title: Greyhound

text: The English Greyhound, or simply the Greyhound, is a breed of dog, a sighthound which has been bred for coursing, greyhound racing and hunting. Since the rise in large-scale adoption of retired racing Greyhounds, the breed has seen a resurgence in popularity as a family pet.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds are defined as a tall, muscular, smooth-coated, "S-shaped" type of sighthound with a long tail and tough feet. Greyhounds are a separate breed from other related sighthounds, such as the Italian greyhound.


title: Greyhound

text: The Greyhound is a gentle and intelligent breed whose combination of long, powerful legs, deep chest, flexible spine, and slim build allows it to reach average race speeds exceeding . The Greyhound can reach a full speed of within , or six strides from the boxes, traveling at almost for the first of a race.


title: Greyhound

text: Males are usually tall at the withers, and weigh on average . Females tend to be smaller, with shoulder heights ranging from and weights from , although weights can be above and below these average weights. Greyhounds have very short fur, which is easy to maintain. There are approximately 30 recognized color forms, of which variations of white, brindle, fawn (pale tan to dark deer-red), black, red, and blue (gray) can appear uniquely or in combination. Greyhounds are dolichocephalic, with a skull which is relatively long in comparison to its breadth, and an elongated muzzle.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds are considered to make good pets, and are known for their loving nature and enjoyment of the company of humans or other dogs, though how well a Greyhound tolerates the company of other small animals such as cats depends on the individual dog's personality. Greyhounds will typically chase small animals; those lacking a high 'prey drive' will be able to coexist happily with toy dog breeds and cats.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds live most happily as pets in quiet environments. They do well in families with children, as long as the children are taught to treat the dog properly with politeness and appropriate respect. Greyhounds have a sensitive nature, and gentle commands work best as training methods.


title: Greyhound

text: Occasionally, a Greyhound may bark; however, they are generally not barkers, which is beneficial in suburban environments, and they are usually as friendly to strangers as they are with their own families. A 2008 University of Pennsylvania study found that Greyhounds are one of the least aggressive dog breeds towards strangers, owners, and other dogs.


title: Greyhound

text: A common misconception regarding Greyhounds is that they are hyperactive. This is usually not the case with retired racing Greyhounds. Greyhounds can live comfortably as apartment dogs, as they do not require much space and sleep almost 18 hours per day. Due to their calm temperament, Greyhounds can make better "apartment dogs" than smaller, more active breeds.


title: Greyhound

text: Many Greyhound adoption groups recommend that owners keep their Greyhounds on a leash whenever outdoors, except in fully enclosed areas. This is due to their prey drive, their speed, and the assertion that Greyhounds have no road sense. In some jurisdictions, it is illegal for Greyhounds to be allowed off leash, even in off-leash dog parks. Due to their size and strength, adoption groups recommend that fences be between tall, to prevent Greyhounds from jumping over them. As with most breeds being rehomed, Greyhounds that are adopted after racing tend to need time to adjust to their new lives with a human family. Many guides and books have been published to aid Greyhound owners in helping their pet get comfortable in their new home.


title: Greyhound

text: The original primary use of Greyhounds, both in the British Isles and on the Continent of Europe, was in the coursing of deer for meat and sport; later, specifically in Britain, they specialized in competition hare coursing. Some Greyhounds are still used for coursing, although artificial lure sports like lure coursing and racing are far more common and popular. Many leading 300- to 550-yard sprinters have bloodlines traceable back through Irish sires, within a few generations of racers that won events such as the Irish Coursing Derby or the Irish Cup.


title: Greyhound

text: Until the early 20th century, Greyhounds were principally bred and trained for hunting and coursing. During the 1920s, modern greyhound racing was introduced into the United States, England (1926), Northern Ireland (1927), Scotland (1927), and the Republic of Ireland (1927). Australia also has a significant racing culture.


title: Greyhound

text: In the United States, aside from professional racing, many Greyhounds enjoy success on the amateur race track. Organizations like the Large Gazehound Racing Association (LGRA) and the National Oval Track Racing Association (NOTRA) provide opportunities for Greyhounds to compete.


title: Greyhound

text: Historically, the Greyhound has, since its first appearance as a hunting type and breed, enjoyed a specific degree of fame and definition in Western literature, heraldry and art as the most elegant or noble companion and hunter of the canine world. In modern times, the professional racing industry, with its large numbers of track-bred greyhounds, as well as international adoption programs aimed at re-homing dogs has redefined the breed as a sporting dog that will supply friendly companionship in its retirement. This has been prevalent in recent years due to track closures in the United States. Outside the racing industry and coursing community, the Kennel Clubs' registered breed still enjoys a modest following as a show dog and pet.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds are typically a healthy and long-lived breed, and hereditary illness is rare. Some Greyhounds have been known to develop esophageal achalasia, gastric dilatation volvulus (also known as bloat), and osteosarcoma. Because the Greyhound's lean physique makes it ill-suited to sleeping on hard surfaces, owners of both racing and companion Greyhounds generally provide soft bedding; without bedding, Greyhounds are prone to develop painful skin sores. The average lifespan of a Greyhound is 10 to 14 years.


title: Greyhound

text: Due to the Greyhound's unique physiology and anatomy, a veterinarian who understands the issues relevant to the breed is generally needed when the dogs need treatment, particularly when anesthesia is required. Greyhounds cannot metabolize barbiturate-based anesthesia in the same way that other breeds can because their livers have lower amounts of oxidative enzymes. Greyhounds demonstrate unusual blood chemistry , which can be misread by veterinarians not familiar with the breed and can result in an incorrect diagnosis.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds are very sensitive to insecticides. Many vets do not recommend the use of flea collars or flea spray on Greyhounds if the product is pyrethrin-based. Products like Advantage, Frontline, Lufenuron, and Amitraz are safe for use on Greyhounds, however, and are very effective in controlling fleas and ticks.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds have higher levels of red blood cells than other breeds. Since red blood cells carry oxygen to the muscles, this higher level allows the hound to move larger quantities of oxygen faster from the lungs to the muscles. Conversely, Greyhounds have lower levels of platelets than other breeds.


title: Greyhound

text: Delayed haemorrhage following trauma or routine surgery is more common in Greyhounds, with one study reporting significant haemorrhage in 26% of Greyhounds following routine gonadectomy, compared to 0-2% in other dog breeds. This is often termed greyhound fibrinolytic syndrome or breed-associated hyperfibrinolysis, where in there is a disorder of the fibrinolysis system without derangement of the primary or secondary coagulation systems, and is also not related to platelet count. In this syndrome there is initial adequate hemostasis following trauma or routine surgical procedures, however 36–48 hours later the site undergoes inappropriate hyperfibrinolysis. This results in delayed bleeding which can result in significant morbidity and mortality. Standard pre-operative blood work does not identify those at risk It is distinct from common bleeding disorders in other breeds such von Willebrand's disease, which is uncommon in Greyhounds. Although high-quality research data are lacking, it is thought that this condition can be prevented and treated by administering antifibrinolytic medication such as tranexamic acid via the oral or parenteral route. Intensive care and blood product administration may also be required in severe cases.


title: Greyhound

text: Greyhounds do not have undercoats and thus are less likely to trigger dog allergies in humans (they are sometimes incorrectly referred to as "hypoallergenic"). The lack of an undercoat, coupled with a general lack of body fat, also makes Greyhounds more susceptible to extreme temperatures (both hot and cold); because of this, they must be housed inside. Some Greyhounds are susceptible to corns on their paw pads; a variety of methods are used to treat them.


title: Greyhound

text: The key to the speed of a Greyhound can be found in its light but muscular build, large heart, highest percentage of fast twitch muscle of any breed, double suspension gallop, and extreme flexibility of its spine. "Double suspension rotary gallop" describes the fastest running gait of the Greyhound in which all four feet are free from the ground in two phases, contracted and extended, during each full stride.


title: Greyhound

text: The ancient skeletal remains of a dog identified as being of the greyhound/saluki form were excavated at Tell Brak in modern Syria, and dated as being approximately 4,000 years old.


title: Greyhound

text: Historical literature by Arrian on the vertragus (from the Latin , a word of Celtic origin), the first recorded sighthound in Europe and possible antecedent of the Greyhound, suggested that its origin lies with the Celts from Eastern Europe or Eurasia. Systematic archaeozoology of Britain conducted in 1974 ruled out the existence of a true greyhound-type in Britain prior to the Roman occupation, which was further confirmed in 2000. Written evidence from the early period of Roman occupation, the Vindolanda tablets (No. 594), demonstrate that the occupying troops from Continental Europe either had with them in the North of England, or certainly knew of, the vertragus and its hunting use.


title: Greyhound

text: An archaeological find at the Chotěbuz fort in the Czech Republic of sighthound type, "gracile" bones dating from the 8th to 9th century CE, anatomically defined as those of a high "greyhound", were also genetically compared with the modern Greyhound and other sighthounds, and found to be almost completely identical with the modern Greyhound breed, with the exception of only four deletions and one substitution in the DNA sequences, which were interpreted as differences probably arising from 11 centuries of breeding of this type of dog.


title: Greyhound

text: All modern pedigree Greyhounds derive from the Greyhound stock recorded and registered first in private studbooks in the 18th century, then in public studbooks in the 19th century, which ultimately were registered with coursing, racing, and kennel club authorities of the United Kingdom. Historically, these sighthounds were used primarily for hunting in the open where their pursuit speed and keen eyesight were essential.


title: Greyhound

text: The name "Greyhound" is generally believed to come from the Old English . is the antecedent of the modern "hound", but the meaning of is undetermined, other than in reference to dogs in Old English and Old Norse. The word "hund" is still used for dogs in general in Scandinavian languages today. Its origin does not appear to have any common root with the modern word "grey" for color, and indeed the Greyhound is seen with a wide variety of coat colors. The lighter colors, patch-like markings and white appeared in the breed that was once ordinarily grey in color.


title: Greyhound

text: The Greyhound is the only dog mentioned by name in the Bible; many versions, including the King James Version, name the Greyhound as one of the "four things stately" in . However, some newer biblical translations, including the New International Version, have changed this to 'strutting rooster', which appears to be an alternative translation of the Hebrew term . However, the Douay–Rheims Bible translation from the late 4th-century Latin Vulgate into English translates this term as "a cock."


title: Greyhound

text: According to Pokorny, the English term 'Greyhound' does not mean "grey dog/hound", but simply "fair dog". Subsequent words have been derived from the Proto-Indo-European root *g'her- "shine, twinkle": English 'grey', Old High German "grey, old", Old Icelandic "piglet, pig", Old Icelandic "to dawn", "morning twilight", Old Irish "sun", Old Church Slavonic "morning twilight, brightness". The common sense of these words is "to shine; bright."


title: Greyhound

text: In 1928, the first winner of Best in Show at Crufts was breeder/owner Mr. H. Whitley's Greyhound "Primley Sceptre". Greyhounds have won the award three times in total, the most recent being in 1956.


title: Greyhound

text: Historically, English Greyhounds were grouped: two for coursing, as a "Brace", three for hunting, as a "Leash", otherwise known as a "couple and a half".


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation (released internationally as Hotel Transylvania 3: A Monster Vacation or simply Hotel Transylvania 3 as marketed on home release) is a 2018 American computer-animated monster comedy film produced by Sony Pictures Animation and distributed by Sony Pictures Releasing. The third installment in the "Hotel Transylvania" franchise and the sequel to "Hotel Transylvania 2" (2015), it was directed by Genndy Tartakovsky, written by Tartakovsky and Michael McCullers, and features Adam Sandler, Andy Samberg, Selena Gomez, Kevin James, Fran Drescher, Steve Buscemi, Molly Shannon, Sadie Sandler, David Spade, Keegan-Michael Key, Asher Blinkoff, Chris Parnell and Mel Brooks reprising their roles, as well as new additions to the cast including Jim Gaffigan, Kathryn Hahn, Joe Jonas, Chrissy Teigen, Joe Whyte, Tara Strong and Tartakovsky. In the film, Dracula finds love with a ship captain named Ericka while on a vacation on a cruise liner with his family and friends, but Mavis later discovers that Ericka is actually the great-granddaughter of Abraham Van Helsing, Drac's arch-nemesis.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation" premiered at the Annecy International Animated Film Festival on June 13, 2018, and was theatrically released in the United States on July 13. The film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $528 million worldwide against a budget of $65–80 million. It was the highest-grossing film in the "Hotel Transylvania" series, Sony Pictures Animation's highest-grossing fully animated film. It was also the final film in the franchise to feature Adam Sandler and Kevin James as Dracula and Frankenstein, respectively, as Brian Hull and Brad Abrell both replaced them for the next and final installment "", which was released on January 14, 2022.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Back in 1897, Dracula and his friends travel in disguise on a train to Budapest. However, Dracula's arch-nemesis Professor Abraham Van Helsing boards the train and unveils the monsters; the monsters escape by climbing through the roof, and Dracula pushes his friends off the train for their safety. Van Helsing becomes obsessed with destroying Dracula, but is constantly outsmarted by him.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: In the present-day, a few weeks after the second film, Dracula is running his hotel business smoothly with Mavis and Johnny. Drac is depressed that he has remained single since his wife Martha's death despite his attempts to meet someone. Misinterpreting this as stress from overwork, Mavis books a cruise so they can all take a break and spend more time together as a family. Dracula, Johnny, Mavis, Dennis, Vlad, and the hotel guests board a cruise ship called "Legacy". Dracula sees the ship's human captain, Ericka, and immediately falls in love with her at first sight, something that he thought was impossible as he had already "zinged" before.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Ericka afterwards goes to a private and secret room on the lower decks where she meets up with Abraham Van Helsing, secretly her great-grandfather. Van Helsing has almost entirely mechanized his body to avoid death, and has a plan to eliminate all the monsters: on the cruise's arrival at the lost city of Atlantis, he will use an Instrument of Destruction in Atlantis' ruins. Van Helsing makes Ericka promise to not assassinate Dracula beforehand, but she makes repeated unsuccessful attempts to do so anyway. Dracula's friends hear Ericka complain about her inability to get him and misinterpret this as a sign of affection. Dracula nervously asks Ericka out on a date, and she accepts since she sees this as another opportunity to kill him. As they dine on a deserted island, Ericka unexpectedly begins to fall in love with Drac, after they learn about each other's pasts about losing their loved ones - for Dracula, it was his beloved wife Martha and for Ericka, it was her parents.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Mavis discovers Dracula is interested in Ericka and becomes suspicious of Ericka's motives. The cruise ship reaches Atlantis, which has been converted into a casino; Dracula decides to tell Mavis the truth about Ericka but gets distracted seeing Ericka enter an underground crypt. Drac follows her, with Mavis not far behind, and learns that Ericka is after a "family heirloom". With Dracula's help, she evades the booby traps around the object and escapes. Mavis arrives and confronts them, and Dracula confesses that he "zinged" with Ericka, to Mavis' surprise and confusion. After Ericka is told what a "zing" is, her inner guilt about lying to Dracula forces her to reject Dracula's feelings for her, leaving Dracula heartbroken and Mavis feeling guilty.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: A regretful Ericka gives Van Helsing the object—the Instrument of Destruction—and he sets a trap for the monsters at a dance party. Noticing that Dracula is still depressed about Ericka, Mavis takes advice from Johnny and tells her father to talk to Ericka, admitting that she was afraid of him leaving her, which allays Drac's fears. Van Helsing shows up and pushes away the DJ, and a saddened Ericka is forced to reveal that she is his great-granddaughter. Van Helsing unveils the Instrument of Destruction—a case for a music note sheet—and plays a song that drives a friendly Kraken living near the island to attack the monsters. Dracula tries to stop the evil Kraken, but gets injured. Ericka saves Dracula from the evil Kraken and pleads with her great-grandfather to stop the destruction, confessing her love for Drac. This infuriates Van Helsing, and he attacks them both.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: To pacify the Kraken, Johnny opens up a portable DJ kit and plays positive songs ("Good Vibrations" and "Don't Worry, Be Happy") to beat Van Helsing's song. Upon playing the "Macarena," the Kraken is relaxed and happy for good; Van Helsing is unable to counter the song as the humans and monsters begins to dance, including the music sheet, which rips itself to pieces during the process. When Van Helsing also dances, he accidentally slips and falls, but Dracula saves him. Touched by the act of kindness, Van Helsing apologizes to the monsters and gives everybody a full refund for the cruise, before sending them back.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Back at Hotel Transylvania, Dracula proposes to Ericka, who gets tongue-tied at the question before accepting.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Additionally, Tartakovsky, Whyte, Strong, and Teigen also reprised their roles in the French, German, Spanish, Italian, Russian, Polish, and Romanian language dubs of the movie.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: In September 2015, Michelle Murdocca, the film's producer, said before the second film's release that the studio was "talking about number 3 and moving forward and taking the franchise to the next level," but thought that she and director Genndy Tartakovsky would not return, since they were working on Tartakovsky's "Can You Imagine?" before that project was later shelved. That same month, Tartakovsky stated that he will not return for the sequel, specifying to "TheWrap" that "two is enough. I have a lot of other ideas, and I kind of have to express them and have them come out." In November 2015, Sony Pictures Animation announced that the third film, under the tentative title of "Hotel Transylvania 3", had been set for release on September 21, 2018.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Despite leaving the series, Tartakovsky later announced that he would return as the director for the third installment. Adam Sandler, Selena Gomez, and Andy Samberg also reprised their previous roles, as Dracula, Mavis, and Johnny, respectively, and the film was written by Tartakovsky and "Austin Powers" writer Michael McCullers. In June 2016, Sony also confirmed Tartakovsky's return, after his taking a leave of absence to work on the final season of his show "Samurai Jack". According to Tartakovsky, he returned after he received inspiration from a "miserable" family vacation, and from the Chevy Chase "National Lampoon's Vacation" movies, as the film takes place aboard a cruise ship. By early November 2017, the film had been entitled "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation".


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: One of the biggest challenges for the animation team was creating the massive Kraken character and simulating the water effects and destruction caused by the massive creature.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Mark Mothersbaugh returned to score the third film, having previously scored the first two installments, while Sony Classical Records has released an official soundtrack of the trilogy. Dutch DJ Tiësto also provided music for the film, particularly Van Helsing's Kraken brain-washing music. DNCE's song "Cake by the Ocean" and Pitbull's song "Shake Senora" were used in promotional material. Eric Nam recorded the song "Float" for the film. "I See Love" performed by Jonas Blue featuring Joe Jonas was featured in the film's end-credits, while Joe Jonas also recorded "It's Party Time" for the film while he was voicing Kraken the sea monster. Bruno Mars' song "24K Magic" was also provided for the film when Dracula dances on the cruise ship as Ericka makes attempts on his life and a fishman (voiced by Chris Parnell) sings a cover version of "Downtown)" on stage in one scene.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: "Summer Vacation" was originally scheduled for release on September 21, 2018, a date that was later moved up two months earlier to July 13 as Sony rescheduled "" for the original date instead. On June 21, 2018, Amazon announced it was offering its Amazon Prime members an early showing of the film on June 30, at about 1,000 theaters, similar to fellow Sony release "" the previous December.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: "Summer Vacation" was released on DVD, Blu-ray and 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray on October 9, 2018, by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: In April 2021, Sony signed a deal giving Disney access to their legacy content, including past "Hotel Transylvania" films to stream on Disney+ and Hulu and appear on Disney's linear television networks. Disney's access to Sony's titles would come following their availability on Netflix.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: "Summer Vacation" has grossed $167.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $361.1 million in other territories, for a total worldwide gross of $528.6 million against a production budget of $65–80 million. On September 1, 2018, the film surpassed its predecessor, "Hotel Transylvania 2", to become Sony Pictures Animation's highest-grossing film worldwide to be completely animated (and second-highest overall behind 2011's "The Smurfs"); "" would later surpass "Hotel Transylvania 2" to become SPA's highest-grossing film domestically in 2019.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: In the United States and Canada, "Summer Vacation" was released alongside the opening of "Skyscraper", as well as the wide expansion of "Sorry to Bother You", and was projected to gross $38–45 million from 4,267 theaters in its first weekend. The film made $1.3 million from its early 3PM screenings held by Amazon on June 30, and $2.6 million from screenings beginning at 5PM the Thursday before its official release. It went on open to $44.1 million, finishing first at the box office and landing in-between the debuts of the first two "Hotel Transylvania" films. The film made $23.2 million in its second weekend, finishing second behind newcomers "The Equalizer 2" and "Mamma Mia! Here We Go Again". It made another $12.3 million in its third weekend, finishing fourth.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: The website's critical consensus reads, ""Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation" delivers exactly what fans will expect – which means another 97 agreeably lightweight minutes of fast-paced gags and colorful animation." It is the highest rated film of the Hotel Transylvania franchise on Rotten Tomatoes. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale, the same score earned by both its predecessors.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: IGN gave the film score of 7.6 out of 10, saying, ""Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation" is mostly funny, BLAH-blah-BLAH!" Conversely, Scott Tobias of "Variety" gave the film a negative review, stating, "That leaves "Hotel Transylvania 3" to look too much like another lackadaisical gathering of Sandler and his frequent on-screen chums, like a PG-rated "Grown Ups" at sea. They seem like the ones taking the vacation, and it's audiences who are left to pick up the tab." Brian Tallerico of "RogerEbert.com" wrote, "Trust me, I know that "storytelling" is not the main reason that kids go to third films in a franchise—I have two of my own that love this particular series—but I'm speaking more to the adults who have to pay for the ticket and waste their time here. Kids go for the familiar faces, repeated jokes, and comfortable world they feel they know. "Hotel Transylvania 3" gets enough of that right to allow it to stand above the truly abysmal summer animated offerings of recent years (I'm looking at you, "" and "The Emoji Movie"). It's not that bad. It's more forgettable than painful. When it was over, I asked my 9-year-old what he would give it. He replied, "I would give it 4 stars but I'm a kid. I'd probably give it 3 if I were an adult." Not quite."


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Brian Lowry of CNN wrote, "Creatively, though, unlike the best animated franchises, whatever sense of discovery, surprise or ingenuity that "Hotel Transylvania" originally offered appears pretty well behind it. That might not mean it's checkout time just yet, but all that seems left is to dig up the pieces, stitch them together, and flip the "on" switch." Scott Mendelson of "Forbes" gave the film a positive review, saying ""Hotel Transylvania 3" feels less like a narrative sequel and more like a casual "episode of the week" animated adventure. When you can watch the TV show at home, the movies must be relative events. This one feels less like an inspired PG-rated, kid-friendly distillation of Sandler's comedy than an animated version of his (comparatively) lazy studio comedies where he and his regular castmates go on a vacation on the studio's dime. The movie looks great, there are a few chuckles, and the kids may enjoy it. But compared to its predecessors, "Hotel Transylvania 3" is mostly blah (blah blah)." Jamie Righetti of "IndieWire" wrote, "With plenty of laughs, truly dazzling animation, and some more of the franchise's signature dance sequences, "Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation" is a summer treat worth savoring, and a reminder that if we can see past our differences, we'll find we're not that different after all."


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: Chris Nashawaty from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the film a B−, saying "The harmless high jinks all go down easily enough without being particularly memorable or pushing the art form past the expected. Three movies in, the "Hotel Transylvania" series is undeniably getting a bit long in the fang. It's maybe one more sequel away from having a stake mercifully driven through its heart. Still, it's hard to argue with the sight of an airplane piloted by mischievous gremlins or the film's benign messages of the importance of family and love conquering all. I may have spent large stretches of the film rolling my eyes, but my 5-year-old twins' attention never flagged. Even if, in their eyes, "Summer Vacation" was no "Lego Movie". Then again, for them, nothing could be." Rafer Guzmán of "Newsday" stated, "In the end, the noisy humor and classic rock songs drown out whatever worthy messages "Hotel Transylvania 3" might offer." Geoffrey Macnab of "The Independent" gave it 2 out of 5 stars, saying "In its scattergun way, parts of the film are funny and very inventive. The hitch is that the storytelling feels so utterly random. All sorts of unrelated ideas are thrown together into the big, sloppy, monster mash of a plot as the cruise continues. The end message, namely that monsters and humans aren't that different and really ought to learn to get along, is sanctimonious in the extreme. Maybe it is time to put a stake through the heart of this particular franchise."


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: The People's Choice Awards nominated the film in the category "Favorite Family Movie". Adam Sandler & Selena Gomez both won Favorite Male and Female voice from an animated movie at 2019 Kids' Choice Awards.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: A video game based on the film, titled "Hotel Transylvania 3: Monsters Overboard", was released for Microsoft Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on July 10, 2018. It was developed by Torus Games and published by Outright Games. While Keegan-Michael Key was the only one to reprise his role from the film, the rest of the cast consists of Brock Powell as Count Dracula, Melissa Sturm as Mavis, Michael Buscemi as Wayne, Julianne Buescher as Ericka, Danny Gendron as Frank, and Brian T. Stevenson as Johnny. Margaret Tang voice directs the video game.


title: Hotel Transylvania 3: Summer Vacation

text: In February 2019, Sony Pictures Animation announced that a fourth film is in development and is scheduled to be released on December 22, 2021. In October 2019, Tartakovsky announced he will not direct the film. In April 2020, it was announced that it would be moved up to August 6, 2021. In September 2020, it is announced that Jennifer Kluska and Derek Drymon will replace Tartakovsky as director, although he will still be involved as producer and screenwriter, as well as Selena Gomez reprising her role as Mavis, and serving as executive producer of the film. In April 2021, the film's official title was revealed, "Hotel Transylvania: Transformania", and the film's release date was moved up again to July 23, 2021, before moving to October 1, 2021. That same day, Sony confirmed that Adam Sandler would not be returning to voice Dracula in the film and would be replaced by YouTube voice impressionist Brian Hull. It was also announced that Kevin James would not be reprising his role as Frankenstein, and the role would be given to Brad Abrell. In August 2021, Sony was in discussions to cancel the film's theatrical plans and release it direct-to-streaming, in response to the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant surges in the United States and the low box office turnouts of "Black Widow" and "The Suicide Squad". On October 6, Amazon Studios acquired the distribution rights to the film for $100 million, and released it exclusively on Prime Video on January 14, 2022, worldwide, excluding China, where Sony will handle a theatrical release.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Toxoplasma gondii () is an obligate intracellular parasitic protozoan (specifically an apicomplexan) that causes toxoplasmosis. Found worldwide, "T. gondii" is capable of infecting virtually all warm-blooded animals, but felids, such as domestic cats, are the only known definitive hosts in which the parasite may undergo sexual reproduction.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: "T. gondii" has been shown to alter the behavior of infected rodents in ways that increase the rodents' chances of being preyed upon by felids. Support for this "manipulation hypothesis" stems from studies showing that "T. gondii"-infected rats have a decreased aversion to cat urine. Because cats are the only hosts within which "T. gondii" can sexually reproduce to complete and begin its lifecycle, such behavioral manipulations are thought to be evolutionary adaptations that increase the parasite's reproductive success. Rats that do not avoid cat habitations will more likely become cat prey.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: "Toxoplasma gondii" infection in mice lowers general anxiety, increases explorative behaviors and surprisingly increases a general loss of aversion to predators without selectivity toward cats. There is a positive correlation between the severity of the behavioral alterations and the cyst load, which reflects indirectly the level of inflammation during brain colonization. These results point toward unspecific and immune related changes in the infected mice brains associated with altered behaviors. These results refute the thought of a selective loss of cat fear with possible reference to favoring non-sexual transmission between intermediate hosts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The primary mechanisms of "T. gondii"–induced behavioral changes in rodents are now known to occur through epigenetic remodeling in neurons that govern the relevant behaviors; which, for example, modifies epigenetic methylation to cause hypomethylation of arginine vasopressin-related genes in the medial amygdala, such that predator aversion is greatly decreased. Widespread histone-lysine acetylation in cortical astrocytes appears to be another epigenetic mechanism employed by "T. gondii".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Differences are also observed between infected and non-infected humans in their aversion to cat urine, but with divergent trajectories by gender.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In humans, particularly infants and those with weakened immunity, such as HIV/AIDS patients, "T. gondii" infection may cause a serious – and occasionally fatal – illness: toxoplasmosis.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: "T. gondii" is one of the most common parasites in developed countries; serological studies estimate that 30–50% of the global population has been exposed to, and may be chronically infected with, "T. gondii"; although infection rates differ significantly from country to country. For example, estimates have shown the highest IgG seroprevalence to be in Ethiopia, at 64.2%, as of 2018.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Mild, flu-like symptoms occasionally occur during the first few weeks following exposure; otherwise, symptoms are not readily observable in healthy human adults. This asymptomatic state of infection is referred to as a latent infection, and it has recently been associated with numerous subtle, yet adverse or pathological, behavioral alterations in humans, although some newer studies found this association to be weak and concluded:A number of studies have suggested that subtle behavioral or personality changes may occur in infected humans, and infection with the parasite has recently been associated with a number of psychiatric disorders – particularly schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. A 2015 study also found cognitive deficits in adults to be associated with concomitant infection by both "T. gondii" and "Helicobacter pylori" in a regression model with controls for race-ethnicity and educational attainment. Although a causal relationship between latent toxoplasmosis with these neurological phenomena has not yet been established, preliminary evidence suggests that "T. gondii" infection may induce some of the same alterations in the human brain as those observed in mice.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The lifecycle of "T. gondii" may be broadly summarized into two components: a sexual component that occurs only within cats (felids, wild or domestic), and an asexual component that can occur within virtually all warm-blooded animals, including humans, cats, and birds. Because "T. gondii" can sexually reproduce only within cats, cats are therefore the definitive host of "T. gondii". All other hosts – in which only asexual reproduction can occur – are intermediate hosts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: When a feline is infected with "T. gondii" (e.g. by consuming an infected mouse carrying the parasite's tissue cysts), the parasite survives passage through the stomach, eventually infecting epithelial cells of the cat's small intestine. Inside these intestinal cells, the parasites undergo sexual development and reproduction, producing millions of thick-walled, zygote-containing cysts known as oocysts. Felines are the only definitive host because they lack expression of the enzyme delta-6-desaturase (D6D) in their intestine. This enzyme converts linoleic acid; the absence of expression allows systemic linoleic acid accumulation. Recent findings showed that this excess of linoleic acid is essential for "T. gondii" sexual reproduction.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Infected epithelial cells eventually rupture and release oocysts into the intestinal lumen, whereupon they are shed in the cat's feces. Oocysts can then spread to soil, water, food, or anything potentially contaminated with the feces. Highly resilient, oocysts can survive and remain infective for many months in cold and dry climates.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Ingestion of oocysts by humans or other warm-blooded animals is one of the common routes of infection. Humans can be exposed to oocysts by, for example, consuming unwashed vegetables or contaminated water, or by handling the feces (litter) of an infected cat. Although cats can also be infected by ingesting oocysts, they are much less sensitive to oocyst infection than are intermediate hosts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Intermediate hosts found include pigs, chickens, goats, sheep and "Macropus rufus" by Moré et al. 2010. Cattle and horses are resistant and thought to be incapable of significant infection. "T. gondii" is considered to have three stages of infection; the tachyzoite stage of rapid division, the bradyzoite stage of slow division within tissue cysts, and the oocyst environmental stage. Tachyzoites are also known as "tachyzoic merozoites" and bradyzoites as "bradyzoic merozoites". When an oocyst or tissue cyst is ingested by a human or other warm-blooded animal, the resilient cyst wall is dissolved by proteolytic enzymes in the stomach and small intestine, freeing sporozoites from within the oocyst. The parasites first invade cells in and surrounding the intestinal epithelium, and inside these cells, the parasites differentiate into tachyzoites, the motile and quickly multiplying cellular stage of "T. gondii". Tissue cysts in tissues such as brain and muscle tissue, form about 7–10 days after initial infection. Although severe infection of "M. rufus" has been observed it is unknown whether this is common.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Inside host cells, the tachyzoites replicate inside specialized vacuoles (called the parasitophorous vacuoles) created from host cell membrane during invasion into the cell. Tachyzoites multiply inside this vacuole until the host cell dies and ruptures, releasing and spreading the tachyzoites via the bloodstream to all organs and tissues of the body, including the brain.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The parasite can be easily grown in monolayers of mammalian cells maintained in vitro in tissue culture. It readily invades and multiplies in a wide variety of fibroblast and monocyte cell lines. In infected cultures, the parasite rapidly multiplies and thousands of tachyzoites break out of infected cells and enter adjacent cells, destroying the monolayer in due course. New monolayers can then be infected using a drop of this infected culture fluid and the parasite indefinitely maintained without the need of animals.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Following the initial period of infection characterized by tachyzoite proliferation throughout the body, pressure from the host's immune system causes "T. gondii" tachyzoites to convert into bradyzoites, the semidormant, slowly dividing cellular stage of the parasite. Inside host cells, clusters of these bradyzoites are known as tissue cysts. The cyst wall is formed by the parasitophorous vacuole membrane. Although bradyzoite-containing tissue cysts can form in virtually any organ, tissue cysts predominantly form and persist in the brain, the eyes, and striated muscle (including the heart). However, specific tissue tropisms can vary between intermediate host species; in pigs, the majority of tissue cysts are found in muscle tissue, whereas in mice, the majority of cysts are found in the brain.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Cysts usually range in size between five and 50 µm in diameter, (with 50 µm being about two-thirds the width of the average human hair).


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Consumption of tissue cysts in meat is one of the primary means of "T. gondii" infection, both for humans and for meat-eating, warm-blooded animals. Humans consume tissue cysts when eating raw or undercooked meat (particularly pork and lamb). Tissue cyst consumption is also the primary means by which cats are infected.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: An exhibit at the San Diego Natural History Museum states urban runoff with cat feces transports "Toxoplasma gondii" into the ocean, which can kill sea otters.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Tissue cysts can be maintained in host tissue for the lifetime of the animal. However, the perpetual presence of cysts appears to be due to a periodic process of cyst rupturing and re-encysting, rather than a perpetual lifespan of individual cysts or bradyzoites. At any given time in a chronically infected host, a very small percentage of cysts are rupturing, although the exact cause of this tissue cysts rupture is, as of 2010, not yet known.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Theoretically, "T. gondii" can be passed between intermediate hosts indefinitely via a cycle of consumption of tissue cysts in meat. However, the parasite's lifecycle begins and completes only when the parasite is passed to a feline host, the only host within which the parasite can again undergo sexual development and reproduction.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Khan et al. reviewed evidence that despite the occurrence of a sexual phase in its life cycle, "T. gondii" has an unusual population structure dominated by three clonal lineages (Types I, II and III) that occur in North America and Europe. They estimated that a common ancestor founded these about 10,000 years ago. In a further and larger study (with 196 isolates from diverse sources including "T. gondii" found in the bald eagle, gray wolves, Arctic foxes and sea otters), Dubey et al. also found that "T. gondii" strains infecting North American wildlife have limited genetic diversity with the occurrence of only a few major clonal types. They found that 85% of strains in North America were of one of three widespread genotypes (Types II, III and Type 12). Thus "T. gondii" has retained the capability for sex in North America over many generations, producing largely clonal populations, and matings have generated little genetic diversity.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: During different periods of its life cycle, individual parasites convert into various cellular stages, with each stage characterized by a distinct cellular morphology, biochemistry, and behavior. These stages include the tachyzoites, merozoites, bradyzoites (found in tissue cysts), and sporozoites (found in oocysts).


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Some stages are motile and some calcium-dependent protein kinases (s) are involved in this parasite's motility. Gaji et al. 2015 find is required to begin the action of motility because it phosphorylates "T. gondii"s myosin A (). TgCDPK3 is the functional orthologue of CDPK1 in this parasite.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Motile, and quickly multiplying, tachyzoites are responsible for expanding the population of the parasite in the host. When a host consumes a tissue cyst (containing bradyzoites) or an oocyst (containing sporozoites), the bradyzoites or sporozoites stage-convert into tachyzoites upon infecting the intestinal epithelium of the host. During the initial acute period of infection, tachyzoites spread throughout the body via the blood stream. During the later, latent (chronic) stages of infection, tachyzoites stage-convert to bradyzoites to form tissue cysts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Like tachyzoites, merozoites divide quickly, and are responsible for expanding the population of the parasite inside the cat's intestine before sexual reproduction. When a feline definitive host consumes a tissue cyst (containing bradyzoites), bradyzoites convert into merozoites inside intestinal epithelial cells. Following a brief period of rapid population growth in the intestinal epithelium, merozoites convert into the noninfectious sexual stages of the parasite to undergo sexual reproduction, eventually resulting in zygote-containing oocysts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Bradyzoites are the slowly dividing stage of the parasite that make up tissue cysts. When an uninfected host consumes a tissue cyst, bradyzoites released from the cyst infect intestinal epithelial cells before converting to the proliferative tachyzoite stage. Following the initial period of proliferation throughout the host body, tachyzoites then convert back to bradyzoites, which reproduce inside host cells to form tissue cysts in the new host.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Sporozoites are the stage of the parasite residing within oocysts. When a human or other warm-blooded host consumes an oocyst, sporozoites are released from it, infecting epithelial cells before converting to the proliferative tachyzoite stage.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Initially, a "T. gondii" infection stimulates production of IL-2 and IFN-γ by the innate immune system. Continuous IFN-γ production is necessary for control of both acute and chronic "T. gondii" infection. These two cytokines elicit a CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell mediated immune response. Thus, T-cells play a central role in immunity against "Toxoplasma" infection. T-cells recognize "Toxoplasma" antigens that are presented to them by the body's own Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. The specific genetic sequence of a given MHC molecule differs dramatically between individuals, which is why these molecules are involved in transplant rejection. Individuals carrying certain genetic sequences of MHC molecules are much more likely to be infected with "Toxoplasma". One study of >1600 individuals found that Toxoplasma infection was especially common among people who expressed certain MHC alleles (HLA-B*08:01, HLA-C*04:01, HLA-DRB 03:01, HLA-DQA*05:01 and HLA-DQB*02:01).


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: IL-12 is produced during "T. gondii" infection to activate natural killer (NK) cells. Tryptophan is an essential amino acid for "T. gondii," which it scavenges from host cells. IFN-γ induces the activation of indole-amine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO) and tryptophan-2,3-dioxygenase (TDO), two enzymes that are responsible for the degradation of tryptophan. Immune pressure eventually leads the parasite to form cysts that normally are deposited in the muscles and in the brain of the hosts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The IFN-γ-mediated activation of IDO and TDO is an evolutionary mechanism that serves to starve the parasite, but it can result in depletion of tryptophan in the brain of the host. IDO and TDO degrade tryptophan to N-formylkynurenine. Administration of L-kynurenine is capable of inducing depressive-like behavior in mice. "T. gondii" infection has been demonstrated to increase the levels of kynurenic acid (KYNA) in the brains of infected mice and KYNA has also been demonstrated to be increased in the brain of schizophrenic persons. Low levels of tryptophan and serotonin in the brain were already associated with depression.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The following have been identified as being risk factors for "T. gondii" infection in humans and warm-blooded animals:


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: A common argument in the debate about whether cat ownership is ethical involves the question of "Toxoplasma gondii" transmission to humans. Even though "living in a household with a cat that used a litter box was strongly associated with infection," and that living with several kittens or any cat under one year of age has some significance, several other studies claim to have shown that living in a household with a cat is not a significant risk factor for "T. gondii" infection.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Specific vectors for transmission may also differ based on geographic location. "The seawater in California is thought to be contaminated by "T. gondii" oocysts that originate from cat feces, survive or bypass sewage treatment, and travel to the coast through river systems. "T. gondii" has been identified in a California mussel by polymerase chain reaction and DNA sequencing. In light of the potential presence of T. gondii, pregnant women and immunosuppressed persons should be aware of this potential risk associated with eating raw oysters, mussels, and clams.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In warm-blooded animals, such as brown rats, sheep, and dogs, "T. gondii" has also been shown to be sexually transmitted. Although "T. gondii" can infect, be transmitted by, and asexually reproduce within humans and virtually all other warm-blooded animals, the parasite can sexually reproduce only within the intestines of members of the cat family (felids). Felids are therefore the definitive hosts of "T. gondii"; all other hosts (such as human or other mammals) are intermediate hosts.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The following precautions are recommended to prevent or greatly reduce the chances of becoming infected with "T. gondii". This information has been adapted from the websites of United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Mayo Clinic.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Basic food-handling safety practices can prevent or reduce the chances of becoming infected with "T. gondii", such as washing unwashed fruits and vegetables, and avoiding raw or undercooked meat, poultry, and seafood. Other unsafe practices such as drinking unpasteurized milk or untreated water can increase odds of infection. As "T. gondii" is commonly transmitted through ingesting microscopic cysts in the tissues of infected animals, meat that is not prepared to destroy these presents a risk of infection. Freezing meat for several days at subzero temperatures (0 °F or −18 °C) before cooking may break down all cysts, as they rarely survive these temperatures. During cooking, whole cuts of red meat should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 145 °F (63 °C). Medium rare meat is generally cooked between 130 and 140 °F (55 and 60 °C), so cooking meat to at least medium is recommended. After cooking, a rest period of 3 min should be allowed before consumption. However, ground meat should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 160 °F (71 °C) with no rest period. All poultry should be cooked to an internal temperature of at least 165 °F (74 °C). After cooking, a rest period of 3 min should be allowed before consumption.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Oocysts in cat feces take at least a day to sporulate (to become infectious after they are shed), so disposing of cat litter daily greatly reduces the chance of infectious oocysts developing. As these can spread and survive in the environment for months, humans should wear gloves when gardening or working with soil, and should wash their hands promptly after disposing of cat litter. These precautions apply to outdoor sandboxes/play sand pits, which should be covered when not in use. Cat feces should never be flushed down a toilet.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Pregnant women are at higher risk of transmitting the parasite to their unborn child and immunocompromised people of acquiring a lingering infection. Because of this, they should not change or handle cat litter boxes. Ideally, cats should be kept indoors and fed only food that has low to no risk of carrying oocysts, such as commercial cat food or well-cooked table food.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: As of 2016, no approved human vaccine exists against "Toxoplasma gondii". Research on human vaccines is ongoing.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: For sheep, an approved live vaccine sold as Toxovax (from MSD Animal Health) provides lifetime protection.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In humans, active toxoplasmosis can be treated with a combination of drugs such as pyrimethamine and sulfadiazine, plus folinic acid. Immune-compromised patients may need continuous treatment until/unless their immune system is restored.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In many parts of the world, where there are high populations of feral cats, there is an increased risk to the native wildlife due to increased infection of "Toxoplasma gondii". It has been found that the serum concentrations of T. gondii in the wildlife population were increased where there are high amounts of cat populations. This creates a dangerous environment for organisms that have not evolved in cohabitation with felines and their contributing parasites.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Toxoplasmosis is one of the contributing factors toward mortality in southern sea otters, especially in areas where there is large urban run-off. In their natural habitats, sea otters control sea urchin populations and, thus indirectly, control sea kelp forests. By enabling the growth of sea kelp, other marine populations are protected as well as CO emissions are reduced due to the kelp's ability to absorb atmospheric carbon. An examination on 105 beachcast otters revealed that 38.1% had parasitic infections, and 28% of said infections had resulted in protozoal meningoencephalitis deaths. "Toxoplasma gondii" was found to be the root cause in 16.2% of these deaths, while 6.7% of the deaths were due to a closely related protozoan parasite known as "Sarcocystis neurona".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Minks, being semiaquatic, are also susceptible to infection and being antibody-positive toward "Toxoplasma gondii". Minks can follow a similar diet as otters and feasts on crustaceans, fish, and invertebrates, thus the transmission route follows a similar pattern to otters. Because of the mink's ability to transverse land more frequently, and often seen as an invasive species itself, minks are a bigger threat in transporting "T. gondii" to other mammalian species, rather than otters who have a more restrictive breadth.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Although under-studied, penguin populations, especially those that share an environment with the human population, are at-risk due to parasite infections, mainly "Toxoplasmosis gondii". The main subspecies of penguins found to be infected by "T. gondii" include wild Magellanic and Galapagos penguins, as well as blue and African penguins in captivity. In one study, 57 (43.2%) of 132 serum samples of Magellanic penguins were found to have "T. gondii". The island that the penguin is located, Magdalena Island, is known to have no cat populations, but a very frequent human population, indicating the possibility of transmission.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Examination of black-footed penguins with toxoplasmosis reveals hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, cranial hemorrhage, and necrotic kidneys (Ploeg, et al., 2011). Alveolar and hepatic tissue presents a high number of immune cells such as macrophages containing tachyzoites of T. gondii. Histopathological features in other animals affected with toxoplasmosis had tachyzoites in eye structures such as the retina which lead to blindness.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The transmission of oocysts has been unknown, even though there have many documented cases of infection in marine species. Researchers have found that the oocytes of "T. gondii" can survive in seawater for at least 6 months, with the amount of salt concentration not affecting its lifecycle. There have been no studies on the ability of "T. gondii" oocysts lifecycle within freshwater environments, although infections are still present.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: One possible hypothesis of transmission is via amoeba species, particularly Acanthamoeba spp, a species that is found in all water environments (fresh-, brackish, and full-strength seawater). Normally, amoebas function as a natural filter, phagocytizing nutrients and bacteria found within the water. Some pathogens have used this to their advantage, however, and evolved to be able to avoid being broken down and, thus, survive encased in the amoeba – this includes Holosporaceae, Pseudomonaceae, Burkholderiacceae, among others. Overall, this aids the pathogen in transportation but, also, protection from drugs and sterilizers that would, otherwise, cause death in the pathogen. Studies have shown that "T. gondii" oocysts can live within amoebas after being engulfed for at least 14 days without significant obliteration of the parasite.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The ability of the microorganism to survive in vitro is dependent on the microorganism itself, but there are a few overarching mechanisms present. "T. gondii" oocysts have been found to resist an acidic pH and, thus, are protected by the acidification found in endocytic vacuoles and lysosomes. Phagocytosis further increases with the carbohydrate-rich surface membrane located on the amoebae. The pathogen can be released either by lysis of the amoebae or by exocytosis, but this is understudied


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Almost all species of birds that have been tested for "Toxoplasma gondii" have shown to be positive. The only bird species not reported with clinical symptoms of toxoplasmosis would be wild ducks, and there has only been one report found on domesticated ducks occurring in 1962. Species with resistance toward "T. gondii" include domestic turkeys, owls, red tail hawks, and sparrows, depending on the strain of "T. gondii".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: "T. gondii" is considerably more severe in pigeons, particularly crown pigeons, ornamental pigeons, and pigeons originating from Australia and New Zealand. Typical onset is quick and usually results in death. Those that do survive often have chronic conditions of encephalitis and neuritis. Similarly, canaries are observed to be just as severe as pigeons, but the clinical symptoms are more abnormal when compared to other species. Most of the infection affects the eye, causing blindness, choroidal lesions, conjunctivitis, atrophy of the eye, blepharitis, and chorioretinitis Most of the time, the infection leads to death.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Urbanization and global warming are extremely influential in the transmission of "T. gondii". Temperature and humidity are huge factors in the sporulation stage: low humidity is always fatal to the oocysts, and they are also vulnerable to extreme temperatures. Rainfall is also an important factor for survival of waterborne pathogens. Because increased rainfall directly increases the flow rate in rivers, the amount of flow into coastal areas is increased as well. This can spread waterborne pathogens over wide areas.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: There is no effective vaccine for "T. gondii", and research on a live vaccine is ongoing. Feeding cats commercially available food, rather than raw, undercooked meat, prevents felines from becoming a host for oocysts, as higher prevalence is in areas where raw meat is fed. Researchers also suggest that owners restrict cats to live indoors and to be neutered or spayed to decrease stray cat populations and to reduce intermediate host interactions. It is suggested that fecal matter from litter boxes be collected daily, placed in a sealable bag, and disposed of in the trash rather than flushed in the toilet, so that water contamination is limited.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Studies have found that wetlands with a high density of vegetation decrease the concentration of oocysts in water through two possible mechanisms. Firstly, vegetation decreases flow velocities, which enables more settling because of increased transport time. Secondly, the vegetation can remove oocysts through its ability to mechanically strain the water, as well as through the process of adhesion (i.e. attachment to biofilms). Areas of erosion and destruction of coastal wetlands have been found to harbour increased concentrations of "T. gondii" oocysts, which then flow into open coastal waters. Current physical and chemical treatments typically utilized in water treatment facilities have been proven to be ineffective against "T. gondii". Research has shown that UV-C disinfection of water containing oocysts results in inactivation and possible sterilization.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The genomes of more than 60 strains of "T. gondii" have been sequenced. Most are 60–80 Mb in size and consist of 11–14 chromosomes. The major strains encode 7,800–10,000 proteins, of which about 5,200 are conserved across RH, GT1, ME49, VEG. A database, ToxoDB, has been established to document genomic information on "Toxoplasma".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In 1908, while working at the Pasteur Institute in Tunis, Charles Nicolle and Louis Manceaux discovered a protozoan organism in the tissues of a hamster-like rodent known as the gundi, "Ctenodactylus gundi". Although Nicolle and Manceaux initially believed the organism to be a member of the genus "Leishmania" that they described as ""Leishmania gondii"", they soon realized they had discovered a new organism entirely; they renamed it "Toxoplasma gondii". The new genus name "Toxoplasma" is a reference to its morphology: "Toxo", from Greek (', "arc, bow"), and (', "shape, form") and the host in which it was discovered, the gundi (gondii). The same year Nicolle and Mancaeux discovered "T. gondii", Alfonso Splendore identified the same organism in a rabbit in Brazil. However, he did not give it a name. In 1914, Italian tropicalist Aldo Castellani "was first to suspect that toxoplasmosis could affect humans".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The first conclusive identification of "T. gondii" in humans was in an infant girl delivered full term by Caesarean section on May 23, 1938, at Babies' Hospital in New York City. The girl began having seizures at three days of age, and doctors identified lesions in the maculae of both of her eyes. When she died at one month of age, an autopsy was performed. Lesions discovered in her brain and eye tissue were found to have both free and intracellular "T. gondii"'. Infected tissue from the girl was homogenized and inoculated intracerebrally into rabbits and mice; they then developed encephalitis. Later, congenital transmission was confirmed in many other species, particularly infected sheep and rodents.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The possibility of "T. gondii" transmission via consumption of undercooked meat was first proposed by D. Weinman and A.H Chandler in 1954. In 1960, the relevant cyst wall were shown to dissolve in the proteolytic enzymes found in the stomach, releasing infectious bradyzoites into the stomach (which pass into the intestine). The hypothesis of transmission via consumption of undercooked meat was tested in an orphanage in Paris in 1965; incidence of "T. gondii" rose from 10% to 50% after a year of adding two portions of cooked-rare beef or horse meat to many orphans' daily diets, and to 100% among those fed cooked-rare lamb chops.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: A 1959 Mumbai-based study found there prevalence in strict vegetarians was similar to that of non-vegetarians. This raised the possibility of a third major route of infection, beyond congenital and non well-cooked meat carnivorous transmission.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In 1970, oocysts were found in (cat) feces. The fecal–oral route of infection via oocysts was demonstrated. In the 1970s and 1980s feces of a vast range of infected animal species was tested to see if it contained oocysts — at least 17 species of felids shed oocysts, but no non-felid has been shown to allow "T. gondii" sexual reproduction (leading to oocyst shedding).


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In 1984 Elmer R. Pfefferkorn published his discovery that treatment of human fibroblasts with human recombinant interferon gamma blocks the growth of "T. gondii".


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: There are many instances where behavioural changes were reported in rodents with "T. gondii". The changes seen were a reduction in their innate dislike of cats, which made it easier for cats to prey on the rodents. In an experiment conducted by Berdoy and colleagues, the infected rats showed preference for the cat odour area versus the area with the rabbit scent, therefore making it easier for the parasite to take its final step in its definitive feline host. This is an example of the extended phenotype concept, that is, the idea that the behaviour of the infected animal changes in order to maximize survival of the genes that increase predation of the intermediate rodent host.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Differences in sex-dependent behavior observed in infected hosts compared to non-infected individuals can be attributed to differences in testosterone. Infected males had higher levels of testosterone while infected females had significantly lower levels, compared to their non-infected equivalents. Looking at humans, studies using the Cattell's 16 Personality Factor questionnaire found that infected men scored lower on Factor G (superego strength/rule consciousness) and higher on Factor L (vigilance) while the opposite pattern was observed for infected women. Such men were more likely to disregard rules and were more expedient, suspicious, and jealous. On the other hand, women were more warm-hearted, outgoing, conscientious, and moralistic. Mice infected with "T. gondii" have a worse motor performance than non-infected mice. Thus, a computerized simple reaction test was given to both infected and non-infected adults. It was found that the infected adults performed much more poorly and lost their concentration more quickly than the control group. But, the effect of the infection only explains less than 10% of the variability in performance (i.e., there could be other confounding factors). Correlation has also been observed between seroprevalence of "T. gondii" in humans and increased risk of traffic accidents. Infected subjects have a 2.65 times higher risk of getting into a traffic accident. A Turkish study confirmed this holds true among drivers. This parasite has been associated with many neurological disorders such as schizophrenia. In a meta-analysis of 23 studies that met inclusion criteria, the seroprevalence of antibodies to "T. gondii" in people with schizophrenia is significantly higher than in control populations (OR=2.73, P<0.000001). A 2009 summary of studies found that suicide attempters had far more indicative (IgG) antibodies than mental health inpatients without a suicide attempt. Infection was also shown to be associated with suicide in women over the age of 60. (P<0.005)


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: As mentioned before, these results of increased proportions of people seropositive for the parasite in cases of these neurological disorders do not necessarily indicate a causal relationship between the infection and disorder. It is also important to mention that in 2016 a population-representative birth cohort study which was done, to test a hypothesis that toxoplasmosis is related to impairment in brain and behaviour measured by a range of phenotypes including neuropsychiatric disorders, poor impulse control, personality and neurocognitive deficits. The results of this study did not support the results in the previously mentioned studies, more than marginally. None of the P-values showed significance for any outcome measure. Thus, according to this study, the presence of "T. gondii" antibodies is not correlated to increase susceptibility to any of the behaviour phenotypes (except possibly to a higher rate of unsuccessful attempted suicide). This team did not observe any significant association between "T. gondii" seropositivity and schizophrenia. The team notes that the null findings might be a false negative due to low statistical power because of small sample sizes but against this weights that their setup should avoid some possibilities for errors in the about 40 studies that did show a positive correlation. They concluded that further studies should be performed. Another population-representative study with 7440 people in the United States found that "Toxoplasma" infection was 2.4 fold more common in people who had a history of manic and depression symptoms (bipolar disorder Type 1) compared to the general population.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Research on the linkage between "T. gondii" infection and entrepreneurial behavior showed that students who tested positive for "T. gondii" exposure were 1.4 times more likely to major in business and 1.7 times more likely to have an emphasis in "management and entrepreneurship". Among 197 participants of entrepreneurship events, "T. gondii" exposure was correlated with being 1.8 times more likely to have started their own business.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: Published research has also indicated that "T. gondii" infection could potentially promote changes in a person’s political beliefs and values. Those who are infected with the parasite tend to exhibit a higher degree of “us versus them” thinking.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: The mechanism behind behavioral changes is partially attributed to increased dopamine metabolism, which can be neutralized by dopamine antagonist medications. "T. gondii" has two genes that code for a bifunctional phenylalanine and tyrosine hydroxylase, two important and rate-limiting steps of dopamine biosynthesis. One of the genes is constitutively expressed, while the other is only produced during cyst development. In addition to additional dopamine production, "T. gondii" infection also produces long-lasting epigenetic changes in animals that increase the expression of vasopressin, a probable cause of alterations that persist after the clearance of the infection.


title: Toxoplasma gondii

text: In 2022, a study published in "Nature" of a well-documented population of wolves studied throughout their lives, suggested that "T. gondii" also may have a significant effect on their behavior. It suggested that infection with this parasite emboldened infected wolves into behavior that determined leadership roles and influenced risk-taking behavior, perhaps even motivating establishment of new independent packs that they would establish and lead in behavior patterns differing from that of the packs into which they were born. The study determined that at times, an infected wolf would become the only breeding male in a pack, leading to a significant effect on another species by "T. gondii".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Bruce Randall Hornsby (born November 23, 1954) is an American singer-songwriter and pianist. His music draws from folk rock, jazz, bluegrass, folk, Southern rock, country rock, jam band, rock, heartland rock, and blues rock musical traditions.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby has won three Grammy Awards, including a 1987 Grammy Award for Best New Artist with Bruce Hornsby and the Range, a 1990 Grammy Award for Best Bluegrass Album, and a 1994 Grammy Award for Best Pop Instrumental Performance.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby has worked with his touring band Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers, his bluegrass project with Ricky Skaggs, and as a session and guest musician. He was a touring member of the Grateful Dead from September 1990 through March 1992, playing over 100 shows with the Grateful Dead.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Bruce Randall Hornsby was born in Williamsburg, Virginia, son of Robert Stanley Hornsby (1920–1998), an attorney, real-estate developer and former musician, and Lois (née Saunier), a piano player and church community liaison who had a local middle school named after her. He has two siblings, Robert Saunier "Bobby" Hornsby, a realtor with Hornsby Realty and locally known musician, and John Hornsby, an engineer with whom he has collaborated in songwriting. He was raised in the church of Christian Science but did go to doctors and dentists as needed. He had a politically "liberal" upbringing. He is a cousin of actor David Hornsby.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby graduated from James Blair High School in Williamsburg in 1973, where he played on the basketball team and was chosen by his senior class as most likely to succeed.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: He studied music at the University of Richmond for a year, at the Berklee College of Music for two semesters, and then at the University of Miami, where he graduated in 1977.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 1974, Hornsby's older brother Bobby, who attended the University of Virginia, formed the band "Bobby Hi-Test and the Octane Kids" to play fraternity parties, featuring Bruce on Fender Rhodes and vocals. The band, which is listed in "Skeleton Key: A Dictionary for Deadheads", performed covers of Allman Brothers Band, The Band, and predominantly Grateful Dead songs.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Bobby Hornsby's son, Robert Saunier Hornsby, was a recurring guest-guitarist with Hornsby's band and periodically toured with his uncle until his death on January 15, 2009, in a car accident near Crozet, Virginia at age 28.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Following his graduation from the University of Miami in 1977, Hornsby returned to his hometown of Williamsburg, and played in local clubs and hotel bars. In 1980, he and his younger brother and songwriting partner John Hornsby moved to Los Angeles, where they spent three years writing for 20th Century Fox. Before moving back to his native Hampton Roads, he also spent time in Los Angeles as a session musician. In 1982, Hornsby joined the band Ambrosia for their last album "Road Island" and can be seen in the band's video for the album's single "How Can You Love Me". After Ambrosia disbanded, he and bassist Joe Puerta performed as members of the touring band for Sheena Easton. In 1984, Hornsby appeared in the music video for Easton's single "Strut".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 1984, Hornsby formed Bruce Hornsby and the Range, who were signed to RCA Records in 1985. Besides Hornsby, Range members were David Mansfield (guitar, mandolin, violin), George Marinelli (guitars and backing vocals), former Ambrosia member Joe Puerta (bass guitar and backing vocals), and John Molo (drums).


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby's recording career started with the biggest hit he has had to date, "The Way It Is". It reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 in December 1986. The song described aspects of homelessness, the American civil rights movement and institutional racism. It has since been sampled by at least six rap artists, including Tupac Shakur, E-40, and Mase.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: With the success of the single, the album "The Way It Is" received the RIAA certification of multi-platinum. It included "Mandolin Rain" (co-written, as many of Hornsby's early songs were, with his brother John), another top-five hit. "Every Little Kiss" peaked at number 14 on the Billboard Hot 100 in July 1987. Other tracks on the album helped establish what some labeled the "Virginia sound", a mixture of rock, jazz, and bluegrass. Bruce Hornsby and the Range won the Grammy Award for Best New Artist in 1987, beating out Glass Tiger, Nu Shooz, Simply Red, and Timbuk3.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby and the Range's sound was distinctive for its use of syncopation in Hornsby's piano solos, a bright piano sound and an extensive use of synthesizers as background for Hornsby's solos. John Molo's drumbeats were often looped throughout the recorded versions of songs. They are typical double-time beats, which allowed Hornsby and the rest of the band to do more with their solos.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby and the Range's second album, "Scenes from the Southside" (on which Peter Harris replaced Mansfield) was released in 1988. It included "Look Out Any Window" and "The Valley Road" which many critics noted for their "more spacious" musical arrangements, allowing for "more expressive" piano solos from Hornsby. It also included "Jacob's Ladder", which the Hornsby brothers wrote for musician friend Huey Lewis; Lewis's version became a number one hit from his album "Fore!". "Scenes" offered further slices of "Americana" and "small-town nostalgia", but it was the band's last album to perform well in the singles market.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: During the late 1980s and early 1990s, Hornsby worked extensively as a producer and sideman, producing a comeback album "Anything Can Happen" for Leon Russell. In 1987, Hornsby collaborated with Irish group Clannad, playing and lending vocals to their single "Something to Believe In". Hornsby also appears on the official music video release for the track. In 1989, Hornsby co-wrote and played piano on Don Henley's hit "The End of the Innocence". In 1991, he played piano on Bonnie Raitt's hit "I Can't Make You Love Me". He also appeared on albums by Bob Dylan, Robbie Robertson, Crosby Stills and Nash, Stevie Nicks and Squeeze.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: He slowly began to introduce jazz and bluegrass elements into his music, first in live performance settings and later on studio work. In 1989, he first performed at the Telluride Bluegrass Festival. He also reworked his hit "The Valley Road" with the Nitty Gritty Dirt Band for their album "". In February 1990, the song won Best Bluegrass Recording at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In May 1990, he released "A Night on the Town", on which he teamed up with jazz musicians Wayne Shorter (tenor saxophone) and Charlie Haden (double bass) as well as bluegrass pioneer Bela Fleck (banjo). A change in style became apparent as the album was much more rock and guitar driven, making use of Jerry Garcia's guitar work on several tracks, including prominently on the single "Across the River". In concert, Hornsby and the Range began to stretch out their songs, incorporating more and more "freewheeling musical exchanges". Critics praised the album for its production, its political relevance, and Hornsby's gestures toward expanding out of a strictly pop sound by incorporating jazz and bluegrass. Ultimately, though, the core "rock band" sound of the Range limited Hornsby's aspirations, and after a final three-week tour in 1991, Hornsby disbanded the Range to enter a new phase of his career. Drummer John Molo continued to perform regularly with Hornsby for another few years, although other members pursued separate musical endeavors. Following Hornsby's and Molo's involvement with The Other Ones, Molo left Hornsby to become the primary drummer with bass guitarist Phil Lesh and Friends.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 1988, Hornsby first appeared on stage with the Grateful Dead, a recurring collaboration that continued until the band's dissolution. Hornsby was frequently a guest before becoming a regular fixture in the touring lineup for the Grateful Dead a few years later.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: From 1988 until Jerry Garcia's death in 1995, Hornsby played more than 100 shows with the Grateful Dead. At some shows in 1988 and 1989, he joined the band as a special guest and played accordion or synthesizer. Following the death of Grateful Dead keyboardist Brent Mydland in July 1990, Hornsby played piano (and frequently accordion) at many gigs. Mydland's place was filled in September 1990 by Vince Welnick, who became the sole keyboardist by March 1992, although Hornsby still sat in with the band on occasion.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby's own music evolved significantly during this time period. Critics have suggested that the Dead's vibrant tradition of melding folk music and the blues with psychedelic rock in "loose-knit expressions" and extended jamming "further pushed [Hornsby] outside the confines of mainstream pop". Critics have also commented upon the close musical connection formed between Hornsby and Jerry Garcia, suggesting that Hornsby's particular style of jazz-fueled improvisation added to the band's repertoire and helped to revitalize and refocus Garcia's guitar solos in the band's sound. Hornsby's friendship with Garcia continued, both inside and outside the band, as the two "challenged" each other to expand their musicianship through several other album and live collaborations. Above all, Hornsby's musical versatility and ability to slip in and out of extended freeform jams won over longtime Grateful Dead fans.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Since his first involvement with the Grateful Dead, Hornsby's live shows have drawn Deadheads and Hornsby has commented: "I've always liked the group of fans that we've drawn from the Grateful Dead time, because those fans are often adventurous music listeners". He has performed several of their songs at his concerts and as homages on studio and live albums, while Hornsby originals "The Valley Road" and "Stander on the Mountain" appeared several times in the Dead's setlists. Hornsby also co-performed the improvisation "Silver Apples of the Moon" for the Grateful Dead's "Infrared Roses".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby was the presenter when the Grateful Dead were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1994 and in 2005 he participated in "Comes a Time", a tribute concert to Jerry Garcia. He continues to work with Dead-related projects, such as Bob Weir's Ratdog, Mickey Hart's solo projects. He performed as part of The Other Ones in 1998 and 2000, and on occasion sat in with The Dead. Hornsby continues to be involved in the Grateful Dead and Furthur community. He played at the All Good Music Festival in 2012 with Bob Weir on rhythm guitar. In mid-2013, Hornsby performed with Grateful Dead-influenced bluegrass group Railroad Earth. Hornsby reunited with surviving members of the Grateful Dead along with Trey Anastasio from Phish and Jeff Chimenti at Levi's Stadium in Santa Clara, California, and later at Soldier Field in Chicago, Illinois, in July 2015.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby released his first solo album, "Harbor Lights", in 1993. The record showcased him in a more jazz-oriented setting and featured an all-star lineup, including Pat Metheny, Branford Marsalis, Jerry Garcia, Phil Collins and Bonnie Raitt. Hornsby secured his third Grammy in 1993 for Best Pop Instrumental for "Barcelona Mona" (composed with Branford Marsalis for the Barcelona Olympics).


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 1995, "Hot House" was released, its cover art featuring an imagined jam session between bluegrass legend Bill Monroe and jazz legend Charlie Parker. Hornsby expanded into the jazz sound from "Harbor Lights", this time reintroducing elements of bluegrass from "A Night on the Town" and his earlier collaborations. "Walk in the Sun" reached 54th on the Billboard Hot 100.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: During this time period, "even his concerts conveyed a looser, more playful mood, and Hornsby began taking requests from the audience". Hornsby's concerts became "departure points" for his album compositions, which would be blended with and reworked into "lengthy spontaneous medleys". Both in terms of audience requests and in terms of spontaneous on-stage decisions, Hornsby's performances became opportunities for him to challenge himself by trying to "find a way to seamlessly thread these seemingly disparate elements together".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby next worked with several Grateful Dead reformation projects, including several Furthur Festivals and The Other Ones, which resulted in the release of a live album, "The Strange Remain". As part of The Other Ones, Hornsby performed Grateful Dead tunes "Jack Straw" and "Sugaree" (which features Hornsby on lead vocal, in Jerry Garcia's absence), as well as Hornsby-originals "White-Wheeled Limousine" and "Rainbow's Cadillac". Hornsby dropped out of The Other Ones in 2002.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 1998, three years after "Hot House", Hornsby released a double album, "Spirit Trail". Featuring a decidedly goofy picture of his uncle on the cover, the collection blended instrumental tracks with the story-telling, rock, jazz, and other musical forms Hornsby had delved into over his career. The album considered "very Southern" themes with "songs about race, religion, judgment and tolerance" and "struggles with these issues". An example is "Sneaking Up on Boo Radley", which referenced the character from Harper Lee's Pulitzer Prize-winning novel "To Kill a Mockingbird".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Throughout the sequence of "Harbor Lights", "Hot House", and "Spirit Trail", Hornsby's piano playing steadily gained further complexity, taking on a more varied array of musical styles and incorporating more and more difficult techniques, as evidenced by his two-hand-independence on "Spirit Trail" "King of the Hill". During this same span of solo album years, Hornsby made several mini-tours playing solo piano gigs for the first time in his career. The shows allowed Hornsby limitless possibilities for seguing songs into other songs, often blurring lines between classical compositions, jazz standards, traditional bluegrass, folk, and fiddle tunes, Grateful Dead songs, as well as reworkings of Hornsby originals. Hornsby reflected on these periods of intensive solo performances, stating that the solo tours helped him "recommit [himself] to the study of piano" and "take [his] playing to a whole new level", explorations and improvisations that would not be possible in a band setting.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In April 2019, his 21st album, "Absolute Zero", was released. It features collaborations with Justin Vernon and Sean Carey of Bon Iver, Jack DeJohnette, Blake Mills, yMusic, The Staves, and Brad Cook.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby's touring band lineup underwent extensive changes between 1998 and 2000, with longtime drummer John Molo joining former Grateful Dead bassist Phil Lesh in his band Phil Lesh & Friends. A set of twenty consecutive shows performed by Hornsby and his band at Yoshi's Jazz Club in Oakland, California included a lot of spontaneity and taking requests from the audience, a form that he continues at live shows to this day. As Hornsby experimented with a different sound, ushering in frequent collaborations with such musicians as Steve Kimock on guitar and Bobby Read on heavily effects-driven electronic woodwinds, a new band, dubbed the Noisemakers, took shape. In 2000, Hornsby chronicled this journey with a compilation live album entitled "Here Come the Noise Makers", and did extensive touring with his new band featuring John "J.T." Thomas (keyboards, organ), Bobby Read (saxophones, woodwinds, flute), J.V. Collier (bass), Doug Derryberry (guitar, mandolin), and several different drummers before Sonny Emory took over full-time.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 2002, Hornsby released "Big Swing Face". The album was Hornsby's most experimental effort to date. It was the only album on which Hornsby barely plays any piano and relied heavily on post-electronica beats, drum loops, Pro Tools editing, and dense synthesizer arrangements. "Big Swing Face" received mixed reviews, ranging from "a new and improved Bruce Hornsby" to being called one of the "strangest records of 2002".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 2004, after 19 successful years on RCA Records, Hornsby signed with Columbia Records and returned to a more acoustic, piano-driven sound on his Columbia Records debut album, "Halcyon Days", released in June 2004. Guests included Sting, Elton John and Eric Clapton.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Throughout tours following the album's release, both with the Noisemakers and in solo performances, Hornsby continued to demonstrate his desire to "grow" as a singer and performer and to expand the instrumental possibilities of the piano in various genres.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In July 2006, Hornsby released a four-CD/DVD box set titled "Intersections (1985–2005)". The discs are thematically broken into three categories: "Top 90 Time", "Solo Piano, Tribute Records, Country-Bluegrass, Movie Scores", and "By Request (Favorites and Best Songs)". A full third of the music is previously unreleased; many familiar tracks are presented as unreleased live versions rather than the original studio recordings, and the majority of the remaining tracks are from single B-sides, collaborations or tribute albums, and movie soundtracks. One song, "Song H", a new composition, was nominated for Best Pop Instrumental in 2007 at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 2007, Hornsby began more regularly playing classical music: at a concert in St. Louis, Missouri, during Hornsby's improvisational session in "The Way It Is", he began playing J.S. Bach's Goldberg Variations along with the drums. In a different city, he played five straight Goldberg Variations over the drum intro of "Gonna Be Some Changes Made".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: On September 15, 2009, Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers released their fourth album, "Levitate" to mixed reviews; it included new solo material with several songs co-written with Chip DiMatteo for the Broadway play "SCKBSTD".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: On June 17, 2016, Bruce Hornsby and the Noisemakers released their sixth album and fourth studio album, "Rehab Reunion". Hornsby only plays the dulcimer on the album and does not play piano. The album was also Hornsby's first release on 429 Records. Like on many of his previous releases, "Rehab Reunion" features collaborations with guest artists. Justin Vernon of Bon Iver sings background vocals on "Over the Rise". Mavis Staples duets with Hornsby on "Celestial Railroad". Also noteworthy is a folk version of "The Valley Road", originally a hit in 1988 with Hornsby's first backing band, the Range.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In March 2007, Hornsby teamed with bluegrass player Ricky Skaggs to produce a bluegrass album, "Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby", followed by a tour. In 2000, the pair had collaborated on "Darlin' Cory", a track on the "Big Mon" Bill Monroe bluegrass music. "Ricky Skaggs & Bruce Hornsby", featuring the duo backed by Skaggs's band Kentucky Thunder, combined bluegrass, traditional country music, jazzy piano and a splash of humor on a spectrum of songs from the traditional to new compositions such as the opening track, "The Dreaded Spoon", a humorous tale of a youthful ice cream heist. The pair also reinvented Hornsby's hit "Mandolin Rain" as a minor key acoustic ballad and give his cautionary tale of backwoods violence, "A Night on the Town", a treatment highlighting the "Appalachian storytelling tradition that was always at the song's heart".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: The album ended with a cover of Rick James's funk hit "Super Freak" in a bluegrass arrangement. The album peaked at number one on the "Billboard" Bluegrass Albums list; it was on the charts for 52 weeks. With the album, Hornsby disproved the notion that the piano is not compatible with "string-oriented" bluegrass. The duo released the live album "Cluck Ol' Hen" in September 2013.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Concurrently with the bluegrass project, Hornsby recorded a jazz album, "Camp Meeting" with Christian McBride (bass) and Jack DeJohnette (drums). Alongside original compositions by Hornsby, the trio delivered newly reharmonized versions of tunes by John Coltrane, Miles Davis, Thelonious Monk and Bud Powell, a previously unrecorded Ornette Coleman work ("Questions and Answers") and an early Keith Jarrett composition ("Death and the Flower"). The trio made a series of appearances in the summer of 2007, including the Playboy Jazz Festival, the Newport Jazz Festival and at the Hollywood Bowl.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: On January 4, 2007, former Grateful Dead members Bob Weir, Bill Kreutzmann and Mickey Hart reunited along with Hornsby, Mike Gordon (of Phish and the Rhythm Devils) and Warren Haynes to play two sets, including Dead classics, at a post-inauguration fundraising party for Speaker of the United States House of Representatives Nancy Pelosi.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby wrote songs for "SCKBSTD", a Broadway Musical; one song from this project, a playful biographical tune about real-estate tycoon Donald Trump titled "The Don of Dons", was played often at Hornsby's solo piano performances in early 2007. In 2009, he composed the score for Spike Lee's ESPN documentary, "Kobe Doin' Work", about NBA star Kobe Bryant and his MVP season.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby invested in Williamsburg area radio station "The Tide" WTYD 92.3 FM. He has endowed the Bruce Hornsby Creative American Music Program at the Frost School of Music of University of Miami. Hornsby played himself in a cameo role in the Robin Williams movie "World's Greatest Dad", in which Williams' character is a Bruce Hornsby fan.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: In 2016, Hornsby performed on a track, "Black Muddy River", along with indie folk band (and Justin Vernon's former band) DeYarmond Edison on "Day of the Dead", a Grateful Dead cover album, benefiting the Red Hot Organization, an international charity dedicated to raising funds and awareness for HIV and AIDS. Hornsby performed the song alongside Vernon that same year in Eau Claire, Wisconsin. Hornsby performed alongside Vernon at Coachella in 2017, performing "I Can't Make You Love Me;" the performance also featured Jenny Lewis.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby has composed and performed for many projects with filmmaker Spike Lee, including end-title songs for two films, "Clockers" (1995) with Chaka Khan and "Bamboozled" (2001). He contributed music for "If God Is Willing and da Creek Don't Rise" (2010), "Old Boy" (2013) and "Chi-Raq" (2015), and full film scores for Lee's Kobe Bryant documentary for ESPN: "Kobe Doin' Work" (2009), "Red Hook Summer" (2012), "Da Sweet Blood of Jesus" (2015), and Lee's film for the NBA 2K16 video game (2015). He scored Lee's Netflix production "She's Gotta Have It" (2017, 2019). Hornsby wrote and performed new music for Lee's film "BlacKkKlansman" (2018). in 1993, Lee directed the video for Hornsby's song "Talk Of The Town".


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby uses a Steinway & Sons concert grand piano. He bought the piano in Zurich, Switzerland, while on a solo show tour in Europe in 1995. With the Range and up until 1995, he used a Baldwin concert grand piano. He currently uses a Korg M1 synthesizer. With the Range, Hornsby used an Oberheim OB-X synthesizer.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby selected ten Model B Steinway Grands to be featured in its Limited Edition Signature Piano Series, each one personalized with his signature. Hornsby owns three Model D Steinway Grands.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby and his wife Kathy have twin sons, born 1992: Russell, who ran for the Oregon Ducks track and field team at the University of Oregon, and Keith, who played Division I basketball for the University of North Carolina Asheville Bulldogs from 2011 to 2013, transferred to Louisiana State University and played for LSU from 2014 to 2016. They were named after musicians Leon Russell and Keith Jarrett, respectively.


title: Bruce Hornsby

text: Hornsby is a regular basketball player and an avid fan of the sport. As such, he can frequently be seen at college basketball games throughout Virginia. Hornsby stated that he beat Allen Iverson in one-on-one basketball three games in a row after helping him get out of jail. He is also a friend of Chicago White Sox manager Tony La Russa and attends games in St. Louis. Their friendship led to La Russa introducing Hornsby to jazz bassist Christian McBride, which then led to the formation of The Bruce Hornsby Trio (along with drummer Jack DeJohnette) and their first album, "Camp Meeting".


title: Lolita City

text: Lolita City was a child pornography website that used hidden services available through the Tor network. The site hosted images and videos of underage males and females ranging up to 17 years of age (18 is the minimum legal age in many jurisdictions, including the US, for a person to appear in pornography). The website was hosted by Freedom Hosting, a defunct Tor based web hosting provider.


title: Lolita City

text: As a hidden service, Lolita City operated through the codice_1 pseudo top-level domain and could be accessed only via the Tor network. Like adult pornography sites, Lolita City featured and promoted specific models whom fans could follow. Some of the photographers were professionals, others were hobbyists. The site included softcore and hardcore images, and the subjects ranged from near-newborns and toddlers to 17-year-olds and included both boys and girls. As of June 2013, the website hosted about 1.4 million pictures. Videos had been available on the site since November 2012.


title: Lolita City

text: In October 2011, the hacktivist collective Anonymous launched "Operation Darknet", in an attempt to disrupt the activities of child porn sites accessed through hidden services. Anonymous published in a pastebin link what it claimed were the user names of 1,589 members of Lolita City, including membership time, and number of images uploaded. Anonymous said that it had found the site via The Hidden Wiki, and that it contained over 100 gigabytes of child pornography. Lolita City was taken offline for a short time in a denial-of-service attack by Anonymous.