title: Plankton

text: The microplankton and smaller groups are microorganisms and operate at low Reynolds numbers, where the viscosity of water is more important than its mass or inertia.


title: Plankton

text: Marine plankton includes marine bacteria and archaea, algae, protozoa and drifting or floating animals that inhabit the saltwater of oceans and the brackish waters of estuaries.


title: Plankton

text: Freshwater plankton are similar to marine plankton, but are found inland in the freshwaters of lakes and rivers.


title: Plankton

text: Aeroplankton are tiny lifeforms that float and drift in the air, carried by the current of the wind; they are the atmospheric analogue to oceanic plankton. Most of the living things that make up aeroplankton are very small to microscopic in size, and many can be difficult to identify because of their tiny size. Scientists can collect them for study in traps and sweep nets from aircraft, kites or balloons. Aeroplankton is made up of numerous microbes, including viruses, about 1000 different species of bacteria, around 40,000 varieties of fungi, and hundreds of species of protists, algae, mosses and liverworts that live some part of their life cycle as aeroplankton, often as spores, pollen, and wind-scattered seeds. Additionally, peripatetic microorganisms are swept into the air from terrestrial dust storms, and an even larger amount of airborne marine microorganisms are propelled high into the atmosphere in sea spray. Aeroplankton deposits hundreds of millions of airborne viruses and tens of millions of bacteria every day on every square meter around the planet.


title: Plankton

text: The sea surface microlayer, compared to the sub-surface waters, contains elevated concentration of bacteria and viruses. These materials can be transferred from the sea-surface to the atmosphere in the form of wind-generated aqueous aerosols due to their high vapour tension and a process known as volatilisation. When airborne, these microbes can be transported long distances to coastal regions. If they hit land they can have affect animal, vegetation and human health. Marine aerosols that contain viruses can travel hundreds of kilometers from their source and remain in liquid form as long as the humidity is high enough (over 70%). These aerosols are able to remain suspended in the atmosphere for about 31 days. Evidence suggests that bacteria can remain viable after being transported inland through aerosols. Some reached as far as 200 meters at 30 meters above sea level. The process which transfers this material to the atmosphere causes further enrichment in both bacteria and viruses in comparison to either the SML or sub-surface waters (up to three orders of magnitude in some locations).


title: Plankton

text: Many animals live in terrestrial environments by thriving in transient often microscopic bodies of water and moisture, these include rotifers and gastrotrichs which lay resilient eggs capable of surviving years in dry environments, and some of which can go dormant themselves. Nematodes are usually microscopic with this lifestyle. Water bears, despite only having lifespans of a few months, famously can enter suspended animation during dry or hostile conditions and survive for decades. This allows them to be ubiquitous in terrestrial environments despite needing water to grow and reproduce. Many microscopic crustacean groups like copepods and amphipods (of which sandhoppers are members) and seed shrimp are known to go dormant when dry and live in transient bodies of water too


title: Plankton

text: Gelatinous zooplankton are fragile animals that live in the water column in the ocean. Their delicate bodies have no hard parts and are easily damaged or destroyed. Gelatinous zooplankton are often transparent. All jellyfish are gelatinous zooplankton, but not all gelatinous zooplankton are jellyfish. The most commonly encountered organisms include ctenophores, medusae, salps, and Chaetognatha in coastal waters. However, almost all marine phyla, including Annelida, Mollusca and Arthropoda, contain gelatinous species, but many of those odd species live in the open ocean and the deep sea and are less available to the casual ocean observer.


title: Plankton

text: Ichthyoplankton are the eggs and larvae of fish. They are mostly found in the sunlit zone of the water column, less than 200 metres deep, which is sometimes called the epipelagic or photic zone. Ichthyoplankton are planktonic, meaning they cannot swim effectively under their own power, but must drift with the ocean currents. Fish eggs cannot swim at all, and are unambiguously planktonic. Early stage larvae swim poorly, but later stage larvae swim better and cease to be planktonic as they grow into juveniles. Fish larvae are part of the zooplankton that eat smaller plankton, while fish eggs carry their own food supply. Both eggs and larvae are themselves eaten by larger animals. Fish can produce high numbers of eggs which are often released into the open water column. Fish eggs typically have a diameter of about . The newly hatched young of oviparous fish are called larvae. They are usually poorly formed, carry a large yolk sac (for nourishment) and are very different in appearance from juvenile and adult specimens. The larval period in oviparous fish is relatively short (usually only several weeks), and larvae rapidly grow and change appearance and structure (a process termed metamorphosis) to become juveniles. During this transition larvae must switch from their yolk sac to feeding on zooplankton prey, a process which depends on typically inadequate zooplankton density, starving many larvae. In time fish larvae become able to swim against currents, at which point they cease to be plankton and become juvenile fish.


title: Plankton

text: Holoplankton are organisms that are planktic for their entire life cycle. Holoplankton can be contrasted with meroplankton, which are planktic organisms that spend part of their life cycle in the benthic zone. Examples of holoplankton include some diatoms, radiolarians, some dinoflagellates, foraminifera, amphipods, krill, copepods, and salps, as well as some gastropod mollusk species. Holoplankton dwell in the pelagic zone as opposed to the benthic zone. Holoplankton include both phytoplankton and zooplankton and vary in size. The most common plankton are protists.


title: Plankton

text: Meroplankton are a wide variety of aquatic organisms which have both planktonic and benthic stages in their life cycles. Much of the meroplankton consists of larval stages of larger organism. Meroplankton can be contrasted with holoplankton, which are planktonic organisms that stay in the pelagic zone as plankton throughout their entire life cycle. After a period of time in the plankton, many meroplankton graduate to the nekton or adopt a benthic (often sessile) lifestyle on the seafloor. The larval stages of benthic invertebrates make up a significant proportion of planktonic communities. The planktonic larval stage is particularly crucial to many benthic invertebrate in order to disperse their young. Depending on the particular species and the environmental conditions, larval or juvenile-stage meroplankton may remain in the pelagic zone for durations ranging from hour to months.


title: Plankton

text: Pseudoplankton are organisms that attach themselves to planktonic organisms or other floating objects, such as drifting wood, buoyant shells of organisms such as "Spirula", or man-made flotsam. Examples include goose barnacles and the bryozoan "Jellyella". By themselves these animals cannot float, which contrasts them with true planktonic organisms, such as "Velella" and the Portuguese Man o' War, which are buoyant. Pseudoplankton are often found in the guts of filtering zooplankters.


title: Plankton

text: Tychoplankton are organisms, such as free-living or attached benthic organisms and other non-planktonic organisms, that are carried into the plankton through a disturbance of their benthic habitat, or by winds and currents. This can occur by direct turbulence or by disruption of the substrate and subsequent entrainment in the water column. Tychoplankton are, therefore, a primary subdivision for sorting planktonic organisms by duration of lifecycle spent in the plankton, as neither their entire lives nor particular reproductive portions are confined to planktonic existence. Tychoplankton are sometimes called "accidental plankton".


title: Plankton

text: Apart from aeroplankton, plankton inhabits oceans, seas, lakes and ponds. Local abundance varies horizontally, vertically and seasonally. The primary cause of this variability is the availability of light. All plankton ecosystems are driven by the input of solar energy (but see chemosynthesis), confining primary production to surface waters, and to geographical regions and seasons having abundant light.


title: Plankton

text: A secondary variable is nutrient availability. Although large areas of the tropical and sub-tropical oceans have abundant light, they experience relatively low primary production because they offer limited nutrients such as nitrate, phosphate and silicate. This results from large-scale ocean circulation and water column stratification. In such regions, primary production usually occurs at greater depth, although at a reduced level (because of reduced light).


title: Plankton

text: Despite significant macronutrient concentrations, some ocean regions are unproductive (so-called HNLC regions). The micronutrient iron is deficient in these regions, and adding it can lead to the formation of phytoplankton algal blooms. Iron primarily reaches the ocean through the deposition of dust on the sea surface. Paradoxically, oceanic areas adjacent to unproductive, arid land thus typically have abundant phytoplankton (e.g., the eastern Atlantic Ocean, where trade winds bring dust from the Sahara Desert in north Africa).


title: Plankton

text: While plankton are most abundant in surface waters, they live throughout the water column. At depths where no primary production occurs, zooplankton and bacterioplankton instead consume organic material sinking from more productive surface waters above. This flux of sinking material, so-called marine snow, can be especially high following the termination of spring blooms.


title: Plankton

text: The local distribution of plankton can be affected by wind-driven Langmuir circulation and the biological effects of this physical process.


title: Plankton

text: Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a food chain that supports commercially important fisheries, plankton ecosystems play a role in the biogeochemical cycles of many important chemical elements, including the ocean's carbon cycle. Fish larvae mainly eat zooplankton, which eat phytoplankton


title: Plankton

text: Primarily by grazing on phytoplankton, zooplankton provide carbon to the planktic foodweb, either respiring it to provide metabolic energy, or upon death as biomass or detritus. Organic material tends to be denser than seawater, so it sinks into open ocean ecosystems away from the coastlines, transporting carbon along with it. This process, called the biological pump, is one reason that oceans constitute the largest carbon sink on Earth. However, it has been shown to be influenced by increments of temperature. In 2019, a study indicated that at ongoing rates of seawater acidification, Antarctic phytoplanktons could become smaller and less effective at storing carbon before the end of the century.


title: Plankton

text: It might be possible to increase the ocean's uptake of carbon dioxide () generated through human activities by increasing plankton production through iron fertilization – introducing amounts of iron into the ocean. However, this technique may not be practical at a large scale. Ocean oxygen depletion and resultant methane production (caused by the excess production remineralising at depth) is one potential drawback.


title: Plankton

text: Phytoplankton absorb energy from the Sun and nutrients from the water to produce their own nourishment or energy. In the process of photosynthesis, phytoplankton release molecular oxygen () into the water as a waste byproduct. It is estimated that about 50% of the world's oxygen is produced via phytoplankton photosynthesis. The rest is produced via photosynthesis on land by plants. Furthermore, phytoplankton photosynthesis has controlled the atmospheric / balance since the early Precambrian Eon.


title: Plankton

text: The "absorption efficiency" (AE) of plankton is the proportion of food absorbed by the plankton that determines how available the consumed organic materials are in meeting the required physiological demands. Depending on the feeding rate and prey composition, variations in absorption efficiency may lead to variations in fecal pellet production, and thus regulates how much organic material is recycled back to the marine environment. Low feeding rates typically lead to high absorption efficiency and small, dense pellets, while high feeding rates typically lead to low absorption efficiency and larger pellets with more organic content. Another contributing factor to dissolved organic matter (DOM) release is respiration rate. Physical factors such as oxygen availability, pH, and light conditions may affect overall oxygen consumption and how much carbon is loss from zooplankton in the form of respired . The relative sizes of zooplankton and prey also mediate how much carbon is released via sloppy feeding. Smaller prey are ingested whole, whereas larger prey may be fed on more “sloppily”, that is more biomatter is released through inefficient consumption. There is also evidence that diet composition can impact nutrient release, with carnivorous diets releasing more dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and ammonium than omnivorous diets.


title: Plankton

text: The growth of phytoplankton populations is dependent on light levels and nutrient availability. The chief factor limiting growth varies from region to region in the world's oceans. On a broad scale, growth of phytoplankton in the oligotrophic tropical and subtropical gyres is generally limited by nutrient supply, while light often limits phytoplankton growth in subarctic gyres. Environmental variability at multiple scales influences the nutrient and light available for phytoplankton, and as these organisms form the base of the marine food web, this variability in phytoplankton growth influences higher trophic levels. For example, at interannual scales phytoplankton levels temporarily plummet during El Niño periods, influencing populations of zooplankton, fishes, sea birds, and marine mammals.


title: Plankton

text: The effects of anthropogenic warming on the global population of phytoplankton is an area of active research. Changes in the vertical stratification of the water column, the rate of temperature-dependent biological reactions, and the atmospheric supply of nutrients are expected to have important impacts on future phytoplankton productivity. Additionally, changes in the mortality of phytoplankton due to rates of zooplankton grazing may be significant.


title: Plankton

text: Zooplankton are the initial prey item for almost all fish larvae as they switch from their yolk sacs to external feeding. Fish rely on the density and distribution of zooplankton to match that of new larvae, which can otherwise starve. Natural factors (e.g., current variations, temperature changes) and man-made factors (e.g. river dams, ocean acidification, rising temperatures) can strongly affect zooplankton, which can in turn strongly affect larval survival, and therefore breeding success.


title: Plankton

text: It's been shown that plankton can be patchy in marine environments where there aren't significant fish populations and additionally, where fish are abundant, zooplankton dynamics are influenced by the fish predation rate in their environment. Depending on the predation rate, they could express regular or chaotic behavior.


title: Plankton

text: A negative effect that fish larvae can have on planktonic algal blooms is that the larvae will prolong the blooming event by diminishing available zooplankton numbers; this in turn permits excessive phytoplankton growth allowing the bloom to flourish .


title: Plankton

text: The importance of both phytoplankton and zooplankton is also well-recognized in extensive and semi-intensive pond fish farming. Plankton population-based pond management strategies for fish rearing have been practiced by traditional fish farmers for decades, illustrating the importance of plankton even in man-made environments.


title: Plankton

text: Of all animal fecal matter, it is whale feces that is the 'trophy' in terms of increasing nutrient availability. Phytoplankton are the powerhouse of open ocean primary production and they can acquire many nutrients from whale feces. In the marine food web, phytoplankton are at the base of the food web and are consumed by zooplankton & krill, which are preyed upon by larger and larger marine organisms, including whales, so it can be said that whale poop fuels the entire food web.


title: Plankton

text: Around 70% of the oxygen in the atmosphere is produced in the oceans from phytoplankton performing photosynthesis, meaning that the majority of the oxygen available for us and other organisms that respire aerobically is produced by plankton.


title: Plankton

text: Plankton also make up the base of the marine food web, providing food for all the trophic levels above. Recent studies have analyzed the marine food web to see if the system runs on a top-down or bottom-up approach. Essentially, this research is focused on understanding whether changes in the food web are driven by nutrients at the bottom of the food web or predators at the top. The general conclusion is that the bottom-up approach seemed to be more predictive of food web behavior. This indicates that plankton have more sway in determining the success of the primary consumer species that prey on them than do the secondary consumers that prey on the primary consumers.


title: Plankton

text: In some cases, plankton act as an intermediate host for deadly parasites in humans. One such case is that of cholera, an infection caused by several strains of Vibrio cholerae. These species have been shown to have a symbiotic relationship with chitinous zooplankton species like copepods. These bacteria benefit not only from the food provided by the chiton from the zooplankton, but also from the protection from acidic environments. Once the copepods have been ingested by a human host, the chitinous exterior protects the bacteria from the stomach acids in the stomach and proceed to the intestines. Once there, the bacteria bind with the surface of the small intestine and the host will start developing symptoms, including extreme diarrhea, within five days.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Grand Theft Auto Online is an online multiplayer action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It was released on 1 October 2013 for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360, 18 November 2014 for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One, 14 April 2015 for Windows, and 15 March 2022 for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S. The game is the online component of "Grand Theft Auto V". Set within the fictional state of San Andreas (based on Southern California), "Grand Theft Auto Online" allows up to 30 players to explore its open world environment and engage in cooperative or competitive game matches.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The open-world design lets players freely roam San Andreas, which includes an open countryside and the fictional city of Los Santos (based on Los Angeles). Players control a customisable silent protagonist in their journey to become a powerful criminal, slowly building an empire as they complete increasingly difficult tasks. Set both months before and years after the single-player campaign, "Grand Theft Auto Online" comprises cooperative missions where multiple players complete tasks to advance the narrative. The game also features numerous side missions and events, including the more advanced "Heists", and various businesses that players can purchase and manage to produce income.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Developed in tandem with the single-player mode, "Grand Theft Auto Online" was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world. At launch, it suffered widespread technical issues resulting in the inability to play missions and loss of character data. It initially polarised reviewers, being criticised for its lack of direction and repetitive missions, with praise particularly directed at the scope and open-ended gameplay. It won divided year-end accolades, ranging from Biggest Disappointment to Best Multiplayer, from several gaming publications. The game receives frequent free updates that further expand on the game modes and content, which has improved critical reception. The 2015 "Heists" update was especially well received by the critics.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Developed in tandem with "Grand Theft Auto V", "Grand Theft Auto Online" was conceived as a separate experience to be played in a continually evolving world. Up to 30 players freely roam across a re-creation of the single-player world and enter lobbies to complete jobs (story-driven competitive and cooperative modes). The Content Creator toolset lets players create their own parameters for custom jobs, like racetracks and deathmatch weapon spawn points. Players may band together in organised player teams called crews to complete jobs together. Rockstar Games Social Club extends crews formed in "Max Payne 3" multiplayer mode to that of "Grand Theft Auto Online". Players can create their own crews and join up to five total. Crews also have a hierarchy, crew leaders can change a members role in said hierarchy. Crews win multiplayer matches to earn experience points and climb online leaderboards.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In "Grand Theft Auto Online", players create a new character specific to the online world, which shows on the screen's Switch Wheel alongside single-player characters Franklin, Michael, and Trevor. The player-characters are designed by a genetics-related process. Greater control is given to the character's clothes and hairstyles. The protagonist arrives in Los Santos by plane and is picked up by Lamar Davis, who gives the character a gun and a car. An hour-long tutorial introduces the player to the various game modes, driving, fighting, and game progression mechanics. The story is not central in the multiplayer, though it initially serves as a prequel to the single-player story, where characters from the single-player are woven in.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Similar to single-player, players can level up their character's attributes such as driving and stamina. Exclusive to "GTA Online" is a system of earning experience, usually by successful completion of activities. Accumulating enough experience to level up unlocks weapons, clothing, car customisations, and more advanced activities (such as parachuting and aircraft). Once unlocked, items need to be purchased with in-game currency, which can be earned or purchased with real money. Players can circumvent an activity's level requirements by joining a game with others of a sufficient rank. There are options to play alone or with friends, and an option for "Passive Mode", which makes the player immune to other players.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Aside from the open world, there are three main types of set activities: racing (by car, bike, aircraft, or boat), Deathmatch (team or free-for-all), and objective-based Contact Missions (simplified single-player-like storyline jobs, usually cooperative). "Online" uses lock-on aim and emphasises stealth in firefights. "Adversary Mode" adds several asymmetric variations on these activities, including "Siege Mentality" where one team is besieged by another, and "Hasta La Vista" where truckers chase down cyclists (reminiscent of the truck/motorcycle chase in ""). "Survival" pits a team of up to four players against ten waves of enemies, similar to the Zombies mode in "". The "Heists" Update released on 10 March 2015 adds five co-op elaborate multi-part missions, each mission having several setup jobs leading up to the finale crime which is a high-profit job. The player who is the heist leader has to unlock each heist in order and pay the upfront costs, while receiving the largest payoff (at the end, if successfully completed) and getting their progress saved, while other players (the crew members) can join any setup/finale jobs without prerequisite and get paid a cut for each mission passed. The heists, all requiring four players except the first which is two-player, often assign specific roles to players such as driver, gunner, etc. and/or may split them apart, and a headset is recommended for communicating with other players.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The game includes a content creation tool that lets players make automobile races and deathmatches. Players can choose the location, start and spawn points, and weapon and vehicle drops in deathmatches, and the location, route, race type, and player count in air, land, or sea races. Creations have to be tested against computer-controlled players before the mode is available online. The creations can also be published for others to use. Rockstar tags what they deem to be the best as "Rockstar Verified".


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The game's narrative begins in 2013, several months before "Grand Theft Auto V". Players take on the role of a silent protagonist who moves to Los Santos in search for new pursuits. Upon arrival, they meet with Lamar Davis (Slink Johnson), whom they befriended on Lifeinvader. After a street race against the player, Lamar introduces them to drug dealer Gerald (Douglas Powell Ward) and corrupt Armenian car salesman Simeon Yetarian (Demosthenes Chrysan) for work. As the player slowly builds up their reputation, they attract the attention of individuals like Trevor Philips (Steven Ogg), hacker Lester Crest (Jay Klaitz), and Mexican drug lord Martin Madrazo (Alfredo Huereca), who also employ them.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Eventually, the player is offered bigger job opportunities by Lester, who recruits them for several bank robberies; a shady government agent known only as Agent 14 (Ryan Farrell), who has them break a convicted spy out of prison and raid a government-run lab; and Trevor, who enlists their help with a highly profitable drug deal. Later, Lamar also hires the player for a few jobs, which mostly consist of sabotaging rival gangs to set the stage for his eventual rise to power. However, this only leads to Lamar having a falling out with his own gang, so he attempts to win back their trust, once again with the player's help. During this time, the player slowly builds up their own criminal empire, starting with an initially small organisation, which is subsequently expanded by purchasing an office and several warehouses to aid the player in the theft and sale of various goods. Some time later, the player also starts a motorcycle club and begins running additional illicit businesses.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In 2017, the player continues to expand their empire by purchasing a bunker, from where they conduct a gunrunning operation alongside Agent 14, and a hangar, to help them run a smuggling operation with Trevor's former associate Ron Jakowski (David Mogentale). In December, Lester has the player purchase an ex-government underground facility, and introduces them to billionaire Avon Hertz (Sean McGrath) and his AI network Cliffford, who recruit them to help prevent an undisclosed future catastrophic event. During their mission, the group are joined by the International Affairs Agency (IAA), including Agent 14, and clash with a rogue Russian special ops unit led by a man named Bogdan (Vyto Ruginis). However, after eliminating most of the unit, Avon and Cliffford turn on the group, revealing their true intentions to trigger a nuclear armageddon, and that they have been using everyone to gain access to the state's defence system. Now joined by Bogdan, the group works to thwart Avon and Cliffford's plot, and are ultimately successful, after the player raids their secret facility and eliminates them both.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In July 2018, the player opens a new nightclub in Los Santos with the help of former Liberty City nightclub entrepreneur (David Kenner), and begins using it as a front for their illicit businesses. In December, they become a top competitor in "Arena War", a new demolition derby-like TV series taking place at the city's Maze Bank Arena. In July 2019, the player becomes a VIP member at the newly opened Diamond Casino & Resort, and begins assisting the staff with the various problems they are facing; primarily Texan businessman Avery Duggan, who is planning a hostile takeover. After disrupting his operations and defending the casino from several attacks, the player eventually kills Duggan, allowing his nephew Thornton to buy the casino after promising not to make any major changes. In December, the player and a retired Lester plan a robbery of the casino alongside Georgina Cheng (Christina Liang), sister of former casino owner Tao (Richard Hsu), who seeks retribution against Thornton for tricking her brother into selling him the casino. The heist is carried out successfully, humiliating Thornton, while Lester enters a relationship with Georgina.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In 2020, the player conducts several new jobs for Gerald, and enters a short-lived conflict with the Kkangpae after they raid their personal yacht, which ends with the player killing the gang's leader. In December, the player is hired by Martin Madrazo's son Miguel (Robbie Gottlieb) to steal some incriminating files of his family from Juan "El Rubio" Strickler (Joseph Melendez), the world's most notorious drug dealer and the Madrazo family's main supplier, who has threatened to report them to the DEA if they do not renegotiate their prices. As El Rubio rarely leaves his private and heavily guarded island, Cayo Perico, located offshore from Colombia, the player poses as the tour manager of the music group Keinemusik after they are invited to one of El Rubio's parties, in order to gain intel on the island. Afterward, with the help of their recently purchased submarine and its one-man crew, Pavel (Brandon Beilis), they plan a robbery of El Rubio's compound. The heist is ultimately successful, as the player escapes with both the files on Madrazo and various goods.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In July 2021, the player becomes a member of the LS Car Meet, an underground meeting place for fans of custom cars and street racing. There, they are introduced to Kenny "KDJ" Dixon Jr. and Sessanta (Emana Rachelle), who provide the player with several robbery contracts after they purchase an auto shop and prove themselves to them. In December, Lamar reaches out to the player again, to persuade them to invest in the business of his old friend, Franklin Clinton (Shawn Fonteno), who has recently started a celebrity solutions agency. Franklin manages to secure their first major contract with Dr. Dre, who had his phone stolen last year and needs it recovered before the unreleased music stored on it is leaked. The player works alongside Franklin and the agency's hacker specialist, Imani (Sarita Amani Nash), to track down the phone, only to discover that three copies have been made and distributed around Los Santos. The player investigates each lead and eventually recovers the stolen music. Afterwards, Imani learns that the culprit was Johnny Guns, a records producer at odds with Dre, and that he has sent hitmen to kill Dre at his recording studio. After the player saves Dre, they help him find and confront Guns, whom Dre beats with a golf club in revenge. As a token of appreciation for their help, Dre allows the player to be the first person to listen to his newest song. Meanwhile, Lamar, upset at being left out of Franklin's new dealings, starts his own cannabis business, LD Organics. Franklin and Lamar later attempt to diversify it by making a connection with a client involved in the Epsilon program. Although the client ultimately betrays them, the pair dismantle a rival business run by the Vagos gang, and their stunts draw widespread media attention, which Lamar takes advantage of to promote his business.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In July 2022, the player is contacted by Agent ULP (Jeff Steitzer) of the IAA, with whom they previously worked during the Doomsday Heist, and sworn in as an IAA agent so that they may investigate the recent increase of gasoline prices in San Andreas. Their investigation reveals that Mason Duggan, Thornton's younger brother, is responsible, using backup drives of Cliffford's AI bought from the Federal Investigation Bureau (FIB) to manipulate the prices and keep the Duggans' profits high. The player manages to retrieve all the backup drives and eventually intercepts a deal between Mason and the FIB, killing the former and ending the crisis. To ensure a similar incident does not occur again, Agent ULP then sends the player to Avon Hertz and Cliffford's old facility, which has been seized by the government, to retrieve the last traces of Cliffford's code, before cutting ties with them. In December, the player is introduced to a juggalo troupe called the Fooliganz, who are new to San Andreas and are eager to start their own drug distribution ring, bringing them into conflict with motorcycle club, who run a similar operation. The player helps the Fooliganz and their leader, Dax, sabotage The Lost's operation and build up their own, after which they are officially welcomed into the troupe.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "Grand Theft Auto Online" launched on 1 October 2013, two weeks after the release of "Grand Theft Auto V". Many players reported that they had difficulties connecting to the game's servers and the Social Club web service, and others further reported that the game would freeze while loading early missions. Rockstar released a technical patch on 5 October in an effort to resolve the issues. The microtransaction system, which allows players to purchase game content using real money, was also suspended as a fail-safe. Problems persisted the second week following launch, and some players reported their player-character progress as having disappeared. Another technical patch was released on 10 October combating the issues, and players experiencing issues were told not to recreate their multiplayer avatars. As recompense for the technical issues, Rockstar offered a stimulus of GTA $500,000 (in-game currency) to the accounts of all players connected to "Online" since launch.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Rockstar announced in September 2015 that the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of the online mode will no longer receive any new additional content, due to limitation in the console capacity. This was criticised by "Forbes" writer Paul Tassi, who felt that Rockstar was "cutting out a lot of potential customers" who continued to play on the older systems, adding that the re-releases on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One were lacking in additional content. In June 2021, Rockstar announced that the game's servers for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions would shut down on December 16; microtransactions became unavailable for the platforms on September 15, and Social Club tracking closed on September 16.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: A standalone version of "Grand Theft Auto Online" was released alongside the enhanced version of "Grand Theft Auto V" for PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S on 15 March 2022; it was free on the former for the first three months. In addition to graphical enhancements and various quality of life improvements, this version features some exclusive content, such as new vehicles, an auto shop called Hao's Special Works where select vehicles can be upgraded for elite driving performances, and the Career Builder, which provides players with enough in-game currency to set up one of four businesses upon creating a new character. For a limited time, players could permanently transfer their progress from the previous generation consoles; earned in-game money could only be transferred across the same console family (PlayStation 4 to PlayStation 5, or Xbox One to Xbox Series X/S).


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: In early 2021, a user known as "t0st" reported they had found a way to reduce the loading times of "GTA Online" by up to 70% with an unofficial patch. Rockstar affirmed that the patch improved these load times, and officially included this patch into the game in March 2021 update, and thanked the user for the discovery, awarding them from their Bug Bounty program.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Beach Bum" update, released on 19 November 2013, added more beach-themed jobs and customisation content for players. The "Deathmatch & Race Creators" update was released on 11 December and allowed players to create their own deathmatches and races. The "Capture Update" was released on 17 December and added a new team-based capture the flag mode called "Capture". On 24 December, the "Holiday Gifts" update added Christmas-themed items, discounts to in-game vehicles, weapons, apartments and other items, and snowfall to the game world. All the Holiday Gifts featured in this update were removed on 5 January 2014.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Coinciding with the 2014 Valentine's Day, the "Valentine's Day Massacre Special" update was released on 13 February and added Bonnie and Clyde-themed content to the game for a limited time, until the end of February. The "Business Update", released on 4 March, added multiple business-themed items to the game. On 11 April, the "Capture Creator" update was released that added the ability for players to create their own Capture jobs using the Content Creator. The "High Life Update", released on 13 May, added several new contact missions, new vehicles, clothing items, and weapons. It also added new apartments, the ability to own two properties at the same time, and the Mental State gameplay statistic that monitors player behaviour in-game. The "I'm Not a Hipster" update was released on 17 June and added hipster-themed customisation items, and retro-themed vehicles and weapons.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Independence Day Special" update was released on 1 July to celebrate the U.S. Independence Day and added patriotic-themed vehicles, weapons and customisation items for a limited time. The patch added new properties to "Grand Theft Auto Online" and the "On Call Matchmaking" feature that lets player accept a job invite and keep playing until the lobby is full. The "San Andreas Flight School" update, released on 19 August, added new features and vehicles related to the in-game flying school. The "Last Team Standing" update was released on 2 October and added 10 new jobs, motorcycles, weapons and creator support for the "Last Team Standing" game mode. On 18 December, the "Festive Surprise" update was released and added two new weapons, four holiday-themed vehicles and clothing items, which were made unavailable after 5 January 2015. The update also added the ability to buy a third property, and saw the return of snowfall to the game world.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Heists" update, which added five multi-part missions with large payouts that can be completed by teams of four players, was a highly anticipated feature of "Grand Theft Auto Online". Aside from the heists, the update also introduced Adversary Modes, and several new weapons and vehicles. After numerous delays, the "Heists" update launched on 10 March 2015, suffering some initial technical difficulties due to the increased user load. "Ill-Gotten Gains Part 1", released on 10 June, added new vehicles, clothing items and weapon decals. Some gameplay features were also affected, such as a redesign of the in-game car websites, the addition of a first-person vehicle hood camera in the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions, and the ability to cycle through targets when using lock-on missiles, among other minor changes. "Ill-Gotten Gains Part 2", released on 8 July, added vehicles and weapons. It also added the radio station "The Lab", previously exclusive to the Windows version of the game, to all other versions. This was also the final update for both the Xbox 360 and the PlayStation 3, citing hardware limitations. The "Freemode Events" update launched on 15 September, and added new modes and activities. It also added the "Rockstar Editor" and "Director Mode", previously exclusive to the Windows version of the game, to the Xbox One and PlayStation 4 versions.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "Lowriders", released on 10 October, added a new series of missions given by Lamar, new vehicles, vehicle upgrades, weapons (including the machete and machine-pistol), and clothing items. It also introduced a new vehicle shop, Benny's Original Motor Works, which allows players to customise Lowriders, including upgrades such as interior customisation, hydraulics, and decals. "Halloween Surprise", released on 29 October, featured two new Halloween-themed vehicles, flashlight and additional masks and ornaments, along with slasher-themed Adversary Modes; the additional content featured in this update was only temporarily, and was removed on 16 November. The "Executives and Other Criminals" update released on 15 December and added new customisable Penthouse Apartments, new vehicles, and a new game mode entitled "Extraction", as well as the ability to form organisations of players with exclusive missions. The "Festive Surprise" update returned on 21 December with snowfall, both new and old festive-themed clothes and masks, and a new car. It also added a new Adversary Mode, which was released on 23 December.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: An update released on 28 January 2016 added a new Adversary Mode called "Drop Zone" and two new sports cars. The "Be My Valentine" update launched on 10 February and, in addition to the content featured in the previous Valentine's Day-themed update, added new outfits, cars, and couple-themed Adversary Mode. The "Lowriders: Custom Classics" update, released on 15 March, added three cars available for customisation along with new weapons, clothes and an Adversary Mode called "Sumo". "Further Adventures in Finance and Felony" was released on 7 June, and added executive offices and cargo warehouses, available for purchase to all players who are part of an organisation, as well several new organisation-related missions, challenges, vehicles, clothing items, weapon attachments, and Adversary Mode called "Trading Places". The "Cunning Stunts" update, released on 12 July, added 13 new vehicles and 16 stunt races.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Bikers" update, released on 4 October, introduced motorcycle clubs, which function similarly to organisations, and come with purchasable clubhouses and businesses, such as counterfeit cash factories and weed farms, as well as club-related missions given by Malc (Walter Mudu), a character first introduced in "". The update also added new bikes, biker-themed weapons, tattoos, and clothing items, and a new Adversary Mode. Released on 8 November, the "Deadline" update added a new Adversary Mode compared by critics to the light cycle races from Disney's "Tron" film franchise, specifically those seen in the 2010 film, "". 13 December saw the release of both the "Import/Export" and "Festive Surprise 2016" updates. The former, an expansion to the "Finance and Felony" update, introduced vehicle warehouses and Special Vehicle Work missions available to all players who are part of organisations. The latter added more Christmas-themed content to the game.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Cunning Stunts: Special Vehicle Circuit", released on 14 March 2017, introduced special vehicle stunt races and 20 additional races. The "Gunrunning" update was released on 13 June and introduced purchasable underground bunkers, which players can turn into illegal weaponry research, storage and production facilities. It also introduced new vehicles such as armoured personnel carriers and armed off-road cars, and the Mobile Operations Center (MOC), which provides a new level of customisation for weapons and vehicles, as well as special missions that reward players with discounts for some of the vehicles featured in this update. The "Smuggler's Run" update, released on 29 August, added purchasable hangars and a new type of business related to them: air cargo smuggling. The update also introduced a number of new aircraft, which can be stored inside the players' hangars, and a new Adversary Mode.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "The Doomsday Heist", released on 12 December, added a new take on heists. The eponymous Doomsday Heist, longer and more profitable than any of the original heists, is split into three "acts", which can be completed by a group of 2-4 players from start to finish. Each act features its own setup missions, half of which take place in freemode and can be sabotaged by other players. The update also introduced a new type of properties—underground facilities—which are required for the heist, and a large extent of military-grade vehicles and weapons. Later that month, the "Festive Surprise" update returned with new and old holiday-themed content.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Released on 20 March 2018, "Southern San Andreas Super Sport Series" added new races, vehicles, and game modes. The "After Hours" update, released on 24 July, introduced a new nightlife-related business, alongside the return of "Gay" Tony Prince from "", who helps players run their nightclubs. Each club also features an underground portion that can be used to smuggle goods produced by the players' other businesses, such as drugs and weapons. The update also added new missions, vehicles, clothing items, one weapon, and songs by real-life DJs Solomun, Tale of Us, Dixon and The Black Madonna, all of whom can be hired to work for the players' nightclubs after assisting them with several favours. One of the vehicles introduced in the update, the Oppressor Mk II (a hovering motorcycle that can be equipped with machine guns or homing missiles as well as flare countermeasures), has since gained notoriety within the game's community for facilitating griefing.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Arena War" update, released on 11 December, introduced new demolition derby-themed Adversary Modes at the city's Maze Bank Arena, featuring armoured vehicles likened to those from "Mad Max" and "Robot Wars". Once players buy a garage at the Arena, they can earn "Arena Points" from participating in these Adversary Modes, which can be used to unlock special cosmetics for their character and vehicles, also added with the update. The "Festive Surprise" update returned later that month with snowfall, holiday-themed items, three new vehicles, two Arena War Adversary Modes, and a new weapon, as well as discounts on various items and double earnings for several jobs.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The "Diamond Casino & Resort" update, released on 23 July 2019, introduced the eponymous casino, where players can engage in various gambling minigames and purchase a highly customisable penthouse, which gives them access to exclusive areas of the casino and casino-related missions. The update also added new vehicles, clothing items, a new type of currency—casino chips—and other casino-related activities. The in-game gambling activities are not available in certain regions, including a few US states, due to differing laws and regulations.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "The Diamond Casino Heist", released on 12 December, added a new heist with a different approach from the previous ones, but reminiscent of the heists from the single-player story. Unlike the original heists or The Doomsday Heist, all setup missions are done in freemode and can be completed by one player, with only the heist itself requiring at least two people. Players can also hire NPC accomplices to facilitate the heist, who take different cuts depending on their skill level. To unlock the heist, players must once again buy a new property, also added with the update: arcades. While mainly used as fronts for planning the heist and not actually a profitable business, the arcades are highly customisable, and can be expanded with new arcade games. "The Diamond Casino Heist" also introduced 20 new vehicles, two weapons, several clothing items, and an in-game radio station curated by rappers Danny Brown and Skepta. Later that month, the "Festive Surprise" update returned with new and old holiday-themed content, a new vehicle, and discounts on various items and properties.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "Gerald's Last Play" is a series of six cooperative missions given by Gerald that were added on 23 April 2020, as a continuation of "The Diamond Casino Heist" update. The "Los Santos Summer Special", released on 11 August, added new yacht-themed missions, vehicles, Adversary Modes, race tracks, and the Open Wheel Race Creator, which allows players to create their own custom tracks. The update also featured several quality-of-life improvements, such as adding the possibility of owning up to eight properties.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: First teased in July as "a new take on heists in an entirely new location", "The Cayo Perico Heist" was officially announced in November, when it was revealed that it would add a new island to the game's map; making it the biggest "Grand Theft Auto Online" content update to date. The heist featured in the update, which consists of robbing the drug cartel that controls the island, has been described as the "next evolution in Heists gameplay", because it offers more approaches than all previous heists, including the possibility of being completed solo from start to finish, and can play out in various ways depending on player actions. The update was also said to add several new vehicles, including a military submarine, which is required for the heist, weapons, and music. In December, it was revealed that "The Cayo Perico Heist" would also add a new nightclub called the Music Locker underneath the Diamond Casino & Resort, featuring real-life musicians Moodymann, Keinemusik, and Palms Trax; three radio stations (two of which are hosted by Joy Orbison and Julian Casablancas); and new songs on some of the already existing stations. The update was released on 15 December to largely positive reception.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: On 27 May 2021, eight stunt races were added to the game, followed by seven new arenas for the "Deadline" mode on 24 June, and seven maps for "Survival" on 8 July. "Los Santos Tuners", released on 20 July, added a new social place called the "LS Car Meet", which includes several facilities, such as a mod shop, a merch shop with exclusive clothing items, and a test track where players can try out new vehicles for free. The meet also features a reputation system and "Prize Ride Challenges"—a series of race-related challenges which change weekly and award players with new vehicles. The update also added new street races, 17 highly-customizable tuner vehicles, and a new type of properties—auto shops—which allow players to complete robbery contracts, steal vehicles for export, or operate a legitimate car repair and customisation business.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: First announced on 8 December and released on 15 December, "The Contract" is a story-focused expansion that adds a new business, "F. Clinton and Partner", a celebrity solutions agency which is run with the help of Franklin Clinton, one of the protagonists from the single-player game. The Agency's first high-tier client is Dr. Dre, who had his phone containing unreleased music stolen and needs it recovered before the tracks are leaked. The missions added with "The Contract" are structured similarly to past Heists, in that players are required to complete several prerequisite investigation jobs before they can move on to recovering the stolen music. Aside from the Dr. Dre-related missions, the update also provides smaller jobs such as Contracts, which increase the passive income generated by the Agency over time; payphone assassinations; and a three-mission storyline revolving around Lamar's new cannabis business, where players get to control either Lamar or Franklin. "The Contract" also adds 17 new vehicles (some of which can be equipped with exclusive upgrades, like armour and remote control, at the Agency), three weapons (the Heavy Rifle, the stun gun, and a compact EMP launcher), various clothing items, a new radio station curated by musicians Rosalía and Arca, and an update to two of the already existing stations, including created by Dr. Dre and other artists, such as Anderson .Paak and Snoop Dogg, for the game, released as singles on 4 February 2022.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: On 13 January 2022, a new Adversary Mode featuring Franklin and Lamar was added to the game. There was no public announcement from Rockstar regarding the mode, which "Kotaku"s Zack Zwiezen partly attributed to the ongoing #SaveRedDeadOnline campaign, in which numerous players criticized Rockstar for the lack of new content in "Red Dead Online" compared to "Grand Theft Auto Online". "The Criminal Enterprises", released on 26 July, added new missions which see players assuming the role of IAA agents to investigate the recent increase of gasoline prices in San Andreas, as well as an expansion to several previously released businesses—cargo warehouses, biker clubhouses, bunkers, and nightclubs. The update also introduced a number of new vehicles, customization options, and long-requested quality-of-life improvements, such as an increased payout and lower setup cost for older Heists, a reworked Interaction Menu, and the ability to sell products from all businesses in non-public sessions. Several other features, such as a car showroom which allows players to test drive vehicles before purchasing them, were introduced in the weeks following the update's release.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: "Los Santos Drug Wars", released on 13 December, introduced new story missions, vehicles, and clothing items, as well as a new social place, "The Freakshop", an abandoned warehouse frequented by juggalos which doubles as a storage for a mobile drug lab, also added with the update. The lab functions similarly to other passive businesses in the game, and can be upgraded to increase its productiveness by completing a new type of side missions, "Fooligan Jobs". The update also featured several quality-of-life improvements, such as an increased payout for the smuggling business and the ability to hide phone contacts. More features are intended to be added in the following weeks.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Many reviewers bemoaned their initial play experience as "Grand Theft Auto Online" suffered widespread technical issues at launch. "Destructoid"s Chris Carter felt the "messy launch" should have been delayed and IGN's Keza MacDonald lamented her "disastrous" play sessions. Digital Spy's Liam Martin lost his character data and considered the technical issues dwarfed pre-launch anticipation. Some reviewers generally praised the game's open-ended and dynamic content; VideoGamer's Jon Denton thought the gameplay's "endlessness" made up for its problems and Digital Spy's Martin complimented the game's scope.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Its PlayStation 4 and Xbox One re-release received similar critical reactions. IGN's Dan Stapleton reported low player counts in matches, long wait times in lobbies, server disconnection and occasional crashes. "Because of that," he wrote, "I can't strongly recommend ... the multiplayer experience alone". VideoGamer.com found progression more streamlined and balanced than before and thought the "grind of just doing PvP until co-op Jobs arrive with regularity" was lost. However, they noted frequent server disconnection, especially during load screens. "Game Informer"s Andrew Reiner reported "minimal lag or issues in the expanded firefights and races".


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Other game aspects received similar criticism. The character creation system was panned as unintuitive with resulting unattractive avatars. IGN's MacDonald thought the gameplay's "addictive rhythm" eventually faltered as errands became a monotony. GameSpot's Carolyn Petit thought the game's early mission palette was marred by "bland last team standing deathmatches". "Eurogamer"s Rich Stanton found cooperative gameplay repetitive as players completed the same menial objective cycle. GameSpot's Mark Walton thought the frenetic action lacked direction, with PvP an "unending cycle of pointless slaughter". He considered the reputation system a weak deterrent against foul play and thought the unbalanced game economy was further hindered by low mission payouts.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: Reception has improved over time. "VG247"s Patrick Garratt felt the "San Andreas Flight School" update incentivised player engagement with the oft-neglected aircraft missions by offering more liberal reward payouts. Digital Spy's Martin thought the Heists update encouraged teamwork and "pinpoint coordination", while IGN's Ryan McCaffrey found high replay value in the heists' volatile action. "Eurogamer"s Stanton enjoyed the strategic planning necessary to pull off a successful heist and thought players were required to think on their feet and adapt to changing scenarios. He further noted occasional gameplay pacing issues and technical hiccups such as mid-mission server disconnection.


title: Grand Theft Auto Online

text: The game won Best Multiplayer at the 10th British Academy Games Awards and from GameTrailers. Game Revolution and "Hardcore Gamer" nominated it for Biggest Disappointment. At the 2019 Golden Joystick Awards, the game was nominated for Still Playing and won Best Game Expansion for "The Diamond Casino & Resort". Take-Two Interactive, Rockstar's parent company, stated that by February 2014, 70 percent of "Grand Theft Auto V" players with Internet access had played "Grand Theft Auto Online", and that the game's micro-transactions system was the largest contributor to the company's digital revenue since the launch of "Grand Theft Auto Online".


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..! () also known by the initialism HAHK, is a 1994 Indian Hindi-language musical romantic drama film written and directed by Sooraj Barjatya and produced by Rajshri Productions. The film stars Madhuri Dixit and Salman Khan and celebrates Indian wedding traditions by means of a story of a married couple and the relationship between their families; a story about sacrificing one's love for one's family. The basic plot is based on studio's earlier film "Nadiya Ke Paar" (1982), which was based on Keshav Prasad Mishra's Hindi novel "Kohbar Ki Shart". The film features music by Raamlaxman who also composed a 14-song soundtrack, an unusually large number of songs for that period.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" released on 5 August 1994, and became the highest-grossing film of the year, having grossed between () and () worldwide, It also became the highest-grossing Indian film at the time of its release. It contributed to a change in the Indian film industry, with new methods of distribution and a turn towards less violent stories. It was the first film to gross over in India, and when adjusted for inflation, is the highest-grossing Indian film of the 1990s and also one of the highest-earning Bollywood films ever. "Box Office India" described it as "the biggest blockbuster of the modern era." It received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise for its direction, story, screenplay, dialogues, soundtrack, production design, costumes and performances of the cast, with major praise directed towards Dixit's performance.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: At the 42nd National Film Awards, "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" won two awards, including the Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. At the 40th Filmfare Awards, the film received a leading 13 nominations, including Best Actor (Khan), Best Supporting Actor (for both Kher and Behl) and Best Supporting Actress (for both Lagoo and Shahane), and won 5 awards, including Best Film, Best Director (Barjatya), Best Actress (Dixit) and Special Award (Lata Mangeshkar for "Didi Tera Devar Deewana"). It also won major awards at the newly-introduced Screen Awards, where it won 6 awards.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" is considered as one of the most influential film in the Indian film industry as well as in pop culture. It made a lasting impact on wedding celebrations in India, which often include songs and games from the film. It is credited as being a defining moment in Hindi cinema's box office history, and the beginning of a revolution in the Indian film distribution system.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Orphaned brothers Prem and Rajesh live with their uncle Kailashnath. Rajesh manages the family business and his family is on the look-out for a suitable bride for him. One day, Kailashnath meets his college friend, Siddharth Chaudhary, who is now a professor, after several years. Siddharth and his wife Madhukala have two daughters named Pooja and Nisha. Siddharth and Kailashnath arrange marriage between Rajesh and Pooja. From their first meeting, Nisha and Prem start bickering lightheartedly with each other and the fun and mischief continue throughout Pooja and Rajesh's wedding.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Prem has an amicable relationship with Rajesh’s warm-hearted sister-in-law Nisha. In time, Pooja and Rajesh realise their love for each other and it is revealed that Pooja is expecting a child. Siddharth and Madhukala are unable to come to Kailashnath's house for the ceremony marking the impending arrival of the baby. They send Nisha instead, who is present at the birth. Meanwhile, Nisha and Prem fall in love with each other, but keep it a secret. Siddharth and Madhukala come over to Kailashnath's house to celebrate the birth of their grandchild. When the time comes to part, their hosts are dejected, especially Prem. He and Nisha promise each other that they will soon reunite forever.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Pooja is invited to stay at her parents' house and Prem takes her there. When they arrive, Pooja learns that Prem and Nisha are in love and gives Nisha a necklace as a token, promising to get them married. Shortly afterward, Pooja accidentally slips, falling down from the stairs, and eventually dies from a head injury. Everybody is shattered by the tragedy.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Nisha takes good care of Pooja and Rajesh's son. Hence, Siddharth and Kailashnath feel that Nisha will be a great mother to the baby. They decide to have Nisha marry Rajesh. Nisha overhears Siddharth and Madhukala talking about her marriage into Kailashnath's family and thinks that they are discussing her marriage to Prem, to which she agrees. Later, at a pre-nuptial ceremony, she finds out that she is actually going to marry Rajesh.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Prem and Nisha vow to sacrifice their love for Rajesh and the son. Moments before the wedding, Nisha asks Prem's dog Tuffy to give Prem the necklace that Pooja had given her, along with a letter. Tuffy exits Nisha's room and instead of taking the letter to Prem, delivers it to Rajesh. Rajesh reads the letter and realises that Prem and Nisha love each other. Subsequently, he halts the wedding and confronts both Nisha and Prem. In the end, Nisha and Prem marry each other with the consent of their families.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Director/writer Sooraj Barjatya devoted one year and nine months to write the screenplay of "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!". He spent the first five months trying to write another "Maine Pyar Kiya", but then started over after his father Rajkumar Barjatya suggested that he rework one of the family company Rajshri Productions earlier offerings. "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" then became a loose adaptation of their 1982 production "Nadiya Ke Paar". Barjatya used musical numbers to avoid treating some situations in a cliché manner, which resulted in so many songs that there were complaints during initial screenings of the film concerning its length and number of songs. Barjayta's grandfather, company founder Tarachand Barjatya, loved the song "Dhiktana" so much that the film was nearly given that title. Barjatya later told "India Abroad", "My attempt in this movie has been to re-expose the cinema-going public to the quintessential family life... not to make people feel that they have come to see a movie, but make them feel as if they have come to visit a big joint family that is preparing for a wedding". The story was constructed differently than what was popular at the time. There were no villains, violence, or battles between good and evil. From conception to finished product, the film took four years. Madhuri Dixit was paid a salary of for playing Nisha.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Aamir Khan was initially offered the role of Prem, but he declined the offer due to being dissatisfied with the script. It then went to Salman Khan.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: The producers/distributors exercised a higher than normal level of control over their work. There was a limited release, a new form of television publicity, safeguards against video piracy, and a delay in the releasing of video tapes.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: The soundtrack for "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" was composed by Raamlaxman (original name Vijay Patil) who had earlier given music for Rajshri's "Maine Pyar Kiya", with lyrics by Ravinder Rawal and Dev Kohli. It was produced under the Sa Re Ga Ma label which at that time was known as HMV (short for His Master's Voice) and featured veteran playback singers such as Lata Mangeshkar, S. P. Balasubrahmanyam, Kumar Sanu, Udit Narayan, Shailendra Singh and Sharda Sinha. Raamlaxman had about 50 sessions with the director Barjatya during scripting. The finished soundtrack included an unusually large number of songs at 14 (15, if we count the sad version of the song "Mujhse Juda Hokar" which appears in the movie, but not on the music album), plus the song "Hasta Hua Noorani Chehra" (from the film "Parasmani" (1963)), that was used when the characters play a game. The track "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" is said to be inspired by Ustad Nusrat Fateh Ali Khan's song "Saare Nabian". The song became one of the most popular film songs ever, and was on the charts for over a year. The soundtrack was highly successful upon release, becoming the highest-selling Bollywood soundtrack of the year, and one of the top sellers of the 1990s, with 12million units sold. It was ranked at number 29 on the list of all-time best-selling Bollywood soundtracks by "Planet Bollywood".


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" premiered at Liberty Cinema in South Mumbai on 5 August 1994; it eventually ran there for over 100 weeks. The film initially saw a very limited release, also showing at the Regal and Eros theatres, with only 26 prints total. Eventually, it started to appear in many more theatres. When initial viewers complained about the film's length, 2 of the 14 song sequences were removed. These were later restored when film goers were found to enjoy all of the songs. Early reviewers of "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" predicted that it would be a huge flop; hence the industry was stunned when it went on to become the most successful film of all time up to that point.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" is one of the biggest grossers ever in the history of Indian cinema, and is said to have changed film business forever in the country. Made on a budget of around (), it grossed over in its first 20 weeks, becoming the highest-grossing film in India up until then. Within 18 weeks, it grossed over in every territory it released, a feat previously achieved by "Sholay" (1975) and "Coolie" (1983). It went on to gross an estimated in India, making it the first to gross over 1 billion. "Box Office India" gave it the verdict "All Time Blockbuster", and described it as "the biggest blockbuster of the modern era." Much of the success was due to repeat business. For example, painter M. F. Husain was reported to have seen the film over 60 times. The film's domestic net income was , which adjusted for inflation is equivalent to (), making it the highest-grossing Hindi film in India since "Sholay". "Hum Aapke Hain Koun" sold 74million tickets in India, giving it the highest domestic footfalls of any Hindi film released since the 1990s.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: The film was also dubbed into the Telugu-language and released with the title "Premalayam" and was very successful there, running for more than 200 days in theatres. The film earned about abroad in overseas markets.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Worldwide, the film grossed over () in its first year, for which it was awarded the Guinness World Record for "Highest grossing Indian movie". By 1996, the film's total worldwide gross had crossed (), with total estimates going up to ().


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" received widespread critical acclaim upon release, with high praise for its direction, screenplay, dialogues, music, production design, costumes and performances of the cast, particularly Dixit's performance.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "India Abroad" called it a "cloyingly familial and touchingly sad melodrama replete with typical Indian social situations". Tripat Narayanan of "New Straits Times" criticised the plot as "paper-thin" and the climax scenes as clichéd, but said Barajiya handled them so well that Shahane's "smiling bride face is immortalised as an epitome of goodness." He appreciated the performances of Dixit and Lagoo, concluding that "what really holds the film together is the editing."


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Redo, an Indian Spitz, received favourable recognition as Tuffy the dog. He was included in the "Best Pets in Hindi films" list compiled by "Daily News and Analysis". After the film, Redo was reportedly adopted by Dixit.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" won the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment. The film received a leading 13 nominations at the 40th Filmfare Awards, and won 5 awards including Best Film, Best Director, and Best Actress, making it one of the biggest winners of the year. Lata Mangeshkar, who sang more than 10 songs in the film, had long retired from accepting awards, but the public demand for the song "Didi Tera Devar Deewana" was such that she received the Filmfare Special Award that year. The film also won major awards at the newly-introduced Screen Awards, where it won six awards.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: Author Kovid Gupta classified "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" as a film that bridges the gap between traditionalism and modernity. He discussed the songs of the films in particular, and the "manifestation of romance under the acceptance and blessings of the family, in specific, the elder sister-in-law". Patricia Uberoi called the film a family film in two ways; it is about family relationships, and it is suitable for the entire family to watch. She said that the film is not about the two leads, but about the family, an ideal family. Tejaswini Ganti has called the film a "paean to filial duty" for how the children are willing to sacrifice their love for the good of their families. The family relationships are also noted for being different from the normal cinematic families of the time due to their mutual civility. Rediff.com noted that "Though the film was initially dismissed as a wedding video, its success indicated that post-liberalisation, Indian audiences still clung to the comfort of the familiar." Jigna Desai said that the film's popularity was due to interactions of the families around the traditional folk wedding practices. In his study on the response to the film, academic Vamsee Juluri concluded that the celebration of the family is "HAHK"'s "most useful contribution to history".


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" is credited as being a defining moment in Hindi cinema's box office history, and the beginning of a revolution in the Indian film distribution system. When it was released, cinema was in decline in India due to improved cable television, home video, and film piracy. The film was originally released in only a small number of theatres that agreed to upgrade their facilities. Due to widespread demand for the film, many other theatres upgraded in order to get the film. Although ticket prices were raised, the upgraded theatres brought people back who had been lost to television. Also, the film's lack of vulgarity was a sign to middle-class family patrons that they could return to the theatre. This film, in addition to the following year's "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", contributed to an increase in Indian cinema attendance of 40% in just two years.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: The film was so successful that it literally gave the term blockbuster new meaning in India. Box Office India said, ""Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" [...] took business for films released afterwards to another level. To put into perspective how business changed [...] before "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" an all India share of 10 crore for a big film was regarded as blockbuster business but after "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" the blockbuster business figure went to 20 crore."


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" influenced many subsequent Hindi films. The film was also a trendsetter for glamorous family dramas and NRI-related films, and started Bollywood's "big-fat-wedding-film" trend. In 1998 a theatre company in London, where the film had played for a year, staged a production based on the film titled "Fourteen Songs, Two Weddings and a Funeral". Planet Bollywood has noted that no wedding is complete without some songs from this film, and it has been used as a script to design wedding plans. For years afterwards, women wanted to wear a purple sari like the one worn by Madhuri Dixit in the song "Didi Tera Devar Deewana".


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: It also influenced many filmmakers such as Aditya Chopra and Karan Johar. Karan Johar named it as the one film that changed his life. He said, "After seeing "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" I realized Indian cinema is about values, tradition, subtlety, romance. There is so much soul in it. [...] I decided to go ahead and be a filmmaker only after watching this film." "Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!" belongs to a small collection of films, including "Kismet" (1943), "Mother India" (1957), "Mughal-e-Azam" (1960) and "Sholay" (1975), which are repeatedly watched throughout India and are viewed as definitive Hindi films with cultural significance.


title: Hum Aapke Hain Koun..!

text: On April 24, 2021, production house, Rashmi Sharma Telefilms, announced that they would be remaking the film version into a show version which will air on StarPlus and Hotstar soon. She announced that the storyline will be the same as the film version.


title: Neil Tennant

text: Neil Francis Tennant (born 10 July 1954) is an English musician, singer, songwriter and music journalist, and co-founder of the synth-pop duo Pet Shop Boys, which he formed with Chris Lowe in 1981. He was a journalist for "Smash Hits", and assistant editor for the magazine in the mid-1980s.


title: Neil Tennant

text: Tennant coined the phrase imperial phase to describe the period in which a musical artist is regarded to be at their commercial and creative peak simultaneously. This observation was initially self-referential, made as the Pet Shop Boys had achieved commercial success with four British number one hits ("It's a Sin", "What Have I Done to Deserve This", "Heart", and "Always on My Mind"), had received unanimous critical praise for their first three albums, and had expanded their creative horizons through innovative collaborations in the visual and performing arts.


title: Neil Tennant

text: Neil Francis Tennant was born in North Shields, a fishing port near Newcastle upon Tyne, to William W. Tennant (1923–2009), a sales representative, and Sheila M. (Watson) Tennant (1923–2008). He has an older sister, Susan, and two younger brothers, Simon and Philip. The family moved to a semi-detached house in Greenfield Road (opposite the corner of South Bend), Brunton Park, a relatively affluent suburb in Newcastle, shortly after Neil was born.


title: Neil Tennant

text: As a child, Tennant attended St Cuthbert's Grammar School, an all-boys' Catholic school in Newcastle upon Tyne. His songs "This Must Be the Place I Waited Years to Leave" and "It's a Sin" refer to his early life in Catholic school and the strict upbringing there.


title: Neil Tennant

text: While at school, Tennant played guitar and cello. At age 16, he played in a folk music group called Dust, whose most popular song was called "Can You Hear the Dawn Break?". They were heavily influenced by The Incredible String Band. During his teenage years, he was a member of the youth theatre at the People's Theatre, Newcastle upon Tyne.


title: Neil Tennant

text: In 1975, having completed a degree in history at North London Polytechnic (now part of London Metropolitan University), Tennant worked for two years as the production editor for Marvel UK, the UK branch of Marvel Comics. He was responsible for anglicising the dialogue of Marvel's catalogue to suit British readers, and for indicating where women needed to be redrawn for the British editions. He also wrote occasional features for the comics, including interviews with pop stars Marc Bolan and Alex Harvey. In 1977, he moved to Macdonald Educational Publishing, where he edited "The Dairy Book of Home Management" and various illustrated books about cookery, playing the guitar and other home interests. Then he moved to ITV Books, where he edited TV tie-in books. After having commissioned Steve Bush, then the designer of "Smash Hits" and "The Face", to design a book about the group Madness, he was offered a job at "Smash Hits" as news editor of the British teen pop magazine in 1982. The following year, he became assistant editor. He also edited "The Smash Hits Yearbook" from 1982 to 1985.


title: Neil Tennant

text: At "Smash Hits", an opportunity arose for him to go to New York to interview The Police. While there, Tennant arranged to meet Bobby Orlando, a producer whom he and Lowe admired. Tennant mentioned he was writing songs in his spare time, and Orlando agreed to record some tracks with him and Lowe at a later date. Orlando subsequently produced the Pet Shop Boys' first single, "West End Girls".


title: Neil Tennant

text: Alongside his work with Chris Lowe as Pet Shop Boys, Tennant has worked on several side projects including:


title: Neil Tennant

text: Tennant is gay, revealing his sexuality in a 1994 interview in "Attitude" magazine. Otherwise he remains quiet about his personal and romantic life, preferring to be a "man of mystery", as he states it. He maintains a house in London and another one in County Durham in the North East countryside. He and Lowe also have an apartment in Berlin.


title: Neil Tennant

text: Tennant is a patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation. In 1998, Tennant was named in a list of the biggest private financial donors to the Labour Party. However, in the 2005 general election he voted for the Liberal Democrats, citing disillusionment with Labour's ID card scheme. The Pet Shop Boys agreed to personal appeals by then-Mayor of London Boris Johnson and then-Prime Minister David Cameron, both prominent Conservative Party politicians, for the group to play at the "winners' parade" taking place shortly after the 2012 Summer Olympics closing ceremony. Enjoying the event's atmosphere and how their stage presence turned into a well-received performance, Tennant subsequently texted Cameron's staff pushing Cameron to use gay scientist Alan Turing's centenary year as impetus for the UK Government to formally pardon Turing. The formal pardon did, in fact, go through on 24 December 2013, with the related official paperwork signed by Queen Elizabeth II.


title: Neil Tennant

text: Tennant has praised the group The Specials and singer-songwriter Elvis Costello, highlighting "Ghost Town" and "Shipbuilding" as protest songs successfully putting politics into pop music.


title: Neil Tennant

text: He has criticized ageism in the music industry, stating in 2013 that radio professionals would tell him that they want to play Pet Shop Boys songs on the air, but will not because the duo, then in their fifties, were considered to be "too old".


title: Neil Tennant

text: Actor David Tennant adopted his stage name from Tennant when joining Equity, as another actor was already registered with his birth name, David McDonald.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Air Canada Flight 143, commonly known as the Gimli Glider, was a Canadian scheduled domestic passenger flight between Montreal and Edmonton that ran out of fuel on July 23, 1983, at an altitude of , midway through the flight. The flight crew successfully glided the Boeing 767 to an emergency landing that resulted in no serious injuries to passengers or persons on the ground, at a former Royal Canadian Air Force base in Gimli, Manitoba, that had been converted to a racetrack, Gimli Motorsports Park. This unusual aviation incident earned the aircraft the nickname "Gimli Glider". The accident is commonly blamed on mistaking pounds for kilograms, which resulted in the aircraft carrying only 45% of its required fuel load. However, the units error was the last in a series of failures that aligned in a Swiss cheese model to cause the accident.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The Boeing 767 had a fuel-quantity indication system (FQIS) with two redundant channels, but a design flaw caused it to fail if only one channel failed. This caused a much higher failure rate than expected. The FQIS on the aircraft had failed, and Air Canada's only spare FQIS had also failed. A technician applied a temporary workaround to the aircraft's FQIS and logged the repair, but another technician misunderstood the logbook entry and undid the repair. The Boeing 767 was not flown with inoperative fuel gauges, but a miscommunication led the flight crew to fly using only a dripstick measurement of the fuel tanks. The crew needed to enter the fuel quantity into the flight computer in kilograms, but they mistakenly did the calculation with the density of jet fuel in pounds/litre. The aircraft ran out of fuel halfway to Edmonton, where Air Canada maintenance staff were waiting to install a working FQIS that they had borrowed from another airline.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The Board of Inquiry found fault with Air Canada procedures, training, and manuals. It recommended the adoption of fueling procedures and other safety measures that were already being used by US and European airlines. The Board also recommended the immediate conversion of all Air Canada aircraft from Imperial units to metric units, since a mixed fleet was more dangerous than an all-Imperial or an all-metric fleet.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Today, Air Canada still uses flight number 143, currently for a service to Calgary from its primary hub at Toronto Pearson.


title: Gimli Glider

text: On July 22, 1983, Air Canada Boeing 767 underwent routine checks in Edmonton. The technician found a defective FQIS, so he disabled the defective channel and made an entry in the logbook. The next morning, Captain John Weir and co-pilot Captain Donald Johnson were told about the problem. Since the FQIS was operating on a single channel, a dripstick reading was taken to obtain a second measurement of fuel quantity. Weir converted the dripstick reading from centimetres to litres to kilograms, finding that it agreed with the FQIS. The plane flew to Toronto and then Montreal without incident.


title: Gimli Glider

text: At Montreal, Captain Bob Pearson and First Officer Maurice Quintal took over the airplane for Flight 143 to Ottawa and Edmonton. During the handover, Weir told Pearson that a problem existed with the FQIS, and Pearson decided to take on enough fuel to fly to Edmonton without refueling in Ottawa. Meanwhile, an avionics technician had entered the cockpit and read the logbook. While waiting for the fuel truck, he enabled the defective channel and performed an FQIS self-test. Distracted by the arrival of the fuel truck, he left the channel enabled after the FQIS failed the self-test. Pearson entered the cockpit to find the FQIS blank, as he expected.


title: Gimli Glider

text: After taking a dripstick measurement, Pearson converted the reading from centimetres to litres to kilograms. However, he did his calculation with the density figure for jet fuel in pounds/litre from the Air Canada refueler's slip, used for all other aircraft in the fleet, instead of kilograms/litre for the all-metric 767 aircraft, which was new to the fleet. Since the FQIS was not operational, he entered the reading into the flight management computer, which tracked the amount of fuel remaining in kilograms. The airplane flew to Ottawa without incident, where another dripstick measurement was taken and converted using the density in pounds/litre. Since the aircraft appeared to have enough fuel to reach Edmonton, no fuel was loaded at Ottawa.


title: Gimli Glider

text: While Flight 143 was cruising over Red Lake, Ontario, at shortly after 8 pm CDT, the aircraft's cockpit warning system sounded, indicating a fuel-pressure problem on the aircraft's left side. Assuming that a fuel pump had failed, the pilots turned off the alarm, knowing that the engine could be gravity-fed in level flight. A few seconds later, the fuel pressure alarm also sounded for the right engine. This prompted the pilots to divert to Winnipeg.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Within seconds, the left engine failed and the pilots began preparing for a single-engine landing. As they communicated their intentions to controllers in Winnipeg and tried to restart the left engine, the cockpit warning system sounded again with the "all engines out" sound, a sharp "bong" that no one in the cockpit could recall having heard before. Seconds later, the right-side engine also stopped and the 767 lost all power. Flying with all engines out was never expected to occur, so it had never been covered in training.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The 767 was one of the first airliners to include an electronic flight instrument system, which operated on the electricity generated by the aircraft's jet engines. With both engines stopped, the system went dead and most of the screens went blank, leaving only a few basic battery-powered emergency flight instruments. While these provided sufficient information to land the aircraft, the backup instruments did not include a vertical speed indicator that could be used to determine how far the aircraft could glide.


title: Gimli Glider

text: On the Boeing 767, the control surfaces are so large that the pilots cannot move them with muscle power alone. Instead, hydraulic systems are used to multiply the forces applied by the pilots. Since the engines supply power for the hydraulic systems, in the case of complete power outage, the aircraft was designed with a ram air turbine that swings out from a compartment and drives a hydraulic pump to supply power to hydraulic systems.


title: Gimli Glider

text: In line with their planned diversion to Winnipeg, the pilots had been descending through when the second engine shut down. They had searched their emergency checklist for the section on flying the aircraft with both engines out, only to find that no such section existed. Captain Pearson was an experienced glider pilot, so he was familiar with flying techniques almost never used in commercial flight. To have the maximum range and therefore the largest choice of possible landing sites, he needed to fly the 767 at the optimum glide speed. Making his best guess as to this speed for the 767, he flew the aircraft at . First Officer Maurice Quintal began to calculate whether they could reach Winnipeg. He used the altitude from one of the mechanical backup instruments, while the distance travelled was supplied by the air traffic controllers in Winnipeg, measured by the aircraft's radar echo observed at Winnipeg. In , the aircraft lost , giving a glide ratio of approximately 12:1 (dedicated glider planes reach ratios of 50:1 to 70:1).


title: Gimli Glider

text: At this point, Quintal proposed landing at the former RCAF Station Gimli, a closed air force base where he had once served as a pilot for the Royal Canadian Air Force. Unbeknownst to Quintal or to the air traffic controller, a part of the facility had been converted to a race track complex, now known as Gimli Motorsports Park. It included a road race course, a go-kart track, and a dragstrip. A Canadian Automobile Sport Clubs-sanctioned sports-car race hosted by the Winnipeg Sports Car Club was underway at the time of the incident and the area around the decommissioned runway was full of cars and campers. Part of the decommissioned runway was being used to stage the race.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Without main power, the pilots used a gravity drop to lower the landing gear and lock it into place. The main gear locked into position, but the nose wheel did not. The failure of the nose wheel to lock fortuitously turned out to be advantageous after touchdown. As the aircraft slowed on approach to landing, the reduced power generated by the ram air turbine rendered the aircraft increasingly difficult to control.


title: Gimli Glider

text: As the plane approached the runway, the pilots realized it was coming in too high and fast, increasing the likelihood that the 767 would run off the runway. The lack of hydraulic pressure prevented flap/slat extension that would have, under normal conditions, reduced the aircraft's stall speed and increased the lift coefficient of the wings, to slow the airliner for a safe landing. The pilots briefly considered a 360° turn to reduce speed and altitude, but they decided that they did not have enough altitude for the manoeuvre. Pearson decided to execute a forward slip to increase drag and reduce altitude. This manoeuvre, performed by "crossing the controls" (applying rudder in one direction and ailerons in the other direction), is commonly used in gliders and light aircraft to descend more quickly without increasing forward speed; it is almost never used in large jet airliners outside of rare circumstances like those of this flight. The forward slip disrupted airflow past the ram air turbine, which decreased the hydraulic power available; the pilots were surprised to find the aircraft slow to respond when straightening after the forward slip.


title: Gimli Glider

text: With both of its engines dead, the plane made hardly any noise during its approach. This gave people on the ground no warning of the impromptu landing and little time to flee. As the gliding plane closed in on the decommissioned runway, the pilots noticed two boys were riding bicycles within of the projected point of impact. Captain Pearson later said that the boys were so close that he could see the looks of sheer terror on their faces as they realized that a large aircraft was bearing down on them.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Two factors helped avert disaster: the failure of the front landing gear to lock into position during the gravity drop and the presence of a guardrail that had been installed along the centre of the repurposed runway to facilitate its use as a drag race track. As soon as the wheels touched down on the runway, Pearson braked hard, skidding and promptly blowing out two of the aircraft's tires. The unlocked nose wheel collapsed and was forced back into its well, causing the aircraft's nose to slam into, bounce off, and then scrape along the ground. This additional friction helped to slow the airplane and kept it from crashing into the crowds surrounding the runway. Pearson applied extra right brake, which caused the main landing gear to straddle the guardrail. Air Canada Flight 143 came to a final stop on the ground 17 minutes after running out of fuel.


title: Gimli Glider

text: No serious injuries occurred among the 61 passengers or the people on the ground. As the aircraft's nose had collapsed onto the ground, its tail was elevated, so some minor injuries happened when passengers exited the aircraft via the rear slides, which were not sufficiently long to accommodate the increased height. A minor fire in the nose area was extinguished by racers and course workers equipped with portable fire extinguishers.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The Aviation Safety Board of Canada (predecessor of the modern Transportation Safety Board of Canada) reported that Air Canada management was responsible for "corporate and equipment deficiencies". Their report praised the flight and cabin crews for their "professionalism and skill". It noted that Air Canada "neglected to assign clearly and specifically the responsibility for calculating the fuel load in an abnormal situation." It further found that the airline had failed to reallocate the task of checking fuel load (which had been the responsibility of the flight engineer on older aircraft flown with a crew of three). The safety board also said that Air Canada needed to keep more spare parts, including replacements for the defective fuel quantity indicator, in its maintenance inventory, as well as provide better, more thorough training on the metric system to its pilots and fuelling personnel. The final report of the investigation was published in April 1985.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The amount of fuel in the tanks of a Boeing 767 is computed by the FQIS and displayed in the cockpit. The FQIS on the aircraft was a dual-processor channel, each independently calculating the fuel load and cross-checking with the other. In the event of one failing, the other could still operate alone, but in that case, the indicated quantity was required to be cross-checked against a floatstick measurement before departure. In the event of both channels failing, no fuel display was seen in the cockpit, and the aircraft would be considered unserviceable and not authorized to fly.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Because inconsistencies had been found with the FQIS in other 767s, Boeing had issued a service bulletin for the routine checking of this system. An engineer in Edmonton duly did so when the aircraft arrived from Toronto following a trouble-free flight the day before the incident. While conducting this check, the FQIS failed and the cockpit fuel gauges went blank. The engineer had encountered the same problem earlier in the month when this same aircraft had arrived from Toronto with an FQIS fault. He found then that disabling the second channel by pulling the circuit breaker in the cockpit restored the fuel gauges to working order albeit with only the single FQIS channel operative. In the absence of any spares, he simply repeated this temporary fix by pulling and tagging the circuit breaker.


title: Gimli Glider

text: A record of all actions and findings was made in the maintenance log, including the entry: "SERVICE CHK – FOUND FUEL QTY IND BLANK – FUEL QTY #2 C/B PULLED & TAGGED...". This reports that the fuel gauges were blank and that the second FQIS channel was disabled, but does not make clear that the latter fixed the former.


title: Gimli Glider

text: On the day of the incident, the aircraft flew from Edmonton to Montreal. Before departure, the engineer informed the pilot of the problem and confirmed that the tanks would have to be verified with a floatstick. In a misunderstanding, the pilot believed that the aircraft had been flown with the fault from Toronto the previous afternoon. The flight to Montreal proceeded uneventfully with fuel gauges operating correctly on the single channel.


title: Gimli Glider

text: On arrival at Montreal, the crew changed for the return flight to Edmonton. The outgoing pilot informed Captain Pearson and First Officer Quintal of the problem with the FQIS and passed along his mistaken belief that the aircraft had flown the previous day with this problem. In a further misunderstanding, Captain Pearson believed that he was also being told that the FQIS had been completely unserviceable since then.


title: Gimli Glider

text: While the aircraft was being prepared for its return to Edmonton, a maintenance worker decided to investigate the problem with the faulty FQIS. To test the system, he re-enabled the second channel, at which point the fuel gauges in the cockpit went blank. Before he could disable the second channel again, however, he was called away to perform a floatstick measurement of fuel remaining in the tanks, leaving the circuit breaker tagged (which masked the fact that it was no longer pulled). The FQIS was now completely unserviceable and the fuel gauges were blank.


title: Gimli Glider

text: On entering the cockpit, Captain Pearson saw what he was expecting to see: blank fuel gauges and a tagged circuit breaker. Pearson consulted the master minimum equipment list (MMEL), which indicated that the aircraft was not legal to fly with blank fuel gauges, but due to a misunderstanding, Pearson believed that it was safe to fly if the amount of fuel was confirmed with measuring sticks.


title: Gimli Glider

text: The 767 was still a very new aircraft, having flown its maiden flight in September 1981. C-GAUN was the 47th Boeing 767 off the production line, and had been delivered to Air Canada less than four months previously. In that time, 55 changes had been made to the MMEL, and some pages were blank pending development of procedures.


title: Gimli Glider

text: Because of this unreliability, it had become practice for flights to be authorized by maintenance personnel. To add to his own misconceptions about the condition in which the aircraft had been flying since the previous day, reinforced by what he saw in the cockpit, Pearson now had a signed-off maintenance log, which had become customarily preferred over the MMEL.