title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The colony's economy depended on the success of its trade, in part because its land was not as suitable for agriculture as that of other colonies such as Virginia, where large plantations could be established. The fishery was important enough that those involved in it were exempted from taxation and military service. Larger communities supported craftsmen skilled in providing many of the necessities of 17th century life. Some income-producing activities took place in the home, such as carding, spinning, and weaving of wool and other fibers.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Goods were transported to local markets over roads that were sometimes little more than widened Indian trails. Towns were required to maintain their roads, on penalty of fines, and the colony required special town commissions to lay out roads in a more sensible manner in 1639. Bridges were fairly uncommon, since they were expensive to maintain, and fines were imposed on their owners for the loss of life or goods if they failed. Consequently, most river crossings were made by ferry. Notable exceptions were a bridge across the Mystic River constructed in 1638, and another over the Saugus River, whose upkeep costs were subsidized by the colony.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The colonial government attempted to regulate the economy in a number of ways. On several occasions, it passed laws regulating wages and prices of economically important goods and services, but most of these initiatives did not last very long. The trades of shoe-making and coopering (barrel-making) were authorized to form guilds, making it possible to set price, quality, and expertise levels for their work. The colony set standards governing the use of weights and measures. For example, mill operators were required to weigh grain before and after milling, to ensure that the customer received back what he delivered (minus the miller's percentage).


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The Puritan dislike of ostentation led the colony to also regulate expenditures on what it perceived as luxury items. Items of personal adornment, particularly lace and costly silk outerwear, were frowned about. Attempts to ban these items failed, and the colony resorted to laws restricting their display to those who could demonstrate £200 in assets.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Most of the people who arrived during the first 12 years emigrated from two regions of England. Many of the colonists came from the county of Lincolnshire and East Anglia, northeast of London, and a large group also came from Devon, Somerset, and Dorset in the southwest of England. These areas provided the bulk of the migration, although colonists also came from other regions of England. The pattern of migration often centered around specific Nonconformist clergy who sought to leave England under threat from Archbishop Laud, who encouraged their flock to accompany them. One characteristic unique to the New England colonies (as distinguished from some of the other English colonies) was that most of the immigrants were emigrating for religious and political reasons, rather than economic ones.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The preponderance of the immigrants were well-to-do gentry and skilled craftsmen. They brought with them apprentices and servants, the latter of whom were sometimes in indentured servitude. Few titled nobility emigrated, even though some supported the emigration politically and financially and also acquired land holdings in Massachusetts and other colonies. Merchants also represented a significant proportion of the immigrants, often the children of the gentry, and they played an important role in establishing the economy of the colony.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: With the start of the English Civil War in 1642, emigration came to a comparative standstill, and some colonists even returned to England to fight for the Parliamentary cause. In the following years, most of the immigrants came for economic reasons; they were merchants, seamen, and skilled craftsmen. Following the revocation of the Edict of Nantes in 1685, the colony also saw an influx of French Protestant Huguenots. During the period of the charter colony, small numbers of Scots immigrated, but these were assimilated into the colony. The population of Massachusetts remained largely English in character until the 1840s.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Slavery existed but was not widespread within the colony. Some Indians captured in the Pequot War were enslaved, with those posing the greatest threat being transported to the West Indies and exchanged for goods and slaves. Governor John Winthrop owned a few Indian slaves, and Governor Simon Bradstreet owned two black slaves. The Body of Liberties enacted in 1641 included rules governing the treatment and handling of slaves. Bradstreet reported in 1680 that the colony had 100 to 120 slaves, but historian Hugh Thomas documents evidence suggesting that there may have been a somewhat larger number.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The Massachusetts colony was dominated by its rivers and coastline. Major rivers included the Charles and Merrimack, as well as a portion of the Connecticut River, which has been used to transport furs and timbers to Long Island Sound. Cape Ann juts into the Gulf of Maine, providing harbors for fishermen plying the fishing banks to the east, and Boston's harbor provided secure anchorage for seagoing commercial vessels. Development in Maine was restricted to coastal areas, and large inland areas remained under native control until after King Philip's War, particularly the uplands in what is now Worcester County.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The colonial charter specified that the boundaries were to be from three miles (4.8 km) north of the Merrimack River to three miles south of the southernmost point of the Charles River and thence westward to the "South Sea" (i.e., the Pacific Ocean). At the time, the course of neither of the rivers was known for any significant length, which eventually led to boundary disputes with the colony's neighbors. The colony's claims were large, but the practicalities of the time meant that they never actually controlled any land further west than the Connecticut River valley. The colony also claimed additional lands by conquest and purchase, further extending the territory that it administered.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The southeastern boundary with the Plymouth Colony was first surveyed in 1639 and accepted by both colonies in 1640. It is known in Massachusetts as the "Old Colony Line", and is still visible as the boundary between Norfolk County to the north and Bristol and Plymouth Counties to the south.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The northern boundary was originally thought to be roughly parallel to the latitude of the mouth of the Merrimack River, since the river was assumed to flow primarily west. This was found not to be the case and, in 1652, Governor Endicott sent a survey party to locate the northernmost point on the Merrimack. At the point where the Pemigewasset River, the Merrimack's principal tributary, meets the Winnipesaukee River local Indians guided the party to the outlet of Lake Winnipesaukee, incorrectly claiming that as the Merrimack's source. The survey party carved lettering into a rock there (now called Endicott Rock), and its latitude was taken to be the colony's northern boundary. When extended eastward, this line was found to meet the Atlantic near Casco Bay in present-day Maine.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Following this discovery, the colonial magistrates began proceedings to bring existing settlements under their authority in southern New Hampshire and Maine. This extension of the colonial claim conflicted with several proprietary grants owned by the heirs of John Mason and Sir Ferdinando Gorges. The Mason heirs pursued their claims in England, and the result was the formation of the Province of New Hampshire in 1679. The current boundary between Massachusetts and New Hampshire was not fixed until 1741. In 1678, the colony purchased the claims of the Gorges heirs, gaining control over the territory between the Piscataqua and Kennebec Rivers. The colony and later the province and state retained control of Maine until it was granted statehood in 1820.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: The colony performed a survey in 1642 to determine its southern boundary west to the Connecticut River. This line, south of the present boundary, was protested by Connecticut, but stood until the 1690s, when Connecticut performed its own survey. Most of today's Massachusetts boundaries with its neighbors were fixed in the 18th century. The most significant exception was the eastern boundary with Rhode Island, which required extensive litigation, including Supreme Court rulings, before it was finally resolved in 1862.


title: Massachusetts Bay Colony

text: Lands which had previously belonged to the Pequots to the southwest were divided after the Pequot War in present-day Rhode Island and eastern Connecticut. Claims were disputed in this area for many years, particularly between Connecticut and Rhode Island. Massachusetts administered Block Island and the area around present-day Stonington, Connecticut, as part of these spoils of war, and was one of several claimants to land in what was known as Narragansett Country (roughly Washington County, Rhode Island). Massachusetts lost these territories in the 1660s, when Connecticut and Rhode Island received their royal charters.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Lake Lanier (officially Lake Sidney Lanier) is a reservoir in the northern portion of the U.S. state of Georgia. It was created by the completion of Buford Dam on the Chattahoochee River in 1956, and is also fed by the waters of the Chestatee River. The lake encompasses or of water, and of shoreline at normal level, a "full pool" of above mean sea level and the exact shoreline varies by resolution according to the coastline paradox. Named for poet Sidney Lanier, it was built and is operated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers for flood control and water supplies. Its construction destroyed more than of farmland and displaced more than 250 families, 15 businesses, and relocated 20 cemeteries along with their corpses in the process.


title: Lake Lanier

text: It is patrolled by the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GDNR), as well as local law enforcement. The states of Georgia, Alabama and Florida all have rights to the water of the reservoir, as it feeds rivers going through those areas. The Corps of Engineers has responsibilities to regulate flow for flood control and water use. In addition, it has to ensure that water is available to fulfill such federal mandates as under the Endangered Species Act, to support downstream species. The rapid suburbanization of the Atlanta region, in particular, has greatly increased water consumption by private homeowners for lawns and gardens. During droughts of the 21st century, Lake Lanier reached record lows, and regional actions have been needed to reduce area water usage.


title: Lake Lanier

text: The lake is in Hall, Forsyth, Dawson, Gwinnett, and Lumpkin counties, split about 60%, 30%, 5%, 4%, and 1%, respectively, filling the valley into numerous small arms and fingers. The former thalweg of the Chestatee and the Chattahoochee south of it form the county line between Hall and a corner of Gwinnett to the east, and Dawson and Forsyth counties to the west. The land that now sits at the bottom of Lake Lanier was, before the 1950s, forest and farmland. Before the lake was completely filled, construction crews felled the treetops, leaving tall stumps to remain, in some areas, not far beneath the lake's surface.


title: Lake Lanier

text: One of the main purposes of the lake is flood control of the Chattahoochee River downstream, mainly protecting metro Atlanta. Since the construction of Buford Dam, there have been only three major flooding events on the downstream section. The most severe flooding event was in 2009, following a two-year drought; the most recent was in 2013.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Prior to the groundbreaking of the reservoir in 1950, the town of Oscarville occupied a part of the current location of the lake. Oscarville was a small community and the site of a 1912 lynching, which resulted in the forced displacement of all 1,100 Black people from Forsyth County by the White residents. The Black residents comprised about 10 percent of the population at the time. The current Black population is about 4 percent of the area's population.


title: Lake Lanier

text: The lake's original purposes were to provide hydroelectricity, navigation, and flood control of the Chattahoochee River, and water supply for the city of Atlanta.


title: Lake Lanier

text: The $1 billion (equivalent to $ billion in ) project was authorized by Congress in 1946, and Buford Dam broke ground on March 1, 1950. A stretch of Georgia Highway 53 had to be abandoned that ran too close to the planned shoreline. Gainesville's Looper Speedway was also condemned and abandoned.


title: Lake Lanier

text: More than $2 million (equivalent to $ million in ) had been spent by the Corps on preliminary construction when the House Committee on Appropriations refused to provide more funds in June 1951. During that summer Atlanta mayor William Hartsfield traveled to Washington numerous times pressing southern Democratic Senators Richard Russell Jr. and Walter F. George to restore funding to ensure Atlanta's water supply during droughts. Hartsfield returned to Washington in 1955 to lobby for $11 million (equivalent to $ million in ) more for the dam, which had a target completion date of 1956, again stressing the importance of an adequate water supply for his growing city. Congress approved the funds, and the dam was completed and opened on schedule.


title: Lake Lanier

text: On February 1, 1956, Lake Lanier began filling when the sluice gates of Buford Dam were closed. The dam began operation between June and October 1957, and that same year, Morgan Falls Dam, located downstream, was raised to regulate the flow from Buford Dam and regulate the flow of water to Atlanta. Buford Dam was dedicated on October 9, 1957 in a ceremony officiated by a number of elected officials, including U.S. Senator Richard B. Russell, Georgia Governor Marvin Griffin, and Atlanta mayor William B. Hartsfield. Lake Lanier reached its intended full-pool level on August 1, 1958, approximately one year later than initially expected due to droughts. In early fall of 1958, the region had two solid months of drought, which would have left the Chattahoochee and its tributaries nearly dry, if not for the construction of Buford Dam and the reserve of Lake Lanier.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Since the 1990s, the Corps of Engineers, Florida, Georgia, and Alabama have all been fighting for use of the water held in Lake Lanier. Federal law mandates that when a river flows between two or more states, each state has a right to an equal share of the water. Additionally, laws such as the Endangered Species Act require that water be available to preserve and support the threatened or endangered species that live in or around Chattahoochee River and Apalachicola Bay.


title: Lake Lanier

text: According to the Army Corps of Engineers, the Dam has a current installed capacity of 126 megawatts and a hydraulic head of 136 feet. Other pertinent information on the reservoir, power plant, etc. can be found on the Mobile District Corps of Engineers web site. Also, historic operational information on lake elevations, discharges, inflows and power generation for all the Corps projects on the ACF are available.


title: Lake Lanier

text: In June 2006, the USACE revealed that the new lake gauge at the dam, replaced in December 2005, was not properly calibrated, yielding a lake level reading nearly two feet (over half a meter) higher than the actual level. Because of this, nearly 22 billion U.S. gallons (over 82 billion liters) of excess water had been released. This was above the already planned excess releases to support the successful spawning of gulf sturgeon in the Apalachicola River and to protect several species of oysters in Apalachicola Bay from excessive saltwater intrusion.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Georgia Governor Sonny Perdue said that the Corps had created a "manmade drought", because most of the state was already having dry conditions. This came at a time when outdoor water-use restrictions were being put in place by local governments. The high rate of suburban growth in the area resulted in a high rate of water consumption to care for the many lawns which had replaced forests. Because of the error in managing Lake Lanier, the governor's office declared a drought and enacted a ban on outdoor water use from 10 am to 4 pm, in addition to the permanent weekly odd/even address system. Other local counties imposed further restrictions or total bans, based on each water system's conditions. Outdoor watering was banned completely as the state suffered the worst drought in its recorded history.


title: Lake Lanier

text: On October 16, 2007, Governor Perdue gave the USACE until the evening of October 17 to come up with a plan for the continued release of water for Florida wildlife. Senator Johnny Isakson stood before the Georgia General Assembly saying, "The health, safety and welfare of people are threatened. They are threatened by an act this Congress passed that had no intention to threaten them." He eventually withdrew his threat to sue the Corps of Engineers, but the Lake Lanier Association indicated that it would file a private legal action. Governor Perdue's attempts to reach an agreement with Florida over water releases fell through, leaving the final decision on releases from the lake to be made by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.


title: Lake Lanier

text: On November 22, 2007, the water level was at , setting a new record low. The previous low was , set in December 1981. One month later, the water level stabilized around a final low of , recorded December 26, 2007 at Buford Dam. The day after Christmas, the water level began rising from week to week.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Eventually after winter rains, on February 18, 2008, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to , higher than the December 1981 level of , effectively ending the record-low phase of the drought crisis.


title: Lake Lanier

text: A similar drought situation occurred in late 2008. At the end of the year, the water level stabilized around a final low of , recorded December 8, 2008, at Buford Dam, slightly above the record set in 2007.


title: Lake Lanier

text: After rainfall during the winter of 2008–2009, on March 30, 2009, the climatologist of the state of Georgia, David Stooksbury, declared the drought over, noting: "soil moisture is near normal, stream flows are near normal. Small and medium-sized reservoirs are full." Stooksbury continued, "There is still the 500-pound gorilla sitting in the room and that’s Lanier." In May 2009, the water level of Lake Lanier rose to exceed , reaching a high of in mid-June 2009. It did not reach the full summer pool of during mid-2009, remaining more than lower. Following weeks of heavy rain in North Georgia, Lake Lanier returned to full pool in mid-October 2009. The record high is set in April 1964.


title: Lake Lanier

text: The record-low lake levels had revealed parts of the lake bottom not seen since the 1950s, including remnants of a road and foundations of homes that had to be abandoned for the construction. More recent additions to the lake—including discarded trash, boat batteries and sunken boats—were discovered. Local efforts were organized to clean up the lake bottom. Several automobiles, some stolen, and discarded firearms were also recovered by law enforcement officials.


title: Lake Lanier

text: In July 2009, a federal judge from Minnesota (chosen from a neutral location as an arbiter) ruled that Congress never authorized Lake Lanier to be used as a source of the water supply for metro Atlanta. Georgia was given three years to stop withdrawing from the lake (except for the adjacent cities of Gainesville and Buford), unless Congress authorized it, or if it and the other two states using water from the reservoir came to agreement about use. The Atlanta Regional Commission chairman noted that if enforced, cutting drinking water to 75% of current users in the region would require disaster aid from the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA).


title: Lake Lanier

text: In June 2011, the Eleventh Circuit Court of Appeals reversed the 2009 district court decision and confirmed the USACE's authority to regulate Lake Lanier for Atlanta's water supply. The Corps responded in June 2012 with plans for further analysis and evaluation of proposals from the three states.


title: Lake Lanier

text: In 2013, Florida filed an original action against Georgia in the Supreme Court of the United States, requesting equitable apportionment of waters in the ACF Basin. On November 3, 2014, the Supreme Court granted Florida leave to file the complaint. On April 1, 2021, the Supreme Court dismissed the complaint in a unanimous opinion, holding that Florida did not prove any serious injury caused by Georgia.


title: Lake Lanier

text: The lake is popular with boaters, houseboats, jet-skiers and others, particularly around the summer holidays. Over 10 million people visit the lake annually, including its marinas and the Lake Lanier Islands waterpark. The rowing and sprint canoeing events during the 1996 Summer Olympics were held on the north end of the lake. It has since hosted many international events such as the 2003 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships, 2016 Pan American Sprint Canoe/Kayak Championships and the 2018 ICF Dragon Boat World Championships. The venue is host to many other events such as Food Truck Friday, ACRA Championships and the Atlanta Hong Kong Dragon Boat Festival.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Lake Lanier has over 90 corps, state, county and city parks spread around its 680 miles of shoreline, 23 of which provide swim beaches. All of these parks are accessible by land and some by water and most have other amenities such as picnic areas, restrooms, boat ramps and playgrounds. There are also dozens of beaches on Lake Lanier that are on islands located all over Lake Lanier.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Lake Lanier Islands is a resort complex on the lake, opened in 1974, that includes a resort hotel called Legacy Lodge (formerly Emerald Pointe Hotel), a water park, and a golf course, among other amenities. The complex also included a second resort hotel, PineIsle, which operated from 1975 to 2005, and was demolished in 2008. Both hotels were sold by CNL Hotels & Resorts, a hotel investment firm in Florida, to Georgia businessman Virgil Williams. In 2017–2018, Margaritaville was announced to take over Lanier Islands Park. Lake Lanier Islands sits on a ground lease from the Lake Lanier Islands Development Authority, which was established by the Georgia General Assembly in 1962 to promote tourism development on the islands, and in turn leases the land from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Every year from mid-November through January, Lake Lanier Islands are decorated with over of Christmas lights, the largest animated light show in the southeast and one of the world's largest light shows. Magical Nights of Lights is an animated drive-through display that ends with a Christmas village, carnival rides, bonfire, Santa Shop, and live nativity.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Due to the displaced cemeteries and unmarked graves Lake Lanier submerged during its creation, the body of water is rumored to be haunted with ghosts.


title: Lake Lanier

text: At the end of 2007, the water level of Lake Lanier became notable, on a daily basis, for setting record-low levels. The dropping water level slowed to , as measured on November 17, 2007, after local rains continued and the water flow had been reduced at Buford Dam. However, water levels continued to decline almost daily during the month of December 2007.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Further rains during November and December stabilized the water level at a low of on December 26, 2007, with the water level fluctuating up/down by about daily. On December 27, the water level began rising above the record low level, but fluctuating every few days, as affected by further rain and snow during December and January 2008. By the end of December 2007, the water level had risen more than to , rising more than 3 times faster than it had recently dropped. It reversed more than 18 days of losses within 5 days.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Finally, on February 18, 2008, the water level of Lake Lanier had risen above the record-low levels set in November, rising to . This was higher than the December 1981 level of , effectively ending the record-low phase of the drought crisis. As of April 21, 2009, the lake had risen back to .


title: Lake Lanier

text: Multiple rain storms further to the south, along the Chattahoochee River to Apalachicola Bay, brought increased freshwater to the Florida wildlife in November and December 2007, despite the reduced water flow from Lake Lanier at Buford Dam. Rainfall along the lower Chattahoochee River was often greater overall than above Lake Lanier, as it spanned the longer length of the river.


title: Lake Lanier

text: Metropolitan Atlanta received far above-average rainfall amounts throughout September and October 2009, and had record floods. On October 14, 2009, Lake Lanier had risen back to above-full pool at . The record high is , set in April 1964.


title: Lake Lanier

text: In 2011 and 2012, the water fell to some of the lowest points on record set during the 2007 droughts. In the spring and summer of 2013, the water level reached some of the highest points due to high amounts of rain and flooding in the north Georgia area. By late June 2016, the southern parts of Forsyth County were having severe drought, and water use was ordered to be reduced.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Hyperhidrosis is a condition characterized by abnormally increased sweating, in excess of that required for regulation of body temperature. Although primarily a benign physical burden, hyperhidrosis can deteriorate quality of life from a psychological, emotional, and social perspective. In fact, hyperhidrosis almost always leads to psychological as well as physical and social consequences. It is thus responsible for more than ¼ of the cases of social phobia. Patients suffering from it present difficulties in the professional field, more than 80% of patients experience a moderate to severe emotional impact from the disease and half are subject to depression.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: This excess of sweat happens even if the person is not engaging in tasks that require muscular effort, and it does not depend on the exposure to heat. Common places to sweat can include underarms, face, neck, back, groin, feet, and hands. It has been called by some researchers 'the silent handicap'.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Both "diaphoresis" and "hidrosis" can mean either "perspiration" (in which sense they are synonymous with "sweating") or "excessive perspiration", in which case they refer to a specific, narrowly defined, clinical disorder.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Hyperhidrosis can either be "generalized", or "localized" to specific parts of the body. Hands, feet, armpits, groin, and the facial area are among the most active regions of perspiration due to the high number of sweat glands (eccrine glands in particular) in these areas. When excessive sweating is localized (e.g. palms, soles, face, underarms, scalp) it is referred to as "primary" hyperhidrosis or focal hyperhidrosis. Excessive sweating involving the whole body is termed "generalized" hyperhidrosis or secondary hyperhidrosis. It is usually the result of some other, underlying condition.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Primary or "focal" hyperhidrosis may be further divided by the area affected, for instance, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis (symptomatic sweating of only the hands or feet) or gustatory hyperhidrosis (sweating of the face or chest a few moments after eating certain foods).


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Hyperhidrosis can also be classified by onset, either congenital (present at birth) or acquired (beginning later in life). Primary or focal hyperhidrosis usually starts during adolescence or even earlier and seems to be inherited as an autosomal dominant genetic trait. It must be distinguished from "secondary" hyperhidrosis, which can start at any point in life. Secondary hyperhidrosis may be due to a disorder of the thyroid or pituitary glands, diabetes mellitus, tumors, gout, menopause, certain drugs, or mercury poisoning.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: One classification scheme uses the amount of skin affected. In this scheme, excessive sweating in an area of 100 square centimeters (16 square inches) or more is differentiated from sweating that affects only a small area.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: The cause of primary hyperhidrosis is unknown. Anxiety or excitement can exacerbate the condition. A common complaint of patients is they get nervous because they sweat, then sweat more because they are nervous. Other factors can play a role, including certain foods and drinks, nicotine, caffeine, and smells.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Similarly, secondary (generalized) hyperhidrosis has many causes including certain types of cancer, disturbances of the endocrine system, infections, and medications.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: A variety of cancers have been associated with the development of secondary hyperhidrosis including lymphoma, pheochromocytoma, carcinoid tumors (resulting in carcinoid syndrome), and tumors within the thoracic cavity.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Certain endocrine conditions are also known to cause secondary hyperhidrosis including diabetes mellitus (especially when blood sugars are low), acromegaly, hyperpituitarism, pheochromocytoma (tumor of the adrenal glands, present in 71% of patients) and various forms of thyroid disease.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (e.g., sertraline) is a common cause of medication-induced secondary hyperhidrosis. Other medications associated with secondary hyperhidrosis include tricyclic antidepressants, stimulants, opioids, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), glyburide, insulin, anxiolytic agents, adrenergic agonists, and cholinergic agonists.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Symmetry of excessive sweating in hyperhidrosis is most consistent with primary hyperhidrosis. To diagnose this condition, a dermatologist gives the patient a physical exam. This includes looking closely at the areas of the body that sweat excessively. A dermatologist also asks very specific questions. This helps the doctor understand why the patient has excessive sweating. Sometimes medical testing is necessary. Some patients require a test called the sweat test. This involves coating some of their skin with a powder that turns purple when the skin gets wet.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Excessive sweating affecting only one side of the body is more suggestive of secondary hyperhidrosis and further investigation for a neurologic cause is recommended.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Antihydral cream is one of the solutions prescribed for hyperhidrosis for palms. Topical agents for hyperhidrosis therapy include formaldehyde lotion, topical anticholinergics etc. These agents reduce perspiration by denaturing keratin, in turn occluding the pores of the sweat glands. They have a short-lasting effect. Formaldehyde is classified as a probable human carcinogen. Contact sensitization is increased, especially with formalin. Aluminium chlorohydrate is used in regular antiperspirants. However, hyperhidrosis requires solutions or gels with a much higher concentration. These antiperspirant solutions or hyperhidrosis gels are especially effective for treatment of axillary or underarm regions. Normally it takes around three to five days to see improvement. The most common side-effect is skin irritation. For severe cases of plantar and palmar hyperhidrosis, there has been some success with conservative measures such as higher strength aluminium chloride antiperspirants. Treatment algorithms for hyperhidrosis recommend topical antiperspirants as the first line of therapy for hyperhidrosis. Both the International Hyperhidrosis Society and the Canadian Hyperhidrosis Advisory Committee have published treatment guidelines for focal hyperhidrosis that are said to be evidence-based.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Prescription medications called anticholinergics, often taken by mouth, are sometimes used in the treatment of both generalized and focal hyperhidrosis. Anticholinergics used for hyperhidrosis include propantheline, glycopyrronium bromide or glycopyrrolate, oxybutynin, methantheline, and benzatropine. Use of these drugs can be limited, however, by side-effects, including dry mouth, urinary retention, constipation, and visual disturbances such as mydriasis (dilation of the pupils) and cycloplegia. For people who find their hyperhidrosis is made worse by anxiety-provoking situations (public speaking, stage performances, special events such as weddings, etc.), taking an anticholinergic medicine before the event may be helpful.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Several anticholinergic drugs can reduce hyperhidrosis. Oxybutynin (brand name "Ditropan") is one that has shown promise, although it can have side-effects, such as drowsiness, visual symptoms and dryness of the mouth and other mucous membranes. Glycopyrrolate is another drug sometimes used. It is said to be nearly as effective as oxybutynin, but has similar side-effects. In 2018, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the topical anticholinergic glycopyrronium tosylate (brand name Qbrexza) for the treatment of primary axillary hyperhidrosis.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: For peripheral hyperhidrosis, some people have found relief by simply ingesting crushed ice water. Ice water helps to cool excessive body heat during its transport through the blood vessels to the extremities, effectively lowering overall body temperature to normal levels within ten to thirty minutes.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Injections of botulinum toxin type A can be used to block neural control of sweat glands. The effect can last from 3–9 months depending on the site of injections. This use has been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). The duration of the beneficial effect in primary palmar hyperhidrosis has been found to increase with repetition of the injections. The Botox injections tend to be painful. Various measures have been tried to minimize the pain, one of which is the application of ice.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: This was first demonstrated by Khalaf Bushara and colleagues as the first nonmuscular use of BTX-A in 1993. BTX-A has since been approved for the treatment of severe primary axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive underarm sweating of unknown cause), which cannot be managed by topical agents.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: A microwave-based device has been tried for excessive underarm perspiration and appears to show promise.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Tap water iontophoresis as a treatment for palmoplantar hyperhidrosis was originally described in the 1950s. Studies showed positive results and good safety with tap water iontophoresis. One trial found it decreased sweating by about 80%.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Sweat gland removal or destruction is one surgical option available for axillary hyperhidrosis (excessive underarm perspiration). There are multiple methods for sweat gland removal or destruction, such as sweat gland suction, retrodermal curettage, and axillary liposuction, Vaser, or Laser Sweat Ablation. Sweat gland suction is a technique adapted for liposuction.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: The other main surgical option is endoscopic thoracic sympathectomy (ETS), which cuts, burns, or clamps the thoracic ganglion on the main sympathetic chain that runs alongside the spine. Clamping is intended to permit the reversal of the procedure. ETS is generally considered a "safe, reproducible, and effective procedure and most patients are satisfied with the results of the surgery". Satisfaction rates above 80% have been reported, and are higher for children. The procedure brings relief from excessive hand sweating in about 85–95% of patients. ETS may be helpful in treating axillary hyperhidrosis, facial blushing and facial sweating, but failure rates in patients with facial blushing and/or excessive facial sweating are higher and such patients may be more likely to experience unwanted side effects.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: ETS side-effects have been described as ranging from trivial to devastating. The most common side-effect of ETS is compensatory sweating (sweating in different areas than prior to the surgery). Major problems with compensatory sweating are seen in 20–80% of patients undergoing the surgery. Most people find the compensatory sweating to be tolerable while 1–51% claim that their quality of life decreased as a result of compensatory sweating." Total body perspiration in response to heat has been reported to increase after sympathectomy. The original sweating problem may recur due to nerve regeneration, sometimes as early as 6 months after the procedure.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Other possible side-effects include Horner's Syndrome (about 1%), gustatory sweating (less than 25%) and excessive dryness of the palms (sandpaper hands). Some patients have experienced cardiac sympathetic denervation, which can result in a 10% decrease in heart rate both at rest and during exercise, resulting in decreased exercise tolerance.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Percutaneous sympathectomy is a minimally invasive procedure similar to the botulinum method, in which nerves are blocked by an injection of phenol. The procedure provides temporary relief in most cases. Some physicians advocate trying this more conservative procedure before resorting to surgical sympathectomy, the effects of which are usually not reversible.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Hyperhidrosis can have physiological consequences such as cold and clammy hands, dehydration, and skin infections secondary to maceration of the skin. Hyperhidrosis can also have devastating emotional effects on one's individual life.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Excessive sweating or focal hyperhidrosis of the hands interferes with many routine activities, such as securely grasping objects. Some people with focal hyperhidrosis sufferers avoid situations where they will come into physical contact with others, such as greeting a person with a handshake. Hiding embarrassing sweat spots under the armpits limits the affected person's arm movements and pose. In severe cases, shirts must be changed several times during the day and require additional showers both to remove sweat and control body odor issues or microbial problems such as acne, dandruff, or athlete's foot. Additionally, anxiety caused by self-consciousness to the sweating may aggravate the sweating. Excessive sweating of the feet makes it harder for patients to wear slide-on or open-toe shoes, as the feet slide around in the shoe because of sweat.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: Some careers present challenges for people with hyperhidrosis. For example, careers that require the use of a knife may not be safely performed by people with excessive sweating of the hands. The risk of dehydration can limit the ability of some to function in extremely hot (especially if also humid) conditions. Even the playing of musical instruments can be uncomfortable or difficult because of sweaty hands.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: It is estimated that the incidence of focal hyperhidrosis may be as high as 2.8% of the population of the United States. It affects men and women equally, and most commonly occurs among people aged 25–64 years, though some may have been affected since early childhood. About 30–50% of people have another family member affected, implying a genetic predisposition.


title: Hyperhidrosis

text: In 2006, researchers at Saga University in Japan reported that primary palmar hyperhidrosis maps to gene locus 14q11.2–q13.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Leprechaun is a 1993 American comedy horror film written and directed by Mark Jones, and starring Warwick Davis in the title role, with Jennifer Aniston in her film debut. Davis plays a vengeful leprechaun who believes a family has stolen his pot of gold. As he hunts them, they attempt to locate his gold to mollify him.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Originally intended as straight horror, Davis injected humor into his role, and reshoots added increased gore to appeal to older audiences. "Leprechaun" was the first in-house production at Trimark Pictures for theatrical exhibition; it earned a domestic gross of $8.6 million against a budget of roughly $1 million and became a cult film. While initial reviews were negative, the commercial success prompted a series of films.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: In 1983, Dan O'Grady returns to his home in North Dakota from a trip to his native Ireland, where he stole the pot of gold from a leprechaun he interrogated. After burying the gold, O'Grady discovers that the evil leprechaun has followed him home and murdered his wife. O'Grady uses a four-leaf clover to suppress the leprechaun's powers and trap him inside a crate. Before he can burn him, he suffers a stroke.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Ten years later, J. D. Redding and his teenage daughter Tory rent the O'Grady farmhouse for the summer. Contract workers Nathan Murphy, his 10-year-old brother Alex, and their dimwitted friend Ozzie Jones help re-paint the farmhouse. While looking around the basement, Ozzie hears the leprechaun's cry for help and mistakes him for a little child. He brushes the old four-leaf clover off the crate, freeing the leprechaun. The leprechaun tells Ozzie that he works as a shoemaker in Ireland, but came to America looking for his gold. After failing to convince the others that he met a leprechaun, Ozzie spots a rainbow and chases it, believing that he will find a pot of gold at the end. Alex accompanies him for fear that Ozzie might hurt himself. A bag of one hundred gold coins magically appears before Ozzie. After Ozzie tests the gold and accidentally swallows a coin, they stash it in an old well and plot to keep it for themselves, hoping to fix Ozzie's brain.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: At the farm, the leprechaun lures J. D. into a trap by imitating a cat, biting and injuring his hand. Tory and the others rush him to the hospital, and the leprechaun follows on a tricycle. Alex and Ozzie visit a pawn shop to see if the gold is pure, and the leprechaun kills Joe the shop owner for stealing his gold and shines the dead shop owner's shoes before leaving. The leprechaun fixes himself a small go-kart and goes back to the farmhouse, getting pulled over by a police officer on the way back for speeding. The police officer gets chased by the leprechaun into the woods, eventually getting killed by the leprechaun in the process. The leprechaun returns to the farmhouse, where he searches for his gold and shines every shoe that he finds. After leaving J. D. at the hospital, the group drives back to the farmhouse. Finding it ransacked, Nathan checks outside, where he is injured by a bear trap set by the leprechaun. The group fights the leprechaun outside, ganging up and beating him up with sticks and stone.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: After finding a shotgun in the farmhouse, they shoot the leprechaun several times. When this has no effect, they attempt to flee the farm, but their truck's engine has been sabotaged by the leprechaun. After ramming the truck with the go-kart, the leprechaun terrorizes the group until Ozzie reveals that he and Alex found the pot of gold. Tory recovers the bag from the well and gives it to the leprechaun. Believing the worst to be over, they leave for the hospital. While counting his gold, the leprechaun discovers that he is missing the last coin that Ozzie swallowed. Thinking that they have tricked him, he menaces them until Ozzie tells them about O'Grady, who was taken to a nursing home after his stroke. The group distracts the leprechaun by throwing dirty shoes around, which the leprechaun can't resist but to go and shine them, while Tory gets into her jeep and drives off. Tory visits the home to learn how to kill the leprechaun.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: At the nursing home, the leprechaun pretends to be O'Grady. After he chases Tory to an elevator, the leprechaun throws O'Grady's bloodied body down the shaft as Tory flees. Before dying, O'Grady tells her that the only way to kill the leprechaun is with a four-leaf clover, which happens to grow in a big batch outside the farm. Tory returns to the farmhouse, where she searches for a clover until she is attacked by the leprechaun; Nathan and Ozzie save her. Ozzie reveals that he swallowed the last gold coin, and the leprechaun critically wounds him trying to get it. Before the leprechaun can kill Ozzie, Alex takes a four-leaf clover Tory has found, sticks it to a wad of gum, and shoots it into the leprechaun's mouth, causing him to melt away. The leprechaun falls into the well, but his skeleton climbs out to continue menacing the group. Nathan pushes the leprechaun back into the well and blows up both the well and the leprechaun with gasoline. As the cops arrive in the morning and investigate the remains of the well, the leprechaun vows he will not rest until he recovers every last piece of his gold.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Mark Jones, the writer-director, had a career in American television shows. Desiring to make a film, he decided that a low budget horror film was his best opportunity. Jones was inspired by the Lucky Charms commercials to create a leprechaun character, only his twist was to turn the character into an antagonist. Jones was further influenced by the film "Critters", which featured a small antagonist. Jones brought the concept to Trimark, who were looking to get into film production and distribution. "Leprechaun" became the first film produced in-house by Trimark to be theatrically released. "Entertainment Weekly" quoted the budget at "just under $1 million". In an interview with "Fangoria", Jones stated that he began writing the script in 1985 and spent a long time developing the Leprechaun character, which he initially envisioned as a "horrible, murderous creature", but which became a more comedic and developed character before filming began. Warwick Davis, who had experienced a dry spell after playing the protagonist in "Willow", liked the script and was excited to play against type. Jennifer Aniston, who was an unknown at the time, impressed Jones, and he fought to have her cast.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Shooting occurred from October 28-December 3, 1991, and beginning at Valencia Studios, where "" had recently finished production. Several violent scenes were filmed at Big Sky Ranch, where "Little House on the Prairie" and "The Waltons" were shot. Davis later said it felt "a little blasphemous". Davis performed most of his own stunts. For the scene where Davis chases Aniston in a wheelchair, Aniston had to run in slow motion so that Davis could keep up with her, as he had trouble manipulating the wheels. The film was initially more of a straightforward horror film, but Davis sought to add more comedic elements. Jones agreed with this tonal shift, and they shot it as a horror comedy. Several scenes had to be re-shot after the producers insisted that the film be made gorier to appeal to older audiences.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Gabe Bartalos performed the make-up effects. Trimark contacted Bartalos to produce a sample. Bartalos's early efforts were not to his liking, and he pushed the design in a more grotesque direction, as that was what he wanted to see on the screen as a horror fan. Bartalos's design impressed Trimark, and he got the account. Applying the make-up took three hours, and taking it off took another 40 minutes. Davis described the experience as "not a pleasant sensation". To pass the time while the make-up was being applied, Davis said he had bizarre conversations with Bartalos, with whom he got along well. Davis was conscious of the need to stay relaxed and not move, and he channelled his confidence that the make-up effects were properly applied into his acting.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Leading up to the film's release, Trimark engaged in an aggressive marketing campaign, partnering with the National Basketball Association, American Stock Exchange, and, after failing to secure deals with either corporate headquarters, individual franchisees of Domino's Pizza and Subway. "Leprechaun" opened on January 8, 1993, in 620 theatres and took in $2,493,020 its opening week, ultimately earning $8,556,940 in the United States. Vidmark released it on VHS in April, and it sold over 100,000 copies. The film score was released on March 9 by Intrada Records. The film was released on DVD in August 1998. Lionsgate released a triple feature collection on March 11, 2008. All seven films in the series were released on Blu-ray in a collection in September 2014. The film is often broadcast on cable channels such as Syfy on Saint Patrick's Day.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: "Leprechaun" was followed by five sequels: "Leprechaun 2" (1994), "Leprechaun 3" (1995), "" (1997), "Leprechaun in the Hood" (2000), and "" (2003). In 2014, a reboot, "" was released. After "Leprechaun 2"s theatrical gross disappointed Trimark, "Leprechaun 3" was released direct-to-video. "Origins" was theatrically released. "Leprechaun Returns" was released on DVD on December 11, 2018, serving as a direct sequel to the original film. The film stars Linden Porco as Lubdan the Leprechaun, and Mark Holton as Ozzie Jones, who reprised the role from the first film, and directed by Steven Kostanski.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: On release, critical reception to the film was negative. Writing for "The Deseret News", Chris Hicks said that the film should have been released direct-to-video. Also criticizing Trimark's release of the film, "The Austin Chronicle"s Marc Savlov called it clichéd, uninteresting, and an "utter waste of perfectly good Kodak film stock". Internet-based critic James Berardinelli called it "unwatchable" and not even enjoyably bad, and Matt Bourjaily of the "Chicago Tribune" wrote that the film "has brought new meaning to the term 'bad'". At the "Los Angeles Daily News", Robert Strauss called it "as witless and worthless a horror film as could possibly be conjured". "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette" critic Ron Weiskind called the film incompetent and criticized the film's acting, lack of suspense, and production values.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Michael Wilmington of the "Los Angeles Times" called the cast "the usual all-formula grab-bag", and "The Washington Post"s Richard Harrington said the human actors are all bland. Berardinelli described the characters as "a group of morons who act like they flunked kindergarten" but said Aniston "might be competent" in a better film. Weiskind instead called Aniston's character a "Beverly Hills brat" who audiences will want to die. Of Davis, Harrington wrote that he "imbues a weak character with a strong presence", saying the film is only interesting while Davis is on-screen. Harrington concludes that the film is notable only for Davis' performance. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" called the leprechaun "no more than dangerously cranky" and reminiscent of Chucky from "Child's Play"; Hicks also described the leprechaun as similar to Chucky. Wilmington wrote that while a killer Leprechaun logically follows a trend of gimmicky antagonists, it is still a bad idea.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Of the film's humor, Wilmington wrote that "Leprechaun" "isn't dumb enough to be fun". Hicks described the film's humor as "ill-advised slapstick", and Canby wrote that it is "neither scary nor funny". Berardinelli called the leprechaun's one-liners "more idiotic than pithy". Writing in the "Chicago Sun-Times", critic Jeff Makos unfavorably compared the film's tone to that of "Tremors", which he posited as an influence. Makos said Davis does his best to be funny, but the film has no funny jokes, making audience feedback probably more entertaining than the film itself. The use of Lucky Charms as humor also received commentary. Harrington wrote that Jones is "so bereft of inventive ideas that he refers to Lucky Charms cereal not once but three times", and Bourjaily criticized the Lucky Charms jokes as unfunny.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Berardinelli said director Mark Jones has no style evident in the film. Wilmington described it as a "dingy, drab, pointless little movie ... made without flair or imagination, seemingly enervated by its own bad taste and low intentions". Canby called the screenplay and direction amateurish, and Hicks wrote that Jones is bereft of ideas and should go back to his day job, describing the plot as "by-the-numbers killings with no rhyme or reason". Harrington wrote that the film "has major continuity and credibility problems". Strauss identified the theme as anti-greed but said the writing is "simultaneously prosaic and murky", causing Jones to miss his mark. Wilmington wrote that the leprechaun's cries for his gold reflects the filmmakers' cynical desire for box-office success. "Sight & Sound" described "Leprechaun" as a film which seems to have no concept of a target audience: "Jones wants this to be a lively romp for older kids in the mould of "Time Bandits"...but also wants to corner the lucrative horror market". The review concluded: "Unsuitable for adults or kids, this is ultimately for completists". Harrington called the make-up "quite evil-looking", though Strauss wrote that "effects are strictly so-so".


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 27% of 15 critics gave the film a positive review with an average rating of 4.1/10. A 2014 retrospective from "Entertainment Weekly" identified it as Aniston's worst role to date, and Aniston herself has expressed embarrassment over the film. In 2009, Tanya Gold of "The Guardian" selected it as one of her ten favorite scary films to watch on Halloween.


title: Leprechaun (film)

text: Disagreeing with his colleagues in 1993, Luke Y. Thompson of the "New Times" opined: "The perfect high-concept comedic slasher, and it's still Jennifer Aniston's best film to date".


title: Giorgia Whigham

text: Giorgia Whigham is an American actress. She is best known for her roles as Kat in the first season of "13 Reasons Why", Amy Bendix in the second season of "The Punisher", and Beth in the third season of "Scream".


title: Giorgia Whigham

text: Whigham's father is actor Shea Whigham. She had her first break in the acting world starring alongside Ellery Sprayberry in the 2016 short film "Pinky". Following on from her acting debut, she won roles on a variety of TV shows including "Shameless", "Son of Zorn", "13 Reasons Why" and "The Orville".


title: Giorgia Whigham

text: On September 13, 2017, it was announced that Whigham will join as a series regular in the third season of the VH1 slasher television series "Scream". She would star in the role of Beth. The season premiered on July 8, 2019.


title: Giorgia Whigham

text: On February 26, 2018, it was announced that Whigham would appear in the second season of Netflix's "The Punisher".


title: Giorgia Whigham

text: In 2019, she co-starred in the film "Saving Zoë" which is an adaptation to Alyson Noël’s bestselling young adult novel of the same title, alongside starring sisters and actresses, Laura and Vanessa Marano.


title: Hash browns

text: Hash browns, also spelled hashed browns, are a popular American and British breakfast food, consisting of finely chopped potatoes that have been fried until browned. Hash browns first started appearing on breakfast menus in New York City in the 1890s. Hash browns are a staple breakfast food at diners in North America, where they are often fried on a large common cooktop or grill.


title: Hash browns

text: Hash browns first started appearing on breakfast menus in New York City in the 1890s. Hash browns are a staple breakfast food at diners in North America, where they are often fried on a large common cooktop or grill.


title: Hash browns

text: Originally, the full name of the dish was "hashed brown potatoes" (or "hashed browned potatoes"), of which the first known mention is by American food author Maria Parloa (1843–1909) in her 1887 "Kitchen Companion", where she describes the dish of "hashed and browned potatoes" as a fried mixture of cold boiled potatoes which is folded "like an omelet" before serving.


title: Hash browns

text: The word "hash" is derived from the French word ""hacher"" which means to hack or chop. This means hashed browned potatoes literally translates to "chopped and fried potatoes".


title: Hash browns

text: A chef may prepare hash browns by either grating potato or forming riced potatoes into patties before frying with onions (moisture and potato starch can hold them together); however, if a binding agent is added (egg or flour for example), such a preparation constitutes a potato pancake.


title: Hash browns

text: Hash browns are sometimes made into patty form and frozen for ease of handling, and the compact, flat shape can also be cooked in a toaster oven or toaster. For best results, in both cooking and flavor, it is recommended that hash browns be made using starchy potatoes such as russet potatoes. If a dish of hash browned potatoes incorporates chopped meat, leftovers, or other vegetables, it is more commonly referred to as "hash".


title: Hash browns

text: In some parts of the United States, "hash browns" strictly refer to shredded or riced pan-fried potatoes, while diced and pan-fried potatoes are called country fried potatoes or home fries and are served as a side dish at other meals. Some recipes add diced or chopped onions.


title: The Little Hours

text: The Little Hours is a 2017 American medieval black comedy film written and directed by Jeff Baena. The film is loosely based on the first and second stories of day three of ten of "The Decameron", a collection of novellas by Giovanni Boccaccio, a 14th-century Italian writer. It stars an ensemble cast featuring Alison Brie, Dave Franco, Kate Micucci, Aubrey Plaza, John C. Reilly, and Molly Shannon.


title: The Little Hours

text: Set in the 14th century, the film is told in an anachronistic style with contemporary dialogue and behavior. The plot jointly follows the lives of three nuns at a convent in the countryside who try to fornicate with a young gardener posing as a deaf-mute after he escapes from being punished by his lord for adultery with the man's wife. The film held its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2017, and was released on June 30, 2017, by Gunpowder & Sky. The film received positive reviews from critics, with praise for the cast's performances.


title: The Little Hours

text: In the year 1347 in Garfagnana, Italy, a convent of nuns is led by Father Tommasso. The three nuns at the center of the story are: Alessandra, who wants a better life for herself but is held at the convent due to her father's support of the church; Ginevra, a gossip who is later revealed to be a Jewish lesbian; and Fernanda, a violent sadist. The three of them routinely assault the friendly gardener Lurco, who quits in disgust. Meanwhile, in Lunigiana, a young servant named Massetto is caught having sex with his master's wife. While on the run, he discovers Father Tommasso, who has gone to sell some embroidery but has instead gotten drunk and lost his possessions in the river. Massetto helps him return home and the two arrange to have Massetto work as a gardener while pretending to be a deaf-mute, in hopes that this will dissuade the nuns from giving him trouble.


title: The Little Hours

text: Fernanda's friend Marta appears and encourages Alessandra and Ginevra to get drunk off the sacramental wine while explaining how being with a man is the greatest possible pleasure. Fernanda takes Ginevra back to her room, where they have sex. Massetto and Alessandra form a close bond, while Ginevra develops feelings for Fernanda.


title: The Little Hours

text: Later, Fernanda kidnaps Massetto at knife-point and takes him into the forest, where she meets up with a coven of witches. She attempts to perform a fertility ritual with Massetto but is stopped by the arrival of Alessandra and Ginevra. Ginevra, under the hallucinogenic effects of belladonna, takes off her clothes and begins dancing and steals the convent's donkey. Massetto reveals that he is not a deaf-mute while trying to free himself. They return to the convent, and all of their secrets are revealed in the presence of the visiting Bishop Bartolomeo. Father Tommasso is sent away to become a monk after it is discovered that he and the Mother Superior are in love and have a secret relationship. Massetto is returned to his master and is held in a jail cell with the impending threat of torture and death until the three nuns (who have reconciled and formed an even stronger friendship) help him escape. While Alessandra, Massetto, Ginevra, and Fernanda run hand-in-hand back to the convent, the Mother Superior and Father Tommasso have met up in secret under the pretense that the Mother Superior has gone to retrieve the donkey. They hide as the nuns and Massetto run by. Fernanda stops and stares in puzzlement at the once again freed donkey that she herself used as an excuse so many times to escape the convent, until Ginevra pulls her away. With the group gone, Father Tommasso and Mother Superior embrace and smile at each other.


title: The Little Hours

text: In April 2016, it was revealed that Jeff Baena had written and would direct a film starring Alison Brie, Dave Franco, Kate Micucci, Aubrey Plaza, John C. Reilly, Molly Shannon, Fred Armisen, Jon Gabrus, Jemima Kirke, Nick Offerman, Adam Pally, Paul Reiser, Lauren Weedman, and Paul Weitz. It was also revealed that Liz Destro of Destro Films would be producing the film, with StarStream Media and Bow and Arrow Entertainment executive producing alongside Productivity Media; also Exhibit Entertainment and Foton Pictures were executive producing. Dan Romer composed the film's score. The screenplay is based on the first and second tales of the third day in "The Decameron", a collection of novellas by Giovanni Boccaccio; however, the dialogue of the actors was improvised. The sets were accurate to the medieval period, but the behavior and language are contemporary. Filming locations included towns in the Tuscan province of Lucca: Castiglione di Garfagnana, Castelnuovo di Garfagnana, Pieve Fosciana, and Camporgiano. The castle scene was filmed in Fosdinovo, Province of Massa Carrara.


title: The Little Hours

text: The film had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 19, 2017. Shortly after, Gunpowder & Sky acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released on June 30, 2017.


title: The Little Hours

text: "The Little Hours" grossed a total of $1,647,175. The film opened in two theaters on its opening weekend and grossed $61,560.


title: The Little Hours

text: "The Little Hours" received positive reviews from film critics. It holds a 78% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 128 reviews, with a weighted average of 6.5/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""The Little Hours" gets plenty of goofy mileage out of its gifted ensemble, anchoring its ribald laughs in a period comedy with some surprisingly timely subtext." On Metacritic, the film holds a rating of 69 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Legal status of cocaine

text: The legal status of cocaine varies worldwide. Even though many countries have banned the sale of cocaine for recreational use, some have legalized it for possession, personal use, transportation, and cultivation, while some have decriminalized it for certain uses.


title: Ipatiev House

text: Ipatiev House () was a merchant's house in Yekaterinburg (later renamed Sverdlovsk in 1924, renamed back to Yekaterinburg in 1991) where the former Emperor Nicholas II of Russia (1868–1918, reigned 1894–1917), his family, and members of his household were executed in July 1918 following the Bolshevik Revolution. Its name is identical to that of the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, from where the Romanovs came to the throne. As an act for the 60th anniversary of the Russian Revolutions, it was demolished in 1977 by orders of the Politburo to the local soviet government, almost 59 years after the Romanov family murder and 14 years before the dissolution of the Soviet Union itself.


title: Ipatiev House

text: In the 1880s, Ivan Redikortsev, an official involved in the mining industry, commissioned a two-story house to be built on the slope of a prominent hill. The length of the facade was 31 metres. In 1898, the mansion passed to Sharaviev, a gold dealer of tainted reputation. Ten years later, the house was acquired by Nikolai Nikolayevich Ipatiev, a military engineer, who turned the ground floor into his office.


title: Ipatiev House

text: It seems to have been on the basis of information supplied by Pyotr Voykov that Ipatiev was summoned to the office of the Ural Soviet at the end of April 1918 and ordered to vacate what was soon to be called "The House of Special Purpose."


title: Ipatiev House

text: The Imperial Romanov family moved in on 30 April 1918 and spent 78 days at the house. This household included Tsar Nicholas Romanov, his wife, the Tsarina Alexandra Fyodorovna of Hesse, their four daughters, their son and heir Alexei, the Tsarevich (crown prince); their court physician Dr. Yevgeny Botkin, chambermaid Anna Demidova, cook Ivan Kharitonov, and valet Alexei Trupp. They occupied four rooms on the upper story of the Ipatiev House, while their guards were housed on the ground floor. From early July, command of this guard was taken over by Yakov Yurovsky, a senior member of the Ural Soviet.


title: Ipatiev House

text: The prisoners were permitted brief daily exercise in an enclosed garden. However, the windows to their rooms were painted over and they were kept in isolation from the outside. A high wooden fence was built around the outer perimeter of the house, closing it off from the street.


title: Ipatiev House

text: About midnight on 16–17 July 1918, Commander Yurovsky entered the second-floor room of Dr. Botkin, who was awake and writing a letter. Botkin was told to awaken the Imperial family and their three remaining servants, so that the whole party could be evacuated from Yekaterinburg. The reason given was that the anti-Bolshevik White Army forces of Tsarist and moderate democratic socialists in the ensuing Russian Civil War of 1918–1921, were nearing the city and that there had been firing in the streets.


title: Ipatiev House

text: After taking about half an hour to dress and pack, the Romanovs, Botkin and the three servants were led down a flight of stairs into the courtyard of the house, and from there through a ground-floor entrance to a small semi-basement room at the back of the building. Chairs were brought for Tsarevich Alexei and Tsarina Alexandra at the Tsar's request. The remainder of the party stood behind and to one side of the seated pair.


title: Ipatiev House

text: After a while, Yurovsky and a party of armed men entered the basement room through the double doors. Ivan Plotnikov, history professor at the Maksim Gorky Ural State University, has established that the executioners were Yakov Yurovsky, G. P. Nikulin, M. A. Medvedev (Kudrin), Peter Ermakov, S. P. Vaganov, A. G. Kabanov, P. S. Medvedev, V. N. Netrebin, and Y. M. Tselms. Three Latvians refused at the last minute to take part in the execution.


title: Ipatiev House

text: Yurovsky spoke briefly to the effect that their Romanov relatives had attempted to save the Imperial family, that this attempt had failed and that the Soviets were now obliged to shoot them all. He and his squad then opened fire with pistols on the prisoners.


title: Ipatiev House

text: The number of people crowded into a comparatively small area led to an inefficient and messy slaughter. The women among the prisoners had diamonds and jewelry concealed in their clothing, deflecting many of the bullets. It took between twenty and thirty minutes before all were killed.


title: Ipatiev House

text: As early as 1923, the photographs of the fenced house were disseminated in the Soviet press under the label of "the last palace of the last Tsar". In 1927, the house was designated a branch of the Ural Revolution Museum. It then became an agricultural school before taking on new life in 1938 as an anti-religious museum. During this period it was customary for party apparatchiks to arrive in large tour groups, posing before the bullet-damaged wall of the cellar in which the former Tsar and his family had been executed. In 1946, it was taken over by the local Communist Party. In 1974, it was formally listed as a Historical-Revolutionary Monument. However, it was steadily becoming a place of pilgrimage for those who wished to honour the memory of the imperial family.


title: Ipatiev House

text: In 1977, as the sixtieth anniversary of the Russian Revolution approached, the Politburo decided to take action, declaring that the house was not of "sufficient historical significance", and ordering its demolition. The task was passed to Boris Yeltsin, chair of the local party, who had the house demolished in September 1977. He later wrote in his memoirs, published in 1990, that "sooner or later we will be ashamed of this piece of barbarism." However, despite this action, the pilgrims kept coming, often in secret and at night, leaving tokens of remembrance on the vacant site. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union that was complete by 1991 (by coincidence, Yeltsin had played a major role during its dissolution and was Russia's first post-Soviet President), the Church on the Blood, one of the largest in Russia, was built on the site.


title: Ipatiev House

text: On one side of the church, there is an Orthodox cross which marks the location of the Romanov family’s death. Even during the Soviet era, there were crosses placed in that area, which changed over time. Different crosses would be replaced by new ones as the years went by. A small wooden structure was eventually built behind the cross and still stands near the church today.


title: Ipatiev House

text: The house features as the setting for three plays: "Ekaterinburg" (David Logan, 2013) the title being an alternate romanization of Yekaterinburg, "OTMA" (Kate Moira Ryan, 2006) and "The House of Special Purpose" (Heidi Thomas, 2009). All three plays deal with the time in captivity spent inside the Ipatiev House by the Romanovs and their retainers.


title: Ipatiev House

text: The house is featured in the episode "Ipatiev House" in season 5 of the television series "The Crown", covering the execution of the Romanovs.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Nissan Rogue is a compact crossover SUV produced by the Japanese automobile manufacturer Nissan. It made its debut in October 2007 for the 2008 model year. Beginning in 2013 for the 2014 model year, the model has been paralleled with the X-Trail sold outside the United States and Canada, making them identical. It is currently Nissan's best-selling vehicle in the United States.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue is manufactured at the Nissan Smyrna Assembly Plant in Tennessee, United States, although some variants have been built at Nissan Shatai's Kyushu Plant in Fukuoka, Japan and at the Renault Samsung Motors plant in Busan, South Korea.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Nissan Rogue made its debut at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit on 7 January 2007. It replaces the Nissan X-Trail in Canada as Nissan's entry-level SUV and the body-on-frame Nissan Xterra in Mexico due to the Smyrna plant freeing capacity for the 2009 Suzuki Equator, but the Xterra continued on sale in the United States and Canada through 2015 after being withdrawn from the Mexican market after the 2008 model year.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue comes in three trim levels in the United States: S, SV and SL. S is the base model, which comes factory equipped with anti-lock braking system; air conditioning; cruise control; power windows, locks and mirrors; remote keyless entry; and AM/FM/CD stereo with four speakers and auxiliary input jack.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: An optional "360 Value" package on the S model adds 16-inch alloy wheels, auto-dimming rear-view mirror with rear-view monitor, body-color rear spoiler, chrome grille and rear privacy glass. An S Krōm trim edition includes Krōm integrated body design, center-exit exhaust, body-color rear spoiler, 17-inch brilliant-finish aluminum-alloy wheels and rear privacy glass.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Safety features in the Rogue include front airbags, side-impact airbags, side-curtain airbags with rollover sensors, tire-pressure monitor, ABS with brake-assist and electronic brake-force distribution, traction control, and anti-skid control. The following summarizes the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Crash Test Ratings


title: Nissan Rogue

text: In the IIHS evaluation of the 2013 model year, the Rogue achieved a "Good" crashworthiness rating for Head Restraints & Seats, Side, and Moderate Overlap Front, while achieving an “Acceptable” rating in Roof Strength, and a "Marginal" rating in Small Overlap Front. Modifications were made starting in the 2014 model year which increased the Small Overlap Front and Roof Strength ratings to "Good".


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Changes to the Rogue include redesigned gauges recolored from orange to black, redesigned center dash for addition of the navigation system, redesigned exterior featuring a new front fascia and grille, new front and rear spoilers, new chrome side door guard molding trim accents, new front and rear tire deflectors and a new chrome license plate finisher; new 18-inch aluminum-alloy wheels for the Rogue S Krōm Edition and Rogue SL Package, new low rolling resistance tires (available with the 17-inch aluminum-alloy wheels) and a new under-body cover.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue S Krōm Edition is a version of Rogue S with more aggressive styling, sport-tuned exhaust, 18-inch polished wheels and tires, a unique grille and bumper with fog lamps, and other styling tweaks. The vehicle was unveiled at the 23rd Annual International Z Car Convention in Nashville.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: US models went on sale at Nissan dealers nationwide beginning 13 August 2010. Early models include S and SV.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The SV is available with an optional SL package, adding leather seats, touch screen navigation system and 18" alloy wheels, along with other premium features.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Nissan vehicles with Garmin Navi 750, 760 and 765 GPS devices, which included Rogue sold with the Garmin devices between 2008 and 2010, were recalled in 2010 due to overheating. On 23 November 2011, Nissan announced a recall of 7,365 2011 Rogue vehicles for improperly manufactured electric power steering (EPS) assist units, which over time could cause the power assist feature to fail, causing a loss of power assist and an increased risk of an accident.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Changes to 2012 Rogue includes new aluminum-alloy wheels design, sport mode to the CVT, one new exterior color (Graphite Blue), Around View Monitor for SL package, which creates a composite top-view of the vehicle's surrounding and displays it through a LCD monitor.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: "Special Edition" (replaced "Krom" edition) adds 16-inch alloy wheels, a premium audio system, satellite radio, privacy glass, rear view monitor and fog lamps to the S trim.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: In Canada, the Rogue comes in S and SV trim in front- or all-wheel-drive, and in a top-line SL trim in all-wheel-drive.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: In February 2012, Nissan recalled 2,983 MY 2012 versions of the Murano and Rogue, because the tire pressure monitoring system was not activated when the cars were assembled.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Select was a continuation of the first generation Rogue sold alongside an all-new Rogue that went on sale in 2013 as a 2014 model. Since the production capacity allowed for the first generation to be built in conjunction with the second generation, it allowed for a lower entry price to Rogue customers as well as fleet sales. The Rogue select was only offered in the S trim level, with AWD being an option. It went on sale in January 2014 as a 2014 model year vehicle and was continued through 2015. Nissan then announced that 2015 would be the final year. The Rogue Select was not offered in Canada.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The second generation Rogue is a version of Nissan X-Trail and inspired by the Hi-Cross Concept to adapt to the US and Canada markets. Changes include optional third row 7 passenger seating, standard four-wheel independent suspension, electric power-assisted steering and four-wheel disc brakes with an anti-lock braking system. This generation has an interior size similar to Nissan's Murano, Altima and Maxima. For the 2018 model year, Nissan decided to drop the third row option in favor of optimizing interior passenger room and cargo utility space.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The vehicle was unveiled at the 2013 Frankfurt Motor Show. US models went on sale in November 2013 as a 2014 model year vehicle. Early models included 2.5-liter 4-cylinder "QR25DE" engine rated and , Xtronic CVT Jatco CVT8 with standard Sport Mode switch, 3 trims (S, SV and SL, each in a choice of front-wheel or all-wheel drive).


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Production of the 2014 Rogue began at Smyrna, Tennessee as the facility's 10 millionth vehicle. Production of the Rogue crossover at South Korean manufacturer Renault Samsung Motors's Busan plant started in September 2014, with an annual capacity of about 80,000 units. The 2014 Rogue received the distinction of being the first automobile to be manufactured in South Korea for a Japanese automaker and sold under a Japanese brand, thanks to the Renault–Nissan Alliance, in which the Rogue is built by Renault Samsung Motors in Busan.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: In calendar year 2016, the Rogue became Nissan's top-selling model for the first time, a total of 329,904 sales reflecting a 14.9 percent increase.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The 2016 model comes with technology such as NissanConnect with Navigation, Siri Eyes Free and many other new features. Eight exterior colors are offered.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue was facelifted for the 2017 model year, with restyled headlights and tail lights, and LED daytime running lights standard on all trim levels. The SL trim is also available with full LED headlamps as part of the SL Premium Package. The front grille plastics also changed, with the wider V-Motion grille, that Nissan has throughout its lineup.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Automatic Emergency Braking, Blind Spot Warning and Rear Cross Traffic Alert became standard safety features for MY 2018 both in US and Canadian markets. The SV trim received the bigger touch screen radio as standard equipment. ProPILOT Assist is an option on the SL trim. The optional 2-person 3rd row offered on the S and SV was discontinued, it was not available on the SL trim level or with the hybrid powertrain.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: A hybrid Rogue debuted January 2017, with limited availability for the 2017 model year. The hybrid features regenerative braking, pure drive hybrid emblems, energy monitor, hybrid battery status, under-floor storage area replacing Divide-N-Hide Cargo System, a 2.0-liter four-cylinder gasoline engine (power: 141 hp and torque: 141 lb-ft) and Xtronic CVT combined with an electric motor (power: 40 hp) and Lithium-Ion battery, for a combined power of 176 hp. The lithium-ion battery is located below the thick flooring of the under-floor cargo storage area. The Rogue Hybrid is available in two trim levels, SV and SL, but does not offer third-row seating ("Family Package") and Divide-N-Hide Cargo System due to the bulk of the lithium-ion battery. Nissan discontinued the hybrid Rogue starting 2020, citing low interest.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: In 2007, the Rogue was featured on the television series "Heroes", and in 2014, Nissan became the exclusive automotive partner for the launch of Apple's iTunes Radio, with the campaign theme "Make the Ordinary Extraordinary."


title: Nissan Rogue

text: A special edition model known as the "2017 Nissan Rogue: Rogue One Star Wars Limited Edition" inspired by the 2016 film "Rogue One" was released for the 2017 model year. Available with the glacier white or the magnetic black exterior color and charcoal interior, the Rogue One Edition is only available on the SV trim levels and features a panoramic moonroof, BOSE Audio System, black glossed front grille, black gloss accents on the front and rear bumper, black chrome door handles, black roof rails, black smoked twin LED projector headlights, black wheels, death trooper helmet replica, and Rogue One Edition badging and emblems on the exterior and the interior door sill panels as additional standard features for the Rogue One model versus the regular Nissan Rogue. Only 5,400 units of this limited edition were built.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue is currently holding the Top Safety Pick For IIHS Ratings. With the safety features from the first generation, it also includes lane departure warning, frontal collision warning, object detection warning (SL trim only), and a 360 degree backup camera.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue platform placed surprisingly well in the Swedish Teknikens Värld Elk (Moose) Evasive maneuver test, managing an 84kph entry speed with the Qashqai and an 80kph entry speed with the AWD Rogue, scoring amongst and above many high end sports/supercars.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Small Overlap Test, introduced in 2012 by the IIHS simulates a frontal collision on 25% of the driver's side. Since its adoption, the IIHS has noticed several automakers making non-symmetrical modifications to their vehicles, the Rogue being one of them. Another Small Overlap Test was conducted on a number of vehicles including a 2014 Rogue, but was conducted on the passenger side instead. Based on this test, the Rogue would have received a "Marginal" rating if the IIHS were to provide ratings for passenger-side protection. The crash test's intrusion was 10 inches further into the vehicle on the passenger's side than on the driver's side and completely tore off the structural door hinge pillar on the passenger side.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The Rogue was redesigned for the 2014 model year. The redesigned Rogue shares no ratings with the previous design, built since the 2008 model year and given a new name for 2014–15, the Rogue Select. Starting with the 2014 year, the Rogue was awarded Top Safety Pick+ by IIHS (Insurance Institute for Highway Safety).


title: Nissan Rogue

text: Nissan vehicles built 2014 to 2017 were put under a recall as the occupant classification sensor (OCS) would think that an adult in the passenger seat is a child. They recalled over 6 million vehicles for either reprogramming or replacing.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The third generation Rogue was revealed in North America on 15 June 2020. Production in the United States began on 22 September 2020, and the vehicle arrived at Nissan dealerships in the United States in late October.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: It is claimed to be built on a new platform, while the dimensions are similar to its predecessor. It has a more distinctive exterior design, punctuated by a boxier, more squared-off front end and recognizable LED lighting signatures along with two-tone exterior color combinations.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: The "QR25DE" engine used in the previous two generations has been replaced with a new direct-injected "PR25DD" engine paired with a CVT. The flagship Platinum model featuring a 12.3-inch digital gauge cluster, quilted semi-aniline leather upholstery, heated rear seats and wireless Apple CarPlay and Android Auto (late availability) joins the pre-existing S, SV and SL trim levels. The interior has also been revised with an electronic shifter setup and an 8- or 9-inch infotainment screen.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: For the 2022 model year, the Rogue received a powertrain update, except for the Canadian base model. The 2.5-liter "PR25DD" four-cylinder was replaced by a 1.5-liter "KR15DDT" three-cylinder variable-compression turbocharged (VC-Turbo) engine, which is more powerful with and of torque, while being more efficient. The Xtronic CVT transmission also was given an update; this gave the CVT a 17 percent higher gear ratio spread and reduced the internal friction by 32 percent.


title: Nissan Rogue

text: A version of the global Qashqai was released in the US market for the 2017 model year as the Rogue Sport. Imported from Kyushu, Japan, the vehicle serves customers interested in a smaller, lower price-point Rogue after the discontinuation of previous-generation Rogue Select. The Rogue Sport is slightly smaller than the regular Rogue and comes with a 2.0-liter direct-injected inline-four engine rated at 6000 rpm and 147 lb-ft of torque at 4400 rpm. Compared with the Rogue, the Rogue Sport is 12 inches shorter overall, 0.4 inches lower and has a two-inch shorter wheelbase. Trim levels include S, SV and SL with FWD or AWD.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The Blue Hole is a diving location on the southeast Sinai, a few kilometres north of Dahab, Egypt on the coast of the Red Sea.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The Blue Hole is a submarine sinkhole, with a maximum depth within the hole of just over 100 m (328 feet). There is a shallow opening to the sea around 6 m (20 feet) deep, known as "the saddle", and a 26 m (85 feet) long tunnel, known as "the Arch", whose ceiling is at a depth of 55 m (181 feet) and whose bottom falls away as it reaches the seaward side to about 120 m (394 feet). On the seaward side the floor drops steeply to over . The hole and the surrounding area have an abundance of coral and reef fish. The Blue Hole is popular for freediving because of the depth directly accessible from shore and the lack of current.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The dive site is reputed to have the most diver fatalities in the world with estimates of between 130 and 200 fatalities in recent years. The reasons for why this site has such a high number of fatalities are not clearly understood.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The Sinai Peninsula was occupied by Israel from the Six-Day War of 1967 until it was returned in the Egypt–Israel peace treaty in 1979. During the Israeli occupation, the Blue Hole developed a significant international reputation as a dive site. In 1968 a group of Israeli divers led by Alex Shell were the first to dive the hole with modern scuba diving. During the dive, they noticed the underwater arch.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: Since 1982 the Blue Hole has become very busy and is dived almost every day by recreational divers. Local dive centres take appropriately qualified divers to 30 m (AOW level or CMAS**) at the El Bells or Bells to Blue Hole sites. The Bells entry is from the shore further along from the Blue Hole. At 26 m at the bottom of the Bells is a mini arch that should not be confused with the arch in the Blue Hole itself. The dive is then a wall dive that finishes crossing the Blue Hole saddle at a depth of 7 m. Recreational divers do not get to see the Blue Hole arch when doing the Bells to Blue Hole dive.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The Blue Hole itself is no more dangerous than any other Red Sea dive site but diving through the Arch, a submerged tunnel, which lies within the Blue Hole site, is an extreme dive that has resulted in many accidents and fatalities.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The number of Blue Hole fatalities is not accurately recorded; one source estimates 130 divers died during the fifteen-year period from 1997 to 2012, averaging over eight per year, another claims as many as 200. This includes some snorkelling deaths at the surface unrelated to diving the Arch. The Egyptian Chamber For Diving & Watersports (CDWS) now stations a policeman at the Blue Hole to ensure divers are diving with a certified guide who will make sure safety procedures are followed.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: The ceiling of the Arch is 55 m (170 ft) deep, which requires suitable training and equipment as 40 metres is generally considered the limit for recreational diving. The Arch presents little problem for suitably equipped and competent technical divers. The main challenge is gas management because any delays or errors at this depth, plus the time to negotiate the horizontal section, will need more than a single tank of breathing gas to do safely. If gas is not carefully planned the diver may lack sufficient gas for the decompression stops or run out of gas altogether.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: A notable death was that of Yuri Lipski, a 22-year-old Russian diving instructor on 28 April 2000 at a depth of 115 metres after an uncontrolled descent. Lipski carried a video camera, which filmed his death. This has made it the best known death at the site and one of the best known diving deaths in the world. The video shows Lipski in an involuntary and uncontrolled descent, eventually landing on the sea floor at 115 metres where he panics, removes his regulator and tries to fill his buoyancy compensator but is unable to rise. At 115 m he would have been subject to severe nitrogen narcosis, which may have impaired his judgement, induced hallucinations and caused panic and confusion. Lipski had a single tank assumed to be air.


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: Lipski's body was recovered the following day by Tarek Omar, one of the world's foremost deep-water divers, at the request of Lipski's mother. Omar had earlier twice warned Lipski against attempting the dive. On the bottom, Omar found Lipski's helmet camera, still intact. The video it contained is available on YouTube, entitled "Fatal Diving Accident Caught On Tape". Omar says:


title: Blue Hole (Red Sea)

text: Two television documentaries have been produced about diver deaths at the Blue Hole, investigating the video of the death of Yuri Lipski:


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: Miss Universe 2020 was the 69th Miss Universe pageant, held at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida on May 16, 2021.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: At the end of the event, Zozibini Tunzi of South Africa crowned Andrea Meza of Mexico as Miss Universe 2020. It is Mexico's first victory in 10 years, and the third victory of the country in the pageant's history.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: Contestants from 74 countries and territories competed in this year's pageant, featuring the smallest number of candidates at the pageant since 2003. The competition was hosted by Mario Lopez and Miss Universe 2012 Olivia Culpo; Lopez last served as host during Miss Universe 2007, while Culpo became the first former Miss Universe titleholder to become the pageant's main host. Colombian Paulina Vega and South African Demi-Leigh Tebow served as expert analysts, and the Cheslie Kryst served as a backstage correspondent; they had previously been crowned as Miss Universe 2014, Miss Universe 2017, and Miss USA 2019, respectively. Puerto Rican singer Luis Fonsi performed.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: This edition, to date, is the only time the pageant was broadcast on FYI, after being temporarily off from its regular broadcaster Fox due to the COVID-19 pandemic-related uncertainties to this edition. This was also the only time Steve Harvey did not host the pageant between 2015 and 2021.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: On March 3, 2021, the Miss Universe Organization announced that the grand final of the 2020 pageant, would be on May 16, 2021, at the Seminole Hard Rock Hotel & Casino in Hollywood, Florida, United States. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the competition was postponed three times between November 2020 to May 2021. This edition was the third time in the pageant's history where the event was held after the calendar year ended; this previously occurred during Miss Universe 2014 and Miss Universe 2016, when both took place in January of the following year. The 2020 edition in May of the following year makes it the latest edition in the competition's history.In addition to not having any public money and having to follow security measures, the delegates were prevented from carrying out public activities outside the resort.It was allowed that in addition to the people involved in the production and organization of the contest, a group of 1750 fans of the event could buy packages to be present at the Theater of the Resort to watch the stages of the competition live.This group was near a quarter of the venue's seating total capacity.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: Contestants from 74 countries and territories were selected to compete in the pageant. Due to the pandemic, numerous national pageants were postponed or canceled entirely, resulting in multiple former runners-up from previous national pageants being appointed, or casting processes taking place instead. Twenty-eight of the delegates were appointees, including Argentina, Armenia, Aruba, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Bulgaria, Cameroon, Cayman Islands, Curaçao, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, Kazakhstan, Laos, Mauritius, Panama, Portugal, Puerto Rico, Singapore, Slovakia, South Korea and Ukraine.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: Three contestants were designees after the withdrawal of the original contestant. Céline Van Ouytsel, Miss Belgium 2020, was expected to represent Belgium but was replaced by Dhenia Covens, the second runner-up of Miss Belgium 2018, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. Amandine Petit, Miss France 2021, was designated to represent France instead of Clémence Botino, Miss France 2020. The switch happened due to a potential date conflict between Miss Universe 2021 and Miss France 2022 in December 2021. Botino competed in the 2021 edition of the pageant. Magdalena Kasiborska, Miss Polski 2019, was expected to represent Poland but was forced to withdraw after suffering from a spinal disc herniation. Natalia Piguła, the first runner-up of Miss Polski 2019, replaced her. In addition, María Fernanda Aristizábal, Miss Colombia 2019, originally was scheduled to participate in this edition but could not as the Miss Colombia Organization lost the franchise to Miss Universe since June 2020. A new organization called Miss Universe Colombia, led by Natalie Ackermann, will now be in charge of selecting a representative to Miss Universe. Laura Olascuaga was the winner of the first edition of the pageant and represented Colombia in Miss Universe. On April 6, 2022, Aristizábal was appointed as Miss Universe Colombia 2022 and will represent Colombia at Miss Universe 2022.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: The 2020 edition saw the debut of Cameroon, and the returns of Ghana and Russia, both of which had not competed since 2018. Tangia Zaman Methila of Bangladesh was set to compete but withdrew from the competition less than a month prior due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Bangladesh and the imposition of additional lockdowns and travel restrictions. In addition to Bangladesh, eighteen other countries and territories, due to the pandemic, including Angola, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Georgia, Germany, Guam, Kenya, Lithuania, Mongolia, Namibia, New Zealand, Nigeria, Saint Lucia, Sierra Leone, Sweden, Tanzania, Turkey, and the US Virgin Islands withdrew. The withdrawal of Germany marks the first time it did not compete in the competition since its debut in Miss Universe 1952.


title: Miss Universe 2020

text: Due to restrictive measures related to the COVID-19 pandemic, the Miss Universe Organization implemented specific changes to the format of this edition. The number of semifinalists was increased to 21— the biggest since the pageant's inception in 1952. The results of the preliminary competition and closed-door interviews determined the 20 semifinalists. The semifinalists were selected in a round-robin system instead of the continental format used between 2017 to 2019. Internet voting returned, with fans being able to vote for one candidate to advance into the semifinals, making the number of semifinalists 21. The Top 21 then competed directly in the swimsuit competition and were narrowed down to the top 10 afterward. The top 10 competed in the evening gown competition, and the top 5 were later announced. The top five competed in the question-and-answer round and the closing statement.


title: Guanaco

text: The guanaco (; Lama guanicoe) is a camelid native to South America, closely related to the llama. Guanacos are one of two wild South American camelids, the other being the vicuña, which lives at higher elevations.


title: Guanaco

text: The guanaco gets its name from the Quechua word "huanaco" (modern spelling "wanaku"). Young guanacos are called "chulengos".


title: Guanaco

text: Guanacos stand between at the shoulder, body length of , and weigh . Their color varies very little (unlike the domestic llama), ranging from a light brown to dark cinnamon and shading to white underneath. Guanacos have grey faces and small, straight ears.


title: Guanaco

text: Guanacos are one of the largest terrestrial mammals native to South America today. Other terrestrial mammalian megafauna weighing as much or more than the guanaco include the tapirs, the marsh deer, the white-tailed deer, the spectacled bear, and the jaguar.


title: Guanaco

text: Guanacos have thick skin on their necks, a trait also found in their domestic counterparts, the llama, and their relatives, the wild vicuña and domesticated alpaca. This protects their necks from predator attacks. Bolivians use the neck skin of these animals to make shoes, flattening and pounding the skin to be used for the soles. In Chile, hunting is allowed only in Tierra del Fuego, where the only population not classified as endangered in the country resides. Between 2007 and 2012, 13,200 guanacos were legally hunted in Tierra del Fuego.