title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In October 2002, Dhawan was selected again in the Delhi Under-19 team for the Cooch Behar Trophy in which he made 388 runs from 8 innings at an average of 55.42 including two centuries. He was then picked to play for North Zone Under-19s in January 2003 in the Vinoo Mankad Trophy. Dhawan scored 45 and 12 in the semifinal against Central Zone, before top-scoring for his team with 71 in the final on a seaming track in Rohtak against East Zone securing his team an innings-win. In the CK Nayudu Trophy held in February 2003, Dhawan averaged 55.50 with the bat for North Zone Under-19s. He continued to amass runs at the Under-19 domestic level as he scored 444 runs from 6 innings at an average of 74 in the Cooch Behar Trophy in October after which he was made the captain of the Delhi Under-19 team. Dhawan averaged 66.66 in the MA Chidambaram Trophy held in December that year which was his first tournament as captain.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan played for India in the 2004 Under-19 World Cup in Bangladesh and finished as the leading run-scorer of the tournament scoring a total of 505 runs. Dhawan's runs came at an average of 84.16, with three centuries and a fifty, and was named Player of the Tournament. In the two youth Tests against England the following January, he had scores of 69, 18, and 41.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made his first-class debut for Delhi against Andhra in November 2004, in the 2004–05 season of the Ranji Trophy scoring 49 on his debut innings. He finished as Delhi's leading run-getter that Ranji season with a total of 461 runs from 6 matches and a high score of 130, scoring more runs than experienced players in the team like Ajay Jadeja and Aakash Chopra. In the Ranji One-day Trophy that followed, Dhawan made his List A debut against Jammu & Kashmir in January 2005. He then scored back-to-back unbeaten hundreds against Himachal Pradesh and Haryana. He was picked in the India Seniors squad for the Challenger Trophy in February, in which he opened the innings against India B with future India teammate MS Dhoni. In the second match, Dhawan scored a 124-ball 126, sharing a 246-run first-wicket partnership with Dhoni who also struck a century, helping India Seniors chase down 276 for the loss of two wickets. He was selected in the India A team to play in the one-off 50-over match against the touring Pakistani team in March that year. He scored 8 before being bowled by Naved-ul-Hasan.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In 2005/06 Challenger Trophy in October 2005, Dhawan played for India B and had a disappointing series with the bat. He had scores of 30, 40, and 26, unable to convert the starts into big knocks. He scored 117 for North Zone against Zimbabwe Cricket Union President's XI in the Duleep Trophy and 65 for Board President's XI in a three-day match against the touring Sri Lankan team. He averaged 34.40 in the 2005–06 Ranji season, but returned to form in the Ranji One-day Trophy scoring at an average of 40.75 from five games. Dhawan was drafted into the North Zone squad for Deodhar Trophy later that month where he continued to be in good form with scores of 56 against Central Zone, 65 against West Zone, 44 against South Zone and 5 against East Zone. North Zone went on to win the tournament and retain the trophy. Dhawan represented India A in the EurAsia Cricket Series in April–May 2006, a limited-overs tournament held at Abu Dhabi between India A, Ireland A, Netherlands A, Pakistan A and United Arab Emirates. He finished as the leading run-scorer of the tournament with 288 runs from 5 matches at an average of 72 including a hundred and two fifties.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan started the 2006-07 Ranji season with a century against Tamil Nadu, batting at number three. He was made captain of the Delhi team for the Ranji One-day Trophy in February 2007, despite the presence of international players in the lineup such as Virender Sehwag, Gautam Gambhir, Aakash Chopra and Ashish Nehra. Dhawan scored 161 runs in the tournament at an average of 32.20 with a top score of 46 while Delhi could not progress past the quarterfinals. He batted at four for North Zone in the Deodhar Trophy in February–March and averaged 23.66 from three innings.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Delhi won the 2007–08 season of Ranji Trophy in which Dhawan made 570 runs from 8 matches at an average of 43.84 including two hundreds. In the Duleep Trophy that followed, he averaged 42.25 in his three games for North Zone. He was the second-highest run-getter in the Vijay Hazare Trophy (earlier called Ranji One-day Trophy) in February–March 2008, accumulating 389 runs in 6 matches at an average of 97.25 with two hundreds and a strike rate of over 100. However, Dhawan lost his form during the Deodhar Trophy in March when he played for North Zone and made scores of 0, 1 and 5. He failed to make an impression playing for India A in a four-day match against New Zealand A in September as he scored 27 and 7.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan returned to form in the 2008–09 Ranji season with 415 runs at an average over 69, but had an indifferent run in the Vijay Hazare Trophy in February 2009 with an average of 18.80 in six innings.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan played for India Red in the Challenger Trophy in October 2009. He averaged 48.33 in that tournament which India Red won. His good form continued in the Ranji Trophy as he scored 224 in the season's opening match against Baroda and 100 in the second game against Karnataka. However, Dhawan suffered an injury in the third match which kept him on the sidelines for four weeks He returned to the team during the knockout stage and finished the Ranji season with a total of 451 runs from 6 innings averaging 75.16. In February 2010, Dhawan played five matches for Delhi in the Vijay Hazare Trophy and scored the most runs for his team, 327 runs at 81.75, including a century (155*) and two fifties, earning himself a spot in the North Zone team for Deodhar Trophy in March. He made an unbeaten 85 in the semifinal against East Zone and 48 in the final against West Zone, helping North Zone lift the trophy.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was recalled in India A squad that toured England in June–July 2010. In the first game of the tour, a three-day match against Yorkshire, Dhawan scored 179 off 208 balls to help India A post 473/3d. Yorkshire was bowled out for 219 in their first innings and the match ended in a draw. In the limited-overs triangular series involving England Lions, India A, and West Indies A, Dhawan scored 166 runs from 4 innings at an average of 41.50 and a strike rate of 130.70.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was selected in the Rest of India squad to play against the defending Ranji champions Mumbai in the Irani Cup in October 2010. He scored 83 in the first innings as the Rest of India won by 361 runs. He was then selected to play for India Blue in the Challengers Trophy. Dhawan was dismissed run out for a duck in the first game against India Red before he scored a 121-ball 109 in the second match against India Green. India Red beat India Green in the final at Indore where he scored 44. This string of strong performances earned him his maiden international call-up against Australia in October.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In November 2010, Dhawan returned to playing for Delhi in 2010–11 Ranji Trophy. He scored a total of 486 runs in 7 matches at an average of 44.18. He registered only one hundred in that season, a 149 against Gujarat at Delhi after Gujarat were bowled out for 71 in their first innings. After failing to make it to the Indian squad for the South African tour in December, he struggled with form in Duleep Trophy, Vijay Hazare Trophy and Deodhar Trophy.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: After his poor performances in the West Indies, Dhawan was unable to find a place in the Indian squad that toured England later that year and resumed his domestic commitments. In October 2011, playing for the Rest of India against Rajasthan in the Irani Cup final at Jaipur, he scored 177 off 165 balls in the first innings and 155 off 126 balls in the second innings. The Rest of India went on to win the match by 404 runs, and Dhawan was awarded the man of the match for his efforts. He was out of form in the 2011–12 Ranji Trophy as he scored 296 runs at an average of 32.88 with no hundreds, while Delhi finished sixth in their seven-team group and could not progress to the knockout stage. Dhawan returned to form in the Vijay Hazare Trophy in February–March 2012, scoring 291 runs in eight matches at an average of 48.50 including three fifties. Delhi managed to reach the semifinal which they lost to Mumbai.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In June 2012, India A toured West Indies to play 3 four-day matches, 3 List A matches and two T20s against West Indies A, and Dhawan was included in India A squad. He struggled with the bat in the entire tour, failing to post a single fifty-plus score. He averaged 7.50 in the first two four-day matches before getting dropped from the team for the third game. In the two T20s, he averaged 27 with a strike rate of less than 100, and scored 49 runs in the two List A matches at an average of 24.50.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was in sublime form at the start of the 2012–13 season. He played for India A in the Challenger Trophy in September–October 2012. In the first match against Bengal, he scored an unbeaten 99 to help India A chase down the target of 194 for the loss of two wickets and won the man of the match award. He scored a 139-ball 152 in the next match against India B, as India A won by 4 runs. In the final against India B, he scored 61, but India A were bowled out for 217 and fell short of the target by 139 runs. In the Duleep Trophy that followed, he was named the captain of the North Zone squad. He won the man of the match award in the quarterfinal match against West Zone, after scoring 101 and 50. In the semifinal against Central Zone, Dhawan scored 121 and 37.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan continued his good form in the 2012–13 Ranji Trophy, scoring 461 runs including two centuries at an average of 51.22. He was named the captain of Delhi for the one-off List A match against the touring England team in January 2013. He scored 110 off 109 balls in Delhi's run-chase of 295, helping Delhi win the match by 6 wickets. He was then selected in the Rest of India squad for 2013 Irani Cup match against Mumbai in February 2013. Opening the innings with Murali Vijay, he scored 63 and 0. The match ended in a draw, but Rest of India retained the title on first-innings lead.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In October 2010, the Indian selectors selected a "second string" squad for a three-match ODI series against Australia, in which Dhawan was picked in the 14-man squad which was the first occasion he featured in an Indian senior team squad. India captain Dhoni backed Dhawan before the series saying, "Both of us scored in the Challengers in Mumbai (in 2005). I got a chance to establish myself in the national team. There has been ups and downs in his career but he has been quite consistent. As an opener, it's quite tough, as you have Virender Sehwag, Sachin Tendulkar, and Gautam Gambhir all at the same level. It's good that he got a chance finally. Hope he scores and the bench will become stronger". Dhawan made his international debut, along with Saurabh Tiwary, in the second ODI at Visakhapatnam on 20 October. Australia, who batted first, made 289/3 in 50 overs, and Dhawan opened the innings for India in the run-chase. He did not score off the first delivery and was bowled off the second by Clint McKay.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In June 2011, India toured the West Indies for three Tests, five ODIs, and one T20I. India's regular openers in limited-overs, Sehwag and Gambhir were ruled out of the tour due to shoulder injuries, whereas Tendulkar decided to rest himself after the World Cup win and the IPL. The selectors picked Dhawan in the limited-overs squad in spite of his poor performance in the previous domestic season as he showed signs of returning to form during the IPL. He made his T20I debut against West Indies on 4 June at Port of Spain where he opened the innings with Parthiv Patel and was dismissed after an 11-ball 5. In the first match of the ODI series, playing the second ODI of his career, Dhawan scored 51 off 76 balls. India eventually chased down 215 with 4 wickets in hand. He had scores of 3, 4, and 11 in the other matches he played in the series.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: After consistent performances in the 2012–13 domestic season, Dhawan was rewarded with a call-up to the Indian Test squad in February 2013 for the four-match series against Australia. He was the third-choice opener in the squad which consisted of Test regulars Virender Sehwag and Murali Vijay. India chose Sehwag and Vijay over Dhawan in the first two Tests, after which Sehwag was dropped from the squad owing to his poor form. No replacement was named in the squad for Sehwag, which made Dhawan the favourite to take his place in the third Test. Dhawan made his Test debut in the Test at Mohali on 14 March, receiving the cap from Sachin Tendulkar who said to him: "We have known you as a very gutsy player in domestic cricket, now we hope to see you as a gutsy player in international cricket, so show us some guts." The first day of the match was washed out by rain, and Australia elected to bat first after winning the toss on the second day. Australia were bowled out for 408 on the morning of the third day. In reply, India opened the innings with Dhawan and Vijay. The duo batted out the rest of the third day taking India to 283 for no loss at stumps on the third day, with Dhawan batting on 185 and Vijay batting on 83. In the process, Dhawan scored the fastest century ever on Test debut, off 85 balls, breaking the long-held record of Gundappa Viswanath (137 vs Australia at Kanpur, 1969). Dhawan was dismissed for 187 (174 balls) in the second over of the fourth day, caught by Ed Cowan at silly point off the bowling of Nathan Lyon. He did not bat in India's second innings after suffering a hand injury while fielding during the fourth day. India went on to win the match by 6 wickets, and Dhawan won the man of the match award. The knock was later named as the Best Test Batting Performance of 2013 by ESPNCricinfo.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: He missed the fourth Test at Delhi after being ruled out for six weeks due to a fracture in his left hand.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made his comeback from injury during the 2013 Indian Premier League in a match for Sunrisers Hyderabad against Chennai Super Kings on 25 April and scored 63 runs from 45 balls. He played 10 matches that season and scored 311 runs at an average of 38.87 including three fifties. His good form helped him gain selection to the Indian ODI squad for the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy that was to be held in England in June. Dhawan opened the batting with Rohit Sharma in the tournament and the pair found success. In the tournament's opening match between India and South Africa at Cardiff, Dhawan scored his maiden ODI hundred—114 from 94 balls including 12 fours and a six. He shared an opening partnership of 127 runs with Sharma. India won and he was named the man of the match. His knock was nominated to be one of the best ODI batting performances of the year 2013 by ESPNCricinfo. In India's next match against West Indies, he scored an unbeaten 102 off 107 balls, his second ODI hundred, adding 101 for the first wicket with Rohit. India chased down the target of 234 for the loss of two wickets and more than 10 overs to spare. India's last group fixture was a rain-curtailed match at Birmingham against Pakistan, which India won by 8 wickets (D/L method). Dhawan scored 48 off 41 balls in this match. India topped the group table by winning all matches and qualified for the semifinals. In the semifinal match against Sri Lanka, he scored a 92-ball 68 which helped India win by 8 wickets with 15 overs to spare. This win took India to the final at Birmingham where they would face the hosts England. The final was reduced to 20-overs-a-side after rain delayed the start of play. India batted first and made 129/7 with Dhawan scoring 31 runs off 24 balls. India went on to win the match by 5 runs. Dhawan, who scored 363 runs from 5 matches at an average of 90.75 and a strike rate of over 100, won the Golden Bat award for scoring the most runs in the tournament and was also named player of the tournament. He was also named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' by the ICC and Cricinfo. Dhawan was 5 runs shy of the 7500 mark in T20s before IPL 2020 Match 30. 34-year-old Dhawan achieved the milestone in his 267th T20 and 264th innings.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: The Indian team then went to the West Indies for a triangular series against West Indies and Sri Lanka. Dhawan scored 135 runs in five games at an average of 27. His only half-century in the series came against West Indies at Port of Spain where he made 69 off 77 balls. India won the series by beating Sri Lanka in the final in which he scored 16. In July–August, India toured Zimbabwe for five ODIs, resting several first-choice players, under the captaincy of Virat Kohli. Dhawan scored a total of 209 runs in four matches at an average of 52.25 and finished as the leading run-getter of the series, while India won the series 5–0. In the second match at Harare, he scored his third ODI century. He was awarded the man of the match for his innings of 116 which helped India post 294/8 after being 65/4 in the 17th over.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In August 2013, he played for India A on its tour of South Africa. He continued to be in good form in the triangular series against South Africa A and Australia A. He recorded the second-highest List A innings of all time by scoring 248 runs off 150 balls against South Africa A in the last group match of the series at Pretoria, the winner of which would play Australia A in the final. His innings included 30 fours and seven sixes and helped India A put up 433/3 on board and win the match by 39 runs. After the match, South Africa A captain Justin Ontong described Dhawan's knock as "the best one-day innings" he had ever seen, and added "Every shot he hit found the gap or went over the fielders. It was like watching a highlights package. He hit so many good shots, it's hard to pick out one that stood out. There were a few sixes that went into the construction site." Dhawan then scored 62 in the final against Australia A as India A clinched the series with a 50-run win. He finished as the highest run-getter of the series, scoring 410 runs at an average of 102.50 and a strike rate of over 135.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Australia toured India in October and November 2013 for one T20I and seven ODIs. Dhawan scored a personal best 32 in the T20I game which India won. In the ODIs, he scored 284 runs in 6 innings at an average of 56.80 and was involved in three century opening stands with Rohit Sharma. In the second ODI at Jaipur, Dhawan scored 95 off 86 balls to help India chase down the target of 360 for the loss of just one wicket, the second-highest successful run-chase in the history of ODI cricket. In the sixth game at Nagpur, he scored a 102-ball 100, his fourth ODI century, which helped India successfully chase Australia's total of 350. He was dismissed for 60 in the final match at Bangalore which India won to clinch the series. In November 2013, after being unable to convert starts into big knocks in the two-match Test series and the first two ODIs against West Indies, Dhawan scored a match-winning 119 off just 95 balls in the series-deciding third ODI at Kanpur and was named player of the match.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: For his performances in 2013, he was named in the World ODI XI by the ICC. He was also named in the ODI XI by Cricinfo for his performances in 2013.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: India toured South Africa in December 2013 to play 3 ODIs and 2 Tests. In the first ODI played at New Wanderers Stadium, Johannesburg, South Africa made 358 runs while batting first. Dhawan made 12 runs from 13 balls. In the second match, he got out for a duck while chasing 281 runs. The 3rd ODI was washed out by rain and lost the series 2–0. This broke India's record 6 straight ODI series win. The ODIs were followed by 2 tests. Dhawan continued his poor run, scoring only 13 and 15 in the first match played at New Wanderers Stadium. In the second match played at Kingsmead, Durban he got starts in both innings as he made scores of 29 and 19 but fails to convert them into big scores.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In January 2014, India went to New Zealand to play 5 ODIs & 2 Tests. In the first ODI played at McLean Park, Napier while chasing 293 runs Dhawan made 32 runs before getting out by Corey Anderson. He scored 12 and 28 runs in the next two matches before getting dropped for the first time in a year. He came back for the last match but made only 9 runs. In the first Test match played at Eden Park, Auckland Dhawan got out for a duck in first innings, But he scored his 2nd Test century in the 2nd innings. This came after a very long time as he had been out of form. In the Second Test, he scored 98 runs in the first innings but got out for only 2 runs in the second innings as the match ended in a draw.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan did not have a great start to 2014 Asia Cup where he made only 28 runs in the first match against Bangladesh but he made 94 runs against Sri Lanka in India's next match. He also made 60 runs against Afghanistan. India wins only 2 matches and failed to make it to the final. Dhawan finished the tournament with 192 runs.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: He was also part of India's 15-man squad for 2014 World T20 where he played 3 matches. In the first match against Pakistan, he made 30 runs off 24 balls and gave India a good start while chasing 132 runs. He played two more matches in the tournament against West Indies and Bangladesh, respectively. However, India won all 3 matches but Dhawan failed to score big runs and being dropped from the team. India made it to the final where they lost to Sri Lanka.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was selected in India's 18-man squad to play five Test matches against England. After showing good form in the practise match where he made 60 runs, he was selected in final playing XI for the first test match to be played at Trent Bridge, Nottingham. He made 12 runs in the first innings and 29 runs in the second. His bad form from the first match continued in the next two matches as he made scores of 7, 31, 6 & 37 in the four innings resulting in him being dropped from the team for the next two matches in favour of returning Gautam Gambhir.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: He was also part of the ODI and T20 squad. The first ODI was washed out by rain. He suffered with bad form in the next two matches before returning to form in the 4th match with an unbeaten 97 which included 11 fours and 4 sixes. In the same match, he put on 183 runs opening stand with Ajinkya Rahane who scored a Hundred. He made 31 runs in the 5th ODI as India won the 5 match series 3–1 and Dhawan finished the series as the second-highest run scorer. He also played the lone T20 where he made 32 runs but India lost the match by 3 runs in the last over.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: West Indies tour India in October 2014 to play 5 ODIs, 3 Tests and 1 T20. Dhawan was part of ODI squad where he played in the first match and 68 runs; however, India lost the match while chasing 338 runs. He scored 35 off 35 in the 4th match and India won the match and the series 2–1 as the 3rd and 5th ODI were cancelled. After the 4th ODI, the whole tour was cancelled by the West Indies Cricket Board.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Sri Lanka then agreed to tour India in November 2014 to play 5 ODIs. Dhawan was part of squad announced for first 3 ODIs. In the first match played at Cuttak he made 113 runs and put on 231 runs Opening stand with Ajinkya Rahane. He made 79 runs off 80 balls in the second match and 91 off 79 in the third match. He was rested for remaining 2 matches and was replaced by returning Rohit Sharma. India won the series 5-0 and Dhawan finished the series as the third-highest run scorer.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made a comeback into the Test team in 2014 Border-Gavaskar Test series where he played in the first match at Adelaide Oval and made 25 runs in the first inning and 9 runs in the second innings. In the second match played at the Gabba, Brisbane he made 24 runs in the first innings and put on 56 runs opening stand with Murali Vijay. He made 81 runs off 145 in the second innings. In the third match at Melbourne, he made 28 runs in the first inning but followed it up with a duck in the second innings. He was dropped from the last test due to poor form.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: His poor form continued in 2015 Cartlon Mid ODI Tri Series against Australia and England. In India's first match against Australia, he made only 2 runs off 4 balls. He made scores of 1 and 8 in next two matches before showing some sign of returning to form in the last Match against England, where he made 38 runs and put 83 runs opening stand with Ajinkya Rahane who made 73 runs. He made a fifty in the World Cup warm-up match against Australia.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan had a great start to the 2015 World Cup with a 73 against Pakistan in the first match and was run out. He made a hundred against South Africa in next match, scoring 137 off 146 balls which is also his second-highest score in ODIs. He made 14 runs against UAE and 9 runs against West Indies in India's next two matches of the tournament. He scored his second hundred of the tournament in the next match against Ireland which came off just 85 balls. He scored only 10 runs against Zimbabwe. India won all their group matches and topped the Group B table with 12 points. In India's next match against Bangladesh in the Quarterfinal, Dhawan scored 30 runs off 38 balls and India won the match and advanced to the semifinal where Dhawan made 45 runs off 41 balls but India lost the match and failed to qualify for the Final. Dhawan finished the tournament as the fifth-highest run scorer with 412 runs at an average of 51.50 and strike rate of 91.75. He was also named in the 'Team of the tournament' by Cricbuzz and a reserve player in the Cricinfo XI.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made a comeback into the test side in June 2015 by scoring 173 in the first inning of the only test match against Bangladesh. It was followed by a 3-match ODI series where he was top-scorer with 160 runs.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: During the India tour of Sri Lanka in August 2015, Dhawan followed up his good form with a 134 in the first Test. With this, he also became only the third Indian opener after Sunil Gavaskar and Rahul Dravid to score back-to-back test hundred in away Tests. During the match, he fracturing his right hand while fielding in the slips and was ruled out of the tour.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: He was also named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' at the 2017 Champions Trophy by the ICC, Cricinfo and Cricbuzz.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: On 10 February 2018 against South Africa Dhawan played in his 100th ODI, scored his 13th ODI century and became the first batsman for India to score a century in his 100th ODI. After this match, he became the most prolific run-getter for India at the end of 100th ODI.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Following his good domestic performances, Dhawan was recalled to the India ODI squad for the Champions Trophy starting June 2017. He marked his return in the first game of the tournament, on 5 June, against Pakistan, scoring 68 off 65 balls, helping his team win the game. Three days later, he scored a record-equalling three Champions Trophy century, 125 runs off 128 balls, against Sri Lanka in a losing cause. He tied with Chris Gayle, Herschelle Gibbs and Sourav Ganguly for most centuries in the Champions Trophy. He also became the fastest to pass 500 runs in the tournament's history, taking him only 7 matches; also becoming the quickest to achieve this milestone in any ICC Major tournament. His 78 against South Africa a few days later helped his team beat them by eight wickets. Following the subsequent final loss to Pakistan, Dhawan was awarded the golden bat for scoring the most runs (338) in the tournament. He carried forward his good form in the tour of West Indies, scoring two consecutive half-centuries in the first two matches of the five-match ODI series, that India won 3–1.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In the 2017 India tour of Sri Lanka, Dhawan helped India to win the 3-match test series 3–0 by scoring two centuries and 358 runs, he was named the player of the series for his batting performances. He carried his good form in the ODI series by scoring a century in the first match which India won. On 2 September, it was announced that he would not be part of the team for the last ODI and the only T20I due to personal reasons. India later went on to win the ODI series 5–0 and the only T20I. In the 2017 Australia tour of India, Dhawan was released from the Indian squad and missed the all five ODI's of the 5-match ODI series against Australia due to personal reasons. He was recalled for the 3-match T20I series against Australia. On 1 November 2017, Dhawan scored his highest-ever T20I score of 80 runs off just 52 balls against New Zealand in a 53 run victory to take a lead of 1–0 in the T20I series. On 17 December, Dhawan scored his 12th ODI century against Sri Lanka and became fifth quickest batsman to reach 4000 runs in ODIs. He was awarded the player of the series for scoring one half century and a century in the 3-match ODI series. He was also named in the ODI XI of the year by Cricbuzz.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: On 10 February 2018, against South Africa, Dhawan played in his 100th ODI, scored his 13th ODI century and became the first batsman for India to score a century in his 100th ODI. After this match, he became the most prolific run-getter for India at the end of 100th ODI. He scored 323 runs in six ODIs as India won the series of 5–1. In the T20I series Dhawan scored most runs, with 143 runs at an average of 47.67 and a strike rate of 156.76. On 25 February 2018, he was named vice-captain of India for the T20 Tri-series in Sri Lanka. On 14 June 2018, Dhawan became the only Indian and sixth overall player to score a century before lunch on the first day of a Test match, against Afghanistan in their first ever Test.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was awarded the Player of the Series for scoring 117 runs in 2 innings, at an average of 58.50, with scores of a 76 (from 42 balls) and 41 (from 22), in the T20I series of India tour of Australia 2018/19, as India drew the 3-match series 1–1. In 2018, he scored the most runs in T20Is by any cricketer, with 689 runs. He was also named in the ODI and T20 Team of the year 2018 by Cricbuzz. In April 2019, he was named in India's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 9 June, he scored his 17th century, against Australia, despite a thumb injury and was awarded player of the match. Later it was announced that he had fractured his thumb and was ruled out for at least three weeks. On 19 June 2019, the Board of Control for Cricket in India (BCCI) confirmed that Dhawan had been ruled out for the rest of the tournament, with Rishabh Pant confirmed as his replacement.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In June 2021, Dhawan was named India's captain for their ODI and T20I matches against Sri Lanka. In the opening match of the series, Dhawan scored 86 runs and completed 6,000 runs in ODI cricket. However, in the second match the skipper was only able to score 29 off 38 balls.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In July 2022, he was named as India's captain for the away ODI series against the West Indies. Later the same month, in the opening game against England, Dhawan played in his 150th ODI match.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was selected captain of the Sunrisers Hyderabad team prior to the start of the 2013 Champions League Twenty20 tournament. He was later replaced by Darren Sammy as captain of Sunrisers Hyderabad in the 2014 Indian Premier League.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan was retained by Sunrisers Hyderabad for the 2017 Indian Premier League. He scored 479 runs in 14 matches at an average of 36.84 in the tournament. His side were knocked out by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the playoffs.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In the 2018 IPL Auction, Dhawan was bought by Sunrisers Hyderabad for ₹ 5.2 crores using their RTM (right to match) card. In the 2018 Indian Premier League, he scored 497 runs, his side finished runners-up after losing to Chennai Super Kings in the final. He was traded to Delhi Capitals for the 2019 season. For Dhawan's performances in the 2019 IPL season, he was named in the Cricinfo IPL XI. On 20 October 2020, Dhawan became the first batsman in the history of Indian Premier League (IPL) to score back-to-back hundreds and on the same day, he became the fifth batsman to cross the 5000 runs mark in the Indian Premier League (IPL) after David Warner. Dhawan, 34, is the 3rd in the list of top run scorers in IPL 2020. Shikhar Dhawan has completed 600 runs in IPL 2020.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In the 2022 IPL Auction, Dhawan was bought by the Punjab Kings for ₹ 8.25 crores. On 25th April 2022 in a match against the Chennai Super Kings, Dhawan accomplished 2 big milestones. He played his 200th match of the Tata IPL and achieved the 6000 run milestone becoming the 2nd player to do so after Virat Kohli.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan has been announced as the new skipper of Punjab Kings, replacing Mayank Agarwal for the 2023 edition.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan, a left-handed opening batsman, he has made 24 centuries in international cricket 7 in Test cricket and 17 in One Day Internationals (ODIs) and currently sits fifty-sixth in the list of century-makers in international cricket.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made his Test debut against Australia at the Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh, in March 2013. He scored 187 and became the thirteenth Indian to score a century on Test debut. His highest score of 190 was made against Sri Lanka at the Galle International Stadium, Galle in July 2017.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Australia at the Dr. Y. S. Rajasekhara Reddy ACA–VDCA Cricket Stadium, Visakhapatnam, in October 2010. He scored his first ODI century against South Africa at Sophia Gardens, Cardiff in the opening match of the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy, scoring 114. His highest score of 143 in ODIs came against Australia on 10 March 2019 at the Punjab Cricket Association IS Bindra Stadium, Chandigarh.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: Dhawan made his Twenty20 International (T20I) debut against the West Indies in June 2011 at the Queen's Park Oval, Port of Spain. , he is yet to score a century in the format, with his highest score being 92, also against the West Indies, at the M. A. Chidambaram Stadium, Chennai in November 2018.


title: Shikhar Dhawan

text: In 2009, Dhawan became engaged to Melbourne-based Aesha Mukerji, an amateur kickboxer, who later married in 2012. Mukherjee was introduced to Dhawan by Harbhajan Singh. She is 12 years older than Dhawan, and was a mother of two daughters from her previous marriage. In December 2014, she gave birth to a son named Zoravar. Dhawan has also adopted Aesha's daughters, Aliyah and Rhea. In July 2019, Dhawan listed his family home in Melbourne's outer south-east. Shikhar Dhawan lived with his family in Clyde North home since 2015. Dhawan and Mukerji ended their marriage in September 2021.


title: Master of None

text: Master of None is an American comedy-drama streaming television series, which was released for streaming on November 6, 2015, on Netflix. The series was created by Aziz Ansari and Alan Yang, with the first two seasons starring Ansari in the lead role of Dev Shah, a 30-year-old actor, and the third season starring Lena Waithe in the lead role of Denise, a 37-year-old lesbian novelist, mostly following their romantic, professional, and personal experiences. The first season is set in New York City, and consists of ten episodes. The second season, which takes place in Italy and New York, consists of ten episodes and was released on May 12, 2017. The third season, "Moments in Love", premiered on Netflix on May 23, 2021.


title: Master of None

text: "Master of None" has won three Emmy Awards and a Golden Globe. The series has received critical acclaim, appeared on multiple year-end top ten lists, and received multiple awards and nominations.


title: Master of None

text: The show's title alludes to the phrase "Jack of all trades, master of none" and was originally suggested by Ansari. The series later incorporated a song of the same name by Beach House. Ansari said it took months to come up with the show's title and he and Yang did not agree on it until all of the episodes were completed.


title: Master of None

text: Shortly before the premiere of the second season in April 2017, Ansari told "Vulture", "I don't know if we're going to do a season three. I wouldn't be surprised if I needed a looonng break before I could come back to it. I've got to become a different guy before I write a third season, is my personal thought, I've got to get married or have a kid or something. I don't have anything else to say about being a young guy being single in New York eating food around town all the time." In July 2018, Netflix head of original content Cindy Holland expressed interest in creating a third season "when Aziz is ready."


title: Master of None

text: Production began on the third season in London in early 2020, but was put on hold because of the COVID-19 pandemic. By January 2021, production resumed, with Naomi Ackie joining the cast. The five-episode season, titled "Master of None Presents: Moments in Love" premiered on May 23, 2021. The season focuses on Lena Waithe's character Denise, with all episodes directed by Ansari and written by Ansari and Waithe.


title: Master of None

text: Also making recurring appearances in the series are Todd Barry, who plays a movie director named Todd; Colin Salmon, who plays a fictionalized version of himself; H. Jon Benjamin as Benjamin, an acting colleague on the film "The Sickening"; Leonard Ouzts as Lawrence, the producer of "Clash of the Cupcakes" in the second season; and Ansari's real-life parents Shoukath and Fatima, who play Dev's parents. There have been guest appearances by Danielle Brooks, Claire Danes, David Krumholtz, Noah Emmerich, Bobby Cannavale, John Legend, Kym Whitley, Raven-Symoné, Riccardo Scamarcio, Clare-Hope Ashitey, and Angela Bassett.


title: Master of None

text: "Pitchfork" noted season two for its feature of "some great music". David Bowie, Kraftwerk, D'Angelo, Tupac Shakur, Digable Planets, and Vengaboys are some of the artists featured throughout the season's episodes. The show also features a performance from John Legend covering a Michael Jackson song, "I Can't Help It", and Italian music to match the show's early setting in Italy, including Ryan Paris and "Scatman (Ski-Ba-Bop-Ba-Dop-Bop)" as a minor plotline.


title: Master of None

text: In Season 2 of "Master of None" critics noted some distinct influences on the show. In the opening of the episode "The Thief", a stack of DVDs from The Criterion Collection on Dev's (Aziz Ansari) bed can be seen:


title: Master of None

text: In "Vulture", it is noted that "Master of None" references classic Italian films and films of the French New Wave throughout the second season. They also cited the films of Woody Allen as a strong influence. They noted, "It's almost impossible for any filmmaker to tell a New York-set story about romance, career, and culture without aping Woody Allen". In particular they describe Dev and Francesca's "walk and talk romance", and "trips to museums as a recall to Allen's Isaac and Diane Keaton's Mary in "Manhattan" (1979)". They also compare Dev's trying to connect in the dating scene as reminiscent of Alvy Singer's failed attempts to replace his ex-girlfriend in "Annie Hall" (1977). They also cited the mere casting of Alessandra Mastronardi who plays Francesca but who was also in Allen's 2012 film "To Rome with Love".


title: Master of None

text: "Slate" also noted other references on the show, where the plot and directorial choices of the episode "The Thief" in particular seems to be heavily influenced by "Bicycle Thieves". Other references mentioned included ones from the episode "Amarsi Un Po" which include the dancing scene between Dev and Francesca is a reference to the dancing scene in "8". The kissing through glass in "Buona Notte" is a direct reference to a scene in "L'Eclisse". Dev and Francesca also specifically watch "L'Avventura" in his apartment.


title: Master of None

text: Critics have also noted Spike Lee's influence on the show especially in the "Thanksgiving" episode. Wong Kar-wai's 2000 film "In the Mood for Love" has been selected by critics as one ripe for comparison with "Master of None". In particular the episode "Buona Notte" "where would-be lovers express their feelings for each other through gestures and furtive touches instead of full-on physical contact."


title: Master of None

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the first season holds an approval rating of 100% based on 67 reviews, with an average rating of 9.03/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Exceptionally executed with charm, humor, and heart, "Master of None" is a refreshingly offbeat take on a familiar premise." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 31 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Master of None

text: James Poinewozik of "The New York Times" called it "the year's best comedy straight out of the gate" and a "mature rom-com." IGN's Matt Fowler gave the entire first season an 8.8 out of 10, saying "by the second episode it takes flight and offers up a very funny, unique take on food, dating, relationships, etc (the usual suspects). Ansari is a smart and engaging presence and his perspective on things lends itself very well to this type of single-camera comedy. And his supporting cast, particularly Wells, is on point. A few episodes may have fizzled out right at the finish...but there's no denying "Master of None"s success overall." James Dempsey of Newstalk described the show as "like a transatlantic cousin of Ricky Gervais' "Extras", another story of an actor navigating show business and his personal life. But whereas that show relied heavily on stunt cameos of Hollywood actors playing pantomime versions of themselves—along with painfully blunt awkwardness that attempts to wring every possible laugh out of increasingly cringe comedy—"Master of None" is content and confident to let the viewer warm to it entirely on its terms. And it's all the better for it."


title: Master of None

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the second season also holds an approval rating of 100% based on 61 reviews, with an average rating of 8.83/10. The site's critical consensus reads, ""Master of None"s second season picks up where its predecessor left off, delivering an ambitious batch of episodes that builds on the show's premise while adding surprising twists." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 91 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: Master of None

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the third season holds an approval rating of 82% based on 39 reviews, with an average rating of 7.73/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Anchored by powerful performances from Lena Waithe and Naomi Ackie, "Moments in Love" is undeniably slow TV, but patient viewers will be rewarded with a surprising and mature season that wears its cinematic inspirations on its sleeve." On Metacritic, the season has a score of 76 out of 100, based on 17 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Master of None

text: "Master of None" was included on many lists of best TV shows of 2015. Jaime Lutz from "Time Out New York" called it the best TV show of 2015. In addition, it was awarded the runner-up position by Matthew Gilbert from "The Boston Globe", Mark Peikert from "TheWrap", and "Paste". "Master of None" was also ranked as one of the top 10 shows of the year by many publications, including "Complex", "Entertainment Weekly", "Film School Rejects", "The Guardian", "IGN", "Los Angeles Times", "The New York Times", "People", "TIME", "TV Guide", "Vanity Fair", "Variety", "Vogue", and "The Washington Post". In 2018, "TV Guide" listed the "Thanksgiving" episode as number 10 in their "TV Guide's 65 Best Episodes of the 21st Century" issue.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The Royal Victorian Order () is a dynastic order of knighthood established in 1896 by Queen Victoria. It recognises distinguished personal service to the British monarch, Canadian monarch, Australian monarch, or New Zealand monarch, members of the monarch's family, or to any viceroy or senior representative of the monarch. The present monarch, King Charles III, is the sovereign of the order, the order's motto is "Victoria", and its official day is 20 June. The order's chapel is the Savoy Chapel in London.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: There is no limit on the number of individuals honoured at any grade, and admission remains at the sole discretion of the monarch, with each of the order's five grades and one medal with three levels representing different levels of service. While all those honoured may use the prescribed styles of the order – the top two grades grant titles of knighthood, and all grades accord distinct post-nominal letters – the Royal Victorian Order's precedence amongst other honours differs from realm to realm and admission to some grades may be barred to citizens of those realms by government policy.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Prior to the close of the 19th century, most general honours within the British Empire were bestowed by the sovereign on the advice of her British ministers, who sometimes forwarded advice from ministers of the Crown in the Dominions and colonies (appointments to the then most senior orders of chivalry, the Most Noble Order of the Garter and the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, had been made on ministerial advice since the 18th century and were not restored to the personal gift of the sovereign until 1946 and 1947, respectively). Queen Victoria thus established on 21 April 1896 the Royal Victorian Order as a junior and personal order of knighthood that allowed her to bestow directly to an empire-wide community honours for personal services. The organisation was founded a year before Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, so as to give the Queen time to complete a list of first inductees. The order's official day was made 20 June of each year, marking the anniversary of Queen Victoria's accession to the throne.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: In 1902, King Edward VII created the Royal Victorian Chain "as a personal decoration for royal personages and a few eminent British subjects" and it was the highest class of the Royal Victorian Order. It is today distinct from the order, though it is officially issued by the chancery of the Royal Victorian Order.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The order was open to foreigners from its inception, the Prefect of Alpes-Maritimes and the Mayor of Nice being the first foreigners to receive the honour in 1896.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The reigning monarch is at the apex of the Royal Victorian Order as its Sovereign, followed by the Grand Master; the latter position was created in 1937 and was occupied by Queen Elizabeth (later the Queen Mother) from that date until her death in 2002. Queen Elizabeth II then appointed her daughter, Anne, Princess Royal, to the position in 2007. Below the Grand Master are five officials of the organisation: the Chancellor, held by the Lord Chamberlain; the Secretary, held by the Keeper of the Privy Purse and Treasurer to the King; the Registrar, held by the Secretary to the Central Chancery of the Orders of Knighthood; the Chaplain, held by the Chaplain of the King's Chapel of the Savoy; and the Genealogist.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Thereafter follow those honoured with different grades of the order, divided into five levels: the highest two conferring accolades of knighthood and all having post-nominal letters and, lastly, the holders of the Royal Victorian Medal in either gold, silver or bronze. Foreigners may be admitted as honorary members, there are no limits to the number of any grade, and promotion is possible. The styles of knighthood are not used by princes, princesses, or peers in the uppermost ranks of the society, save for when their names are written in their fullest forms for the most official occasions. Retiring Deans of the Royal Peculiars of St George's Chapel at Windsor Castle and Westminster Abbey are customarily inducted as Knights Commander; clergymen appointed to the higher levels of the Royal Victorian Order do not use the associated styles, however, and honorary members are not permitted to hold them at all.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Prior to 1984, the grades of Lieutenant and Member were classified as "Members (fourth class)" and "Members (fifth class)", respectively, but both with the post-nominals "MVO". On 31 December of that year, Queen Elizabeth II declared that those in the grade of Member (fourth class) would henceforth be Lieutenants with the post-nominals "LVO".


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Upon admission into the Royal Victorian Order, members are given various insignia. Common for all members is the badge, which is a Maltese cross with a central medallion depicting on a red background the Royal Cypher of Queen Victoria surrounded by a blue ring bearing the motto of the order – "victoria" (victory) – and surmounted by a Tudor crown. However, there are variations on the badge for each grade of the order: Knights and Dames Grand Cross on certain formal occasions (see below) wear the badge suspended from the Order's collar (chain), but otherwise on a sash passing from the right shoulder to the left hip; Knight Commanders and male Commanders wear the badge on a ribbon at the neck; male Lieutenants and Members wear the badge from a ribbon on the left chest; and women in all grades below Dame Grand Cross wear the badge on a bow pinned at the left shoulder. For Knights and Dames Grand Cross, Commanders, and Lieutenants, the Maltese cross is rendered in white enamel with gold edging, while that for Knights and Dames Commander (on the star) and Members (the badge itself) is in silver. Further, the size of the badge varies by rank, that for the higher classes being larger, and Knights and Dames Grand Cross and Knights and Dames Commander have their crosses surrounded by a star: for the former, an eight-pointed silver star, and for the latter, an eight-pointed silver Maltese cross with silver rays between each arm.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The medal bears the effigy and name of the reigning sovereign at the time of its awarding, as well as the phrase "DEI • GRATIA • REX (or REGINA) • F.D." (by the grace of God, King (or Queen), Defender of the Faith), and on the reverse is the Royal Cypher upon an ornamental shield within a laurel wreath. Bars may be awarded to each class of medal for further services, and should recipients be awarded a higher level of medal or be appointed to a grade of the order itself, they may continue to wear their original medal along with the new insignia.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The order's ribbon is blue with red-white-red stripe edging, the only difference being that for foreigners appointed into the society, their ribbon bears an additional central white stripe. For Knights Grand Cross, the ribbon is wide, for Dames Grand Cross , for Knights and Dames Commander , and for all other members .


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: At formal events, or "collar days", of which there are 34 throughout the year, such as New Year's Day and royal anniversaries, Knights and Dames Grand Cross wear the Royal Victorian Order's livery collar, consisting of an alternating string of octagonal gold pieces depicting a gold rose on a blue field and gold oblong frames within which are one of four inscriptions: "Victoria", "Britt. Reg." (Queen of the Britains), "Def. Fid." ("fidei defensor", or Defender of the Faith), and "Ind. Imp." (Empress of India). The chain supports a larger octagonal medallion with a blue enamel surface edged in red and charged with a saltire, over which is an effigy of Queen Victoria; members of the order suspend from this medallion their insignia as a "badge apendant". Though after the death of a Knight or Dame Grand Cross their insignia may be retained by their family, the collar must be returned. Knights and Dames Grand Cross also wear a mantle of dark blue satin edged with red satin and lined with white satin, bearing a representation of the order's star on the left side.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Since 1938, the chapel of the Royal Victorian Order has been the King's Chapel of the Savoy, in central London, England. However, the population of the order has grown to the point that the Savoy chapel can no longer accommodate the gathering of members held every four years, and St. George's Chapel at Windsor Castle is now employed for the event.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The Sovereign and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the order are allotted stalls in the Savoy chapel's choir, and on the back of each stall is affixed a brass plate displaying the occupant's name, coat of arms, and date of admission into the organisation. Upon the occupant's death, the plate is retained, leaving the stalls festooned with a record of the order's Knights and Dames Grand Cross since 1938. The only heraldic banners normally on display in the chapel are those of the "Sovereign of the Royal Victorian Order" and of the "Grand Master of the Royal Victorian Order" as there is insufficient space in the chapel for more knights' and dames' banners or other heraldic devices.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Membership in the Royal Victorian Order is conferred by the monarch without ministerial advice on those who have performed personal service for the sovereign, any member of his or her family, or any of his or her Governors-General. All living citizens of any Commonwealth realm, including women since 1936, are eligible for any of the five levels of the order, save for Canadians (see below) and, in practice, Australians (although all classes of the Royal Victorian Order remain in the Australian order of precedence of honours, Elizabeth II never created knights or dames in the Order when the Australian government has been opposed to "titles").


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Foreign members will generally be admitted as honorary members of the Royal Victorian Order when the sovereign is making a state visit to the individual's country or a head of state is paying a state visit to the United Kingdom.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: Persons have been removed from the order at the monarch's command. Anthony Blunt, a former Surveyor of the Queen's Pictures, was in 1979 stripped of his knighthood after it was revealed that he had been a spy for the Soviet Union. Also, George Pottinger, a senior civil servant, in 1975 lost his membership in both the Order of the Bath and the Royal Victorian Order when he was jailed for corruptly receiving gifts from the architect John Poulson.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: As admission to the top two levels of the organisation provides for an honorary prefix, Canadians are not normally appointed to these levels as long as the monarch's Canadian ministry adheres to the Nickle Resolution of 1919.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: As it was deemed by the Canadian Cabinet to be an honour within the gift of the monarch, the appointment of Canadians to the order resumed in 1972 and eligibility was extended to those who render services to the monarch's representatives in the country; officials within the provincial spheres being included after 1984. Originally, the sovereign chose inductees personally, though the Governor General of Canada and the Canadian Secretary to the King could provide suggestions, some passed to them by the lieutenant governors. The practice of notifying the Prime Minister of Canada of nominees ended in 1982, to distance the order as far from politics as possible.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: It was reported in 2008 that some in the Chancellery of Honours at Rideau Hall wished to eliminate the Royal Victorian Order from the Canadian honours system and sometimes contested when a Canadian was appointed; however, no formal changes were ever planned. In Canada, the order has come to be colloquially dubbed as the "Royal Visit Order", as the majority of appointments are made by the sovereign during her tours of the country.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: The "Royal Victorian Order Association of Canada" exists for all Canadians appointed to the order or who have received the Royal Victorian Medal; it is the only such organisation in the Commonwealth realms. Founded by Michael Jackson, the group has, since 2008, gathered biennially.


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: As the Royal Victorian Order is open to the citizens of fifteen countries, each with their own system of orders, decorations, and medals, the RVO's place of precedence varies from country to country. Some are as follows:


title: Royal Victorian Order

text: In the United Kingdom, the wives of male members of all classes also feature on the order of precedence, as do sons, daughters and daughters-in-law of Knights Grand Cross and Knights Commanders; relatives of Dames, however, are not assigned any special precedence. As a general rule, individuals can derive precedence from their fathers or husbands, but not from their mothers or wives.


title: Litre

text: The litre (international spelling) or liter (American English spelling) (SI symbols L and l, other symbol used: ℓ) is a metric unit of volume. It is equal to 1 cubic decimetre (dm), 1000 cubic centimetres (cm) or 0.001 cubic metre (m). A cubic decimetre (or litre) occupies a volume of (see figure) and is thus equal to one-thousandth of a cubic metre.


title: Litre

text: The original French metric system used the litre as a base unit. The word "litre" is derived from an older French unit, the "litron", whose name came from Byzantine Greek—where it was a unit of weight, not volume—via Late Medieval Latin, and which equalled approximately 0.831 litres. The litre was also used in several subsequent versions of the metric system and is accepted for use with the SI, although not an SI unit—the SI unit of volume is the cubic metre (m). The spelling used by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures is "litre", a spelling which is shared by most English-speaking countries. The spelling "liter" is predominantly used in American English.


title: Litre

text: One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, because the kilogram was originally defined in 1795 as the mass of one cubic decimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice (). Subsequent redefinitions of the metre and kilogram mean that this relationship is no longer exact.


title: Litre

text: A litre is a cubic decimetre, which is the volume of a cube 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres × 10 centimetres (1 L ≡ 1 dm ≡ 1000 cm). Hence 1 L ≡ 0.001 m ≡ 1000 cm; and 1 m (i.e. a cubic metre, which is the SI unit for volume) is exactly 1000 L.


title: Litre

text: From 1901 to 1964, the litre was defined as the volume of one kilogram of pure water at maximum density (+4 °C) and standard pressure. The kilogram was in turn specified as the mass of the International Prototype of the Kilogram (a specific platinum/iridium cylinder) and was intended to be of the same mass as the 1 litre of water referred to above. It was subsequently discovered that the cylinder was around 28 parts per million too large and thus, during this time, a litre was about . Additionally, the mass–volume relationship of water (as with any fluid) depends on temperature, pressure, purity and isotopic uniformity. In 1964, the definition relating the litre to mass was superseded by the current one. Although the litre is not an SI unit, it is accepted by the CGPM (the standards body that defines the SI) for use with the SI. CGPM defines the litre and its acceptable symbols.


title: Litre

text: A litre is equal in volume to the millistere, an obsolete non-SI metric unit formerly customarily used for dry measure.


title: Litre

text: Litres are most commonly used for items (such as fluids and solids that can be poured) which are measured by the capacity or size of their container, whereas cubic metres (and derived units) are most commonly used for items measured either by their dimensions or their displacements. The litre is often also used in some calculated measurements, such as density (kg/L), allowing an easy comparison with the density of water.


title: Litre

text: One litre of water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram when measured at its maximal density, which occurs at about 4 °C. It follows, therefore, that 1000th of a litre, known as one millilitre (1 mL), of water has a mass of about 1 g; 1000 litres of water has a mass of about 1000 kg (1 tonne or megagram). This relationship holds because the gram was originally defined as the mass of 1 mL of water; however, this definition was abandoned in 1799 because the density of water changes with temperature and, very slightly, with pressure.


title: Litre

text: It is now known that the density of water also depends on the isotopic ratios of the oxygen and hydrogen atoms in a particular sample. Modern measurements of Vienna Standard Mean Ocean Water, which is pure distilled water with an isotopic composition representative of the average of the world's oceans, show that it has a density of at its point of maximum density (3.984 °C) under one standard atmosphere (101.325 kPa) of pressure.


title: Litre

text: The litre, though not an official SI unit, may be used with SI prefixes. The most commonly used derived unit is the millilitre, defined as one-thousandth of a litre, and also often referred to by the SI derived unit name "cubic centimetre". It is a commonly used measure, especially in medicine, cooking and automotive engineering. Other units may be found in the table below, where the more often used terms are in bold. However, some authorities advise against some of them; for example, in the United States, NIST advocates using the millilitre or litre instead of the centilitre. There are two international standard symbols for the litre: L and l. In the United States the former is preferred because of the risk that (in some fonts) the letter and the digit may be confused.


title: Litre

text: One litre is slightly larger than a US liquid quart and slightly less than an imperial quart or one US dry quart. A mnemonic for its volume relative to an imperial pint is "a litre of water's a pint and three-quarters"; this is very close, as a litre is actually 1.75975399 pints.


title: Litre

text: Originally, the only symbol for the litre was l (lowercase letter L), following the SI convention that only those unit symbols that abbreviate the name of a person start with a capital letter. In many English-speaking countries, however, the most common shape of a handwritten Arabic digit 1 is just a vertical stroke; that is, it lacks the upstroke added in many other cultures. Therefore, the digit "1" may easily be confused with the letter "l". In some computer typefaces, the two characters are barely distinguishable. As a result, L (uppercase letter L) was adopted by the CIPM as an alternative symbol for litre in 1979. The United States National Institute of Standards and Technology now recommends the use of the uppercase letter L, a practice that is also widely followed in Canada and Australia. In these countries, the symbol L is also used with prefixes, as in mL and μL, instead of the traditional ml and μl used in Europe. In the UK and Ireland, as well as the rest of Europe, lowercase "l" is used with prefixes, though whole litres are often written in full (so, "750 ml" on a wine bottle, but often "1 litre" on a juice carton). In 1990, the International Committee for Weights and Measures stated that it was too early to choose a single symbol for the litre.


title: Litre

text: Prior to 1979, the symbol came into common use in some countries; for example, it was recommended by South African Bureau of Standards publication M33 and Canada in the 1970s. This symbol can still be encountered occasionally in some English-speaking and European countries like Germany, and its use is ubiquitous in Japan and South Korea.


title: Litre

text: Fonts covering the CJK characters usually include not only the script small but also four precomposed characters: for the microlitre, millilitre, decilitre and kilolitre to allow correct rendering for vertically written scripts. These have Unicode equivalents for compatibility, which are not recommended for use with new documents:


title: Litre

text: The first name of the litre was "cadil"; standards are shown at the Musée des Arts et Métiers in Paris.


title: Litre

text: The litre was introduced in France in 1795 as one of the new "republican units of measurement" and defined as one cubic decimetre.


title: Litre

text: One litre of liquid water has a mass of almost exactly one kilogram, due to the gram being defined in 1795 as one cubic centimetre of water at the temperature of melting ice.


title: Litre

text: The original decimetre length was 44.344 "lignes", which was revised in 1798 to 44.3296 "lignes". This made the original litre of today's cubic decimetre. It was against this litre that the kilogram was constructed.


title: Litre

text: In 1901, at the 3rd CGPM conference, the litre was redefined as the space occupied by 1 kg of pure water at the temperature of its maximum density (3.98 °C) under a pressure of 1 atm. This made the litre equal to about (earlier reference works usually put it at ).


title: Litre

text: In 1964, at the 12th CGPM conference, the original definition was reverted to, and thus the litre was once again defined in exact relation to the metre, as another name for the cubic decimetre, that is, exactly 1 dm.


title: Litre

text: In 1979, at the 16th CGPM conference, the alternative symbol L (uppercase letter L) was adopted. It also expressed a preference that in the future only one of these two symbols should be retained, but in 1990 said it was still too early to do so.


title: Litre

text: In spoken English, the symbol "mL" (for millilitre) can be pronounced as "mil". This can potentially cause confusion with some other measurement words such as:


title: Litre

text: The abbreviation "cc" (for cubic centimetre, equal to a millilitre or mL) is a unit of the cgs system, which preceded the MKS system, which later evolved into the SI system. The abbreviation "cc" is still commonly used in many fields, including medical dosage and sizing for combustion engine displacement.


title: Litre

text: The microlitre (μL) has been known in the past as the lambda (λ), but this usage is now discouraged. In the medical field the microlitre is sometimes abbreviated as mcL on test results.


title: Litre

text: In the SI system, apart from prefixes for powers of 1000, use of the "centi" (10), "deci" (10), "deca" (10) and "hecto" (10) prefixes with litres is common. For example, in many European countries, the hectolitre is the typical unit for production and export volumes of beverages (milk, beer, soft drinks, wine, etc.) and for measuring the size of the catch and quotas for fishing boats; decilitres are common in Croatia, Switzerland and Scandinavia and often found in cookbooks, and restaurant and café menus; centilitres indicate the capacity of drinking glasses and of small bottles. In colloquial Dutch in Belgium, a "" and a "" (literally "twenty-fiver" and "thirty-threer") are the common beer glasses, the corresponding bottles mention 25 cL and 33 cL. Bottles may also be 75 cL or half size at 37.5 cL for "artisanal" brews or 70 cL for wines or spirits. Cans come in 25 cL, 33 cL and 50 cL. Similarly, alcohol shots are often marked in cL in restaurant menus, typically .


title: Litre

text: In countries where the metric system was adopted as the official measuring system after the SI standard was established, common usage eschews prefixes that are not powers of 1000. For example, in Canada, Australia, and New Zealand, consumer beverages are labelled almost exclusively using litres and millilitres. Hectolitres sometimes appear in industry, but centilitres and decilitres are rarely, if ever, used. An exception is in pathology, where for instance blood lead level and blood sugar level may be measured in micrograms/milligrams per decilitre. Larger volumes are usually given in cubic metres (equivalent to 1 kL), or thousands or millions of cubic metres.


title: Litre

text: Although kilolitres, megalitres, and gigalitres are commonly used for measuring water consumption, reservoir capacities and river flows, for larger volumes of fluids, such as annual consumption of tap water, lorry (truck) tanks, or swimming pools, the cubic metre is the general unit. It is also generally for all volumes of a non-liquid nature.


title: Electron microscope

text: An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination. As the wavelength of an electron can be up to 100,000 times shorter than that of visible light photons, electron microscopes have a higher resolving power than light microscopes and can reveal the structure of smaller objects. A scanning transmission electron microscope has achieved better than 50 pm resolution in annular dark-field imaging mode and magnifications of up to about 10,000,000× whereas most light microscopes are limited by diffraction to about 200 nm resolution and useful magnifications below 2000×.


title: Electron microscope

text: Electron microscopes use shaped magnetic fields to form electron optical lens systems that are analogous to the glass lenses of an optical light microscope.


title: Electron microscope

text: Electron microscopes are used to investigate the ultrastructure of a wide range of biological and inorganic specimens including microorganisms, cells, large molecules, biopsy samples, metals, and crystals. Industrially, electron microscopes are often used for quality control and failure analysis. Modern electron microscopes produce electron micrographs using specialized digital cameras and frame grabbers to capture the images.


title: Electron microscope

text: According to Dennis Gabor, the physicist Leó Szilárd tried in 1928 to convince him to build an electron microscope, for which he had filed a patent. The first prototype electron microscope, capable of four-hundred-power magnification, was developed in 1931 by the physicist Ernst Ruska and the electrical engineer Max Knoll at the Berlin Technische Hochschule or Berlin Technical University. The apparatus was the first practical demonstration of the principles of electron microscopy. In May of the same year, Reinhold Rudenberg, the scientific director of Siemens-Schuckertwerke, obtained a patent for an electron microscope. In 1932, Ernst Lubcke of Siemens & Halske built and obtained images from a prototype electron microscope, applying the concepts described in Rudenberg's patent.


title: Electron microscope

text: In the following year, 1933, Ruska built the first electron microscope that exceeded the resolution attainable with an optical (light) microscope. Four years later, in 1937, Siemens financed the work of Ernst Ruska and Bodo von Borries, and employed Helmut Ruska, Ernst's brother, to develop applications for the microscope, especially with biological specimens. Also in 1937, Manfred von Ardenne pioneered the scanning electron microscope. Siemens produced the first commercial electron microscope in 1938. The first North American electron microscopes were constructed in the 1930, at the Washington State University by Anderson and Fitzsimmons and the University of Toronto, by Eli Franklin Burton and students Cecil Hall, James Hillier, and Albert Prebus. Siemens produced a transmission electron microscope (TEM) in 1939. Although current transmission electron microscopes are capable of two million-power magnification, as scientific instruments, they remain based upon Ruska's prototype.


title: Electron microscope

text: The original form of the electron microscope, the transmission electron microscope (TEM), uses a high voltage electron beam to illuminate the specimen and create an image. The electron beam is produced by an electron gun, commonly fitted with a tungsten filament cathode as the electron source. The electron beam is accelerated by an anode typically at +100 keV (40 to 400 keV) with respect to the cathode, focused by electrostatic and electromagnetic lenses, and transmitted through the specimen that is in part transparent to electrons and in part scatters them out of the beam. When it emerges from the specimen, the electron beam carries information about the structure of the specimen that is magnified by the objective lens system of the microscope. The spatial variation in this information (the "image") may be viewed by projecting the magnified electron image onto a fluorescent viewing screen coated with a phosphor or scintillator material such as zinc sulfide. Alternatively, the image can be photographically recorded by exposing a photographic film or plate directly to the electron beam, or a high-resolution phosphor may be coupled by means of a lens optical system or a fibre optic light-guide to the sensor of a digital camera. The image detected by the digital camera may be displayed on a monitor or computer.


title: Electron microscope

text: The resolution of TEMs is limited primarily by spherical aberration, but a new generation of hardware correctors can reduce spherical aberration to increase the resolution in high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) to below 0.5 angstrom (50 picometres), enabling magnifications above 50 million times. The ability of HRTEM to determine the positions of atoms within materials is useful for nano-technologies research and development.


title: Electron microscope

text: Transmission electron microscopes are often used in electron diffraction mode. The advantages of electron diffraction over X-ray crystallography are that the specimen need not be a single crystal or even a polycrystalline powder, and also that the Fourier transform reconstruction of the object's magnified structure occurs physically and thus avoids the need for solving the phase problem faced by the X-ray crystallographers after obtaining their X-ray diffraction patterns.


title: Electron microscope

text: One major disadvantage of the transmission electron microscope is the need for extremely thin sections of the specimens, typically about 100 nanometers. Creating these thin sections for biological and materials specimens is technically very challenging. Semiconductor thin sections can be made using a focused ion beam. Biological tissue specimens are chemically fixed, dehydrated and embedded in a polymer resin to stabilize them sufficiently to allow ultrathin sectioning. Sections of biological specimens, organic polymers, and similar materials may require staining with heavy atom labels in order to achieve the required image contrast.


title: Electron microscope

text: One application of TEM is serial-section electron microscopy (ssEM), for example in analyzing the connectivity in volumetric samples of brain tissue by imaging many thin sections in sequence. This may be achieved by introducing a milling method into the imaging pipeline, by which successive slices of a 3D volume are exposed to the beam and imaged. These methods include Serial Block Face SEM (SB-SEM) and Focused Ion Beam-SEM (FIB-SEM). Pre-processing of volumes to create many slices which are imaged in an automated fashion have recently achieved high-throughput imaging of volumes up to 1 mm. Using this method, entire local neuronal microcircuits may be resolved, though the equipment and time requirements for this are still significant: imaging a 1 mm block of brain tissue required 6 months of near-continuous imaging by six TEM running in parallel.


title: Electron microscope

text: The STEM rasters a focused incident probe across a specimen that (as with the TEM) has been thinned to facilitate detection of electrons scattered "through" the specimen. The high resolution of the TEM is thus possible in STEM. The focusing action (and aberrations) occur before the electrons hit the specimen in the STEM, but afterward in the TEM. The STEMs use of SEM-like beam rastering simplifies annular dark-field imaging, and other analytical techniques, but also means that image data is acquired in serial rather than in parallel fashion. Often TEM can be equipped with the scanning option and then it can function both as TEM and STEM.


title: Electron microscope

text: The SEM produces images by probing the specimen with a focused electron beam that is scanned across a rectangular area of the specimen (raster scanning). When the electron beam interacts with the specimen, it loses energy by a variety of mechanisms. The lost energy is converted into alternative forms such as heat, emission of low-energy secondary electrons and high-energy backscattered electrons, light emission (cathodoluminescence) or X-ray emission, all of which provide signals carrying information about the properties of the specimen surface, such as its topography and composition. The image displayed by an SEM maps the varying intensity of any of these signals into the image in a position corresponding to the position of the beam on the specimen when the signal was generated. In the SEM image of an ant shown below and to the right, the image was constructed from signals produced by a secondary electron detector, the normal or conventional imaging mode in most SEMs.


title: Electron microscope

text: Generally, the image resolution of an SEM is lower than that of a TEM. However, because the SEM images the surface of a sample rather than its interior, the electrons do not have to travel through the sample. This reduces the need for extensive sample preparation to thin the specimen to electron transparency. The SEM is able to image bulk samples that can fit on its stage and still be maneuvered, including a height less than the working distance being used, often 4 millimeters for high-resolution images. The SEM also has a great depth of field, and so can produce images that are good representations of the three-dimensional surface shape of the sample. Another advantage of SEMs comes with environmental scanning electron microscopes (ESEM) that can produce images of good quality and resolution with hydrated samples or in low, rather than high, vacuum or under chamber gases. This facilitates imaging unfixed biological samples that are unstable in the high vacuum of conventional electron microscopes.


title: Electron microscope

text: In the reflection electron microscope (REM) as in the TEM, an electron beam is incident on a surface but instead of using the transmission (TEM) or secondary electrons (SEM), the reflected beam of elastically scattered electrons is detected. This technique is typically coupled with reflection high energy electron diffraction (RHEED) and "reflection high-energy loss spectroscopy (RHELS)". Another variation is spin-polarized low-energy electron microscopy (SPLEEM), which is used for looking at the microstructure of magnetic domains.


title: Electron microscope

text: In STM, a conductive tip held at a voltage is brought near a surface, and a profile can be obtained based on the tunneling probability of an electron from the tip to the sample since it is a function of distance.


title: Electron microscope

text: In their most common configurations, electron microscopes produce images with a single brightness value per pixel, with the results usually rendered in greyscale. However, often these images are then colourized through the use of feature-detection software, or simply by hand-editing using a graphics editor. This may be done to clarify structure or for aesthetic effect and generally does not add new information about the specimen.


title: Electron microscope

text: In some configurations information about several specimen properties is gathered per pixel, usually by the use of multiple detectors. In SEM, the attributes of topography and material contrast can be obtained by a pair of backscattered electron detectors and such attributes can be superimposed in a single colour image by assigning a different primary colour to each attribute. Similarly, a combination of backscattered and secondary electron signals can be assigned to different colours and superimposed on a single colour micrograph displaying simultaneously the properties of the specimen.


title: Electron microscope

text: Some types of detectors used in SEM have analytical capabilities, and can provide several items of data at each pixel. Examples are the energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) detectors used in elemental analysis and cathodoluminescence microscope (CL) systems that analyse the intensity and spectrum of electron-induced luminescence in (for example) geological specimens. In SEM systems using these detectors, it is common to colour code the signals and superimpose them in a single colour image, so that differences in the distribution of the various components of the specimen can be seen clearly and compared. Optionally, the standard secondary electron image can be merged with the one or more compositional channels, so that the specimen's structure and composition can be compared. Such images can be made while maintaining the full integrity of the original signal, which is not modified in any way.


title: Electron microscope

text: Materials to be viewed under an electron microscope may require processing to produce a suitable sample. The technique required varies depending on the specimen and the analysis required:


title: Electron microscope

text: Electron microscopes are expensive to build and maintain, but the capital and running costs of confocal light microscope systems now overlaps with those of basic electron microscopes. Microscopes designed to achieve high resolutions must be housed in stable buildings (sometimes underground) with special services such as magnetic field canceling systems.


title: Electron microscope

text: The samples largely have to be viewed in vacuum, as the molecules that make up air would scatter the electrons. An exception is liquid-phase electron microscopy using either a closed liquid cell or an environmental chamber, for example, in the environmental scanning electron microscope, which allows hydrated samples to be viewed in a low-pressure (up to ) wet environment. Various techniques for in situ electron microscopy of gaseous samples have been developed as well.


title: Electron microscope

text: Scanning electron microscopes operating in conventional high-vacuum mode usually image conductive specimens; therefore non-conductive materials require conductive coating (gold/palladium alloy, carbon, osmium, etc.). The low-voltage mode of modern microscopes makes possible the observation of non-conductive specimens without coating. Non-conductive materials can be imaged also by a variable pressure (or environmental) scanning electron microscope.


title: Electron microscope

text: Small, stable specimens such as carbon nanotubes, diatom frustules and small mineral crystals (asbestos fibres, for example) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope. Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens, have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness (ultrathin sectioning) and increase their electron optical contrast (staining). These processes may result in "artifacts", but these can usually be identified by comparing the results obtained by using radically different specimen preparation methods. Since the 1980s, analysis of cryofixed, vitrified specimens has also become increasingly used by scientists, further confirming the validity of this technique.


title: Urolagnia

text: Urolagnia (also urophilia, and, more colloquially, a golden shower or watersports) associates sexual excitement with the sight or thought of urine or urination, and may also refer to such behaviours or acts. It is a paraphilia.


title: Urolagnia

text: Urolagnia is an inclination to derive sexual satisfaction from the vision or idea of urination. It is a paraphilia. During the activity, urine may be consumed or the person may bathe in it. Other variations include arousal from wetting or seeing someone else urinate in their pants or underclothes, or wetting the bed. Other forms of urolagnia may involve a tendency to be sexually aroused by smelling urine-soaked clothing or body parts. In many cases, a strong correlation or conditioning arises between urine smell or sight, and the sexual act. For some individuals the phenomenon may include a diaper fetish and/or arousal from infantilism.


title: Urolagnia

text: Urolagnia is sometimes associated with, or confused with the Japanese practice of omorashi, arousal from having a full bladder or a sexual attraction to someone else experiencing the discomfort or pain of a full bladder, possibly a sadomasochistic inclination.


title: Urolagnia

text: Jennifer Eve Rehor of San Francisco State University points out that such data as exists on what she calls "unconventional" or "kink" sexual behavior is generally problematic because of the way that it has been collected, through criminal and clinical case studies. Behavior that appears neither in criminal trials nor in clinical studies (for example, because the individuals concerned do not commonly seek professional help) is therefore under-reported. Rehor therefore surveyed 1,764 female participants in "kink" behavior (mostly association with BDSM) in 2010–11, receiving 1,580 valid responses. What Rehor calls "urine play" is relatively infrequent, with only 36.52% of her sample reporting having done it or having had it done to them. In contrast, 93.99% of her sample reported having done spanking or having had it done to them, and 61.96% reported having used or been exposed to feathers/fur. It is impossible to extrapolate Rehor's data onto the general population, but her study does give a guide to prevalence in the North American BDSM community.


title: Urolagnia

text: In Channel 4's 2017 nationwide Great British Sex survey, watersports (or urolagnia) was ranked ninth in popularity among sexual fetishes in the UK.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Kids See Ghosts is the only studio album by American hip hop duo Kids See Ghosts, composed of rapper-producers Kanye West and Kid Cudi. It was released on June 8, 2018, through Wicked Awesome Records and GOOD Music, and distributed by Def Jam Recordings. Prior to the release, West and Cudi had collaborated on each others' work since 2008, although they experienced personal quarrels due to creative differences. The first studio sessions for the album began after the two reunited in late 2016.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Guest contributions are included on "Kids See Ghosts" from Pusha T, Yasiin Bey, and Ty Dolla Sign, as well as a vocal sample of Louis Prima, who is credited posthumously as a featured artist. Kids See Ghosts handled the majority of the stylistically fragmented production that includes varying elements, with further contributions by Dot da Genius, Mike Dean, and Plain Pat, among others. The album was the third of five records produced by West in Jackson Hole as a part of the "Wyoming Sessions", each being released weekly in the summer of 2018. It succeeded the release of Pusha T's "Daytona" and West's "Ye", while preceded the release of Nas' "Nasir" and Teyana Taylor's "K.T.S.E."


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Commentators noted the genre of "Kids See Ghosts" as a fusion of psychedelia and hip hop. The lyrical content includes references to mental health issues, which both West and Cudi had suffered from previously. The cover art was designed by Japanese contemporary artist Takashi Murakami; he based it on Hokusai's landscape print series, "Thirty-six Views of Mount Fuji". The album received widespread acclaim from music critics, who generally pointed out the chemistry of West and Cudi in praise, while some noted an improvement from West's past work. It was named to year-end lists for 2018 of many publications, including "GQ Russia" and "Pitchfork".


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: In the United States, "Kids See Ghosts" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200 in 2018, alongside entering atop the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. It attained top-10 positions in nine other countries, such as Canada and the United Kingdom. The album has since been certified gold and silver in the US and the UK by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the British Phonographic Industry (BPI), respectively. Kids See Ghosts performed live for it at the 2018 Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival and the 2019 Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Since 2008, Kanye West had frequently collaborated with Kid Cudi. That year, they first worked together on "Welcome to Heartbreak" from West's fourth studio album "808s & Heartbreak". West released his sixth studio album "Yeezus" on June 18, 2013, which includes vocals from Cudi on "Guilt Trip". In June of the following year, Cudi recalled having recorded the vocals as a reference a couple of years prior and admitted to lacking awareness of being on the song until people mentioned it on social media, initially questioning: "What the fuck is everyone talking about?" Cudi stated he was partially flattered and regarded it "kind of cool that [West] thought of me", before further consideration led the rapper to feel dissatisfied with West underusing him. On February 14, 2016, West released his seventh studio album "The Life of Pablo", with the tracks "Father Stretch My Hands, Pt. 1" and "Waves" featuring vocals by Cudi. 10 days after releasing the album, West tweeted on February 24 that he would release an album titled "Turbo Grafx 16" in the summer, named after the video game console of the same name. Later that month, his longtime associate Ibn Jasper posted a photo on Instagram showing West, Cudi, and record producers Mike Dean and Plain Pat in a recording studio working on the album.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Cudi briefly fell out with West, criticizing him and Drake over their usage of writers in September 2016, tweeting that he had been loyal to his colleagues but now he was "your threat". West responded to the tweets at the Tampa stop of his Saint Pablo Tour, threatening Cudi not to mention his name again and assuring "I birthed you", before adding that he felt "hurt" and "disrespected". Days later, at a Houston show, West retracted his earlier comments, describing Cudi as his "brother" and "the most influential artist of the past ten years". Cudi, who had admitted himself into a rehabilitation facility following a struggle with depression and suicidal thoughts, thanked West and other supporters in a Facebook post, writing that "words can't really express how much it made my heart glow". West himself was hospitalized due to heavy sleep deprivation in November 2016, with the tour being cancelled after he brought Cudi out to perform at his Sacramento show that ended early. West had suffered from mental illness for 10 years prior to "Kids See Ghosts", while Cudi reached post-rehab stage by the time of its release.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: In December 2016, Cudi released his sixth studio album "Passion, Pain & Demon Slayin'", which West subsequently described as "super inspiring". Work on "Kids See Ghosts" began that same month and parts of it were created in the summer of 2017 during recording sessions in Japan and China. In November, and again in February of the following year, West performed "Father Stretch My Hands, Pt. 1" live with Cudi. West was spotted recording in the US state of Wyoming with various collaborators in March, including Cudi and fellow rapper Nas. He returned to the state two months later for the recording of several then-upcoming albums, which were later referred to as the "Wyoming Sessions". The sessions took place in Jackson Hole, Wyoming, where West had purchased a property known as Monster Lake Ranch and renamed it to West Lake Ranch.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Outside of his own releases, West also executive produced, produced, and provided guest vocals for all of the albums by other artists that originated from the "Wyoming Sessions"; he had announced taking on the role of producer for the sessions beforehand. Fellow rapper Pusha T's third studio album "Daytona" was issued on May 25, 2018, as the first release of West's "Wyoming Sessions" recordings. On June 1, a week before the release of "Kids See Ghosts", West released his eighth studio album "Ye" as the second album of the "Wyoming Sessions". Cudi made appearances on the tracks "Ghost Town", alongside PartyNextDoor and 070 Shake, and "No Mistakes", alongside Charlie Wilson and Caroline Shaw. West revealed via Twitter that the former was originally slated to appear on "Kids See Ghosts". A sequel to "Ghost Town", entitled "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)", is included on it, which features vocals from singer Ty Dolla Sign. The release of "Kids See Ghosts" on June 8, 2018, served as the third album from the "Wyoming Sessions". A week after its release, Nas released his twelfth studio album "Nasir" as the fourth album of the "Wyoming Sessions". Recording artist Teyana Taylor released her second studio album "K.T.S.E." on June 22, 2018, as the fifth and final album of the "Wyoming Sessions".


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: According to Jordan Bassett of "NME", "Kids See Ghosts" shows West and Cudi "catch[ing] up with the fragmented, fragile brand of hip-hop that they helped to shape", noting how "the ethereal, low-key beats" characterize the production. Christopher Thiessen of "PopMatters" called the tracks "brooding, somber, [and] psychedelic", observing that they often make use of minor chords, while "Rrampt." magazine's Andrew Johnston deemed it a "truly adventurous movement in progressive hip-hop", with its seven songs traversing "scatted freakouts, bangers, space odysseys, psychedelic soul, and dream pop". Similarly, Dean Van Nguyen of "The Guardian" considered the album to be filled with "blistering electronics, laser-cut samples, psychedelic crescendos and edges as blurry as a half-remembered dream", while Van Nguyen categorizing track "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" as rap rock. Sidney Madden of NPR wrote that the track is "reminiscent of fuzzed-out psychedelic rock of the '70s" and also noted the rock elements of "Cudi Montage". The staff of "Highsnobiety" pointed out West "angrily scatting to the beat" on "Feel the Love". "4th Dimension" and "Cudi Montage" both include samples of posthumously released music: "What Will Santa Claus Say (When He Finds Everybody Swingin')" and "Burn the Rain" by American singers Louis Prima and Kurt Cobain, respectively. Prima received credit as a featured artist on "4th Dimension". "Feel the Love" and "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" include guest vocals from Pusha T and Ty Dolla Sign, respectively. "Kids See Ghosts" features rapper Mos Def, who is credited under his real name of Yasiin Bey.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: The album includes prominent production from West and Cudi, though "Reborn" and "Cudi Montage" are the only tracks to not include production from West, while "Feel the Love" and "4th Dimension" are the only tracks without Cudi's production. Dean helped produce "Feel the Love", "4th Dimension", "Freeee (Ghost Town Pt. 2)", and "Cudi Montage". Shawn Setaro of "Complex" wrote that due to Dean's presence on "Ye", "it makes sense he would be equally involved in "Kids See Ghosts"". Plain Pat contributed production to "Feel the Love", "4th Dimension", "Reborn", and "Kids See Ghosts". Evan Mast helped produce "Feel the Love", "Fire", and "Reborn". "Feel the Love", "4th Dimension", and "Kids See Ghosts" include production from record producer Noah Goldstein. Production was contributed to the tracks "Fire", "4th Dimension", and "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" by record producer BoogzDaBeast. Record producer Dot da Genius, Cudi's WZRD bandmate, co-produced the tracks "Reborn" and "Cudi Montage" for "Kids See Ghosts". Musician Justin Vernon was partially responsible for the production of "Feel the Love" and "Kids See Ghosts". The latter and "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" include production from record producer Andrew Dawson. "Kids See Ghosts" also includes production contributed by Francis and the Lights, Cashmere Cat, André 3000, Andy C, Russel "Love" Crews, and Jeff Bhasker.


title: Kids See Ghosts (album)

text: Lyrically, "Kids See Ghosts" includes references to mental illness throughout. "Freeee (Ghost Town, Pt. 2)" and "Reborn" are related to the recovery from the state, showcasing a transition to happiness. The album includes the duo battling against their mental fears and anxieties to achieve comfort in a better spirit, with them mostly doing so on the aforementioned tracks. As Robert Christgau summarized for "Vice", they demonstrate male bonding and "acknowledge their madness, with West shitcanning his meds" and Cudi becoming enough of "a rehab nut" that it leads to the mantra of "I'm movin' forward" being heavily repeated. Kids See Ghosts also acknowledge their past successes, as well as failures. Pop culture and historical references are frequent throughout "Kids See Ghosts", mostly in "4th Dimension".