title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: This essay was featured in "The Strand Magazine" as a Christmas treat to its readers. It talks of the way Holmes had caught the public imagination and Doyle's view on his character.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: An essay from "Collier's Weekly", in which Doyle explains exactly where Holmes came from. It contains, at the end, J. M. Barrie's "The Adventure of the Two Collaborators".


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: This appeared in "The Strand Magazine" to introduce a competition to name the best Sherlock Holmes adventures. The same essay, with two paragraphs cut, appears as the preface to "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes".


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: This is the sequel to the article mentioned above. In it, Doyle listed what he thought were the best Holmes adventures. He noted that had he been able to include stories from "The Case-Book of Sherlock Holmes" he would certainly have included "The Adventure of the Lion's Mane" and "The Adventure of the Illustrious Client". The list is as follows:


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: Richard Lancelyn Green's "The Uncollected Sherlock Holmes" also includes five prefaces to the various editions of Sherlock Holmes stories and novels, Doyle's speech at the Stoll Convention Dinner (1921), some chapters from Doyle's autobiography "Memoirs and Adventures", and several interviews.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: These are works which have in the past been thought to have been written by Doyle. Some have been conclusively proved to have no Doyle input, the composition of others still remains unclear.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: "The Exploits of Sherlock Holmes", is a 1954 collection of stories written by Arthur Conan Doyle's son Adrian Conan Doyle and Arthur's biographer, novelist John Dickson Carr. The stories are generally extrapolations of cases briefly mentioned in the canonical work, but tend to contradict themselves and each other. They are generally considered Sherlock Holmes pastiches.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: This mystery, a completed Sherlock Holmes story, was found in 1942 by a Doyle biographer, Hesketh Pearson, searching through a box of Doyle's papers. It was originally announced that the story would not be published by the Doyle estate, but it was announced it certainly was by Doyle, as the manuscript supposedly appeared in his own handwriting. However, according to Jon L. Lellenberg in "Nova 57 Minor", the manuscript was not in Doyle's handwriting, but typewritten. "The Strand Magazine" published extracts from it in August 1943, and it was finally published after demand from Sherlock Holmes societies in 1947, when it was embraced as a new (if slightly inferior) part of the canon by The Baker Street Irregulars amongst others. Initial suspicions of forgery were reported by Vincent Starret.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: In September 1945, a letter was received by Hesketh Pearson, a biographer of Sir Arthur. The letter stated, "My pride is not unduly hurt by your remark that 'The Man who was Wanted' is certainly not up to scratch for the sting is much mitigated by your going on to remark that it carries the authentic trade–mark! This, I feel, is a great compliment to my one and only effort at plagiarism." The letter was written by an architect named Arthur Whitaker who had sent the story to Arthur Conan Doyle in 1911 with a suggestion that they publish it as a joint collaboration. Doyle refused, but sent Whitaker a "cheque for ten guineas" in payment for the story. After seeing it attributed to Sir Arthur in the "Sunday Dispatch", Whitaker wrote a letter to Denis Conan Doyle explaining the true authorship. Denis forwarded the letter to his brother Adrian, who became angry, demanded proof, and threatened legal action. Whitaker had retained a carbon copy and the Doyles admitted in 1949, after seeing the carbon copy and listening to people who had read it in 1911, that Whitaker was the author.


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: Doyle had bought the story, in the thought that he might use the idea at a later date, but he never did. Pearson, Green, Tracy and the Doyle estate agree that Whitaker wrote the story, though Haining still claims that "the opening scene between Holmes and Watson betrays the hand of the master", and that the story is partly written by Doyle. He points out that Doyle's wife, sons and biographer were fooled by the style, and it is possible there was a redraft made. The story is published in Penguin's "The Further Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" collection under the title of "The Adventure of the Sheffield Banker."


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: Though never claimed by any serious critic to be a Doyle work, this parody is listed here due to a popular misconception that this was written by Doyle for his friend, J. M. Barrie (of "Peter Pan" fame). (Perhaps contributing to this misconception is the fact that the story appears for the first time only in a work of Doyle's, and all subsequent printings are from that source.) In fact, this story was written by Barrie for Doyle following a period of the two of them working together on a play, Jane Annie. The story itself involves Doyle and Barrie visiting Holmes, with Doyle killing Holmes due to his irritating intelligence (which perhaps reflects Doyle's killing off of the character in "The Adventure of the Final Problem").


title: Canon of Sherlock Holmes

text: The recognition of William Gillette as Sherlock Holmes was growing as a result of the success of the play "Sherlock Holmes". Playing upon his most famous role, a short comedy sketch performed by William Gillette as a curtain raiser to an unrelated play. It involves a mute Sherlock Holmes, and a very talkative client. In Haining and Tracy's books, they speculate as to whether or not this play was written by Arthur Conan Doyle. Certainly Gillette would have needed Doyle's consent to write an original work involving Sherlock Holmes, as the character was under copyright, but it is presumed by most Sherlockians that Gillette wrote the whole thing himself. Haining, however claims that Gillette may have asked Doyle to 'whip up something quickly for him'. However, no manuscript exists in Doyle's hand, and no reference of the play is left by him, it has been assumed by most that it is little more than a William Gillette curiosity.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Jesus Is King is the ninth studio album by American rapper Kanye West. It was released on October 25, 2019, through GOOD Music and distributed by Def Jam Recordings. The album follows a Christian theme, different from his usual work. West described it as "an expression of the gospel". It features guest appearances from Clipse, Ty Dolla Sign, Kenny G, Fred Hammond, Ant Clemons, and the Sunday Service Choir. Production is included from West, Federico Vindver, Angel Lopez, BoogzDaBeast, and Timbaland, among others.


title: Jesus Is King

text: West began recording the album in August 2018, originally announcing it as "Yandhi". The album missed two initial release dates in September and November 2018 under the original title, before being delayed indefinitely due to leaks. West had formed his gospel group the Sunday Service Choir in January 2019, performing gospel songs and covers of songs from West's discography. The song "Water" was performed live prior to release by the group. In August 2019, "Yandhi" was reannounced as "Jesus Is King", but it missed two planned release dates for late September 2019 under the new title.


title: Jesus Is King

text: The final release of "Jesus Is King" was simultaneous with that of a concert film of the same name, which included a number of the tracks as part of the soundtrack. The singles "Follow God" and "Closed on Sunday" were both released in November 2019, charting in the top 20 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The album received mixed reviews from music critics, with a number of them drawing comparisons between it and West's previous solo album, "Ye" (2018). Some critics complimented the former's composition, while others expressed negative feelings towards the lyrics and the inconsistency of ideas.


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" won the Top Christian Album and Top Gospel Album awards at the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards and Best Contemporary Christian Music Album at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards in 2021. It stood as West's record-tying ninth consecutive studio album to debut atop the US "Billboard" 200. In addition, West broke several "Billboard" charts' records. The album was a chart topper in nine other countries, including Australia and Canada, while attaining top five positions in the Czech Republic, Finland, Ireland, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom. It has been certified gold and silver in the United States and the UK by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and British Phonographic Industry (BPI), respectively. A companion album, "Jesus Is Born", was released in December 2019 by the Sunday Service Choir.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Throughout May and June 2018, five seven-track albums produced by West at his ranch in Jackson Hole, Wyoming were successively released as the Wyoming Sessions. American rapper Pusha T's third studio album "Daytona" was released first, followed by West's eighth studio album "Ye", West's collaborative studio album "Kids See Ghosts", with Kid Cudi as Kids See Ghosts, Nas' twelfth studio album "Nasir", and Teyana Taylor's second studio album "K.T.S.E."; all of the albums were released in 2018.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In July 2018, Chicago music artist Chance the Rapper announced that West was coming to Chicago to produce for his seven-track debut studio album. West was seen in the city at the end of August 2018, and simultaneously confirmed to Fox News that the two of them were recording music together. West later stated that his recording sessions with Chance the Rapper had helped the former reconnect with his roots and faith in Jesus. The following month, West released the collaborative single "I Love It" with fellow American rapper Lil Pump. Later that month, West visited Colombia to record music with fellow rapper 6ix9ine. West also reactivated his Instagram account after a half-year absence, with indications that he was working with American record producer Ronny J, and Chance the Rapper, alongside the latter's brother Taylor Bennett, and American rapper G Herbo. Through his Instagram, West confirmed that he was collaborating with 6ix9ine and began posting snippets of new music. American singer-songwriter Ant Clemons, who had previously worked with West on "Ye" and "K.T.S.E.", was invited to Chicago where he entered a studio room with West, Chance the Rapper, and American conservative commentator Candace Owens. During these Chicago sessions, Clemons recorded his vocals for "Everything We Need" (originally titled "The Storm") and an earlier version of the track "Selah" (originally titled "Chakras"). West also announced that he was permanently moving back to Chicago, which his wife Kim Kardashian was not aware of until she heard about West's announcement through social media, and that he was actively working on a collaborative studio album with Chance the Rapper titled "Good Ass Job". West ultimately did not move back to Chicago and "Good Ass Job" has yet to materialize.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On September 17, 2018, West announced his ninth studio album "Yandhi", just three months after the release of his previous solo album "Ye", revealing the cover art and initial release date of September 29, 2018. On September 27, 2018, West visited "The Fader" headquarters to preview new music from "Yandhi" and invited people to change up the lyrics. Songs previewed included vocals from American singer Ty Dolla Sign and American rappers 6ix9ine, and XXXTentacion; West was awaiting Barbadian singer Rihanna to send in vocals for a track. A working track list for the initial version of "Yandhi" included "I Love It" with Lil Pump, "We Got Love" with Teyana Taylor and American singer Lauryn Hill (originally intended for "K.T.S.E."), and "New Body", which Trinidad and Tobago-born rapper Nicki Minaj recorded her verse in under an hour after Kardashian coordinated to get her featured on the song. Other tracks included "The Storm", "Bye Bye Baby", "Hurricane", "Alien / SpaceX", "Last Name", "Sky City", "Garden" and "Chakras".


title: Jesus Is King

text: West was the musical guest for the season 44 premiere of "Saturday Night Live (SNL)", slated to coincide with the release of "Yandhi" on September 29, 2018. Universal Music Publishing Group accidentally leaked that the initial version of the album was to be eight tracks long that same month, with Clemons being shown to have contributed to seven of the tracks. After the album went unreleased, a rescheduled date of November 23, 2018, was announced by Kardashian on October 1 of that year. That same day, West visited the TMZ offices for an interview, admitting that the album was not actually finished yet and that he would be going to Africa in two weeks to continue recording for "Yandhi". West talked about recording in Chicago and how he "felt the roots" but wanted to go to further his energy by touching African soil and recording in nature. West said the previous five albums he released in 2018 as the Wyoming Sessions were "superhero rehabilitation" and declared that "Yandhi" was a "full Ye album," with West comparing it to his critically acclaimed albums "808s & Heartbreak" (2008), "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" (2010), and "Watch the Throne" (2011), the latter of which is a collaboration with fellow rapper Jay-Z. West stated that "the alien Ye is like, fully back in mode, off of medication."


title: Jesus Is King

text: On October 12, 2018, West arrived in Uganda and restarted work on the album in a dome-shaped studio set up in the Chobe Safari Lodge at the Murchison Falls National Park. West arrived with around 50 people and recorded for five days. He played new music, including a studio recording of the "We Got Love" remix, for a group of about 100 Ugandan school children during a charity event. In an October 21, 2018, interview, American rapper Quavo stated that his trio Migos had recorded for the album. In November 2018, following a Kids See Ghosts performance with Kid Cudi at American rapper Tyler, the Creator's Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival, West tweeted that he felt "Yandhi" was not finished, and that he would "announce the release date once it's done," delaying the album indefinitely.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In December 2018, West reiterated on Twitter that he was still not taking medications for his bipolar disorder in order to record music on the same level as some of his previous works. Amanda Mull, writing for "The Atlantic", described West's erratic tweets as promoting "a dangerous myth" that suffering is required for great art and creativity. That same month, American record producer Timbaland and Argentinian jazz pianist Federico Vindver were recording in Miami when West joined their studio session to make "more healing music" for "Yandhi". Clemons was also invited to a record in Miami after he had been talked about to Timbaland by West "nonstop." Vindver stated he recorded about 100 songs with West over the course of ten days. Vindver and American record producer Angel Lopez have stated that these recording sessions lasted 19 to 20 hours. The track "Use This Gospel" was first recorded during these sessions under the name "Law of Attraction".


title: Jesus Is King

text: On January 6, 2019, West debuted the Sunday Service Choir, and continued to rehearse on every Sunday. The choir sings classic gospel music and "church-friendly" remixes of popular songs. That same month, West began splitting time between Los Angeles and his newly purchased house in Miami, being seen in the latter city with Timbaland recording with other artists such as Lil Wayne, 2 Chainz, Migos, Tee Grizzley, and YNW Melly. On February 14, 2019, West met saxophonist Kenny G for the first time after hiring him for a Valentine's Day performance. The day after, West began previewing new songs to him in the studio and Kenny G suggested that his saxophone "would sound really good" on "Use This Gospel". West pulled out a microphone and Kenny G recorded his part, keeping the track for later reverb and EQ tweaks.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On February 25, 2019, a video of West playing a keyboard and leading the Sunday Service Choir for a cover of American gospel singer Fred Hammond's "This Is The Day" was tweeted by American rapper Cyhi the Prynce and went viral. The video garnered Hammond's attention. In March 2019, Hammond was introduced to West at Chance the Rapper's wedding, where West invited Hammond to record for the album. Timbaland shared a snippet of a "Yandhi" track on Instagram that same month. The track "Water" had been recorded in April 2019, and was debuted live less than a week later on April 21, 2019. "Water" was performed with the Sunday Service Choir, Clemons and Ty Dolla Sign at Coachella for Easter. West has claimed that he was "radically saved" around the time of the Coachella performance and later enlisted Adam Tyson as a personal pastor for weekly Bible studies.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In May 2019, West invited Pusha T and the latter's brother, fellow American rapper No Malice, to Wyoming, the same state where West recorded his previous two albums "Ye" and "Kids See Ghosts". Pusha T and No Malice were reunited as their duo Clipse. A feature from the duo was requested by West, though Pusha T had been unsure about whether or not No Malice would say yes to the two of them collaborating as Clipse. Their feature on "Use This Gospel" marked the first time in five years since No Malice stated that the duo would never perform together again. West no longer wanted to rap on the album until he was persuaded by No Malice. West also spoke to Tyson about quitting rapping because he viewed it as "the devil's music," to which Tyson suggested that West rap for God. Tyson was invited to weigh in on how to include Christian elements within the album.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In the summer, West began contacting Vindver and Lopez directly instead of through Timbaland. The two were invited to Calabasas, California to work on the project again. Lopez would drive an hour to Calabasas daily for 14-hour-long sessions, according to his wife Amira Velazquez. Vindver was also invited to record in Wyoming, noting that West's "faith went past a point of no return." Vindver stated that around 30 producers were working on the album before West cut down to three producers when recording resumed in Wyoming. The other producers were tasked with finding samples, while Vindver was tasked with playing instruments. In July 2019, American record producer Pi'erre Bourne worked on the album with West in Japan. Nicki Minaj also stated during an episode of "Queen Radio" that West had recently made her aware of him being a born-again Christian. West quit his self-diagnosed pornography addiction and asked collaborators on the album not to engage in premarital sex.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On August 29, 2019, Kardashian announced "Jesus Is King" by posting a handwritten tracklist of the project on her Twitter. The note also listed a September 27, 2019, release date. In early September 2019, West was reportedly finishing up the album with Pusha T at his newly purchased ranch in Cody, Wyoming. On September 25, 2019, multiple sources indicated that Def Jam executives had met with West in Wyoming and that the album would miss its scheduled released date. Following a listening party in Detroit, Kardashian announced that the album would miss its September 27 release date and would instead be released two days later on September 29, 2019, as mixing had to be finalized. Within the two days, West had re-recorded the track "Selah" and was still awaiting a new Nicki Minaj verse for "New Body". The September 29 release date was also missed. According to TMZ, the album had already been completed, but West was continually revising it since he was unsatisfied with the end product.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In October 2019, West continued working on the album in Wyoming and invited Swizz Beatz to help finish it. On October 21, 2019, West tweeted out a new release date, October 25, 2019. West cut the songs "New Body", "Up from the Ashes", and "LA Monster" from the album. "Jesus Is King" went on to miss its midnight premiere, with West explaining the delay hours after by tweeting: "To my fans, Thank you for being loyal & patient. We are specifically fixing mixes on 'Everything We Need' 'Follow God' & 'Water'." West entrusted frequent collaborator Consequence to overlook final mixing and the album was delivered to streaming services at 4:30 AM. "Jesus Is King" was ultimately released on its planned release date. West claimed in a January 2020 interview with "GQ" that 20 percent of the album was recorded on an iPhone, including the track "Closed on Sunday".


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" is a Christian hip hop record, and features a significant gospel influence. "Complex" journalist Eric Skelton considered that it was not a sonic departure from West's previous work, noting its "healthy doses of bass, pretty chords, hip hop sensibilities, and pop melodies." and claimed that it borrows elements from his past albums such as "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy", "Ye", and "The Life of Pablo" (2016), while Samuel J. Robinson of "Rolling Stone" highlighted its use of trap drums, ambient flourishes and samples. However, Charles Holmes, also from "Rolling Stone", described it as a "far more muted, stripped-down affair than most West albums," with him noting the exception of the track "On God", produced by Pi'erre Bourne, due to its "galactic, fiery, and intense" beat.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Holmes also considered that, despite its gospel influences, ""Jesus Is King" is a gospel album in the same way a square is a rectangle," only fitting "the most basic criteria," and wrote that its production consists largely of recognizable gospel components such as "pared-back guitars, mournful organs and pianos, and choral arrangements deployed like soul samples." Andrew Legg, Tasmanian musician and director of the ARIA award-nominated Southern Gospel Choir described "Jesus is King" as "a remarkable gospel album," calling it contemporary in a genuine way and he predicted that the album would "inevitably challenge the traditional concept of African American gospel while influencing it shape for years to come." Writing for "The Daily Telegraph", Neil McCormick viewed "Jesus Is King" as where "West has confounded expectations once again with a set of dramatic, evangelical hip hop testimonials." McCormick commented that choir elements of gospel are included on it, while also citing church organs, synths and vocoder harmonies as being present. Torsten Ingvaldsen from "Hypebeast" noted the influence taken from West's previous albums, describing "Jesus Is King" as what "can be seen as Kanye's way of reenvisioning his past, updating it within his own hip-hop missionary lens in an attempt to bring something new to these seemingly anachronistic principles."


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" focuses on the Christian concept of salvation. Keeping with its Christian theme, the album's lyrics do not contain any profanity or sexual references, including those performed by guest vocalists. West spoke at the listening party in New York on September 29, 2019, stating: "This album has been made to be an expression of the gospel and to share the gospel and the truth of what Jesus has done to me. When I think of the goodness of Jesus and all that he does for me, my soul cries out." Tyson was present in the studio for the recording of "Jesus Is King" and helped tweak certain lyrics "to articulate the gospel more clearly" despite claiming that the work is all West's and Tyson did not view himself as writing any of the songs. This was claimed by Tyson to be part of the creative process of him and West. West "asked people working on the album to fast or to avoid premarital sex." Tyson had discussed both justification and sanctification with West in their conversation.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Within the album's opening track "Every Hour", the Sunday Service Choir implores people to "sing until the power of the Lord comes down." "Selah", the first full track on "Jesus Is King", sees West assert his faith. It includes West comparing himself to Noah before the flood. The track also includes a reference to West replacing "Yandhi" with "Jesus Is King" due to him having vowed to only put out Christian hip hop after going through a new birth experience. West references his problematic relationship with both Christianity and his father Ray West on "Follow God". In "Closed on Sunday", West emphasizes the traditional Christian doctrine of Sunday Sabbatarianism, referencing the fast-food chain Chick-fil-A, which he praises for being closed on the Lord's Day in order to allow people to rest. West links the observance of the Christian Sabbath with the "end of imprisonment, slavery, and debt peonage."


title: Jesus Is King

text: "On God" features West "delivering I've-seen-the-mountaintop style preaching," with West being "prodding and unconvincing in a soundscape where he was a compelling idol." Throughout the song, West makes it clear that he must be richer than the clergy. West references the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution that abolished slavery on "On God" and "Hands On". This followed on from West having previously called for the repeal of the amendment in September and October 2018, which he did because of the penal labor exemption that suggests that the enslavement of convicts is legal. The imagery used in "Water" is a reference to the Christian sacrament of baptism. On "Everything We Need", West delivers "Kanye-isms" about Eve making apple juice, while Ty Dolla Sign and Clemons deliver rapturous vocals. Tension is built between reunited brothers Pusha T and No Malice on "Use This Gospel" as they rap about different stages of self-reflection. The latter had a previous religious transformation where he gave up glorifying drug dealing in his songs. In "Jesus Is King", West teaches the doctrine of the Social Kingship of Christ through his advocation of "defying worldly authorities" and "seek[ing] liberty from lower powers by submitting to a higher one."


title: Jesus Is King

text: Originally titled "Yandhi", the album was set for release on September 29, 2018, but was postponed to November 23, 2018. West later postponed the album again in the month that it had been first postponed to, though no new release date was set at the time. In January 2019, a representative for West denied a report claiming West was refusing to submit the album to gain leverage in a legal dispute with his record labels GOOD Music and Def Jam. On August 29, 2019, Kardashian announced "Jesus Is King" with the release date of September 27, of that year, alongside a notebook featuring the track list via Instagram. A representative for West reported to "E! News" that "Jesus Is King" would be his "latest album." During a Sunday Service performance on September 16, 2019, West reconfirmed the release date that Kardashian had tweeted out.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On September 27, 2019, following a Sunday Service performance in Detroit, West previewed the album and the accompanying film also entitled "Jesus Is King" at the Fox Theatre. Kardashian then announced that the former had been pushed back two days to be released on September 29, 2019, stating that mixing had to be finalized and that there'd be two more listening sessions in Chicago and New York. The album also missed that date with no explanation provided by either West or Kardashian. On October 12, 2019, West announced a tentative release date of October 25, 2019, at a Washington, D.C. listening party. West ultimately confirmed via Twitter on October 21 that this was the official release date and pre-ordering for "Jesus Is King" began the following day. The album and its accompanying film were previewed again at The Forum in the County of Los Angeles on October 23, 2019, for 17,000 attendees, two days before the release of them.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On October 25, 2019, "Jesus Is King" was released for digital download and streaming by GOOD Music, distributed by Def Jam Recordings. The album's release was simultaneous with that of an accompanying experimental concert short film of the same name, directed by Nick Knight. The film was shot over the summer of 2019 at the Roden Crater in Painted Desert, Arizona, and features the Sunday Service Choir. It was released in IMAX theaters, with numerous tracks from the album being included as part of the soundtrack. Prior to the latter's release, West had performed the song "Water" live with the Sunday Service Choir in April 2019. When premiering the song, West announced it as a new track. "Water" was ultimately released as the seventh track on "Jesus Is King" in October 2019. Various churches across the state of Texas have revealed that they would not play the album, and it has also been predicted by numerous people involved with Christianity to not be played on Christian radio stations across the state. "Jesus Is King" was released as a CD in the United States on March 27, 2020, through West's record labels.


title: Jesus Is King

text: The cover art for "Jesus Is King" is a blue vinyl, with the album's title and West's name being written at the top and the bottom, respectively. The art contains text on the left reading "New Songs AR 1331 A," while 33RPMLP is written on the right. After confusion of what "AR 1331 A" meant, Third Man Records co-founder Ben Blackwell explained that the text is the Archer Records (AR) pressing plant code assigned to the 1970 A-Side gospel single by Rubye Shelton that consists of "I Want The World To Know Jesus" and "God's Going To Destroy This Nation". At the same time as "Jesus Is King" being released, West launched "a clothing line depicting Christ blessing the people." After its launch, the "Jesus Is King" clothing line had sold out. ASAP Rocky and ASAP Mob's creative agency AWGE designed the line, which consists of T-shirts, sweatpants, crewneck sweaters, long sleeves, hats, and socks. The clothing is made from Yeezy cotton garments and each item has either a black or royal blue base, mostly decorated with Bible verses, images of Jesus, and West's lyrics. Some clothing also features gold-colored typographic logos with West's name and the album title, its catalog number AR13331A, and 33RPM LP.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On October 27, 2019, West and his choir performed the first Sunday Service since the album's release at The Forum, with songs from it being performed. Songs from "The Life of Pablo" were performed as well, which Kardashian referenced on Twitter, while she also tweeted out in excitement over the event. West performed songs from "Jesus Is King" with his choir in front of inmates at two jails in Houston, Texas, on November 15. On November 16, 2019, it was announced that West would be performing at Joel Osteen's Lakewood Church the next day to promote the album. Simultaneously, tickets were made available for free through Ticketmaster, and were gone within seven minutes. Scalpers immediately began selling them on Twitter and Craig's List at up to $250 each. The event was called the "Sunday Service Experience", with it including West and the Sunday Service Choir performing, though the event was open to fans of all faiths despite being centered around Christianity. Tracks from "Jesus Is King" were performed alongside material that West released earlier in his career, including "Jesus Walks" (2004). As well as this, gospel remixes were performed of R&B ballads, notably SWV's "Weak" (1993) and Destiny's Child's "Say My Name" (1999).


title: Jesus Is King

text: West performed the single "I Love It" with Lil Pump and "We Got Love", a duet with Taylor featuring a pre-recorded voice memo by Lauryn Hill, on the season 44 premiere of "SNL" that coincided with the original release date for "Yandhi". West closed the show by performing "Ghost Town" from "Ye" with Kid Cudi and 070 Shake and giving a speech in support of then-US president Donald Trump. After the SNL performance, full-size costumes from the "I Love It" music video were put up for sale online. West recorded a music video for "We Got Love" with Taylor on October 1, 2018, in the TMZ parking lot, though the music video was never released. West then revealed to TMZ that he had a song about body shaming featuring Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign on "Yandhi". The recording of Minaj's verse on the song, entitled "New Body", was prominently showcased in an April 2019 episode of American television series "Keeping Up with the Kardashians". Following the airing of the episode, Kardashian discussed the writing of the song on Twitter. "I Love It", "We Got Love", and "New Body" were all initially intended for "Yandhi". "We Got Love" was later released as a single by Taylor on December 6, 2019.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In July 2019, tracks dated from a late-December 2018 session of "Yandhi" began leaking online, including "New Body" featuring Nicki Minaj and Ty Dolla Sign, "The Storm" featuring XXXTentacion, Ty Dolla Sign, and Clemons, a solo track entitled "Spread Your Wings", and demos of "Alien / SpaceX" and "Law of Attraction", with both demos featuring Clemons. The leaks were precipitated by "group buys", which are online money-pooling efforts organized by fans in order to illegally purchase the tracks from artists. Producers who worked on "Law of Attraction" denounced the leak of their track as an "invasion of privacy," while the track was ultimately scrapped and re-recorded as "Use This Gospel" for release on "Jesus Is King". Of the "Yandhi" leaks, Pusha T wrote on Twitter that "it ruins all that we have in store for [you] guys." Paul Thompson, writing for "The Fader", noted that the leaks did not receive mainstream attention and were a "minor story" compared to West songs that had leaked previously. Thompson cited factors such as the lukewarm reception of "Ye" and that songs do not typically enter "popular canon" nowadays unless they're released on streaming services. "Everything We Need" was recorded as a new version of the track "The Storm", with the former being released on "Jesus Is King". "New Body" was previewed at "Jesus Is King" listening parties, but was removed from the final track listing for the album a day before release due to the creative differences between West and Nicki Minaj. In December 2019, the track "Bye Bye Baby" leaked online, featuring opening vocals by American rapper Mykki Blanco.


title: Jesus Is King

text: No pre-album singles were released by West for "Jesus Is King", with West having not gone through a proper pre-album single release for a while by 2019. A lyric video for "Follow God" premiered on October 26 of that year. On November 5, 2019, the song was selected by West for release as "Jesus Is King"s lead single in the US. The song was serviced to mainstream radio stations across the United Kingdom on November 8 of the year, through West's record labels as the first single in the UK. That same day, an accompanying music video was released. Within the video, West and his father walk together in snow, while the two of them also drive ATV's in the visual. On November 12, 2019, "Follow God" was sent to US radio stations by West's record labels as the lead single from the album, with West using the common strategy of pushing a track as an album's single after the release. The song reached number seven on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 prior to release as a single, becoming West's 18th top 10 entry on the chart. Similarly, it peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart, standing as West's 23rd top 10 single on the chart. On July 20, 2020, "Follow God" was certified platinum in the US by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for amassing 500,000 certified units. The song was later certified silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for selling 200,000 units in the United Kingdom on December 11, 2020.


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Closed on Sunday" was released as the second single from "Jesus Is King" on November 28, 2019. That same day, a music video for the track was released, coinciding with the date of Thanksgiving in the US for that year. The video features West cuddling with Kardashian and the couple's children North, Saint, Chicago, and Psalm West, and the family walk hand-in-hand within the visual. The track debuted at number 17 and 19 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and UK Singles Chart, respectively, before being released as a single. "Closed on Sunday" was certified gold by the RIAA for shelving 500,000 certified units in the US on September 15, 2020.


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" was met with mixed reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, the album received an average score of 53, based on 25 reviews. Aggregator AnyDecentMusic? gave "Jesus Is King" 4.9 out of 10, based on their assessment of the critical consensus.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Jordan Bassett from "NME" wrote of the album: "Where last year's truncated, seven-track "ye" largely felt sterile and unfinished, a collection of messy, half-realised conceits, here is an album with absolute clarity and confidence." Bassett continued, calling it "concise by" the standards of Kanye West but not one of his "masterworks" like "My Beautiful Dark Twisted Fantasy" and "The Life of Pablo", though asserted that "there's density and focus throughout." McCormick expressed similar feelings, stating that "with gospel choirs, church organs and soulful ululations condensed into a typically bravura tableaux of obscure samples, warped synths and spooky slabs of vocoder harmonies, "Jesus Is King" sounds as scintillating as anything" from West's discography.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Writing for "The New York Times", Jon Caramanica said of the album: "A more engaged and vivid album than "Ye" from last year, though nowhere as robust as "The Life of Pablo" from 2016, it is bare-bones and curiously effective," praising the emotion but being less enthusiastic towards the album's structure.


title: Jesus Is King

text: Rawiya Kameir from "Pitchfork" called it "a markedly more cohesive and enjoyable album than I believed him capable of creating at this juncture" but criticized "Jesus Is King" for being "largely focused on the ways in which religion has served Kanye himself." Sam C. Mac of "Slant Magazine" was positive towards the production, though panned West's lack of capability to "translate his spiritual awakening to his music as confidently as he has nearly every other experience in his life on previous albums," despite noting that it "isn't the work of a has-been" and "there are flashes of genius throughout."


title: Jesus Is King

text: In a mixed review, "Rolling Stone"s Brendan Klinkenberg looked at the album as where West is "no longer poking at contradictions, but reveling in a newfound zeal," though concluded by writing that "it will likely be placed alongside "ye"" in West's discography "as a distinctly lightweight entry" despite being "filled with moments of undeniable brilliance." Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" stated that West's "element of surprise, conflict and musical tension is largely missing" from "Jesus Is King" and labeled it as "a pedestrian effort from an artist who was anything but for the first decade of his career," despite pointing to certain gospel moments as "musical sparks" due to "West allowing message to trump musicality."


title: Jesus Is King

text: For "The Guardian", Dean Van Nguyen called the album "too slight a record, too lacking in substance, to offer any sense of purification or real insights into West's mind" and branded it as "perfunctory religious discussion that tell us little of God's place in the life of this one believer and almost nothing" about the former's place in the modern world. In another negative review, Wren Graves from "COnsequence" gave the album an "F" rating, viewing it as "27 minutes of cliches, half-finished thoughts, and vaguely religious gesturing," while claiming that the album "feels surprisingly long" and writing: "Ideas develop and fizzle, but nothing sticks."


title: Jesus Is King

text: Veteran critic Robert Christgau found the album "grandiose, self-involved, uninspired, plus there are the underlying politics, which far as I'm concerned verge on evil," while saying of West, "Spiritually he's an egomaniacal shell, and the music is nothing. May he be born again for real, but I'm not holding my breath."


title: Jesus Is King

text: On "Rolling Stone"s list of the best hip hop albums of 2019, "Jesus Is King" was ranked at number 16. The album was listed at the same position on the list of the year's best foreign albums by "Afisha Daily", from Russia. "Complex" named "Jesus Is King" as the 50th best album of 2019, with Skelton praising the production but criticizing the songwriting, despite concluding that "it's certainly worth a listen" even with some faults. Caramanica ranked the album as the ninth best of the year, complementing it for showing West channeling his older self. "Jesus Is King" was listed by "The Mercury News" as the 44th best album of the 2010s, with Jim Harrington writing of it: "Arguably the boldest, bravest album of the decade."


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" was nominated for Rap/Hip Hop Album of the Year at the 51st GMA Dove Awards. The album won the awards of Top Christian Album and Top Gospel Album at the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards, becoming the first album to ever win both of the awards. At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, "Jesus Is King" was awarded Best Contemporary Christian Music Album. This stood as West's 22nd win at the Grammy Awards, resulting in him briefly tying Jay-Z as the most awarded hip hop performer in the ceremony's history, though that title was reclaimed again by Jay-Z when he won his 23rd Grammy later that night.


title: Jesus Is King

text: In a pre-recorded promotional interview with Zane Lowe released a day before "Jesus Is King", West announced that an album by the Sunday Service Choir entitled "Jesus Is Born" would be released on Christmas 2019. During a special Christmas Eve performance by the Sunday Service Choir, the director Jason White addressed the audience and reconfirmed the album's release date. "Jesus Is Born" was ultimately released on streaming services for Christmas afternoon on December 25, 2019. Klinkenberg viewed the album as the "companion to "Jesus Is King"." In May 2020, American cinematographer Arthur Jafa revealed that West's upcoming album would be titled "God's Country", which was later renamed to "Donda" in July 2020 and released in August 2021.


title: Jesus Is King

text: On November 18, 2019, West announced on Twitter that he was working with Dr. Dre on a remix project entitled Jesus Is King Part II. On November 27, 2019, Ronny J confirmed that he had recently been in Wyoming to work on the album. During a December 2019 Sunday Service performance, West stated that he had always wished he could collaborate with Dr. Dre and added, "Who knew all I had to do was do an album for God and then Dr. Dre would start mixing my beats? Spend your time on God, and he'll handle the rest." That same month, Consequence confirmed that he was in Wyoming when asked about recording for "Jesus Is King Part II".


title: Jesus Is King

text: On January 16, 2020, a snippet of "Up from the Ashes" was leaked online, featuring production from Dr. Dre. In February 2020, American record producer and Dr. Dre associate Dawaun Parker alluded to his involvement on the album. In March 2020, a reworked version of "LA Monster", featuring production and mixing done by Dr. Dre, leaked online. West reconfirmed the Dr. Dre rework of "Jesus Is King" on June 26, 2020, as part of his "#WestDayEver" promotion. American rapper Snoop Dogg shared footage of Dr. Dre and West finishing up the album in a recording studio. On July 18, 2020, West briefly shared a track list of his then-upcoming tenth studio album "Donda" that included "Up from the Ashes". On September 18, 2020, West announced on Twitter that American rapper Eminem would feature on the remix of "Use This Gospel".


title: Jesus Is King

text: In September 2020, producer Dem Jointz hinted at the possibility of the remix album never surfacing, despite its quality content because, in his own words, West was excited over other different projects that were not the remix album. Despite the lack of news thereafter, a track titled "Glory" featuring Dr. Dre and Snoop Dogg from this album was used in a Beats Electronics commercial that debuted on August 5, 2021. The song "Up From The Ashes", which was originally slated to be a track on "Jesus is King Part II", was released officially on November 14, 2021, bundled with the deluxe track listing of "Donda".


title: Jesus Is King

text: On the US "Billboard" 200, "Jesus Is King" opened at number one with 264,000 album-equivalent units, of which 109,000 were pure album sales, ranking as the second-largest sales week of 2019 for an R&B/hip-hop album. This gave West his ninth consecutive studio album to debut atop the chart, tying him with a record held by fellow rapper Eminem. The chart-topping position stood as the sixth time that West did so with an album in the 2010s, tying him for second place with fellow rapper Future and Canadian singer Justin Bieber for most number one albums of the decade. The album simultaneously entered atop the US Top Christian Albums and Top Gospel Albums charts. By doing so, "Jesus Is King" gave West his first appearance on the respective charts and the sales stood as the biggest unit week on both charts. On the US charts, the album became the first to ever top the "Billboard" 200, Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums, Top Rap Albums, Top Christian Albums and Top Gospel Albums at the same time. In its second week on the "Billboard" 200, "Jesus Is King" did not remain atop the chart, falling to number two with 72,000 album-equivalent units, experiencing a 73% decline in sales. The album was replaced at the top position by rapper Post Malone's third studio album "Hollywood's Bleeding", which was number two on the "Billboard" 200 the previous week, and this marked its fifth week atop the chart. On June 16, 2020, the former was certified gold by the RIAA for pushing 500,000 certified units in the US.


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" topped the Canadian Albums Chart with 16,000 total consumption units and 17.9 million on-demand streams that the units were mainly generated through. The album stood as West's seventh number one album in Canada and his second consecutive chart topper. "Jesus Is King" debuted atop the ARIA Albums chart, giving West his third number one album in Australia and becoming his second consecutive chart topper, while standing as the first time that an album with the word "King" in its title reached the summit. This stood as the 498th time that an album debuted atop the chart, though became the sixth for Def Jam and the 20th to do so in 2019. The reign of the album at the top position continued into its second week on the ARIA Albums chart, giving West his first album to remain at number one for over a week in Australia and also leading to him ranking as 139th on the list of "Accumulated Weeks at No.1: 1965 to 2019", while placing West at number 16 for accumulated weeks at the chart's summit within the 2010s decade. "Jesus Is King" gave West his second chart-topping solo album in Norway by debuting at number one on the Norwegian Albums Chart. A chart-topping debut was also attained by the album on the Danish Albums chart, standing as West's second chart topper in Denmark. "Jesus Is King" debuted atop the Estonia Tipp-40, ending the seven-week reign of "Hollywood's Bleeding". The album also reached number one in Iceland, Latvia, New Zealand, and Slovakia.


title: Jesus Is King

text: "Jesus Is King" debuted at number two on the UK Albums Chart, being blocked from the top spot by Welsh rock band Stereophonics' eleventh studio album "Kind". However, this gave West his sixth top 10 album on the chart. On March 26, 2021, the album was certified silver by the BPI for sales of 200,000 units in the UK. It entered the Irish Albums Chart at number two, being prevented from becoming a chart topper by Irish singer-songwriter Dermot Kennedy's debut album "Without Fear". Despite this, "Jesus Is King" stood as the highest new entry of the week on the chart and West's sixth top 10 album in Ireland. On the Sverigetopplistan albums chart, the album reached number two, tying with "The Life of Pablo" for West's highest charting album in Sweden, while reaching the same position on the Lithuanian Albums chart. In the Netherlands, "Jesus Is King" peaked at number three on the Dutch Album Top 100. Similarly, the album charted at number four and five on the Finnish Albums and Czech Albums charts, respectively.


title: Jesus Is King

text: All eleven tracks from "Jesus Is King" charted on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, with "Follow God" debuting the highest at number seven. This made West the artist with the fifth-most songs in the history of the chart, with his total number of Hot 100 entries amounting to 107, while also leading to him ranking at number one on the US "Billboard" Artist 100. With the album, West simultaneously became the first artist to monopolize all top 10 spots on the US Christian Songs and Gospel Songs charts, respectively.


title: Éder Militão

text: Éder Gabriel Militão (; born 18 January 1998) is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for the La Liga club Real Madrid and the Brazil national team. Mainly a central defender, he can also play as a right back or defensive midfielder.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão began his career at São Paulo, playing 57 matches over a span of two years before transferring to Porto. In 2019, after one season in Portugal, he joined Real Madrid for a reported transfer fee of €50 million. He won two La Liga titles, and the Champions League in 2022.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão made his senior international debut for Brazil in 2018. He was part of their squads that won the Copa América in 2019 and came runners-up in 2021.


title: Éder Militão

text: Born in Sertãozinho in the state of São Paulo, Militão began playing for São Paulo FC youth squads in 2010. He started in the first team for the 2016 Copa Paulista, and debuted on 2 July in a 2–1 loss at Ituano; the team from the state capital was playing in the tournament for its first time, with an U20 team. He played 11 matches and scored 2 goals, the first being in a 4–0 home win over CA Juventus on 18 September that ensured qualification to the second round.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão made his professional debut on 14 May 2017 in a 1–0 loss away to Cruzeiro, the opening match for the 2017 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A. He made 22 appearances over the season as the club finished in 13th place, and was sent off on 12 November towards the end of a 1–1 draw at Vasco da Gama. He contributed two goals over the campaign, starting by opening a 2–1 win at fellow strugglers Vitória on 17 September.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão made his last appearance for the club on 5 August 2018 when the "Tricolor" defeated Vasco 2–1 to reach first place in the year's national tournament.


title: Éder Militão

text: On 7 August 2018, Militão signed a five-year contract with Portuguese defending champions Porto. He made his Primeira Liga debut on 2 September, starting in a 3–0 home win over Moreirense and assisting Porto's first goal, scored by captain Héctor Herrera. Over succeeding fixtures, Militão quickly cemented himself in the starting 11 as a centre-back, forming a defensive partnership with teammate Felipe.


title: Éder Militão

text: On 28 November, Militão scored his first goal for the club in a 3–1 home victory against Schalke 04 for the 2018–19 UEFA Champions League group stage, heading the ball after a cross from Óliver. On 3 January 2019, Militão scored his first league goal, the match's only at Desportivo das Aves. He was named Primeira Liga's defender of the month on four consecutive occasions from September 2018 to January 2019.


title: Éder Militão

text: On 14 March 2019, Real Madrid announced that they had signed Militão to a six-year contract effective 1 July 2019 after paying a €50 million transfer fee to Porto. He made his debut on 14 September, coming on as a substitute for Sergio Ramos for the last half-hour in a 3–2 home victory over Levante. He made 15 appearances during the league season as Real Madrid won the 2019–20 La Liga.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão scored his debut goal for Madrid on 20 January 2021, heading in Marcelo's cross to open a Copa del Rey last 32 match away to third-tier Alcoyano; his team unexpectedly lost, 2–1. His debut league goal came on 1 May in a 2–0 win over Osasuna.


title: Éder Militão

text: In 2021–22, Militão finally became a regular after the exits of veterans Sergio Ramos and Raphaël Varane from the Madrid defence. He partnered Austrian import David Alaba, under the management of Carlo Ancelotti. He scored once in their league-winning campaign, securing a 2–2 home draw with Elche on 23 January. Days earlier, the team won the Supercopa de España with a 2–0 final win over Athletic Bilbao in Saudi Arabia, though he was sent off for giving away a penalty through handball. He made 12 appearances in their victorious Champions League campaign, including the 1–0 final win over Liverpool at the Stade de France.


title: Éder Militão

text: In September 2018, Militão was called-up by coach Tite for Brazil's friendlies in the United States against the hosts and El Salvador after Fagner withdrew with injury. He made his debut on 11 September against the Salvadoreans at FedExField, playing the full 90 minutes of a 5–0 win.


title: Éder Militão

text: In May 2019, Militão was included in Brazil's 23-man squad for the 2019 Copa América. In the final against Peru on 7 July, held at the Maracanã Stadium, he made a substitute appearance, coming on for Philippe Coutinho in the second half as his team won, 3–1.


title: Éder Militão

text: Militão was named for the 2021 Copa América, again on home soil. He started three group games, and in the last one against Ecuador in Goiânia on 27 June, he scored his first international goal to open a 1–1 draw. In the knockout rounds, as Brazil made the final, his spot next to Marquinhos was taken by Thiago Silva.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Maura Murray (born May 4, 1982) is an American woman who disappeared on the evening of February 9, 2004, after a car crash on Route 112 near Woodsville, New Hampshire, a village in the town of Haverhill. Her whereabouts remain unknown. She was a 21-year-old nursing student completing her junior year at the University of Massachusetts Amherst at the time of her disappearanceֹ.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Maura Murray was born May 4, 1982, in Hanson, Massachusetts, the fourth child of Frederick "Fred" and Laurie Murray. She had an older brother, Fred; two older sisters, Kathleen and Julie; and a half-younger brother, Kurt. Maura was raised in an Irish Catholic household. When she was six, her parents divorced, after which Maura lived primarily with her mother.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Murray graduated from Whitman-Hanson Regional High School, where she was a star athlete on the school's track team. She was accepted into the United States Military Academy in West Point, New York, where she studied chemical engineering for three semesters. After her freshman year, she transferred to the University of Massachusetts Amherst to study nursing.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In November 2003, three months before her disappearance, Murray admitted to using a stolen credit card to order food from several restaurants, including one in Hadley, Massachusetts. The charge was continued in December, to be dismissed after three months' good behavior.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On the evening of February 5, 2004, while she was on duty at her campus-security job, Murray spoke on the phone with her older sister, Kathleen. They discussed Kathleen's relationship problems with her fiancé. Around 10:30 p.m., while still on her shift, Murray reportedly broke down in tears. When her supervisor arrived at her desk, Murray was "just completely zoned out. No reaction at all. She was unresponsive." The supervisor escorted Murray back to her dorm room around 1:20 am. When asked what was wrong, Murray said two words: "My sister." The contents of this call remained unknown until October 2017, when Kathleen publicly explained the conversation: Kathleen, a recovering alcoholic, had been discharged from a rehabilitation clinic that evening, and on the way home, her fiancé took her to a liquor store, which caused an emotional breakdown.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On Saturday, February 7, Murray's father Fred arrived in Amherst. He told investigators he and Murray went car-shopping that afternoon, and later went to dinner with a friend of his daughter. Murray dropped her father off at his motel room and, borrowing his Toyota Corolla, returned to campus to attend a dorm party. She arrived at 10:30 pm. At 2:30 am on Sunday, February 8, she left the party. At 3:30 am, en route to her father's motel, she struck a guardrail on Route 9 in Hadley, causing nearly $10,000 () worth of damage to her father's car. The responding officer wrote an accident report, but there is no documentation of field sobriety tests being conducted. Murray was driven to her father's motel and stayed in his room the rest of the morning. At 4:49 am, there was a cell phone call placed to her boyfriend from Fred's phone. The participants and content of the phone call are unknown.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Later Sunday morning, Fred Murray learned the damage to his vehicle would be covered by his auto insurance. He rented a car, dropped Murray off at the university, and departed for Connecticut. At 11:30 that night, Fred called his daughter to remind her to obtain accident forms from the Registry of Motor Vehicles. They agreed to talk again Monday night to discuss the forms and fill out the insurance claim via phone.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: After midnight on Monday, February 9, Murray used her personal computer to search MapQuest for directions to the Berkshires and Burlington, Vermont. The first reported contact Murray had with anyone on February 9 was at 1:00 pm, when she emailed her boyfriend: "I love you more stud. I got your messages, but honestly, i didn't feel like talking too much of anyone, i promise to call today though. love you, Maura" She also made a phone call inquiring about renting a condominium at the same Bartlett, New Hampshire, condo association with which her family had vacationed in the past. Telephone records indicate the call lasted three minutes. The owner did not rent the condo to Murray. At 1:13 pm, Murray called a fellow nursing student for reasons unknown.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On the afternoon of Monday, February 9, at 1:24 pm, Murray emailed a work supervisor of the nursing school faculty that she would be out of town for a week due to a death in her family. According to her family, the family had not experienced a death. She also said she would contact them when she returned. At 2:05 pm, Murray called a number which provides recorded information about booking hotels in Stowe, Vermont. The call lasted approximately five minutes. At 2:18 pm, she telephoned her boyfriend and left a voice message promising him they would talk later. This call ended after one minute.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In her car, Murray packed clothing, toiletries, college textbooks, and birth control pills. When her room was searched later, campus police discovered most of her belongings packed in boxes and the art removed from the walls. It is not clear whether Murray packed them that day, but police at the time said she had packed between Sunday night and Monday morning. On top of the boxes was a printed email to Murray's boyfriend indicating trouble in their relationship. Around 3:30 pm, she drove off the campus in her black 1996 Saturn sedan; classes at the university had been canceled that day due to a snowstorm.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: At 3:40 pm, Murray withdrew $280 from an ATM. Closed-circuit footage showed she was alone. At a nearby liquor store, Murray purchased about $40 worth of alcoholic beverages, including Baileys Irish Cream, Kahlúa, vodka, and a box of Franzia wine. Security footage again shows she was alone when she made that purchase. At some point in the day, she also picked up accident-report forms from the Massachusetts Registry of Motor Vehicles.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Murray then left Amherst between 4 and 5pm, presumably via Interstate 91 north. She called to check her voicemail at 4:37 pm, the last recorded use of her cell phone. To date there is no indication she had informed anyone of her destination, or any evidence that she had chosen one.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Some time after 7:00pm, a Woodsville, New Hampshire resident heard a loud thump outside her house. Through her window, she could see a car up against the snowbank along Route 112, also known as Wild Ammonoosuc Road. The car pointed west on the eastbound side of the road. At 7:27pm, the local woman reported the car accident on the sharp corner of Route 112 adjacent to her home. She telephoned the Grafton County Sheriff's Department at 7:27pm to report the accident. According to the 9-1-1 log, the woman claimed to have seen a man smoking a cigarette inside the car. However, she later stated that she had not seen a man nor a person smoking a cigarette, but rather had seen what appeared to be a red light glowing from inside the car, potentially from a cell phone. A passing motorist, a school bus driver who lived nearby, stopped at the scene. They saw the car, as well as a young woman walking around the vehicle.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: The school bus driver noticed the young woman was not bleeding or visibly injured, but cold and shivering. He offered to telephone for help. She asked him not to call the police (one police report says "pleaded") and assured him she had already called AAA (AAA has no record of any such call). Knowing there was no cellular reception in the area, the bus driver continued home and called the police. His call was received by the Sheriff's Department at 7:43 pm. He was unable to see Murray's car while he made the call but did notice several cars pass on the road before the police arrived. Another local resident driving home from work claims she passed by the scene around 7:37 pm, and saw a police SUV parked face-to-face with Murray's car. She pulled over briefly and did not see anyone inside or outside the cars, and decided to continue home. This witness's statement contradicts the official police log, which has Haverhill police arriving nine minutes later.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: According to the official police log, at 7:46 pm, a Haverhill police officer arrived at the scene, but the woman driver had disappeared. No one was inside or around the car. The car had impacted the tree on the driver's side of the vehicle, severely damaging the left headlight and pushing the car's radiator into the fan, rendering it inoperable. The car's windshield was cracked on the driver's side, and both airbags had deployed. The car was locked.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Inside and outside the car, he discovered red stains that looked to be red wine. Inside the car, the officer found an empty beer bottle and a damaged box of Franzia wine on the rear seat. In addition, he found a AAA card issued to Murray; blank accident-report forms; gloves, compact discs, makeup, diamond jewelry; driving directions to Burlington, Vermont; Murray's favorite stuffed animal, and "Not Without Peril", a book about mountain climbing in the White Mountains. Missing were Murray's debit card, credit cards, and cell phone, none of which has been located or used since her disappearance. The police later reported some of the bottles of purchased liquor were also missing.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Journalist Joe McGee, writing for the Quincy, Massachusetts, "Patriot Ledger", summarized the incident: "At a hairpin turn, she went off the road. Her car hit a tree. At that point, a person came along who was driving a bus. It was a neighbor. He asked her if she needed help. She refused. About 10 minutes later, police showed up to the scene and Maura Murray was gone."


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Police traced the vehicle to Murray, and initially treated her as a missing person on the belief that she may have wanted to disappear voluntarily. This speculation was based on her travel preparations (about which she had confided nothing to friends or family) and no obvious evidence of foul play. In 2009, Murray's case was given to the New Hampshire cold case division, and authorities are handling it as a "suspicious" missing persons case.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Between 8:00 and 8:30 pm, a contractor returning home from Franconia saw a young person moving quickly on foot eastbound on Route 112 about east of where Murray's vehicle was discovered. He noted that the young person was wearing jeans, a dark coat, and a light-colored hood. He did not report it to police immediately due to his own confusion of dates, only discovering three months later (when reviewing his work records) that he had spotted the young person the same night Murray disappeared.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: The responding officer and the bus driver drove around the area searching for Murray. Just before 8:00 pm, EMS and a fire truck arrived to clear the scene. By 8:49 pm, the car had been towed to a local garage. At about 9:30 pm, the responding officer left. A rag believed to have been part of Murray's emergency roadside kit was discovered stuffed into the Saturn's muffler pipe. Authorities would refer to Murray as simply "missing" at 12 pm the next day, almost 24 hours after the last confirmed sighting of her.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: At 12:36 pm the following day, February 10, a "Be on the Lookout" report for Murray was issued. She was reported as wearing a dark coat, jeans, and a black backpack. A voicemail was left on Fred Murray's home answering machine at 3:20 pm stating that her car had been found abandoned. He was working out of state and did not receive this call. At 5:00 pm, Murray's older sister contacted her father to tell him of the situation. He then contacted the Haverhill Police Department and was told that, if Murray was not reported safe by the following morning, the New Hampshire Fish and Game Department would start a search. At 5:17 pm, Murray was first referred to as "missing" by the Haverhill police.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On February 11, Murray's father arrived before dawn in Haverhill. At 8:00 am, New Hampshire Fish and Game, the Murrays, and others began to search. A police dog tracked the scent from one of Murray's gloves 100 yards east from where the vehicle had been discovered, but lost the scent. This suggested to police she'd left the area in another car. At 5:00 pm, Murray's boyfriend and his parents arrived in Haverhill. He was interrogated in private, and then was joined by his parents for questioning. At 7:00 pm, the police said they believed Murray came to the area either to run away or attempt suicide; her family believed this was unlikely.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Murray's boyfriend had turned off his cell phone during his flight to Haverhill. At some point, he received a voicemail that he believed was the sound of Murray sobbing. The call was traced to a calling card issued to the American Red Cross.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On February 12, Murray's father and her boyfriend held an evening press conference in Bethlehem, New Hampshire, and the next day the first press coverage was published. At 3:05 pm, the police reported Murray might be headed to the Kancamagus Highway area, and she was "listed as endangered and possibly suicidal". The police report also stated Murray was intoxicated at the crash site, although the bus driver had said she did not appear impaired. The Haverhill police chief said that, "Our concern is that she's upset or suicidal."


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: A week after Murray's disappearance, her father and boyfriend were interviewed by CNN's "American Morning". Murray's family expanded their search into Vermont, dismayed that authorities there had not been informed of her disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Although missing person cases are normally handled by local and state police, the FBI joined the investigation ten days after she disappeared. The FBI interviewed family from Massachusetts, and the Haverhill police chief announced that the search was now nationwide. Ten days after her disappearance, New Hampshire Fish and Game conducted a second ground and air search, using a helicopter with a thermal imaging camera, tracking dogs and cadaver dogs. Murray's older sister discovered a ripped white pair of women's underwear lying in the snow on a secluded trail near French Pond Road on February 26, but DNA tests found that the underwear did not belong to Murray.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: At the end of February, the police returned the items found in Murray's car to her family. On March 2, the family checked out of their motel, exhausted from the search. Fred Murray returned nearly every weekend to continue searching. In April, Haverhill Police informed him of complaints of trespassing on private property. The March 2004 disappearance of Brianna Maitland in Montgomery, Vermont, away from Murray's last sighting in Woodsville, drew comparisons from media and law enforcement due to the similarities in disappearances. However, state police have stated there are no links between the two cases.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In April and again in June, New Hampshire and Vermont police dismissed any connection between Murray's case and Maitland's. In a press release, they stated they believed that "Maura was headed for an unknown destination and may have accepted a ride in order to continue to that location," adding that they had discovered no evidence that a crime had been committed. They dismissed the possibility of a serial killer being involved.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On July 1, police retrieved the items found in Murray's vehicle from her family for forensic analysis. On July 13, a one-mile radius search was performed by nearly 100 searchers, including state troopers, rescue personnel, and volunteers. It was the fourth search around the crash area and the first search performed without snow on the ground. Authorities were most interested in locating the black backpack Murray had in her possession but not found in her car. Police stated the search discovered "nothing conclusive".


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In late 2004, a man allegedly gave Murray's father a rusty, stained knife that belonged to the man's brother, who had a criminal past and lived less than a mile from where the car was discovered. His brother and his brother's girlfriend were said to have acted strangely after the disappearance, and the man's brother claimed he believed the knife had been used to kill Murray. Several days after the knife was given to Murray's father, the man's brother allegedly scrapped his Volvo. Family members of the man who turned in the knife claimed he had made up the story in order to obtain reward money in the investigation, and that he had a history of drug use.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In 2005, Fred Murray petitioned New Hampshire Governor Craig Benson for help in the search, and appeared on "The Montel Williams Show" in November 2004 to publicize the case. On February 9, 2005, the first anniversary of Murray's disappearance, a service was held where the car was found, and her father met briefly with New Hampshire Governor John Lynch.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In late 2005, Fred Murray filed suit against several law enforcement agencies, with the aim of seeing files on the case. On November 1, 2005, a user named "Tom Davies" logged into a message board called "Not Without Peril", which was dedicated to discussion of Murray's disappearance, and claimed to have seen a black backpack behind a restroom at Pemigewasset Overlook, around east of Woodsville on Route 112. Murray had owned a black backpack. Senior Assistant Attorney General Jeffery Strelzin stated that law enforcement "was aware of the backpack," but did not disclose whether it had been taken for forensic testing.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: The New Hampshire League of Investigators, ten retired police officers and detectives, and the Molly Bish Foundation started working on the case in 2006. Tom Shamshak, a former police chief and a member of the Licensed Private Detectives Association of Massachusetts, said, "It appears...that this is something beyond a mere missing persons case. Something ominous could have happened here." The Arkansas group Let's Bring Them Home offered a $75,000 reward in 2007 for information that could solve her disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In October 2006, volunteers led a two-day search within a few miles of where Murray's car was found. In the closet of an A-frame house approximately from the crash site, cadaver dogs allegedly went "bonkers", possibly identifying the presence of human remains. The house had formerly been the residence of the man implicated by his brother, who had given Fred Murray the rusty knife in 2004. A sample of carpet from the home was sent to the New Hampshire State Police, but the results were never released to the public. In July 2008, volunteers led another two-day search through wooded areas in Haverhill. The group consisted of dog teams and licensed private investigators.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Murray's case was one of many cited by proponents of a statewide cold case unit for New Hampshire in 2009. Her case was subsequently added to the newly established cold case unit later that year. In 2010, Fred Murray publicly criticized the police investigation for treating the disappearance as a missing persons case and not a criminal matter, and called on the FBI to join the investigation. Jeffery Strelzin said in February 2009 that the investigation was still active: "We don't know if Maura is a victim, but the state is treating it as a potential homicide. It may be a missing-persons case, but it's being handled as a criminal investigation."


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In 2014, on the tenth anniversary of Murray's disappearance, Strelzin stated that "We haven't had any credible sightings of Maura since the night she disappeared." In an article published in the "New York Daily News" on the tenth anniversary of his daughter's disappearance, it was reported that Fred Murray believed she was dead and had been abducted the night of her disappearance.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On February 9, 2017, the thirteenth anniversary of Murray's disappearance, Strelzin wrote in an email to "The Boston Globe": "It's still an open case with periods of activity and [at] times it goes dormant. There are no new updates to share at this time."


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In February 2019, the fifteenth anniversary of Murray's disappearance, Fred Murray reiterated his belief that his daughter was dead, as well as his suspicions about the nearby house that cadaver dogs responded to, stating, "That's my daughter, I do believe." In early April, excavation was done within the basement of the house. Fred Murray had previously wanted to search the home, but the owners did not cooperate. Following sale of the property, its new owners allowed several searches of the property since February. The excavation conducted in early April found "absolutely nothing, other than what appears to be a piece of pottery or old piping."


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In early 2021, the tree at the site where Murray was last seen—which had been marked with a blue ribbon as a memorial—was cut down by the property owner. Shortly thereafter, a request from Murray's family to have a New Hampshire historical marker placed at the site, which had been submitted in late 2020, was turned down by the New Hampshire Division of Historical Resources.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: On September 14, 2021, New Hampshire State Police announced that bone fragments had been found on Loon Mountain in Lincoln, New Hampshire, approximately east of the site of Murray's crash. Murray had been to the mountain before and had knowledge of the area, according to her sister. The bone fragments were described as "pretty small," and it was expected to take at least two months to determine if they were the remains of Murray or not. In November, it was announced that the remains were not of Murray.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In January 2022, FBI issued a national alert in Murray's case and created a Violent Criminal Apprehension Profile, allowing multiple law enforcement agencies to share information regarding her case. In July 2022, law enforcement in New Hampshire initiated a search in the towns of Landaff and Easton.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Murray's disappearance has been cited as "the first crime mystery of the social media age", and generated speculation from the media and the public, specifically on the Internet, in online forums and message boards. Writing for "Boston" magazine in 2014, Bill Jensen noted: "Now, at least online, it often seems as there's no such thing as a cold case. But when Maura Murray disappeared, the social Web was in its infancy. There was no YouTube and no Twitter. On the day Maura went missing, Facebook was five days old. And so you can read the history of her case as a parable about the evolution of online sleuthing." In 2005, active discussion of Murray's disappearance was documented on websleuths.com, and in 2007, Facebook and Myspace pages were created dedicated to helping find her.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In the years after Murray's disappearance, her case would receive media attention on "20/20" and "Disappeared", and also garnered significant speculation on Internet message boards and forums, with theories ranging from abduction to voluntary disappearance. In 2017, the case was the subject of a documentary series on the Oxygen network, which described Murray's disappearance as the "first crime mystery of the social media age", having occurred days after the launch of Facebook.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: An episode of "20/20" compared Murray's case to that of Brooke Wilberger, who went missing in Oregon a few months after Murray's disappearance and was later found murdered. Murray was referenced on "Disappeared", in the Season 1 (episode 6)


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: In 2017, the Oxygen network produced a six-part television documentary miniseries titled "The Disappearance of Maura Murray", hosted by Maggie Freleng, a journalist.


title: Disappearance of Maura Murray

text: Maura's disappearance was the subject of the nonfiction thriller "True Crime Addict: How I Lost Myself in the Mysterious Disappearance of Maura Murray" by author and journalist James Renner. In the book, Renner proposed the theory that Murray traveled into New Hampshire with a tandem driver and may have disappeared willingly and started a new life elsewhere due to fears her pending credit card fraud case would prevent her being hired as a nurse, or less likely, was murdered by someone she knew. Murray's father, Fred, and immediate family have disputed this theory. Fred Murray stated that he believes his daughter was abducted and is dead.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow (February 27, 1807 – March 24, 1882) was an American poet and educator. His original works include "Paul Revere's Ride", "The Song of Hiawatha", and "Evangeline". He was the first American to completely translate Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy" and was one of the fireside poets from New England.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow was born in Portland, Maine, which was then still part of Massachusetts. He graduated from Bowdoin College and became a professor there and, later, at Harvard College after studying in Europe. His first major poetry collections were "Voices of the Night" (1839) and "Ballads and Other Poems" (1841). He retired from teaching in 1854 to focus on his writing, and he lived the remainder of his life in the Revolutionary War headquarters of George Washington in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His first wife, Mary Potter, died in 1835 after a miscarriage. His second wife, Frances Appleton, died in 1861 after sustaining burns when her dress caught fire. After her death, Longfellow had difficulty writing poetry for a time and focused on translating works from foreign languages. Longfellow died in 1882.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow wrote many lyric poems known for their musicality and often presenting stories of mythology and legend. He became the most popular American poet of his day and had success overseas. He has been criticized for imitating European styles and writing poetry that was too sentimental.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow was born on February 27, 1807, to Stephen Longfellow and Zilpah (Wadsworth) Longfellow in Portland, Maine, then a district of Massachusetts. He grew up in what is now known as the Wadsworth-Longfellow House. His father was a lawyer, and his maternal grandfather was Peleg Wadsworth, a general in the American Revolutionary War and a Member of Congress. His mother was descended from Richard Warren, a passenger on the "Mayflower". He was named after his mother's brother Henry Wadsworth, a Navy lieutenant who had died three years earlier at the Battle of Tripoli. He was the second of eight children.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow was descended from English colonists who settled in New England in the early 1600s. They included "Mayflower" Pilgrims Richard Warren, William Brewster, and John and Priscilla Alden through their daughter Elizabeth Pabodie, the first child born in Plymouth Colony.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow attended a dame school at the age of three and was enrolled by age six at the private Portland Academy. In his years there, he earned a reputation as being very studious and became fluent in Latin. His mother encouraged his enthusiasm for reading and learning, introducing him to "Robinson Crusoe" and "Don Quixote". He published his first poem in the Portland "Gazette" on November 17, 1820, a patriotic and historical four-stanza poem called "The Battle of Lovell's Pond". He studied at the Portland Academy until age 14. He spent much of his summers as a child at his grandfather Peleg's farm in Hiram, Maine.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: In the fall of 1822, 15-year-old Longfellow enrolled at Bowdoin College in Brunswick, Maine, along with his brother Stephen. His grandfather was a founder of the college and his father was a trustee. There Longfellow met Nathaniel Hawthorne who became his lifelong friend. He boarded with a clergyman for a time before rooming on the third floor in 1823 of what is now known as Winthrop Hall. He joined the Peucinian Society, a group of students with Federalist leanings. In his senior year, Longfellow wrote to his father about his aspirations:


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: I will not disguise it in the least...the fact is, I most eagerly aspire after future eminence in literature, my whole soul burns most ardently after it, and every earthly thought centres in it...I am almost confident in believing, that if I can ever rise in the world it must be by the exercise of my talents in the wide field of literature.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: He pursued his literary goals by submitting poetry and prose to various newspapers and magazines, partly due to encouragement from Professor Thomas Cogswell Upham. He published nearly 40 minor poems between January 1824 and his graduation in 1825. About 24 of them were published in the short-lived Boston periodical "The United States Literary Gazette". When Longfellow graduated from Bowdoin, he was ranked fourth in the class and had been elected to Phi Beta Kappa. He gave the student commencement address.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: After graduating in 1825, Longfellow was offered a job as professor of modern languages at his alma mater. An apocryphal story claims that college trustee Benjamin Orr had been impressed by Longfellow's translation of Horace and hired him under the condition that he travel to Europe to study French, Spanish, and Italian.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Whatever the catalyst, Longfellow began his tour of Europe in May 1826 aboard the ship "Cadmus". His time abroad lasted three years and cost his father $2,604.24, the equivalent of over $67,000 today. He traveled to France, Spain, Italy, Germany, back to France, then to England before returning to the United States in mid-August 1829. While overseas, he learned French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, and German, mostly without formal instruction. In Madrid, he spent time with Washington Irving and was particularly impressed by the author's work ethic. Irving encouraged the young Longfellow to pursue writing. While in Spain, Longfellow was saddened to learn that his favorite sister Elizabeth had died of tuberculosis at the age of 20 that May.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: On August 27, 1829, he wrote to the president of Bowdoin that he was turning down the professorship because he considered the $600 salary "disproportionate to the duties required". The trustees raised his salary to $800 with an additional $100 to serve as the college's librarian, a post which required one hour of work per day. During his years teaching at the college, he translated textbooks from French, Italian, and Spanish; his first published book was a translation of the poetry of medieval Spanish poet Jorge Manrique in 1833.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: He published the travel book "Outre-Mer: A Pilgrimage Beyond the Sea" in serial form before a book edition was released in 1835. Shortly after the book's publication, Longfellow attempted to join the literary circle in New York and asked George Pope Morris for an editorial role at one of Morris's publications. He considered moving to New York after New York University proposed offering him a newly created professorship of modern languages, but there would be no salary. The professorship was not created and Longfellow agreed to continue teaching at Bowdoin. It may have been joyless work. He wrote, "I hate the sight of pen, ink, and paper ... I do not believe that I was born for such a lot. I have aimed higher than this".


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: On September 14, 1831, Longfellow married Mary Storer Potter, a childhood friend from Portland. The couple settled in Brunswick, but the two were not happy there. Longfellow published several nonfiction and fiction prose pieces in 1833 inspired by Irving, including "The Indian Summer" and "The Bald Eagle".


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: In December 1834, Longfellow received a letter from Josiah Quincy III, president of Harvard College, offering him the Smith Professorship of Modern Languages with the stipulation that he spend a year or so abroad. There, he further studied German as well as Dutch, Danish, Swedish, Finnish, and Icelandic. In October 1835, his wife Mary had a miscarriage during the trip, about six months into her pregnancy. She did not recover and died after several weeks of illness at the age of 22 on November 29, 1835. Longfellow had her body embalmed immediately and placed in a lead coffin inside an oak coffin, which was shipped to Mount Auburn Cemetery near Boston. He was deeply saddened by her death and wrote: "One thought occupies me night and day...She is dead – She is dead! All day I am weary and sad". Three years later, he was inspired to write the poem "Footsteps of Angels" about her. Several years later, he wrote the poem "Mezzo Cammin," which expressed his personal struggles in his middle years.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow returned to the United States in 1836 and took up the professorship at Harvard. He was required to live in Cambridge to be close to the campus and, therefore, rented rooms at the Craigie House in the spring of 1837. The home was built in 1759 and was the headquarters of George Washington during the Siege of Boston beginning in July 1775. Elizabeth Craigie owned the home, the widow of Andrew Craigie, and she rented rooms on the second floor. Previous boarders included Jared Sparks, Edward Everett, and Joseph Emerson Worcester. It is preserved today as the Longfellow House–Washington's Headquarters National Historic Site.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow began publishing his poetry in 1839, including the collection "Voices of the Night", his debut book of poetry. The bulk of "Voices of the Night" was translations, but he included nine original poems and seven poems that he had written as a teenager. "Ballads and Other Poems" was published in 1841 and included "The Village Blacksmith" and "The Wreck of the Hesperus", which were instantly popular. He became part of the local social scene, creating a group of friends who called themselves the Five of Clubs. Members included Cornelius Conway Felton, George Stillman Hillard, and Charles Sumner; Sumner became Longfellow's closest friend over the next 30 years. Longfellow was well liked as a professor, but he disliked being "constantly a playmate for boys" rather than "stretching out and grappling with men's minds."


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow met Boston industrialist Nathan Appleton and his family in the town of Thun, Switzerland, including his son Thomas Gold Appleton. There he began courting Appleton's daughter Frances "Fanny" Appleton. The independent-minded Fanny was not interested in marriage, but Longfellow was determined. In July 1839, he wrote to a friend: "Victory hangs doubtful. The lady says she "will not"! I say she "shall"! It is not "pride", but the madness of passion". His friend George Stillman Hillard encouraged him in the pursuit: "I delight to see you keeping up so stout a heart for the resolve to conquer is half the battle in love as well as war". During the courtship, Longfellow frequently walked from Cambridge to the Appleton home in Beacon Hill in Boston by crossing the Boston Bridge. That bridge was replaced in 1906 by a new bridge which was later renamed the Longfellow Bridge.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: In late 1839, Longfellow published "Hyperion", inspired by his trips abroad and his unsuccessful courtship of Fanny Appleton. Amidst this, he fell into "periods of neurotic depression with moments of panic" and took a six-month leave of absence from Harvard to attend a health spa in the former Marienberg Benedictine Convent at Boppard in Germany. After returning, he published the play "The Spanish Student" in 1842, reflecting his memories from his time in Spain in the 1820s.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: The small collection "Poems on Slavery" was published in 1842 as Longfellow's first public support of abolitionism. However, as Longfellow himself wrote, the poems were "so mild that even a Slaveholder might read them without losing his appetite for breakfast". A critic for "The Dial" agreed, calling it "the thinnest of all Mr. Longfellow's thin books; spirited and polished like its forerunners; but the topic would warrant a deeper tone". The New England Anti-Slavery Association, however, was satisfied enough with the collection to reprint it for further distribution.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: On May 10, 1843, after seven years, Longfellow received a letter from Fanny Appleton agreeing to marry him. He was too restless to take a carriage and walked 90 minutes to meet her at her house. They were soon married; Nathan Appleton bought the Craigie House as a wedding present, and Longfellow lived there for the rest of his life. His love for Fanny is evident in the following lines from his only love poem, the sonnet "The Evening Star" which he wrote in October 1845: "O my beloved, my sweet Hesperus! My morning and my evening star of love!" He once attended a ball without her and noted, "The lights seemed dimmer, the music sadder, the flowers fewer, and the women less fair."


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: He and Fanny had six children: Charles Appleton (1844–1893), Ernest Wadsworth (1845–1921), Fanny (1847–1848), Alice Mary (1850–1928), Edith (1853–1915), and Anne Allegra (1855–1934). Their second-youngest daughter was Edith who married Richard Henry Dana III, son of Richard Henry Dana, Jr. who wrote "Two Years Before the Mast". Their daughter Fanny was born on April 7, 1847, and Dr. Nathan Cooley Keep administered ether to the mother as the first obstetric anesthetic in the United States. Longfellow published his epic poem "Evangeline" for the first time a few months later on November 1, 1847. His literary income was increasing considerably; in 1840, he had made $219 from his work, but 1850 brought him $1,900.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: On June 14, 1853, Longfellow held a farewell dinner party at his Cambridge home for his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne, who was preparing to move overseas. In 1854, he retired from Harvard, devoting himself entirely to writing. He was awarded an honorary doctorate of laws from Harvard in 1859.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Frances was putting locks of her children's hair into an envelope on July 9, 1861 and attempting to seal it with hot sealing wax while Longfellow took a nap. Her dress suddenly caught fire, but it is unclear exactly how; burning wax or a lighted candle may have fallen onto it. Longfellow was awakened from his nap and rushed to help her, throwing a rug over her, but it was too small. He stifled the flames with his body, but she was badly burned. Longfellow's youngest daughter Annie explained the story differently some 50 years later, claiming that there had been no candle or wax but that the fire had started from a self-lighting match that had fallen on the floor. Both accounts state that Frances was taken to her room to recover, and a doctor was called. She was in and out of consciousness throughout the night and was administered ether. She died shortly after 10 the next morning, July 10, after requesting a cup of coffee. Longfellow had burned himself while trying to save her, badly enough that he was unable to attend her funeral. His facial injuries led him to stop shaving, and he wore a beard from then on which became his trademark.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow was devastated by Frances’ death and never fully recovered; he occasionally resorted to laudanum and ether to deal with his grief. He worried that he would go insane, begging "not to be sent to an asylum" and noting that he was "inwardly bleeding to death". He expressed his grief in the sonnet "The Cross of Snow" (1879) which he wrote 18 years later to commemorate her death:


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: Longfellow spent several years translating Dante Alighieri's "Divine Comedy". To aid him in perfecting the translation and reviewing proofs, he invited friends to meetings every Wednesday starting in 1864. The "Dante Club", as it was called, regularly included William Dean Howells, James Russell Lowell, and Charles Eliot Norton, as well as other occasional guests. The full three-volume translation was published in the spring of 1867, but Longfellow continued to revise it. It went through four printings in its first year. By 1868, Longfellow's annual income was over $48,000. In 1874, Samuel Ward helped him sell the poem "The Hanging of the Crane" to the "New York Ledger" for $3,000; it was the highest price ever paid for a poem.


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: During the 1860s, Longfellow supported abolitionism and especially hoped for reconciliation between the northern and southern states after the American Civil War. His son was injured during the war, and he wrote the poem "Christmas Bells", later the basis of the carol "I Heard the Bells on Christmas Day". He wrote in his journal in 1878: "I have only one desire; and that is for harmony, and a frank and honest understanding between North and South". Longfellow accepted an offer from Joshua Chamberlain to speak at his fiftieth reunion at Bowdoin College, despite his aversion to public speaking; he read the poem "Morituri Salutamus" so quietly that few could hear him. The next year, he declined an offer to be nominated for the Board of Overseers at Harvard "for reasons very conclusive to my own mind".


title: Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

text: On August 22, 1879, a female admirer traveled to Longfellow's house in Cambridge and, unaware to whom she was speaking, asked him: "Is this the house where Longfellow was born?" He told her that it was not. The visitor then asked if he had died here. "Not yet", he replied. In March 1882, Longfellow went to bed with severe stomach pain. He endured the pain for several days with the help of opium before he died surrounded by family on Friday, March 24. He had been suffering from peritonitis. At the time of his death, his estate was worth an estimated $356,320. He is buried with both of his wives at Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. His last few years were spent translating the poetry of Michelangelo. Longfellow never considered it complete enough to be published during his lifetime, but a posthumous edition was collected in 1883. Scholars generally regard the work as autobiographical, reflecting the translator as an aging artist facing his impending death.