title: Colin McRae

text: For 2003, McRae signed for Citroën, a team of winning pedigree due to its successes of the previous year with young Frenchman Sébastien Loeb but otherwise undertaking its first complete campaign at World Rally Championship level. McRae's second-place finish on his début in Monte Carlo alongside Loeb and Carlos Sainz whom, aboard the Xsara WRC, helped complete a 1–2–3 finish, the finest result he would achieve for the team, as he ended the season in seventh in the drivers' championship, with no victories. Rule changes are brought in for the 2004 season changing the previous practice of having three nominated points-scorers within a team to two. With Loeb partway through a multiple-year contract, this meant the Citroën factory team, under Guy Fréquelin's leadership, was forced to choose between dropping McRae or Sainz. With Sainz being the more successful of the two during the 2003 season, McRae had to look elsewhere for 2004. David Richards, McRae's former boss at Subaru, who had by now taken over WRC's commercial rights holders ISC and worried that the loss of a character like McRae would damage his ability to market the sport, set about trying to help McRae find a drive for 2004. McRae was unable to find a team, and for the first time in over ten years he would not be competing in the World Rally Championship.


title: Colin McRae

text: McRae also competed in racing series other than the World Rally Championship. In September 2002 he took part in an ASCAR Racing Series event at the Rockingham Motor Speedway, Northamptonshire, finishing in sixth place.


title: Colin McRae

text: McRae rejoined Prodrive for the 2004 24 Hours of Le Mans where he took third place in the GTS class, and ninth position overall in a Ferrari 550-GTS Maranello partnering Darren Turner and Rickard Rydell. Le Mans winner Allan McNish commented that "Colin has adapted far better than people expected" to endurance sportscar racing.


title: Colin McRae

text: McRae made his debut on the Dakar Rally with Nissan in January 2004, and scored two stage wins. He returned to the Dakar in 2005 and was fastest on two of the first three stages in Morocco, before crashing out of the rally towards the end of stage six.


title: Colin McRae

text: In 2004 and 2005, McRae represented Great Britain in the Race of Champions Nations Cup alongside Formula One driver and fellow Scot, David Coulthard. For the 2006 event England and Scotland entered separate teams with McRae and Coulthard re-uniting to represent Scotland.


title: Colin McRae

text: McRae then returned to the series for one-off drives for Škoda on the 2005 Rally GB and Rally Australia, respectively finishing seventh and retiring due to a clutch problem on the final leg of the rally, the latter ending prospects of Škoda's best finish.


title: Colin McRae

text: On 5 August 2006, McRae competed for Subaru in the first live televised American rally in Los Angeles as part of the X-Games. McRae rolled the car on the penultimate corner after landing awkwardly from a jump, which damaged the front bumper and left front tyre. Despite this, McRae kept the car running and continued on to the finish, his time only 0.13 seconds slower than eventual winner Travis Pastrana. He was unexpectedly entered for his final rally by semi-works Kronos Citroën at Rally Turkey in September, where he replaced Sébastien Loeb while the Frenchman recovered from an injury he sustained in a cycling accident immediately prior to the event. A final-stage alternator problem led to him retiring from seventh place. He was subsequently dropped by Citroën for the upcoming Rally Australia and replaced by Xavier Pons.


title: Colin McRae

text: In August 2007, McRae said he was still hoping to find a seat for the 2008 WRC season, but said that "if it doesn't happen next year, then I won't (return) because you can only be out of something at that level for so long." In 2007, talking to Autosport podcast, David Richards confirmed that he and McRae had talked about McRae's comeback to Subaru for season 2008. Robert Reid was contacted by McRae to be his co-driver and the pair were due to test together, but McRae was killed before the test could take place.


title: Colin McRae

text: McRae died on 15 September 2007 when his helicopter, a Eurocopter AS350B2 Squirrel, crashed north of Lanark, Scotland, close to the McRae family home. McRae's five-year-old son Johnny, and two family friends, Graeme Duncan and Johnny's six-year-old friend Ben Porcelli, also died in the crash. McRae's previously active website, "ColinMcRae.com", was later replaced with a memorial screen stating a few details about the crash, and then with a short statement released on behalf of McRae's father, Jimmy, and later a book of condolences.


title: Colin McRae

text: The funeral for Colin and Johnny took place on 26 September at Daldowie Crematorium near Glasgow, conducted by the Rev Tom Houston, who had married the McRaes, and the Rev Steven Reid, chaplain at Johnny's school. An address was given by Robbie Head, a former rally driver and commentator who was a close friend of McRae's, with the Rev Houston giving the benediction. McRae's niece and nephews performed the tune Highland Cathedral, a popular funeral song. The song "(Sittin' On) The Dock of the Bay" by Otis Redding, a favourite song of McRae's, was played when the family entered the chapel. The Proclaimers' song "I'm on My Way" was played when they left. Colin and Johnny McRae were cremated in the same coffin. Among the attendees at the funeral were fellow Scottish racing drivers Jackie Stewart and Dario Franchitti.


title: Colin McRae

text: A "Celebration of Life" service took place at St Nicholas Church in Lanark on Sunday 30 September at 4 pm. Images from McRae's career and personal life were displayed on large video screens outside the church. Around 700 mourners filled the church, with crowds of up to 15,000 outside. Shortly before 4 pm, Martin Hewins, McRae's personal bagpiper for many years, played "Flower of Scotland" as the family arrived at the church. The service was conducted by the Rev Alison Meikle, who said "Two weeks ago Lanark was struck by silence. A terrible silence bought at an enormous price. However, in our tears love is stronger than death." Later, the Kenny Rogers and Dolly Parton song "Islands in the Stream", a favourite of Johnny's, was played. Friends of the pair shared poems and anecdotes from the McRaes' lives. After the service, Colin McRae's widow, brother and father bowed and applauded the crowds who had gathered outside to pay tribute to the McRaes.


title: Colin McRae

text: The announcement of McRae's death took place during qualifying for the 2007 Belgian Grand Prix with ITV commentator James Allen informing viewers of the news. Formula One driver David Coulthard, a friend of McRae, who was due to represent Scotland along with him in the Race of Champions at Wembley Stadium on 16 December, described him as "an understated yet fantastically talented individual", and announced that he would race the 2007 Japanese Grand Prix with a helmet livery similar to McRae's as a tribute. During the finale of the 2007 Scottish Rally Championship, the "Colin McRae Forest Stages" held in Perth in September 2007, there was no number-1 car, as McRae had been due to drive the course car on the event. Instead, his car was parked at the starting point of the rally, where fans were able to sign a book of condolences.


title: Colin McRae

text: Following his win at the Brands Hatch meeting of the 2007 World Touring Car Championship season, Andy Priaulx dedicated it to McRae, commenting that his death "shows how fragile life can be". McRae's former rival, four-time World Rally Champion Tommi Mäkinen commented the helicopter accident as terrifying news, and described McRae as "a pleasant fellow and a tough rival". Valentino Rossi, who was taught the basics of driving a rally car by McRae, said he was shocked and saddened by McRae's death. He dedicated his win at the 2007 Portuguese motorcycle Grand Prix to McRae, saying "I want to dedicate this to Colin McRae. He was one of my big idols when I was very young, and it's because of him I have a big passion for rally".


title: Colin McRae

text: After the crash, an investigative team from the Air Accidents Investigation Branch attended the scene in cooperation with Strathclyde Police. The wreckage of the helicopter was removed to Farnborough for further forensic investigation. A report into the accident was published on 12 February 2009. In it, the AAIB did not reach a definite conclusion as to the cause of the accident, stating instead that "the helicopter crashed in a wooded valley while manoeuvering at high speed and low height. It was intact before impact, and the available evidence indicated that the engine was delivering power. The cause of the accident was not positively determined. Although no technical reason was found to explain the accident, a technical fault could not be ruled out entirely. However, it is more likely that the pilot attempted a turning manoeuvre at a low height, during which the helicopter deviated from its intended flight path; whether due to the pilot encountering handling difficulties, misjudgement, spatial disorientation, distraction or a combination of such events. There were indications that the pilot had started recovery but, with insufficient height in which to complete it, the helicopter struck trees in the valley and crashed, killing all four occupants." The parents of Ben Porcelli had not given McRae permission to take their son in the helicopter.


title: Colin McRae

text: A fatal accident inquiry into the incident concluded, on 6 September 2011, that McRae was at fault for the avoidable helicopter crash that led to his death and the death of his passengers. Sheriff Nikola Stewart stated, after the 16-day inquiry, that McRae had been engaged in "unnecessary and unsafe" low-level flying at the time of the crash, and that as a private pilot McRae was unqualified and untrained to fly at such a level. McRae's flying license was also found to have expired in 2005, and his "valid type rating" for the helicopter had expired in March 2007.


title: Colin McRae

text: In memory of McRae, the Swedish Rally organisers set up an award for the longest jump over a crest on the Vargåsen stage of the rally. The inaugural winner of the award, named "Colin's Crest", was Ford's United Arab Emirates driver Khalid al-Qassimi, who recorded a distance of 30 m.


title: Colin McRae

text: On 27 September 2008, the "Colin McRae Forest Stages Rally" took place in Perth, Scotland. An enhanced entry list of several former big-name rally drivers took part in McRae's memory. The entry list included ex-World Championship drivers Hannu Mikkola, Ari Vatanen (partnered by his 1981 WRC winning co-driver David Richards), Björn Waldegård, Malcolm Wilson, Russell Brookes, Jimmy McRae, Andrew Cowan and Louise Aitken-Walker, many competing in their original cars. A handful of current WRC drivers also took part including Matthew Wilson, Kris Meeke and Travis Pastrana. The outright winner was Stobart VK M-Sport Ford Rally Team driver Matthew Wilson in a Ford Focus WRC. McRae's brother Alister McRae won the classic category.


title: Colin McRae

text: In 2015, 20 years from when McRae won the 1995 WRC Championship, an exhibition of memorabilia, including cars, was displayed at a service park at 2015 Rally GB.


title: Colin McRae

text: Codemasters released the first "Colin McRae Rally" video game in 1998. Version "2", known as "Colin McRae Rally 2.0", was released in 2000, for Sony's PlayStation and Microsoft Windows; it was also ported to the Game Boy Advance in 2002. A third version found a wide audience on Windows and Xbox. Versions "04" and "2005" arrived in 2004 on all major platforms. "2005" was also remade for Sony's PlayStation Portable and Nokia's N-Gage.


title: Colin McRae

text: "" was the title for the next instalment of the series, which launched in 2007 for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360. The PlayStation 3 edition was released in the UK on 14 September, the day before McRae's death. A special edition for mobile phones was released by Codemasters Mobile.


title: Colin McRae

text: "" was released on the Wii on 8 September 2009, it released on PlayStation 3, and Xbox 360 on 11 September 2009, the PC version was released on 8 December 2009. This was the last in the series to bear the 'Colin McRae' moniker.


title: Colin McRae

text: On 27 June 2013, a remastered version of "Colin McRae Rally 2.0", simply titled "Colin McRae Rally", was released for iOS devices.


title: Colin McRae

text: In 2003, McRae started designing a rally car named the McRae R4, which he debuted at the Goodwood Festival of Speed in 2007. It was designed to be an economic alternate to other rally cars, with an additional focus on safety.


title: Colin McRae

text: Built by DJM Race Preparation, the McRae R4's chassis is based on a steel safety cage with carbon panelling front and rear, and a steel-covered cockpit area. Suspension consists of twin wishbones with Proflex dampers. The process of designing the car was assisted by Codemasters, who created a 3D model of the car based on initial sketches done by DJM Motorsport. The bodywork of the car is loosely based on a first-generation Ford Ka bodyshell, deemed to be the optimal choice in terms of size, shape and weight.


title: Colin McRae

text: The engine is a naturally aspirated, 4-cylinder, 2.5-litre Millington Diamond Engine producing 350 BHP. Transmission is via a six-speed gearbox, manual or semi-automatic, and by mechanical front and rear differentials with the option of mechanical or active central differential. The car can be produced in either 2 or 4 wheel drive formats.


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: At the age of 15, Matsuoka was inspired by Akira Ishida's performance as Kaworu Nagisa from the anime "Neon Genesis Evangelion" and from the game "Tales of Eternia", which Matsuoka watched at the recommendation of a friend, and first learned about the voice acting profession.


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: While aspiring to become an auto mechanic in his senior year of high school, he searched for a voice actor school in Hokkaido, but went to Tokyo after receiving advice that it would be difficult to succeed without going to a school in the capital. After graduating from Yoyogi Animation Gakuin while working as a newspaper scholarship student, he joined the Japan Narration Actors Institute. After auditioning in 2009, Matsuoka became a member of I'm Enterprise agency. In the same year, he made his debut as AKX20000 in "Eden of the East".


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: In 2011, he starred in the role of Narumi Fujishima in "Heaven's Memo Pad" for the first time, and won the Best Rookie Actors at the 6th Seiyu Awards in 2012.


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: At the 1st Aniradi Awards on March 21, 2015, he along with fellow radio personality Ai Kayano in "No Radio No Life; Gamer Brothers will start doing radio." won the "RADIO OF THE YEAR Best Radio Award" and the "BEST RETURN HOPE RADIO Revival Hope Radio Award."


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: On June 17, 2019, he appeared on YouTube channel "Danmachi FES 2019-TV Anime Danmachi II and Dan Memo 2nd Anniversary Is It Wrong to Have an Event Together? Special-Public Live Broadcast !!" where "Guinness World Record" certified him for the most unique sound bites provided by a voice actor, exceeding 10,000 words in "Is It Wrong to Try to Pick Up Girls in a Dungeon?: MEMORIA FREESE.


title: Yoshitsugu Matsuoka

text: On October 2, 2021, as a collaboration project between "" movie and the Yomiuri Giants, he appeared in the Giants game with Ayana Taketatsu and Hiroki Yasumoto, and became a pitcher for the opening ceremony. Matsuoka continued to collaborate during the match with a cap shuffle game with Taketatsu and an announcement with Yasumoto to liven up the venue.


title: Children of Dune

text: Children of Dune is a 1976 science fiction novel by Frank Herbert, the third in his "Dune" series of six novels. It was originally serialized in "Analog Science Fiction and Fact" in 1976, and was the last "Dune" novel to be serialized before book publication.


title: Children of Dune

text: At the end of "Dune Messiah", Paul Atreides walks into the desert, a blind man, leaving his twin children Leto and Ghanima in the care of the Fremen, while his sister Alia rules the universe as regent. Awakened in the womb by the spice, the children are the heirs to Paul's prescient vision of the fate of the universe, a role that Alia desperately craves. House Corrino schemes to return to the throne, while the Bene Gesserit make common cause with the Tleilaxu and Spacing Guild to gain control of the spice and the children of Paul Atreides.


title: Children of Dune

text: Initially selling over 75,000 copies, it became the first hardcover best-seller ever in the science fiction field. The novel was critically well-received for its plot, action, and atmosphere, and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1977. "Dune Messiah" (1969) and "Children of Dune" were collectively adapted by the Sci-Fi Channel in 2003 into a miniseries titled "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune".


title: Children of Dune

text: Nine years after Emperor Paul Muad'Dib walked into the desert, blind, the ecological transformation of Dune has reached the point where some Fremen are living without stillsuits in the less arid climate and have started to move out of the sietches and into the villages and cities. As the old ways erode, more and more pilgrims arrive to experience the planet of Muad'Dib. The Imperial high council has lost its political might and is powerless to control the Jihad.


title: Children of Dune

text: Paul's young twin children, Leto II and Ghanima, have concluded that their guardian Alia has succumbed to Abomination—possession by her grandfather Baron Vladimir Harkonnen—and fear that a similar fate awaits them. They (and Alia) also realize that the terraforming of Dune will kill all the sandworms, thus destroying the source of the spice, but Harkonnen desires this outcome. Leto also fears that, like his father, he will become trapped by his prescience.


title: Children of Dune

text: Meanwhile, a new religious figure called "The Preacher" has risen in the desert, rallying against the religious government's injustices and the changes among the Fremen. Some Fremen believe he is Paul Atreides. Princess Wensicia of the fallen House Corrino on Salusa Secundus plots to assassinate the twins and regain power for her House.


title: Children of Dune

text: Lady Jessica returns to Arrakis and recognizes that her daughter is possessed, but finds no signs of Abomination in the twins. Leto arranges for Fremen leader Stilgar to protect his sister if there is an attempt on their lives. The Preacher journeys to Salusa Secundus to meet Wensicia's son Farad'n, and in return pledges the Duncan Idaho ghola as an agent of House Corrino. Alia attempts to assassinate Jessica, who escapes into the desert with Duncan's help, precipitating a rebellion among the Fremen. The twins anticipate and survive the Corrino assassination plot. Leto leaves to seek out the Preacher, while Ghanima, changing her memory with self-hypnosis, reports (and believes) that her brother has been murdered. Duncan and Jessica flee to Salusa Secundus, where Jessica begins to mentor Farad'n. He seizes power from his regent mother Wensicia and allies with the Bene Gesserit, who promise to marry him to Ghanima and support his bid to become Emperor.


title: Children of Dune

text: A band of Fremen outlaws capture Leto and force him to undergo the spice trance at the suggestion of Gurney Halleck, who has infiltrated the group on Jessica's orders. Leto's spice-induced visions show him myriad possible futures where humanity becomes extinct and only one where it survives. He names this future "The Golden Path" and resolves to bring it to fruition—something that his father, who had already glimpsed this future, refused to do. He escapes his captors and sacrifices his humanity in pursuit of the Golden Path by physically fusing with a school of sandtrout, gaining superhuman strength and near-invulnerability. He travels across the desert and confronts the Preacher, who is indeed Paul.


title: Children of Dune

text: Duncan returns to Arrakis and provokes Stilgar into killing him so that Stilgar is forced to take Ghanima and go into hiding. Alia recaptures Ghanima and arranges her marriage to Farad'n, planning to exploit the expected chaos when Ghanima kills him to avenge her brother's murder. The Preacher and Leto return to the capital to confront Alia. Upon arriving, Paul is murdered, to Alia's horror. Leto reveals himself in a display of superhuman strength and triggers the return of Ghanima's genuine memories. He confronts Alia and offers to help her overcome her possession, but Harkonnen resists. Alia manages to take her own life by throwing herself off a high balcony.


title: Children of Dune

text: Leto declares himself Emperor and asserts control over the Fremen. Farad'n enlists in his service and delivers control of the Corrino armies. In describing the Golden Path to Farad'n, Leto reveals that he will live for thousands of years due to the sandworm skin and genetics he is encased in. Leto marries his sister Ghanima to further his goals, but Farad'n is her true consort so the Atreides line can continue.


title: Children of Dune

text: Parts of "Dune Messiah" and "Children of Dune" were written before "Dune" was completed. "Children of Dune" was originally serialized in "Analog Science Fiction and Fact" in 1976, and was the last "Dune" novel to be serialized before book publication. "Dune Messiah" and "Children of Dune" were published in one volume by the Science Fiction Book Club in 2002.


title: Children of Dune

text: Herbert likened the initial trilogy of novels ("Dune", "Dune Messiah", and "Children of Dune") to a fugue, and while "Dune" was a heroic melody, "Dune Messiah" was its inversion. Paul rises to power in "Dune" by seizing control of the single critical resource in the universe, melange. His enemies are dead or overthrown, and he is set to take the reins of power and bring a hard but enlightened peace to the universe. Herbert chose in the books that followed to undermine Paul's triumph with a string of failures and philosophical paradoxes.


title: Children of Dune

text: Initially selling over 75,000 copies, "Children of Dune" became the first hardcover best-seller in the science fiction field. The novel was critically well-received for its gripping plot, action, and atmosphere, and was nominated for the Hugo Award for Best Novel in 1977.


title: Children of Dune

text: The "Los Angeles Times" called "Children of Dune" "a major event", and "Challenging Destiny" noted that "Herbert adds enough new twists and turns to the ongoing saga that familiarity with the recurring elements brings pleasure." "Publishers Weekly" wrote, "Ranging from palace intrigue and desert chases to religious speculation and confrontations with the supreme intelligence of the universe, there is something here for all science fiction fans." In a 1976 review, Spider Robinson found "Children of Dune" unsatisfying, faulting the ending as unconvincing and thematically overfamiliar. The novel is referred to in "A Thousand Plateaus" (1980) by Gilles Deleuze and Félix Guattari. David Pringle gave the novel a rating of two stars out of four and described the novel as "dark and convoluted stuff."


title: Children of Dune

text: "Dune Messiah" (1969) and "Children of Dune" were collectively adapted by the Sci-Fi Channel in 2003 into a miniseries titled "Frank Herbert's Children of Dune". The three-part, six-hour miniseries covers the bulk of the plot of "Dune Messiah" in the first installment, and adapts "Children of Dune" in the second and third parts.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: Stowaway is a 2021 science fiction thriller drama film directed by Joe Penna, who co-wrote the screenplay with Ryan Morrison. The film stars Anna Kendrick, Daniel Dae Kim, Shamier Anderson, and Toni Collette. A co-production of the United States and Germany, it premiered on Netflix in select countries on April 22, 2021.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: The crew of MTS-42, a two-year mission to Mars, consists of Mission Commander Marina Barnett, biologist David Kim, and medical researcher Zoe Levenson. After taking off from Earth, the upper stage of their launch vehicle is connected by 450 meter long tethers to the ship's main hull, acting as a counterweight for inertia-based artificial gravity.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: Shortly after takeoff, Barnett discovers launch support engineer Michael Adams, an accidental stowaway, unconscious between two modules, entangled with a device that scrubs carbon dioxide from the air on the ship. As he falls, the device is inadvertently destroyed.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: The crew is forced to use emergency lithium hydroxide canisters to scrub from the air. Unfortunately, the canisters cannot sustain the extra load. Barnett orders David to immediately cultivate his algae experiment on the ship, rather than at the Martian colony, as planned. Only half of the algae survive, providing just enough the oxygen for a third crew member. Without another oxygen supply, the crew of four will asphyxiate weeks before reaching Mars.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: Barnett asks mission control for a solution that will save all four passengers, but the only option—an untested EVA (spacewalk) to climb the tethers and recover liquid oxygen from the spent upper stage rocket—is deemed too risky. Barnett and David begin to come to terms with sacrificing Michael, but Zoe convinces them to wait ten days for mission control to think of another solution.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: After three days, David breaks rank to explain the situation to Michael, offering him a painless lethal injection. Michael nearly takes his own life, but Zoe stops him and convinces him to hold out for a while longer. She insists on climbing the tethers to retrieve the liquid oxygen. David reveals that the rest of the algae has died, leaving only enough oxygen for two. Now facing the death of two passengers, he agrees to join her on the climb.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: Zoe and David perform the EVA and jury rig a solution to fill two cylinders, which is enough to sustain two more passengers. Deadly radiation from a high-energy solar flare—coronal mass ejection—forces them to leave one of the cylinders behind. They make it back to the ship, but due to a critical equipment failure, the single oxygen cylinder is lost.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: After regrouping, they realize the large tank continues to leak oxygen due to the improvised connection, and that if one person exposes themselves to the lethal radiation to retrieve the cylinder left behind on the first attempt, the other three can survive. Marina must survive to pilot the ship, but the other three all volunteer to make the sacrifice.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: As Michael is untrained and both he and David have families back home, Zoe ultimately insists on doing it herself. She manages to fill and return the cylinder to the ship before succumbing to radiation poisoning. She spends her final moments outside the ship, gazing at a faint Mars amongst the stars.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: In October 2018, it was announced Anna Kendrick was cast to appear in Joe Penna's next film, starring as a medical researcher. In January 2019, Toni Collette was added to the cast, in the role of the ship commander. In May, Shamier Anderson was cast as the titular stowaway, and Daniel Dae Kim joined as the ship's biologist.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: Filming began on June 11, 2019 in Cologne and Munich and wrapped after 30 days. YouTuber and science communicator Scott Manley was a consultant for the film.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: In November 2018, Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions acquired international distribution rights to the film, excluding the United States. In December 2020, Netflix acquired distribution rights to the film, acquiring territories previously purchased by Sony, with Amazon Prime Video set to distribute in Canada. The film released on April 22, 2021 except for German-speaking countries where the Netflix release will follow showings in cinemas which will happen at an indeterminate time due to the ongoing pandemic.


title: Stowaway (2021 film)

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Stowaway" holds an approval rating of 76% based on 109 reviews, with an average rating of 6.50/10. The site's critics consensus reads, "Pacing problems prevent "Stowaway" from fully engaging, but it's distinguished by its thoughtful, well-acted approach to a story built on an excruciating moral dilemma." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 63 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Deep Roy

text: Gurdeep Roy (born Mohinder Purba; 1 December 1957), known professionally as Deep Roy, is a Kenyan-British actor, puppeteer, and stuntman. At tall, he has often been cast as diminutive characters, such as Teeny Weeny in "The NeverEnding Story" and the Oompa-Loompas in "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", Keenser in "Star Trek", and subsequent films ("Kelvin Timeline"), and in television series such as "The X-Files", "Doctor Who", and "Eastbound & Down".


title: Deep Roy

text: Roy was born on 1 December 1957 in Nairobi to Indian parents in a Sikh family. He studied accounting in London before dropping out at 18. He later enrolled in The Slim Wood School of Comedy and got his start in the entertainment arena in England since 1970, as a stand-up comic in local cabaret clubs. In April 1970, Roy opened on the UK stage in Ray Cooney's Miracle Worker at the Palace Theatre, Westcliff-on-Sea. He made his professional screen acting debut in a 1976 episode of "The New Avengers", titled "Target!" as a character named Klokoe. He made his film debut later that same year, in "The Pink Panther Strikes Again", as the Italian Assassin. Another early role was as Mr. Sin, the "pig-brained Peking Homunculus", a villain with a distinct appetite for homicide, in the "Doctor Who" serial "The Talons of Weng-Chiang". In 1979, Roy played a genetically engineered life form "Decima" in the first season "Blake's 7" episode "The Web", the diminutive chess genius, "The Klute", in the second season "Blake's 7" episode "Gambit" and he voiced the character "Moloch", in the third season "Blake's 7" episode "Moloch". He portrayed the Jedi Master Yoda in "". He is uncredited on the film but can be seen in many behind-the-scenes photos dressed as Yoda for perspective shots filmed towards the end of production.


title: Deep Roy

text: He has played apes in two movies: "" and again in the Tim Burton remake of "Planet of the Apes" (2001) in two roles, one as a young gorilla boy and as Thade's niece. He has worked for Burton in three other films, "Big Fish" (2003), "Corpse Bride" (2005), where he supplied General Bonesapart's voice, and "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" (also 2005). He played all the Oompa-Loompas (165 of them) in "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory." In referencing his workload during production, director Tim Burton called Roy the "hardest-working man in show biz." Roy had extensive training for the role in dance, yoga, and some minor instrument playing.


title: Deep Roy

text: He has performed many other roles in films and on television, including "The X-Files", "Flash Gordon", "Return to Oz" (as the Tin Woodman), Jim Henson's "The Dark Crystal" as a puppeteer extra, "The NeverEnding Story" as Teeny Weeny, the rider of the "racing snail", "Alien from L.A.", "" as Mr Toones and "Return of the Jedi" as Droopy McCool.


title: Deep Roy

text: He appeared in "" (2009) as an Egyptian border guard and in the film "Star Trek" (also 2009) as Keenser, Scotty's assistant on the ice planet Delta Vega; he reprised the Keenser role in the sequels "Star Trek Into Darkness" and "Star Trek Beyond". In one of his more prominent speaking roles, Roy played Aaron, a violent Mumbai-born Mexican criminal in second season of the HBO comedy "Eastbound & Down". Roy starred as Sandeep Majumdar in the 2012 short film "The Ballad of Sandeep".


title: Sophia Myles

text: Sophia Jane Myles (; born 18 March 1980) is an English actress. She is best known in film for portraying Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in "Thunderbirds" (2004), Isolde in "Tristan & Isolde" (2006), Darcy in "" (2014), Erika in "Underworld" (2003) and "" (2006) and Freya in "Outlander" (2008).


title: Sophia Myles

text: Initially hoping to study philosophy at University of Cambridge, for which she secured a place, Myles instead turned to acting after television writer Julian Fellowes saw her perform in a school play, casting her in his series "The Prince and the Pauper" (1996). After this, Myles continued to receive work in films such as "Mansfield Park" (1999), "From Hell" (2001) and "The Abduction Club" (2002), but her breakthrough role came in the form of Erika in "Underworld" (2003) before she won the iconic role of Lady Penelope Creighton-Ward in "Thunderbirds" (2004) propelling her to international stardom.


title: Sophia Myles

text: Following on from this success, Myles moved to Hollywood where she played the main role of Isolde in the epic romantic film "Tristan & Isolde" (2006) before starring in films including "" (2006), "Art School Confidential" (2006), "Dracula" (2006), "Hallam Foe" (2007), "Outlander" (2008), "The Damned" (2013), "" (2014) and "Blackwood" (2015).


title: Sophia Myles

text: Myles has also received critical acclaim for her television work, particularly as Madame de Pompadour in the "Doctor Who" episode "The Girl in the Fireplace" (2006), Beth Turner in "Moonlight" (2007–2008), Beth Bailey in "Spooks" (2010) and Rebecca Bishop in "A Discovery of Witches" (2018–2021).


title: Sophia Myles

text: Myles won a BAFTA for Best Actress for her role as Kate in "Hallam Foe" (2007) and was also nominated for a BIFA at the British Independent Film Awards for the same film. She has also won several other awards at various other film festivals across the world including Best Actress for "Two Words" (2018) and "November 1st" (2019).


title: Sophia Myles

text: Myles was born in London. Her mother, Jane ("née" Allan), works in educational publishing, and her father, Peter R. Myles, was a retired Church of England vicar in Isleworth, West London. Her paternal grandmother was Russian, and Myles refers to herself as "half-Welsh, half-Russian". She grew up in Notting Hill and attended Fox Primary School. At the age of 11, she moved with her family to Isleworth and attended The Green School. Following success at her A Levels she secured a place at the University of Cambridge to study philosophy, but chose to pursue an acting career after being spotted by Julian Fellowes in a school play and shortly after had a small role in his television production of "The Prince and the Pauper" in 1996.


title: Sophia Myles

text: Since 1996, Myles has appeared in a number of films and television productions. Following her success in "The Prince and the Pauper", Myles made her film debut in "Mansfield Park" (1999) and had a small role in "Guest House Paradiso" (1999). After roles in the television series "Heartbeat" and "Foyle's War", Myles starred as Victoria Abberline in the thriller film "From Hell" (2001) alongside Johnny Depp with Myles playing his wife. Myles played a main role in the comedy-romance film "The Abduction Club" (2002) before then playing the role of Erika in the 2003 vampire film "Underworld" with Kate Beckinsale, and reprised the character in its sequel, "" (2006).


title: Sophia Myles

text: In 2003, she also starred in the thriller "Out of Bounds" and played Lady Penelope in "Thunderbirds" (2004), the film version of the classic television show of the same name. Myles initially had the choice to star in either "Thunderbirds" or "Troy" but she chose the former as she said "Lady Penelope is such an iconic character". In 2005, Myles starred in the two-part war drama miniseries "Colditz" with Damian Lewis and Tom Hardy. In 2006, she co-starred as Isolde in the epic romantic drama "Tristan & Isolde" opposite James Franco and produced by Ridley Scott.


title: Sophia Myles

text: Myles appeared as Madame de Pompadour in the 2006 "Doctor Who" episode "The Girl in the Fireplace", which is often referred to as one of the best episodes of the series. The episode was nominated for a Nebula Award and won the 2007 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form. Myles also had roles as Gwenda Halliday in the British detective drama "Agatha Christie's Marple: Sleeping Murder" and Sophie Amsden in American thriller "" on television before starring in the 2006 comedy film "Art School Confidential". Also in 2006, she appeared as Lucy Westenra in a BBC adaptation of "Dracula".


title: Sophia Myles

text: In 2007, Myles was cast as Beth Turner in the popular CBS supernatural television drama "Moonlight", a role she would play until the show's end in 2008. "Moonlight" won Best New Drama in the 2007 People's Choice Awards. Myles was nominated for the Best Actress Award in 2007 for her role as Kate in "Hallam Foe" from the British Independent Film Award committee, for which she also received a BAFTA Scotland Award. In 2008, she played Freya, the daughter of John Hurt's character, in the sci-fi action epic "Outlander" with Jim Caviezel and Ron Perlman.


title: Sophia Myles

text: After having a cameo role in the American comedy film "Etienne!" in 2009, in 2010 Myles joined the cast of "Spooks", a BBC television series about a counter-terrorism unit in MI5, for its ninth series, playing Beth Bailey. Myles then had a starring role as Lauren in the 2013 American horror film "The Damned" with Peter Facinelli and Nathalia Ramos. In 2014, Myles starred as geologist Darcy Tirrel opposite Mark Wahlberg and Stanley Tucci in the sci-fi action blockbuster "" which was directed by Michael Bay and produced by Steven Spielberg.


title: Sophia Myles

text: Later in 2014, Myles starred as Rachel in the psychological horror film "Blackwood" before going on to have roles as Dr. Anna Clarke in the international action-thriller "Crossing Lines" and the aristocratic Lady Katherine Longmore in the miniseries "Our Zoo". In 2018, Myles provided her voice for an episode of the sci-fi series "Firestorm".


title: Sophia Myles

text: Myles currently plays Rebecca Bishop in the fantasy-romance television series "A Discovery of Witches"; the first season was released in 2018 and the second in 2021 with a third series already filmed and awaiting release. After roles in the films "Two Words" (2018) and "November 1st" (2019), for which she won Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress respectively, Myles played Ann Payne, a secret agent, in the 2020 Portuguese film "Listen" which was selected as the Portuguese entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards. However, in December 2020 the film was disqualified, as more than half of its dialogue was in English. Also in 2020, Myles reprised her role as Madame de Pompadour for a minisode sequel specially written for her by Steven Moffat that aired on YouTube on 6 May 2020.


title: Sophia Myles

text: In 2021, Myles starred as Beth Barnes in the comedy-heist film "Decrypted" about the kidnap the creator of Bitcoin, alongside Amanda Abbington and Kevin McNally. In November 2021, she starred in the film "All That Glitters" playing a wealthy woman hiding the fact that she is domestically abused; a role that won her Best Actress at the New Renaissance Film Festival and the Gold Movie Awards respectively. In December 2021, Myles played Louise Campbell, Duchess of Argyll in the acclaimed BBC television mini-series "A Very British Scandal" with Claire Foy and Paul Bettany.


title: Sophia Myles

text: From 2004 to 2005, Myles was in a relationship with actor Charles Dance, who is 34 years her senior and has also dated Damian Lewis and musician Paul Wilson from the band Snow Patrol. Myles began dating David Tennant after filming an episode of "Doctor Who". By October 2007, they had separated.


title: Sophia Myles

text: In September 2014, Myles gave birth to a son fathered by her partner James Bell, who works for the Bank of England. Her son's godmother is Myles' friend and fellow actress Celia Imrie.


title: Katie Porter

text: Katherine Moore Porter (born January 3, 1974) is an American politician, law professor, and lawyer who is the U.S. representative from California's 45th congressional district since 2019. She is the first Democrat to be elected to represent the district, covering much of south-central Orange County, including Irvine, Tustin, and Lake Forest along with large portions of Anaheim and Laguna Niguel. Porter was narrowly reelected in 2022 in California's newly redistricted 47th congressional district.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter graduated from Yale University and Harvard Law School and has taught law at several universities, including the University of California, Irvine, William S. Boyd School of Law, and University of Iowa. She is deputy chair of the Congressional Progressive Caucus, and has received media attention for her questioning during congressional hearings.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter was born on January 3, 1974, and grew up in the small farming community of Fort Dodge, Iowa. Her father, Dan Porter, was a farmer-turned-banker. Her mother, Liz, was a founder of "Fons & Porter's Love of Quilting".


title: Katie Porter

text: After graduating from Phillips Academy, Porter attended Yale University, where she majored in American studies, graduating in 1996. Her undergraduate thesis was titled "The Effects of Corporate Farming on Rural Community". She was a member of Grace Hopper College (then called Calhoun College) at Yale. Porter also interned for Chuck Grassley during this time.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter later attended Harvard Law School, where she was the notes editor for the "Harvard Women's Law Journal" and a member of the Board of Student Advisers. She studied under bankruptcy law professor and future U.S. Senator Elizabeth Warren, and graduated "magna cum laude" with her Juris Doctor in 2001.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter was a law clerk for Judge Richard S. Arnold of the United States Court of Appeals for the 8th Circuit in Little Rock, Arkansas. She practiced with the law firm of Stoel Rives LLP in Portland, Oregon, and was the project director for the National Conference of Bankruptcy Judges' Business Bankruptcy Project.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter was associate professor of law at the University of Nevada, Las Vegas School of Law. In 2005, she joined the faculty of the University of Iowa College of Law as an associate professor, becoming a full professor there in 2011. Also in 2011, she became a tenured professor at the University of California, Irvine School of Law. Porter's textbook "Modern Consumer Law" addresses consumer laws in light of Dodd–Frank and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau.


title: Katie Porter

text: In March 2012, California Attorney General Kamala Harris appointed Porter to be the state's independent monitor of banks in a nationwide $25 billion mortgage settlement. As monitor, she oversaw the banks' implementation of $9.5 billion in settlement reforms for Californians.


title: Katie Porter

text: In the 2018 elections, Porter ran for the United States House of Representatives against two-term incumbent Republican Mimi Walters in . She defeated Walters to become the first Democrat to represent the 45th district or its predecessors since it was created in 1953. The district was the 28th from 1953 to 1963, the 35th from 1963 to 1973, the 39th from 1973 to 1975, the 40th from 1975 to 1993, the 47th from 1993 to 2003, the 48th from 2003 to 2013, and has been the 45th since 2013.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter and Harley Rouda, also elected in 2018, were the first non-Hispanic Democrats to represent Orange County-based districts since Jerry M. Patterson left office in 1985. Her win was part of a historic night for Democrats that saw them take every seat in the historically Republican county, including all four centered in the county.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter did not accept corporate PAC money in her bid for Congress. She was endorsed by End Citizens United, a political action committee seeking to overturn the U.S. Supreme Court 2010 decision "Citizens United v. Federal Election Commission". Porter has cited an overhaul of campaign finance laws and protection of voting rights as legislative priorities.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter ran for reelection to a second term. She advanced from the top-two primary in first place and faced off against the second-place finisher, Republican Mission Viejo Mayor Greg Raths, in the general election. Porter won with 53.5% of the vote to Raths's 46.5%. She became the first non-Hispanic Democrat in 38 years to win a second term in an Orange County-based district. Despite the 45th's recent trend toward the Democrats, in much of the district she is the only elected Democrat above the municipal level.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter was reelected in California's 47th congressional district, defeating Republican nominee Scott Baugh with 51.6% of the vote to Baugh's 48.4%.


title: Katie Porter

text: In March 2019, Porter introduced the "Help America Run Act" (H.R.1623), a bill that would allow people running for the House or Senate to use campaign contributions to pay for healthcare premiums, elder care, child care and dependent care. The bill passed the House in October 2019 but was not taken up by the Senate.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter has gained notice for her pointed questioning of officials during congressional hearings, often using visual aids such as whiteboards.


title: Katie Porter

text: She attracted attention for her questioning on the House Financial Services Committee. In March 2019, her questioning caught Wells Fargo CEO Tim Sloan contradicting what his corporate lawyers were arguing in court, in that statements he had previously made pledging transparency were "corporate puffery", according to documents lawyers submitted. In April 2019, Porter drew attention for her questioning of JPMorgan Chase CEO Jamie Dimon about how a Chase bank teller should make up a $567 shortfall between her monthly budget and her paycheck. In May 2019, she asked Housing and Urban Development Secretary Ben Carson about "REOs", real estate owned properties, which he confused with Oreo cookies. She asked Consumer Financial Protection Bureau director Kathy Kraninger to solve basic math problems about annual percentage rates on payday loans, which Kraninger declined to do.


title: Katie Porter

text: In March 2020, Porter used five minutes of questioning to get the chief of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Robert R. Redfield, to agree to use its legal authority to make testing for the COVID-19 virus free for all Americans.


title: Katie Porter

text: At an August 24, 2020, Congressional hearing, Porter questioned Postmaster General Louis DeJoy. He admitted to her that he did not know the cost of mailing a postcard or a smaller greeting card, the starting rate for U.S. Priority Mail, or how many Americans voted by mail in the 2016 elections. Before his appointment by the Trump administration, DeJoy had no previous experience working at the agency.


title: Katie Porter

text: In a December 2020 House hearing, Porter sparred with United States Secretary of the Treasury Steve Mnuchin over COVID-19 relief funding.


title: Katie Porter

text: In January 2021, after Porter's removal from the Financial Services Committee, "The Washington Post" columnist Helaine Olen criticized the House Democratic caucus for not granting Porter a waiver allowing her to serve there as well as on the House Natural Resources and House Oversight committees.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter received recognition for being one of the first Democrats in a swing district to support an impeachment inquiry based on the findings of Robert Mueller's Special Counsel investigation. She voted for both the first and second impeachments of Donald Trump.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter voted for the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act on November 5, 2021. The act funds electric vehicles, helps airports reduce emissions, and funds roads and bridges.


title: Katie Porter

text: Porter has a 100% rating from NARAL Pro-Choice America and an F rating from Susan B. Anthony Pro-Life America for her abortion-related voting history. She opposed the overturning of "Roe v. Wade", calling it "terrible...not just for women, but for all Americans."


title: Katie Porter

text: In 2003, Porter married Matthew Hoffman, with whom she has three children. During her campaign, she said her marriage was marked by physical and mental abuse. According to Porter, Hoffman punched her, shoved her one-year-old daughter across the kitchen, threatened to kill himself, and directed profane insults at her family. She sought a protective order against him in 2013. The same year, they divorced. Porter is now a single mother with custody of their children. Her daughter, Betsy, is named after Elizabeth Warren.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Sir Roger Alexander Deakins (born 24 May 1949) is an English cinematographer, best known for his collaborations with directors the Coen brothers, Sam Mendes and Denis Villeneuve. Deakins has been admitted to both the British Society of Cinematographers and to the American Society of Cinematographers. He is the recipient of five BAFTA Awards for Best Cinematography, and two Academy Awards for Best Cinematography from fifteen nominations. His best-known works include "The Shawshank Redemption", "Fargo", "O Brother, Where Art Thou?", "A Beautiful Mind", "Skyfall", "Sicario", "Blade Runner 2049", and "1917", the last two of which earned him Academy Awards.


title: Roger Deakins

text: An alumnus of the National Film and Television School, in recognition of his "outstanding contribution[s] to ... British film" Deakins was named and serves as an Honorary Fellow of the school. Deakins received a Lifetime Achievement Award from the American Society of Cinematographers in 2011, and in 2013 he was bestowed a CBE by the Palace for his services to film. In the 2021 New Year Honours he was knighted as a Knight Bachelor.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins was born in Torquay in the English county of Devon. His father ran a construction company, while his mother was an actress and amateur painter. Deakins attended Torquay Boys' Grammar School. He took up painting from a young age, and subsequently enrolled in the Bath Academy of Art in Bath, Somerset, where he studied graphic design. While studying in Bath, Deakins developed a passion for photography; he cited the photographer Roger Mayne, who was then a guest lecturer at the academy, as a major source of inspiration.


title: Roger Deakins

text: After college, Deakins applied to the newly opened National Film School, but was denied admission as his photography was considered not "filmic" enough. He spent the following year wandering the countryside, photographing rural life in North Devon, before finally being admitted to the National Film School in 1972. Director Michael Radford was one of Deakins's schoolmates.


title: Roger Deakins

text: After graduating, Deakins found work as a cameraman, assisting in the production of projects for about seven years. An early project of his involved filming a nine-month trip on a yacht as an entrant of the Whitbread Round the World Race, titled "Around the World with Ridgeway". Deakins was hired to film two documentaries in Africa. His first, "Zimbabwe", was a clandestine documentation of the Rhodesian Bush War, while his second, "Eritrea – Behind Enemy Lines", depicted the Eritrean War of Independence. He also shot anthropological documentaries in India and Sudan.


title: Roger Deakins

text: During the late 1970s and early 1980s, Deakins was involved in a number of music-related projects, including "Blue Suede Shoes", a music documentary about the British rockabilly scene, the concert film "Van Morrison in Ireland", and the Ray Davies musical film "Return to Waterloo". He also made short music videos for Herbie Hancock, Eric Clapton, Marvin Gaye, Tracey Ullman, Madness, Level 42 and Meat Loaf.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins's first dramatic project was a miniseries titled "Wolcott", about a black detective working in the East End of London. The camerawork of the miniseries impressed his former schoolmate and frequent collaborator Michael Radford, who enlisted Deakins for their first dramatic feature, the 1983 film "Another Time, Another Place". The film screened at the Cannes Film Festival and was well-received; subsequently, Deakins and Radford teamed up again on "Nineteen Eighty-Four" (1984), based upon George Orwell's novel of the same name. The film was praised for its bold, unusual palette, which Deakins achieved through a process known as bleach bypass, where the silver is retained in the print, creating a washed-out look that reflected Orwell's bleak vision. Deakins was the first Western cinematographer to use the technique, which has since become highly influential and could be seen in films such as "Seven" (1995) and "Saving Private Ryan" (1998). Throughout the 1980s, Deakins continued working in Britain, serving as cinematographer for films including "Defence of the Realm" (1986), "Sid and Nancy" (1986), "White Mischief" (1987; his third feature film with Radford), "Stormy Monday" (1988) and "Pascali's Island" (1988).


title: Roger Deakins

text: In 1991, Deakins began his long-term collaboration with the Coen brothers, starting with the film "Barton Fink". The Coens had been impressed with Deakins's work, and reached out to him after their previous collaborator Barry Sonnenfeld left to pursue a career in directing. The film won the Coens' the Festival de Cannes 1991 Palme d'Or and Best Director awards (and John Turturro the award for Best Actor), and earned Deakins best cinematography awards from New York, Chicago and Los Angeles film critics circles.


title: Roger Deakins

text: In 1994, the year Deakins was admitted to the American Society of Cinematographers, he served as cinematographer for "The Shawshank Redemption", which earned him his first Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography, and his first American Society of Cinematographers Award. He received two further Academy Award nominations in that decade, for "Fargo" (1996) and "Kundun" (1997).


title: Roger Deakins

text: For the Coen brothers film "O Brother, Where Art Thou?" (2000), Deakins spent some two months fine-tuning the look, turning the lush green Mississippi landscape into a burnt, autumnal yellow and desaturating the overall image. This feat made "O Brother" the first ever feature film to be digitally color-corrected in its entirety, and earned Deakins his fourth Academy Award nomination. The following year, for his work in the Coen brothers' "The Man Who Wasn't There" (2001), Deakins received his fifth Oscar nomination and won his first BAFTA Award for Best Cinematography.


title: Roger Deakins

text: In 2008, Deakins received dual Oscar nominations—his sixth and seventh—for "The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford" (2007) and "No Country for Old Men" (2007). He was the first cinematographer to achieve such a feat since Robert Surtees, who was nominated for "The Last Picture Show" and "Summer of '42" in 1972. Deakins served as director of photography for Stephen Daldry's "The Reader" (2008) but left mid-production due to delays and previous commitments, and was replaced by Chris Menges. The two cinematographers received a shared nomination for Best Cinematography at the 81st Academy Awards.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins worked with the Coens on the 2010 western "True Grit"—their eleventh collaboration—for which he received his ninth Oscar nomination.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins signed on as cinematographer for "Skyfall" (2012), having previously worked with director Sam Mendes on "Jarhead" (2005) and "Revolutionary Road" (2008). For his work, Deakins received another Academy Award nomination for Best Cinematography, eventually losing to Claudio Miranda of "Life of Pi"—his 10th nomination without securing a win.


title: Roger Deakins

text: In addition to his live-action work, Deakins served as both cinematography and visual consultant on his animated work, "Rango" (2011), and also served as a visual consultant on animated features, including "WALL-E" (2008), "Puss in Boots" (2011), "Rise of the Guardians" (2012), "The Croods" (2013), the "How to Train Your Dragon" trilogy (2010, 2014 and 2019). and "Vivo" (2021).


title: Roger Deakins

text: Starting with "Prisoners" (2013), Deakins began working with director Denis Villeneuve. The two proceeded to collaborate on "Sicario" (2015) and "Blade Runner 2049" (2017), with Deakins earning Oscar nominations for all three films. For his work on "Blade Runner 2049", Deakins received his first Academy Award for Best Cinematography on his 14th nomination.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins reunited with Sam Mendes on the 2019 war film "1917", filmed and edited to appear as one uninterrupted take, for which he received his second Academy Award on his 15th nomination.


title: Roger Deakins

text: He has been nominated for fifteen Academy Awards, winning the Academy Award for Best Cinematography twice—on his fourteenth and fifteenth nominations—for "Blade Runner 2049" (2017) and "1917" (2019). He has been named as an Honorary Fellow of his alma mater, the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, Buckinghamshire, an honour which recognises "outstanding contribution to the British film and television industry" On 28 February 2020.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins is the recipient of five BAFTA Awards for Best Cinematography, for "The Man Who Wasn’t There" (2001) in that same year, and for "No Country for Old Men" (2007), "True Grit", "Blade Runner 2049" (2017), "1917" (2019), each in the year following their release. As well, two films that he shot, "Fargo" (1996), and "A Serious Man" (2009), won Independent Spirit Awards for Best Cinematography in the year after their release.


title: Roger Deakins

text: He received the Royal Photographic Society's Lumière Award for major achievement in cinematography, video or animation in 2009.


title: Roger Deakins

text: The National Board of Review, a group of New York-based reviewers whose organization dates to 1909, honoured Deakins in 2007 with its award for Career Achievement in Cinematography. Deakins went on to receive the American Society of Cinematographers and the British Society of Cinematographers Lifetime Achievement Award in 2011 and 2015 respectively.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to film. He was knighted in the 2021 New Year Honours, also for services to film.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins is often cited as one of the greatest and most influential cinematographers of all time. His consistent output led fellow cinematographer Robert Elswit to jokingly suggest that the American Society of Cinematographers should establish a special award for "films shot by Roger Deakins." Deakins received 13 Academy Awards nominations without a win, a fact often lamented by journalists and film critics. His first Oscar win (on his 14th nomination) for "Blade Runner 2049" at the 90th Academy Awards was widely reported and met with great enthusiasm.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins is among the most respected and sought-after cinematographers in the film business. His involvement in a film could secure the casting of established stars—a distinction usually reserved for auteur directors. He was hired to shoot "The Shawshank Redemption" at the insistence of Tim Robbins, who had previously worked with him on the Coen brothers film "The Hudsucker Proxy". Josh Brolin agreed to join the cast of "Sicario" only after hearing of Deakins's involvement. When Ryan Gosling accepted his role in "Blade Runner 2049", he cited the involvement of Deakins as a factor for his decision.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins married Isabella James Purefoy Ellis (b. January 1954, professionally known as James Ellis Deakins and often referred to simply as James) on 11 December 1991. They had met in 1991 in Los Angeles on the set of David Mamet's "Homicide", where she was working as the script supervisor. The two began dating after the "Homicide" production finished and were married within about six months. Since then, James Ellis has "ovesee[n] the digital workflow of... film[s]", and they have worked together on various projects, including "The Goldfinch" and "1917". As of February 2020, they reside in Kingswear, Devon, and Santa Monica, California.


title: Roger Deakins

text: Deakins has kept a boat since beginning such activities with his father as a child—with him, first a sailboat, then a motor boat—and he currently keeps one in Torquay, his hometown, to which he often goes (and from which he fishes) when in Britain. When in Devon he enjoys running, and has maintained a passion for still photography. In 2021, Deakins released a book of his black-and-white still photographs, "Byways".


title: Roger Deakins

text: Since 2005, Deakins has maintained a website through which he frequently communicates with admirers and other industry practitioners. His correspondence includes answering fan questions and offering cinematography tips. Since April 2020 he and his wife have hosted the "Team Deakins" podcast, whose guests have included Sam Mendes, John Crowley, and Denis Villeneuve.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Chukwudi Iwuji (; born 15 October 1975) is a Nigerian-British actor. He is an Associate Artist for the Royal Shakespeare Company.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Iwuji is one of five Nigerian siblings born to diplomat parents. When Iwuji was age 10, they joined the United Nations, and the family moved to Ethiopia. At age 12, Iwuji was sent to boarding school in England. Between 1987 and 1993, he was a student at Caterham School, Surrey. He was elected Head Boy, the first Black student to be so in the school's history. He then attended Yale University and earned his undergraduate degree in economics in 1997. He attended the Professional Theatre Training Program (PTTP) at The University of Milwaukee - Wisconsin in 2000. He then moved back to the United Kingdom.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Iwuji began to perform at the Royal Shakespeare Company in 2001. He had roles in Edward Hall's production of "Julius Caesar" and as Claudius in "Hamlet", both in 2001. In 2002, he played Fenton in "The Merry Wives of Windsor" and Aufidius in "Coriolanus". In 2006, he replaced David Oyelowo in the title role of the Henry VI trilogy in the revival of the project). Iwuji described the role, "In Henry VI, the musicality is different: the thoughts are very structured." The production won the Olivier Award for Best Revival.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: In 2013, Iwuji played Enobarbus in the Caribbean-themed "Antony and Cleopatra" directed by Tarell Alvin McCraney that was a joint production between the RSC and The Public Theater in New York. In 2014, he played Edgar in "King Lear". In 2016, he played Hamlet for The Public's Mobile Unit, and he described his portrayal of the role as "this ugly, relentless beast that’s about to be unleashed." In 2018, he starred as Othello at the Delacorte Theater for Shakespeare in the Park opposite Corey Stoll as Iago, and as Blanke in "The Low Road" at the Public.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Iwuji has worked with numerous other theaters. In 2002, he was in Peter Hall 's "Bacchai" at the Royal National Theatre. He played Booth in "Topdog/Underdog" Christy in "Playboy of the Western World" at the Abbey Theatre in Dublin, Julian in Thea Sharrock's production of "The Misanthrope", and played in the large cast of "The Vote" at the Donmar Warehouse in 2015. He performed at the Royal National Theatre in "Welcome to Thebes" in 2010, the Old Vic in a 2011 "Richard III", in 2014 off-Broadway in "Tamburlaine" for which theater critic Ben Brantley called him "a standout," and in 2016-17 with director Ivo van Hove in both "Obsession" and "Hedda Gabbler".


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Iwuji appeared on a number of shows, including Barry Jenkins's 2021 "The Underground Railroad". In 2018, became a series regular on the legal drama "The Split". That year, he played the King of France for the BBC recording of "King Lear" starring Anthony Hopkins, Emma Thompson, and Florence Pugh. He had a recurring role on Netflix's "When They See Us" and "Designated Survivor" in 2019, and starred in "Peacemaker" in 2022.


title: Chukwudi Iwuji

text: Iwuji was in the 2016 film, "Barry" and played Akoni in "" in 2017. In 2022, it was announced that Iwuji would play the High Evolutionary in the 2023 film "Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 3".


title: Hellfire Club

text: Hellfire Club was a name for several exclusive clubs for high-society rakes established in Britain and Ireland in the 18th century. The name most commonly refers to Francis Dashwood's Order of the Friars of St. Francis of Wycombe. Such clubs, rumour had it, served as the meeting places of "persons of quality" who wished to take part in what were socially perceived as immoral acts, and the members were often involved in politics. Neither the activities nor membership of the clubs are easy to ascertain. The clubs allegedly had distant ties to an elite society known only as "The Order of the Second Circle".


title: Hellfire Club

text: The first official Hellfire Club was founded in London in 1718, by Philip, Duke of Wharton and a handful of other high-society friends. The most notorious club associated with the name was established in England by Francis Dashwood, and met irregularly from around 1749 to around 1760, and possibly up until 1766. In its later years the Hellfire was closely associated with Brooks's, established in 1764. Other groups using the name "Hellfire Club" were set up throughout the 18th century. Most of these clubs arose in Ireland after Wharton's had been dissolved.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Lord Wharton, made a duke by George I, was a prominent politician with two separate lives: the first a "man of letters" and the second "a drunkard, a rioter, an infidel and a rake". The members of Wharton's club are largely unknown. Mark Blackett-Ord assumes that members included Wharton's immediate friends: Earl of Hillsborough, cousin – the Earl of Lichfield and Sir Ed. O'Brien. Aside from these names, other members are not revealed.


title: Hellfire Club

text: At the time of the London gentlemen's club, where there was a meeting place for every interest, including poetry, philosophy and politics, Wharton's Hellfire Club was, according to Blackett-Ord, a satirical "gentleman's club" which was known to ridicule religion, catching onto the then-current trend in England of blasphemy. The club was more a joke, meant to shock the outside world, than a serious attack on religion or morality. The supposed president of this club was the Devil, although the members themselves did not apparently worship demons or the Devil, but called themselves devils. Wharton's club admitted men and women as equals, unlike other clubs of the time. The club met on Sundays at a number of different locations around London. The Greyhound Tavern was one of the meeting places used regularly, but because women were not to be seen in taverns, the meetings were also held at members' houses and at Wharton's riding club.


title: Hellfire Club

text: According to at least one source, their activities included mock religious ceremonies and partaking of meals featuring such dishes as "Holy Ghost Pie", "Breast of Venus", and "Devil's Loin", while drinking "Hell-fire punch". Members of the Club supposedly came to meetings dressed as characters from the Bible.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Wharton's club came to an end in 1721 when George I, under the influence of Wharton's political enemies (in particular, Robert Walpole) put forward a Bill "against 'horrid impieties'" (or immorality), aimed at the Hellfire Club. Wharton's political opposition used his membership as a way to pit him against his political allies, thus removing him from Parliament. After his Club was disbanded, Wharton became a Freemason, and in 1722 he became the Grand Master of England.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Sir Francis Dashwood and the Earl of Sandwich are alleged to have been members of a Hellfire Club that met at the George and Vulture Inn throughout the 1730s. Dashwood founded the Order of the Knights of St Francis in 1746, originally meeting at the George & Vulture.


title: Hellfire Club

text: The club motto was "Fais ce que tu voudras" (Do what thou wilt), a philosophy of life associated with François Rabelais's fictional abbey at "Thélème" and later used by Aleister Crowley.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Francis Dashwood was well known for his pranks: for example, while in the Royal Court in St Petersburg, he dressed up as the King of Sweden, a great enemy of Russia. The membership of Sir Francis's club was initially limited to twelve but soon increased. Of the original twelve, some are regularly identified: Dashwood, Robert Vansittart, Thomas Potter, Francis Duffield, Edward Thompson, Paul Whitehead and John Montagu, 4th Earl of Sandwich. The list of supposed members is immense; among the more probable candidates are Benjamin Bates II, George Bubb Dodington, a fabulously corpulent man in his 60s; William Hogarth, although hardly a gentleman, has been associated with the club after painting Dashwood as a Franciscan Friar and John Wilkes, though much later, under the pseudonym John of Aylesbury. Benjamin Franklin is known to have occasionally attended the club's meetings in 1758 during his time in England. As there are no records left (these having been burned in 1774), many of these members are just assumed or linked by letters sent to each other.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Sir Francis's club was never originally known as a Hellfire Club; it was given this name much later. His club in fact used a number of other names, such as the "Brotherhood of St. Francis of Wy", "Order of Knights of West Wycombe", "The Order of the Friars of St Francis of Wycombe", and later, after moving their meetings to Medmenham Abbey, they became the "Monks" or "Friars of Medmenham". The first meeting at Sir Francis's family home in West Wycombe was held on "Walpurgis Night", 1752; a much larger meeting, it was something of a failure and no large-scale meetings were held there again. In 1751, Dashwood, leased Medmenham Abbey on the Thames from a friend, Francis Duffield.


title: Hellfire Club

text: On moving into Medmenham Abbey, Dashwood had numerous expensive works done on the building. It was rebuilt by the architect Nicholas Revett in the style of the 18th-century Gothic revival. At this time, the motto "Fais ce que tu voudras" was placed above a doorway in stained glass. It is thought that William Hogarth may have executed murals for this building; none, however, survive. Eventually, the meetings were moved out of the abbey into a series of tunnels and caves in West Wycombe Hill.


title: Hellfire Club

text: They were decorated again with mythological themes, phallic symbols and other items of a sexual nature.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Records indicate that the members performed "obscene parodies of religious rites" according to one source. According to Horace Walpole, the members' "practice was rigorously pagan: Bacchus and Venus were the deities to whom they almost publicly sacrificed; and the nymphs and the hogsheads that were laid in against the festivals of this new church, sufficiently informed the neighbourhood of the complexion of those hermits." Dashwood's garden at West Wycombe contained numerous statues and shrines to different gods; Daphne and Flora, Priapus and the previously mentioned Venus and Dionysus.


title: Hellfire Club

text: A Parish history from 1925 stated that members included "Frederick, Prince of Wales, the Duke of Queensberry, the Earl of Bute, Lord Melcombe, Sir William Stanhope, K.B, Sir John Dashwood-King, bart., Sir Francis Delaval, K.B., Sir John Vanluttan, kt., Henry Vansittart, afterwards Governor of Bengal, (fn. 13) and Paul Whitchead the poet". Meetings occurred twice a month, with an AGM lasting a week or more in June or September. The members addressed each other as "Brothers" and the leader, which changed regularly, as "Abbot". During meetings members supposedly wore ritual clothing: white trousers, jacket and cap, while the "Abbot" wore a red ensemble of the same style. Legends of Black Masses and Satan or demon worship have subsequently become attached to the club, beginning in the late Nineteenth Century. Rumours saw female "guests" (a euphemism for prostitutes) referred to as "Nuns". Dashwood's Club meetings often included mock rituals, items of a pornographic nature, much drinking, wenching and banqueting.


title: Hellfire Club

text: The downfall of Dashwood's Club was more drawn-out and complicated. In 1762, the Earl of Bute appointed Dashwood his Chancellor of the Exchequer, despite Dashwood being widely held to be incapable of understanding "a bar bill of five figures". (Dashwood resigned the post the next year, having raised a tax on cider which caused near-riots). Dashwood now sat in the House of Lords after taking up the title of Baron Le Despencer after the previous holder died. Then there was the attempted arrest of John Wilkes for seditious libel against the King in the notorious issue No. 45 of his "The North Briton" in early 1763. During a search authorised by a General warrant (possibly set up by Sandwich, who wanted to get rid of Wilkes), a version of "The Essay on Woman" was discovered set up on the press of a printer whom Wilkes had almost certainly used. The work was almost certainly principally written by Thomas Potter, and from internal evidence can be dated to around 1755. It was scurrilous, blasphemous, libellous, and bawdy, though not pornographic – still unquestionably illegal under the laws of the time, and the Government subsequently used it to drive Wilkes into exile. Between 1760 and 1765 "Chrysal, or the Adventures of a Guinea" by the Irish author Charles Johnstone was published. It contained stories easily identified with Medmenham, one in which Lord Sandwich was ridiculed as having mistaken a monkey for the Devil. This book sparked the association between the Medmenham Monks and the Hellfire Club. By this time, many of the Friars were either dead or too far away for the Club to continue as it did before. Medmenham was finished by 1766.


title: Hellfire Club

text: Paul Whitehead had been the Secretary and Steward of the Order at Medmenham. When he died in 1774, as his will specified, his heart was placed in an urn at West Wycombe. It was sometimes taken out to show to visitors, but was stolen in 1829.


title: Hellfire Club

text: The West Wycombe Caves in which the Friars met are now a tourist site known as the "Hell Fire Caves".


title: Hellfire Club

text: In Anstruther, Scotland, a likeminded sex and drinking club called The Beggar's Benison was formed in the 1730s, which survived for a century and spawned additional branches in Glasgow and Edinburgh. Honorary membership was extended to the Prince of Wales in 1783. 39 years later, while the Prince (by now King George IV) was paying a royal visit to Scotland, he bequeathed the club a snuff box filled with his mistresses' pubic hair.


title: Hellfire Club

text: In 1781, Dashwood's nephew Joseph Alderson (an undergraduate at Brasenose College, Oxford) founded the Phoenix Society (later known as the Phoenix Common Room), but it was only in 1786 that the small gathering of friends asserted themselves as a recognised institution. The Phoenix was established in honour of Sir Francis, who died in 1781, as a symbolic rising from the ashes of Dashwood's earlier institution. To this day, the dining society abides by many of its predecessor's tenets. Its motto 'when one is torn away another succeeds' is from the sixth book of Virgil's "Aeneid" and refers to the practice of establishing the continuity of the society through a process of constant renewal of its graduate and undergraduate members, but also refers to the alchemical kabbalistic process that a life snatched via sacrifice is a life given back via a spirit at the command of its master. The Phoenix Common Room's continuous history was reported in 1954 as a matter of note to the college.


title: Hellfire Club

text: A number of Hellfire Clubs are allegedly still in existence in Ireland and are centred around universities and meet secretly.


title: Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles and Fundamental Duties of India

text: The Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles of State Policy and Fundamental Duties' are sections of the


text: Constitution of India that prescribe the fundamental obligations of the states to its citizens and the duties and the rights of the citizens to the State. These sections are considered vital elements of the constitution, which was developed between 1949 by the Constituent Assembly of India.


text: The "Fundamental Rights" are defined in Part III of the Indian Constitution from article 12 to 35 and applied irrespective of race, place of birth, religion, caste, creed, gender, and equality of opportunity in matters of employment.They are enforceable by the courts, subject to specific restrictions. The "Directive Principles of State Policy" are guidelines for the framing of laws by the government. These provisions, set out in Part IV of the Constitution, are not enforceable by the courts, but the principles on which they are based are fundamental guidelines for governance that the State is expected to apply in framing any policies and passing of laws.


text: The "Fundamental Duties" are defined as the moral obligations of all citizens to help promote a spirit of patriotism and to uphold the unity of India. These duties set out in Part IV–A of the Constitution, concern individuals and the nation. Like the Directive Principles, they are not enforceable by courts unless otherwise made enforceable by parliamentary law.


text: The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the limits of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens.


text: The unsatisfactory Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms of 1919, and the rise to prominence of M. K. Gandhi in the Indian independence movement marked a change in the attitude of its leaders towards articulating demands for civil rights. The focus shifted from demanding equality of status between Indians and the British to assuring liberty for all Indians. The Commonwealth of India Bill, drafted by Annie Beasant in 1925, specifically included demands for seven fundamental rights – individual liberty, freedom of conscience, free expression of opinion, freedom of assembly, non-discrimination on the ground of sex, free elementary education and free use of public spaces. In 1927, the INC resolved to set up a committee to draft a "Swaraj Constitution" for India based on a declaration of rights that would provide safeguards against oppression. The 11-member committee, led by Motilal Nehru, was constituted in 1928. Its report made a number of recommendations, including proposing guaranteed fundamental rights to all Indians. These rights resembled those of the American Constitution and those adopted by post-war European countries, and several of them were adopted from the 1925 Bill. Several of these provisions were later replicated in various parts of the Indian Constitution, including the Fundamental Right itself to the defence of civil rights and economic freedom, with the stated objectives of putting an end to exploitation, providing social security and implementing land reforms. Other new rights proposed by the resolution were the prohibition of State titles, universal adult franchise, the abolition of capital punishment and freedom of movement. Drafted by Jawaharlal Nehru, the resolution, which later formed the basis for some of the Directive Principles, placed the primary responsibility of carrying out social reform on the State, and marked the increasing influence of socialism and Gandhian philosophy on the independence movement. The final phase of the Independence movement saw a reiteration of the socialist principles of the 1930s, along with an increased focus on minority rights – which had become an issue of major political concern by then – which were published in the Sapru Report in 1945. The report, apart from stressing on protecting the rights of minorities, also sought to prescribe a "The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles had their origins in the Indian independence movement, which strove to achieve the values of liberty and social welfare as the goals of an independent Indian state. The development of constitutional rights in India was inspired by historical documents such as England's Bill of Rights, the United States Bill of Rights and France's Declaration of the Rights of Man. The demand for civil liberties formed an important part of the Indian independence movement, with one of the objectives of the Indian National Congress (INC) being to end discrimination between the British rulers and their Indian subjects. This demand was explicitly mentioned in resolutions adopted by the INC between 1917 and 1919. The demands articulated in these resolutions included granting to Indians the rights to equality before the law, free speech, trial by juries composed at least half of Indian members, political power, and equal terms for bearing arms as British citizens. standard of conduct for the legislatures, government and the courts".


text: During the final stages of the British Raj, the 1946 Cabinet Mission to India proposed a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution for India as part of the process of transfer of power. The Constituent Assembly of India, composed of indirectly elected representatives from the British provinces and Princely states, commenced its proceedings in December 1946, and completed drafting the Constitution of India by November 1949. According to the Cabinet Mission plan, the Assembly was to have an Advisory Committee to advise it on the nature and extent of fundamental rights, protection of minorities and administration of tribal areas. Accordingly, the Advisory Committee was constituted in January 1947 with 64 members, and from among these a twelve-member sub-committee on Fundamental Rights was appointed under the chairmanship of J. B. Kripalani in February 1947. The sub-committee drafted the Fundamental Rights and submitted its report to the Committee by April 1947, and later that month the Committee placed it before the Assembly, which debated and discussed the rights over the course of the following year, adopting the drafts of most of them by, December 1948. The drafting of the Fundamental Rights was influenced by the adoption of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights by the U.N. General Assembly and the activities of the United Nations Human Rights Commission, as well as decisions of the U.S. Supreme Court in interpreting the Bill of Rights in the American Constitution. The Directive Principles, which were also drafted by the sub-committee on Fundamental Rights, expounded the socialist precepts of the Indian independence movement, and were inspired by similar principles contained in the Irish Constitution. The Fundamental Duties were later added to the Constitution by the 42nd Amendment in 1976.


text: The Fundamental Rights, embodied in Part III of the Constitution, guarantee civil rights to all Indians and prevent the State from encroaching an individual's liberty while simultaneously placing upon it an obligation to protect the citizens' rights from encroachment by society. Seven fundamental rights were originally provided by the Constitution – the right to equality, right to freedom, right against exploitation, right to freedom of religion, cultural and educational rights, right to property and right to constitutional remedies. However, the right to property was removed from Part III of the Constitution by the 44th Amendment in 1978. The purpose of the Fundamental Rights is to preserve individual liberty and democratic principles based on equality of all members of society. Dr Ambedkar said that the responsibility of the legislature is not just to provide fundamental rights but also and rather, more importantly, to safeguard them.


text: They act as limitations on the powers of the legislature and executive, under Article 13, and in case of any violation of these rights the Supreme Court of India and the High Courts of the states have the power to declare such legislative or executive action as unconstitutional and void. These rights are largely enforceable against the State, which as per the wide definition provided in Article 12, includes not only the legislative and executive wings of the federal and state governments, but also local administrative authorities and other agencies and institutions which discharge public functions or are of a governmental character. However, there are certain rights – such as those in Articles 15, 17, 18, 23, 24 – that are also available against private individuals. Further, certain Fundamental Rights – including those under Articles 14, 20, 21, 25 – apply to persons of any nationality upon Indian soil, while others – such as those under Articles 15, 16, 19, 30 – are applicable only to citizens of India.


text: The Fundamental Rights are not absolute and are subject to reasonable restrictions as necessary for the protection of public interest. In the "Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala" case in 1973, the Supreme Court, overruling a previous decision of 1967, held that the Fundamental Rights could be amended, subject to judicial review in case such an amendment violated the basic structure of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights can be enhanced, removed or otherwise altered through a constitutional amendment, passed by a two-thirds majority of each House of Parliament. The imposition of a state of emergency may lead to a temporary suspension any of the Fundamental Rights, excluding Articles 20 and 21, by order of the President. The President may, by order, suspend the right to constitutional remedies as well, thereby barring citizens from approaching the Supreme Court for the enforcement of any of the Fundamental Rights, except Articles 20 and 21, during the period of the emergency. Parliament may also restrict the application of the Fundamental Rights to members of the Indian Armed Forces and the police, in order to ensure proper discharge of their duties and the maintenance of discipline, by a law made under Article 33.


text: The Directive Principles of State Policy, embodied in Part IV of the Constitution, are directions given to the state to guide the establishment of an economic and social democracy, as proposed by the Preamble. They set forth the humanitarian and socialist instructions that were the aim of social revolution envisaged in India by the Constituent Assembly. The state is expected to keep these principles in mind while framing laws and policies, even though they are non-justiciable in nature. The Directive Principles may be classified under the following categories: ideals that the state ought to strive towards achieving; directions for the exercise of legislative and executive power; and rights of the citizens which the State must aim towards securing.


text: Despite being non-justiciable, the Directive Principles act as a check on the state; theorised as a yardstick in the hands of the electorate and the opposition to measure the performance of a government at the time of an election. Article 37, while stating that the Directive Principles are not enforceable in any court of law, declares them to be "fundamental to the governance of the country" and imposes an obligation on the State to apply them in matters of legislation. Thus, they serve to emphasise the welfare state model of the Constitution and emphasise the positive duty of the state to promote the welfare of the people by affirming social, economic and political justice, as well as to fight income inequality and ensure individual dignity, as mandated.


text: Article 39 lays down certain principles of policy to be followed by the State, including providing an adequate means of livelihood for all citizens, equal pay for equal work for men and women, proper working conditions, reduction of the concentration of wealth and means of production from the hands of a few, and distribution of community resources to "subserve the common good". These clauses highlight the Constitutional objectives of building an egalitarian social order and establishing a welfare state, by bringing about a social revolution assisted by the State, and have been used to support the nationalisation of mineral resources as well as public utilities. Further, several legislation pertaining to agrarian reform and land tenure have been enacted by the federal and state governments, in order to ensure equitable distribution of land resources.


text: Articles 41–43 mandate the State to endeavour to secure to all citizens the right to work, a living wage, social security, maternity relief, and a decent standard of living. These provisions aim at establishing a socialist state as envisaged in the Preamble. Article 43 also places upon the State the responsibility of promoting cottage industries, and the federal government has, in furtherance of this, established several Boards for the promotion of khadi, handlooms etc., in coordination with the state governments. Article 39A requires the State to provide free legal aid to ensure that opportunities for securing justice are available to all citizens irrespective of economic or other disabilities. Article 43A mandates the State to work towards securing the participation of workers in the management of industries. The State, under Article 46, is also mandated to promote the interests of and work for the economic uplift of the scheduled castes and scheduled tribes and protect them from discrimination and exploitation. Several enactments, including two Constitutional amendments, have been passed to give effect to this provision.


text: Article 44 encourages the State to secure a uniform civil code for all citizens, by eliminating discrepancies between various personal laws currently in force in the country. However, this has remained a "dead letter" despite numerous reminders from the Supreme Court to implement the provision. Article 45 originally mandated the State to provide free and compulsory education to children between the ages of six and fourteen years, but after the 86th Amendment in 2002, this has been converted into a Fundamental Right and replaced by an obligation upon the State to secure childhood care to all children below the age of six. Article 47 commits the State to raise the standard of living and improve public health, and prohibit the consumption of intoxicating drinks and drugs injurious to health. As a consequence, partial or total prohibition has been introduced in several states, but financial constraints have prevented its full-fledged application. The State is also mandated by Article 48 to organise agriculture and animal husbandry on modern and scientific lines by improving breeds and prohibiting slaughter of cattle. Article 48A mandates the State to protect the environment and safeguard the forests and wildlife of the country, while Article 49 places an obligation upon the State to ensure the preservation of monuments and objects of national importance. Article 50 requires the State to ensure the separation of judiciary from executive in public services, in order to ensure judicial independence, and federal legislation has been enacted to achieve this objective. The State, according to Article 51, must also strive for the promotion of international peace and security, and Parliament has been empowered under Article 253 to make laws giving effect to international treaties.


text: Children are now unemployed in hazardous environments, but their employment in hazardous jobs, prevalently as domestic help, violates the spirit of the constitution in the eyes of many critics and human rights advocates. 16.5 million children are in employment. India was ranked 88 out of 159 countries in 2005, according to the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians.


text: The year 1990–1991 was declared as the "Year of Social Justice" in the memory of B.R. Ambedkar. The government provides free textbooks to students belonging to scheduled castes and tribes pursuing medicine and engineering courses. During 2002–2003, a sum of Rs. 4.77 crore (47.7 million) was released for this purpose. In order to protect scheduled castes and tribes from discrimination, the government enacted the Scheduled Caste and Scheduled Tribe (Prevention of Atrocities) Act, 1989, prescribing severe punishments for such actions.


text: The "Minimum Wages Act" of 1948 empowers government to fix minimum wages for people working across the economic spectrum. The "Consumer Protection Act of 1986" provides for the better protection of consumers. The "Equal Remuneration Act" of 1976 provides for equal pay for equal work for both men and women. The "Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana" (Universal Rural Employment Program) was launched in 2001 to attain the objective of providing gainful employment for the rural poor. The program was implemented through the Panchayati Raj institutions.


text: A system of elected village councils, known as Panchayati Raj covers almost all states and territories of India. One-third of the total of number of seats have been reserved for women in Panchayats at every level; and in the case of Bihar, half the seats have been reserved for women. The judiciary has been separated from the executive "in all the states and territories except Jammu and Kashmir and Nagaland." India supported the United Nations in peace-keeping activities, with the Indian Army having participated in 37 UN peace-keeping operations.


text: The implementation of a uniform civil code for all citizens has not been achieved owing to widespread opposition from various religious groups and political parties. The Shah Bano case (1985–86) provoked a political firestorm in India when the Supreme Court ruled that Shah Bano, a Muslim woman who had been divorced by her husband in 1978 was entitled to receive alimony from her former husband under Indian law applicable for all Indian women. This decision evoked outrage in the Muslim community, which sought the application of the Muslim personal law and in response the Parliament passed the Muslim Women (Protection of Rights on Divorce) Act, 1986 overturning the Supreme Court's verdict. This act provoked further outrage, as jurists, critics and politicians alleged that the fundamental right of equality for all citizens irrespective of religion or gender was being jettisoned to preserve the interests of distinct religious communities. The verdict and the legislation remain a source of heated debate, with many citing the issue as a prime example of the poor implementation of Fundamental Rights.


text: Per , prompt rendering of the justice by courts is part of animating judiciary. Rendering prompt justice is the foremost purpose of the constitution as enshrined in the Preamble to the constitution also. However the judiciary is failing in this respect by causing inordinate delay considering time of rendering justice in a case arbitrarily is its constitutional liberty.


text: Most of the fundamental rights are violated in courtrooms in either criminal cases or civil cases. Before they get into the court with their matters everyone should be aware of these 5 writs which are 1. Habeas Corpus


text: The Directive Principles have been used to uphold the Constitutional validity of legislations in case of a conflict with the Fundamental Rights. Article 31C, added by the 25th Amendment in 1971, provided that any law made to give effect to the Directive Principles in Article 39(b)–(c) would not be invalid on the grounds that they derogated from the Fundamental Rights conferred by Articles 14, 19 and 21. The application of this article was sought to be extended to all the Directive Principles by the 42nd Amendment in 1976, but the Supreme Court struck down the extension as void on the ground that it violated the basic structure of the Constitution. The Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles have also been used together in forming the basis of legislation for social welfare. The Supreme Court, after the judgment in the "Kesavananda Bharati" case, has adopted the view of the Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles being complementary to each other, each supplementing the other's role in aiming at the same goal of establishing a welfare state by means of social revolution. Similarly, the Supreme Court has used the Fundamental Duties to uphold the Constitutional validity of statutes which seeks to promote the objects laid out in the Fundamental Duties. These Duties have also been held to be obligatory for all citizens, subject to the State enforcing the same by means of a valid law. The Supreme Court has also issued directions to the State in this regard, with a view towards making the provisions effective and enabling citizens to properly perform their duties.