title: Dicycloverine

text: In 1994 the US Federal Trade Commission ordered Marion Merrell Dow, which had recently acquired Rugby Darby, the only generic manufacturer of dicycloverine in the US, to promise to grant licenses to its intellectual property on the drug to any company that wanted it, based on antitrust concerns. The US market for the drug at that time was around $8 million; Dow had 60% of it and Rugby had 40%. The next year, Hoechst Marion Roussel, which by that time had acquired the business, granted a license to Endo Pharmaceuticals. By 2000 several other generic competitors had started selling the drug. The case was part of the reshaping of the US pharmaceutical market that occurred in the 1990s, to favor generic entry.


title: Dicycloverine

text: Although rarely, there have been reports of dicycloverine abuse. Dicycloverine is an antagonist at sigma-1 and 5-HT2A receptor sites, though its affinities for these targets are roughly one-fifth to one-tenth as strong as its affinities for CHRM1 and CHRM4 (its clinical targets). It is also a relatively non-polar tertiary amine, able to cross the blood-brain barrier, leading to delirium at high concentrations. journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists,journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists, journal = Journal of Young Pharmacists


title: Douglas fir

text: The Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii) is an evergreen conifer species in the pine family, Pinaceae. It is native to western North America and is also known as Douglas-fir, Douglas spruce, Oregon pine, and Columbian pine. There are three varieties: coast Douglas-fir ("P. menziesii" var. "menziesii"), Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir ("P. menziesii" var. "glauca") and Mexican Douglas-fir ("P. menziesii" var. "lindleyana").


title: Douglas fir

text: Despite its common names, it is not a true fir (genus "Abies"), spruce (genus "Picea"), or pine (genus "Pinus"). It is also not a hemlock; the genus name "Pseudotsuga" means "false hemlock".


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas-firs are medium-size to extremely large evergreen trees, tall (although only "Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii", common name coast Douglas-firs, reach heights near 100 m) and commonly reach in diameter, although trees with diameters of almost exist. The largest coast Douglas-firs regularly live over 500 years, with the oldest specimens living for over 1,300 years. Rocky Mountain Douglas-firs, found further to the east, are less long-lived, usually not exceeding 400 years in age.


title: Douglas fir

text: There are records of former coast Douglas-firs exceeding in height, which if alive today would make it the tallest tree species on Earth. Some particular specimens that exceeded 400 feet tall were the Lynn Valley Tree and the Nooksack Giant.


title: Douglas fir

text: The leaves are flat, soft, linear needles long, generally resembling those of the firs, occurring singly rather than in fascicles; they completely encircle the branches, which can be useful in recognizing the species. As the trees grow taller in denser forest, they lose their lower branches, such that the foliage may start as high as off the ground. Douglas-firs in environments with more light may have branches much closer to the ground.


title: Douglas fir

text: The bark on young trees is thin, smooth, grey, and contains numerous resin blisters. On mature trees, usually exceeding 80 years, it is very thick and corky, growing up to thick with distinctive, deep vertical fissures caused by growth. Layers of darker brown bark are interspersed with layers of lighter colored, corky material. This thickness makes the Douglas-fir perhaps the most fire-resistant tree native to the Pacific Northwest.


title: Douglas fir

text: The female cones are pendulous, with persistent scales, unlike those of true firs. They have distinctive long, trifid (three-pointed) bracts which protrude prominently above each scale and are said to resemble the back half of a mouse, with two feet and a tail. The cones are tan when mature, measuring long for coastal Douglas-firs and a couple of centimetres shorter inland.


title: Douglas fir

text: The massive mega-genome of Douglas fir was sequenced in 2017 by the large PineRefSeq consortium, revealing a specialized photosynthetic apparatus in the light-harvesting complex genes.


title: Douglas fir

text: The common name honors David Douglas, a Scottish botanist and collector who first reported the extraordinary nature and potential of the species. The common name is misleading since it is not a true fir, i.e., not a member of the genus "Abies". For this reason, the name is often written as Douglas-fir (a name also used for the genus "Pseudotsuga" as a whole).


title: Douglas fir

text: The specific epithet "menziesii" is after Archibald Menzies, a Scottish physician and rival naturalist to David Douglas. Menzies first documented the tree on Vancouver Island in 1791. Colloquially, the species is also known simply as Doug fir or Douglas pine (although the latter common name may also refer to "Pinus douglasiana"). Other names for this tree have included Oregon pine, British Columbian pine, Puget Sound pine, Douglas spruce, false hemlock, red fir, or red pine (although again red pine may refer to a different tree species, "Pinus resinosa", and red fir may refer to "Abies magnifica").


title: Douglas fir

text: One Coast Salish name for the tree, used in the Halkomelem language, is . In the Lushootseed language, the tree is called .


title: Douglas fir

text: "Pseudotsuga menziesii" var. "menziesii", the coast Douglas-fir, grows in the coastal regions from west-central British Columbia southward to central California. In Oregon and Washington, its range is continuous from the eastern edge of the Cascades west to the Pacific Coast Ranges and Pacific Ocean. In California, it is found in the Klamath and California Coast Ranges as far south as the Santa Lucia Range, with a small stand as far south as the Purisima Hills in Santa Barbara County. One of the last remaining old growth stands of conifers is in the Mattole Watershed, and is under threat of logging. In the Sierra Nevada, it ranges as far south as the Yosemite region. It occurs from sea level along the coast to elevations of or higher, and inland in some cases up to .


title: Douglas fir

text: Another variety exists further inland, "Pseudotsuga menziesii" var. "glauca", the Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir or interior Douglas-fir. Interior Douglas-fir intergrades with coast Douglas-fir in the Cascades of northern Washington and southern British Columbia, and from there ranges northward to central British Columbia and southeastward to the Mexican border, becoming increasingly disjunct as latitude decreases and altitude increases. Mexican Douglas-fir ("P. lindleyana"), which ranges as far south as Oaxaca, is often considered a variety of "P. menziesii".


title: Douglas fir

text: Fossils (wood, pollen) of "Pseudotsuga" are recorded from the Miocene and Pliocene of Europe (Siebengebirge, Gleiwitz, Austria).


title: Douglas fir

text: It is also naturalised throughout Europe, Argentina and Chile (called "Pino Oregón"). In New Zealand it is considered to be an invasive species, called a wilding conifer, and is subject to control measures. But is also one of the most common lumber trees used in forestry alongside Radiata pine with large plantations throughout the country. The species was introduced in the 1900s for its wood.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas-fir prefers acidic or neutral soils. However, it exhibits considerable morphological plasticity, and on drier sites "P. menziesii" var. "menziesii" will generate deeper taproots. "Pseudotsuga menziesii" var. "glauca" exhibits even greater plasticity, occurring in stands of interior temperate rainforest in British Columbia, as well as at the edge of semi-arid sagebrush steppe throughout much of its range, where it generates even deeper taproots still.


title: Douglas fir

text: The coast Douglas-fir variety is the dominant tree west of the Cascade Mountains in the Pacific Northwest. It occurs in nearly all forest types and competes well on most parent materials, aspects, and slopes. Adapted to a more moist, mild climate than the interior subspecies, it grows larger and faster than Rocky Mountain Douglas-fir. Associated trees include western hemlock, Sitka spruce, sugar pine, western white pine, ponderosa pine, grand fir, coast redwood, western redcedar, California incense-cedar, Lawson's cypress, tanoak, bigleaf maple and several others. Pure stands are also common, particularly north of the Umpqua River in Oregon. It is most dominant in areas with a more frequent fire regime that suppresses less fire-resistant conifers.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas-fir seeds are an extremely important food source for small mammals such as moles, shrews, and chipmunks, which consume an estimated 65% of each annual seed crop. The Douglas squirrel harvests and hoards great quantities of Douglas-fir cones, and also consumes mature pollen cones, the inner bark, terminal shoots, and developing young needles.


title: Douglas fir

text: Mature or "old-growth" Douglas-fir forest is the primary habitat of the red tree vole ("Arborimus longicaudus") and the spotted owl ("Strix occidentalis"). Home range requirements for breeding pairs of spotted owls are at least 400 ha () of old growth. Red tree voles may also be found in immature forests if Douglas-fir is a significant component. The red vole nests almost exclusively in the foliage of the trees, typically above the ground, and its diet consists chiefly of Douglas-fir needles.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas-fir needles are generally poor browse for ungulates, although in the winter when other food sources are lacking it can become important, and black-tailed deer browse new seedlings and saplings in spring and summer. The spring diet of the blue grouse features Douglas-fir needles prominently.


title: Douglas fir

text: The leaves are also used by the woolly conifer aphid "Adelges cooleyi"; this 0.5 mm-long sap-sucking insect is conspicuous on the undersides of the leaves by the small white "fluff spots" of protective wax that it produces. It is often present in large numbers, and can cause the foliage to turn yellowish from the damage it causes. Exceptionally, trees may be partially defoliated by it, but the damage is rarely this severe. Among Lepidoptera, apart from some that feed on "Pseudotsuga" in general, the gelechiid moths "Chionodes abella" and "C. periculella" as well as the cone scale-eating tortrix moth "Cydia illutana" have been recorded specifically on "P. menziesii".


title: Douglas fir

text: Poriol is a flavanone, a type of flavonoid, produced by "P. menziesii" in reaction to infection by "Poria weirii".


title: Douglas fir

text: A parasitic plant which uses "P. menziesii" is the Douglas-fir dwarf mistletoe ("Arceuthobium douglasii"). Epiphytes such as crustose lichens and mosses are common sights on Douglas-firs. As it is only moderately shade tolerant, undisturbed Douglas-fir stands in humid areas will eventually give way to later successional, more shade-tolerant associates such as the western redcedar and western hemlock—though this process may take a thousand years or more. It is more shade tolerant than some associated fire-dependent species, such as western larch and ponderosa pine, and often replaces these species further inland.


title: Douglas fir

text: Fungal diseases such as laminated root rot and shoestring root-rot can cause significant damage, and in plantation settings dominated by Douglas-fir monocultures may cause extreme damage to vast swathes of trees. Interplanting with resistant or nonhost species such as western redcedar and beaked hazelnut can reduce this risk. Other threats to Douglas-fir include red ring rot and the Douglas-fir beetle.


title: Douglas fir

text: Many different Native American groups used the bark, resin, and pine needles to make herbal treatments for various diseases. British Columbia's Bella Coola tribe mixed the resin with dogfish oil for many medicinal applications. Some tribes used the foliage as a hygienic freshener in sweat baths, and the leaves were used as a coffee substitute.


title: Douglas fir

text: Native Hawaiians built "waʻa kaulua" (double-hulled canoes) from coast Douglas-fir logs that had drifted ashore. The wood has historically been favored as firewood, especially from the coastal variety. In addition early settlers used Douglas fir for all forms of building construction, including floors, beams, and fine carving. Even today much of the Northwest chain saw art is completed on Douglas fir logs. The structures built from fir have lasted 150 years and more.


title: Douglas fir

text: The species is extensively used in forestry management as a plantation tree for softwood timber. Douglas-fir is one of the world's best timber-producing species and yields more timber than any other species in North America, making the forestlands of western Oregon, Washington, and British Columbia the most productive on the continent. In 2011, Douglas-fir represented 34.2% of US lumber exports, to a total of 1.053 billion board-feet.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas fir timber is used for timber frame construction and timber trusses using traditional joinery, veneer, and flooring due to its strength, hardness and durability.


title: Douglas fir

text: As of 2012, the only wooden ships still currently in use by the U.S. Navy are Avenger-class minesweepers, made of Douglas-fir.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas fir sees wide use in heavy timber structures, as its wood is strong, available in a number of specifications including kiln dried and grade stamped, and can be supplied in very long lengths to 60 feet. West coast mills are sophisticated in their processing of timbers, making lead times predictable and availability reliable. Paints adhere well to Douglas fir. Stains perform well on Douglas fir timbers with the mild caution that the natural color of this species varies and care must be taken to ensure uniformity of color. Pitch pockets that may ooze resin can be present in timbers that have not been kiln dried. Because of the timber sizes available, stamped timber grading, and relatively short lead times, Douglas fir sees wide use in both public and residential projects.


title: Douglas fir

text: It has been commonly used as a Christmas tree since the 1920s, and the trees are typically grown on plantations. Douglas Fir is also becoming a popular species to use in the art of bonsai.


title: Douglas fir

text: Douglas-fir pine leaves can be used to make pine needle tea. They possess a tangy citrus flavor and may serve in some recipes as a wild substitute for rosemary.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station (HPC) is a two-unit, 3,200MWe EPR nuclear power station under construction in Somerset, England.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The site was one of eight announced by the British government in 2010, and in November 2012 a nuclear site licence was granted. On 28 July 2016, the EDF board approved the project, and on 15 September 2016 the UK government approved the project with some safeguards for the investment. The project is financed by EDF Energy and China General Nuclear Power Group (CGN).


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Since construction began in March 2017, the project has been subject to several delays, including some caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, and this has resulted in significant budget overruns. , the project is two years late and the expected cost is £2526billion, 50% more than the original budget from 2016. It is currently planned to be commissioned in June 2027 and has a projected lifetime of 60 years.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In January 2008, a UK government white paper announced support for a new generation of nuclear power stations to be built. Hinkley Point C, in conjunction with Sizewell C, was expected to contribute 13% of UK electricity by the early 2020s. Areva, the EPR's designer, initially estimated that electricity could be produced at the competitive price of £24 per MWh.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: EDF, which is 85% owned by the French government, purchased British Energy for £12.4billion in a deal that was finalised in February 2009, with the nuclear generation business becoming part of EDF Energy. This deal was part of a joint venture with UK utility Centrica, who acquired a 20% stake in EDF Energy Nuclear Generation Ltd as well as the option to participate in EDF Energy's UK new nuclear build programme.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In September 2008, EDF, the new owners of Hinkley Point B, announced plans to build a third, twin-unit European Pressurised Reactor (as the EPR was then called) reactor at Hinkley Point,


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: to join Hinkley Point A (Magnox), which is now closed and being decommissioned, and the Hinkley Point B (AGR), which has a closure date for accounting purposes of 2023.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 18 October 2010, the British government announced that Hinkley Point– already the site of the disused Hinkley Point A and the then still operational Hinkley Point B power stations– was one of the eight sites it considered suitable for future nuclear power stations. NNB Generation Company, a subsidiary of EDF, submitted an application for a Development Consent Order to the Infrastructure Planning Commission on 31 October 2011.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In February 2013, Centrica withdrew from the new nuclear construction programme, citing building costs that were higher than it had anticipated and a longer construction timescale caused by modifications added after the Fukushima disaster.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The Development Consent Order was published was published in March 2013. That same month, a group of MPs and academics, concerned that the 'talks lack the necessary democratic accountability, fiscal and regulatory checks and balances', called for the National Audit Office to conduct a detailed review of the negotiations between the Department of Energy and Climate Change and EDF.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In October 2013, the government announced that it had agreed a contract for difference for the electricity production of Hinkley Point C with a strike price of £89.50 per MWh, with the plant expected to be completed in 2023 and remain operational for 60 years.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In December 2013, the European Commission opened an investigation to assess whether the project complies with state aid rules with reports suggesting the UK government's plan may well constitute illegal state aid. Joaquín Almunia, the EU Competition Commissioner, referred to the plans as "a complex measure of an unprecedented nature and scale" and said that the European Commission is "not under any legal time pressure to complete the investigation". In January 2014, an initial critical decision was published, indicating that the UK government's plan may well constitute illegal state aid, requiring a formal state aid investigation examining the subsidies. David Howarth, a former Liberal Democrat MP, doubted "whether this is a valid contract at all" under EU and English law. Franz Leidenmuhler (University of Linz, a specialist in EU state aid cases and European competition law), wrote that "a rejection is nearly unavoidable. The Statement of the Commission in its first findings of 18 December 2013, is too clear. I do not think that some conditions could change that clear result." Though given that, ten months later the European Commission approved the financing.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In March 2014, the Court of Appeal allowed An Taisce, the National Trust for Ireland, to challenge the legality of the decision by the Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change to grant development consent. An Taisce lawyers say there was a failure to undertake "transboundary consultation" as required by the European Commission's Environmental Impact Assessment Directive. Lord Justice Sullivan said that though "he did not venture that it had a real prospect of success, it was desirable that the court should give a definitive view as to whether there should be a reference to the Court of Justice of the European Union and, if not, on the meaning of the Directive". In July 2014 the Court of Appeal rejected An Taisce's application on the basis 'that severe nuclear accidents were very unlikely... no matter how low the threshold for a "likely" significant effect on the environment... the likelihood of a nuclear accident was so low that it could be ruled out even applying the stricter Waddenzee approach'


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The UN, under the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, ordered the Department for Communities and Local Government to send a delegation to face the committee in December 2014, on the "profound suspicion" that the UK failed to properly consult neighbouring countries.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In September 2014, news leaked that "discussions with the UK authorities have led to an agreement. On this basis, vice-president Almunia will propose to the college of commissioners to take a positive decision in this case. In principle a decision should be taken within this mandate" with a final decision expected in October 2014.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 8 October 2014, it was announced that the European Commission had approved the project, with only four commissioners voting against the decision. The European Commission adjusted the "gain-share mechanism" whereby higher profits are shared with UK taxpayers.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In June 2015, the Austrian government filed a legal complaint with the European Commission on the subject of the state subsidies. In September 2020, the court confirmed the aid approved by the commission.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In September 2015, EDF admitted that the project would not be completed by 2023, with an announcement on the final investment decision expected in October 2015. Earlier plans to announce Areva and 'other investors' were dropped: "in order to have speed, in the first phase EDF and the Chinese will be the investors". A report by the IEA and NEA suggests privatization as one of the causes for British nuclear power being more expensive than nuclear power in other countries.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In February 2016, EDF again delayed a final investment decision on the project, disclosing that the financial agreement with CGN was yet to be confirmed. EDF, which had recently reported a 68% fall in net profit, was still looking at how it would finance its share of the project. With EDF's share price having halved over the preceding year, the cost of the Hinkley Point C project now exceeded the entire market capitalisation of EDF. EDF stated that "first concrete", the start of actual construction, was not planned to begin until 2019.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In June 2016, EDF executives and managers told MPs that the Hinkley Point C proposal should be postponed until it had "solved a litany of problems", including EDF's "soaring debts". EDF said it would delay a final investment decision until September 2016.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 28 July 2016, the EDF board approved the project when 10 out of 17 directors voted yes on the final investment decision. Gérard Magnin, a director of EDF who was opposed to the project, resigned before the vote. On the same day, the Secretary of State for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy Greg Clark announced that the government would delay its decision until the autumn of 2016 to "consider carefully all the component parts of this project", including Britain's national security.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 8 August 2016, Liu Xiaoming, China's ambassador to Britain, wrote that the UK risked major power shortages by 2025, the Hinkley Point C project is ready to go ahead, the 'UK could not have a better partner than the China General Nuclear Power Corporation', and 'the China-UK relationship is at a crucial historical juncture'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In August 2016, it was reported that 'civil servants are looking to see if there is any loophole, clause or issue in contracts yet to be signed that allow the Government to pull back without huge loss and while also saving face', that Beijing 'will resist any compromise on the deal', and that one option under consideration is to approve Hinkley Point C but delay a decision on the Bradwell reactor. In September 2016, the UK government announced after its review "significant new safeguards".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In February 2017, the UN, under the Convention on Environmental Impact Assessment in a Transboundary Context, 'said the UK should consider refraining from further works' until it has heard back from other countries on whether it would be helpful for them to be formally notified under a treaty on transboundary environmental impacts.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In July 2017, the estimated construction cost had climbed in two years to £19.6billion and was revised to £20.3billion accounting for the fifteen months estimated delay cost, with a start date of between 2025 and 2027.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In January 2021, the estimated construction cost was revised to £2223 billion, with expected start date of June 2026.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In May 2022, another year of delay and further cost rises were announced, bringing the total to an estimated £2526billion. In July 2022, EDF warned there was a possibility of further delay to September 2028.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Early enabling works started in July 2008, with the construction of a car park for a ground investigation programme.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2012, EDF purchased the site of the Manor of Sydenham near Bridgwater which had previously been used as a factory site by British Cellophane, including the Grade II listed 16th century building.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2014, 400staff undertook initial preparation and construction work. This work included access roads and roundabouts for increased construction traffic, park and ride schemes for the site workers, and a new roundabout for the village of Cannington. Further plans include the construction of a sea wall and a jetty for ships to deliver sand, aggregate and cement for concrete production.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2015, the factory site was razed to the ground for construction of temporary accommodation for 1,000 workers.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Since 2016, the construction site for Hinkley Point C has had its own bus company, Somerset Passenger Solutions (SPS), a joint venture between FirstGroup's The Buses of Somerset division and the Southern National bus company. SPS hold a contract to transport construction workers on a number of routes to, from and around the Hinkley Point C site until 2025, using up to 160 buses at the peak of construction. In September 2016, the BBC reported that if construction were to start now, the plant could become operational by 2025.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In March 2017, EDF, after the Office for Nuclear Regulation (ONR) gave approval to start building, the building of the first parts of the plant proper began with a network of tunnels to carry cabling and piping. Work was also under way on a jetty to land building materials, a seawall, and accommodation blocks.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In January 2018 EDF said that they were on track to start generating electricity by 2025 and that they planned to start constructing above-ground structures for the power station by June 2019.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The approximate concrete pour for the first reactor started on 11 December 2018. It was completed over a 30-hour period, creating the first part of the unit one 4,500 metric ton base, a platform thick. The reactor building will be built on the (to be completed) platform. This construction start marks the first new reactor build in the UK after a 30-year break, and the second PWR in the UK, after Sizewell B.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Construction utilises the world's largest crane, the Sarens SGC-250 double ring crane, which is responsible for lifting Hinkley Point C's heaviest components. More than 600 heavy fabrications, including the five major parts of each unit's steel containment liner and dome, are positioned by the SGC-250. The crane, named "Big Carl", was delivered in modular form, consisting of over 400 deliveries.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In November 2012, it was announced that the UK's ONR had awarded a nuclear site licence to NNB Generation Company, a subsidiary created by EDF Energy. This was the first nuclear site licence awarded for a nuclear power station in the UK since 1987, when one was granted for the construction of Sizewell B in Suffolk.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In March 2013, three environmental permits setting levels for emissions from the proposed power station were granted and planning consent was given, but agreement on electricity pricing was still required before building could start.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Through 2013, the operator was in negotiations with the Department of Energy and Climate Change and other government agencies. A major sticking point was a demand by EDF Energy for a guaranteed price for the electricity to be produced, which was about twice the current UK electricity rates. The project is part of the UK's plans to implement a 50% cut in greenhouse gas emissions by the mid-2020s, which provides for building Hinkley Point C and several other nuclear power plants. By 2013, the operator had invested about £1billion in site preparation and other start-up costs. If built, the plant will meet about 7% of the UK's electricity needs.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2013, Welsh ministers granted permission for EDF to dispose of construction sediment off Cardiff Bay. EDF have said the work 'is not harmful to humans or the environment' but marine pollution expert Tim Deere Jones claims the mud 'could expose people to radioactivity'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In October 2013, the government announced that it had approved the agreement of a "strike price" for the plant's electricity, a major condition for its construction.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In September 2016, the government confirmed it would give EDF a contract for difference for power from the project, imposing significant new safeguards for future foreign investment in critical infrastructure.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 28 March 2017, the ONR granted its first consent to begin construction of the Hinkley Point C nuclear power plant. The consent covers the placement of the structural concrete for the first nuclear safety-related structure.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 15 March 2019, the Environment Agency invited comments on an environmental permit application from NNB Generation Company (HPC) Limited for Hinkley Point C Power Station, with a closing date of 26 July 2019.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: EDF has negotiated a guaranteed fixed price– a "strike price" – for electricity from Hinkley Point C under a government sanctioned Contract for difference(CfD). The price is £92.50/MWh (in 2012 prices), which will be adjusted (linked to inflation – £106/MWh in 2021) during the construction period and over the subsequent 35 years tariff period. The base strike price could fall to £89.50/MWh if a new plant at Sizewell is also approved. High consumer prices for energy will hit the poorest consumers hardest according to the Public Accounts Committee.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2022, EDF sought to change the contract to maintain the 35 years tariff period should full operation start after May 2029, which triggers the start of the period regardless of operation status. EDF argued the COVID-19 crisis was a force majeure event, justifying the change.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In July 2016, the National Audit Office estimated that due to falling energy costs, the additional cost to consumers of 'future top-up payments under the proposed CfD for Hinkley Point C had increased from £6.1billion in October 2013, when the strike price was agreed, to £29.7billion'. In July 2017, this estimate rose to £50billion, or 'more than eight times the 2013 estimate'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Research carried out by Imperial College Business School argues that no new nuclear power plants would be built in the UK without government intervention. Some pro-nuclear groups have also said that the 'strike price of Hinkley Point C is too high'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In December 2013, Jim Ratcliffe, the chairman and CEO of Ineos said he had recently agreed to purchase nuclear power in France at £37.94 (€45) per MWh and warned of the Hinkley Point C project: "Forget it. Nobody in manufacturing is going to go near £95 per MWh". Also in December 2013, the chairman of Voimaosakeyhtiö SF described the Hinkley Point C "strike price" as 'very high', saying 'subsidies will drive prices up, as everyone will try to get as high a price as possible. Fennovoima (Hanhikivi) will be built without any subsidies, now or ever'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: A 2014 Agora Energiewende study found that new wind and solar generation is up to 50% cheaper than new nuclear, based on what they described as a conservative comparison of current feed-in tariffs in Germany with the agreed strike price for Hinkley Point C. The study does not actually compare UK strike prices for wind and solar energy sources with the proposed UK strike price for nuclear energy, and it ignores a number of external and integration costs, including all costs of grid upgrades expected for wind, solar, and gas sources, and for wind and solar specifically, both the expected future reductions in cost for these sources and most of the increased integration costs for variable energy resources.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2016, Third Generation Environmentalism (E3G) proposed five ways that the UK could be powered at lower cost to the consumers than by Hinkley Point C:


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In August 2016, CEO Henrik Poulsen of DONG Energy argued that the UK's future energy needs can be covered with accelerated construction of cheaper offshore wind farms instead of Hinkley Point C. Poulsen stated that wind farms could currently undercut Hinkley Point C's strike price with £85/MWh, while others in the industry believe that by the mid-2020s the electricity price from offshore wind farms would reach £80/MWh. On 10 August 2016, Ambrose Evans-Pritchard of the "Daily Telegraph" wrote that, with growth in energy storage there is little point in construction of baseload power plants such as Hinkley Point C and alleged that "nuclear reactors cannot be switched on and off as need demands" (see also Load following power plant#Nuclear power plants).


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 26 August 2016, the Energy and Climate Intelligence Unit released a report on alternatives to Hinkley Point C. It found that a mixture of established approaches including wind farms, cables connecting the UK grid with other countries and gas-fired power stations, together with measures to manage demand, would save the UK around £1billion per year while keeping the lights on and meeting climate targets.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 12 October 2017, "The Guardian" reported that researchers informed MPs that the UK government was using the expensive Hinkley Point C project to cross-subsidise the UK military's nuclear-related activity by maintaining nuclear skills. The researchers from the University of Sussex, Prof. Andy Stirling and Dr. Phil Johnstone, stated that the costs of the Trident nuclear submarine programme would be prohibitive without "an effective subsidy from electricity consumers to military nuclear infrastructure".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2020, EDF announced that the project had resulted in the creation of 10,300 jobs, £1.67billion spent with companies in the region, and £119million of community investments.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: One analyst at Liberium Capital described the strike price as 'economically insane' in October 2013: "as far as we can see this makes Hinkley Point the most expensive power station in the world... on a leveraged basis we expect EDF to earn a Return on Equity (ROE) well in excess of 20% and possibly as high as 35%". "Having considered the known terms of the deal, we are flabbergasted that the UK Government has committed future generations of consumers to the costs that will flow from this deal".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: According to the UK CfD (Contracts for Difference) register the strike price for Hinkley point C is lower than all offshore wind and Biomass contracts in that allocation period.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The cost of offshore wind did not fall below that of Hinkley Point C until 2021 https://www.lowcarboncontracts.uk/cfd-register/


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: According to a March 2014 report by Policy Connect, ROE could be between around 19 and 21%, with "broadly two possible reasons...firstly, the risks faced by EDF could genuinely be greater, therefore commanding a higher rate of return. Alternatively, or in addition, the negotiating process may not have been effective in driving down the expected rate of return relative to risk. A lack of competition in the negotiating process could have been influential here. The European Commission has questioned the likelihood of the first of these explanations, in light of what is already known about the allocation of risk".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: A European Commission decision on 8 October 2014, adjusted the "gain-share mechanism" whereby higher profits are shared with UK taxpayers. Rather than a 50-50 profit share if the project returned above 15%, the revised "gain share mechanism" will see the UK taxpayer get 60 percent of any profits above a 13.5% return.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: According to Dieter Helm, professor of Energy Policy at the University of Oxford, "Hinkley Point C would have been roughly half the cost if the government had been borrowing the money to build it at 2%, rather than EDF's cost of capital, which was 9%."


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In July 2017, EDF said that "if the £2.2billion cost increase came to pass, its rate of return on the project would drop from 9% to 8.2%". In September 2019, "The Guardian" reported that the additional cost increase in 2019 would bring EDF Energy's internal rate of return "down to between 7.6% and 7.8%".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: The construction cost was given by EDF as £16billion in 2012, updated to £18billion in 2015, and to between £19.6billion and £20.3billion in July 2017. The European Commission has previously estimated £24.5billion, including financing costs during construction. Financing for the project will be provided "by the mainly [French] state-owned EDF [and Chinese] state-owned CGN will pay £6billion for one third of it". EDF 'might sell another 15% stake in the project'. In September 2015, George Osborne announced a further £2billion UK government guarantee for financing of the project. In May 2016, a senior official at China National Nuclear Corporation (CNNC) said 'the final proposal is for the Chinese to take a 33.5% stake in the project. But this will be a combination of CGN and CNNC. We haven't yet decided what percentage we are going to invest'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In February 2016, Jean Bernard Lévy, EDF Chief Executive, confirmed a 68% drop in net profits and cut in dividend, saying that a final investment decision on the project would follow 'when all this is fully organised'. Also in February 2016, another source said 'the question of the funding is far from being resolved, EDF and the French state would need to sell assets under good conditions and in a short period of time, which seems quite complex at the moment considering EDF's share price'. In March 2016, Thomas Piquemal, EDF's Chief Financial Officer resigned after 'saying the company should wait another three years before making the final investment decision on the project' where Jean Bernard Lévy disagreed 'saying he wanted it to happen as early as next month'. In March 2016, Jean Bernard Lévy wrote to EDF staff that he was in talks to 'obtain commitments from the state to help secure our financial position' and would 'not engage in the [Hinkley Point] project before these conditions are met'. In March 2016, Emmanuel Macron, the French Minister of Economy, Industry and Digital Affairs said that a final investment decision would not be made until May 2016. On 25 April 2016, EDF announced plans to sell €4bn of new shares to 'help it finance the building of the Hinkley Point nuclear plant' with the French government subscribing €3bn of these shares 'as well as taking a scrip dividend option for 2016 and 2017'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In December 2016, The Economist reported that the British loan guarantees require the EPR reactor Flamanville 3 to be operational by 2020, that the regulator will rule on the future of the Flamanville reactor mid-2017 and that one possible outcome of this ruling can delay its opening far beyond 2018, thus jeopardizing the British loan guarantees thereby preventing EDF from building the EPRs at Hinkley Point.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2020, the French financial markets authority, Autorité des marchés financiers (AMF), levied a €5million fine on EDF for misleading investors about the cost of the Hinkley Point C in 2014. EDF had claimed in an October 2014 press release that the UK government agreement was unchanged from 2013, when there had been significant changes to the financing plan, which may have artificially raised EDF's share price. AMF also levied a €50,000 fine on EDF's then CEO.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: EDF is building two of Areva's EPR reactors, with a design net power output each of 1,600MWe (1,630MWe gross).


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Two other EPR units are currently under construction at Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland and at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant in France. The HPC design has significant changes from the previous units, with 20% more equipment than the Taishan design. The safeguards buildings have been redesigned. The HPC technical director stated in 2019 "In effect HPC is a first-of-a-kind plant in a country that has not built a new plant for three decades."


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In December 2007, the Union of Concerned Scientists referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: EDF and Areva have been facing 'lengthy delays and steep cost overruns' on EPR reactors being built at Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant in France and at Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant in Finland. In October 2013, George Monbiot, a supporter of nuclear power, said that "the clunky third-generation power station chosen for Hinkley C already looks outdated, beside the promise of integral fast reactors and liquid fluoride thorium reactors. While other power stations are consuming nuclear waste (spent fuel), Hinkley will be producing it." In February 2015, France's energy minister said that 'an overhaul of the country's state-controlled nuclear energy industry was imminent'. On 13 June 2016, the Fédération Nationale des Cadres Supérieurs unveiled a series of problems with the EPR design, including that the French nuclear safety authority (ASN) may not give the green light to the EPR being constructed at Flamanville due to various anomalies, there may be "identical flaws" in the Areva EPR being built at Taishan 1 in China, falsification of parts from Areva's Le Creusot plant that potentially put safety checks at risk, and multibillion-euro litigation between Areva and the Finnish energy group TVO over delays to the EPR scheme at Olkiluoto Nuclear Power Plant remains unsettled.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2016, EDF Directors Thomas Piquemal and Gérard Magnin separately resigned over their concerns about the risk of the project. However, Chris Bakken, an EDF Project Manager, has said that EDF has full confidence they 'won't repeat the mistakes of the Finnish and French EPRs'.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: A protest group, Stop Hinkley, was formed to campaign for the closure of Hinkley Point B and oppose any expansion at the Hinkley Point site or elsewhere in the Bristol Channel and Severn Estuary. The group is reportedly concerned that the new generation of power stations will store nuclear waste on site until a permanent repository is found– claiming this is an unknown length of time and, could potentially take decades. The group issued a press release opposing any plans for a new power station on 24 September 2008, when it was announced that EDF had offered to acquire British Energy, the protest group has acknowledged that opposition in the local area is by no means unanimous.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In October 2011, more than 200 protesters blockaded the site. Members of several anti-nuclear groups that are part of the Stop New Nuclear alliance barred access to Hinkley Point power station in protest at EDF Energy's plans to renew the site with two new reactors.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In February 2012, about seven protesters set up camp in an abandoned farmhouse on the site of the proposed Hinkley Point C nuclear power station. They were reportedly angry that "West Somerset Council has given EDF Energy the go-ahead for preparatory work before planning permission has been granted". The group also claimed that a nature reserve is at risk from the proposals.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 10 March 2012, the first anniversary of the Fukushima nuclear disaster, 200 anti-nuclear campaigners formed a symbolic chain around Hinkley Point to voice their opposition to new nuclear power plants, and to call on the coalition government to hold back on its plan for seven other new nuclear plants across the UK. The human chain was planned to continue for 24 hours, with the activists blocking the main Hinkley Point entrance.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 8 October 2012, the Stop New Nuclear Alliance organised a mass trespass at the site earmarked for Hinkley C. A total of eight people were arrested, mainly for cutting through the wire of the perimeter fence.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In Germany, the renewable energy supplier Elektrizitätswerke Schönau (EWS) lodged a formal complaint on 28 November 2014 (therefore after the October 2014 European Commission approval), on the basis that the project 'breaches Article 107 TFEU by approving distortive state aids'. EWS also launched an online petition, with about 168,000 supporters by June 2015.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2015, Nick Timothy, political adviser to Theresa May, wrote an article to oppose People's Republic of China's involvement in sensitive sectors such as the Hinkley Point C nuclear power project. He criticised David Cameron and George Osborne of "selling our national security to China" without rational concerns and "the Government seems intent on ignoring the evidence and presumably the advice of the security and intelligence agencies." He warned that security experts are worried the Chinese could use their role in the programme (designing and constructing nuclear reactor) to build weaknesses into computer systems which allow them to shut down Britain's energy production at will and "...no amount of trade and investment should justify allowing a hostile state easy access to the country's critical national infrastructure."


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 23 June 2017, the National Audit Office published a report on Hinkley Point C. The conclusions were summarised as follows: "The Department has committed electricity consumers and taxpayers to a high cost and risky deal in a changing energy marketplace. Time will tell whether the deal represents value for money, but we cannot say the Department has maximised the chances that it will be." Amyas Morse, head of the National Audit Office, 23 June 2017.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: On 25 March 2018, "The Guardian" reported that: "The UK nuclear regulator has raised concerns with EDF Energy over management failings that it warns could affect safety at the Hinkley Point C power station if left unaddressed".


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Concerns have also been raised about one investor, state-owned China General Nuclear Power Group, which has been blacklisted by the United States Department of Commerce for attempting to acquire advanced US nuclear technology and material for diversion to military use. As of July 2021, over 100 Chinese engineers were working on Hinkley Point C, utilising their experience of building the first two operating EPR reactors, about 50 of whom were working on site.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: Hinkley Point C was an issue in campaigning for the 2017 French presidential election, the first round of which was held in April 2017. Marine Le Pen's National Front was "fundamentally against" the project while Emmanuel Macron was in support of it.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: In 2021 a study found that Hinkley Point C would pump up 120,000 litres of seawater a second from the Severn Estuary, killing an estimated 182 million fish a year.


title: Hinkley Point C nuclear power station

text: An earlier proposal for a Hinkley Point C power station was made by the Central Electricity Generating Board (CEGB) in the 1980s for a sister power station to Sizewell B, using the same pressurised water reactor design, at a cost of £1.7billion. This proposal obtained planning permission in 1990 following a public enquiry, but was dropped as uneconomic in the early 1990s when the electric power industry was privatised and low interest rate government finance was no longer available.


title: Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari

text: Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari (; born 28 February 1991) is a Saudi Arabian man, who in August 2013 was found to be the heaviest living person, and the second-heaviest person in recorded history at , behind Jon Brower Minnoch. As a result of medical treatment, he lost a total of —more than half his body weight—in six months.


title: Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari

text: Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari was born in Saudi Arabia on 28 February 1991. He was 22 when he was declared the "fattest man alive", with a BMI of 204.


title: Khalid bin Mohsen Shaari

text: In 2013, Saudi King Abdullah ordered him to come to the country's capital, Riyadh, to undergo a series of dietary and physical programs to help him lose weight. During the weight loss, he was able to walk for the first time in five years, in February 2016, with a walker. In November 2017, he had lost and now weighs . In January 2018, he had his last surgeries to remove excess skin.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Nicholas Charles Dingley (2 December 1960 – 8 December 1984), better known by his stage name Razzle, was the English drummer of Finnish glam rock band Hanoi Rocks from 1982 until his death.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Born in Royal Leamington Spa, England, to a young single mother, Patricia Ingram, who decided to give up her child for adoption. He was adopted by Henry and Irene Dingley. The family's only child, he grew up in Coventry, after which the family moved to the village of Binstead, Isle of Wight.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Prior to joining Hanoi Rocks, Razzle started playing in local Binstead small ensembles, one of which was called Thin Red Line. In 1980 he moved to London, where he played in several punk rock bands. Also, he joined Demon Preacher (featuring Nik Wade, later of Alien Sex Fiend), The Fuck Pigs and The Dark, with whom he released one EP "The Living End Live" in 1981, which was recorded at the band's last gig in London's 100 Club which, in his own words, was heavy punk, almost heavy metal.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Razzle collaborated with Hanoi Rocks for the first time on Sounds magazine pages. After seeing the band performing at the Zig-Zag Club, Razzle was convinced that this was a band he would definitely join. He came backstage and asked to be the band's drummer. Gyp Casino, who was the band's current drummer, was fired for his addiction, depression, and suicidal thoughts, and Razzle was hired. Although Razzle has already appeared on the "Self Destruction Blues" album cover, he didn't record anything on the record.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: He became an important element of Hanoi Rocks, due to his repartee and an ability to find a way out of difficult times and problems between members. Having a perpetual sense of humour, charismatic Razzle was able to crack a joke in any situation.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: In 1983, Sami Yaffa disclosed that he and Razzle were planning to leave the band, citing Andy McCoy's insufferable behaviour as the main cause.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: In 1984 Razzle along with the other members of Hanoi Rock a appeared on the first eponymous album by the punk band Fallen Angels, a project of Knox of The Vibrators , At the time Knox and the Hanoi Rocks shared the same manager.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: In late 1984, Hanoi Rocks were on their first American tour. Frontman Michael Monroe fractured his ankle, so the band had to skip a few gigs and take a break. During that break, Mötley Crüe's singer Vince Neil invited the band to visit his home in Redondo Beach, California.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: On 8 December, Hanoi Rocks band members were partying with Mötley Crüe at lead singer Vince Neil's house. The party stopped when everybody noticed they were out of beer. Neil and Razzle, both drunk, went to a nearby liquor store in Neil's De Tomaso Pantera, with Neil driving. On the way back, they crashed into another car. Razzle was rushed to the hospital and pronounced dead at 7:12 p.m.; he had died instantly in the collision.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Both occupants of the other car were seriously injured, sustaining brain damage as a result of the crash. Vince Neil was charged with vehicular manslaughter and driving under the influence of alcohol in connection with the crash. His blood alcohol content was 0.17, well above the California legal limit at that time of 0.10. In September 1985, Los Angeles County Superior Court Judge Edward Hinz, Jr., sentenced Neil to 30 days in jail and five years probation


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Andy McCoy and Mötley Crüe drummer Tommy Lee went looking for Neil and Razzle. They drove by the crash site and saw Neil handcuffed and put into a police car. They were informed that Razzle had been taken to a hospital where he was pronounced dead. McCoy informed the band's manager Seppo Vesterinen, who then told the rest of the band.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Neil dedicated "Theatre of Pain", Mötley Crüe's third studio album, to Razzle. In 2015 Neil admitted to Ultimate Classic Rock that he wrote a check for $2.5 million to the courts, so he only ever served 19 days of a 30-day sentence for the reckless death.


title: Razzle (musician)

text: Neil's account of this event, while contradictory to witnesses accounts, is documented in Mötley Crüe's 2001 autobiography "". Max Milner portrayed Razzle in the 2019 film adaptation.


title: Erica Mena

text: Erica Jasmin Mena (born November 8, 1987) is an American television personality, actress, model, and video vixen. She is best known for her appearances on "" and "".


title: Erica Mena

text: Mena first gained notoriety as a model and "video vixen", through her appearances in various hip hop music videos, for artists such as Chris Brown, Fabolous, Akon and Fat Joe. She became known to a larger audience through her reality television appearances, including "Kourtney & Khloe Take Miami" and "", the original installment of the "Love & Hip Hop" franchise. She has also embarked on a career as an author, releasing the autobiographies "Chronicles of a Confirmed Bachelorette" and "Underneath It All". In August 2017, it was announced that Mena would compete in the first season of VH1's "Scared Famous", which premiered on October 23, 2017. In 2018, Erica joined the cast of "" for the seventh season. In 2019, she returned to "" for its tenth anniversary season.


title: Erica Mena

text: Mena is openly bisexual. Mena is of Puerto Rican and Dominican ancestry. She graduated from Newburgh Free Academy in Newburgh, NY. She has a son, King Javien Conde (born March 1, 2007) with video director and rapper Raul Conde, a member of Fat Joe's Terror Squad.


title: Erica Mena

text: Mena was previously engaged to Bow Wow. On December 24, 2018, Mena became engaged to rapper and television personality Safaree Samuels. On October 1, 2019, she announced that she and Samuels were expecting their first child together. On October 7, 2019, she and Samuels married at the Legacy Castle in New Jersey. Their daughter was born in 2020. On May 4, 2021, she announced that she and Samuels were expecting their second child together. On May 25, 2021, TMZ reported that Mena officially filed for divorce from Samuels. Their son was born in 2021.


title: Erica Mena

text: On October 12, 2018, Mena and boyfriend Clifford Dixon were arrested at Mena's Johns Creek, Georgia residence for a domestic dispute, with Dixon charged with criminal trespass and Mena charged with marijuana possession. The police were called when roommates were disturbed by the commotion upstairs when Dixon kicked down a bedroom door that Mena had locked to barricade herself. Both were released when posting bail.


title: Sachet–Parampara

text: Sachet–Parampara are an Indian music composer, vocalist and lyricist duo consisting of Sachet Tandon and Parampara Tandon. Their song "Bekhayali" from Kabir Singh (2019) became chartbuster even before its release along with Shiv Tandav Stotram (2021), Maiyya Mainu from Jersey (2022) amongst various others went viral with several cover versions available on YouTube. They won array of awards including IIFA (2020), Filmfare (2020), Zee Cine Awards (2020), Mirchi Music Awards, Best Play Back Singer at Star Screen Awards (2019).


title: Sachet–Parampara

text: The duo is known for their work in Hindi films including (2017), Bhoomi (2017), (2018),[2] Batti Gul Meter Chalu (2018), Pal Pal Dil Ke Paas (2019),Kabir Singh (2019), Tanhaji (2020) and Jersey (2022).


title: Sachet–Parampara

text: Sachet Tandon and Parampara Tandon were born in Lucknow and Delhi respectively in 1989 and 1992 respectively. After becoming finalist of India's first season of reality show "The Voice India" in 2015, the duo was formed in year 2016.


title: Sachet–Parampara

text: Sachet completed his schooling from St. Fidelis College. Sachet and Parampara completed their education from Lucknow University and Lady Shri Ram College in Delhi respectively.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Waardenburg syndrome is a group of rare genetic conditions characterised by at least some degree of congenital hearing loss and pigmentation deficiencies, which can include bright blue eyes (or one blue eye and one brown eye), a white forelock or patches of light skin. These basic features constitute type 2 of the condition; in type 1, there is also a wider gap between the inner corners of the eyes called telecanthus, or dystopia canthorum. In type 3, which is rare, the arms and hands are also malformed, with permanent finger contractures or fused fingers, while in type 4, the person also has Hirschsprung's disease. There also exist at least two types (2E and PCWH) that can result in central nervous system (CNS) symptoms such as developmental delay and muscle tone abnormalities.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The syndrome is caused by mutations in any of several genes that affect the division and migration of neural crest cells during embryonic development (though some of the genes involved also affect the neural tube). Neural crest cells are stem cells left over after the closing of the neural tube that go on to form diverse non-CNS cells in different parts of the body, including melanocytes, various bones and cartilage of the face and inner ear and the peripheral nerves of the intestines. Type 1 is caused by a mutation in the "PAX3" gene, while the gene that most often causes type 2 when mutated is "MITF". Type 3 is a more severe presentation of type 1 and is caused by a mutation in the same gene, while type 4 is most often caused by a mutation in "SOX10". Mutations in other genes can also cause the different types, and some of these have been given their own lettered subtypes. Most types are autosomal dominant.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The estimated prevalence of Waardenburg syndrome is 1 in 42,000. Types 1 and 2 are the most common, comprising approximately half and a third of cases, respectively, while type 4 comprises a fifth and type 3 less than 2% of cases. An estimated 2–5% of congenitally deaf people have Waardenburg syndrome. Descriptions of the syndrome date back to at least the first half of the 20th century, however it is named after Dutch ophthalmologist and geneticist Petrus Johannes Waardenburg, who described it in 1951. Its subtypes were progressively discovered in the following decades and had genes attributed to them mostly in the 1990s and 2000s.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Waardenburg syndrome has multiple different types with some variations in symptoms, and symptoms can vary among those with the same type. The two features consistent across all types of Waardenburg syndrome are some degree of congenital sensorineural hearing loss and some degree of pigmentation deficiencies, most consistently in the eyes.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 1 is characterised by congenital sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary deficiencies of the hair such as a white lock of hair (poliosis) in the front-centre of the head or premature greying, pigmentary deficiencies of the eyes such as different-coloured eyes (complete heterochromia iridum), multiple colours in an eye (sectoral heterochromia iridum) or brilliant blue eyes, patches of skin depigmentation, and a wider gap between the inner corners of the eyes called telecanthus or dystopia canthorum. Other facial features associated with type 1 can include a high nasal bridge, a flat nose tip, a unibrow (synophrys), smaller edges of the nostrils (alae) or a smooth philtrum.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The difference that defines type 2 from type 1 is that patients do not have the wider gap between the inner corners of the eyes (telecanthus/dystopia canthorum). Sensorineural hearing loss tends to be more common and more severe in this type. By far the most common gene to cause this type when mutated is "MITF" (classified as type 2A). If two individuals with a mutation in this gene have a child carrying both mutations (homozygous), for which there is 25% chance, additional symptoms are present in the child, such as a hole in the iris (coloboma), small eyes (microphthalmia), hardened bones (osteopetrosis), macrocephaly, albinism and deafness.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: There have been two known patients identified with mutations in both copies of "SNAI2" (classified as type 2D); these individuals presented with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 but did not have hair pigmentation deficiencies.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: When Waardenburg syndrome type 2 is caused by a mutation in "SOX10" (classified as type 2E), it can on some occasions present with multiple neurological symptoms. These can include developmental delay, early childhood nystagmus, increased muscle tone, white matter anomalies or hypomyelination in the brain, autistic-like behaviour and the underdevelopment or complete absence of many inner-ear structures such as the vestibular system or cochlea. Lack of a sense of smell (anosmia) due to a missing olfactory bulb in the brain may also be present.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Also known as Klein–Waardenburg syndrome, or Waardenburg–Klein syndrome, type 3 has the same symptoms as type 1 (and is caused by mutations in the same gene) but has additional symptoms that affect the arms and hands. These can include joint contractures of the fingers (camptodactyly), due to underdeveloped muscles, as well as fused digits (syndactyly) or winged scapulae. Microcephaly and developmental delay are also possible.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Also known as Shah–Waardenburg syndrome, or Waardenburg–Shah syndrome, type 4 has most of the same features as type 2 (i.e. no telecanthus, or apparent wider eye gap), but with the addition of Hirschsprung's disease, which is a congenital lack of nerves in the intestines leading to bowel dysfunction. Additionally, hearing loss is not as common as in type 2. Rarely, cleft lip has been reported in this form of Waardenburg syndrome.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 4 can also be caused by a mutation in "SOX10" (the same gene as in type 2E), in which it is known as type 4C; hearing loss is very common and severe in this type.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: A mutation in "SOX10", the gene involved in type 2E and type 4C, can sometimes result in the symptoms of both types (neurological symptoms, as sometimes seen in type 2E, and Hirschsprung's disease, as seen in type 4). When this happens, it is called peripheral demyelinating neuropathy–central dysmyelinating leukodystrophy–Waardenburg syndrome–Hirschsprung disease (PCWH).


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Waardenburg syndrome is caused by mutations in any of several genes that affect the operation of neural crest cells in embryonic development. Most types of Waardenburg syndrome are caused by autosomal dominant mutations. The few that are autosomal recessive are rare. In most cases, an affected person has inherited it from one parent with one of the dominant forms of the condition. A small percentage of cases result from spontaneous new mutations in the gene, where no family history of the condition exists.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The neural crest is a group of temporary migratory cells that are left over after the neural tube has closed (neurulation), around the fourth week of embryonic development. They are responsible for differentiating into a diverse group of cells that reach different areas of the body. The neural tube and neural crest are derived from the ectoderm; the neural tube goes on to form the brain and spinal cord, while the neural crest cells eventually go on to form various bones and cartilage of the skull and face by migrating through the pharyngeal arches. They also differentiate into the stria vascularis of the cochlea, the nerves and glia of the intestines (myenteric plexus), Schwann cells, which myelinate the peripheral nervous system to allow sufficient conductivity, odontoblasts, which produce dentin deep in the teeth, some neuroendocrine cells, connective tissue around the salivary, lacrimal, pituitary, thymus and thyroid glands, connective tissue of the eye, such as the stroma of the iris and cornea and the trabecular meshwork, and melanocytes, including those in the stroma of the iris that give rise to brown eye colour through melanin. Neural crest cells also have a role in muscle formation, including the wall muscle of certain cardiac arteries.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: A study was done on a rare case of a double heterozygous child with each parent having only single mutations in "MITF" or "PAX3". The effect of double heterozygous mutations in the genes "MITF" and "PAX3" in WS1 and WS2 can increase the pigment-affected symptoms. It leads to the conclusion that the double mutation of "MITF" is associated with the extremity of Waardenburg syndrome and may affect the phenotypes or symptoms of the syndrome.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: There is currently no treatment or cure for Waardenburg syndrome. The symptom most likely to be of practical importance is deafness, and this is treated as any other irreversible deafness would be. In marked cases, there may be cosmetic issues. Other abnormalities (neurological, structural, Hirschsprung's disease) associated with the syndrome are treated symptomatically.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The prevalence of all types of Waardenburg syndrome is estimated at around 1 in 42,000. Types 1 and 2 are by far the most common, with type 1 appearing to be slightly more common. In a 2015 review looking at 417 patients, type 1 was found to be the most common type, encompassing around half of all cases (47%), while type 2 was the second-most common type, encompassing around a third (33%). The vast majority (around 85%) of type 2 cases are type 2A. The prevalence of type 2B is unknown, as it was only reported in one 1996 study. Type 2C has so far only been found in one Italian family, and type 2D had only been found in 2 unrelated patients . The number of known cases of type 2E that involved neurological abnormalities was reported to be 23 , while the number of the rest is unknown. Type 3 is rarer than types 1, 2 and 4, comprising less than 2% of cases. Type 4 appears to encompass around a fifth of cases (19%). Of its subtypes, type 4C is by far the most common (about 71% of type 4), followed by type 4A (19%) and type 4B (10%).


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: It is estimated that Waardenburg syndrome is present in 2–5% of congenitally deaf people. Congenital deafness comprises around half of deafness as a whole. About 1 in 30 students in schools for the deaf have Waardenburg syndrome. The variable presentation of the syndrome makes it difficult to arrive at precise figures for its prevalence.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: In 1916, Dutch ophthalmologist Jan van der Hoeve (1878–1952) described a pair of twin girls with deafness and a particular type of blepharophimosis, believed to be the dystopia canthorum found in Waardenburg syndrome types 1 and 3. Blepharophimosis describes eyelids which are underdeveloped such that they permanently cover part of the eyes.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: In 1926, German physician Irmgard Mende described a family of four generations in which five children had symptoms of depigmentation of hair, skin and eyes, deafness and a "mongoloid" appearance. (Waardenburg later attributed this description to the dystopia canthorum.) This later led to the synonym Mende syndrome being recorded in some databases.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: In 1929, Dutch physician K. T. A. Halbertsma described a familial pattern to dystopia canthorum, and in 1930, Italian physician Vincenzo Gualdi (1891–1976) also confirmed a hereditary pattern to dystopia canthorum. This later led to the synonym Van der Hoeve–Halbertsma–Waardenburg–Gualdi syndrome being recorded in some databases.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: In 1947, Swiss ophthalmologist David Klein (1908–1993) first reported a patient with bilateral deafness, pigmentation deficiencies, characteristic facial features and malformation of the arms. Although this was the first full description of a patient with Waardenburg syndrome type 3, contemporary clinicians did not consider the syndrome he described to be the same as that described by Waardenburg four years later, in part due to how severe the arm malformations were in his patient.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The syndrome was first fully formalised and described by Dutch ophthalmologist and geneticist Petrus Johannes Waardenburg (1886–1979) in 1951. The condition he described is now categorised as Waardenburg syndrome type 1.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 2 was first established in 1971 when a study noticed that some Waardenburg syndrome patients did not have dystopia canthorum. A 1977 study confirmed a familial pattern to this other presentation. Two 1994 studies first confirmed a link between this type of Waardenburg syndrome and mutations in the "MITF" gene (now classed as type 2A), located on chromosome 3 at locus 3p14.1–p12.3.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 2B was first established in 1994 when the same study which found mutations in "MITF" in patients with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 also found that some patients did not have any mutations in this region. A second 1994 study found a link to chromosome 1 in the locus 1p21–p13.3. This became known as type 2B of the condition (with the gene designated "WS2B"), however it has not been documented since, and the gene responsible remains unknown.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 2C was established in 2001 when a study of an Italian family with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 features found that they were due to an unknown gene on chromosome 8 at locus 8q23 that had been broken by a chromosomal translocation. The study established a provisional name for the gene, "WS2C". However, mutations in this region in Waardenburg syndrome patients have not been found since.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 2D was established in 2002 when a study looking to find mutations in the human version of the "SNAI2" gene, known to cause depigmentation in mice, found deletions of both copies of this gene in two unrelated individuals with Waardenburg syndrome type 2. Mutations in both copies of this gene have not been found in those with Waardenburg syndrome type 2 since.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 2E was first established in 1996 when a study identified a girl with symptoms of Waardenburg syndrome type 2 but with additional underdevelopment of the front of the eye, leading to blindness. In 1999, it was found that she had a mutation in her "SOX10" gene, and later studies confirmed the association between mutations in this gene and this phenotype, as well as neurological symptoms such as developmental delay.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Type 3 was first given its name by Goodman "et al." in 1981, in collaboration with Klein, in which they established the association with arm abnormalities first reported by Klein in 1947. Mutations in "PAX3" were first linked to this phenotype in 1992.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: The comorbidity with Hirschsprung's disease, which would later constitute type 4, was first noticed in various studies in the 1970s. Indian paediatrician Krishnakumar Shah and his associates first outlined the syndrome as a possible variant of Waardenburg syndrome in 1981. The variant was first attributed to a mutation in "EDNRB" in 1994 (now classed as type 4A). Type 4B was established in 1996 when mutations in "EDN3" were found to lead to this type of Waardenburg syndrome, and type 4C was first established in 1998 when mutations in "SOX10" were also found to lead to this type.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Waardenburg syndrome type 2A (with a mutation in "MITF") has been found in dogs, Fleckvieh cattle, minks, mice and a golden hamster. Degeneration of the cochlea and saccule, as seen in Waardenburg syndrome, has also been found in deaf white cats, Dalmatians and other dog breeds, white minks and mice.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Domesticated cats with blue eyes and white coats are often completely deaf. Deafness is far more common in white cats than in those with other coat colors. According to the ASPCA "Complete Guide to Cats", "17 to 20 percent of white cats with non-blue eyes are deaf; 40 percent of "odd-eyed" white cats with one blue eye are deaf; and 65 to 85 percent of blue-eyed white cats are deaf." Although few studies have been done to link this to genes known to be involved in human Waardenburg syndrome, a genetic disruption to neural crest development would lead to this presentation in cats as well. One of the genes that leads to deafness and a white coat in cats when mutated, "KIT", has been found to increase "MITF" expression.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Lethal white syndrome is a syndrome in horses caused by mutations in both copies of "EDNRB". It leads to death from intestinal pseudo-obstruction due to Hirschsprung's disease. A mutation in a single copy of "EDNRB", however, as in Waardenburg syndrome type 4A, produces the patchy white overo coat with deafness.


title: Waardenburg syndrome

text: Ferrets with Waardenburg syndrome have a small white stripe along the top or back of the head and sometimes down the back of the neck (known as a "blaze" coat pattern), or a solid-white head from nose to shoulders (known as a "panda" coat pattern). Affected ferrets often have a very slightly flatter skull and wider-set eyes than healthy ferrets. As healthy ferrets have poor hearing, deafness may only be detected by lack of reaction to loud noises. As this is an inherited disorder, affected animals should not be used for breeding. A study of the correlation between coat variations and deafness in European ferrets found, "All (n=27) panda, American panda, and blaze ferrets were deaf."


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Frederick McCarthy Forsyth (born 25 August 1938) is an English novelist and journalist. He is best known for thrillers such as "The Day of the Jackal", "The Odessa File", "The Fourth Protocol", "The Dogs of War", "The Devil's Alternative", "The Fist of God", "Icon", "The Veteran", "Avenger", "The Afghan", "The Cobra" and "The Kill List".


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth's works frequently appear on best-sellers lists and more than a dozen of his titles have been adapted to film. By 2006, he had sold more than 70 million books in more than 30 languages.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: The son of a furrier, Forsyth was born in Ashford, Kent. He was educated at Tonbridge School and later attended the University of Granada in Spain.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Before becoming a journalist, Forsyth completed his National Service in the Royal Air Force as a pilot, for which he flew the de Havilland Vampire. He joined Reuters in 1961 and in 1965 the BBC, for which he served as an assistant diplomatic correspondent.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth reported on his early activities as a journalist. His early career was spent covering French affairs and the attempted assassination of Charles de Gaulle. He had never been to what he termed "black Africa" until reporting on the Nigerian Civil War between Biafra and Nigeria as a BBC correspondent.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: He was there for the first six months of 1967, but few expected the war to last very long considering the poor weaponry and preparation of the Biafrans when compared to the British-armed Nigerians. After his six months were over, however, Forsyth—eager to carry on reporting—approached the BBC to ask if he could have more time there. He noted their response:


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: He thus returned to Biafra as a freelance reporter, writing his first book, "The Biafra Story", in 1969.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In August 2015 Forsyth revealed that in Biafra he was an informant for MI6, a relationship that continued for 20 years. According to Forsyth, he was not paid.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: He is an occasional radio broadcaster on political issues and has also written for newspapers throughout his career, including a weekly page in the "Daily Express". In 2003, he criticised "gay-bashers in the churches" in "The Guardian" newspaper. He has narrated several documentaries, including "Jesus Christ Airlines", "" and "I Have Never Forgotten You: The Life & Legacy of Simon Wiesenthal".


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth decided to write a novel using similar research techniques to those used in journalism. His first full-length novel, "The Day of the Jackal", was published in 1971. It became an international bestseller and gained its author the Edgar Allan Poe Award for Best Novel. In this book, the "Organisation Armée Secrète" hires an assassin to kill then–French President Charles de Gaulle. It was made into a film of the same name.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In Forsyth's second full-length novel, "The Odessa File" (1972), a reporter attempts to track down an ex-Nazi SS officer in contemporary Germany. The reporter discovers him via the diary of a Jewish Holocaust survivor who committed suicide earlier, but he is being shielded by an organization that protects ex-Nazis, called ODESSA. This book was later made into a movie with the same name, starring Jon Voight, but there were substantial alterations. Many of the novel's readers assumed that ODESSA really existed, but historians disagree.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In "The Dogs of War" (1974) a British mining executive hires a group of mercenaries to overthrow the government of an African country so that he can install a puppet regime that will allow him cheap access to a colossal platinum-ore reserve. This book was also adapted into a 1980 film starring Christopher Walken and Tom Berenger.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: "The Shepherd" was an illustrated novella published in 1975. It tells of a nightmare journey by an RAF pilot while flying home for Christmas in the late 1950s. His attempts to find a rational explanation for his eventual rescue prove as troublesome as his experience.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Following this came "The Devil's Alternative" in 1979, which was set in 1982. In this book, the Soviet Union faces a disastrous grain harvest. The US is ready to help for some political and military concessions. A Politburo faction fight ensues. War is proposed as a solution. Ukrainian freedom fighters complicate the situation later. In the end, a Swedish oil tanker built in Japan, a Russian airliner hijacked to West Berlin and various governments find themselves involved.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 1982, "No Comebacks", a collection of ten short stories, was published. Some of these stories had been written earlier. Many were set in the Republic of Ireland where Forsyth was living at the time. One of them, "There Are No Snakes in Ireland", won him a second Edgar Allan Poe Award, this time for best short story.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: "The Fourth Protocol" was published in 1984 and involves renegade elements within the Soviet Union attempting to plant a nuclear bomb near an American airbase in the UK, intending to influence the upcoming British elections and lead to the election of an anti-NATO, anti-American, anti-nuclear, pro-soviet Labour government. The 1987 adaptation starred Pierce Brosnan and Michael Caine. Almost all of the political content was removed from the film.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth's tenth book came in 1989 with "The Negotiator", in which the American President's son is kidnapped and one man's job is to negotiate his release.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Two years later, in 1991, "The Deceiver" was published. It includes four short stories reviewing the career of British secret agent Sam McCready. At the start of the novel, the Permanent Under-Secretary of State (PUSS) of the Foreign and Commonwealth Office requires the Chief of the SIS to push Sam into early retirement. The four stories are presented to a grievance committee in an attempt to allow Sam to stay on active duty with the SIS.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 1994, Forsyth published "The Fist of God", a novel which concerns the first Gulf War, Project Babylon and competition between Intelligence Agencies. Next, in 1996, he published "Icon", about the rise of fascists to power in post-Soviet Russia.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 1999, Forsyth published "The Phantom of Manhattan", a sequel to "The Phantom of the Opera". It was intended as a departure from his usual genre; Forsyth's explanation was that "I had done mercenaries, assassins, Nazis, murderers, terrorists, special forces soldiers, fighter pilots, you name it, and I got to think, could I actually write about the human heart?" However, it did not achieve the same success as his other novels, and he subsequently returned to modern-day thrillers.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 2001, "The Veteran", another collection of short stories, was published, followed by "Avenger", published in September 2003, about a Canadian billionaire who hires a Vietnam veteran to bring his grandson's killer to the US. "Avenger" was released as a film starring Sam Elliott and Timothy Hutton.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: "The Afghan", published in August 2006, is an indirect sequel to "The Fist of God". Set in the very near future, the threat of a catastrophic assault on the West, discovered on a senior al-Qaeda member's computer, compels the leaders of the US and the UK to attempt a desperate gambit — to substitute a seasoned British operative, retired Col. Mike Martin (of "The Fist of God"), for an Afghan Taliban commander being held prisoner at Guantánamo Bay.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: "The Cobra", published in 2010, features some of the characters previously featured in "Avenger", and has as its subject an attempt to destroy the world trade in cocaine.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: On 20 August 2013, his novel, "The Kill List" was published. It was announced earlier in June that year that Rupert Sanders would be directing a film version of the story.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In January 2018 it was announced that Forsyth would publish his eighteenth novel, a thriller about computer hackers, inspired by the Lauri Love and Gary McKinnon stories. In October 2018, "The Fox", was published in electronic format and was released in hardcover in November. "The Fox" is an espionage thriller about an autistic but gifted hacker.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: On 16 February 2012 the Crime Writers Association announced that Forsyth had won its Cartier Diamond Dagger award in recognition of his body of work.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 1997 New Year Honours list for services to literature.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In September 2005, Forsyth appeared on the ITV gameshow "Who Wants To Be A Millionaire?" and raised £250,000 for charity. He offered the answer for the £500,000 question but, despite being correct, he decided to take £250,000. On 8 February 2007, Forsyth appeared on BBC's political panel show "Question Time"; on it, he expressed scepticism on the subject of anthropogenic climate change. On 26 March 2008, he also appeared on BBC's "The One Show". On 17 June 2008, Forsyth was interviewed on BBC Radio 5 Live Midday News in relation to the restoration of the Military Covenant. On 2 February 2015, he appeared on "Eggheads" as a member of Rewarding Talent.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth is a Eurosceptic Conservative. He has been Patron of The People's Book Prize since 2010. He is Patron of Better Off Out, an organisation calling for Britain's withdrawal from the European Union, and he supports Brexit. In 2003, he was awarded the One of Us Award from the Conservative Way Forward group for his services to the Conservative movement in Britain. He is also a patron of the Young Britons' Foundation.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 2005, he came out in opposition to Kenneth Clarke's candidacy for the leadership of the Conservative Party, calling Clarke's record in government "unrivalled; a record of failure which at every level has never been matched". Instead, he endorsed and donated money to David Davis's campaign. In the run-up to the 2005 United Kingdom general election, Forsyth called for the impeachment of Tony Blair over the 2003 invasion of Iraq and lent his support to anti-war campaigner Reg Keys who stood in Blair's constituency of Sedgefield.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth has been married twice, first to former model Carole Cunningham between 1973 and 1988, with whom he had two sons Stuart and Shane, and then to Sandy Molloy, since 1994. He also had a relationship with actress Faye Dunaway. Forsyth previously resided in a manor house in Hertfordshire with his family before moving to Buckinghamshire in 2010.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: In 2016, he said he was giving up writing thrillers because his wife had told him he was too old to travel to dangerous places.


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: The following four works listed above are not fictional novels or novellas: "The Biafra Story" (1969), "Emeka" (1982), "Great Flying Stories" (1991) and "The Outsider" (2015).


title: Frederick Forsyth

text: Forsyth wrote lyrics to a lament titled "Fallen Soldier", with music by Gareth Ellis Williams, which was released as a single by Royal Opera House soprano Melissa Alder in 2016.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Nouvelle-Aquitaine (; or ; ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: "Novéle-Aguiéne") is the largest administrative region in France, spanning the west and southwest of the mainland. The region was created by the territorial reform of French regions in 2014 through the merger of three regions: Aquitaine, Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. It covers – or of the country – and has 5,956,978 inhabitants (municipal population on 1 January 2017). The new region was established on 1 January 2016, following the regional elections in December 2015.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: It is the largest region in France by area (including overseas regions such as French Guiana), with a territory slightly larger than that of Austria. Its prefecture and largest city, Bordeaux, together with its suburbs and satellite cities, forms the seventh-largest metropolitan area of France, with 850,000 inhabitants. The region has 25 major urban areas, among which the most important after Bordeaux are Bayonne (288,000 inhabitants), Limoges (283,000), Poitiers (255,000), Pau (241,000) and La Rochelle (206,000), as well as eleven major clusters.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: New Aquitaine has five universities (Bordeaux, La Rochelle, Limoges, Poitiers and Pau) and several Grandes Écoles. It has three of the four historic resorts on the French Atlantic coast: Arcachon, Biarritz and Royan, as well as several ski resorts (most notably Gourette).


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Its economy is based on agriculture and viticulture (vineyards of Bordeaux and Cognac), tourism, a powerful aerospace industry, digital economy and design, parachemical and pharmaceutical industries, financial sector (Niort) and industrial ceramics (Limoges). The new region includes major parts of Southern France (""Midi de la France""), marked by Basque, Occitan, Poitevin and Saintongeais cultures. Historically, it is the "indirect successor" to medieval Aquitaine; it extends over a large part of the former Duchy of Eleanor of Aquitaine.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: The region's interim name "Aquitaine-Limousin-Poitou-Charentes" was a hyphenated placename, known as ALPC, created by hyphenating the merged regions' names – "Aquitaine", "Limousin" and "Poitou-Charentes" – in alphabetical order.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: In June 2016, a working group headed by historian , a former vice-president of Aquitaine, proposed the name "Nouvelle Aquitaine". The decision came after the popular favourite, "Aquitaine", faced resistance by regional politicians from Limousin and Poitou-Charentes. The other popular favourite, "Grande Aquitaine", was rejected for its connotation with a feeling of superiority. Alain Rousset, president of the region, concurred with the working group's conclusion, reaffirming that he considered the acronym "ALPC" no choice at all. For those deploring the loss of "Limousin" and "Poitou-Charentes", he noted that the predecessor region of Aquitaine subsumed the identities of the Périgord or the Pays Basque, which did not disappear during its 40 years of operation.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: On 27 June 2016, just a few days ahead of 1 July deadline, the Regional Council almost unanimously adopted "Nouvelle-Aquitaine" as the region's permanent name. France's Conseil d'État approved "Nouvelle-Aquitaine" as the new name of the region on 28 September 2016, effective two days later.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: At 84,061 square kilometres, Nouvelle-Aquitaine is larger than French Guiana, which makes it the largest region of metropolitan and overseas France.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Nouvelle-Aquitaine is delimited by four other French regions (Pays de la Loire to the north-west, Centre-Val de Loire to the northeast, Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes to the east, and Occitania to the south-east), three autonomous communities in Spain to the south (from east to west, Aragon, Navarre, and Basque Country), and the North Atlantic Ocean (the eastern part of Bay of Biscay, "Golfe de Gascogne" in French) to the west.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Nouvelle-Aquitaine comprises twelve departments: Charente, Charente-Maritime, Corrèze, Creuse, Dordogne, Gironde, Landes, Lot-et-Garonne, Pyrénées-Atlantiques, Deux-Sèvres, Vienne and Haute-Vienne.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Its largest city and only metropolis is Bordeaux, in the heart of an urban agglomeration of over one million inhabitants. Taking into consideration the urban area, the new region is home to six of the fifty largest metropolitan areas of French territory (population 2011):


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: In addition, the region has a network of medium-sized towns scattered throughout its territory, including:


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: The region covers a large part of the Aquitaine Basin and a small portion of the Paris Basin (the border between the two being located at the "Seuil du Poitou") and the Limousin plate (part of the Massif Central) and the western part of the Pyrenees. It is part of five watersheds facing the Atlantic Ocean: Loire, Charente, Garonne and Dordogne (and their extension, the Gironde estuary) and Adour, giving rivers bordering land dedicated mostly to viticulture and to agriculture.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Nouvelle-Aquitaine also relies on the presence of a large open coastline on the Atlantic Ocean, from the National Nature Reserve Aiguillon Bay and the estuary of the Sèvre (north Charron) than Bidasoa (south of Hendaye) and including the islands of the Charentais Archipelago (islands of Ré, Oléron, Aix and Madame) and the wide notch from Arcachon. This diverse area is the area of the oyster (Marennes-Oléron and the Bassin d’Arcachon), mussel (mussels from Baie de l’Aiguillon), and Tourism, evidenced by the presence of famous resorts such Arcachon (Côte d’Argent), Biarritz (Côte Basque) and Royan (Côte de Beauté).


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: From the to the coast of Labourd, the coastline, almost straight, is lined with high dunes, rising to the Dune du Pilat, large lakes (Lac d'Hourtin-Carcans, Étang de Lacanau, Étang de Cazaux et de Sanguinet , Lac de Biscarrosse et de Parentis) and wetlands (réserve naturelle nationale des dunes et marais d'Hourtin) above vast pine forests planted in the nineteenth century. The Landes forest, by far the most extensive, covering almost one million hectares (nearly 950,000 of maritimes pins), making it the largest artificial forest of Western Europe. Forming a vast triangle starting from the Pointe de Grave, north of Soulac-sur-Mer to Hossegor in the south and east Nérac, it replaced the thankless, sandy and marshy moorland that characterised the region for centuries. The Landes forest is partially included in the Landes de Gascogne Regional Natural Park, which begins south of Bordeaux.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: Further north, in the wake of the Landes forest, on the right bank of the Gironde estuary, the forest of la Coubre presents the same characteristics, forming the main "green lung" of Royan on nearly 8000 hectares. Other important forests cover the region: in the Basque Country, the Irati Forest covers over 17,000 hectares; at the borders of the Charente, Charente-Maritime and Dordogne, the forest of the Double, punctuated by nearly 500 lakes, spans about 50,000 hectares; further north, near Poitiers, stretches nearly 6,800 hectares. Further east, close to Guéret, the reaches 2000 hectares.


title: Nouvelle-Aquitaine

text: The extreme southern region has a mountainous character with the presence of the Pyrenees. If its western part (mountains of Labourd) is made more high green hills generally struggling to reach 1000 meters (La Rhune, near Bayonne, is 905 meters high, but further east, the culmination of French Basque Country, the pic d'Orhy, nevertheless amounts to 2017 m), the Pau region is marked by more mineral landscapes, and is surrounded by high peaks often exceeding 2000 meters. The highlight of the region, the (2974 m) is located not far away. Other Pyrenean peaks located in the region are also spectacular Pic du Midi d'Ossau (2884 meters), the (2824 m), the Pic de Ger (2613 m) near the Winter resort Gourette, Pic d'Anie (2504 m), the (2472 m), the (2377 m), the (2147 m) or the (2044 m).