title: G. R. Gopinath

text: Gopinath used the money from the UB Group deal to start Deccan 360, a cargo airline, in May 2009. But that enterprise too was squeezed by a severe cash crunch and shut shop in 2011. The same year, Gopinath became the 100% owner of Deccan Charters by purchasing the stake Mallya held in the company as part of the 2007 deal.


title: G. R. Gopinath

text: The following year, Gopinath launched daily charter flights in the state of Gujarat under the brand name of Deccan Shuttles. The flights connected Ahmedabad, Surat, Jamnagar, Bhavnagar and Kandla using a nine-seater Cessna Grand Caravan aircraft. The service wound up in 2013.


title: G. R. Gopinath

text: Operating under the brand name Air Deccan, it will commence operations in December 2017 with flights between Mumbai and Nashik. Air Deccan will operate 19-seater Beechcraft 1900D turboprop aircraft that are suitable for short-haul flights. The airline has plans to connect Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata and Shillong to regional towns in the vicinity of these cities.


title: G. R. Gopinath

text: The 2020 Indian Tamil-language film "Soorarai Pottru" was partly inspired by events from the life of Gopinath and is based on his memoir "Simply Fly: A Deccan Odyssey".


title: Boiled egg

text: Boiled eggs are eggs, typically from a chicken, cooked with their shells unbroken, usually by immersion in boiling water. Hard-boiled eggs are cooked so that the egg white and egg yolk both solidify, while soft-boiled eggs may leave the yolk, and sometimes the white, at least partially liquid and raw. Boiled eggs are a popular breakfast food around the world.


title: Boiled egg

text: Besides a boiling water immersion, there are a few different methods to make boiled eggs. Eggs can also be cooked below the boiling temperature, i.e. coddling, or they can be steamed. The egg timer was named for commonly being used to time the boiling of eggs.


title: Boiled egg

text: There are variations both in degree of cooking and in the method of how eggs are boiled, and a variety of kitchen gadgets for eggs exist. These variations include:


title: Boiled egg

text: Chef Heston Blumenthal, after "relentless trials", published a recipe for "the perfect boiled egg" suggesting cooking the egg in water that starts cold and covers the egg by no more than a millimeter, removing the pan from the heat as soon as the water starts to bubble. After six minutes, the egg will be ready.


title: Boiled egg

text: Soft-boiled eggs are not recommended for people who may be susceptible to salmonella, such as very young children, the elderly, and those with weakened immune systems. To avoid the issue of salmonella, eggs can be pasteurised in shell at 57 °C for an hour and 15 minutes. The eggs can then be soft-boiled as normal.


title: Boiled egg

text: Soft-boiled eggs are commonly served in egg cups, where the top of the egg is cut off with a knife, spoon, spring-loaded egg topper, or egg scissors, using an egg spoon to scoop the egg out. Other methods include breaking the eggshell by tapping gently around the top of the shell with a spoon. Soft-boiled eggs can be eaten with toast cut into strips, which are then dipped into the runny yolk. In the United Kingdom and Australia, these strips of toast are known as "soldiers".


title: Boiled egg

text: In Southeast Asia, a variation of soft-boiled eggs known as half-boiled eggs are commonly eaten at breakfast. The major difference is that, instead of the egg being served in an egg cup, it is cracked into a bowl to which dark or light soy sauce or pepper are added. The egg is also cooked for a shorter period of time resulting in a runnier egg instead of the usual gelatin state and is commonly eaten with Kaya toast, Kopi O, or Milo chocolate milk.


title: Boiled egg

text: Boiled eggs are also an ingredient in various Philippine dishes, such as embutido, pancit, relleno, galantina, and many others.


title: Boiled egg

text: In Japan, soft-boiled eggs are commonly served alongside ramen. The eggs are typically steeped in a mixture of soy sauce, mirin, and water after being boiled and peeled. This provides the egg a brownish color that would otherwise be absent from boiling and peeling the eggs alone. Once the eggs have finished steeping, they are served either in the soup or on the side.


title: Boiled egg

text: Hard-boiled eggs are boiled long enough for the yolk to solidify. They can be eaten warm or cold. Hard-boiled eggs are the basis for many dishes, such as egg salad, cobb salad and Scotch eggs, and may be further prepared as deviled eggs.


title: Boiled egg

text: There are several theories as to the proper technique of hard-boiling an egg, depending on circumstances. One method is to bring water to a boil and cook for ten minutes. Another method is to bring the water to a boil, but then remove the pan from the heat and allow eggs to cook in the gradually cooling water. Over-cooking eggs will typically result in a thin green iron(II) sulfide coating on the yolk. This reaction occurs more rapidly in older eggs as the whites are more alkaline. Immersing the egg in cold water after boiling is a common method of halting the cooking process to prevent this effect. It also causes a slight shrinking of the contents of the egg.


title: Boiled egg

text: Hard-boiled eggs should be used within two hours if kept at room temperature or can be used for a week if kept refrigerated and in the shell.


title: Boiled egg

text: Hard-boiled eggs are commonly sliced, particularly for use in sandwiches. For this purpose specialized egg slicers exist, to ease slicing and yield even slices. For consistent slice sizes in food service, several eggs may have their yolk and white separated and poured into a cylindrical mold for stepwise hard-boiling, to produce what is known as a "long egg" or an "egg loaf". Commercial long eggs are produced in Denmark by its inventor and in Japan by . The machine for producing long eggs was first introduced in 1974. In addition to being sliced, long eggs can also be used in their entirety in gala pies.


title: Boiled egg

text: Boiled eggs can vary widely in how easy it is to peel away the shells. In general, the fresher an egg before boiling, the more difficult it is to separate the shell cleanly from the egg white. As a fresh egg ages, it gradually loses both moisture and carbon dioxide through pores in the shell; as a consequence, the contents of the egg shrink and the pH of the albumen becomes more basic. Albumen with higher pH (more basic) is less likely to stick to the egg shell, while pockets of air develop in eggs that have lost significant amounts of moisture, also making eggs easier to peel. Keeping the cooked eggs soaked in water helps keep the membrane under the egg shell moisturized for easy peeling. Peeling the egg under cold running water is an effective method of removing the shell. Starting the cooking in hot water also makes the egg easier to peel. It is often claimed that steaming eggs in a pressure cooker makes them easier to peel. Double blind testing has failed to show any advantage of pressure cooking over steaming, and has further shown that starting boiling in cold water is counterproductive. Shocking the eggs by rapidly cooling them helped, and cooling them in ice water for 15 minutes or longer gave more successful peeling. Shocking was also found to remove the dimple in the base of the egg caused by the air space.


title: Boiled egg

text: Boiled eggs often form part of larger, more elaborate dishes. For example, a boiled egg may garnish a bowl of ramen (often first marinated in soy sauce), be baked into a pie such as a torta pasqualina, or be encased in aspic (similar to the French dish œufs en gelée, which features poached eggs), be chopped and mixed with mayonnaise to form egg salad, or be deep-fried and then baked within a serving of Lamprais.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos State () is a state in southwestern Nigeria. Of the 36 states, it is both the most populous and smallest in area. Bounded to the south by the Bight of Benin and to the west by the international border with Benin Republic, Lagos State borders Ogun State to the east and north making it the only Nigerian state to border only one other state. Named for the city of Lagos—the most populous city in Africa—the state was formed from the Western Region and the former Federal Capital Territory on 27 May 1967.


title: Lagos State

text: Geographically, Lagos State is dominated by bodies of water with nearly a quarter of the state's area being lagoons, creeks, and rivers. The largest of these bodies are the Lagos and Lekki lagoons in the state's interior with the Ogun and Osun rivers flowing into them. Many other rivers and creeks flow throughout the state and serve as vital means of transportation for people and goods. On land, non-urbanized areas are within the tropical Nigerian lowland forests ecoregion with natural areas containing threatened populations of mona monkey, tree pangolin, and hooded vulture along with a transitory population of African bush elephants. Offshore, the state is also biodiverse as there are large fish populations along with African manatees and crocodiles.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos State has been inhabited for years by various indigenous ethnic groups, primarily the majority Yoruba people that live throughout the state but also the Ewe and Ogu peoples in the far west. As a result of migration since the nineteenth century, Lagos State also has large populations of non-native Nigerian ethnic groups with Edo, Fulani, Hausa, Igbo, Ijaw, Ibibio, and Nupe peoples among other Nigerian groups. There are also groups from outside of Nigeria's modern borders with the Saro (Sierra Leonean) and Amaro (Brazilian) groups being descendants of formerly enslaved people that returned to Africa in the 1800s with a longstanding Middle Eastern Nigerian community (mainly Syrian and Lebanese Nigerians) also forming a significant part of Lagos' population along with recent immigrants from Benin Republic, China, Ghana, India, Togo, and the United Kingdom. Religiously the state is also diverse as about 55% of the state's population are Christian with around 40% being Muslim and the remaining 5% following traditional ethnic religions or other religions.


title: Lagos State

text: In the pre-colonial period, the area that is now Lagos State was mainly fishing villages and ports that at various points were controlled by states including the Oyo Empire and Benin Empire until the early 1800s when the city of Lagos had developed into a major kingdom of its own right. In 1850, the British successfully attacked the kingdom in the Bombardment of Lagos before installing an ally as Oba and signing a treaty that established Lagos as being under British protection. Ten years later, the forced Lagos Treaty of Cession led to the formal establishment of the Lagos Colony. In 1906, the colony was incorporated into the new Southern Nigeria Protectorate which merged into British Nigeria in 1914 with the city of Lagos as its capital. Upon independence in 1960, Lagos remained as the capital with much of the city forming the Federal Capital Territory while the rest of modern-day Lagos State was a part of the Western Region until 1967 when the region was split and the area became Lagos State.


title: Lagos State

text: Economically, Lagos State is one of the most important states in the country as a major financial centre and would be one of the largest economies in Africa if it were a country with a gross domestic product of $84 billion comparable with Ghana's $75 billion, Angola's $70 billion, and Ethiopia's $93 billion. Lagos State is also a key culture, education, and transportation hub for Nigeria and Sub-Saharan Africa. Despite being beset by overcrowding and chronic debilitating traffic, Lagos State has the highest Human Development Index in Nigeria and numerous developmental projects.


title: Lagos State

text: Before the Portuguese name of Lagos had been adopted, Lagos' initial name was Eko which referred mainly to the Island. The first to settle in Eko were the Aworis in the 15th century and the Binis in the 16th century. The Aworis were conquered by the Benin Empire. The Awori hunters and fishermen had originally come from Ile-Ife to the coast.


title: Lagos State

text: It was in 1760 that the name Lagos was adopted by the Portuguese. Naming it after a city in Southern Portugal which was used as port for Slave Trade. In 1861, Oba Docemo was the one who signed the treaty making Lagos a British Colony.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos State was created on 27 May 1967 according to the "State Creation and Transitional Provisions Decree No. 14 of 1967", which restructured Nigeria into a federation of 12 states. Before the issuance of this Decree, Lagos city, which was the country's capital had been administered directly by the Federal Government through the "Federal Ministry of Lagos Affairs". However, Ikeja, Agege, Mushin, Ikorodu, Epe, surulere, and Badagry were administered by the then Western Region Government. Lagos, the city, along with these other towns were captured to create the state of Lagos, with the state becoming fully recognized as a semi-autonomous administrative division on 11 April 1968. Lagos served the dual role of being the State and Federal Capital until 1976 when the capital of the state was moved to Ikeja. After the full establishment of the Federal Capital Territory, based on the recommendation of a of the Akinola Àgùdà–led committee set up by General Murtala Muhammed to review the need for a new capital for Nigeria in 1975. The seat of the Federal Government was formally relocated to Abuja on 12 December 1991. Nevertheless, Lagos remains the financial centre of the country, and even grew to become the most populous city in the state and the country.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos is the most populous city in Lagos State, Nigeria as a whole, and the continent of Africa. The conurbation is one of the most populous in the world. Lagos is a port which originated on islands separated by creeks, such as Lagos Island, fringing the southwest mouth of Lagos Lagoon while protected from the Atlantic Ocean by barrier islands and long sand spits such as Bar Beach, which stretch up to east and west of the mouth. The metropolitan area of Lagos includes Ikeja (which is the capital of Lagos State) and Agege and Mushin.


title: Lagos State

text: Ikeja is the state capital of Lagos State. Ikeja is a planned residential and commercial town with shopping malls, pharmacies and government reserved areas. The Murtala Mohammed International Airport is in Ikeja. Ikeja is also home to Fela Kuti's African Shrine, Late Chief Gani Fawehinmi house and Lagbaja's Motherland. It also boasts the largest shopping mall on the mainland.


title: Lagos State

text: Lekki is a city in the south eastern part of the state. It is a naturally formed peninsula, it is still largely under construction. As of 2015, only phase 1 of the project had been completed, with phase 2 nearing completion. The peninsula is approximately 70 to 80 km long, with an average width of 10 km. Lekki currently houses several estates, gated residential developments, agricultural farmlands, areas allocated for a Free Trade Zone, an airport, and a sea port under construction. The proposed land use master plan for the Lekki envisages the Peninsula as a "Blue-Green Environment City", expected to accommodate over 3.4 million residential population and an additional non-residential population of at least 1.9 million.


title: Lagos State

text: Ikorodu is a city located north east of the state along the Lagos Lagoon. It shares a boundary with Ogun State. As of the 2006 Census Ikorodu had a population of 535,619.it is the third largest city in the south west after Ibadan and Lagos and the 12th largest city in Nigeria. It has an 2022 estimated population of 1,041,066. The population of the city currently grows at 5.26% annually and it is projected to reach 1.7million by 2035


title: Lagos State

text: Eko Atlantic is a planned city being constructed on land reclaimed from the Atlantic Ocean. It is located on the former Lagos' Bar Beach. Upon completion, the new island which is still under development is anticipating at least 250,000 residents and a daily flow of at least 150,000 commuters. The development will also have a positive environmental impact; its purpose is to stop the erosion of the Lagos coastline. The Eko Atlantic City project received global recognition in 2009, as the Lagos State government and its private sector partners on the Project, South Energyx, received the Clinton Global Initiative Commitment Certificate.


title: Lagos State

text: Badagry is a coastal town in the state. It is situated between Metropolitan Lagos, and the border of the Republic of Benin at Seme. As of the preliminary 2006 census results, the municipality had a population of 241,093.


title: Lagos State

text: The area is led by a traditional king, Akran De Wheno Aholu Menu – Toyi 1, who is also the permanent vice-chairman of obas and chiefs in Lagos State. It is known to hold the country's oldest storey building.


title: Lagos State

text: Epe is a town located on the north side of the Lekki Lagoon. It is popular for the fishing activities attributed to the city. Per the 2006 Census the population of Epe was 181,409.


title: Lagos State

text: Epe is widely regarded as Lagos's fishing capital. Fishing is the main occupation of the people here, so it is no surprise that a sculpture of two giant fishes, erected at the Lekki-Epe T-Junction, welcomes you to Epe. The Epe Fish Market is regarded as Lagos's largest seafood market.


title: Lagos State

text: Epe town is well-known for its tranquilly. Aside from the adventure, sightseeing, and serenity, you also have access to low-cost animal protein.


title: Lagos State

text: Epe, like any other society, has special occasions and festivals where people come together to celebrate. Epe residents celebrate various festivals such as the Kayo-kayo festival, the Ebi bi festival, Ojude-Oba, and the Epe day.


title: Lagos State

text: Some campuses of popular higher education institutions in Lagos can be found within Epe. Lagos State University (LASU), Pan-Atlantic University (PAU), Yaba College of Technology, and Michael Otedola College of Primary Education are among them (MOCOPED).


title: Lagos State

text: Epe is also the birthplace of notable individuals such as former Lagos State Governor Akinwunmi Ambode and Nigerian businessman Femi Otedola.


title: Lagos State

text: Ojo is a town mainly occupied by the Aworis with a population of 507,693. Lagos State University is in this town.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos State is a major economic centre of Nigeria. It would be the fifth largest economy in Africa if it were a country.


title: Lagos State

text: Its total generated revenue in 2017 was around ₦334 billion (equivalent to US$920 million), growing by 10.43% compared to 2016. By the first half of 2021, the State's internally generated revenue (IGR) alone stood at over ₦267 billion.


title: Lagos State

text: The Imota rice mill is an agricultural plant in Ikorodu, a suburb of Lagos, Nigeria. It was built in 2021 and will commence full production in the second quarter of 2022. The rice mill has a capacity to produce 2.8 million bags of 50 kg bags of rice yearly, while generating 1,500 direct jobs and 254,000 indirect jobs. On completion, in line with the estimated installed infrastructure of the facility, the production capacity of the rice mill in Imota will set it among the largest in the world, and the largest in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Lagos State

text: According to Lagos State governor Sanwo-Olu, full production of the facility will drastically reduce prices of rice and pressure to purchase the commodity. At this moment (early 2022) Nigeria "produces" husk rice, yet "imports" hulled/polished rice at a higher price. Processing the national staple food rice in its own country therefore should improve Nigeria's trade balance.


title: Lagos State

text: Lekki Free Trade Zone (Lekki FTZ) is a free zone situated at the eastern part of Lekki, which covers a total area of about 155 square kilometres. The first phase of the zone has an area of 30 square kilometres, with about 27 square kilometres for urban construction purposes, which would accommodate a total resident population of 120,000. According to the Master Plan, the free zone will be developed into a new modern city within a city with integration of industries, commerce and business, real estate development, warehousing and logistics, tourism, and entertainment.


title: Lagos State

text: The Fourth Mainland Bridge is a 38 km long bridge project by the Lagos State Government, connecting Lagos Island by way of Langbasa(Lekki) and Baiyeku(Ikorodu) across the Lagos Lagoon to Itamaga, in Ikorodu. The bridge is a 2 x 4 lane carriageway cross-sectional road with permission for BRT Lane and future road contraction. It is expected to become the second longest Bridge in Africa, featuring 3 toll plazas, 9 interchanges, 4.5 km Lagoon Bridge and an eco-friendly environment amongst other added features.


title: Lagos State

text: In April 2021 there were 6 bidders for the US$2.5 billion project. By December the preferred bidder would be known.


title: Lagos State

text: In January 2022 the Lagos State Governor, Babajide Sanwo-Olu, reiterated the plan by the state government to commence the construction on the Opebi-Mende link bridge and the 38-kilometre 4th mainland bridge: ""Construction work on the 38km 4th Mainland Bridge — which will be the longest in Africa — and the Opebi-Mende link bridge will commence this year.""


title: Lagos State

text: Since its creation in 1967, the state has been administered either by a governor and a House of Assembly in civilian or quasi-civilian (under Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida's administration) federal administrations, or by Sole-Administrators or Military Administrators in military dispensations. Since December 2007, Yoruba has been the second official language of debate and discussion for the House of Assembly after English. The House of Assembly is headed by the Speaker, an elected position which is currently held by Mudashiru Obasa, who has also won his party's ticket to run for a 6th term in the upcoming 2023 elections.


title: Lagos State

text: The current governor of Lagos State is Mr. Babajide Sanwo-Olu, who emerged victorious in the March 9, 2019 Governorship elections.


title: Lagos State

text: Babajide Sanwo-Olu was sworn in on May 29, 2019, making him the 6th democratic governor of Lagos State and the 15th governor of Lagos State overall. On 18 May 2022, Lagos state government announced total ban on Okada in 6 local government areas of the state.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos State is divided into five administrative divisions, which are further divided into 20 local government areas, or LGAs. They are:


title: Lagos State

text: The first 16 of the above LGAs comprise the statistical area of Metropolitan Lagos. The remaining four LGAs (Badagry, Ikorodu, Ibeju-Lekki and Epe) are within Lagos State but are not part of Metropolitan Lagos.


title: Lagos State

text: In 2003, many of the existing 20 LGAs were split for administrative purposes into Local Council Development Areas. These lower-tier administrative units now number 56: Agbado/Oke-Odo, Agboyi/Ketu, Agege, Ajeromi, Alimosho, Apapa, Apapa-Iganmu, Ayobo/Ipaja, Badagry West, Badagry, Bariga, Coker Aguda, Egbe Idimu, Ejigbo, Epe, Eredo, Eti-Osa East, Eti Osa West, Iba, Isolo, Imota, Ikoyi, Ibeju, Ifako-Ijaiye, Ifelodun, Igando/Ikotun, Igbogbo/Bayeku, Ijede, Ikeja, Ikorodu North, Ikorodu West, Ikosi Ejinrin, Ikorodu, Ikorodu West, Iru/Victoria Island, Itire Ikate, Kosofe, Lagos Island West, Lagos Island East, Lagos Mainland, Lekki, Mosan/Okunola, Mushin, Odi Olowo/Ojuwoye, Ojo, Ojodu, Ojokoro, Olorunda, Onigbongbo, Oriade, Orile Agege, Oshodi, Oto-Awori, Shomolu, Surulere and Yaba.


title: Lagos State

text: This is a list of postal districts in Lagos State organised by local government area (LGA) and postal district, with postal codes also given.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos state has over 700 km Atlantic sandy beaches with about 20 between the West of Badagry and East of Lekki. They include:


title: Lagos State

text: While the state is essentially a Yoruba-speaking environment, it is a socio-cultural melting pot, attracting both Nigerians and foreigners alike.


title: Lagos State

text: Indigenous inhabitants include the Awori and Ogu Egun in the Ikeja and Badagry Divisions respectively, with the Egun being found mainly in Badagry.


title: Lagos State

text: The indigenous people of the Ikorodu and Epe Divisions are mainly the Ijebu, with pockets of Eko-Awori settlers along the coastland and riverine areas.


title: Lagos State

text: The dominant religions in Lagos State are Islam and Christianity although a certain amount of traditional religion is still practiced.


title: Lagos State

text: Murtala Mohammed International Airport in Ikeja is one of Nigeria's five major international airports. It was built in 1978 and named after the former military head of state Late General Murtala Mohammed.


title: Lagos State

text: Lagos has also has the Lekki-Epe International Airport which is a proposed airport in Lekki, Nigeria, designed for a capacity of 5 million passengers annually.


title: Lagos State

text: People can commute using by bus using the Lagos Bus Rapid Transit System, also known as Lagos BRT which is regulated by LAMATA.


title: Lagos State

text: The Lagos State Rail Mass Transit is an urban rail system which is under construction and should start operation by December 2022.


title: Flounder

text: Flounders are a group of flatfish species. They are demersal fish, found at the bottom of oceans around the world; some species will also enter estuaries.


title: Flounder

text: The name "flounder" is used for several only distantly related species, though all are in the suborder Pleuronectoidei (families Achiropsettidae, Bothidae, Pleuronectidae, Paralichthyidae, and Samaridae). Some of the better known species that are important in fisheries are:


title: Flounder

text: Larval flounder are born with one eye on each side of their head, but as they grow from the larval to juvenile stage through metamorphosis, one eye migrates to the other side of the body. As a result, both eyes are then on the side which faces up. The side to which the eyes migrate is dependent on the species type. As an adult, a flounder changes its habits and camouflages itself by lying on the bottom of the ocean floor as protection against predators.


title: Flounder

text: Flounders ambush their prey, feeding at soft muddy areas of the sea bottom, near bridge piles, docks, and coral reefs.


title: Flounder

text: A flounder's diet consists mainly of fish spawn, crustaceans, polychaetes and small fish. Flounder typically grow to a length of , and as large as . Their width is about half their length. Male "Platichthys" have been found up to off the coast of northern Sardinia, sometimes with heavy encrustations of various species of barnacle.


title: Flounder

text: Fluke, a type of flounder, are being farm raised in open water by Mariculture Technologies in Greenport, New York.


title: Flounder

text: World stocks of large predatory fish and large ground fish, including sole and flounder, were estimated in 2003 to be only about 10% of pre-industrial levels, largely due to overfishing. Most overfishing is due to the extensive activities of the fishing industry. Current estimates suggest that approximately 30 million flounder (excluding sole) are alive in the world today. In the Gulf of Mexico, along the coast of Texas, research indicates the flounder population could be as low as 15 million due to heavy overfishing and industrial pollution.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Francis Phillip Wuppermann (June 1, 1890 – September 18, 1949), known professionally as Frank Morgan, was an American character actor. He was best known for his appearances in films starting in the silent era in 1916, and then numerous sound films throughout the 1930s and 1940s, with a career spanning 35 years mostly as a contract player at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, with his most celebrated performance playing the title role in "The Wizard of Oz" (1939). He was also briefly billed early in his career as Frank Wupperman and Francis Morgan.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan was born on June 1, 1890, in New York City, to Josephine Wright (née Hancox) and George Diogracia Wuppermann. He was the youngest of 11 children and had five brothers and five sisters. The elder Mr. Wuppermann was born in Venezuela but was brought up in Hamburg, Germany, and was of German and Spanish ancestry. His mother was born in the United States, of English ancestry. His brother Ralph Morgan was also an actor of stage and screen. The family earned their wealth distributing Angostura bitters, allowing Wuppermann to attend Cornell University, where he was a member of the Phi Kappa Psi fraternity and the Glee Club.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan starred with John Barrymore in "Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman" (1917), an independent film produced in and about New York City. His career expanded when talkies began. Although the befuddled but good-hearted middle-aged man became his stereotypical role, he played romantic leads in such films as When Ladies Meet (1933) and Enchanted April (1935). By the mid-1930s, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was so impressed by Morgan that they signed him to a lifetime contract. In 1936 Morgan played alongside Shirley Temple as Professor Appleby in "Dimples".


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan is best remembered for his performance in "The Wizard of Oz" (1939), in which picture he played a total of "six" roles, most notably the Wizard, which included the carnival huckster "Professor Marvel", the gatekeeper at the Emerald City, the coachman of the carriage drawn by "The Horse of a Different Color", the Emerald City guard (who initially refuses to let Dorothy and her friends in to see the Wizard), and the Wizard's scary face projection. Morgan was cast in the role on September 22, 1938. W. C. Fields was originally chosen for the part of the Wizard, but the studio ran out of patience after protracted haggling over his fee.


title: Frank Morgan

text: An actor with a wide range, Morgan was equally effective playing comical, befuddled men such as Jesse Kiffmeyer in "Saratoga" (1937) and Mr. Ferris in "Casanova Brown" (1944), as he was with more serious, troubled characters like Hugo Matuschek in "The Shop Around the Corner" (1940), Professor Roth in "The Mortal Storm" (1940) and Willie Grogan in "The Human Comedy" (1943). MGM's musical comedy film "The Great Morgan" (1946), is a compilation film featuring Frank Morgan supposedly as himself but playing the familiar bumbler. Occasionally a co-star (as in "The Human Comedy", and, once established, invariably a featured player), he also saw the occasional lead deep in his Hollywood career, as the philanthropic tycoon falsely accused of murder in 1941's "Washington Melodrama" and "The Great Morgan" (in which he is the Morgan of the title, the picture's central player).


title: Frank Morgan

text: During the 1940s Morgan appeared in such diverse genres and roles as an oil wldcatter in "Boom Town" (supporting Clark Gable, Spencer Tracy, and Claudette Colbert); "Tortilla Flat" in 1942 (based on the John Steinbeck book, again supporting Tracy); a jungle doctor in "White Cargo" (supporting Walter Pidgeon and Hedy Lamarr); a shepherd in the "Courage of Lassie" in 1946; a doctor again in "Green Dolphin Street" in 1948 in support of Lana Turner, Van Heflin, and Donna Reed; King Louis XIII in "The Three Musketeers" in 1948, supporting Gene Kelly and Turner again; and as Jimmy Stewarts boss in "The Stratton Story" in 1949. He played a fire chief in his final picture, "Key to the City", filmed in 1949 but released posthumously in 1950.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan also had a career in radio. In the 1940s, Morgan co-starred with Fanny Brice in one version (of several different series) of the radio program "Maxwell House Coffee Time", aka "The Frank Morgan-Fanny Brice Show". During the first half of the show Morgan would tell increasingly outlandish tall tales about his life adventures, much to the dismay of his fellow cast members. After the Morgan segment there was a song, followed by Brice as 'Baby Snooks' for the last half of the show. When Brice left to star in her own program in 1944, Morgan continued solo for a year with "The Frank Morgan Show". In 1947, Morgan starred as the title character in the radio series "The Fabulous Dr. Tweedy". He also recorded a number of children's records, including the popular Gossamer Wump, released in 1949 by Capitol Records.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan married Alma Muller in 1914; they had one son, George. They were married until Frank's death in 1949. Morgan was widely known to be an alcoholic, according to several people who worked with him, including Margaret Hamilton and Aljean Harmetz. Morgan sometimes carried a black briefcase to work, fully equipped with a small mini-bar.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan's niece Claudia Morgan (née Wuppermann) was a stage and film actress, and his brother was playwright Carlos Wuppermann.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan died of a heart attack on September 18, 1949, shortly after filming of "Annie Get Your Gun" had begun. He was replaced in the role of Buffalo Bill by Louis Calhern. Morgan is buried in Green-Wood Cemetery in Brooklyn. His tombstone carries his real name, Wuppermann, as well as his stage name.


title: Frank Morgan

text: Morgan was nominated for two Academy Awards, one for Best Actor in "The Affairs of Cellini" (1934) and one for Best Supporting Actor in "Tortilla Flat" (1942). He has two stars dedicated to him on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in Hollywood, California: one for his films at 1708 Vine Street and one for his work in radio at 6700 Hollywood Boulevard. Both were dedicated on February 8, 1960.


title: Kyle Soller

text: Kyle William Soller (born July 1, 1983) is an American film, stage, and television actor. His accolades include one Olivier Award, and three "Evening Standard" Theatre Awards.


title: Kyle Soller

text: Born in Connecticut and raised in Virginia, he attended the College of William & Mary before graduating from London's Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in 2008, after which he remained based in the United Kingdom. He has appeared in several films, such as "Anna Karenina" (2012) and "Marrowbone" (2017), and earned an Olivier Award for Best Actor for his performance in "The Inheritance", staged at the Young Vic Theatre in 2018.


title: Kyle Soller

text: Soller was born July 1, 1983 in Bridgeport, Connecticut, and raised in Alexandria, Virginia. He attended the College of William & Mary, where he majored in art history. During his third year of studies, he spent a semester abroad studying at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London, and was offered admission into the academy. Soller left the College of William & Mary and relocated to London to complete his studies at RADA.


title: Kyle Soller

text: Soller acted in various plays following his graduation from RADA in 2008, and his breakthrough year came in 2011 where he starred in "The Glass Menagerie" at the Young Vic, "The Government Inspector" also at the Young Vic and in "The Faith Machine" at the Royal Court Theatre. Based on these performances he won the Evening Standard Theatre Award for Outstanding Newcomer.


title: Kyle Soller

text: In 2012 Soller starred in the West End hit "A Long Day's Journey into Night" by Eugene O'Neill with David Suchet, Laurie Metcalf and Trevor White at the Apollo Theatre, and in the Roundabout Theatre Company's production of "Cyrano de Bergerac" as Christian at the American Airlines Theatre in New York.


title: Kyle Soller

text: Soller appeared in BBC Three's comedy "Bad Education" as the new teacher Mr Schwimer. Between 2015 and 2016, he appeared in BBC One's "Poldark", playing Ross Poldark's cousin, Francis. And in "The Hollow Crown", in the role of Clifford. He starred as an expert on apocalypses, Scotty, in Sky 1's comedy drama "You, Me and the Apocalypse". In 2015, he appeared as Gerald Croft in Helen Edmundson's award-winning BBC adaptation of "An Inspector Calls".


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Cardinalidae (often referred to as the "cardinal-grosbeaks" or simply the "cardinals") is a family of New World-endemic passerine birds that consists of cardinals, grosbeaks, and buntings. It also includes several birds such as the tanager-like "Piranga" and the warbler-like "Granatellus". As such, membership of this group is not easily defined by a single or even a set of physical characteristics, but instead by molecular work. In general they are medium to large songbirds with stout features, some with large heavy bills.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Members of this group are beloved for their brilliant red, yellow, or blue plumages seen in many of the breeding males in this family. Most species are monogamous breeders that nest in open-cup nests, with many taking turn incubating the nest and taking care of their young. Most are arboreal species though the dickcissel is a ground-dwelling prairie bird.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Conservation-wise most members of this family are considered least concern by the IUCN Red List though a few like the Carrizal seedeater and black-cheeked ant tanager are listed as critically endangered and endangered respectively. Studies on the effects of climate change on species has suggested many more might be threatened with extinction in the near future. However, some species such as the northern cardinal have been expanding their range within the last century.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: The grosbeaks, seedeaters, and cardinals have large bills, while "Granatellus" and buntings have small bills. The cardinalid tanagers have stout, near pointed bills, with some species of "Piranga" having serrations along the edge of their upper bills. This bill shape is not always an indicator of relationships, as the various species of blue cardinalid species, like the blue grosbeak and "Cyanoloxia" grosbeaks are related to the buntings. Similarly the cardinalid tanagers are closer to the cardinals and masked grosbeaks (see more in the systematics section). The head is medium to large in size, with a medium neck length. The body of cardinalids ranges from small to medium with lengths of 4.5 to 11 in (11 to 28 cm). Legs are also short to medium in length. The wings are medium and pointed. Cardinalids have nine visible primary feathers with the tenth primary feather being short in comparison. The plumages in cardinalids are sexually dichromatic as many males of various species display bright reds, oranges, blues or blacks. In most temperate species males will undergo molting between seasons so that non-breeding males will either resemble the females of their species or in-between the two. These species such as the indigo bunting will exhibit a complex molt cycle where they go through four different stages of plumage coverage within their first year of life. In the spring to summer birds start with juvenile plumage to supplemental plumage, then to a first basic (nonbreeding) plumage in the fall to winter and finally the first alternate (breeding) plumage. Adults will typically have the basic two molt cycle from alternate to basic or partial (late summer or fall) to back again in the spring. Males of tropical species will have the same coloration year-round. Females of all species are either drabber in coloration by comparison, either a lighter coloration of the males, with oranges, greens or yellows. The molting pattern in most cardinalids exhibits delayed plumage maturation, so that often the first- year male birds would be in non-breeding plumage or at an intermediate stage. The molting pattern in cardinalids is divided into two types. A preformative molt is a partial molt where only the body feathers get replaced, but not the wing and tail feathers, which is seen in a lot of temperate and neotropical species. The second type is an eccentric preformative molt when only the outer primary and inner secondaries are replaced. This molt is seen in some species of "Cyanoloxia" and "Passerina".


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Traditionally members of this group were classified as a tribe of the finch family Fringillidae (Cardinalini) characterized by heavy, conical, seed-crushing bills. The group consisted of the genera "Pheucticus", "Parkerthraustes", "Saltator", "Spiza", "Cyanocompsa", "Cyanoloxia", "Porphyrospiza", "Passerina", "Caryothraustes", "Periporphyrus", "Rhodothraupis", and "Cardinalis". The issue that taxonomists had faced, however, was there was no unifying morphological traits that were congruent in various studies. In 2007 a mitochondrial DNA study by Klicka, Burns and Spellman sampling all of the aforementioned genera and 34 of the 42 species found that the genera "Parkerthraustes", "Saltator", and "Porphyrospiza" were not members of the cardinal-lineage, but instead are found throughout in the tanager-lineage (Thraupidae). Interestingly enough the genera classified as thraupids at the time, "Piranga", "Habia", "Chlorothraupis", and "Amaurospiza", are found to be part of cardinalid radiation. In addition the genus "Granatellus", originally classified as a parulid warbler, are also found to be part of Cardinalidae. The authors have found that with this new relationship Cardinalidae can be classified into five subgroups, which have been supported by subsequent studies. The five subclades consists of the "Habia" lineage ("Habia" and "Chlorothraupis"), the “masked” lineage ("Piranga", "Caryothraustes", "Periporphyrus", "Rhodothraupis", and "Cardinalis"), the "Granatellus" lineage, the “blue” lineage ("Cyanocompsa", "Amaurospiza", "Cyanoloxia", "Passerina", and "Spiza"), and the "Pheucticus" lineage. These subclades and membership of these genera have been widely supported in subsequent studies. In a 2021 paper by Guallar et al. found based on the preformative molting pattern of cardinalids suggested the ancestor of this group was a forest-dwelling bird that dispersed into open habitats on numerous occasions.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: The cardinalids are part of a larger grouping of American endemic songbirds, Emberizoidea, which also includes the aforementioned thraupids and parulids, as well as icterids (New World blackbirds), passerellids (New World sparrows), and several families that contain one or a couple of genera. Several studies have placed cardinalids as either the sister group to Thraupidae, Mitrospingidae (a small family whose genera were formerly classified as thraupids), or the sister to a clade containing thraupids and mitrospingids. At least one study suggested that cardinalids could treated as a subfamily of Thraupidae.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: The cardinalids can be found from Canada to northern Argentina and Uruguay, with Central America having the most concentrated amount of species. Species are found year-around in the Central United States and the Eastern United States down to the neotropics. Cardinalids found in the West Indies are non-breeding migrants and those in the Western United States and Canada are breeding migrants. The western tanager is the northernmost species in the family, with their breeding ranges occurring in the southern portions of the Northwest Territories. The northern cardinal has been introduced in Hawaii and Bermuda. They occupy a variety of habitats from forests to grassland and arid scrubland. Most North American cardinalid species migrate south for the winter, whether further south in the continent or extending into the neotropics, except the northern cardinal and pyrrhuloxia which stay year-round. The neotropical species are residential year-round in their range.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Cardinals, the dickcissel, seedeaters, buntings, and grosbeaks have the thicker, seed-crushing bills that enabled them to feed heavily on fruits and seeds outside of the breeding season (especially in the winter for northern species like the aforementioned dickcissel and northern cardinal). Once their breeding season begins, members of this group will supplement themselves with invertebrate prey, vital when raising their young and refueling their energetic costs of reproduction and other daily activities. The genera "Chlorothraupis", "Habia", "Piranga", and "Granatellus" have slightly longer and less deep bills, which their diet mostly consists of insects, fruit, nectar and sap, less so on seeds. Cardinalids typically forage alone low level or on the ground, though some like "Piranga" and grosbeaks will forage high in the tree canopy. Many will come to birdfeeders especially during the winter.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Nearly all cardinalids are monogamous breeders and are highly territorial. Despite being monogamous this is only during the breeding season, and each year the birds might partner up with a different bird. The only exception is the dickcissel which is a polygynous species which nest in dense grasses and sedges. Other non-monogamous species include the lazuli and painted buntings which perform extra-copulation with multiple partners. The family is known for their intense brilliant songs. In some species like the lazuli bunting and indigo bunting the bird learn singing by match-based, meaning that first year breeding males will learn by copying the songs of nearby males, as opposed of learning it while they are in the nest. Even more unusual is the females of a few species, such as the scarlet tanager, northern cardinal, pyrrhuloxia, and black-headed grosbeak, which sing as well. In temperate species the breeding season is occurs annual while in tropical species it is year-around. The breeding seasons is in sync with the abundance of insects. Most species build open-cup nests made of grasses and twigs depending on the species. These nests would be in the trees, often high up in the crown. The nest building is done by both partners or by the female alone. The male and female take turns incubating the nest, often the male would feed the female. In a clutch on average there are 1 to 6 six eggs, with tropical species laying the fewest. Cardinalids produce one to three broods per season. As with other passerines, the young are born altricial and fledged between one and two weeks.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: As of 2021, the IUCN Red List has nearly 82 percent of cardinalids to be least concern. However, there are a handful of species that are of conservation concern. The rose-bellied bunting is an endemic near-threatened species as they are found in a small area of Oaxaca and Chiapas, Mexico; the black-cheeked ant-tanager is another endemic species found in Osa Peninsula in Costa Rica and the carrizal seedeater a critically endangered species found in the spiny bamboo thickets in the understory of deciduous forest in a remote southeastern corner of Venezuela. All of these species are threatened with habitat loss and the confinement within their much smaller range. The IUCN has not yet reevaluate the other species of seedeaters in the genus "Amaurospiza".


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: Despite the vast majority of species being classified as least concern, there has been a growing concern in how the ongoing climate crisis will affect the distribution and migration of many species across the globe. One study led by Dr. Brooke L. Bateman published in July 2020 focused on the risk North American birds will face from climate change and the measures needed to protect them. The first study assessed 604 species from the United States found that if the planet warmed by 3.0 degrees Celsius many species, especially arctic birds, waterbirds, and boreal and western forest birds, will be highly vulnerable to climate change and future conservation efforts will need to be in place. Among the species sampled, the North American species of "Piranga" and "Pheucticus" are found to be most climate vulnerable of the cardinalids. These species will either lose some substantial amount of their range or they will migrate up north to escape the sudden change in their habitat.


title: Cardinal (bird)

text: A possible extinct species is the controversial Townsend's bunting, a supposed enigmatic species related to the dickcissel. The Townsend's bunting is only known from a single type specimen collected from Chester County, Pennsylvania by John Kirk Townsend and described by John James Audubon in 1834. The specimen is housed in the National Museum of Natural History. Genetic work has not been done on this bird, but observation of the plumage has been done. The controversy stems from the uncertain from authors whether the bird is an extinct species, a rare color-variant of the dickcissel, or a hybrid female dickcissel and male blue grosbeak. If the bird is indeed simply a dickcissel it lacks any of the known field characteristics seen in the species in all life stages and sexes.


title: Simple linear regression

text: In statistics, simple linear regression is a linear regression model with a single explanatory variable. That is, it concerns two-dimensional sample points with one independent variable and one dependent variable (conventionally, the "x" and "y" coordinates in a Cartesian coordinate system) and finds a linear function (a non-vertical straight line) that, as accurately as possible, predicts the dependent variable values as a function of the independent variable.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The adjective "simple" refers to the fact that the outcome variable is related to a single predictor.


title: Simple linear regression

text: It is common to make the additional stipulation that the ordinary least squares (OLS) method should be used: the accuracy of each predicted value is measured by its squared "residual" (vertical distance between the point of the data set and the fitted line), and the goal is to make the sum of these squared deviations as small as possible. Other regression methods that can be used in place of ordinary least squares include least absolute deviations (minimizing the sum of absolute values of residuals) and the Theil–Sen estimator (which chooses a line whose slope is the median of the slopes determined by pairs of sample points). Deming regression (total least squares) also finds a line that fits a set of two-dimensional sample points, but (unlike ordinary least squares, least absolute deviations, and median slope regression) it is not really an instance of simple linear regression, because it does not separate the coordinates into one dependent and one independent variable and could potentially return a vertical line as its fit.


title: Simple linear regression

text: In this case, the slope of the fitted line is equal to the correlation between and corrected by the ratio of standard deviations of these variables. The intercept of the fitted line is such that the line passes through the center of mass of the data points.


title: Simple linear regression

text: which describes a line with slope and -intercept . In general such a relationship may not hold exactly for the largely unobserved population of values of the independent and dependent variables; we call the unobserved deviations from the above equation the errors. Suppose we observe data pairs and call them }. We can describe the underlying relationship between and involving this error term by


title: Simple linear regression

text: This relationship between the true (but unobserved) underlying parameters and and the data points is called a linear regression model.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The goal is to find estimated values formula_3 and formula_4 for the parameters and which would provide the "best" fit in some sense for the data points. As mentioned in the introduction, in this article the "best" fit will be understood as in the least-squares approach: a line that minimizes the sum of squared residuals (see also Errors and residuals) formula_5 (differences between actual and predicted values of the dependent variable "y"), each of which is given by, for any candidate parameter values formula_6 and formula_7,


title: Simple linear regression

text: By expanding to get a quadratic expression in formula_6 and formula_13 we can derive values of formula_6 and formula_7 that minimize the objective function (these minimizing values are denoted formula_16 and formula_17):


title: Simple linear regression

text: This shows that is the slope of the regression line of the standardized data points (and that this line passes through the origin). Since formula_23 then we get that if x is some measurement and y is a followup measurement from the same item, then we expect that y (on average) will be closer to the mean measurement than it was to the original value of x. This phenomenon is known as regressions toward the mean.


title: Simple linear regression

text: Generalizing the formula_24 notation, we can write a horizontal bar over an expression to indicate the average value of that expression over the set of samples. For example:


title: Simple linear regression

text: The coefficient of determination ("R squared") is equal to formula_27 when the model is linear with a single independent variable. See sample correlation coefficient for additional details.


title: Simple linear regression

text: By multiplying all members of the summation in the numerator by : formula_28 (thereby not changing it):


title: Simple linear regression

text: We can see that the slope (tangent of angle) of the regression line is the weighted average of formula_30 that is the slope (tangent of angle) of the line that connects the i-th point to the average of all points, weighted by formula_31 because the further the point is the more "important" it is, since small errors in its position will affect the slope connecting it to the center point more.


title: Simple linear regression

text: In the above formulation, notice that each formula_36 is a constant ("known upfront") value, while the formula_37 are random variables that depend on the linear function of formula_36 and the random term formula_39. This assumption is used when deriving the standard error of the slope and showing that it is unbiased.


title: Simple linear regression

text: In this framing, when formula_36 is not actually a random variable, what type of parameter does the empirical correlation formula_41 estimate? The issue is that for each value i we'll have: formula_42 and formula_43. A possible interpretation of formula_41 is to imagine that formula_36 defines a random variable drawn from the empirical distribution of the x values in our sample. For example, if x had 10 values from the natural numbers: [1,2,3...,10], then we can imagine x to be a Discrete uniform distribution. Under this interpretation all formula_36 have the same expectation and some positive variance. With this interpretation we can think of formula_41 as the estimator of the Pearson's correlation between the random variable y and the random variable x (as we just defined it).


title: Simple linear regression

text: Sometimes it is appropriate to force the regression line to pass through the origin, because and are assumed to be proportional. For the model without the intercept term, , the OLS estimator for simplifies to


title: Simple linear regression

text: The last form above demonstrates how moving the line away from the center of mass of the data points affects the slope.


title: Simple linear regression

text: Description of the statistical properties of estimators from the simple linear regression estimates requires the use of a statistical model. The following is based on assuming the validity of a model under which the estimates are optimal. It is also possible to evaluate the properties under other assumptions, such as inhomogeneity, but this is discussed elsewhere.


title: Simple linear regression

text: To formalize this assertion we must define a framework in which these estimators are random variables. We consider the residuals as random variables drawn independently from some distribution with mean zero. In other words, for each value of , the corresponding value of is generated as a mean response plus an additional random variable called the "error term", equal to zero on average. Under such interpretation, the least-squares estimators formula_3 and formula_4 will themselves be random variables whose means will equal the "true values" and . This is the definition of an unbiased estimator.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The formulas given in the previous section allow one to calculate the "point estimates" of and — that is, the coefficients of the regression line for the given set of data. However, those formulas don't tell us how precise the estimates are, i.e., how much the estimators formula_16 and formula_17 vary from sample to sample for the specified sample size. Confidence intervals were devised to give a plausible set of values to the estimates one might have if one repeated the experiment a very large number of times.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The standard method of constructing confidence intervals for linear regression coefficients relies on the normality assumption, which is justified if either:


title: Simple linear regression

text: Under the first assumption above, that of the normality of the error terms, the estimator of the slope coefficient will itself be normally distributed with mean and variance formula_56 where is the variance of the error terms (see Proofs involving ordinary least squares). At the same time the sum of squared residuals is distributed proportionally to with degrees of freedom, and independently from formula_17. This allows us to construct a -value


title: Simple linear regression

text: This -value has a Student's-distribution with degrees of freedom. Using it we can construct a confidence interval for :


title: Simple linear regression

text: at confidence level , where formula_62 is the formula_63 quantile of the distribution. For example, if then the confidence level is 95%.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The confidence intervals for and give us the general idea where these regression coefficients are most likely to be. For example, in the Okun's law regression shown here the point estimates are


title: Simple linear regression

text: In order to represent this information graphically, in the form of the confidence bands around the regression line, one has to proceed carefully and account for the joint distribution of the estimators. It can be shown that at confidence level (1 − "γ") the confidence band has hyperbolic form given by the equation


title: Simple linear regression

text: When the model assumed the intercept is fixed and equal to 0 (formula_69), the standard error of the slope turns into:


title: Simple linear regression

text: The alternative second assumption states that when the number of points in the dataset is "large enough", the law of large numbers and the central limit theorem become applicable, and then the distribution of the estimators is approximately normal. Under this assumption all formulas derived in the previous section remain valid, with the only exception that the quantile "t*" of Student's "t" distribution is replaced with the quantile "q*" of the standard normal distribution. Occasionally the fraction is replaced with . When is large such a change does not alter the results appreciably.


title: Simple linear regression

text: This data set gives average masses for women as a function of their height in a sample of American women of age 30–39. Although the OLS article argues that it would be more appropriate to run a quadratic regression for this data, the simple linear regression model is applied here instead.


title: Simple linear regression

text: There are "n" = 15 points in this data set. Hand calculations would be started by finding the following five sums:


title: Simple linear regression

text: These quantities would be used to calculate the estimates of the regression coefficients, and their standard errors.


title: Simple linear regression

text: The 0.975 quantile of Student's "t"-distribution with 13 degrees of freedom is , and thus the 95% confidence intervals for and are


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander Socrates Onassis (; April 30, 1948January 23, 1973) was an American-born Greek businessman. He was the son of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis and his first wife Tina Livanos. He and his sister Christina Onassis were upset by his father's marriage to Jacqueline Kennedy, and he was credited with attempting to improve the relationship between his father and Stavros Niarchos.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Born in New York City, Onassis was not formally educated and worked for several years for his father at his Monaco headquarters. The relationship between Onassis and his father experienced tensions as a result of his secret relationship with Fiona von Thyssen, former wife of Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: He was later appointed the head of Olympic Aviation, a Greek regional airline owned by his father. Onassis died in hospital as a result of injuries sustained in an air crash at Hellinikon International Airport at the age of 24. The Alexander S. Onassis Foundation was established in his memory.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander Socrates Onassis was born at the Columbia University Medical Center in New York City. He was the elder child of the Greek shipping magnate Aristotle Onassis (1906 –1975) and his first wife, Athina Livanos (1929 –1974), herself a daughter of a Greek shipping magnate, Stavros G. Livanos. Alexander was named after his father's uncle, who was hanged by a Turkish military tribunal during their sacking of Smyrna in September 1922. Alexander's sister, Christina, was born in 1950.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander had no formal schooling, but had been provided with a personal tutor and his own apartment from a young age. Alexander failed his exams at a Paris lycée at age 16, and began working for his father at his Monaco headquarters in 1965. Alexander earned a modest salary of $12,000 working for his father despite his father's great wealth. Alexander was not an enthusiastic employee. A fellow employee said that he seemed in no "great hurry to prove himself an Onassis." Onassis also described himself as never having spent a day not "intimidated by the old man's wealth." In the mid 1960s, Onassis began a relationship with the French model Odile Rodin, a woman several years his senior. Rodin was the widow of the Dominican playboy and diplomat Porfirio Rubirosa, and Rodin and Onassis lived together in Monaco.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: In October 1968, Aristotle Onassis married Jacqueline Kennedy, the widow of John F. Kennedy, the 35th President of the United States. Alexander and his sister Christina were greatly upset by the union. They had hoped that he might remarry their mother, which had seemed possible towards the end of their father's relationship with the Greek opera singer Maria Callas. Alexander said: "My father loved the names and Jackie loved the money." Despite never liking their stepmother, Alexander and his sister were friendly with her children, Caroline and John, and Alexander would occasionally let his stepbrother ride at the controls of his plane. Aristotle Onassis's friend, John W. Meyer, credited Alexander with persuading his father to stop publicly accusing his business rival and former brother-in-law, Stavros Niarchos, of involvement in the death of Niarchos's former wife, Alexander's aunt Eugenia Livano-Niarchos. Niarchos later married Onassis's mother, the sister of his former wife.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Aristotle’s second marriage exacerbated the tensions already inherent in his relationship with his son. He also disapproved of Alexander's secret relationship with Fiona von Thyssen (née Campbell Walter), a British fashion model some 16 years his senior and the former wife of industrialist Baron Hans Heinrich Thyssen-Bornemisza. Alexander had first met Thyssen when he was 12, and as an 18-year-old had surprised his mother by inviting her to a dinner party, as she was one of his mother's friends.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Following the dinner party, Alexander and Thyssen went to a disco where she punched a fellow dancer in the face (who then fell to the floor) after he suggested that she was only with Alexander because of his father's wealth. Alexander wanted to have a committed relationship with Thyssen from their first meeting, which she initially resisted, but the deep relationship which eventually developed between the pair was resisted by Alexander's mother, who constantly sought to sabotage it. Alexander's father also sought to undermine his son's relationship by buying him a $2 million villa outside Athens, a gesture that Thyssen felt was an attempt to mold her into just another "Alexander object ... to be manipulated, brutalised and treated on any level and on any terms he chooses." Thyssen only accepted gifts from Alexander if they were paid from the amount that he earned from working.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander had taken his first flying lesson in 1967 and had accrued 1,500 flying hours by the time of his death. Possessing a professional pilot's license, he was appointed the President of Olympic Aviation, a regional Greek subsidiary of his father's Olympic Airways, in 1971. Onassis' poor eyesight meant that he could not hold an air transport license, but could possess an air commercial license, allowing him to fly light planes and air taxis for emergency medical cases.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander died on January 23, 1973, at the age of 24, from injuries sustained the previous day when his personal Piaggio P.136L-2 amphibious airplane, in which he was a passenger, crashed at Hellinikon International Airport in Athens. Alexander was instructing a potential new pilot of the plane, Donald McCusker, at the time of the crash, in his role as President of Olympic Aviation. Alexander and McCusker were accompanied by Donald McGregor, Onassis's regular pilot, who was recovering from an eye infection. A few seconds after takeoff from runway 33, the plane's right wing dropped and stayed down, and the plane crashed shortly after losing balance, in a flight lasting no more than 15 seconds. McCusker and the other pilot both suffered serious injuries in the crash. The trio had planned to practice amphibious landings between the Saronic Gulf islands of Aegina and Poros after takeoff.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: The day after the crash, Alexander's father and stepmother arrived from New York at the hospital where Alexander was being treated. The couple were accompanied by an American neurosurgeon. Alexander's mother arrived from Switzerland with her husband, Stavros Niarchos. Aristotle had also flown the English neurosurgeon Alan Richardson from London to Athens, but Richardson later told Onassis that Alexander had no chance of surviving his injuries. Aristotle Onassis considered having his son's body cryogenically frozen with the Life Extension Society, but was persuaded against it, and he was embalmed by Desmond Henley. Alexander Onassis was buried next to the chapel on his father's private Ionian island of Skorpios.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Reports into the crash by the Greek Air Force, and an independent investigator hired by Onassis, the Englishman Alan Hunter, concluded that it had occurred as a result of the reversing of the aileron connecting cables during the installation of a new control column. This cause was disputed by McGregor who believed that the wake turbulence from an Air France Boeing 727 that had taken off before them had caused the crash.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Less than a month after Alexander's death, McCusker had manslaughter proceedings initiated against him by the public prosecutor of Athens in connection with the crash. Six people were also charged over Onassis's death in January 1974, with their indictment indicating that faulty controls had been fitted to his plane.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: In December 1974, in a paid advertisement, Aristotle Onassis announced his offering of a $1,000,000 reward (equivalent to $ million in ) for proof that his son's death had been as a result of "deliberate action" as opposed to the cause of negligence, the conclusion reached by the official inquiry. All charges relating to the crash were later dropped, and McCusker was awarded $800,000 in 1978 by Olympic Airways, three years after Aristotle Onassis's death. Onassis had refused to believe that his son's death was an accident, believing it was due to the machinations of the United States Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) and the leader of the Greek military junta, Georgios Papadopoulos.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Alexander's death had a profound effect on his father, who never fully recovered from the loss of his son. Aristotle Onassis sought to sell Olympic Airways after his son's death, and died two years later in March 1975. Onassis was buried alongside his son on Skorpios.


title: Alexander Onassis

text: Aristotle Onassis's will established a charitable foundation in memory of his son, the Alexander S. Onassis Public Benefit Foundation, based in the tax haven of Vaduz in Liechtenstein, and headquartered in Athens. The foundation received 45% of his fortune, with the remainder left to Alexander's sister, Christina. The foundation consists of two parts; a business foundation which runs various businesses including shipping, and a public benefit foundation which is the sole recipient of the business foundation. The public benefit foundation funds the worldwide promotion of Greek culture, funds the Onassis International Prizes for achievement in various fields, and the funding of scholarships for Greek university students.


title: El Chapo (TV series)

text: El Chapo is a crime television series, co-produced by Netflix and Univision, about the life of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán. The series premiered on April 23, 2017 on Univision before airing on Netflix worldwide. It stars Marco de la O as the title character.


title: El Chapo (TV series)

text: The series recounts the beginnings of Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán in 1985, when he was a low-level member of the Guadalajara Cartel, his rise to power as head of the Sinaloa Cartel, and his downfall.


title: El Chapo (TV series)

text: On May 12, 2017, Univision confirmed that the series would be renewed for a second season. Season 2 premiered on September 17, 2017.


title: El Chapo (TV series)

text: Netflix released the first season, comprising nine episodes, on June 16, 2017. The second season was released on December 15, 2017.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Between 1937 and 2012, an estimated 1,400 bodies were recovered of people who had jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, located in the San Francisco Bay Area in the United States.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In 2013, 118 potential jumpers were talked down from their attempt and did not jump. , it is estimated that 34 people have survived after jumping. Some die instantly from internal injuries, while others drown or die of hypothermia.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: A number of measures are in place to discourage people from jumping, including telephone hotlines and patrols by emergency personnel and bridge workers. Although it had previously been considered impractical to build a suicide barrier, in 2014, the bridge's directors approved a proposal for a net below the bridge's deck, extending out either side, rather than side barriers at the railings as had long been proposed.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The deck of the bridge is about above the water. After a fall of four seconds, jumpers hit the water at around 75 mph (120 km/h). Most of the jumpers die due to impact trauma. About 5% of the jumpers survive the initial impact but generally drown or die of hypothermia in the cold water.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: An official suicide count was kept until the year 1995, sorted according to the nearest of the bridge's 128 lamp posts the jumper jumped. The official count ended on June 5, 1995 on the 997th jump; jumper No. 1000, Eric Atkinson (25), jumped on July 3, 1995. Consequently, Marin County coroner Ken Holmes asked local media to stop reporting the total number of jumpers. By 2012 the unofficial count exceeded 1,600 (in which the body was recovered or someone saw the jump) and new suicides were occurring about once every two weeks, according to a "San Francisco Chronicle" analysis. The most suicides in one month were in August 2013, when 10 jumped. The total count for the year 2013 was 46, with an additional 118 attempts prevented, making it the year with the highest tally so far. The rate of incidence of attempts has risen to nearly one every other day. The youngest known death is five-year-old Marilyn DeMont; in 1945, she was told to jump by her father who followed her.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: For comparison, the Aokigahara Forest in Japan, has a record of 108 bodies, found within the forest in 2004, with an average of 30 a year. There were 34 bridge-jump suicides in 2006 whose bodies were recovered, in addition to four jumps that were witnessed but whose bodies were never recovered, and several bodies recovered suspected to be from bridge jumps. The California Highway Patrol removed 70 apparently suicidal people from the bridge that year.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: There is no accurate figure on the number of suicides or completed jumps since 1937, because many were not witnessed. People have been known to travel to San Francisco specifically to jump off the bridge, and may take a bus or cab to the site; police sometimes find abandoned rental cars in the parking lot. Currents beneath the bridge are strong and some jumpers have more than likely been washed out to sea without being seen.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The fatality rate of jumping is roughly 98%. As of July 2013, only 34 people are known to have survived the jump. Those who do survive strike the water feet-first and at a slight angle, although individuals may still sustain broken bones or internal injuries. One young woman, Sarah Rutledge Birnbaum, survived, but returned to jump again and died the second time. One young man survived a jump in 1979, swam to shore, and drove himself to a hospital. The impact cracked several of his vertebrae.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Engineering professor Natalie Jeremijenko, as part of her "Bureau of Inverse Technology" art collective, created a "Despondency Index" by correlating the Dow Jones Industrial Average with the number of jumpers detected by "Suicide Boxes" containing motion-detecting cameras, which she claimed to have set up under the bridge. The boxes purportedly recorded 17 jumps in three months, far greater than the official count. The Whitney Museum, although questioning whether Jeremijenko's suicide-detection technology actually existed, nevertheless included her project in its prestigious Whitney Biennial.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Various methods have been tried to physically prevent people from jumping off the bridge. It is fitted with suicide-hotline telephones and staff patrol the bridge in carts, looking for people who appear to be planning to jump. The bridge is now closed to pedestrians at night. Cyclists are still permitted across at night, but can buzz themselves in and out through the remotely controlled security gates. Attempts to introduce a suicide barrier have been thwarted by engineering difficulties, high costs, and public opposition. One recurring proposal had been to build a barrier to replace or augment the low railing, a component of the bridge's original architectural design, as amended by the second designer in the final blueprint. New barriers have eliminated suicides at other landmarks around the world, but were opposed for the Golden Gate Bridge for reasons of cost, aesthetics, and safety, as the load from a poorly designed barrier could significantly affect the bridge's structural integrity during a strong windstorm. Despite these concerns, on June 27, 2014, California approved a funding plan to install a suicide barrier.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: A volunteer group called the Bridgewatch Angels was founded by Pleasanton Police Lieutenant, Mia Munayer, in 2011. During every major holiday and while off-duty, Munayer mobilizes hundreds of volunteers to patrol the bridge looking for anyone who may be contemplating suicide. Before embarking on their morning or afternoon shifts, Bridgewatch Angels volunteers receive training on the warning signs of someone in crisis, indirect and direct ways to engage with people walking alone on the bridge, and safety protocol when interacting with a suicidal person requiring police intervention. Each Bridgewatch event is dedicated to the memory of a person who jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge and their family joins the Bridgewatch Angels as they walk together to honor the memory of their loved one. The Bridgewatch Angels are credited with making dozens of interventions each year.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In addition to Golden Gate bridge patrol, law enforcement, and emergency medical personnel, there are Golden Gate Bridge ironworkers who volunteer their time to prevent suicides by talking to or wrestling down suicidal people. One of the ironworkers, Ken Hopper, began working at the bridge in the mid-1980s and sees the volunteer rescue duty as "part of the job". Called "Cowboys of the Sky", they have the equipment and knowledge of the bridge, as well as the experience working at extreme heights, giving them the qualifications to go over the rail and assist those in need. While the experience of the volunteers minimize the danger of falling, there are still risks encountered. Ironworkers have reported knives being pulled on them, seeing loaded guns on would-be jumpers, and having been bitten. When a police psychologist is on scene, they will coach the volunteer rescuers by radio and the ironworkers are provided seminars on suicide prevention. As of 2001, Hopper reported having rescued 30 suicidal individuals and losing two. He was a first-hand witness to the Steven Page murder/suicide, where a father, who had just murdered his wife, threw his toddler-daughter off the bridge and then jumped off the bridge himself.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: "Hopper's Hands" were created in part as a legacy of the ironworkers volunteering for suicide rescue duty. After Hopper spotted waterfront joggers touching the fence at the sidewalk dead-end near Fort Point before turning back, he asked the bridge's sign painter to create a sign with two hand print silhouettes on it. The signs are now at both ends of the bridge.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Strong appeals for a suicide barrier, fence, or other preventive measures were raised again by a well-organized vocal minority of psychiatry professionals, suicide barrier consultants, and families of jumpers beginning in January 2005. These efforts were given momentum by two films dealing with the topic of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge. On January 14, 2005 the "San Francisco Chronicle" published an open letter by writer–director Jenni Olson calling for a suicide barrier on the Golden Gate Bridge. The letter was, in part, an excerpt from the script of her film "The Joy of Life", which world-premiered the following week, on January 20, 2005, at the Sundance Film Festival. The day before, on January 19, 2005, the "Chronicle" broke the news that filmmaker Eric Steel had been shooting suicide leaps from the bridge during 2004 for his film "The Bridge", which would be released in 2006. A week later, "The Joy of Life" world-premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and video copies of the film were circulated to members of the Bridge District board of directors with the help of the Psychiatric Foundation of Northern California.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In the fall of 2005 the "San Francisco Chronicle" published a seven-part series of articles, titled "Lethal Beauty", focusing on the problem of suicide and the Golden Gate Bridge and emphasizing that a solution was not just possible, but even desirable.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: California Highway patrolman Kevin Briggs is credited with saving hundreds of lives of would-be jumpers by talking to them before they can take the plunge. The CHP estimates that with the help of cameras and the volunteers, at least 80–90% of people intending to jump are prevented from doing so.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On October 10, 2008, the Golden Gate Bridge and Transportation District Board of Directors voted 15 to 1 for the preferred option of installing a plastic-covered stainless steel net below the bridge as a suicide deterrent.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The netting barrier was initially estimated to cost $40–50 million to complete. On July 28, 2010, the board received $5 million from the Metropolitan Transportation Commission (MTC) towards conducting a final design study of the barrier. However, a funding source for the overall project still had not been identified, and there was concern that this lack of funding could delay the net's deployment.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The lack of funding for the project continued to delay the schedule of completion. In 2012, President Barack Obama enacted the Transportation Re-authorization Bill permitting federal funding towards transportation infrastructure projects. Initially, the bill did not divert funding automatically. However, advocates of the barrier, such as 'Bridge Rail Foundation', were eventually successful in securing support for the project in 2014. In March 2014, "The New York Times" reported that it was expected that the directors of the Bridge District would vote to change its policy and allow the use of toll money to supplement governmental funds for a suicide barrier.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The proposed suicide barrier will consist of stainless steel netting stretching out on either side of the bridge, and 20 feet below the bridge. Funding for building this barrier was unanimously approved by the Golden Gate Bridge Board of Directors on June 27, 2014. The MTC approved to contribute $27 million of the $76-million overall cost for the project, and federal, state, and local authorities will likewise contribute to the project. The design was finalized in December 2014; however the project was delayed due to concerns from the National Park Service about storing construction materials at the site for the estimated three years it will take to complete the work.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Fabrication of the stainless-steel netting and structural pieces began offsite in May 2017 after years of debate and installation of the netting on-site began in August 2018. The netting was scheduled to be complete in 2021 at a projected cost of $211 million. In 2019, lead contractor AECOM reported a delay until 2023. District officials attributed the delay to the original lead contractor, Shimmick Construction, having underbid the project, and to its 2017 acquisition by AECOM.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The first known intentional death from the Golden Gate Bridge occurred when the bridge was just a little over three months past its opening. In August 1937, 47-year-old World War I veteran Harold Wobber was employed as a bargeman and took a bus to the bridge. After he got off the bus, Wobber started down the pedestrian walkway of the 1.6-mile span. On the way, he started talking to a college professor from Connecticut, on vacation in the San Francisco area. During the stroll, Wobber took off his coat and vest, threw them to the man, and declared, "This is where I get off. I'm going to jump." The vacationing professor grabbed the man's belt, but Wobber was able to get free and jumped over the four-foot-high rail to his death in the San Francisco Bay. After his death, newspapers reported Wobber was "a victim of shell shock" who had been undergoing mental health treatment.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Until 1993, the youngest death off the bridge was five-year-old Marilyn DeMont, in 1945. With the child standing on a girder just outside the bridge's railing, her father, 37-year-old elevator installation foreman August DeMont, commanded her to jump. August DeMont followed by diving "gracefully" after her. A simple note was found in the DeMont car stating, "I and my daughter have committed suicide."


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In 1954, Charles S. Gallagher Sr. was director of the San Jose Merchants Association in San Jose, California. After returning from two weeks of vacation, he discovered the audit his company began before he left was ongoing. Gallagher told his co-workers he was leaving briefly to get coffee. Rather than doing so, he drove to the north side of the Golden Gate Bridge, parked, and jumped.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Four days later, Gallagher's 24-year-old son, Charles S. Gallagher Jr., drove the same sedan owned by his father to the same area and jumped from approximately the same location. A pre-med student at UCLA, Gallagher Jr. left a note that said, "I am sorry. . . . I want to keep dad company."


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Twenty-eight-year-old Marc Salinger, oldest son of former Kennedy Administration press secretary Pierre Salinger, jumped to his death from the bridge on February 9, 1977. While Salinger had known John F. Kennedy through his father's professional association with the president, he had also known him on a personal level. According to his family, Salinger, who had occasionally been Kennedy's golf caddy, never got over the president's assassination. After Salinger's mother had identified the body, the San Francisco Coroner's Office announced Salinger's death to the press. A resident of the San Francisco Bay Area at the time of his death, Salinger was buried in San Mateo County.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On January 28, 1993, Steven Page murdered his wife Nancy and then threw his daughter Kellie off the Golden Gate Bridge, before jumping off the bridge himself.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Page worked as a buyer at Owaga-Mune Nursery in Fremont, California. The Page family home was in Fremont, but Page maintained a separate apartment after he and his wife separated. At 10:00 am on January 28, Page drove to their Fremont house and murdered his wife with a 12 gauge shotgun. He then left a message for his mother-in-law to pick up his nine-year-old stepson from school. After arriving at the Page home, she discovered the body of her daughter. Page, after killing his wife, drove with their three-year-old daughter, Kellie, to the Golden Gate Bridge. Highway patrol officers noticed Page walking along the bridge carrying a bundle and recognized it to be a small child. After being approached by the officers because of his unusual behavior, Page threw Kellie over the railing, then climbed over the railing himself and jumped off. Following the incident, investigators were puzzled by Page's apparent lack of psychological indicators prior to the murder/suicide.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: U.S. Coast Guard spokesperson Shelly Freier stated the USCG had recovered the bodies of both father and daughter by the next day, January 29. An apology letter addressed to Page's stepson, who was at school at the time of all three deaths, was found at the family home. In the letter Page apologized for what he had done, showing premeditation for both the murders of his wife and daughter as well as his suicide.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On August 26, 1993, Roy Raymond, the founder of Victoria's Secret, died after intentionally jumping off of the Golden Gate Bridge at the age of 46. Last seen walking toward the bridge, Raymond's body was shortly thereafter washed up on a shoreline in Marin County; investigators concluded that he had killed himself by jumping from the bridge.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Originally surviving a fall from the Golden Gate in 1988, Paul Aladdin Alarab died on March 19, 2003, when he jumped from the bridge in protest of the United States' invasion of Iraq. Alarab, whose father was born in Iraq, was a 44-year-old real estate agent from Kensington, California, who climbed over a railing on the east side of the bridge, mid-span. Tying one end of a rope to the bridge and wrapping the other end of the rope around his arms, Alarab then demanded to talk to media. Law enforcement tried to talk him back over the railing while he read a statement he had written denouncing the war started earlier that day. After finishing the statement, he let go of the rope and fell 235 feet to the water. His body was recovered almost immediately.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In 1988, however, he had survived a similar fall from the bridge that occurred while lowering himself into a garbage can that was hanging from a 60-foot rope off the bridge. At that time, he was protesting what he saw as mistreatment of the elderly and the handicapped. In the 1988 incident, he lost his grip on the rope and fell into San Francisco Bay, surviving with three broken ribs and both lungs collapsed. The first incident was considered an accident. Following the 1988 incident, Alarab told a reporter from the "San Francisco Chronicle", "It seemed like the fall lasted forever. I was praying for God to give me another chance. I was also wondering about how I would hit, because that is what determines if you will live or die." While his friends, family, and co-workers did not believe his death was an intentional suicide, investigators came to a different conclusion based on his having let go of the rope. Retired UCSF professor of psychiatry Jerome Motto stated that Alarab might have been disturbed by the outbreak of the war and "that previously bearable pain suddenly became intolerable."


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On January 29, 2008, 17-year-old Casey Brooks of Tiburon, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge. Because her body was never recovered, her friend had benches installed as a memorial. Located on Strawberry Vista in Mill Valley, the original memorial had to be replaced due to a dispute with the owner of the property the bench was located on being uncomfortable. In March and April 2020, the benches were vandalized twice. Her father, John Brooks has written a book, "The Girl Behind the Door", on their experience and journey of losing Casey.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On June 5, 2014, at 4:22 pm, 27-year-old Sean Moylan of Novato, California, jumped from the Golden Gate Bridge, ending his life. The Coast Guard pulled Moylan's body out of the waters beneath the bridge. Moylan was the grandson of John Moylan, a longtime member of the Golden Gate District board of directors who campaigned for the installation of suicide barriers on the bridge. The elder Moylan was president of the board when, in 2008, a historic decision was made to build the barrier at a cost of $68 million. John Moylan referred to his grandson's death as "heartbreaking"; however, he did not blame it on the lack of a barrier. Sean Moylan already had attempted suicide in February 2014; after a breakup with his girlfriend, Moylan walked in front of a truck in Oregon and was critically injured.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: Along with confirmed suicide deaths and suicide attempts at the bridge, there have been false suicides as well. The first documented case of "pseudocide" at the Golden Gate Bridge was in 1948. Forty-seven-year-old Chris J. Christensen was a well-known local jeweler who had been recently elected to the San Francisco Board of Supervisors. Christensen's coat was found attached to a work box at the center span of the bridge with a note in the coat that read, "Loved Ones: My nerves are shot. Please forgive me. Chris." Believed to have jumped from the bridge, Christensen was declared dead and rumors abounded. Investigators concluded he was unable to cope with the pressures of being in public office. There were reports of Christensen having become friendly with a man described as "willowy ... almost too good-looking to be considered handsome." While Christensen introduced the man to friends and colleagues as his nephew, it was learned the man was not a relative; rather, he was a Navy sailor whom Christensen met in a Los Angeles bar. Over a year had passed when it was discovered Christensen was actually alive and selling Bibles in Houston, Texas. Found living in a low-rent rooming house and having lost 40 pounds, Christensen explained that campaign contributors who supported his election had asked him to "do things he couldn't do." Christensen saw himself as a failure and never returned to San Francisco.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In 1985, 28-year-old Kenneth Baldwin jumped over and survived. Rescued by the US Coast Guard, he suffered a few broken ribs and a bruised lung.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On September 25, 2000, Kevin Hines was 19 years old, paranoid, and hallucinating when he jumped off the Golden Gate Bridge. Throwing himself headfirst over the bridge railing, he fell 220 feet into San Francisco Bay. During the fall, his body rotated so that when he hit the water, he was in a sitting position, taking the impact in his legs and up through his back. Three of his vertebrae were shattered, lacerating his lower internal organs. A United States Coast Guard vessel rescued him, and he was transported to a hospital in San Francisco where he received emergency surgery. Following further, experimental surgery, he made a complete recovery. Regarding his thoughts after the jump, he later said, "There was a millisecond of free fall. In that instant, I thought, what have I just done? I don't want to die. God, please save me." Following his suicide attempt, he appeared in a documentary film, "The Bridge" (2006) and was interviewed on CNN by Larry King. Hines wrote a book about his experience before and after his suicide attempt, "Cracked, Not Broken", and became a mental health advocate and proponent for a bridge suicide barrier or net to prevent such incidents.<ref name="SFMag/HInes"></ref>


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: On March 10, 2011, 17-year-old Luhe "Otter" Vilagomez from Windsor High School in Windsor, California, survived a jump from the bridge, breaking his coccyx and puncturing one lung, though he said his attempt was for "fun" and not suicide. The teen was helped to shore by Frederic Lecouturier, 55, who was surfing under the bridge when he saw Vilagomez jump. The California Highway Patrol recommended the San Francisco District Attorney's Office charge the student with misdemeanor trespassing (a charge that entails climbing any rail, cable, suspender rope, tower or superstructure not intended for public use), punishable by up to a year in the county jail and/or a fine up to $10,000, and that the teenager undergo a medical/psychiatric evaluation by medical professionals.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: "The Bridge" is a 2006 British–American documentary film by Eric Steel, which spans 365 days of filming at the San Francisco Golden Gate Bridge in 2004. The film captured a number of suicides, and featured interviews with family and friends of some of the identified people who had thrown themselves from the bridge that year.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The film was inspired by Tad Friend's 2003 article titled "Jumpers", written for "The New Yorker" magazine. The film crew shot almost 10,000 hours of footage, recording 23 of the known 24 suicides off the bridge in 2004.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: In his article for "The New Yorker", Friend wrote, "Survivors often regret their decision in midair, if not before". This observation is supported by survivor Ken Baldwin, who explained, "I instantly realized that everything in my life that I'd thought was unfixable was totally fixable—except for having just jumped."


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: The 2006 release of "The Bridge" exerted additional pressure on the Bridge District and created continued public awareness. The film also documented interviews with surviving family members of those who jumped, with witnesses, and with a survivor.


title: Suicides at the Golden Gate Bridge

text: "The Joy of Life", released in 2005, is an American documentary film that recounts the chronological history of suicide at the Golden Gate Bridge. The film discusses key design changes made to the bridge by architect Irving Morrow, notably the lowering of the pedestrian railing. It also explores the public discussions of the problem of suicide prevention over the decades, with a focus on local news coverage.


title: Texarkana Moonlight Murders

text: The Texarkana Moonlight Murders, a term coined by the contemporary press, was a series of four unsolved serial murders and related violent crimes committed in and around the Texarkana region of Arkansas and Texas in the late winter and spring of 1946. They were attributed to an alleged unidentified serial killer known as the Phantom of Texarkana or simply the Phantom Killer or Phantom Slayer. This hypothetical perpetrator is credited with attacking eight people, of whom five died, in a ten-week period.


title: Texarkana Moonlight Murders

text: The attacks occurred at night on weekends between February 22 and May 3, targeting male-female pairs. The first three attacks were at lovers' lanes or quiet stretches of road on the Texas side; the fourth attack occurred at an isolated farmhouse in Arkansas. The murders were reported nationally and internationally by several publications, and caused a state of panic in Texarkana throughout the summer. Residents armed themselves and, at dusk, locked themselves indoors while police patrolled streets and neighborhoods. Stores sold out of guns, ammunition, locks, and many other protective devices. Some youths attempted to bait and ambush the killer.