944 as the Canadian distributor of Random House Books. In 1986 the company established its own indigenous Canadian publishing program that has become one of the most successful in Canadian history. Until January 2012, it used to hold a 25% stake in McClelland & Stewart, with the remaining 75% being controlled by the University of Toronto. It is now the sole owner of McClelland & Stewart.


title: Random House

text: Takeda Random House Japan was founded in May 2003 as a joint venture between Kodansha and Random House. In 2009, Random House discontinued the joint venture. The company filed for bankruptcy on December 14, 2012.


title: Random House

text: In 2006, Random House invested in Random House Korea. In 2010, Random House divested their ownership.


title: Random House

text: On April 27, 2010, the company announced that Random House Australia managing director, Margie Seale, would take on the responsibilities of exploring and evaluating potential business opportunities in Asia.


title: Random House

text: Random House Home Video was a home video unit established by Random House in 1983 as Random House Video, the publisher of Dr. Seuss's books. It was renamed a year later. Random House's home video division was currently the distributor of some shows, such as Sesame Street, The Busy World of Richard Scarry, Arthur, and The Berenstain Bears, the original 1985-1987 animated television series. In 1995, they began distributing through Sony Wonder. However, The company went dormant around 2001, but Sony Wonder still continued to used the company's logo on Arthur VHS tapes and DVDs until 2006.


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: Prosenjit Chatterjee (born 30 September 1962) is an Indian actor and producer. He is widely regarded as one of the leading actors in modern Bengali cinema. He predominantly works in Bengali cinema . He is the son of veteran Bollywood actor Biswajit Chatterjee. He began his acting career as a child actor in Hrishikesh Mukherjee's "Chotto Jigyasa", for which he won the Bengal Film Journalists' Association – Most Outstanding Work of the Year Award. Following this he appeared in other films as a child actor. His first leading role came through Bimal Roy's "Duti Pata".


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: Prosenjit's breakthrough role came opposite Vijeta Pandit in "Amar Sangi" (1987), a highly successful romantic drama directed by Sujit Guha. He made his debut in Hindi cinema with David Dhawan directed "Aandhiyan" (1990). Apart from appearing in a series of masala films, he started doing middle-of-the-road cinema with "Chokher Bali" which starred Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in her debut Bengali film and which met with critical and commercial success upon release. He again came back in doing commercial films and in 2006, he again collaborated with Rituparno Ghosh for "Dosar" and received the Best Actor Award and National Film Award - Special Jury Award / Special Mention (Feature Film) for his performance in the film.


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: In 2009, Prosenjit did once again collaborate with Ghosh for "Shob Charitro Kalponik", which starred Bipasha Basu in her Bengali debut, won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Bengali. In 2010, Prosenjit got another breakthrough by portraying the lead character of "Arun Chatterjee" in debutant Srijit Mukherji's "Autograph", for which he was nominated at MIAAC (Mahindra Indo-American Arts Council) film festival, under the Best Actor category. He portrayed the role of Lalon, a noted spiritual leader, poet and folk singer of Bengal in the 19th century in Goutam Ghose directorial "Moner Manush" and Anthony Firingee in the National Film Awards winning film, "Jaatishwar". He went to earn further recognition and wider appeal for his roles in the romantic thriller Khawto, the drama "Praktan", the thriller "Traffic", the drama "Shankhachil", the crime film "Zulfiqar" and have committed to star in the Hindi films "3 Dev", alongside Kay Kay Menon, Raima Sen, Karan Singh Grover and "Tabeer" alongside Neeraj Kabi.


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: Chatterjee produced the Ghosh scripted the television series "Gaaner Oparey", which launched the careers of brothers Arjun Chakraborty and Gaurav Chakraborty and Mimi Chakraborty as well. In 2016, he debuted on the non-fiction category of television with a 97-episode mini-series, titled "Mahanayak". Produced by Shree Venkatesh Films and directed by Birsa Dasgupta, the show starred Paoli Dam, Tanushree Chakraborty and Priyanka Sarkar in other pivotal roles and was based on the life of a superstar of the 60s era — a life fraught with career highs and personal turbulences.


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: He has had two previous marriages with Debashree Roy and Aparna Guhathakurta. Prosenjit and Aparna have a daughter together, Prerona Chatterjee. In 2015, Prosenjit bought a Cricket Team in Bengal Celebrity League named "Purulia Panthers".


title: Prosenjit Chatterjee

text: He made his debut as a protagonist with Bimal Roy's "Duti Pata" (1983), a teenage romance along the lines of "Bobby". "Amar Sangi" (1987) opposite Vijayeta Pandit, "Apon Amaar Apon" (1990) directed by Tarun Majumdar and Buddhadeb Dasgupta's "Ami, Yasin Ar Amar Madhubala" (2007) are three important films of his career. The song "Chirodini Tumi Je Amar" from "Amar Sangi" became a cult hit. Satabdi Roy has acted with him in more than 50 films. He has done 35 films with Rachana Banerjee, 50 with Rituparna Sengupta, around 16 with Indrani Haldar and four with his wife Arpita Pal. Prosenjit debuted in Bollywood in 1990 with the David Dhawan directed "Aandhiyan" where he played the role of Mumtaz's son. After working in commercial films, Chatterjee started debuted in Parallel Cinema with Rituparno Ghosh's "Chokher Bali (film)" and since then have appeared in numerous art films, including "Dosar", "Jaatishwar", "Shankhachil", "Shob Charitro Kalponik". Chatterjee returned to Hindi cinema by playing the role of lead protagonist in Mehul Kumar directed "Meet Mere Man Ke" (1991) alongside Ayesha Jhulka, Feroz Khan and Salma Agha. His other Bollywood films are "Sone Ki Zanjeer", "Veerta", "Shanghai" and more recently "Traffic" which received critical acclaim upon release. One of the most important works of Prosenjit is as Arun Chatterjee in Srijit Mukherji's "Autograph". His first ever produced film Bapi Bari Jaa was released on 7 December 2012.


title: August Underground

text: August Underground is a 2001 American exploitation horror film directed by Fred Vogel, and written by Vogel and Allen Peters. The film stars Vogel as a serial killer named Peter, who kidnaps and kills several innocent people, while his unnamed accomplice, played by Peters, films and documents the murders.


title: August Underground

text: Filmed in an intentionally amateurish found footage style, "August Underground" was met with mixed reviews. The film was followed by two sequels, "August Underground's Mordum" in 2003, and "August Underground's Penance" in 2007.


title: August Underground

text: Peter, a serial killer, invites his camera-wielding friend into his basement, where he is holding a woman named Laura captive. Peter and his accomplice torture her at their leisure, committing sadistic acts such as slicing one of her nipples off and covering her in feces and urine.


title: August Underground

text: Next, the two pick up a female hitchhiker. After Peter coerces her into performing oral sex, he beats and leaves her for dead on the side of the road. After the duo are kicked out of a concert for rowdy behavior, Peter and his accomplice return to the house to find that Laura has died.


title: August Underground

text: Peter murders an old woman in her home, then terrorizes a convenience store with his accomplice. They abandon their plans to kidnap the clerk or a shopper when they hear police sirens approaching. The two then proceed to tour Roadside America, and visit a tattoo parlor. When the tattoo artist finishes giving Peter a tattoo, he and his twin brother are captured by Peter and the cameraman. They cut a leg off of the tattoo artist then bludgeon him and his brother to death.


title: August Underground

text: The two hire prostitutes for a drug-fueled orgy. Peter sodomizes one prostitute while beating her with a hammer. The remaining prostitute tries to escape. In the chaotic chase that ensues, the accomplice drops the camera, leading to silence in the room.


title: August Underground

text: "August Underground" was produced, and directed by Fred Vogel in his directorial debut, with Vogel also co-writing, and starring in the film's lead role. Initially, Vogel had wanted to make a "big-budget zombie film", but felt that his inexperience at making a feature film would turn away any potential financiers. With this in mind, Vogel decided to make another film that would help him gain awareness of his work and potential financing for the film. The idea for the film came from Vogel's frustration with the serial killer genre, which he felt "didn't show you what was really going on". Taking inspiration from John McNaughton's "", Vogel wanted to make a film that was both "ugly" and realistic while also being unique and original. Principal photography began in August 2000, under the working title "Peter".


title: August Underground

text: Vogel initially hoped to conduct a guerrilla marketing campaign for the film, in which VHS tapes of the film would be placed in random locations around the United States, such as parks and playgrounds, for passersby to discover. However this plan was abandoned following the September 11 attacks and subsequent anthrax attacks


title: August Underground

text: Gregory S. Burkart of Bloody Disgusting included "August Underground" on his list "20 Landmarks of Found-Footage Horror!", writing, "I'm not a big fan of this series, but I admire Vogel's fearless audacity in serving up the ultimate in onscreen sadism". Jay Alan from "HorrorNews.net" gave the film a positive review, praising the film's performances, gore effects, and realistic quality. Chris Mayo of "Severed Cinema" offered similar praise, writing, ""August Underground" is a true testament of what horror should be; nasty, nihilistic, raw and real." Robert Firsching from Allmovie wrote in his review on the film, "A grueling but important antidote to the plethora of films glamorizing serial killers, "August Underground" is not likely to find a wide audience, but will not leave those who manage to find a copy unaffected."


title: August Underground

text: The film was later ranked at #14 in Complex's "Most Disturbing Movies of All Time", with the entry on the film noting its realistic quality, and "sadistically natural vibe".


title: August Underground

text: In 2005, while traveling to Canada to attend the Rue Morgue Festival of Fear in Toronto, director and co-writer Fred Vogel was arrested, pending charges of transporting obscene materials into Canada, when copies of "August Underground" and its sequel were found by customs officials among the merchandise he had intended to bring to the convention. The charges were eventually dropped, after Vogel had spent roughly ten hours in customs custody, and his films were sent to Ottawa for further observation.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The Sikorsky S-76 is a medium-size commercial utility helicopter designed and produced by the American helicopter manufacturer Sikorsky Aircraft. It is the company's first helicopter specifically developed for the civilian market.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The S-76 was developed during the mid-1970s, originally begin designated "S-74" but renamed in honor of the U.S. Bicentennial. Drawing upon its recently-developed S-70 helicopter, it features twin turboshaft engines, four-bladed main and tail rotors, and retractable landing gear. On , the prototype performed its maiden flight. The initial production variant was the S-76A, the first deliveries of which took place on . Several improved models were produced over time, including the S-76 Mk II launched in 1982, and the S-76B in 1987. Development of the S-76D was particularly troubled, being delayed by four years of delays due to flight envelope issues; it was finally certified for operation on .


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The S-76 initially encountered strong demand from the off-shore oil drilling industry; later on, demand shifted towards the VIP sector of the market. It performed several noteworthy flights, such as the first circumnavigation of the world in an east-to-west direction by a helicopter, and an autonomous demonstration flight during 2016. Sikorsky also used individual helicopters, often heavily modified for the purpose, for experimental purposes and to support other programmes. Demand for the S-76 waned during the 2010s, newer helicopters such as the AgustaWestland AW139 proved to be stiff competition. During March 2022, Sikorsky halted new orders for the S-76, but stated that it was looking at opportunities for future overseas manufacturing with foreign partners.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The development of the S-76 commenced during the mid-1970s as the "S-74". The S-74 was subsequently redesignated the S-76 in honor of the U.S. Bicentennial. The company had set the design goal of producing a medium helicopter suitable for corporate transportation and the oil drilling industry. Sikorsky's design work on the S-70 helicopter (which was selected for use by the United States Army as the UH-60 Black Hawk) was utilized in the development of the S-76, incorporating S-70 design technology in its rotor blades and rotor heads. It was the first Sikorsky helicopter designed purely for commercial rather than military use.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: On , the prototype performed its maiden flight. On , initial US Federal Aviation Administration type certification was granted, while the first customer delivery took place on . During late 1978, the S-76 was officially named "Spirit", however, this name was officially dropped by Sikorsky on , reportedly due to translation issues into some foreign languages.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The first production variant was the S-76A. Several improved models were produced over time. During 1982, the S-76 Mk II, equipped with more powerful engines and other refinements, was introduced. In 1987, production of the S-76B, powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36A and Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6B-36B engines; it was capable to attaining a maximum speed of at sea level. By early 2001, in excess of 500 S-76s had been delivered.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: During the early 2000s, the S-76C+ was the main version in production; it was equipped with twin Turbomeca Arriel 2S1 engines with FADEC and a Honeywell EFIS suite. This version also incorporated active noise suppression, vibration dampers and a composite main rotor. On , the S-76 C++ replaced earlier versions in production; it is powered by twin Turbomeca Arriel 2S2 engines and incorporates an improved and quieter transmission as well as minor changes in the interior equipment and avionics. By January 2006, Sikorsky had secured 92 orders for this model.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: Development of the follow-on S-76D was subject to four years of delays due to technical problems in expanding the flight envelope. On , the prototype conducted its first flight, and type certification was initially expected during 2011 while deliveries were forecast to start at the end of that year. The FAA issued certification on . Three prototypes were used in the certification program, with one aircraft used to certify the optional rotor electric ice-protection system. The "D" model is powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW210S engines driving composite rotors and incorporates active vibration control. Performance is substantially improved with the added power, but initial certification retains the same gross weight and maximum cruise speed as earlier models.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The rate of manufacturing noticeably declined during the 2010s; only a dozen S-76s were delivered between 2016 and 2020. During September 2013, it was announced that the Chinese manufacturer Changhe Aircraft Industries Corporation had been contracted to produce the S-76D airframe. By 2022 April, in excess of 875 S-76s had reportedly been built.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: During March 2022, Sikorsky announced that it had halted new orders for the S-76 while potential overseas manufacturing partners and licensing opportunities were being evaluated. Reasons for the hold included decreasing sales volume, the high cost of supply and manufacturing, and the prohibitive costs associated with adapting the S-76 to meet increasing safety mandates. This move effectively ended production of the S-76 following the completion of the three orders that were outstanding, and represented a withdrawal by Sikorsky from the medium commercial helicopter market. Sikorsky has stated that it will continue to actively manufacture spare parts for the S-76 at its Connecticut facility.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The S-76 is of a conventional configuration, with a four-bladed fully articulated main rotor and a four-bladed anti-torque rotor on the port side of the tailboom. It is powered by a pair of turboshaft engines, which are located above the passenger cabin. On the prototypes and initial production aircraft, these engines were Allison 250-C30s, a variant of the popular Allison 250 engine that was developed specially for the S-76l it had a single-stage centrifugal compressor instead of the multi-stage axial/centrifugal compressor of earlier models of the engine, rated at for takeoff. These engines are connected to the main rotor by the main gearbox, a three-stage unit with a bull gear as its final stage, rather than the planetary gear that had been used by previous generations of Sikorsky helicopters. This arrangement has 30% fewer parts and lower costs than a more conventional design.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The main rotor is furnished with a single piece aluminum hub fitted with elastomeric bearings, which are designed not to require lubrication or any other kind of maintenance throughout its design life. The main rotor blades have titanium spars and incorporate a ten degree twist to provide an even loading when hovering, while they use a non-symmetrical airfoil section with a drooped leading edge. The rotor tips are tapered and swept back. The rotor blades on later-build S-76s feature ice protection measures. The flight controls are servo-assisted and have a Stability Augmentation System fitted. A retractable nosewheel undercarriage is fitted, the reduced drag from this arrangement is credited with increasing the S-76A's cruising speed by . Emergency flotation gear can be fitted, which uses helium-filled bags to increase buoyancy in the event of a forced landing on water.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The fuselage of the S-76 is made from both metal and composite materials; while the nose is composed of fiberglass, the cabin area primarily employs a light alloy honeycomb structure, the semi-monocoque tailboom is also constructed of light alloy. A pair of pilots are typically seated in a side-by-side arrangement in the cockpit, situated ahead of the cabin, which can accommodate a further 12 passengers in three rows of four, or between four and eight passengers in a more luxurious executive seating configuration. Later models can be flown by a single pilot when provisioned with an appropriately configured cockpit. The S-76 was not originally designed with crashworthy fuel systems, leading to difficulties continuing production after an FFA requirement was implemented in April 2020.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: Early on in its commercial career, the S-76 became popular for offshore operations, such as to oil rigs. Numerous operators have either purchased or leased the type specifically to operate in this sector.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: During 1982, the S-76A set multiple class records for range, climb, speed and ceiling. During 1985, the S-76 became the first helicopter to circumnavigate the world in an east-to-west direction, piloted by the Australian adventurer Dick Smith.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: Several airlines chose to operate the S-76A on scheduled services, including Helijet Airways of Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: During the campaigning in the run up to the 2005 United Kingdom general election, both the Labour and the Conservative parties dispensed with conventional 'battle buses' in favour of S-76 helicopters to quickly transport their leaders around the British Isles. According to Jason Lambert, Sikorsky's vice president of commercial and military systems, the S-76 had proven itself to be particularly popular amongst VIP customers. By 2020, according to Sikorsky, ten countries operated S-76s to carry their heads of state.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: S-76s have been periodically used to test new technologies and capabilities. The highly-modified S-76 SHADOW (Sikorsky Helicopter Advance Demonstrator of Operators Workload) was built to demonstrate its advanced cockpit for single-pilot operations and to study the human engineering interface between the pilot and the cockpit controls and displays; this was in aid of the RAH-66 Comanche armed reconnaissance helicopter programme. During the 2010s, an S-76 was configured for autonomous operation and demonstrated this ability in June 2016, flying for a distance of around 30 miles (48 km) with no human intervention beyond limited inputs made via a tablet computer, the take off and landing phases were also performed autonomously.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: During the 2010s, many S-76 operators elected to replace the type with newer medium-lift rotorcraft, such as the AgustaWestland AW139. In early 2020, it was observed that, while the S-76D was no longer compliant with FAA regulations to permit its sale to US-based customers, sales were still possible to several other countries.


title: Sikorsky S-76

text: The S-76 is in civil service around the world with airlines, corporations, hospitals, and government operators. The world's largest civilian fleet is the 79 Sikorsky S-76 helicopters operated by CHC Helicopter Corporation.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Ipratropium bromide, sold under the trade name Atrovent among others, is a type of anticholinergic (SAMA: short acting muscarinic antagonist) medication which opens up the medium and large airways in the lungs. It is used to treat the symptoms of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease and asthma. It is used by inhaler or nebulizer. Onset of action is typically within 15 to 30 minutes and lasts for three to five hours.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Common side effects include dry mouth, cough, and inflammation of the airways. Potentially serious side effects include urinary retention, worsening spasms of the airways, and a severe allergic reaction. It appears to be safe in pregnancy and breastfeeding. Ipratropium is a short-acting muscarinic antagonist, which works by causing smooth muscles to relax.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Ipratropium bromide was patented in 1966, and approved for medical use in 1974. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, the most important medicines needed in a health system. Ipratropium is available as a generic medication. In 2020, it was the 312th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 900thousand prescriptions.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Ipratropium is administered by inhalation for the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma exacerbation. It is supplied in a canister for use in an inhaler or in single dose vials for use in a nebulizer.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: It is also used to treat and prevent minor and moderate bronchial asthma, especially asthma that is accompanied by cardiovascular system diseases, as it has been shown to produce fewer cardiovascular side effects.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Combination with beta-adrenergic agonists increases the dilating effect on the bronchi, as when ipratropium is combined with salbutamol (albuterol — USAN) under the trade names Combivent (a non-aerosol metered-dose inhaler or MDI) and Duoneb (nebulizer) for the management of COPD and asthma, and with fenoterol (trade names Duovent and Berodual N) for the management of asthma.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Ipratropium as a nasal solution sprayed into the nostrils can reduce rhinorrhea but will not help nasal congestion.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: The main contraindication for inhaled ipratropium is hypersensitivity to atropine and related substances. For oral administration, contraindications are similar to other anticholinergics; they include narrow angle glaucoma and obstructions in the gastrointestinal tract and urinary system.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Previously atrovent inhalers used chlorofluorocarbon (CFC) as a propellant and contained soy lecithin in the propellant ingredients. In 2008 all CFC inhalers were phased out and hydrofluoroalkane (HFA) inhalers replaced them. Allergy to peanuts was noted for the inhaler as a contraindication but now is not. It has never been a contraindication when administered as a nebulized solution.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: If ipratropium is inhaled, side effects resembling those of other anticholinergics are minimal. However, dry mouth and sedation have been reported. Also, effects such as skin flushing, tachycardia, acute angle-closure glaucoma, nausea, palpitations and headache have been observed. Inhaled ipratropium does not decrease mucociliary clearance. The inhalation itself can cause headache and irritation of the throat in a few percent of patients.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Urinary retention has been reported in patients receiving doses by nebulizer. As a result, caution may be warranted, especially by men with prostatic hypertrophy.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Interactions with other anticholinergics like tricyclic antidepressants, anti-Parkinson drugs and quinidine, which theoretically increase side effects, are clinically irrelevant when ipratropium is administered as an inhalant.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Chemically, ipratropium bromide is a quaternary ammonium compound (which is indicated by the -ium per the BAN and the USAN) obtained by treating atropine with isopropyl bromide, thus the name: isopropyl + atropine. It is chemically related to components of the plant "Datura stramonium", which was used in ancient India for asthma.


title: Ipratropium bromide

text: Ipratropium exhibits broncholytic action by reducing cholinergic influence on the bronchial musculature. It blocks muscarinic acetylcholine receptors, without specificity for subtypes, and therefore promotes the degradation of cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), resulting in a decreased intracellular concentration of cGMP. Most likely due to actions of cGMP on intracellular calcium, this results in decreased contractility of smooth muscle in the lung, inhibiting bronchoconstriction and mucus secretion. It is a nonselective muscarinic antagonist, and does not diffuse into the blood, which prevents systemic side effects. Ipratropium is a derivative of atropine but is a quaternary amine and therefore does not cross the blood–brain barrier, which prevents central side effects (e.g., anticholinergic syndrome). Ipratropium should never be used in place of salbutamol (albuterol) as a rescue medication.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein ( "This is love") was an Indian romantic drama TV series, which aired from 3 December 2013 to 18 December 2019 on Star Plus. Produced by Ekta Kapoor under Balaji Telefilms, it starred Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel as Ishita Iyer and Raman Bhalla. The story was initially based on Manju Kapur's 2011 novel "Custody".


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Set in Delhi, the show revolves around two neighbours, Tamil dentist Dr. Ishita Iyer and Punjabi CEO Raman Kumar Bhalla; neighbours who got off on the wrong foot and dislike each other, but are brought together by destiny and their mutual love for Ruhi, Raman's daughter from his ex-wife Shagun.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Raman is a changed man following the betrayal he faced from his ex-wife, Shagun Arora, who leaves him for a richer man, Ashok Khanna. Hence, Raman loses trust in relationships and love. His son, Aditya is brainwashed by Ashok and Shagun which makes Adi hate Raman. Raman also finds it hard to connect with his daughter, Ruhi, who was only 6 months old when Shagun left him.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Ishita who loves children, but cannot conceive due to a medical problem develops a deep connection with Ruhi.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Initially, Raman and Ishita hate each other due to several misunderstandings. However, they enter into a marriage of convenience for Ruhi's sake. Raman marries Ishita in order to get Ruhi's custody while Ishita marries him to give Ruhi the motherly love she was deprived of.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: After marrying each other, Raman and Ishita realize how wrong their misconceptions about each other were. Their misunderstandings slowly fade away and they become friends. Ishita supports Raman in moving on from his past and brings him closer to Ruhi. Raman supports Ishita against his entire family when she gets framed by Raman's brother-in-law, Parmeet Khurana and proves her innocence. He doesn't step back from sacrificing his prestigious position as the president of "New Delhi Entrepreneurs Association" in order to get back Ishita's dental license that was unfairly snatched away from her by Ashok and his brother, Sooraj. Raman supports Ishita's family when in need and wins her heart in the process. Eventually Aditya also understands Raman and Ishita's love for him and joins the family.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Raman and Ishita's marriage eventually blossoms into true love and both of them gain true companionship for life. The rest of the story follows how Raman and Ishita face numerous challenges thrown by destiny, and yet remain together and strengthen their bond.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Kapoor said, "I created Divyanka's character as a dentist in 'Yeh Hai Mohabbatein', as I was having a lot of tooth trouble those days. My dentist sorted my problems a lot, so I brought that character alive"


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: The show was first titled "Custody" and was initially based on Manju Kapur's 2011 novel "Custody". It was renamed "Mera Tera Rishta Purana" which was again changed to "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein". The production began about a year before its premiere but the launch was delayed due to creative differences and unavailability of time slot.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In November 2019, Ekta Kapoor revealed, "When I started Yeh Hai Mohabbatein, I remember going to Gaurav Banerjee from Star Plus and asking him for a non prime time slot because I wanted to do a show on a social issue. I had stopped doing much television and I wanted to make YHM without the trappings of a TRP driven show. A show about a woman who cannot have children, a stepmother who according to Indian terms is considered bad! Words in India like barren and evil stepmother got used so often and labelled women in the worst poss way. This show got so much love that it went on for six years. And from a non prime time slot to a prime time slot."


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In September 2014, Deepika Padukone and Arjun Kapoor were to promote their film Finding Fanny in the series for which the leads Tripathi Dahiya and Patel had to shoot a sequence with them. As Patel delayed to the sets for shooting, the script was changed on Patel's absence at last minute as the films stars had to head on for other promotions.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: On 11 May 2016, during filming of the wedding sequence of characters Romi and Mihika, the shoot was stalled owing to a fight between the production house and workers union. On 25 July 2018, the shoot was stalled for a while during bandh in Mumbai.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Divyanka Tripathi Dahiya was selected by Kapoor to play Ishita Iyer Bhalla. Cezanne Khan was first approached to play Raman Bhalla opposite Tripathi Dahiya, but was replaced by Karan Patel. Child artist Ruhanika Dhawan was chosen to play Ruhi Bhalla. Sayantani Ghosh was first considered but Anita Hassanandani was selected to play Shagun Arora. The other cast included then were Aly Goni, Mihika Verma, Shruti Bapna, Neena Kulkarni, Shahnaz Rizwan, Kaushal Kapoor, Abhay Bhargava and Gautam Ahuja.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In March 2018, Charu Mehra was supposed to enter the series during the filming in London, however, she was unable due to her visa issues.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Based on backdrop of Delhi, the series is mainly filmed in Andheri, Mumbai. Some sequences were filmed abroad, including Australia, Budapest and London.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: "Yeh Hai Chahatein" premiered on 19 December 2019, replacing "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein". It focuses on Ishita's niece Preesha portrayed by Sargun Kaur Luthra opposite Abrar Qazi portraying Preesha Khurana and Rudraksh Khurana respectively.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In spite of started airing at late night slot 11:00pm (IST), "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" received better ratings than expected and even became fourth number on Star Plus. In 2014, on audience request, it got a dual slot of 7:30 p.m. and 11:00 p.m. (IST). Star Plus SVP marketing Nikhil Madhok stated that the move was made after audiences' feedback that a section of viewers found the 11:00 p.m. slot too late. He further explained, "This was a show where repeat viewing the next day or viewing on online digital medium is very high. So the dual airing will not only help the existing viewers who love the show to watch it twice but also add a whole new set of viewers".


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In early 2016, it lost its steady position from top five, juggling in top ten weekly Hindi GEC list in weeks three to seven of the year where it garnered 10.47, 10.09, 10.95, 10.59 and 10.34 million impressions while in week five, it occupied third position. In week 29 of 2016 it garnered 10.022 million impressions occupying third position in Hindi GEC. In week 41, it was at fourth position with 9.687 million impressions.


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: Starting in January 2017, the show began to falter in the TRP ratings when the show's focus shifted to the new generation. Nevertheless, the show is very popular in the UK, being the most-watched Indian show. The climax of Ruhi-Nikhil track leading to Ananya's death brought a sudden spike in the ratings in the first week of November 2017 (week 44) and the series secured a place amongst the Top 10 shows after almost a year off this ranking. With the Budapest track and the focus back on the main leads, the show reached the Top 5 in the second week of November 2017 (week 45). In week 46 of the year 2017, the show further climbed to the fourth spot on the TRP chart, thus becoming the most-watched show on StarPlus. In week 47 of the year 2017, the show remained at  4 on the TRP charts and continued to be the most-watched show on StarPlus. The show continued to do well maintaining its No. 1 position on StarPlus in the following weeks. In week 51 of 2017, "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" emerged as the most-watched show across all Hindi GECs. (General Entertainment Channels)


title: Yeh Hai Mohabbatein

text: In week 8 of the year 2018, the show remained at  3 on the TRP charts and continued to be the most-watched show on STAR Plus. In May 2018, the show was shifted to 10:30 p.m. from 7:30 p.m. which led to a fall in TRPs. Roshni's baby track was received poorly by fans which led to a further downfall in TRPs following which the broadcaster, StarPlus, intervened asking the producer, Ekta Kapoor, to change the storyline of the show also giving it a 6-month deadline to increase the ratings. Ishita's fake death drama to expose Param led to the show re-entering the top 20 shows in week 31 of the year 2018 occupying 18th place with 3889 million viewership. After the change in show timings to late night TRPs have dropped ranging from 1.2 to 1.4 mostly but had been the slot leader since then. After being unable to pull up the TRP and lack of constructive story, the show went off air on 18 December 2019, giving space to a "Ye Hai Mohobbatein" spin-off called "Ye Hai Chahatein".


title: Nora Roberts

text: Nora Roberts (born Eleanor Marie Robertson on October 10, 1950) is an American author of more than 225 romance novels. She writes as J. D. Robb for the "in Death" series and has also written under the pseudonyms Jill March and for publications in the U.K. as Sarah Hardesty.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts was the first author to be inducted into the Romance Writers of America Hall of Fame. As of 2011, her novels had spent a combined 861 weeks on "The New York Times" Best Seller list, including 176 weeks in the number-one spot.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts was born on October 10, 1950, in Silver Spring, Maryland, the youngest of five children. Both of her parents have Irish ancestors, and she has described herself as "an Irishwoman through and through". Her family were avid readers, so books were always important in her life. Although she had always made up stories in her head, Roberts did not write as a child, other than essays for school. She does claim to have "told lies. Really good ones—some of which my mother still believes." She attended a Catholic school and credits the nuns with instilling in her a sense of discipline. During her second year in high school, Roberts transferred to a local public school, Montgomery Blair High School, where she met her first husband, Ronald Aufdem-Brinke. They married, against her parents' wishes, in 1968, as soon as she had graduated from high school.


title: Nora Roberts

text: The newly married couple settled in Boonsboro, Maryland. Roberts' husband worked at his father's sheet-metal business before joining her parents in their lighting company. She gave birth to two sons, Dan and Jason. Roberts became a homemaker and would later refer to this time period as her "Earth Mother" years. Roberts spent much of her time doing crafts, including ceramics and sewing her children's clothes. Their marriage ended in divorce in 1983.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts met her second husband, Bruce Wilder, a carpenter, when she hired him to build bookshelves in July 1985. Her husband owns and operates a bookstore in Boonsboro, Maryland called Turn the Page Books. He also works as an adult content photographer and videographer.


title: Nora Roberts

text: The Wilders also owned the nearby historic Boone Hotel, which was undergoing renovations when it was destroyed by a fire in February 2008. It opened as the Inn BoonsBoro in 2009; the suites were inspired by and named for literary romantic couples with happy endings.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts once stated: "You're going to be unemployed if you really think you just have to sit around and wait for the muse to land on your shoulder." She concentrates on one novel at a time, writing eight hours a day, every day, even while on vacation. Rather than begin with an outline or plot summary, Roberts instead envisions a key incident, character, or setting. She then writes a short first draft that has the basic elements of a story. After finishing the first draft, Roberts goes back to the beginning of the novel. The second draft usually sees the addition of details, the "texture and color" of the work, as well as a more in-depth study of the characters. She then does a final pass to polish the novel before sending it to her agent, Amy Berkower.


title: Nora Roberts

text: She often writes trilogies, finishing the three books in a row so that she can remain with the same characters. When possible, she does the same with the "in Death" books, writing three in a row before returning to contemporary romances. Her trilogies are all released in paperback, as Roberts believes the wait for hardcover editions is too long for the reader.


title: Nora Roberts

text: She is an ardent baseball fan, having been honored by the local minor league baseball team Hagerstown Suns several times.


title: Nora Roberts

text: She began to write during a blizzard in February 1979 while housebound with her two small boys. Roberts states that with three feet of snow, a dwindling supply of chocolate, and no morning kindergarten, she had little else to do. While writing down her ideas for the first time, she fell in love with the writing process, and quickly produced six manuscripts. She submitted her manuscripts to Harlequin, the leading publisher of romance novels, but was repeatedly rejected. Roberts says,


title: Nora Roberts

text: I got the standard rejection for the first couple of tries, then my favorite rejection of all time. I received my manuscript back with a nice little note which said that my work showed promise, and the story had been very entertaining and well done. But that they already had their American writer. That would have been Janet Dailey.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Dailey would go on to be embroiled in a plagiarism scandal in which she eventually confessed to stealing some of Roberts' work.


title: Nora Roberts

text: In 1980, a new publisher, Silhouette books, formed to take advantage of the pool of manuscripts from the many American writers that Harlequin had snubbed. Roberts found a home at Silhouette, where her first novel, "Irish Thoroughbred", was published in 1981. She used the pseudonym Nora Roberts, a shortened form of her birth name Eleanor Marie Robertson because she assumed that all romance authors had pen names.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Between 1982 and 1984, Roberts wrote 23 novels for Silhouette. They were published under various Silhouette imprints: Silhouette Sensation, Silhouette Special Edition and Silhouette Desire, as well as Silhouette Intrigue, and MIRA's reissue program. In 1985, "Playing the Odds," the first novel in the MacGregor family series, was published. The book was an immediate bestseller.


title: Nora Roberts

text: In 1987, she began writing single title books for Bantam. Five years later she moved to Putnam to write single title hardcovers as well as original paperbacks. She reached the hardcover bestseller lists with her fourth hardcover release, 1996's "Montana Sky". Roberts has continued to release single-title novels in paperback. She still occasionally writes shorter category romances. Her attachment to the shorter category books stems from her years as a young mother of two boys without much time to read, as she "[remembers] exactly what it felt like to want to read and not have time to read 200,000 words."


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts and her career were featured in Pamela Regis' "A Natural History of the Romance Novel." Regis calls Roberts "a master of the romance novel form, because she "has a keen ear for dialogue, constructs deft scenes, maintains a page-turning pace, and provides compelling characterization." "Publishers Weekly" once talked about her "wry humor and the use of different narrators, two devices that were once rarities" in the romance novel genre.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts had long wanted to write romantic suspense novels in the vein of Mary Stewart, but, at the urging of her agent, she concentrated on classic contemporary romance novels while she built a following of readers. After moving to Putnam in 1992, the publishing company quickly realized that they were unable to keep up with Roberts's prolific output. They suggested that she adopt a second pseudonym so that they would be able to publish more of her work each year.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Her agent, Amy Berkover, convinced the publishers to allow Roberts to write romantic suspense novels under the new name. Her first romantic suspense novel was published in 1995 under the pseudonym J. D. Robb. The initials "J. D." were taken from her sons, Jason and Dan, while "Robb" is a shortened form of Roberts. She first decided to use the pseudonym D. J. MacGregor, but right before publication, she discovered that this pseudonym was used by another author.


title: Nora Roberts

text: As J. D. Robb, Roberts has published a series of futuristic science fiction police procedurals. These books, all part of the "in Death" series, feature NYPSD detective Eve Dallas and her husband Roarke and are set in a mid-21st century New York City. Despite the emphasis on solving a crime in each of the books, the overall theme of the series is the development of the relationship between Eve and Roarke. When the "in Death" series began, neither Roberts nor her publisher acknowledged that she was in fact the author. They hoped to allow the series to stand on its own merits and build its own following.


title: Nora Roberts

text: After publishing 18 novels in the "in Death" series, Putnam published the nineteenth, "Divided in Death", first in hardcover. The book became Roberts' first bestselling novel of 2004.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts wrote a story for a magazine titled "Melodies of Love" under the pseudonym Jill March. She has also been known as Sarah Hardesty. When the "Born In" series was released in Britain it carried that name instead of Nora Roberts. She has since changed publishers.


title: Nora Roberts

text: In 1996, Roberts passed the hundred-novel mark with "Montana Sky" and, in 2012, doubled that with "The Witness". In both 1999 and 2000, four of the five novels that "USA Today" listed as the best-selling romance novels of the year were written by Roberts. Her first appearance on "The New York Times" Bestseller List came in 1991, and between 1991 and 2001, she had 68 New York Times Bestsellers, counting hardbacks and paperbacks. "The New York Times" did not review any of those novels. In 2001, Roberts had 10 best-selling mass-market paperbacks, according to "Publishers Weekly", not counting those books written under the J.D. Robb name. In September 2001, for the first time Roberts took the numbers 1 and 2 spots on the "Publishers Weekly" bestseller list, as her romance "Time and Again" was number one, and her J.D. Robb release "Seduction in Death" was number two.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Since 1999, every one of Roberts's novels has been a "New York Times" bestseller, and 124 of her novels have ranked on the "Times" bestseller list, including 29 that debuted in the number-one spot. As of January 24, 2013, Roberts's novels had spent a combined 948 weeks on "The New York Times" Bestseller List, including 148 weeks in the number-one spot. As of January 9, 2009, 400 million copies of her books are in print, including 12 million copies sold in 2005 alone. Her novels have been published in 35 countries.


title: Nora Roberts

text: A founding member of the Romance Writers of America (RWA), Roberts was the first inductee in the organization's Hall of Fame. In 1997 she was awarded the RWA Lifetime Achievement Award, which in 2008 was renamed the RWA Nora Roberts Lifetime Achievement Award. As of 2012, she has won an unprecedented 21 of the RWA's RITA Awards, the highest honor given in the romance genre.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Two of Roberts' novels, "Sanctuary" and "Magic Moments", had previously been made into TV movies. In 2007, Lifetime Television adapted four Nora Roberts novels into TV movies: "Angels Fall" starring Heather Locklear, "Montana Sky" starring Ashley Williams, "Blue Smoke" starring Alicia Witt, and "Carolina Moon" starring Claire Forlani. This was the first time that Lifetime had adapted multiple works by the same author. Four more films were released on four consecutive Saturdays in March and April 2009. The 2009 collection included "Northern Lights" starring LeAnn Rimes and Eddie Cibrian, "Midnight Bayou" starring Jerry O'Connell, "High Noon" starring Emilie de Ravin, and "Tribute" starring Brittany Murphy.


title: Nora Roberts

text: "TIME" named Roberts one of their 100 Most Influential People in 2007, saying she "has inspected, dissected, deconstructed, explored, explained and extolled the passions of the human heart." Roberts was one of only two authors on the list, the other being David Mitchell.


title: Nora Roberts

text: In 1997, another best-selling romance writer, Janet Dailey, admitted to repeatedly plagiarizing Roberts' work. The practice came to light after a reader read Roberts' "Sweet Revenge" and Dailey's "Notorious" back-to-back; she noticed several similarities and posted the comparable passages on the Internet. Calling the plagiarism "mind-boggling", Roberts sued Dailey. Dailey acknowledged the plagiarism and attributed it to a psychological disorder. She admitted that both "Aspen Gold" and "Notorious" lifted heavily from Roberts' work. Both of those novels were pulled from print after Dailey's admission. In April 1998, Dailey settled the case. Roberts donated the settlement to various literary causes including the Literacy Volunteers of America (now ProLiteracy).


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts joined the chorus strongly criticizing fellow romance writer Cassie Edwards, who had lifted many passages from much older sources (many in the public domain) without giving credit, forcing Edwards out of the business.


title: Nora Roberts

text: Roberts has been included repeatedly on the Giving Back Fund's annual lists of the most philanthropic celebrities, with the bulk of her donations going to the Nora Roberts Foundation. The foundation financially supports organizations that promote literacy and the arts, assist children and engage in humanitarian efforts. The Foundation also endowed the Nora Roberts Center for American Romance at McDaniel College, which supports academic scholarship on the American romance novel, with special emphasis on the literary qualities and significance of the romance. Roberts has made other charitable efforts such as auctioning her jewelry.


title: Kyrie

text: Kyrie, a transliteration of Greek , vocative case of ("Kyrios"), is a common name of an important prayer of Christian liturgy, also called the Kyrie eleison ( ; ).


title: Kyrie

text: The prayer, "Kyrie, eleison," "Lord, have mercy" derives from a Biblical phrase. Greek "have mercy on me, Lord" is the Septuagint translation of the


title: Kyrie

text: In the Parable of the Publican and the Pharisee (Luke 18:9-14) the despised tax collector who cries out "Lord have mercy on me, a sinner" is contrasted with the smug Pharisee who believes he has no need for forgiveness.


title: Kyrie

text: Luke 17:13 has "epistates" "master" instead of "kyrios" "lord" (), being less suggestive of the "kyrios" "lord" used as euphemism for YHWH in the Septuagint.


title: Kyrie

text: In the biblical text, the phrase is always personalized by an explicit object (such as, "on me", "on us", "on my son"), while in the Eucharistic celebration it can be seen more as a general expression of confidence in God's love.


title: Kyrie

text: The phrase "Kýrie, eléison" (Greek: ), whether in Greek or in other languages, is one of the most oft-repeated phrases in Eastern Christianity, including the Eastern Orthodox, Oriental Orthodox, and Eastern Catholic Churches. The Greek phrase, "Kýrie, eléison", is for instance extensively used in the Coptic (Egyptian) Christian liturgy, which uses both the Coptic and the Greek languages.


title: Kyrie

text: The various litanies, frequent in Eastern Orthodox rites, generally have "Lord, have mercy" as their response, either singly or triply. Some petitions in these litanies will have twelve or even forty repetitions of the phrase as a response.


title: Kyrie

text: The phrase is also the origin of the Jesus Prayer, beloved by eastern Christians as a foundation of personal prayer, and is increasingly popular among some Western Christians.


title: Kyrie

text: The prayer is simultaneously a petition and a prayer of thanksgiving; an acknowledgement of what God has done, what God is doing, and what God will continue to do. It is refined in the Parable of The Publican (), "God, have mercy on me, a sinner", which shows more clearly its connection with the Jesus Prayer.


title: Kyrie

text: In Rome, the Liturgy was first celebrated in Greek. Josef Jungmann suggests the "Kyrie" in the Roman Mass is best seen as a vestige of a litany at the beginning of the Mass, like that of some Eastern churches, retained after Latin became normative.


title: Kyrie

text: As early as the sixth century, Pope Gregory the Great noted that there were differences in the way in which eastern and western churches sang "Kyrie". In the eastern churches all sing it at the same time, whereas in the western church the clergy sing it and the people respond. Also the western church sang "Christe eléison" as many times as "Kyrie eléison". In the Roman Rite liturgy, this variant, "Christe, eléison", is a transliteration of Greek .


title: Kyrie

text: ""Kyrie, eléison"" ("Lord, have mercy") may also be used as a response of the people to intentions mentioned in the Prayer of the Faithful. Since 1549, Anglicans have normally sung or said the "Kyrie" in English. In the 1552 "Book of Common Prayer", the "Kyrie" was inserted into a recitation of the Ten Commandments. Modern revisions of the Prayer Book have restored the option of using the "Kyrie" without the Commandments. Other denominations, such as Lutheranism, also use ""Kyrie, eléison"" in their liturgies.


title: Kyrie

text: In the Tridentine Mass form of the Roman Rite, "Kýrie, eléison" is sung or said three times, followed by a threefold "Christe, eléison" and by another threefold "Kýrie, eléison". Collectively the nine invocations are said to unite the petitions of the faithful to those of the nine choirs of angels in heaven. In the Paul VI Mass form, in the interests of brevity, each invocation is made only once by the celebrating priest, a deacon if present, or else by a cantor, with a single repetition, each time, by the congregation (though the Roman Missal allows for the "Kyrie" to be sung with more than six invocations, thus allowing the traditional use). Even if Mass is celebrated in the vernacular, the "Kyrie" may be in Greek. This prayer occurs directly following the Penitential Rite or is incorporated in that rite as one of the three alternative forms provided in the Roman Missal. The Penitential Rite and "Kyrie" may be replaced by the Rite of Sprinkling.


title: Kyrie

text: In modern Anglican churches, it is common to say (or sing) "either" the "Kyrie" or the "Gloria in Excelsis Deo", but not both. In this case, the "Kyrie" may be said in penitential seasons like Lent and Advent, while the "Gloria" is said the rest of the year. Anglo-Catholics, however, usually follow Roman norms in this as in most other liturgical matters.


title: Kyrie

text: In the Tridentine Mass, the "Kyrie" is the first sung prayer of the Mass ordinary. It is usually (but not always) part of any musical setting of the Mass. "Kyrie" movements often have a ternary (ABA) musical structure that reflects the symmetrical structure of the text. Musical settings exist in styles ranging from Gregorian chant to folk music.


title: Kyrie

text: The original pronunciation in Medieval Greek was , just when the Byzantine Rite was in force. The transliteration of as "eléison" shows that the post-classical itacist pronunciation of the Greek letter eta (η) is used. Although the Greek words have seven syllables (Ký-ri-e, e-lé-i-son), pronunciations as six syllables (Ký-ri-e, e-léi-son) or five (Ký-rie, e-léi-son) have been used.


title: Kyrie

text: In Ecclesiastical Latin, a variety of pronunciations have been used. Within the Catholic Church and in some Protestant ones, the italianate has become common since the 20th century. Text underlay in mediaeval and Renaissance music attests that "Ký-ri-e-léi-son" (five syllables) was the most common setting until perhaps the mid-16th century. William Byrd's Mass for Four Voices is a notable example of a musical setting originally written with five syllables in mind, later altered for six syllables.


title: Kyrie

text: The Mediaeval poetic form Kyrielle sometimes uses "Kýrieléis", an even more drastic four-syllable form, which is reduced to three syllables or even to "kyrleis" in the German "" .


title: Kyrie

text: The terms "aggiornamento" (bringing up to date) and "ressourcement" (light of the Gospel) figure significantly into the documents of Vatican II: “The Church carries the responsibility of scrutinizing the signs of the times and interpreting them in the light of the Gospel” ("Gaudium et spes", 4). Louis Bouyer, a theologian at Vatican II, wrote of the distortion of the Eucharistic spirit of the Mass over the centuries, so that "one could find merely traces of the original sense of the Eucharist as a thanksgiving for the wonders God has wrought.” The "General Instruction of the Roman Missal" ("GIRM") notes that at the Council of Trent "manuscripts in the Vatican ... by no means made it possible to inquire into 'ancient and approved authors' farther back than the liturgical commentaries of the Middle Ages ... [But] traditions dating back to the first centuries, before the formation of the rites of East and West, are better known today because of the discovery of so many liturgical documents" (7f.). Consonant with these modern studies, theologians have suggested that there be a continuity in praise of God between the opening song and the praise of the "Gloria". This is explained by Mark R. Francis of Catholic Theological Union in Chicago, speaking of the Kyrie:


title: Kyrie

text: Its emphasis is not on us (our sinfulness) but on God’s mercy and salvific action in Jesus Christ. It could just as accurately be translated "O Lord, you are merciful!" Note that the sample tropes all mention what Christ has done for us, not how we have sinned. For example, “you were sent to heal the contrite,” “you have shown us the way to the Father,” or “you come in word and sacrament to strengthen us in holiness,” leading to further acclamation of God’s praises in the Gloria.


title: Kyrie

text: We must make every effort to arouse the sense of community within the liturgy, to restore liturgy to the ecclesial plane, where individuals can take their proper place in it…. Liturgical piety involves a total turning from concern with one’s inner state to the attitude and feeling of the Church. It means enlarging the scope of prayer, so often narrow and selfish, to embrace the concerns of the whole Church and, indeed – as in the Our Father – of God.”


title: Kyrie

text: In the "New Dictionary of Sacramental Worship," the need to establish communion is reinforced as it quotes the GIRM to the effect that the purpose of the introductory rites is “to ensure that the faithful who come together as one "establish communion" and dispose themselves to listen properly to God's word and to celebrate the Eucharist worthily” ("GIRM", 46, emphasis added).


title: Kyrie

text: In addition to the original Greek and the local vernacular, many Christian communities use other languages, especially where the prayer is repeated often.


title: Heather Headley

text: Heather Headley (born October 5, 1974) is a Trinidadian-born American singer, songwriter, record producer and actress. She won the 2000 Tony Award for Best Actress in a Musical for the titular role of "Aida". She also won the 2010 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album for her album "Audience of One". In 2018, she recurred as Gwen Garrett on the NBC medical drama television series "Chicago Med".


title: Heather Headley

text: Headley was born in Trinidad, the daughter of Hannah and Eric Headley (Barbadian). In 1989, she moved to Fort Wayne, Indiana, in the United States at the age of fifteen with her mother and brother Eric Junior when her father was offered a job as pastor of McKee Street Church of God with headquarters in Anderson, Indiana. Headley attended Northrop High School, and was a member of their resident show choir, Charisma, and starred as Fanny Brice in the school's production of "Funny Girl". After graduating from Northrop High School, Headley attended Northwestern University from 1993 to 1996, to study communications and musical theatre until the last day of her junior year, when she made the decision to become a part of the musical "Ragtime" and drop out of school.


title: Heather Headley

text: In 2003, Headley married Brian Musso, an investment advisor who briefly played for the New York Jets. Both attended Northwestern University. On December 1, 2009, they welcomed their first child John David. Headley had her second son Jordan Chase August 18, 2014. In April 2019, the couple welcomed a third child, a daughter.


title: Heather Headley

text: Headley regularly performs with Vertical Church Band, the worship team from Harvest Bible Chapel. She is featured in their song "How Great Is The Love" and "All Glory".


title: Heather Headley

text: Headley's stage career began in 1996 when she was cast as a member of the ensemble in the original Toronto production of the musical "Ragtime" where she was an understudy for Audra McDonald in the role of Sarah. Her breakthrough came the following year when she originated the role of Nala in the Broadway musical "The Lion King". Headley's performance was well received, and she then originated the title role in the Broadway adaptation of "Aida", earning the Tony Award for Best Actress in 2000. In 1999, she appeared in the Encores! staged concert production of "Do Re Mi", with Nathan Lane, Randy Graff, and Brian Stokes Mitchell. She starred in an Actors' Fund of America benefit concert version of the musical "Dreamgirls" alongside McDonald and Lillias White in 2001.


title: Heather Headley

text: In the autumn of 2006, Heather performed Hal David and Burt Bacharach's song "I'll Never Fall In Love Again", from the 1968 musical "Promises, Promises", for "The Kennedy Center Presents: The 2006 Mark Twain Prize", honoring playwright Neil Simon. The ceremony was later broadcast on PBS.


title: Heather Headley

text: On July 5, 2007, Headley made a guest appearance for Andrea Bocelli's Vivere Live in Tuscany concert in Lajatico, Italy. They performed Vivo Per Lei and The Prayer. Headley sang "My Country, 'Tis of Thee" (also known as "America") with Josh Groban on January 18, 2009, during the . On March 12, 2009, Headley sang "I Wish" on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno".


title: Heather Headley

text: From November 2012 until August 2013, Headley played the role of Rachel Marron, in the musical adaptation of Whitney Houston's 1992 movie, "The Bodyguard" at London's Adelphi Theatre. She was nominated for an Olivier Award and a What's On Stage Award for this performance.


title: Heather Headley

text: Heather joined the Andrea Bocelli UK Tour playing Glasgow Hydro on November 23 and at the Leeds First Direct Arena on November 24, 2013.


title: Heather Headley

text: On May 10, 2016, Headley assumed the role of Shug Avery from Jennifer Hudson in the recent Broadway revival of "The Color Purple", which closed on January 8, 2017, at the Bernard B. Jacobs Theatre.


title: Heather Headley

text: From 2017, Headley is co-starring in Spike Lee's Netflix reboot of "She's Gotta Have It" as Dr Jamison.


title: Heather Headley

text: Headley released her debut album, "This Is Who I Am", in October 2002 with RCA Records. Although its first single, "He Is", was not very successful, the second single, "I Wish I Wasn't", achieved moderate success. The work on this album earned her a Grammy Award nomination for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance and for Best New Artist making her the first Tony Award winner to be nominated for this award.


title: Heather Headley

text: Her second album, "In My Mind" (2006) was delayed due to the various executive shake-ups associated with RCA parent BMG's merger with Sony. Under BMG North America chairman/CEO Clive Davis for the first time, Headley released her second album "In My Mind" in January 2006. The title track "In My Mind" (written and produced by India.Arie collaborator Shannon Sanders) was released as the first single; and its music video was directed by Diane Martel. The song reached number-one on the U.S. Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart. The second single "Me Time" was sent to Urban AC radio only. An album track, "Am I Worth It", served to promote Headley's New March of Dimes Educational Campaign "I Want My 9 Months".


title: Heather Headley

text: In 2009, Headley, along with Al Green, released a version of the song "People Get Ready" on the compilation album "".


title: Heather Headley

text: In January 2010 she won her first Grammy Award for Best Contemporary R&B Gospel Album for "Audience of One" on the EMI Gospel label.


title: Heather Headley

text: In December 2010, Headley performed a duet version of "Blue Christmas" and "My Prayer" with Italian tenor Andrea Bocelli on his "My Christmas" tour in 5 US cities. At the Prudential Center in Newark, NJ, on December 4, 2010, the audience insisted on a second encore with Bocelli. Bocelli had to summon the detail to go and bring her back on stage.


title: Heather Headley

text: Headley released her album "Only One in the World" on September 25, 2012, with the lead single "A Little While".


title: Heather Headley

text: In September 2013, Headley appeared on "America's Got Talent" with Il Divo and sang "Can You Feel the Love Tonight?" from "The Lion King". She also appeared with Il Divo on Broadway for a limited concert run in 2013.


title: Heather Headley

text: In 2017, Headley appeared in a recurring role on the TV series "She's Gotta Have It". In 2018, she appeared in a recurring role as Gwen Garrett on the TV series "Chicago Med".


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman is the name of several superheroes appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics. Created by writer Gardner Fox and artist Dennis Neville, the original Hawkman first appeared in "Flash Comics" #1, published by All-American Publications in 1940.


title: Hawkman

text: Several incarnations of Hawkman have appeared in DC Comics, all of them characterized by the use of archaic weaponry and by large, artificial wings, attached to a harness made from the special Nth metal that allows flight. Most incarnations of Hawkman work closely with a partner/romantic interest named Hawkgirl or Hawkwoman.


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman is most often depicted as human archaeologist Carter Hall—the modern-day reincarnation of an ancient Egyptian prince named Khufu—or as Thanagarian police officer Katar Hol from the planet Thanagar. The character is generally regarded as having one of the most confusing backstories of any in DC Comics, due to a series of reinventions over the years following DC's 1985 series "Crisis on Infinite Earths". Some writers have attempted to integrate Carter Hall and Katar Hol into one story by linking the Thanagarian aliens to the Egyptian curse that causes Hawkman to reincarnate periodically throughout human history, or by using Carter Hall as Katar Hol's alias, or otherwise depicting the merger of Carter and Katar into one being.


title: Hawkman

text: The character has been adapted into other media numerous times, with significant appearances in the animated "Justice League Unlimited" cartoon, which featured Hawkgirl as a main character, as well as several DC Universe Original Animated Movies.


title: Hawkman

text: In live action, the character first appeared onscreen in the two-part 1979 TV special "Legends of the Superheroes" by Bill Nuckols appearing alongside Adam West and Burt Ward as allies Batman and Robin. Hawkman was later portrayed by Michael Shanks in "Smallville" and by Falk Hentschel in The CW's Arrowverse family of shows, with both versions favoring the ancient Egyptian version of the character. Hawkman made his cinematic debut and portrayed by Aldis Hodge in 2022's "Black Adam" set in the DC Extended Universe.


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman first appeared in "Flash Comics" #1 (1940), and was a featured character in that title throughout the 1940s. This Hawkman was Carter Hall, a reincarnation of the ancient Egyptian prince Khufu. Hall discovered that the mysterious "ninth metal" (later changed simply to "Nth metal") could negate the effects of gravity and allow him to fly. He donned a costume with large wings to allow him to control his flight and became the crimefighter, Hawkman. He also had a companion hawk named Big Red that assisted him in fighting crime. An archaeologist by profession, Hall used ancient weapons from the museum that he curated.


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman was a charter member of the Justice Society of America, beginning with "All Star Comics" #3 (Winter 1940). In issue #8 he became the JSA's chairman, a position he held until the end of the JSA's run in "All Star Comics" in 1951. He was the only member of the JSA to appear in every adventure during the Golden Age of Comic Books. He romanced his reincarnated bride, Shiera Saunders, who became the crimefighter Hawkgirl. His first three adventures were drawn by creator Dennis Neville (who modeled Hawkman's costume on the hawkmen characters in the Flash Gordon comic strip by Alex Raymond), then by Sheldon Moldoff, and later by Joe Kubert, who slightly redesigned his mask in "Flash Comics" # 85 (Jul 1947) and then, one year later, replaced the winged-hawk-like mask with a much simpler yellow cowl in "Flash Comics" #98 (Aug 1948).


title: Hawkman

text: Along with most other superheroes, Hawkman's Golden Age adventures came to an end when the industry turned away from the genre in the early 1950s. His last appearance was in "All Star Comics" #57 (1951).


title: Hawkman

text: Later in the decade, DC Comics, under editor Julius Schwartz, decided to revive a number of heroes in new incarnations, but retaining the same names and powers. Following the success of the Flash and Green Lantern, the name "Hawkman" was revived in "The Brave and the Bold" # 34 (Feb–Mar 1961), this time as an alien police officer from the planet Thanagar, though his powers were largely the same. Created by Gardner Fox and Joe Kubert, this Hawkman named Katar Hol came to Earth with his wife Shayera in pursuit of a criminal, and decided to remain on Earth to study earth police methods as well as fight crime. They adopted the names Carter and Shiera Hall and became curators of a museum in Midway City.


title: Hawkman

text: This Hawkman became a member of the Justice League of America in issue #31, where he often verbally sparred with the iconoclastic liberal hero Green Arrow. In the 1960s, it was revealed that the original Hawkman lived on the parallel world of Earth-Two, and that Katar Hol lived on Earth-One. The JLA and JSA had an annual meeting throughout the 1960s and 1970s during which the two heroes often met.


title: Hawkman

text: The Silver Age Hawkman had his own series for a few years in the '60s, but with declining sales it ended at issue #27 and was then merged with that of the Atom. "Atom and Hawkman" lasted only another year or so before cancellation.


title: Hawkman

text: In the late 1970s in "Showcase" and "World's Finest Comics", Thanagar went to war with the planet Rann, the adopted home of Adam Strange. This led to Hawkman and Hawkwoman severing ties with their homeworld, and later fighting "The Shadow War of Hawkman" (written by Tony Isabella) as the Thanagarians tried secretly to conquer the Earth.


title: Hawkman

text: The landmark 1985 series "Crisis on Infinite Earths" resulted in a massive revision of much of DC continuity and led to many characters being substantially rewritten. Hawkman was to suffer some of the greatest confusion as successive writers sought to explain his various appearances. In the revised timeline there was a single Earth which had witnessed the JSA in the 1940s and the JLA decades later. Successive revisions sought to establish exactly who had been Hawkman and Hawkwoman at different stages. For the first few years the pre-Crisis incarnations were still used, during which time they were prominent across the DC Universe and joined the latest incarnation of the Justice League.


title: Hawkman

text: DC decided to reboot Hawkman, in a limited series (which later led to an ongoing series) titled "Hawkworld" originally by Tim Truman, and later John Ostrander. In this series, Thanagar was a stratified society which conquered other worlds to enrich itself. Katar Hol was the son of a prominent official who rebelled against the status quo. He and his partner Shayera were sent to Earth and remained there for some years until Hol was apparently killed.


title: Hawkman

text: This created several continuity errors. Because the new Katar Hol had only just arrived on Earth, someone else had to have been Hawkman previously. In an attempt to resolve the problem it was established through retcons that the Golden Age Hawkman and Hawkgirl had continued to operate sporadically after their supposed retirement in 1951 through the 1990s, and that Nth metal originally came from Thanagar. The Halls, and not the Hols, joined the original incarnation of the JLA. Another Hawkman—Fel Andar, a Thanagarian agent—had been the one who joined the Justice League during the 1980s, pretending to be a hero but secretly spying on the League for his Thanagarian masters.


title: Hawkman

text: The "" miniseries muddied the waters further by merging the different Hawkmen into a "Hawkgod", who was the focus character in the third volume of the monthly "Hawkman" series. This version of Hawkman also had a small role in the alternate-future series "Kingdom Come". After the end of this series, Hawkman's continuity was considered by DC to be too complicated, and he was absent from comics for several years.


title: Hawkman

text: In the late 1990s, the "JSA" series untangled Hawkman's continuity, establishing him as Carter Hall, a man who—along with Shiera—had been reincarnated dozens of times since his life in ancient Egypt, and whose powers were derived from Thanagarian Nth metal, which had been retroactively renamed from "ninth metal". The Katar Hol of the "Hawkworld" series had also come to Earth during the 1990s, as previously established. The 1980s Hawkman Fel Andar returned to Thanagar. The Hawkgod was later revealed to be an avatar of the Hawk aspect of the Red (from which Animal Man receives his powers) and only believed that he was Hawkman.


title: Hawkman

text: During the "Identity Crisis" miniseries, it was established that Hawkman (Carter Hall) had encouraged the mindwipe of Doctor Light and had actually been the one to initially suggest the idea. His role in the mindwipe was the basis for his enmity with Green Arrow, who felt that interfering with an individual's right to self-determination was beyond the moral right of any organization or government.


title: Hawkman

text: Subsequently, Hawkman was reincarnated and given a new series in 2002 entitled "Hawkman" vol. 4, written initially by James Robinson and Geoff Johns, with art by Rags Morales. Justin Gray and Jimmy Palmiotti took over writing duties during the third year of the series. In 2006, the series was retitled "Hawkgirl" with issue #50 and given a new creative team of Walt Simonson and Howard Chaykin. This series was cancelled with issue #66 in July 2007.


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman was a major character in the "Rann–Thanagar War" miniseries, which stemmed from events in "Countdown to Infinite Crisis". During this time his continuity was further changed (see Carter Hall section below).


title: Hawkman

text: The character then received a new series spinning out of "", helmed by Robert Venditti and Bryan Hitch.


title: Hawkman

text: In the days of ancient Egypt, Prince Khufu is engaged in a feud with his rival, the Egyptian priest Hath-Set. The priest eventually captures both Khufu and his consort Chay-Ara, and kills them using a cursed dagger of Nth metal. Millennia later, in 1940, Khufu is reincarnated as American archaeologist Carter Hall, Chay-Ara as Shiera Saunders, and Hath-Set as scientist Anton Hastor. After touching the same Nth Metal dagger used to kill Khufu, Carter regains the memories of his former life and realizes Hastor is the reincarnation of his ancient foe. When Hastor kidnaps Shiera, using a magic spell to draw her to his lair, Hall uses his newly-refound memories to craft a gravity-defying belt using Nth metal and a winged costume to become Hawkman. Carter successfully rescues Shiera, Anton is killed by electrocution, and Carter and Saunders begin a romantic relationship.


title: Hawkman

text: Carter Hall and Shiera Saunders had a son together, named Hector Hall, who grew up to also have a superheroic identity as Silver Scarab and later adopted the mantle of Dr. Fate. Hector Hall was a member of the superhero groups Infinity Inc. and the JSA, where he served alongside his father.


title: Hawkman

text: Katar Hol is an honored police officer on his homeworld of Thanagar. Along with his wife Shayera, they use the anti-gravity belts and their wings to fly and fight criminals. These were the tools of an elite police unit tasked to track and apprehend the most dangerous criminals. The pair were sent to Earth in 1961 to capture the shape-shifting criminal Byth. Following this mission, they elected to remain on Earth to work with authorities in the United States and learn human police methods. The two adopted covers as a pair of museum curators, Carter and Shiera Hall, and acted publicly as the second Hawkman and the second Hawkgirl (later Hawkwoman).


title: Hawkman

text: Although initially depicted as surviving the "Crisis on Infinite Earths" intact, Katar Hol was rebooted just a few years afterwards in a prestige-format miniseries named "Hawkworld", by Timothy Truman. A regular ongoing series of the same name followed, with writer John Ostrander joining Truman. Katar Hol, a young police officer on the planet Thanagar, rebels against the oppressive system of his planet and is sent into exile. He later escapes and uncovers a renegade police captain Byth. As a result, he is reinstated into the force, given a new partner, Shayera Thal, and sent on a mission on Earth, where he is the third Hawkman.


title: Hawkman

text: Late in the 1980s, Thanagarian spy Fel Andar—who had been living on Earth for some time already—fell in love with an Earth woman, Sharon Parker, and they had a son named Charley. Andar was ordered by the Thanagarian government to infiltrate the Justice League and Parker's memories were altered so that she believed she was Hawkwoman and believed that her son was "Carter Hall Jr." instead of Andar's son. Charley Andar later took up the name Hawkman to honor his "father" whom he believed to be Carter Hall. When Parker's old memories surface, she exposed Andar's infiltration plot; Andar murdered her and fled to Thanagar. Andar later returned to Earth to help his son become the hero known as Golden Eagle, and saved his life once before being recaptured and returned to Thanagar.


title: Hawkman

text: When Grant Morrison revived the "JLA" comic book in 1997, they expanded the roster to include over a dozen heroes. With frequent collaborator Mark Millar, they intended to create a new Hawkman with no links to the old characters. This new Hawkman, an Earth-bound angel of the "Eagle host" named Zauriel, was to be introduced into the JLA with issue #6 (June 1997). Morrison was denied permission to use the name "Hawkman" by DC editorial, which still considered it "radioactive", due to the complex post-Crisis continuity problems with the character.


title: Hawkman

text: In the "Wizard JLA Special", Morrison made an appeal to the fanbase, "It's a good name and it seems a shame to let it go to waste. We're hoping that fans will figure 'For God's sake, let's just call him Hawkman and get him in the Justice League as Hawkman,' and the editors will relent. We're hoping to start a campaign." DC held firm, and the "Hawkman" name went unused for several more years.


title: Hawkman

text: Originally the Teen Titans member called Golden Eagle, Charley Parker was presumed deceased after an attack by the Wildebeest Society during the event known as "Titans Hunt". He was later revealed to be alive in the fourth volume of "Hawkman" and went on to assist the Carter Hall Hawkman for some time. When Carter Hall seemingly perished, Charley Parker took on the mantle and became the fourth Hawkman, and revealed himself as the son of Carter Hall. In fact, he was actually the son of Fel Andar, and had been responsible for Carter's troubles and his apparent demise. Carter Hall eventually defeated the Golden Eagle, their vendetta was later dropped, and Carter Hall reclaimed his mantle.


title: Hawkman

text: All incarnations of Hawkman used the fictional "enth metal" or "Nth metal" to defy gravity and allow them to fly. The metal is in their costume's belt, boots, and wings. Its abilities are controlled mentally. Their wings allow them to control their flight, though they can be "flapped" through use of shoulder motions. In most comic books, Hawkman is known to have slightly enhanced physical strength.


title: Hawkman

text: The Golden Age Hawkman was also granted the ability to breathe underwater by the sea god Poseidon. He also discovered a hidden kingdom of sentient birds led by the old One-Eye, who taught him their language and later sacrificed himself to save Hawkman's life. Among the leading birds was a hawk named Big Red who became a companion and even helped the Golden Age Hawkman solve crimes.


title: Hawkman

text: The Silver Age Hawkman also had enhanced senses comparable to a hawk's. He, and sometimes the Golden Age Hawkman as well, were also able to converse with birds, though they could not command them in the same way that, say, Aquaman could command sea creatures. Hawkman also wore special contact lenses that allowed him to detect beams and radiation.


title: Hawkman

text: The Silver Age Hawkman also possessed a Thanagarian police space ship and a variety of science fiction weapons.


title: Hawkman

text: All versions of Hawkman prefer to use archaic weaponry—particularly maces, nets, spears, and shields—rather than modern or futuristic weapons. The current incarnation prefers this in part because, having the memories of having lived through many past lives, he is more proficient in their use than with contemporary weapons. In Katar Hol's case, it was too dangerous to use Thanagarian weaponry since there was too great a chance they could be lost or captured and then used or duplicated on Earth. There is, however, one significantly unique weapon Carter employs occasionally: the Claw of Horus. Constructed of Nth metal by Prince Khufu in ancient Egypt, it was delivered to the newly resurrected Carter Hall by the time-displaced Jay Garrick in "JSA" Book 3: "The Return of Hawkman". Later, in "Superman-Batman" Book 1: "Public Enemies", Hawkman used it to defeat Superman, using its Nth metal to channel the Earth's gravitational field. As he explained to Superman, "Essentially, I just hit you with the planet."


title: Hawkman

text: All versions of Hawkman have shown enhanced levels of strength. The Golden Age Hawkman was said to have the strength of 12 men but later that idea was dropped. Where as the Golden Age Hawkman's strength appeared natural, it was later explained (with the


title: Hawkman

text: Silver Age Hawkman) that the Nth metal enables its wielders to carry great weights. The recent incarnation has interpreted this as the Nth metal simply enhancing the strength of the user. Also, several JLA and JSA stories indicate that Thanagar has greater gravity than Earth, and that Thanagarians are naturally stronger than humans because they are adapted to it, similarly to how Atlanteans (e.g. Aquaman) are adapted to deep sea pressures.


title: Hawkman

text: It has also been explained in the "JSA" series that the Nth metal greatly aids in healing, closing wounds almost instantaneously. One example is in the "JLA" story "Crisis of Conscience", in issues 115–118, when Carter's arm is nearly severed during one part of the issue, but the wound has obviously closed and functionality returned by the end of the issue. The Atom has commented that Hawkman laughs at anything less than third-degree burns.


title: Hawkman

text: The Nth metal also regulates the body temperature of the wearer, preventing the need for heavy protective clothing while in high altitudes. It also has the property of radiating heat, which can be controlled to warm the wearer in colder climates.


title: Hawkman

text: Hawkman was ranked as the 118th-greatest comic book character of all time by "Wizard" magazine. IGN also ranked Hawkman as the 56th-greatest comic book hero of all time, stating that the best part of Hawkman is his incredibly short fuse. IGN also described him as a complete and total badass.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The Marquesas Islands (; or ' or '; Marquesan: ' (North Marquesan) and ' (South Marquesan), both meaning "the land of men") are a group of volcanic islands in French Polynesia, an overseas collectivity of France in the southern Pacific Ocean. Their highest point is the peak of Mount Oave () on Ua Pou island, at 1,230 m (4,035 ft) above sea level.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: Archaeological research suggests the islands were colonized in the 10th century AD by voyagers from West Polynesia. Over the centuries that followed, the islands have maintained a "remarkably uniform culture, biology and language". The Marquesas were named after the 16th century Spanish Viceroy of Peru, the Marquis of Cañete () by navigator , who visited them in 1595.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The Marquesas Islands constitute one of the five administrative divisions ("") of French Polynesia. The capital of the Marquesas Islands' administrative subdivision is the town of Taiohae, on the island of Nuku Hiva. The population of the Marquesas Islands was 9,346 inhabitants at the time of the August 2017 census.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The Marquesas Islands group is one of the most remote in the world. It lies about 852 mi (1,370 km) northeast of Tahiti and about 3,000 mi (4,800 km) west of Mexico (the nearest continental land mass). It is thought to have been formed by a centre of upwelling magma, called the Marquesas hotspot. The islands in the group fall naturally into two geographical divisions. One is the northern group, consisting of Eiao, Hatutu (Hatutaa), Motu One, and the islands surrounding the large island of Nuku Hiva: Motu Iti, also called Hatu Iti; Ua Pou; Motu Oa; and Ua Huka). The other is the southern group, consisting of Fatu Uku, Tahuata, Moho Tani (Motane), Terihi, Fatu Hiva, and Motu Nao (also called Thomasset Rock), which are clustered around the main island of Hiva Oa.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The Marquesas are among the largest island groups in French Polynesia. Their combined land area is . One of the islands in the group, Nuku Hiva, is the second-largest island in the entire territory (after Tahiti). With the exception of Motu One, all the islands of the Marquesas are of volcanic origin.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: Although Polynesia tends to be associated with images of lush tropical vegetation, and the Marquesas lie within the tropics, they are remarkably dry. That is because they constitute the first major break for the prevailing easterly winds that arise from the (atmospherically) dry Humboldt Current. This subjects the Marquesas to frequent drought conditions. Only those islands that reach highest into the clouds (generally, higher than 750 m / 2,500  ft above sea level) reliably have periods of precipitation. These conditions have historically led to periodic fluctuations in the availability of fresh water. Periodic lack of water has made human habitation only intermittently sustainable in certain parts of the various islands throughout the archipelago. For example, Ua Huka Island (maximum elevation 857 m m / 2,812 ft.) has a history of low population levels, and Eiao Island (maximum elevation 576 m m / 1,890 ft.) has been intermittently uninhabited.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: There are also a number of seamounts or shoals, located primarily in the area of the northern Marquesas. Among these are:


title: Marquesas Islands

text: Most of the Marquesas Islands are of volcanic origin, created by the Marquesas hotspot that underlies the Pacific Plate. The Marquesas Islands lie above a submarine volcanic plateau of the same name. The plateau, like the islands, is generally believed to be less than 5 million years old, though one hypothesis is that the plateau (not the islands) is significantly older, and has been formed by forces similar to those that have formed the Inca Plateau, which is subducting under northern Peru.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The Marquesas islands are estimated to range in age from 1.3 million years old (Fatu Hiva) to 6 million years old (Eiao). All of them except Motu One are high islands. Motu One is a low island, consisting of a small sand bank on a coral reef, the only atoll in the Marquesas Islands. Unlike most French Polynesian islands, the Marquesas islands (other than Motu One) are not surrounded by protective fringing reefs. In those islands, coral is found only in bays and other protected areas, or, in the case of Fatu Huku, in an unusual place: in fossilized form at the top of the island. The South Equatorial Current lashes all these islands fiercely; its force has carved sea-caves that dot their shores. Although the islands have valleys that empty into small bays, they are remarkable for their mountain ridges, which end abruptly in cliffs at the edge of the sea.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: Temperatures in the Marquesas are stable all year round. Precipitation is highly variable: greater in the northern and eastern (windward) coastal areas and mountains, averaging annually; much lower in the western (leeward) areas. Average annual precipitation in the "desert" region of Nuku Hiva is only . Droughts are frequent, sometimes lasting several years, and seem to be associated with the phenomenon. The typical variability of the sea-level climate in the Marquesas is well illustrated by measurements made at the Atuona weather station on Hiva Oa: The highest recorded annual rainfall there is ; the lowest is .


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The first recorded settlers of the Marquesas were Polynesians who arrived from West Polynesia. Early attempts to carbon-date evidence from the site suggested they arrived before 100 AD, with other estimates proposing settlement from 600 AD, but several more recent independent studies suggest that they arrived more recently.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: For example, a 2010 study that applied higher-precision radiocarbon dating methods to more reliable samples suggests that the earliest colonisation of eastern Polynesia took place much later, within a shorter time period, and in two waves: The first was a migration into the Society Islands between about 1025 and 1120 AD (four centuries later than had previously been thought); the second, between 70 and 265 years later, was a dispersal of migrants to all the remaining Marquesas islands between about 1190 and 1290 AD. This relatively rapid colonisation is believed to account for the "remarkable uniformity of East Polynesian culture, biology and language".


title: Marquesas Islands

text: A different study, published in 2014, suggested that the date of first settlement in the Marquesas was somewhat earlier: between around 900 and 1000 AD.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The richness of the natural resources in the islands has historically supported a large population. The inhabitants historically made a living by fishing, collecting shellfish, hunting birds, and gardening. They relied heavily on breadfruit but raised at least 32 other introduced crops. Hard evidence of significant pre-European interarchipelago trade has been found in basalt from the Marquesan quarry island of Eiao. It is known to have been distributed via sailing canoes over distances of more than 2500 km to provide adze heads to Mo'orea (Society Islands), Mangareva (Gambier Islands), Tubuai (Austral Islands), Rarotonga (Cook Islands), and Tabuaeran (Northern Line Islands).


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The first Europeans to reach the Marquesas may have been the crew members aboard the "San Lesmes", a Spanish vessel that disappeared in a storm in June 1526; it was part of an expedition headed by García Jofre de Loaísa. The Spanish explorer reached them nearly 70 years later, on 21 July 1595. He named the islands after his patron, , 5th Marquis of (), who served as Viceroy of Peru from 1590 to 1596. Mendaña visited first Fatu Hiva and then Tahuata before continuing on to the Solomon Islands. His expedition charted the four southernmost Marquesas as ' (Fatu Hiva), ' (Hiva Oa), ' (Moho Tani), and ' (Tahuata).


title: Marquesas Islands

text: In the late 18th century, European explorers estimated that the population was 80,000 to 100,000. Europeans and Americans were impressed with how easy life appeared to be in the islands, which had a rich habitat and environment. In 1791, the American maritime fur trader Joseph Ingraham first visited the northern Marquesas while commanding the brig . He named them the Washington Islands. In 1813, Commodore David Porter claimed Nuku Hiva for the United States, but the United States Congress never ratified that claim. For a brief period the islands exported sandalwood, however the resource was depleted within four years.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: The islands were a popular port of call for whaling ships in the Age of Sail. The first on record to visit was the "Hope", in April 1791. The last known such visitor was the American whaler "Alaska" in February 1907.


title: Marquesas Islands

text: In 1842, France conducted a successful military operation in support of the native chief Iotete's claim that he was king of the whole island of Tahuata. The French government then laid claim to the whole island group and established a settlement on Nuku Hiva. That settlement was abandoned in 1857, but France re-established control over the group in 1870. It later incorporated the Marquesas into French Polynesia.