title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: After the game's redesign began, Willits revealed in August 2013 that "Doom" was still the team's focus. British science fiction writer Graham Joyce was enlisted to write the game's story; after Joyce died in 2014, Adam Gascoine was brought in as a replacement. Sound designer Chad Mossholder was recruited to write flavor text, after the team found out he writes comics.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: A teaser trailer of "Doom" was presented at E3 2014 and on the QuakeCon and "Doom" websites. A more expansive trailer was unveiled at QuakeCon 2014 on July 17, wherein a closed presentation was made mainly to silence ongoing rumors of the project being in jeopardy. Id Software executive producer Marty Stratton, the host of the presentation, announced that "Doom 4" had been renamed "Doom" as "it’s an origin game, reimagining everything about the originals". In light of Crytek's financial difficulties, it was announced that Tiago Sousa, head R&D graphics engineer at Crytek, was leaving to join the "Doom" and id Tech 6 engine team as a lead programmer.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: Bethesda released a teaser trailer to promote gameplay being shown at E3 2015 on June 14, 2015; the trailer depicted the double-barreled shotgun and the Revenant, a monster returning to the game. On June 14, around 15 minutes of gameplay footage were shown at E3. Regarding the progression system, Marty Stratton thought that it was important to allow players personalization and customization.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: id felt the greatest challenge was to compete with other first-person shooters such as "Call of Duty" and "Battlefield," as younger players were less familiar with the older "Doom" franchise. They also found it difficult to establish a game with its own identity while "being faithful" to other games in the series. The team consulted the game directors at Bethesda Game Studios, who Stratton considered "[had gone] through the same thing when they were working on "Fallout 3"."


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: On July 2, 2015, Stratton revealed that the game would not take place on Earth and that, unlike "Doom 3," the game was comic and "very juvenile". Director Hugo Martin later said that the game was heavily inspired by rock and roll and "He-Man and the Masters of the Universe" and that its Hell-themed levels would feature much heavy metal. "Doom"s world was designed to have personality and be "over the top"; the UAC industrial field was designed to be the massive underbelly of the corporation, the UAC corporate field zone was designed to be much cleaner in terms of splattered goriness than the other zones to prevent repetition. Skulls were used in Hell as iconic elements and the Titan's Realm zone was constructed from dead, ancient, colossal demons. At QuakeCon 2015, it was announced that the game would run at 1080p and 60 frames per second on console, as id considered it "the most necessary graphical goal" which could effectively improve gameplay fluidity. According to Martin, the team put little emphasis on story, as they believed that it was not an important feature of the franchise. Instead, they added codex items to let interested players speculate about the story and the identity of the player character.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: According to Stratton and Martin, movement is the game's most important pillar. To help keep movement fast, weapon reloading was excluded and levels were designed to discourage players from hiding. On January 25, Stratton confirmed the game's feature of nonlinear exploration and stated that combat is the game's focus and that the difficulty of the game was raised with the aim of creating an ultimate first-person shooter. On March 31, 2016, the release date of the "Doom" beta, a cinematic trailer directed by Joe Kosinski was created to evoke the game's three core pillars: incessant combat, terrifying demons, and powerful guns.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: "Doom"s multiplayer was developed in conjunction with Certain Affinity. SnapMap was developed in conjunction with Escalation Studios and designed to be powerful, to give players the opportunity to create their own content as part of the "Doom" and id legacies, and target those who have no experience or expertise in traditional modding.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: The "Doom" soundtrack was composed by Mick Gordon, with additional contributions by Richard Devine. Gordon aimed to treat the game's original soundtrack with "utmost respect" while modernizing it; however, the team at id stipulated in the initial brief that they wanted "no guitars" on the soundtrack, fearing that it would make the game "feel like "Bill & Ted"" and that heavy metal music itself has become "a bit of a joke". Gordon's initial concept was based around the idea of Argent energy corrupting human-made devices; to mirror this in music, he fed basic waveforms – sine waves and white noise – through a complex array of effects units such as distortion and compression. While this resulted in a unique electronic sound, the game still was not "sounding like "Doom""; Gordon then gradually started adding more and more guitar elements, which eventually resulted in the desired tone and feel for the game; Gordon used seven- and eight-string guitars to give the music a lower tone, and used a nine-string guitar for the game's main theme, a variation on Bobby Prince's "E1M1" / "At DOOM's Gate" theme; Gordon would eventually admit that using a nine-string was "kinda stupid" in its excess, and that while he eventually sold the guitar to Fredrik Thordendal from Meshuggah, "even he can't find a use for it". The soundtrack contains numerous easter eggs: some songs reference themes or sounds from older "Doom" games, others contain backmasking ("Jesus loves you"), images of pentagrams and the number 666 embedded into the sound via steganography. Gordon intended these as a joke, and never thought anyone would find them, but they were discovered shortly after release and widely covered in the media.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: The soundtrack was widely praised and won the Best Music / Sound Design award at The Game Awards 2016; Gordon, joined by Periphery drummer Matt Halpern and "Quake II" composer Sascha Dikiciyan (aka Sonic Mayhem), performed a short medley of the soundtracks "Rip and Tear" and "BFG Division" as well as "Quake II"s "Descent Into Cerberon" live at the awards show. The soundtrack was released in September 2016. It contains 31 tracks from the game, over 2 hours of music.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: On February 19, 2014, Bethesda revealed that access to a beta version of "Doom 4", titled "Doom", would be available for those who pre-ordered "" on any of the supportable platforms. Those players were also eligible for selection to participate in the game's multiplayer-only limited alpha, which ran between December 3 and 6, 2015. The beta began on March 31, 2016, and ended on April 3. It was followed by an open beta, which started on April 15, 2016, and ended on April 17. "Doom" was released for Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on May 13, 2016, worldwide; an exception was Japan, where it was released on May 19. It is also the first game of the "Doom" franchise to be released as uncensored in Germany. Bethesda partnered with Arrow Schmidt Peterson Motorsports for a special promotion that had Mikhail Aleshin driving a "Doom"-styled car at the Indianapolis 500 racing competition.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: On February 23, 2016, "Doom" was made available for Xbox One owners to pre-order; for a limited time, they would also get the two original games, "Doom" and "Doom II", for free. Other bonuses included the Demon Multiplayer Pack, which offered a demon-themed armor set with three skin variations; six metallic paint colors and three id Software logo patterns used for character customization; and six sets of consumable Hack Module perks. There is also a Collector's Edition, which was significantly more expensive than the normal edition. It includes a figurine of the Revenant – a demon featured in the game – and a metal case.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: id Software replaced Certain Affinity to work on the multiplayer for Windows after the game's launch and promised to fix its issues and introduced new features such as private matches, custom game settings and an enhanced cheat detection system. At E3 2016 on June 12, Bethesda Softworks announced its division, Bethesda VR, and that it was working on virtual reality support for the newly-released "Doom", set for release on an unspecified date. Also at E3 2016 on that day, Bethesda Softworks and id Software announced the game's free demo, which was initially going to last for only a week but was extended indefinitely. They also announced new multiplayer downloadable content titled "Unto the Evil", whose features include three maps and a new demon called the "Harvester", guns, equipment item, taunts, and armor sets. The DLC was released on August 4, 2016. Patches for "Doom" were released after the game's release; these patches introduced a new photo mode, classic weapon pose, and support for the Vulkan API. The Vulkan patch was expected to enable playable frame rates on older hardware. Subsequent benchmarks show up to a 66% improvement in the frame rates on AMD graphics cards, with minor changes in the performance of Nvidia cards.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: On July 19, 2017, an update was released which unlocked the game's premium multiplayer DLCs to all owners, while also revamping the progression system.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: On September 13, 2017, it was announced via Nintendo Direct that "Doom" would release on Nintendo Switch during the fourth quarter of 2017. The retail Switch version differs from the other console versions in that the multiplayer component is not included in the base product, but is instead offered as a free download, whereas the SnapMap component is not included at all, both changes as a result of cartridge limitations. It was released on November 10, 2017. An update to the Switch version in February 2018 introduced the option to use the motion controls of the Joy-Con for aiming, similar to other Switch games such as "Splatoon 2" and "".


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: Months after "Doom" was released, Zen Studios developed a virtual pinball adaptation of the game as part of the "Bethesda Pinball" collection, which became available as part of "Zen Pinball 2", "Pinball FX 2" and "Pinball FX 3", as well as a separate free-to-play app for iOS and Android mobile devices. At E3 2017 Bethesda announced "Doom VFR", a virtual reality adaptation of "Doom", compatible with the PlayStation VR and HTC Vive headsets. In "Doom VFR" the player assumes the role of Mars' last survivor who, after being killed, gets his consciousness uploaded into an artificial network, and is tasked with defeating the demons and restoring the facility's operations, having an array of electronic devices and weapons at his disposal. The game was released on December 1, 2017.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: Initial reception of the QuakeCon 2014 trailer accumulated considerable acclaim among fans, and initial reception of the E3 2015 trailer was also positive, despite receiving criticisms by some critics, who considered the game to be too violent. Pete Hines from Bethesda Softworks responded by saying that the game is designed to allow players to apply violence on demons instead of humans. Hines added that, "if you're not into violent, bloody games... "Doom" probably not a game for you."


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: During the open multiplayer beta, IGN writer Nathan Lawrence called the beta disappointing, considering it less of a classic style "arena shooter" and unfavorable compared to other shooters such as "Halo". Similarly, the beta was negatively received by players on Steam, with mostly negative reviews at the time when the beta was active. Rock, Paper, Shotgun writer Adam Smith found the beta both to be similar to games such as "Quake 3", "Unreal Tournament", and the "Call of Duty" series and not to feel like "Doom" itself, and criticized the weapon loadout concept. Review copies of the game were held back until release day.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: "Doom" was released to positive reception regarding the fast-paced gameplay, single-player campaign, visuals and soundtrack whereas criticism was predominantly toward the multiplayer mode. Many critics believed that "Doom" was a successful return to form for the series. Following the wide release, the game received scores of 85/100 for PC and PlayStation 4 and 87/100 for the Xbox One on Metacritic. The Nintendo Switch edition, released in November 2017, was also positively received by professional reviewers, garnering a 79/100 on Metacritic: most reviewers praised the job of the port, also conceding that it was not as well optimized as it was for previous consoles. The final version of the game received very positive reviews from users on Steam. It also received praise from other video game creators, including Cliff Bleszinski and Greg Kasavin, who said that the game answers questions that other modern shooters do not answer.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: The game's single-player elements received critical acclaim. Alec Meer of Rock, Paper, Shotgun favorably compared "Doom" to the 2014 game "", also published by Bethesda, but added that "Doom"s quality surpassed that of "Wolfenstein" due to its fast pace and solid gunplay. Peter Brown of GameSpot praised single-player because he thought that the reboot captured the spirits of the older games, while refining them with modern elements. Brown also drew attention toward the soundtrack, calling it "impactful". Mike Henriquez of Game Revolution favored the visual and artistic design, calling it "top-notch". Sam White in "The Daily Telegraph" commended id Software for "Doom"s delivery of performance on all platforms and praised the weapon design for "Doom"s continuity to introduce new weapons at a perfect speed so that gamers always play with something new and exciting.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: "Polygon"'s Arthur Gies remarked positively upon the exploration for collectables and secrets, and their relevance to the new upgrade feature, but he was critical of instances where the game would lock away sections of a level without warning. Zack Furniss of "Destructoid" was originally skeptical regarding the "glory kills" feature, as were other critics, fearing that they might distract from the fast-paced gameplay. He ultimately considered them to fit well in the flow of gameplay that keeps players in the middle of combat without a slowed pace. "Giant Bomb"s Brad Shoemaker felt that the glory kills' generating small amounts of health and armor "makes them an essential part of the give-and-take of "Doom"s super fast combat; do you dart into the fray for a glory kill to get a little health back, and risk getting mobbed by all the other enemies around?" Conversely, Kyle Orland of Ars Technica felt that the glory kills' briefly taking control away from the player can easily disorient players or misposition them, finding them hard to ignore for players that choose not to use them.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: The SnapMap mode was also positively received with "Hardcore Gamer" Jordan Helm's noting the possibilities yet simplicity with its use, calling it an "admirable feat". Matt Peckham of "Time" thought that the mode added further value to the overall package of the game. Matt Bertz of "Game Informer" commented upon the accessibility but criticized the lack of diverse settings and possible limitations when compared to a traditional community-based mod. James Davenport of "PC Gamer" compared it to the modification in the original games, which he views as one of the primary reasons why "Doom" is still a recognizable title. He was disappointed by the lack of mod support, though he nevertheless noted SnapMap for its simple use and variety of ideas already created by players.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: The multiplayer mode, however, garnered a mixed reception from critics. IGN's Joab Gilory was less favorable toward the multiplayer, calling the overall game "a tale of two very different shooters", stating that multiplayer did not live up to the standard set by the single-player components and would not satisfy players. Simon Miller of "VideoGamer.com" found the multiplayer to be only alright. Matt Buchholtz of "EGM" criticized what he felt was the network's poor handling of latency, and failing to register on-target shots as hits in some instances while not in others. Edwin Evans-Thirlwell of Eurogamer singled out the "Warpath" multiplayer mode as the most interesting of the match type, describing it as "memorable", while he regarded the other multiplayer modes as underdeveloped and underwhelming. Julian Benson from Kotaku wrote that "Doom"s multiplayer was very similar to other modern games. More positively, however, David Houghton of GamesRadar enjoyed the multiplayer for the fast pace yet quick decision-making needed to succeed, calling it "endlessly playable, smart, brutal fun." "Doom" was placed 1st in the GamesRadar's list of top FPS games of all time.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: It was the second best-selling retail game in its week of release in the UK, behind "". This was reported to be 67% more in its first week than the previous entry, "Doom 3". "Doom" was the second best-selling retail video game in the US in May 2016, also behind "Uncharted 4". By the end of May 2016, "Doom"s sales on the PC reached 500,000 copies. The following month, by late June 2016, the game rose to number one in the UK charts, overtaking "Uncharted 4" and the later-released "Overwatch", and remained number one for a second week. The game had surpassed one million sold copies for PCs in August 2016. By July 2017, the game reached two million copies sold on PC. In November 2017 "Doom" was the fourth best-selling Switch game, during its debut week.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: "Doom" was featured in multiple lists by critics and media outlets as one of the best games of 2016, being featured in game of the year lists and articles including Giant Bomb, GameSpot, GamesRadar, The Escapist, The A.V. Club, "Rock, Paper, Shotgun", Jim Sterling, VG247, Daily Mirror, Zero Punctuation and Shacknews.


title: Doom (2016 video game)

text: At the E3 2018 press conference in June, Bethesda Softworks announced a sequel titled "Doom Eternal"; gameplay footage was showcased at Quakecon 2018. It is based on id Tech 7 and was released on March 20, 2020.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: Hwang Min-hyun (; born August 9, 1995), known mononymously as Minhyun, is a South Korean singer, songwriter and actor. He began his professional career in 2012 as a lead vocalist of the South Korean boy group NU'EST. In 2017, he participated in second season of Produce 101 and finished ninth place, becoming a member of Wanna One. Following Wanna One's disbandment, Hwang re-joins NU'EST until 2022. He is currently a solo artist and actor signed under Pledis Entertainment.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: Hwang was scouted by South Korean entertainment agency Pledis Entertainment at the age of fifteen and became a trainee for almost two years. Prior to his debut, he became more well known after appearing in Orange Caramel's music video for their single "Shanghai Romance". He also made appearances in labelmates' music releases as a member of 'Pledis Boys'.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: He also appeared at the 2012–13 Seoul Fashion Week as a model for designer Park Yoon-soo's fashion show 'Big Park'.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: In 2015, Hwang was featured in indie artist Fromm's new track, "Aftermath". In 2016, Pledis Entertainment released Minhyun and JR's music video for "Daybreak", which is part of NU'EST's fifth mini album "Canvas".


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: In 2017, NU'EST halted all promotions while JR, Baekho, Minhyun, and Ren participated in the second season of the series "Produce 101".


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: In the third episode of the series, Hwang picked the members for 'Sorry Sorry Team 2', for which he was nicknamed 'producer' and 'CEO Hwang' by online commenters. In the "Position" challenge, he covered I.O.I's "Downpour" and the view count of his fancam reached 1 million within three days. In the "Concept" challenge, he was the center of "Never" team, which charted at number one in multiple music charts. At the end of the program, he ranked 9th, becoming one of the final 11 members to debut in Wanna One. In accordance with the series’ contract, he promoted exclusively as a member of Wanna One for the duration of the group's contract of 1.5 years.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: While his Wanna One contract officially ended on December 31, 2018, Hwang did not officially return to NU'EST until the end of January 2019. This was due to Pledis and Swing Entertainment coming to an agreement that allowed him to attend scheduled year-end shows and award ceremonies throughout January 2019 as a member of Wanna One. His final Wanna One activity before returning to NU'EST was a final concert (titled "Therefore") that was held across four days, ending on January 27, 2019.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: He, along with the rest of NU'EST, announced their contract renewal with Pledis Entertainment on February 1, 2019.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: On March 15, Hwang participated in his first song since returning to NU'EST, a special digital single "A Song For You" to celebrate the seventh anniversary of their debut.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: On April 3, he released a digital solo single "Universe" as the pre-release single from the group's first comeback since 2016, "Happily Ever After". The single is accompanied by the music video shot in Budapest and Milan. Later in the year, Hwang made his musical theater debut as Count Axel von Fersen in the Seoul revival of the musical "Marie Antoinette", which ran from August until November 2019.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: On June 26, 2020, Hwang was cast in the lead role of Go Eun-taek in the JTBC drama "Live On", which aired from November 2020 to January 2021.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: A day after the release of NU'EST's second album "Romanticize" in April 2021, Pledis Entertainment announced that he was cast in the upcoming tvN drama "Alchemy of Souls", written by the Hong Sisters.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: After days of speculation, it was confirmed on November 15, 2021, that Hwang, alongside the other members of Wanna One (except for Lai Kuan-lin), will reunite for a special stage performance at the 2021 Mnet Asian Music Awards in December 2021. While CJ E&M announced that there are talks of a Wanna One reunion concert and subsequent albums, Pledis Entertainment clarified that Hwang will perform with Wanna One only at the 2021 Mnet Asian Music Awards and will return to NU'EST and his solo projects afterward.


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: On December 5, 2021, Hwang released the single "I'll Be With You Every Day" (모든 날을 너와 함께 할게), his first solo original soundtrack, for the MBC series "The Red Sleeve".


title: Hwang Min-hyun

text: It was announced on February 28, 2022 that NU'EST's exclusive contract with Pledis Entertainment will expire on March 14, 2022 and that Hwang and Baekho have renewed their contracts with the agency while members Aron, JR and Ren chose not to.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The Strait of Magellan (), also called the Straits of Magellan, is a navigable sea route in southern Chile separating mainland South America to the north and Tierra del Fuego to the south. The strait is considered the most important natural passage between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. It was discovered and first traversed by the Spanish expedition of Ferdinand Magellan in 1520, after whom it is named. Prior to this, the strait had been navigated by canoe-faring indigenous peoples including the Kawésqar.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Magellan's original name for the strait was "Estrecho de Todos los Santos" ("Strait of All Saints"). The King of Spain, Emperor Charles V, who sponsored the Magellan-Elcano expedition, changed the name to the Strait of Magellan in honor of Magellan.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The route is difficult to navigate due to frequent narrows and unpredictable winds and currents. Maritime piloting is now compulsory. The strait is shorter and more sheltered than the Drake Passage, the often stormy open sea route around Cape Horn, which is beset by frequent gale-force winds and icebergs. Along with the Beagle Channel, the strait was one of the few sea routes between the Atlantic and Pacific before the construction of the Panama Canal.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The Strait of Magellan has been inhabited by indigenous Americans for thousands of years. Paleo-Indians near the strait are thought to have hunted American horses and "Mylodon"s. Guanacos and huemules were possibly also hunted.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Historically identifiable indigenous ethnic groups around the strait are the Kawésqar, the Tehuelche, the Selk'nam and Yaghan people. The Kawésqar lived on the western part of the strait's northern coast. To the east of the Kawésqar were the Tehuelche, whose territory extended to the north in Patagonia. To the south of the Tehuelche across the strait lived the Selk'nam, who inhabited the majority of the eastern portion of Tierra del Fuego. To the west of the Selk'nam were the Yaghan people, who inhabited the southernmost part of Tierra del Fuego.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: All tribes in the area were nomadic hunter-gatherers. The Tehuelche were the only non-maritime culture in the area; they fished and gathered shellfish along the coast during the winter and moved into the southern Andes in the summer to hunt. The tribes of the region saw little European contact until the late 19th century. Later, European-introduced diseases decimated portions of the indigenous population.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: It is possible that Tierra del Fuego was connected to the mainland in the Early Holocene (c. 9000 years BP) much in the same way that Riesco Island was back then. A Selk'nam tradition recorded by the Salesian missionary Giuseppe María Beauvoir relate that the Selk'nam arrived in Tierra del Fuego by land, and that the Selk'nam were later unable to return north as the sea had flooded their crossing. Selknam migration to Tierra del Fuego is generally thought to have displaced a related non-seafaring people, the Haush that once occupied most of the main island. The Selk'nam, Haush, and Tehuelche are generally thought to be culturally and linguistically related peoples physically distinct from the sea-faring peoples.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: According to a Selk'nam myth the strait was created along with the Beagle Channel and Fagnano Lake by slingshots falling on Earth during the fight of Taiyín with a witch who was said to have "retained the waters and the foods".


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The first European contact in this area was evidently the voyage of Ferdinand Magellan. (A report by António Galvão in 1563 that mentions early charts showing the strait as "Dragon's Tail" has led to speculation that there might have been earlier contact, but this is generally discounted.)


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Magellan led an expedition in the service of the Spanish King, Emperor Charles V, to reach the Spice Islands. His ships became the first to navigate the strait in 1520. The five ships included "La Trinidad" (110 tons, 55 crew members), under the command of Magellan; "La San Antonio" (120 tons, 60 crew members) under the command of Juan de Cartagena; "La Concepción" (90 tons, 45 crew members) under the command of Gaspar de Quezada (Juan Sebastián Elcano served as boatswain); "La Victoria" (85 tons, 42 crew members) under the command of Luis de Mendoza; and "La Santiago" (75 tons, 32 crew members), under command of Juan Rodríguez Serrano (João Rodrigues Serrão). Before the passage of the strait (and after the mutiny in Puerto San Julián), Álvaro de Mesquita became captain of the "San Antonio", and Duarte Barbosa of the "Victoria". Later, Serrão became captain of the "Concepcion" (the "Santiago", sent on a mission to find the passage, was caught in a storm and wrecked). "San Antonio", charged to explore Magdalen Sound, failed to return to the fleet, instead sailing back to Spain under Estêvão Gomes, who imprisoned the captain Mesquita.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Magellan's ships entered the strait on All Saints' Day, 1 November 1520. Magellan named the strait "Estrecho de Todos los Santos" ("Strait of All Saints") and


title: Strait of Magellan

text: planted a flag to claim the land on behalf of the King of Spain. Magellan's chronicler, Antonio Pigafetta, called it the "Patagonian Strait", and others "Victoria Strait", commemorating the first ship that entered. Within seven years, it was being called "Estrecho de Magallanes" in honor of Magellan. The Spanish Empire and the Captaincy General of Chile considered the strait the southern boundary of their territory.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In the 1530s Charles V divided South America and whatever was to be south of it into a series of grants to different conquistadors. The strait of Magellan and the area south of it went to Pedro Sánchez de la Hoz.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Pedro de Valdivia, the conquistador of Chile, managed to have Charles V extend his governorship all the way to the northern shores of the strait. Meanwhile, Sánchez de la Hoz was executed in Chile by Francisco de Villagra, one of Valdivia's men.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The first map of the Pacific Ocean, Maris Pacifici from 1589, depicts the strait as the only route between the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Contemporaries differed in their estimation of the strait's significance. In Europe it was viewed by some as an opportunity and a strategic location to facilitate long-range trade, though Antonio Pigafetta seemed to have understood his voyage through the area as an unrepeatable feat. By contrast, conquistador Pedro de Valdivia, in a letter to Charles V, considered the strait a threat through which rival conquistadors could arrive to challenge his claims.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1544 Valdivia commissioned Captain Juan Bautista Pastene to explore the coast from Valparaiso to the Strait of Magellan, and installed his personal secretary Juan de Cárdenas in the expedition to produce a written account of the lands discovered in order to solidify his claims before the King. Although Pastene's expedition reached only the 41st parallel south, well short of the strait, it discovered San Pedro Bay and the mouth of Valdivia River, where Valdivia would later found the city that bears his name. As Valdivia consolidated his claims, he mentions in a 1548 letter to the Council of the Indies the possibility of establishing contacts between Chile and Seville through the strait.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: García Jofré de Loaiza was the second captain to navigate the strait and the first to discover that Tierra del Fuego was an island. Valdivia then dispatched Francisco de Ulloa to survey and explore the strait, facilitating navigation from Spain to Chile. In October 1553, Ulloa sailed from the city of Valdivia in the first expedition to enter the strait from the west. Ulloa reached Woods Bay, but faced with the steep coastline and lack of provisions and fearing entrapment in the strait during the winter, he turned around, returning to Chilean ports in February 1554.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Valdivia himself never actually reached the strait, as he was killed in 1553 attempting to conquer Araucanía, about 1600 km (994 miles) north of the strait.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In October 1557, Governor García Hurtado de Mendoza sent another exploratory squad of 70 men under the command of Juan Ladrillero. They were charged with mapping the coastline and surveying the region's flora, fauna, and ethnography. On August 16, 1558, Ladrillero arrived in the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first navigator to cross the Strait of Magellan in both directions.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Colonization by the Spanish southward in Chile halted after the conquest of the Chiloé Archipelago in 1567. The Spanish are thought to have lacked incentives for further conquests south. The indigenous populations were sparse and did not engage in the sedentary agricultural life of the Spanish. The harsh climate in the fjords and channels of Patagonia may also have deterred further expansion. Even in Chiloé the Spanish encountered difficulties, having to abandon their initial economic model based on gold mining and "hispanic-mediterranean" agriculture.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1578 English navigator Francis Drake crossed the strait, creating fear on the Pacific coast that an attack was imminent. In order to seal the passage, the Viceroy of Peru, Francisco de Toledo, sent a squadron with two ships under Pedro Sarmiento de Gamboa. They carefully explored the strait, trying to ferret out English invaders, while surveying locations for future fortifications.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Pigafetta had described the strait as a hospitable area with many good ports, "cedar" wood, and abundant shellfish and fish.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1584, Sarmiento de Gamboa founded two colonies in the strait: Nombre de Jesús and Ciudad del Rey Don Felipe. The latter was established on the north shore of the strait with 300 settlers. That winter, it became known as Puerto del Hambre, or "Port Famine", as most of the settlers died of cold or starvation. When Sir Thomas Cavendish landed at the site of Rey Don Felipe in 1587, he found only ruins of the settlement.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The Spanish failure to colonize the Strait of Magellan made the Chiloé Archipelago key in protecting western Patagonia from foreign intrusions. Valdivia, reestablished in 1645, and Chiloé acted as sentries, and as hubs where the Spanish collected intelligence from all over Patagonia.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1599 it took five ships under Simon de Cordes and his pilot William Adams four months to traverse the strait; Sebalt de Weert returned before reaching the end.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1616, Dutch travelers, including Willem Schouten and Jacob Le Maire, discovered Cape Horn and recognized the southern end of Tierra del Fuego. Years later, a Spanish expedition commanded by brothers Bartolomé and Gonzalo Nodal verified this discovery making in the way also the first circumnavigation of Tierra del Fuego. After this there would be 150 years before the next ship from Spain would traverse the strait. By 1620, one hundred years after European discovery, at least 55 ships had traversed the strait including 23 Spanish, 17 English and 15 Dutch.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: John Narborough's 1670 explorations in Patagonia caused the Spanish to launch various maritime expeditions to western Patagonia from 1674 to 1676. In the last and largest one, Pascual de Iriate led a party to Evangelistas Islets at the western entrance to the strait. At Evangelistas sixteen men of the party disappeared on February 17 including the son of Pascual de Iriarte. The ill-fated men had attempted to reach one of the islets to install a metal plaque indicating the King of Spain's ownership of the territory. Viceroy of Peru Baltasar de la Cueva issued orders to the governments of Chile, Chiloé and Río de la Plata to inquire about the men who disappeared at Evangelistas Islets. However no information about their fate came forth and it is presumed that the boat wrecked in the same storm that forced the remaining party to leave the area. Overall a total of 16–17 men perished in it. While by 1676 rumours about English bases in Western Patagonia had been dispelled, that year new rumours appeared claiming that England was preparing an expedition to settle the Straits of Magellan. The focus of Spanish attention to repel tentative English settlements shifted from the Pacific coast of Patagonia to the Straits of Magellan and Tierra del Fuego. Such a change, from the western archipelagoes to the strait, meant that any English settlement could be approached by Spain by land from the north, which was not the case for the islands in western Patagonia.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In February 1696, the first French expedition under the command of M. de Gennes reached the Strait of Magellan. The expedition is described by the French explorer, engineer, and hydrographer in his "A Relation of a Voyage" (1699).


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In the 18th century further explorations were done by English explorers John Byron and James Cook. The French sent Louis Antoine de Bougainville and JSC Dumont D'Urville. By 1770 the focus of a potential conflict between Spain and Britain had shifted from the strait to Falkland Islands.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: From 1826 to 1830, the strait was explored and thoroughly charted by Phillip Parker King, who commanded the British survey vessel HMS "Adventure". In consort with HMS "Beagle", King surveyed the complex coasts around the strait. A report on the survey was presented at two meetings of the Geographical Society of London in 1831. In connection to these explorations Robert FitzRoy came to suggest the establishment of a British base in strait to aid travel between the British Isles and Australia.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The 1837 French expedition of Dumont D'Urville surveyed the area of Puerto del Hambre and the navigational conditions in the Strait of Magellan. In a report the expedition recommended that a French colony be established at the strait to support future traffic along the route.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Richard Charles Mayne commanded HMS "Nassau" on a survey expedition to the strait from 1866 to 1869. The naturalist on the voyage was Robert Oliver Cunningham. Charles Darwin requested the Lords of the Admiralty to ask Mayne to collect several boatloads of fossils of extinct quadruped species. Admiral Sulivan had previously discovered an astonishingly rich accumulation of fossil bones not far from the strait. These remains apparently belonged to a more ancient period than collections made by Darwin on HMS "Beagle" and other naturalists, and therefore were of great scientific interest. Many of these fossils were collected with the aid of hydrographer Richards R. N. and deposited in the British Museum. The Admiralty compiled advice to mariners of the strait in 1871.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Chile took possession of the Strait of Magellan on May 23, 1843. President Manuel Bulnes ordered this expedition after consulting the Chilean libertador Bernardo O'Higgins, who feared an occupation by Great Britain or France. The first Chilean settlement, Fuerte Bulnes, was situated in a forested zone on the north side of the strait, and was later abandoned. In 1848, Punta Arenas was founded farther north, where the Magellanic forests meet the Patagonian plains. In Tierra del Fuego, across the strait from Punta Arenas, the village of Porvenir emerged during the Tierra del Fuego gold rush in the late 19th century. Until the opening of the Panama Canal, the town was an important supply stop for mariners. It has been claimed that Chile's annexation of the area originated from a fear of occupation by Great Britain or France.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina, Argentina effectively recognized Chilean sovereignty over the Strait of Magellan. Argentina had previously claimed all of the strait, or at least the eastern third of it.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina the conflicts between two countries were settled and Argentina ratified the strait as Chilean.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1840, the Pacific Steam Navigation Company became the first to use steamships for commercial traffic in the strait. Until the Panama Canal opened in 1914, the Strait of Magellan was the main route for steamships traveling from the Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific. It was often considered safer than the Drake Passage separating Cape Horn from Antarctica, as the Drake Passage is notorious for turbulent and unpredictable weather, and is frequented by icebergs and sea ice. Ships in the strait, protected by Tierra del Fuego to the south and the coast of continental South America to the north, crossed with relative ease, and Punta Arenas became a primary refueling port that provided coal for steamships in transit. The Strait’s curving channel, with widths varying between 1.9 and 22 miles (3 to 35 kms), experiences unpredictable winds and tidal currents, leading sailing ships to prefer the Drake Passage, where they had more room to maneuver.)


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The strait is approximately long and wide at its narrowest point (Carlos III Island, west of Cape Froward). The northwestern portion of the strait is connected with other sheltered waterways via the Smyth Channel. This area is similar to the Inside Passage of Alaska. South of Cape Froward, the principal shipping route follows the Magdalena Channel. The climate is generally foggy and cold, and the course is convoluted with several narrow passages. It is several hundred miles shorter than the Drake Passage, but sailing ships, particularly clipper ships, prefer the latter. Its major port is Punta Arenas, a transshipment point for Chilean mutton situated on the Brunswick Peninsula. Exemplifying the difficulty of the passage, it took Magellan 38 days to complete the crossing.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The eastern opening is a wide bay on the border of Chile and Argentina between Punta Dúngeness on the mainland and Cabo del Espíritu Santo ("Cape of the Holy Spirit") on Tierra del Fuego, the border as defined in the Treaty of Peace and Friendship of 1984 between Chile and Argentina. Immediately west are Primera Angostura and Segunda Angostura, narrows formed by two terminal moraines of different ages. The Primera Angostura is the closest approach of Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego to mainland South America. Farther west lies Magdalena Island, part of Los Pingüinos Natural Monument. The strait's southern boundary in the east follows first the shoreline of the Isla Grande de Tierra del Fuego, then the northern end of the Canal Whiteside and the shoreline of Dawson Island.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The western part of the strait leads northwest from the northern end of the Magdalena Channel to the strait's Pacific entrance. This is flanked on the south by Capitán Aracena Island, Clarence Island, Santa Inés Island, Desolación Island (Cabo Pilar), and other smaller islands, and on the north by Brunswick Peninsula, Riesco Island, Muñoz Gamero Peninsula, Manuel Rodriguez Island, and other minor islands of the Queen Adelaide Archipelago. Two narrow channels connect the strait with Seno Otway and Seno Skyring. A broader channel, Smyth Channel, leads north from the strait between Muñoz Gamero Peninsula and Manuel Rodriguez Island. Francisco Coloane Coastal and Marine Protected Area, a sanctuary for humpback whales, is located in this area. This part of the strait lies on the elongated Magallanes-Fagnano Fault, which marks a plate boundary between the South American Plate and the Scotia Plate. This fault continues southward under Almirantazgo Fjord and then below Fagnano Lake. Possibly, new tourism industries could be established in the eastern part of the strait for watching southern right whales, as the number of observations in the area has increased in recent years.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: On the Atlantic side, the strait is characterized by semidiurnal macrotides with mean and spring tide ranges of 7.1 and 9.0 m, respectively. On the Pacific side, tides are mixed and mainly semidiurnal, with mean and spring tide ranges of 1.1 and 1.2 m, respectively. There is enormous tidal energy potential in the strait. The strait is prone to Williwaws, "a sudden violent, cold, katabatic gust of wind descending from a mountainous coast of high latitudes to the sea".


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The place names of the area around the strait come from a variety of languages. Many are from Spanish and English, and several are from the Ona language, adapted to Spanish phonology and spelling. Examples include "Timaukel" (a hamlet at the east side of Tierra del Fuego), "Carukinka" (the end of the Almirantazgo Fjord), "Anika" (a channel located at 54° 7' S and 70° 30' W), and "Arska" (the north side of the Dawson Island).


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Magellan named the strait "Todos los Santos", as he began his voyage through the strait on November 1, 1520, the day of "All Saints" ("Todos los Santos" in Spanish). Charles V renamed it "Estrecho de Magallanes". Magellan named the island on the south side of the strait "Tierra del Fuego", which the Yaghan people called "Onaisín" in the Yaghan language. Magellan also gave the name "Patagones" to the mainland Indians, and their land was subsequently known as Patagonia.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency lists 41 lighthouses in the waterway. Some of them are more than a century old, and some are declared "Monumento Nacional" ("national monument"). Among the most notable lighthouses are: "County of Peebles" hulk, the world's first four-masted, iron-hulled "full-rig ship", used now as a breakwater for the harbour at Punta Arenas; the "San Isidro" lighthouse, restored in 2004 and is now a museum and lodge; and the Evangelistas Lighthouse, located at the western mouth of the strait and built by George Slight, who wrote on his arrival in 1934:


title: Strait of Magellan

text: This strait is one of the region's most popular tourist destinations. Several cruise companies ply its waters, and the lighthouses, including Magdalena Island Light, are popular attractions.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Numerous protected systems are located around the strait (S.P.: "Sistema Protegido"; B.N.P: "Bienes Nacionales Protegidos"):


title: Strait of Magellan

text: The strait provides a well-protected inland waterway sheltered from rough weather and high seas, allowing for safe navigation. Ships sail through the strait from the Pacific to the Atlantic and back, from the oceans to the Beagle Channel through the Magdalena Channel, Cockburn Channel, Paso Brecknock or Canal Ocasión, Ballenero Channel, O'Brien Channel, Paso Timbales, northwest arm of the Beagle Channel and the Beagle Channel and back, and also to cross the strait from north to south and back. This is the case for all traffic between the Chile and Argentina and the cities in Tierra del Fuego, Porvenir, Cerro Sombrero, Timaukel, Ushuaia, and Río Grande.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 2008, 571 Chilean ships and 1,681 non-Chilean ships sailed through the strait. Piloting is compulsory for sailing the strait. As one authority notes, "The Pilotage Regulations of the Chilean Hydrographic and Oceanographic Service ('the Regulations") provide that pilotage through the Magellan Strait is compulsory", with limited exceptions for local traffic. Who pays the fees for the pilot is subject to interpretation, however.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Article 35 of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea states that "Nothing in this Part affects: ... the legal regime in straits in which passage is regulated in whole or in part by long-standing international conventions in force specifically relating to such straits". Article V of the Boundary treaty of 1881 between Chile and Argentina established a legal regime for the Strait of Magellan, and in a diplomatic letter to major shipping nations in 1873, Chile promised freedom of navigation through and neutrality within the strait.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: Joshua Slocum was the first documented person to have single-handedly sailed the strait. He experienced a 40-day hiatus in the strait due to storms and adverse weather, while piloting the gaff-rigged sloop oyster boat "Spray" in the first solo global circumnavigation. He wrote about the experience in "Sailing Alone Around the World".


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In 1976, American open water swimmer Lynn Cox became the first person to swim across the strait. Almost 40 years later, on January 17, 2014, Hunter Wright became the youngest person to swim across the strait at age 17.


title: Strait of Magellan

text: In June 2004, the "USS Ronald Reagan" was the first nuclear-powered aircraft carrier to navigate the strait.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Hirdesh Singh (born 15 March 1983), known professionally as Yo Yo Honey Singh or simply Honey Singh, is an Indian music producer, rapper, singer, songwriter and an actor. He started out in 2003 as a session and recording artist, and became a bhangra and hip hop music producer. Later, he became successful with his own songs and started making songs for Bollywood films.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Hirdesh Singh was born in Hoshiarpur, Punjab, India on 15 March 1983 into a Punjabi family to parents Sardaar Sarabjit Singh and Bhupinder Kaur. Hirdesh has a sister, Sneha Singh. His family moved to Delhi in his childhood and he graduated from Guru Nanak Public School in the Pitampura neighbourhood of Punjabi Bagh, North West Delhi.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: The Punjabi album "International Villager" was released on 11 November 2011. The track "Gabru" from the album, featuring singer J-Star, topped the Asian music charts, including the official BBC Asian charts.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: He has performed at many college festivals, including Ansal Institute of Technology and Ramjas College, Delhi.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh and Diljit Dosanjh's song "Lak 28 Kudi Da" reached number one in the BBC Asian Download Charts in May 2011. The song was released as a promotional track for Dosanjh's film "Lion of Punjab".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: It was reported that he was paid the highest fee ever for a Bollywood song (as of 2012) of for a song in the films "Cocktail" and "Mastan".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh topped the chart of trending videos of 2012. He earned two places on YouTube's list of top 10 trending videos of 2012. His song "Brown Rang" made it to the top spot. "High Heels", in collaboration with Jaz Dhami, took the fourth spot.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: His debut song in Bollywood films was "Shakal Pe Mat Ja", featuring Gagan Sidhu. Singh charged Rs. 7 million for a song in the film "Mastan". This was the largest amount paid to a song artist in Bollywood to date, making Singh one of the highest-paid musical artists in Bollywood.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: The song "Angreji Beat" from Singh's album "International Villager", featuring Gippy Grewal, was featured in Saif Ali Khan's film "Cocktail".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh launched his single "Bring Me Back ft. Spoken Word" at the Video Music Awards India, which aired on MTV India. After the show, his song was premiered on the channel.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: In late 2013, he produced songs in the films "Chennai Express" and "Boss". He has also had songs in smaller-budget films such as "Mere Dad Ki Maruti", "Bajatey Raho" and "Fugly".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: In February 2015 he released the songs "Birthday Bash", followed by songs in films including "Gabbar is Back" and "Bhaag Johnny". He suffered from bipolar disorder and took a long sabbatical from work. He returned in late 2018 with the song "Makhna". The same year he sung and composed songs for the movies "Baazaar" and "Sonu Ke Titu Ki Sweety".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Mumbai Saga's first song "Shor Machega", released on 28 February 2021. It was composed by Yo Yo Honey Singh, with lyrics and vocals by Singh and Hommie Dilliwala.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh made his acting debut with Baljit Singh Deo's Punjabi film "Mirza - The Untold Story" (2012), performing the role of Deesha, a mad gangster. Despite only being a cameo appearance, the role went on to win Singh the PTC Punjabi Film Award for Best Male Debut. The following year, Singh appeared in another Punjabi film, this time a comedy by Amit Prasher, "Tu Mera 22 Main Tera 22", as Rolly, a childish and spoilt brat, alongside Amrinder Gill. This was Singh's first main role in a film.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh then made his debut as an actor in Bollywood cinema with the 2014 musical-thriller film "The Xpose", alongside Himesh Reshammiya. The film was released on 16 May 2014, to mixed reviews from critics, and was a box office flop.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: In 2016, Singh starred in the Punjabi action film "Zorawar", directed by Vinnil Markan, which was marketed as one of the most expensive Punjabi films to date. The film was critically acclaimed.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: In the aftermath of the 2012 Delhi gang rape case, the lyrics to some of his songs, which depict violence against women and rape positively, have caused controversy. A first information report (FIR) was lodged against Singh for his offensive lyrics, and a group of social activists filed an online petition demanding cancellation of his New Year performance at a Gurgaon hotel. After the campaign, Singh's New Year concert was cancelled by the hotel. Singh denies writing these offensive lyrics.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh's song "Party All Night" in Akshay Kumar's film "Boss" was at the centre of a controversy. Producers of the movie had to submit a petition in Delhi High Court claiming that they had 'muted' an alleged vulgar word in Singh's song. The court heard a petition filed by lawyer Sanjay Bhatnagar seeking a stay on the film, contending that without the censor board's approval, the song could not be released with such a vulgar word. The petitioner had sought a stay on the release of the film until either the word or the song was deleted from the film.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: His work has been perceived as being vulgar, misogynist, promoting violence against women and a bad influence on youth. There have been reactions in print to Singh, such as from Annie Zaidi, who wrote "An Open Letter to Honey Singh" in January 2013, and Sandipan Sharma, who wrote "Thanks for the crassness: An open letter to Honey Singh from a parent" in July 2014.


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: On 2014, Singh and fellow rapper Raftaar were in dispute over whether Raftaar should receive credit for the lyrics of the song "Yeh Fugly Fugly Kya Hai".


title: Yo Yo Honey Singh

text: Singh married Shalini Talwar on 23 January 2011. Talwar has accused the rapper of multiple offenses under the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act. Delhi's Tis Hazari Court had also issued notice to the singh and sought his response.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: The Bushmaster XM-15 series (or XM15) is a line of AR-15 style semi-automatic rifles and carbines previously manufactured by Bushmaster Firearms International, LLC. Variants include the Bushmaster M4-type Carbine, Patrolman series, QRC series, Bushmaster XM15-E2S, and the Carbon 15 line.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: The standard XM-15 has a forged 7075T6 aircraft-grade aluminum upper and lower receiver. Barrels of XM-15 firearms have a heavy profile and are hard chrome-lined 4150 alloy steel or 416 stainless steel. In Bushmaster's 2016 sales brochure, all new-production XM-15s are stated to be supplied with a 4150 steel barrel. The standard barrel has rifling of 1 turn in 9".


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: The Bushmaster XM15-E2S "M4 type" carbine first gained notoriety for its use in the October 2002 Beltway sniper attacks.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: A Bushmaster XM-15 was used in the December 2012 Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting. Just before the two-year anniversary of the massacre, nine families of the 26 victims of the shooting filed a class action lawsuit in Connecticut against Bushmaster, Remington Arms and others, seeking "unspecified" damages for the defendants' purported negligent entrustment and illegal marketing of the XM-15 rifle. Plaintiffs argued that both theories of liability fell within exceptions to the 2005 Protection of Lawful Commerce in Arms Act, which affords broad civil immunity to gun manufacturers. The case was dismissed in superior court and was appealed to the Connecticut Supreme Court.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: In March 2019, the Connecticut Supreme Court reinstated the wrongful death lawsuit, holding that the plaintiffs successfully pleaded a cause of action for illegal marketing. Remington appealed to the United States Supreme Court, which denied review on November 12, 2019. On February 15, 2022, Remington Arms insurers settled with families of Sandy Hook victims and agreed to pay a total of $73 million to families.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: An XM-15 was also used in the 1997 North Hollywood shootout, and an XM-15 was used in the 2018 Nashville Waffle House shooting.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: An XM15-E2 was captured from Islamic State fighters in Sinjar Mountains by Peshmerga during the Iraqi Civil War.


title: Bushmaster XM-15

text: As of October 2, 2000, California has banned the Bushmaster XM15 by name in the Kasler v. Lockyer Assault Weapon List, among other AR-style rifles by Armalite, DPMS, Colt, and Eagle Arms, to name a few.


title: Astarte

text: Astarte (; , ) is the Hellenized form of the Ancient Near Eastern goddess Ashtart or Athtart (Northwest Semitic), a deity closely related to Ishtar (East Semitic), who was worshipped from the Bronze Age through classical antiquity. The name is particularly associated with her worship in the ancient Levant among the Canaanites and Phoenicians, though she was originally associated with Amorite cities like Ugarit and Emar, as well as Mari and Ebla. She was also celebrated in Egypt, especially during the reign of the Ramessides, following the importation of foreign cults there. Phoenicians introduced her cult in their colonies on the Iberian Peninsula.


title: Astarte

text: Astarte was a goddess of both the Canaanite and the Phoenician pantheon, derived from an earlier Syrian deity. She is recorded in Akkadian as (), the feminine form of Ishtar. The name appears in Ugaritic as (), in Phoenician as (), in Hebrew as ().


title: Astarte

text: In various cultures Astarte was connected with some combination of the following spheres: war, sexuality, royal power, beauty, healing and - especially in Ugarit and Emar - hunting; however, known sources do not indicate she was a fertility goddess, contrary to opinions in early scholarship. Her symbol was the lion and she was also often associated with the horse and by extension chariots. The dove might be a symbol of her as well, as evidenced by some Bronze Age cylinder seals. The only images identified with absolute certainty as Astarte as these depicting her as a combatant on horseback or in a chariot. While many authors in the past asserted that she has been known as the deified morning and/or evening star, it has been called into question if she had an astral character at all, at least in Ugarit and Emar. God lists known from Ugarit and other prominent Bronze Age Syrian cities regarded her as the counterpart of Assyro-Babylonian goddess Ištar, and of the Hurrian Ishtar-like goddesses Ishara (presumably in her aspect of "lady of love") and Shaushka; in some cities, the western forms of the name and the eastern form "Ishtar" were fully interchangeable.


title: Astarte

text: In later times Astarte was worshipped in Syria and Canaan. Her worship spread to Cyprus, where she may have been merged with an ancient Cypriot goddess. This merged Cypriot goddess may have been adopted into the Greek pantheon in Mycenaean and Dark Age times to form Aphrodite. It has been argued, however, that Astarte's character was less erotic and more warlike than Ishtar originally was, perhaps because she was influenced by the Canaanite goddess Anat, and that therefore Ishtar, not Astarte, was the direct forerunner of the Cypriot goddess. Greeks in classical, Hellenistic, and Roman times occasionally equated Aphrodite with Astarte and many other Near Eastern goddesses, in keeping with their frequent practice of syncretizing other deities with their own.


title: Astarte

text: Major centers of Astarte's worship in the Iron Age were the Phoenician city-states of Sidon, Tyre, and Byblos. Coins from Sidon portray a chariot in which a globe appears, presumably a stone representing Astarte. "She was often depicted on Sidonian coins as standing on the prow of a galley, leaning forward with right hand outstretched, being thus the original of all figureheads for sailing ships." In Sidon, she shared a temple with Eshmun. Coins from Beirut show Poseidon, Astarte, and Eshmun worshipped together.


title: Astarte

text: Other significant locations where she was introduced by Phoenician sailors and colonists were Cythera, Malta, and Eryx in Sicily from which she became known to the Romans as Venus Erycina. Three inscriptions from the Pyrgi Tablets dating to about 500 BC found near Caere in Etruria mentions the construction of a shrine to Astarte in the temple of the local goddess Uni-Astre (). At Carthage Astarte was worshipped alongside the goddess Tanit, and frequently appeared as a theophoric element in personal names.


title: Astarte

text: The Aramean goddess Atargatis (Semitic form ) may originally have been equated with Astarte, but developed its own distinct cult.


title: Astarte

text: Iconographic portrayal of Astarte, very similar to that of Tanit, often depicts her naked and in presence of lions, identified respectively with symbols of sexuality and war. She is also depicted as winged, carrying the solar disk and the crescent moon as a headdress, and with her lions either lying prostrate to her feet or directly under those. Aside from the lion, she's associated to the dove and the bee. She has also been associated with botanic wildlife like the palm tree and the lotus flower.


title: Astarte

text: A particular artistic motif assimilates Astarte to Europa, portraying her as riding a bull that would represent a partner deity. Similarly, after the popularization of her worship in Egypt, it was frequent to associate her with the war chariot of Ra or Horus, as well as a kind of weapon, the crescent axe. Within Iberian culture, it has been proposed that native sculptures like those of Baza, Elche or Cerro de los Santos might represent an Iberized image of Astarte or Tanit.


title: Astarte

text: In the Baʿal Epic of Ugarit, Ashtart is one of the allies of the eponymous hero. With the help of Anat she stops him from attacking the messengers who deliver the demands of Yam and later assists him in the battle against the sea god, possibly "exhorting him to complete the task" during it. It's a matter of academic debate if they were also viewed as consorts. Their close relation is highlighted by the epithet "face of Baal" or "of the name of Baal."


title: Astarte

text: A different narrative, so-called "Myth of Astarte the huntress" casts Ashtart herself as the protagonist, and seemingly deals both with her role as a goddess of the hunt stalking game in the steppe, and with her possible relationship with Baal.


title: Astarte

text: Fragmentary narratives describe Ashtart and Anat hunting together. They were frequently treated as a pair in cult. For example, an incantation against snakebite invokes them together in a list of gods who asked for help. Texts from Emar, which are mostly of ritual nature unlike narrative ones known from Ugarit, indicate that Ashtart was a prominent deity in that city as well, and unlike in Ugarit, she additionally played a much bigger role in cult followings than Anat.


title: Astarte

text: While the association between Ashtart and Anat is well attested, primary sources from Ugarit and elsewhere provide no evidence in support of the misconception that Athirat (Asherah) and Ashtart were ever conflated, let alone that Athirat was ever viewed as Baal's consort like Ashtart possibly was. Scholar of Ugaritic mythology and the Bible Steve A. Wiggins in his monograph "A Reassessment of Asherah: With Further Considerations of the Goddess" notes that such arguments rest on scarce biblical evidence (which indicates at best a confusion between obscure terms in the Book of Judges rather than between unrelated deities in Canaanite or Bronze Age Ugaritic religion) sums up the issue with such claims: "(...) Athtart begins with an ayin, and Athirat with an aleph. (...) Athtart appears in parallel with Anat in texts (...), but Athirat and Athtart do not occur in parallel." God lists from Ugarit indicate that Ashtart was viewed as analogous to Mesopotamian Ishtar and Hurrian Ishara, but not Athirat.


title: Astarte

text: Egyptian evidence is of particular importance as the only Bronze Age pictorial representations identified with absolute certainty as Astarte come from Egypt, rather than Ugarit, Emar or other Syrian cities, despite her prominence in religion attested in literature.


title: Astarte

text: Astarte arrived in ancient Egypt during the 18th dynasty along with other deities who were worshipped by northwest Semitic people, namely Anat, Baal (conflated with Set, who as a result started to be viewed as a heroic "foreign" god), Horon, Reshef and the enigmatic Qudshu. Due to her nature as a warrior goddess, often paired with Anat, Astarte was associated with warfare in Egyptian religion too, especially with horses and chariots. Due to the late arrival of these animals in Egypt, they weren't associated with any native deity prior to her introduction.


title: Astarte

text: Egyptian sources considered Astarte to be a daughter of the Memphite head god Ptah, or of the sun god Ra.


title: Astarte

text: In the "Contest Between Horus and Set", Astarte and Anat appear as daughters of Ra and are given as allies to the god Set, a reflection of their association with Baal. Some researchers perceive them as Set's wives as well, though much like the possibility of one or both of them being the wife of Baal in Ugarit this is uncertain.


title: Astarte

text: The so-called Astarte papyrus presents a myth similar to the Yam section of the Ugaritic Baal cycle or to certain episodes from the Hurro-Hittite Kumarbi cycle, but with Set, rather than Baal or Teshub, as the hero fighting the sea on behalf of the rest of the pantheon (in this case the Ennead, with Ptah singled out as its ruler). While discovered earlier than the Baal Cycle, in 1871, the myth didn't receive much attention until 1932 (e.g. after the discoveries in Ras Shamra). The description of the battle itself isn't fully preserved (though references to it are scattered through other Egyptian texts, ex. Hearst papyrus), and as a result, Astarte appears as the most prominent figure in the surviving fragments, bringing tribute to the menacing sea god, identified as Yam much like in Ugaritic texts, to temporarily placate him. Her father Ptah and Renenutet, a harvest goddess, convince her to act as a tribute bearer. The text characterises her as a violent warrior goddess, in line with other Egyptian sources. Her role resembles that played by Shaushka in a number of Hurrian myths about combat with the sea.


title: Astarte

text: Elizabeth Bloch-Smith in her overview of available evidence characterises the study of Astarte's role in Phoenician culture as lacking "methodological rigor."


title: Astarte

text: In the hellenised description of the Phoenician pantheon ascribed to Sanchuniathon, Astarte appears as a daughter of Epigeius, "sky" (Ancient Greek: ouranos/ Uranus; Roman god: Caelus) and Ge (Earth), and sister of the god Elus. After Elus overthrows and banishes his father Epigeius, as some kind of trick Epigeius sends Elus his "virgin daughter" Astarte along with her sisters Asherah and the goddess who will later be called Ba`alat Gebal, "the Lady of Byblos". It seems that this trick does not work, as all three become wives of their brother Elus. Astarte bears Elus children who appear under Greek names as seven daughters called the "Titanides" or "Artemides" and two sons named "Pothos" "Longing" (as in , ) and "Eros" "Desire". Later with Elus' consent, Astarte and Adados reign over the land together. Astarte puts a bull's head on her own head to symbolize her sovereignty. Wandering through the world, Astarte takes up a star that has fallen from the sky (a meteorite) and consecrates it at Tyre. As early as 1955 scholars pointed out that some elements from this account resemble the much earlier Baal Cycle from Ugarit, as well as the Hurrian Kumarbi cycle, namely the succession of generation after generation of gods, with a weather god as the final ruler.


title: Astarte

text: Religious studies scholar Jeffrey Burton Russell in his book "The Devil: Perceptions of Evil from Antiquity to Primitive Christianity" states that Astarte's most common symbol was the crescent moon (or horns). Bull horns as a symbol of divinity are well attested in sources from ancient Levant, Mesopotamia and Anatolia. However the identification of Astarte with the moon - or rather with Selene - appears to have its origin in Lucian's "De Dea Syria": the author compared "Astarte" worshiped in Sidon to the Greek goddess; his claims are contradicted by evidence known to modern archaeologists, which doesn't indicate any meaningful degree of Astarte worship in 2nd century Sidon (the goddess in mention might instead be unrelated Tanit). Research of ancient Levantine and Syrian religion are far from certain if Astarte ever had an astral character herself, and her proposed astral symbol is Venus, not the lunar crescent.


title: Astarte

text: Small terracotta votives (Dea Gravida) are associated with Astarte by some researchers. However, it is uncertain if these figures depict a goddess at all.


title: Astarte

text: Astarte was brought to Hispania by Phoenician merchants around the 8th century BC, after which she became possibly the most iconic goddess in the Iberian pantheon, being assimilated to native deities of similar attributes. Her worship extended along the Mediterranean coast, where she had important centers in the cities of Gadir, Hispalis and Castulo, and it reached comparatively northern lands, among them Lusitanian and Carpetanian settlements in the modern Medellín and El Berrueco. The "Mount of Venus" mentioned in sources as a military emplacement by Lusitanian chieftain Viriathus, located behind the northern shore of the Tagus, has also been entertained to be a possible syncretic sanctuary of Astarte.


title: Astarte

text: Her worship was strengthened by the Carthaginian occupation that kickstarted the Second Punic War, bringing along the cult of its equivalent goddess Tanit, which was sometimes still referred to as Astarte as an archaistic trait. It continued without opposition in the Roman Imperial period under the assimilated name of Dea Caelestis, dressed up with the attributes of the Roman goddesses Juno, Diana and Minerva.


title: Astarte

text: Ashtoreth is mentioned in the Hebrew Bible as a foreign, non-Judahite goddess, the principal goddess of the Sidonians (in biblical context a term analogous to "Phoenicians"). It is generally accepted that the Masoretic "vowel pointing" (adopted c. 7-10th centuries CE), indicating the pronunciation ("Ashtoreth," "Ashtoret") is a deliberate distortion of "Ashtart", and that this is probably because the two last syllables have been pointed with the vowels belonging to "bōšeṯ", ("bosheth," abomination), to indicate that that word should be substituted when reading. The plural form is pointed ("Ashtaroth"). The biblical Ashtoreth should not be confused with the goddess Asherah, the form of the names being quite distinct, and both appearing quite distinctly in the First Book of Kings. (In Biblical Hebrew, as in other older Semitic languages, Asherah begins with an "aleph" or glottal stop consonant א, while begins with an or voiced pharyngeal consonant , indicating the lack of any plausible etymological connection between the two names.) Mark S. Smith suggested that the biblical writers may, however, have conflated some attributes and titles of the two, which according to him was a process that possibly occurred elsewhere throughout the 1st millennium BCE Levant. However, Steve A. Wiggins found no clear evidence that Ashtart/Astarte was ever confused or conflated with Athirat.


title: Astarte

text: Ashteroth Karnaim was a city in the land of Bashan east of the Jordan River, mentioned in the Book of Genesis () and the Book of Joshua () (where it is rendered solely as Ashteroth). The name translates literally to 'Ashteroth of the Horns', with 'Ashteroth' being a Canaanite fertitility goddess and 'horns' being symbolic of mountain peaks. Figurines assumed to be Astarte by some researchers have been found at various archaeological sites in Israel.


title: Astarte

text: In some kabbalistic texts and in medieval and renaissance occultism (ex. "The Book of Abramelin"), the name was assigned to a male demon bearing little resemblance to the figure known from antiquity. For the use of the Hebrew plural form in this sense, see Astaroth.


title: Astarte

text: Hittitologist Gary Beckman pointed out the similarity between Astarte's role as a goddess associated with horses and chariots to that played in Hittite religion by another "Ishtar type" goddess, Pinikir, introduced to Anatolia from Elam by Hurrians.


title: Astarte

text: Allat and Astarte may have been conflated in Palmyra. On one of the tesserae used by the Bel Yedi'ebel for a religious banquet at the temple of Bel, the deity Allat was given the name Astarte ('štrt). The assimilation of Allat to Astarte is not surprising in a milieu as much exposed to Aramaean and Phoenician influences as the one in which the Palmyrene theologians lived.


title: Astarte

text: Plutarch, in his "On Isis and Osiris", indicates that the King and Queen of Byblos, who, unknowingly, have the body of Osiris in a pillar in their hall, are "Melcarthus" (i.e. Melqart) and Astarte (though he notes some instead call the Queen "Saosis" or "Nemanūs", which Plutarch interprets as corresponding to the Greek name "Athenais").


title: Astarte

text: Lucian of Samosata asserts that in the territory of Sidon the temple of Astarte was sacred to Europa. In Greek mythology Europa was a Phoenician princess whom Zeus, having transformed himself into a white bull, abducted, and carried to Crete.


title: Astarte

text: Hans Georg Wunderlich speculated that the cult of a Minoan goddess as Aphrodite developed from Astarte and was transmitted to Cythera and then to Greece. While it is accepted among many Hellenic scholars that Aphrodite may have originated or been influenced by Astarte, Winderlich's contribution is of little value as he was not a historian but a geologist, and his book about Crete "cannot be taken seriously" and "manipulated the evidence" according to experts; its core theme is a pseudohistorical claim that the Minoan palaces served as tombs for enormous numbers of mummies, which contradicts archaeological evidence.


title: Astarte

text: Wunderlich related the Minoan snake goddess with Astarte, claiming that her worship was connected with an orgiastic cult while her temples were decorated with serpentine motifs. Snakes weren't among the symbols of Ashtart/Athtart used by contemporaries of the Minoans, while the very notion of a Minoan "snake goddess" is a controversial concept, as the restoration of the figures is regarded as flawed by modern authors, and the idea became entrenched in public perception to a large degree because of early forgeries created in the wake of early 20th century excavations. Additionally nowhere in other known Minoan art does a similar motif appear.


title: Astarte

text: There is some evidence of foreign influences being a factor in Minoan religious life, but mostly for Egyptian motifs like the Minoan genius.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Nikolai Platonovich Patrushev (; born 11 July 1951) is a Russian politician, security officer and intelligence officer who has served as the secretary of the Security Council of Russia since 2008. He previously served as the director of the Federal Security Service (FSB) from 1999 to 2008. Belonging to the "siloviki" faction of president Vladimir Putin's inner circle, Patrushev is believed to be one of the closest advisors to Putin and a leading figure behind Russia's national security affairs. He is considered as very hawkish towards the West and the US and has promoted various conspiracy theories. Patrushev is seen by some observers as one of the likeliest candidates for succeeding Putin.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Born on 11 July 1951 in Leningrad, Soviet Union (now Saint Petersburg, Russia), Patrushev is the son of a Soviet Navy officer who was also a member of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: He graduated from Leningrad Shipbuilding Institute in 1974, and initially he worked as an engineer in the Institute's shipbuilding design bureau, but very soon afterwards, in 1975, he was recruited by the KGB.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: He attended intelligence and security courses at the KGB School in Minsk, and later at the Higher School of the KGB in Moscow (the present-day FSB Academy).


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Patrushev has known Vladimir Putin since the 1970s, when the two men worked together in the Leningrad KGB.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Starting as a KGB security officer in the city of Leningrad, Patrushev eventually rose to become head of their local anti-smuggling and anti-corruption unit.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Patrushev continued to work in the security services and from 1992 to 1994 he was Minister of Security of the Republic of Karelia while in 1994 he was brought to Moscow as head of the Directorate of Internal Security of the Federal Counterintelligence Service (FSK).


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: In June 1995, Patrushev became deputy chief of the FSB's Organization and Inspection Department. From May to August 1998, he was chief of the Control Directorate of the Presidential Staff; from August to October, he was Deputy Chief of the Presidential Staff; in October 1998, he was appointed deputy director of the FSB and chief of the Directorate for Economic Security. In April 1999, he became FSB First Deputy Director.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: On 9 August 1999, a decree by President Boris Yeltsin promoted him to Director, replacing his close friend Vladimir Putin.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: The United Kingdom public inquiry into the 2006 poisoning of FSB whistleblower Alexander Litvinenko found that "the FSB operation to kill Mr Litvinenko was probably approved by Mr Patrushev and also by President Putin."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Since May 2008, Patrushev has been Secretary of the Security Council of Russia, a consultative body of the President that works out his decisions on national security affairs.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Patrushev considers the 2014 Revolution of Dignity in Ukraine to have been started by the United States.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Following the October 2016 coup d'état plot failure in Montenegro, Patrushev was cited by experts, such as Mark Galeotti, as the Kremlin's point man for the Balkans, which was interpreted as indicating Russia's increasingly hardline approach to the region as well as the latter's growing importance in Russia's foreign policy strategy.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: According to a post on Anastasia Vashukevich's Instagram account, Patrushev, who had traveled to Thailand during late February 2018, was involved in her arrest in Thailand during late February 2018.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: In January 2021, he said that "the West needs" Russian opposition politician Alexei Navalny "to destabilise the situation in Russia, for social upheaval, strikes and new Maidans."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Patrushev was a leading figure behind Russia's updated national security strategy, published in May 2021. It states that Russia may use "forceful methods" to "thwart or avert unfriendly actions that threaten the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Russian Federation."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: In late January 2022, during a visit to mark the anniversary of the end of the Siege of Leningrad during the Second World War, Patrushev said, "We don't want war. We don't need that at all." On 30 January he denied allegations that Russia planned to invade Ukraine, describing the claims as "completely absurd."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Sources say the decision to invade Ukraine was made by Putin and a small group of war hawks around him, including Patrushev and Russia's Defence Minister Sergei Shoigu. According to Putin-regime expert Catherine Belton, it was "Patrushev who's always been the leading ideologue of using capitalism as a tool to undermine the West to buy off and corrupt officials and so on. And he's certainly very much painted the West as a hostile enemy of Russia and something which is kind of debauched and decrepit, and it's time to attack [Ukraine in 2022]."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: On 26 April 2022, after two months of war, Patrushev predicted that Ukraine would collapse and be broken into several states because of what he cast as a U.S. attempt to use Kyiv to undermine Russia. He repeated the "denazification" tropology and claimed that "Using their henchmen in Kyiv, the Americans, in an attempt to suppress Russia, decided to create an antipode of our country, cynically choosing Ukraine for this, trying to divide essentially a single people. The result of the policy of the West and the regime in Kyiv can only be the disintegration of Ukraine into several states." Washington responded that Moscow was angry that Ukraine had embraced the west as embodied in their desire to join the EU and NATO.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: He claimed that the West "has already revived the shadow market for the purchase of human organs from the socially vulnerable segments of the Ukrainian population for clandestine transplant operations for European patients."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: On 17 August 2022, Patrushev met with Narendra Modi's National Security Advisor Ajit Doval to discuss measures to strengthen the strategic partnership across sectors including defense ties and energy security. Russia appreciated India's neutral position on Ukraine.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: On 19 September 2022, during his visit to China, he described the "strengthening of comprehensive partnership and strategic cooperation with Beijing as an unconditional priority of Russia’s foreign policy." He said that both China and Russia are calling for "a more just world order".


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: After the 2014 annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation, Patrushev was placed on the European Union's list of sanctioned individuals in Russia.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the United States imposed sanctions against Patrushev.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: In December 2000, on the anniversary of the founding of the Bolshevik secret police, the Cheka, an interview with him was published in a Russian national daily. In defence of the emerging trend of co-opting officers in the security and intelligence apparatus into high government posts, Patrushev noted that his FSB colleagues did not "work for money [...] [they] are, if you will, modern 'neo-nobility'." ("современные «неодворяне»") The term "new nobility" gained currency afterwards, as in the eponymous book "The New Nobility".


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Ben Noble, Associate Professor of Russian Politics at University College London, describes Patrushev as "the most hawkish hawk, thinking the West has been out to get Russia for years". He was quoted as saying, "The Americans believe that we control [our natural resources] illegally and undeservedly because, in their view, we do not use them as they ought to be used." Patrushev has referenced "Madeleine Albright’s claim 'that neither the Far East nor Siberia belong to Russia.'" According to the "New York Times", this remark can be traced back to a psychic employed by the FSB who claimed to have read the thoughts in Albright's mind while in a state of trance.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: Patrushev believes in various conspiracy theories and often gives interviews to state-controlled media in Russia. He claimed that the West is seeking to reduce "the world's population in various ways," including creating "an empire of lies, involving the humiliation and destruction of Russia and other objectionable states." Mark Galeotti, an expert in the field of Russian politics and security, said that Patrushev, one of Putin’s closest advisers, is the "most dangerous man in Russia" because of his "paranoid conspiracy-driven mindset."


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: His eldest son, Dmitry, is a banker, Minister of Agriculture of Russia since 18 May 2018. His younger son, Andrey, graduated in 2003 from the FSB Academy where he studied law with his classmate Pavel Fradkov, who is the son of Mikhail Fradkov, and has worked in leadership roles at Gazprom Neft.


title: Nikolai Patrushev

text: In January 2007, Nikolai Patrushev and his brother, Viktor Platonovich Patrushev (), joined the expedition of polar explorer Arthur Chilingarov, that flew on two helicopters to Antarctica and visited the South Pole and the Amundsen-Scott station.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Yeh Hai Chahatein ( This is love) is an Indian Hindi-language drama television series produced by Ekta Kapoor for Star Plus. It is digitally available on Disney+ Hotstar. A spin-off to "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein", the show premiered on 19 December 2019 and stars Sargun Kaur Luthra and Abrar Qazi.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: A passionate love story between a famous rockstar, Rudraksh Khurana and a gynaecologist, Dr Preesha Srinivasan who fall in love after raising their respective siblings' son together.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: In June 2017, producer Ekta Kapoor revealed her plan for a spin-off of "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" however stated, "I wanted to make a spin off of "Yeh Hai Mohabbatein" but it's not working out with the story line." The reports of the spin-off in making was then announced in April 2018. It was supposed to premiere in the same year but was delayed as the story was not finalized. Then, it was reported to premiere in June 2019 and the casting for it was going on while Aakanksha Singh and Karan Vohra were reported as the leads. But it was scrapped in July 2019. In September 2019, the series was revived and fresh casting sessions began. Sargun Kaur Luthra was cast as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and Abrar Qazi was cast as Rudraksh Khurana.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Talking about the series, producer Ekta Kapoor said ""Yeh Hai Chahatein" deals with another social issue. It's often said that it's easier for men with children to get married again, but very tough for a woman with a child to find a suitable groom."


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: The first promo of the series was released on 27 November 2019 where Sargun Kaur Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma were introduced by Divyanka Tripathi and Karan Patel as Dr. Preesha Srinivasan and Saransh Khurana. The next promo was released on 16 December 2019 featuring Abrar Qazi, Luthra and Vidhaan Sharma. The series premiered on 19 December 2019 on StarPlus.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Sargun Kaur Luthra was selected to play Dr. Preesha Srinivasan's character. Karan Wahi was approached to play Rudraksh Khurana, but Abrar Qazi was signed by the production team. Zebby Singh was potentially going to play Yuvraj Pillai before the role went to Siddharth Shivpuri. Parul Chauhan was supposed to play Ahana, but Aishwarya Sakhuja replaced her. When the shooting resumed after the COVID-19 outbreak, in early July 2020, Vidhaan Sharma was replaced by Yagya Bhasin as Saaransh and Gulshan Pandey replaced Vijay Kashyap as Gopal.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Talking about playing a mother for the first time, she said, "When I was told that I will be playing a mother, I wasn't apprehensive at all. My only worry was that i am very young and I had to look mature on the screen which was a challenge. The team has helped me a lot to help me look a certain age and moreover with my body language to portray this character. Even Vidhaan (my on-screen son), has helped bring out the best in me. More than mother-son, we are like friends off the screen."


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Sakhuja was brought in for the negative role of Ahana which is her first negative role. Speaking about it she said, "I have auditioned for a lot of Balaji shows and whenever I auditioned for negative roles I was told I look very positive. So, when I bagged this role, I asked them why now? They said eventually you will get to know as to why we have chosen you, and I understand because they like to surprise their audience and that's exactly what they are doing. I was figuring how to go about it, but my team is helping. After every two sentences out of habit, I go into the positive zone but I have people to handhold me and help me."


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: Set in Delhi, the series is mainly filmed in Film City, Mumbai. On 3 August 2020, the shoot could not happen due to heavy rains in Mumbai and was cancelled.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: On 13 April 2021, Chief Minister Uddhav Thackeray announced a sudden curfew which would be beginning from 15 April. On 14 April, Ekta Kapoor and Balaji Telefilms decided to move all their shows' shooting to their sets at Goa.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: The production and airing of the show was halted indefinitely in late March 2020 due to the COVID-19 outbreak in India. The series was expected to resume on 1 April 2020 but could not and the series was last broadcast on 24 March 2020 airing its remaining episodes. After three months, the filming of the series resumed on 27 June 2020 while the broadcast resumed on 13 July 2020.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: The cast of "Yeh Hai Chahatein" went on to participate in "Ravivaar With Star Parivaar", a musical competition wherein eight StarPlus shows competed against each other to win the title of "Best Parivaar". Yeh Hain Chahtein emerged as a runner up in the show.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: The first episode of the show in its debut week was watched by 52.7 K viewers being the most watched Indian television show in UK on the day. The show again became the most watched on 16 January 2020 with 76.5K viewers. The show became the most watched show with 61.5 K viewers on 6 March 2020. On 18 August 2020, it became the most watched show with the viewership of 70.1 K.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: It become second most watched show on 4 December 2020 with 71.6 K viewers. The series crossed 100 K viewers for the first time on 25 January 2021 with 105.1 K viewers being the second most watched show.


title: Yeh Hai Chahatein

text: "Yeh Hai Chahatein"'s soundtrack is composed by Lalit Sen and Nawab Arzoo. They had composed the original songs and the background score for the show. "Yeh Hai Chahatein", the title song of the show is sung by Palak Muchhal and Siddharth Slathia.


title: Estonian language

text: Estonian ( ) is a Finnic language, written in the Latin script. It is the official language of Estonia and one of the official languages of the European Union, spoken natively by about 1.1 million people; 922,000 people in Estonia and 160,000 outside Estonia.


title: Estonian language

text: Estonian belongs to the Finnic branch of the Uralic language family. The Finnic languages also include Finnish and a few minority languages spoken around the Baltic Sea and in northwestern Russia. Estonian is subclassified as a Southern Finnic language and it is the second-most-spoken language among all the Finnic languages. Alongside Finnish, Hungarian and Maltese, Estonian is one of the four official languages of the European Union that are not of an Indo-European origin.


title: Estonian language

text: From the typological point of view, Estonian is a predominantly agglutinative language. The loss of word-final sounds is extensive, and this has made its inflectional morphology markedly more fusional, especially with respect to noun and adjective inflection. The transitional form from an agglutinating to a fusional language is a common feature of Estonian typologically over the course of history with the development of a rich morphological system.


title: Estonian language

text: The two different historical Estonian languages (sometimes considered dialects), the North and South Estonian languages, are based on the ancestors of modern Estonians' migration into the territory of Estonia in at least two different waves, both groups speaking considerably different Finnic vernaculars. Modern standard Estonian has evolved on the basis of the dialects of Northern Estonia.


title: Estonian language

text: During Medieval and Early Modern periods, Estonian accepted many loanwords from Germanic languages, mainly from Middle Low German and standard German.


title: Estonian language

text: The oldest written records of the Finnic languages of Estonia date from the 13th century. "Originates Livoniae" in the Chronicle of Henry of Livonia contains Estonian place names, words and fragments of sentences.


title: Estonian language

text: The earliest extant samples of connected (north) Estonian are the so-called Kullamaa prayers dating from 1524 and 1528. In 1525 the first book published in the Estonian language was printed. The book was a Lutheran manuscript, which never reached the reader and was destroyed immediately after publication.


title: Estonian language

text: The first extant Estonian book is a bilingual German-Estonian translation of the Lutheran catechism by S.Wanradt and J.Koell dating to 1535, during the Protestant Reformation period. An Estonian grammar book to be used by priests was printed in German in 1637. The New Testament was translated into southern Estonian in 1686 (northern Estonian, 1715). The two languages were united based on northern Estonian by Anton thor Helle.


title: Estonian language

text: Writings in Estonian became more significant in the 19th century during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840).


title: Estonian language

text: The birth of native Estonian literature was in 1810 to 1820 when the patriotic and philosophical poems by Kristjan Jaak Peterson were published. Peterson, who was the first student at the then German-language University of Dorpat to acknowledge his Estonian origin, is commonly regarded as a herald of Estonian national literature and considered the founder of modern Estonian poetry. His birthday, March 14, is celebrated in Estonia as Mother Tongue Day. A fragment from Peterson's poem "Kuu" expresses the claim reestablishing the birthright of the Estonian language:


title: Estonian language

text: In the period from 1525 to 1917, 14,503 titles were published in Estonian; by comparison, between 1918 and 1940, 23,868 titles were published.


title: Estonian language

text: In modern times A. H. Tammsaare, Jaan Kross, and Andrus Kivirähk are Estonia's best known and most translated writers.


title: Estonian language

text: Writings in Estonian became significant only in the 19th century with the spread of the ideas of the Age of Enlightenment, during the Estophile Enlightenment Period (1750–1840). Although Baltic Germans at large regarded the future of Estonians as being a fusion with themselves, the Estophile educated class admired the ancient culture of the Estonians and their era of freedom before the conquests by Danes and Germans in the 13th century.


title: Estonian language

text: In the aftermath of World War I, in 1918, the Estonian language became the official state language of the newly independent country. Immediately after World War II, in 1945, over 97% of the then population of Estonia self-identified as native ethnic Estonians and spoke the language.


title: Estonian language

text: When Estonia was invaded and reoccupied by the Soviet army in 1944, the status of the Estonian language effectively changed to one of the two official languages (Russian being the other one). Many immigrants from Russia entered Estonia under Soviet encouragement. In the 1970s, the pressure of bilingualism for Estonians was intensified. Although teaching Estonian to non-Estonians in local schools was formally compulsory, in practice, the teaching and learning of the Estonian language by Russian-speakers was often considered unnecessary by the Soviet authorities.


title: Estonian language

text: In 1991, with the restoration of Estonia's independence, Estonian went back to being the only state language in Estonia.


title: Estonian language

text: The return of Soviet immigrants to their countries of origin has brought the proportion of Estonians in Estonia back above 70%. Many of the remnant non-Estonians in Estonia have adopted the Estonian language (about 40% as of the 2000 census).


title: Estonian language

text: The Estonian dialects are divided into two groups – the northern and southern dialects, historically associated with the cities of Tallinn in the north and Tartu in the south, in addition to a distinct "kirderanniku" dialect, Northeastern coastal Estonian.


title: Estonian language

text: The northern group consists of the or central dialect that is also the basis for the standard language, the or western dialect, roughly corresponding to Lääne County and Pärnu County, the (islands' dialect) of Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu and Kihnu, and the or eastern dialect on the northwestern shore of Lake Peipus.


title: Estonian language

text: South Estonian consists of the Tartu, Mulgi, Võro and Seto varieties. These are sometimes considered either variants of South Estonian or separate languages altogether. Also, Seto and Võro distinguish themselves from each other less by language and more by their culture and their respective Christian confession.