title: Human impact on the environment

text: Globally, enteric fermentation (mostly in ruminant livestock) accounts for about 27% of anthropogenic methane emissions, Despite methane's 100-year global warming potential, recently estimated at 28 without and 34 with climate-carbon feedbacks, methane emission is currently contributing relatively little to global warming. Although reduction of methane emissions would have a rapid effect on warming, the expected effect would be small. Other anthropogenic GHG emissions associated with livestock production include carbon dioxide from fossil fuel consumption (mostly for production, harvesting and transport of feed), and nitrous oxide emissions associated with the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, growing of nitrogen-fixing legume vegetation and manure management. Management practices that can mitigate GHG emissions from production of livestock and feed have been identified.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Considerable water use is associated with meat production, mostly because of water used in production of vegetation that provides feed. There are several published estimates of water use associated with livestock and meat production, but the amount of water use assignable to such production is seldom estimated. For example, "green water" use is evapotranspirational use of soil water that has been provided directly by precipitation; and "green water" has been estimated to account for 94% of global beef cattle production's "water footprint", and on rangeland, as much as 99.5% of the water use associated with beef production is "green water".


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Impairment of water quality by manure and other substances in runoff and infiltrating water is a concern, especially where intensive livestock production is carried out. In the US, in a comparison of 32 industries, the livestock industry was found to have a relatively good record of compliance with environmental regulations pursuant to the Clean Water Act and Clean Air Act, but pollution issues from large livestock operations can sometimes be serious where violations occur. Various measures have been suggested by the US Environmental Protection Agency, among others, which can help reduce livestock damage to streamwater quality and riparian environments.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Changes in livestock production practices influence the environmental impact of meat production, as illustrated by some beef data. In the US beef production system, practices prevailing in 2007 are estimated to have involved 8.6% less fossil fuel use, 16% less greenhouse gas emissions (estimated as 100-year carbon dioxide equivalents), 12% less withdrawn water use and 33% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than in 1977. From 1980 to 2012 in the US, while population increased by 38%, the small ruminant inventory decreased by 42%, the cattle-and-calves inventory decreased by 17%, and methane emissions from livestock decreased by 18%; yet despite the reduction in cattle numbers, US beef production increased over that period.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Some impacts of meat-producing livestock may be considered environmentally beneficial. These include waste reduction by conversion of human-inedible crop residues to food, use of livestock as an alternative to herbicides for control of invasive and noxious weeds and other vegetation management, use of animal manure as fertilizer as a substitute for those synthetic fertilizers that require considerable fossil fuel use for manufacture, grazing use for wildlife habitat enhancement, and carbon sequestration in response to grazing practices, among others. Conversely, according to some studies appearing in peer-reviewed journals, the growing demand for meat is contributing to significant biodiversity loss as it is a significant driver of deforestation and habitat destruction. Moreover, the 2019 "Global Assessment Report on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services" by IPBES also warns that ever increasing land use for meat production plays a significant role in biodiversity loss. A 2006 Food and Agriculture Organization report, "Livestock's Long Shadow", found that around 26% of the planet's terrestrial surface is devoted to livestock grazing.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Palm oil is a type of vegetable oil, found in oil palm trees, which are native to West and Central Africa. Initially used in foods in developing countries, palm oil is now also used in food, cosmetic and other types of products in other nations as well. Over one-third of vegetable oil consumed globally is palm oil.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The consumption of palm oil in food, domestic and cosmetic products all over the world means there is a high demand for it. To meet this, oil palm plantations are created, which means removing natural forests to clear space. This deforestation has taken place in Asia, Latin America and West Africa, with Malaysia and Indonesia holding 90% of global oil palm trees. These forests are home to a wide range of species, including many endangered animals, ranging from birds to rhinos and tigers. Since 2000, 47% of deforestation has been for the purpose of growing oil palm plantations, with around 877,000 acres being affected per year.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Natural forests are extremely biodiverse, with a wide range of organisms using them as their habitat. But oil palm plantations are the opposite. Studies have shown that oil palm plantations have less than 1% of the plant diversity seen in natural forests, and 47–90% less mammal diversity. This is not because of the oil palm itself, but rather because the oil palm is the only habitat provided in the plantations. The plantations are therefore known as a monoculture, whereas natural forests contain a wide variety of flora and fauna, making them highly biodiverse. One of the ways palm oil could be made more sustainable (although it is still not the best option) is through agroforestry, whereby the plantations are made up of multiple types of plants used in trade – such as coffee or cocoa. While these are more biodiverse than monoculture plantations, they are still not as effective as natural forests. In addition to this, agroforestry does not bring as many economic benefits to workers, their families and the surrounding areas.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The RSPO is a non-profit organisation that has developed criteria that its members (of which, as of 2018, there are over 4,000) must follow to produce, source and use sustainable palm oil (Certified Sustainable Palm Oil; CSPO). Currently, 19% of global palm oil is certified by the RSPO as sustainable.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The CSPO criteria states that oil palm plantations cannot be grown in the place of forests or other areas with endangered species, fragile ecosystems, or those that facilitate the needs of local communities. It also calls for a reduction in pesticides and fires, along with several rules for ensuring the social wellbeing of workers and the local communities.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Human activity is causing environmental degradation, which is the deterioration of the environment through depletion of resources such as air, water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems; habitat destruction; the extinction of wildlife; and pollution. It is defined as any change or disturbance to the environment perceived to be deleterious or undesirable. As indicated by the I=PAT equation, environmental impact (I) or degradation is caused by the combination of an already very large and increasing human population (P), continually increasing economic growth or per capita affluence (A), and the application of resource-depleting and polluting technology (T).


title: Human impact on the environment

text: According to a 2021 study published in "Frontiers in Forests and Global Change", roughly 3% of the planet's terrestrial surface is ecologically and faunally intact, meaning areas with healthy populations of native animal species and little to no human footprint. Many of these intact ecosystems were in areas inhabited by indigenous peoples.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: According to a 2018 study in "Nature", 87% of the oceans and 77% of land (excluding Antarctica) have been altered by anthropogenic activity, and 23% of the planet's landmass remains as wilderness.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Habitat fragmentation is the reduction of large tracts of habitat leading to habitat loss. Habitat fragmentation and loss are considered as being the main cause of the loss of biodiversity and degradation of the ecosystem all over the world. Human actions are greatly responsible for habitat fragmentation, and loss as these actions alter the connectivity and quality of habitats. Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation is important for the preservation of biodiversity and enhancing the functioning of the ecosystem.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Both agricultural plants and animals depend on pollination for reproduction. Vegetables and fruits are an important diet for human beings and depend on pollination. Whenever there is habitat destruction, pollination is reduced and crop yield as well. Many plants also rely on animals and most especially those that eat fruit for seed dispersal. Therefore, the destruction of habitat for animal severely affects all the plant species that depend on them.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Biodiversity generally refers to the variety and variability of life on Earth, and is represented by the number of different species there are on the planet. Since its introduction, Homo sapiens (the human species) has been killing off entire species either directly (such as through hunting) or indirectly (such as by destroying habitats), causing the extinction of species at an alarming rate. Humans are the cause of the current mass extinction, called the Holocene extinction, driving extinctions to 100 to 1000 times the normal background rate. Though most experts agree that human beings have accelerated the rate of species extinction, some scholars have postulated without humans, the biodiversity of the Earth would grow at an exponential rate rather than decline. The Holocene extinction continues, with meat consumption, overfishing, ocean acidification and the amphibian crisis being a few broader examples of an almost universal, cosmopolitan decline in biodiversity. Human overpopulation (and continued population growth) along with profligate consumption are considered to be the primary drivers of this rapid decline. The 2017 World Scientists' Warning to Humanity stated that, among other things, this sixth extinction event unleashed by humanity could annihilate many current life forms and consign them to extinction by the end of this century. A 2022 scientific review published in "Biological Reviews" confirms that a biodiversity loss crisis caused by human activity, which the researchers describe as a sixth mass extinction event, is currently underway.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: A June 2020 study published in "PNAS" argues that the contemporary extinction crisis "may be the most serious environmental threat to the persistence of civilization, because it is irreversible" and that its acceleration "is certain because of the still fast growth in human numbers and consumption rates."


title: Human impact on the environment

text: It has been estimated that from 1970 to 2016, 68% of the world's wildlife has been destroyed due to human activity. In South America, there is believed to be a 70 percent loss. A May 2018 study published in "PNAS" found that 83% of wild mammals, 80% of marine mammals, 50% of plants and 15% of fish have been lost since the dawn of human civilization. Currently, livestock make up 60% of the biomass of all mammals on earth, followed by humans (36%) and wild mammals (4%). According to the 2019 global biodiversity assessment by IPBES, human civilization has pushed one million species of plants and animals to the brink of extinction, with many of these projected to vanish over the next few decades.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: When plant biodiversity declines, the remaining plants face diminishing productivity. Biodiversity loss threatens ecosystem productivity and services such as food, fresh water, raw materials and medicinal resources.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: A 2019 report that assessed a total of 28,000 plant species concluded that close to half of them were facing a threat of extinction. The failure of noticing and appreciating plants is regarded as "plant blindness", and this is a worrying trend as it puts more plants at the threat of extinction than animals. Our increased farming has come at a higher cost to plant biodiversity as half of the habitable land on Earth is used for agriculture, and this is one of the major reasons behind the plant extinction crisis.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Invasive species are defined by the U.S. Department of Agriculture as non-native to the specific ecosystem, and whose presence is likely to harm the health of humans or the animals in said system"."


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Introductions of non-native species into new areas have brought about major and permanent changes to the environment over large areas. Examples include the introduction of Caulerpa taxifolia into the Mediterranean, the introduction of oat species into the California grasslands, and the introduction of privet, kudzu, and purple loosestrife to North America. Rats, cats, and goats have radically altered biodiversity in many islands. Additionally, introductions have resulted in genetic changes to native fauna where interbreeding has taken place, as with buffalo with domestic cattle, and wolves with domestic dogs.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Domestic and feral cats globally are particularly notorious for their destruction of native birds and other animal species. This is especially true for Australia, which attributes over two-thirds of mammal extinction to domestic and feral cats, and over 1.5 billion deaths to native animals each year. Because domesticated outside cats are fed by their owners, they can continue to hunt even when prey populations decline and they would otherwise go elsewhere. This is a major problem for places where there is a highly diverse and dense number of lizards, birds, snakes, and mice populating the area. Roaming outdoor cats can also be attributed to the transmission of harmful diseases like rabies and toxoplasmosis to the native wildlife population.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Another example of a destructive introduced invasive species is the Burmese Python. Originating from parts of Southeast Asia, the Burmese Python has made the most notable impact in the Southern Florida Everglades of the United States. After a breeding facility breach in 1992 due to flooding and snake owners releasing unwanted pythons back into the wild, the population of the Burmese Python would boom in the warm climate of Florida in the following years. This impact has been felt most significantly at the southernmost regions of the Everglades. A study in 2012 compared native species population counts in Florida from 1997 and found that raccoon populations declined 99.3%, opossums 98.9%, and rabbit/fox populations effectively disappeared


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Domestic, industrial and agricultural wastewater can be treated in wastewater treatment plants for treatment before being released into aquatic ecosystems. Treated wastewater still contains a range of different chemical and biological contaminants which may influence surrounding ecosystems.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Contemporary climate change is the result of increasing atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations, which is caused primarily by combustion of fossil fuel (coal, oil, natural gas), and by deforestation, land use changes, and cement production. Such massive alteration of the global carbon cycle has only been possible because of the availability and deployment of advanced technologies, ranging in application from fossil fuel exploration, extraction, distribution, refining, and combustion in power plants and automobile engines and advanced farming practices. Livestock contributes to climate change both through the production of greenhouse gases and through destruction of carbon sinks such as rain-forests. According to the 2006 United Nations/FAO report, 18% of all greenhouse gas emissions found in the atmosphere are due to livestock. The raising of livestock and the land needed to feed them has resulted in the destruction of millions of acres of rainforest and as global demand for meat rises, so too will the demand for land. Ninety-one percent of all rainforest land deforested since 1970 is now used for livestock. Potential negative environmental impacts caused by increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations are rising global air temperatures, altered hydrogeological cycles resulting in more frequent and severe droughts, storms, and floods, as well as sea level rise and ecosystem disruption.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The fossils that are burned by humans for energy usually come back to them in the form of acid rain. Acid rain is a form of precipitation which has high sulfuric and nitric acids which can occur in the form of a fog or snow. Acid rain has numerous ecological impacts on streams, lakes, wetlands and other aquatic environments. It damages forests, robs the soil of its essential nutrients, releases aluminium to the soil, which makes it very hard for trees to absorb water.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Researchers have discovered that kelp, eelgrass and other vegetation can effectively absorb carbon dioxide and hence reducing ocean acidity. Scientists, therefore, say that growing these plants could help in mitigating the damaging effects of acidification on marine life.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Of particular concern is NO, which has an average atmospheric lifetime of 114–120 years, and is 300 times more effective than CO as a greenhouse gas. NO produced by industrial processes, automobiles and agricultural fertilization and NH emitted from soils (i.e., as an additional byproduct of nitrification) and livestock operations are transported to downwind ecosystems, influencing N cycling and nutrient losses. Six major effects of NO and NH emissions have been identified:


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The applications of technology often result in unavoidable and unexpected environmental impacts, which according to the I = PAT equation is measured as resource use or pollution generated per unit GDP. Environmental impacts caused by the application of technology are often perceived as unavoidable for several reasons. First, given that the purpose of many technologies is to exploit, control, or otherwise "improve" upon nature for the perceived benefit of humanity while at the same time the myriad of processes in nature have been optimized and are continually adjusted by evolution, any disturbance of these natural processes by technology is likely to result in negative environmental consequences. Second, the conservation of mass principle and the first law of thermodynamics (i.e., conservation of energy) dictate that whenever material resources or energy are moved around or manipulated by technology, environmental consequences are inescapable. Third, according to the second law of thermodynamics, order can be increased within a system (such as the human economy) only by increasing disorder or entropy outside the system (i.e., the environment). Thus, technologies can create "order" in the human economy (i.e., order as manifested in buildings, factories, transportation networks, communication systems, etc.) only at the expense of increasing "disorder" in the environment. According to a number of studies, increased entropy is likely to be correlated to negative environmental impacts.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of mining includes erosion, formation of sinkholes, loss of biodiversity, and contamination of soil, groundwater and surface water by chemicals from mining processes. In some cases, additional forest logging is done in the vicinity of mines to increase the available room for the storage of the created debris and soil.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Even though plants need some heavy metals for their growth, excess of these metals is usually toxic to them. Plants that are polluted with heavy metals usually depict reduced growth, yield and performance. Pollution by heavy metals decreases the soil organic matter composition resulting in a decline in soil nutrients which then leads to a decline in the growth of plants or even death.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Besides creating environmental damage, the contamination resulting from leakage of chemicals also affect the health of the local population. Mining companies in some countries are required to follow environmental and rehabilitation codes, ensuring the area mined is returned to close to its original state. Some mining methods may have significant environmental and public health effects. Heavy metals usually exhibit toxic effects towards the soil biota, and this is through the affection of the microbial processes and decreases the number as well as activity of soil microorganisms. Low concentration of heavy metals also has high chances of inhibiting the plant's physiological metabolism.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of energy harvesting and consumption is diverse. In recent years there has been a trend towards the increased commercialization of various renewable energy sources.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: In the real world, consumption of fossil fuel resources leads to global warming and climate change. However, little change is being made in many parts of the world. If the peak oil theory proves true, more explorations of viable alternative energy sources, could be more friendly to the environment.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Rapidly advancing technologies can achieve a transition of energy generation, water and waste management, and food production towards better environmental and energy usage practices using methods of systems ecology and industrial ecology.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of biodiesel includes energy use, greenhouse gas emissions and some other kinds of pollution. A joint life cycle analysis by the US Department of Agriculture and the US Department of Energy found that substituting 100% biodiesel for petroleum diesel in buses reduced life cycle consumption of petroleum by 95%. Biodiesel reduced net emissions of carbon dioxide by 78.45%, compared with petroleum diesel. In urban buses, biodiesel reduced particulate emissions 32 percent, carbon monoxide emissions 35 percent, and emissions of sulfur oxides 8%, relative to life cycle emissions associated with use of petroleum diesel. Life cycle emissions of hydrocarbons were 35% higher and emission of various nitrogen oxides (NOx) were 13.5% higher with biodiesel. Life cycle analyses by the Argonne National Laboratory have indicated reduced fossil energy use and reduced greenhouse gas emissions with biodiesel, compared with petroleum diesel use. Biodiesel derived from various vegetable oils (e.g. canola or soybean oil), is readily biodegradable in the environment compared with petroleum diesel.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of coal mining and -burning is diverse. Legislation passed by the US Congress in 1990 required the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to issue a plan to alleviate toxic air pollution from coal-fired power plants. After delay and litigation, the EPA now has a court-imposed deadline of 16 March 2011, to issue its report.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of nuclear power results from the nuclear fuel cycle processes including mining, processing, transporting and storing fuel and radioactive fuel waste. Released radioisotopes pose a health danger to human populations, animals and plants as radioactive particles enter organisms through various transmission routes.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Radiation is a carcinogen and causes numerous effects on living organisms and systems. The environmental impacts of nuclear power plant disasters such as the Chernobyl disaster, the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster and the Three Mile Island accident, among others, persist indefinitely, though several other factors contributed to these events including improper management of fail safe systems and natural disasters putting uncommon stress on the generators. The radioactive decay rate of particles varies greatly, dependent upon the nuclear properties of a particular isotope. Radioactive Plutonium-244 has a half-life of 80.8 million years, which indicates the time duration required for half of a given sample to decay, though very little plutonium-244 is produced in the nuclear fuel cycle and lower half-life materials have lower activity thus giving off less dangerous radiation.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of the oil shale industry includes the consideration of issues such as land use, waste management, water and air pollution caused by the extraction and processing of oil shale. Surface mining of oil shale deposits causes the usual environmental impacts of open-pit mining. In addition, the combustion and thermal processing generate waste material, which must be disposed of, and harmful atmospheric emissions, including carbon dioxide, a major greenhouse gas. Experimental in-situ conversion processes and carbon capture and storage technologies may reduce some of these concerns in future, but may raise others, such as the pollution of groundwater.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of petroleum is often negative because it is toxic to almost all forms of life. Petroleum, a common word for oil or natural gas, is closely linked to virtually all aspects of present society, especially for transportation and heating for both homes and for commercial activities.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of reservoirs is coming under ever increasing scrutiny as the world demand for water and energy increases and the number and size of reservoirs increases.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Dams and the reservoirs can be used to supply drinking water, generate hydroelectric power, increasing the water supply for irrigation, provide recreational opportunities and flood control. However, adverse environmental and sociological impacts have also been identified during and after many reservoir constructions. Although the impact varies greatly between different dams and reservoirs, common criticisms include preventing sea-run fish from reaching their historical mating grounds, less access to water downstream, and a smaller catch for fishing communities in the area. Advances in technology have provided solutions to many negative impacts of dams but these advances are often not viewed as worth investing in if not required by law or under the threat of fines. Whether reservoir projects are ultimately beneficial or detrimental—to both the environment and surrounding human populations— has been debated since the 1960s and probably long before that. In 1960 the construction of Llyn Celyn and the flooding of Capel Celyn provoked political uproar which continues to this day. More recently, the construction of Three Gorges Dam and other similar projects throughout Asia, Africa and Latin America have generated considerable environmental and political debate.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of cleaning agents is diverse. In recent years, measures have been taken to reduce these effects.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Nanotechnology's environmental impact can be split into two aspects: the potential for nanotechnological innovations to help improve the environment, and the possibly novel type of pollution that nanotechnological materials might cause if released into the environment. As nanotechnology is an emerging field, there is great debate regarding to what extent industrial and commercial use of nanomaterials will affect organisms and ecosystems.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of paint is diverse. Traditional painting materials and processes can have harmful effects on the environment, including those from the use of lead and other additives. Measures can be taken to reduce environmental impact, including accurately estimating paint quantities so that wastage is minimized, use of paints, coatings, painting accessories and techniques that are environmentally preferred. The United States Environmental Protection Agency guidelines and Green Star ratings are some of the standards that can be applied.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Some scientists suggest that by 2050 there could be more plastic than fish in the oceans. A December 2020 study published in "Nature" found that human-made materials, or anthropogenic mass, exceeds all living biomass on earth, with plastic alone outweighing the mass of all terrestrial and marine animals combined.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of pesticides is often greater than what is intended by those who use them. Over 98% of sprayed insecticides and 95% of herbicides reach a destination other than their target species, including nontarget species, air, water, bottom sediments, and food. Pesticide contaminates land and water when it escapes from production sites and storage tanks, when it runs off from fields, when it is discarded, when it is sprayed aerially, and when it is sprayed into water to kill algae.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The amount of pesticide that migrates from the intended application area is influenced by the particular chemical's properties: its propensity for binding to soil, its vapor pressure, its water solubility, and its resistance to being broken down over time. Factors in the soil, such as its texture, its ability to retain water, and the amount of organic matter contained in it, also affect the amount of pesticide that will leave the area. Some pesticides contribute to global warming and the depletion of the ozone layer.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of transport is significant because it is a major user of energy, and burns most of the world's petroleum. This creates air pollution, including nitrous oxides and particulates, and is a significant contributor to global warming through emission of carbon dioxide, for which transport is the fastest-growing emission sector. By subsector, road transport is the largest contributor to global warming.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Environmental regulations in developed countries have reduced the individual vehicles emission; however, this has been offset by an increase in the number of vehicles, and more use of each vehicle. Some pathways to reduce the carbon emissions of road vehicles considerably have been studied. Energy use and emissions vary largely between modes, causing environmentalists to call for a transition from air and road to rail and human-powered transport, and increase transport electrification and energy efficiency.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Other environmental impacts of transport systems include traffic congestion and automobile-oriented urban sprawl, which can consume natural habitat and agricultural lands. By reducing transportation emissions globally, it is predicted that there will be significant positive effects on Earth's air quality, acid rain, smog and climate change.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The health impact of transport emissions is also of concern. A recent survey of the studies on the effect of traffic emissions on pregnancy outcomes has linked exposure to emissions to adverse effects on gestational duration and possibly also intrauterine growth.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of aviation occurs because aircraft engines emit noise, particulates, and gases which contribute to climate change and global dimming. Despite emission reductions from aircraft engines and more fuel-efficient and less polluting turbofan and turboprop engines, the rapid growth of air travel in recent years contributes to an increase in total pollution attributable to aviation. In the EU, greenhouse gas emissions from aviation increased by 87% between 1990 and 2006. Among other factors leading to this phenomenon are the increasing number of hypermobile travellers and social factors that are making air travel commonplace, such as frequent flyer programs.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: There is an ongoing debate about possible taxation of air travel and the inclusion of aviation in an emissions trading scheme, with a view to ensuring that the total external costs of aviation are taken into account.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of roads includes the local effects of highways (public roads) such as on noise pollution, light pollution, water pollution, habitat destruction/disturbance and local air quality; and the wider effects including climate change from vehicle emissions. The design, construction and management of roads, parking and other related facilities as well as the design and regulation of vehicles can change the impacts to varying degrees.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The environmental impact of shipping includes greenhouse gas emissions and oil pollution. In 2007, carbon dioxide emissions from shipping were estimated at 4 to 5% of the global total, and estimated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to rise by up to 72% by 2020 if no action is taken. There is also a potential for introducing invasive species into new areas through shipping, usually by attaching themselves to the ship's hull.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The First Intersessional Meeting of the IMO Working Group on Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Ships took place in Oslo, Norway on 23–27 June 2008. It was tasked with developing the technical basis for the reduction mechanisms that may form part of a future IMO regime to control greenhouse gas emissions from international shipping, and a draft of the actual reduction mechanisms themselves, for further consideration by IMO's Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC).


title: Human impact on the environment

text: General military spending and military activities have marked environmental effects. The United States military is considered one of the worst polluters in the world, responsible for over 39,000 sites contaminated with hazardous materials. Several studies have also found a strong positive correlation between higher military spending and higher carbon emissions where increased military spending has a larger effect on increasing carbon emissions in the Global North than in the Global South. Military activities also affect land use and are extremely resource-intensive.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: The military does not solely have negative effects on the environment. There are several examples of militaries aiding in land management, conservation, and greening of an area. Additionally, certain military technologies have proven extremely helpful for conservationists and environmental scientists.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: As well as the cost to human life and society, there is a significant environmental impact of war. Scorched earth methods during, or after war have been in use for much of recorded history but with modern technology war can cause a far greater devastation on the environment. Unexploded ordnance can render land unusable for further use or make access across it dangerous or fatal.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Artificial light at night is one of the most obvious physical changes that humans have made to the biosphere, and is the easiest form of pollution to observe from space. The main environmental impacts of artificial light are due to light's use as an information source (rather than an energy source). The hunting efficiency of visual predators generally increases under artificial light, changing predator prey interactions. Artificial light also affects dispersal, orientation, migration, and hormone levels, resulting in disrupted circadian rhythms.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Fast fashion has become one of the most successful industries in many capitalist societies with the increase in globalisation. Fast fashion is the cheap mass production of clothing, which is then sold on at very low prices to consumers. Today, the industry is worth £2 trillion.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: In terms of carbon dioxide emissions, the fast fashion industry contributes between 4–5 billion tonnes per year, equating to 8–10% of total global emissions. Carbon dioxide is a greenhouse gas, meaning it causes heat to get trapped in the atmosphere, rather than being released into space, raising the Earth's temperature – known as global warming.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Alongside greenhouse gas emissions the industry is also responsible for almost 35% of microplastic pollution in the oceans. Scientists have estimated that there are approximately 12–125 trillion tonnes of microplastic particles in the Earth's oceans. These particles are ingested by marine organisms, including fish later eaten by humans. The study states that many of the fibres found are likely to have come from clothing and other textiles, either from washing, or degradation.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Textile waste is a huge issue for the environment, with around 2.1 billion tonnes of unsold or faulty clothing being disposed per year. Much of this is taken to landfill, but the majority of materials used to make clothes are not biodegradable, resulting in them breaking down and contaminating soil and water.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: Fashion, much like most other industries such as agriculture, requires a large volume of water for production. The rate and quantity at which clothing is produced in fast fashion means the industry uses 79 trillion litres of water every year. Water consumption has proven to be very detrimental to the environment and its ecosystems, leading to water depletion and water scarcity. Not only do these affect marine organisms, but also human's food sources, such as crops. The industry is culpable for roughly one-fifth of all industrial water pollution.


title: Human impact on the environment

text: There are many publications from the scientific community to warn everyone about growing threats to sustainability, in particular threats to "environmental sustainability". The World Scientists' Warning to Humanity in 1992 begins with: "Human beings and the natural world are on a collision course". About 1,700 of the world's leading scientists, including most Nobel Prize laureates in the sciences, signed this warning letter. The letter mentions severe damage to the atmosphere, oceans, ecosystems, soil productivity, and more. It said that if humanity wants to prevent the damage, steps need to be taken: better use of resources, abandonment of fossil fuels, stabilization of human population, elimination of poverty and more. More warning letters were signed in 2017 and 2019 by thousands of scientists from over 150 countries which called again to reduce overconsumption (including eating less meat), reducing fossil fuels use and other resources and so forth.


title: Fromis 9

text: Fromis 9 (; stylized as fromis_9) is a South Korean girl group formed by CJ E&M through the 2017 reality show "Idol School". The group is composed of eight members: Roh Ji-sun, Song Ha-young, Lee Sae-rom, Lee Chae-young, Lee Na-gyung, Park Ji-won, Lee Seo-yeon and Baek Ji-heon. Originally a nine-piece group, Jang Gyu-ri departed the group on July 31, 2022.


title: Fromis 9

text: The group debuted on January 24, 2018, under Stone Music Entertainment with the release of their first extended play (EP), "To. Heart". In September 2018, it was confirmed that Fromis 9 would be managed by Off the Record Entertainment, a new label established by Stone Music. As part of their transfer, Pledis Entertainment was in charge of creative direction and the production of the group's music.


title: Fromis 9

text: The group was co-managed by Off the Record and Stone Music. As of August 16, 2021, as part of the label reorganization of Off the Record Entertainment, Pledis Entertainment will serve as the management company for the group.


title: Fromis 9

text: The group's name Fromis_ was suggested by netizens through the official "Idol School" website and chosen by CJ E&M, with described as "From Idol School" and "Promise" in Korean pronunciation, also means "to keep their promise [to viewers] to be the best girl group". Through the announcement of their SNS accounts by their agency, the group decided to add 9 in their name to be fromis_9.


title: Fromis 9

text: In March 2017, it was announced that Mnet, the same channel responsible for several notable survival shows including "Sixteen" and "Produce 101", would be launching a new reality survival show titled "Idol School" to form a new girl group. The show premiered on July 13 and ended on September 29, 2017, with Roh Ji-sun, Song Ha-young, Lee Sae-rom, Lee Chae-young, Lee Na-gyung, Park Ji-won, Lee Seo-yeon, Baek Ji-heon and Jang Gyu-ri as the nine members of Fromis. The final line-up was solely decided through live and online votes of viewers. Pledis Entertainment, led by CEO Han Sung-soo, managed the group's training and debut.


title: Fromis 9

text: Fromis premiered its own reality program on October 19 titled "Fromis' Room" about continuing the path to debut. It followed the format of a simulcast, where it combined pre-recorded materials and replays of Facebook Live broadcasts in their dorm. The group's name was later changed to Fromis 9 following the final episode of "Fromis' Room" on November 23, with the "9" meaning the nine students who graduated from "Idol School".


title: Fromis 9

text: On November 29, Fromis 9 performed their pre-debut single titled "Glass Shoes" at the 2017 Mnet Asian Music Awards in Japan. The song was released as a digital single the following day. They also performed the song on the December 15 episode of "Music Bank", marking the group's first-ever appearance in a music program.


title: Fromis 9

text: On January 8, 2018, it was announced that Fromis 9 would officially debut with their first extended play (EP) titled "To. Heart". The EP, along with its lead single, "To Heart", was released on January 24. The EP debuted at number 4 on the Gaon Album Chart issued on January 27, 2018.


title: Fromis 9

text: On May 10, it was confirmed that Jang Gyu-ri had entered as a contestant in "Produce 48". Fromis 9 continued as an eight-member group and released their second EP, "To. Day", on June 5, without Jang due to her participation in the show. Fromis 9 went back to being a nine-member group after Jang Gyu-ri was eliminated in the 3rd elimination as she ranked at 25th place.


title: Fromis 9

text: Starting from September 21, Fromis 9 would be managed under Off The Record Entertainment, a new agency exclusively established for Fromis 9 and South Korean-Japanese girl group, Iz*One.


title: Fromis 9

text: The group released a special single album titled "From.9" on October 10 with the title song, “Love Bomb”. It was the first comeback with all the 9 members after the return of Jang Gyu-ri.


title: Fromis 9

text: On October 15, Fromis 9 made their acting debut in a web series, "Welcome to Heal Inn," on their official VLive page. However, it was filmed during Jang Gyu-ri's absence.


title: Fromis 9

text: On February 8, 2019, a second short/mini season of "Welcome to Heal Inn" was announced for the Winter Season, this time with Jang Gyu-ri added as a new traveller. In May, Jang made her solo acting debut in the web drama, "Compulsory Dating Education".


title: Fromis 9

text: On June 4, 2019, Fromis 9 released their first single album "Fun Factory", featuring the title track "Fun!". The album reached number 2 on the Gaon Album Chart, a new high for the group.


title: Fromis 9

text: The group released their third EP "My Little Society" on September 16, 2020. This features the title track "Feel Good (Secret Code)". On September 10, Off The Record confirmed that Lee Seo-yeon would sit out of all promotions for this comeback due to a recent leg injury, and the group will promote as eight members. The EP reached no. 3 on the Gaon Album Chart.


title: Fromis 9

text: On May 17, the group released their second single album "9 Way Ticket", featuring the title track "We Go".


title: Fromis 9

text: On August 16, it was announced that Fromis 9 has departed from Off The Record and that Pledis Entertainment will take over the group's management.


title: Fromis 9

text: On September 1, the group released their new special single album "Talk & Talk", featuring the title track of the same name. On September 7, the group achieved their first ever music show win on SBS MTV's The Show with "Talk & Talk".


title: Fromis 9

text: On January 17, 2022, Fromis 9 released their fourth EP "Midnight Guest", featuring the title track "DM".


title: Fromis 9

text: On February 24, 2022, it was announced that member Baek Ji-heon would be taking a break from activities due to health concerns.


title: Fromis 9

text: On June 27, 2022, Fromis 9 released their fifth EP "From Our Memento Box", featuring the title track "Stay This Way".


title: Fromis 9

text: On July 28, 2022, Pledis Entertainment announced that member Jang Gyu-ri would be leaving the group on July 31. In their press release, Pledis stated that when Fromis 9's management were transferred to the company in 2021, every other member signed a completely new contract with the company. However, Jang chose to transfer her original contract from CJ ENM's Off The Record that would last only one year. After July 31, fromis_9 will continue as an eight-member group.


title: Fromis 9

text: On October 28, 2022, it was announced that members Lee Sae-rom and Lee Seo-yeon would be taking a break from activities due to health concerns.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Brian Thomas Grazer (born July 12, 1951) is an American film and television producer and writer. He founded Imagine Entertainment in 1986 with Ron Howard. The films they produced have grossed over $15 billion. Grazer was personally nominated for four Academy Awards for "Splash" (1984), "Apollo 13" (1995), "A Beautiful Mind" (2001), and "Frost/Nixon" (2008). His films and TV series have been nominated for 47 Academy Awards and 217 Emmy Awards.


title: Brian Grazer

text: In 2002, Grazer won an Oscar for Best Picture for "A Beautiful Mind" (shared with Ron Howard). In 2007, he was named one of "Time"s "100 Most Influential People in the World".


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer was born in Los Angeles, California, to Arlene Becker Grazer and criminal defense attorney Thomas Grazer. He is the older brother of Nora Beth Grazer (born 1952) and actor/director Gavin Grazer (born 1961). He was raised in Sherman Oaks and Northridge, in Los Angeles's San Fernando Valley.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer's father was Catholic and his mother is Jewish. His parents divorced when he was in high school. Grazer said "My best buddy, the most important person in my growing up, was my little 4-foot-10 [147 cm] Jewish grandmother, and she'd say, 'In order to get it, you got to do it. No one's going to get it for you, Brian.'"


title: Brian Grazer

text: While in school, Grazer struggled with dyslexia. Grazer got through school by reading other students' papers and arguing his grades with his teachers.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer won a scholarship to the University of Southern California (USC) as a psychology major. He graduated from USC's School of Cinema-Television in 1974. He then attended USC Law School for one year, but quit in 1975 to pursue a life in Hollywood.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer began his career as a producer developing television projects. While executive-producing TV pilots at Paramount Pictures in the early 1980s, he met current long-time friend and business partner Ron Howard.


title: Brian Grazer

text: He produced his first feature-film, "Night Shift", in 1982, directed by Howard. Grazer and Howard teamed up again for "Splash" in 1984, which Grazer produced and co-wrote. "Splash" earned him an Oscar nomination for Best Original Screenplay of 1984. Grazer went on to became an independent producer, teaming up with Tri-Star Pictures to set up plans for a film to star Richard Pryor, and had a continuing relationship with The Walt Disney Studios, and has plans to develop projects for Paramount Pictures.


title: Brian Grazer

text: In November 1985, Grazer and Howard co-founded Imagine Entertainment, which became one of Hollywood's most prolific and successful production companies. Over the years, Grazer's films and TV shows have been nominated for a total of 43 Academy Awards, and 198 Emmys. At the same time, his movies have generated over $15 billion in worldwide theatrical, music, and video grosses.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer's early film successes include "Parenthood" (1989) and "Backdraft" (1991). He produced "Apollo 13" (1995), for which he won the Producers Guild of America's Daryl F. Zanuck Motion Picture Producer of the Year Award, as well as an Oscar nomination for Best Picture of 1995.


title: Brian Grazer

text: In 1998, he earned two major honors: he was given his own star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame, and made a cameo appearance on the animated series "The Simpsons".


title: Brian Grazer

text: In 2001, Grazer won an Academy Award for Best Picture for "A Beautiful Mind", which also took home Oscars for Best Supporting Actress (Jennifer Connelly), Best Director (Ron Howard), and Best Adapted Screenplay (Akiva Goldsman).


title: Brian Grazer

text: In 2002, Grazer's "8 Mile" was released. It proved not only to be a huge box office hit, but also the first film with a rap song to win a Best Original Song Oscar, for Eminem's "Lose Yourself".


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer also produced the film adaptation of Peter Morgan's play "Frost/Nixon" (2008). "Frost/Nixon" was nominated for five Academy Awards, including Best Picture.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer's productions span over a quarter-of-a-century, and almost the full spectrum of movie genres. His comedies include "Boomerang" (1992), "The Nutty Professor" (1996), "Liar Liar" (1997), "Life" (1999), "How the Grinch Stole Christmas" (2000), "Intolerable Cruelty" (2003) and "The Spy Who Dumped Me" (2018). He has also produced many dramatic thrillers including "Inside Man" (2006), "The Da Vinci Code" (2006), "American Gangster" (2007), "Changeling" (2008), "Angels & Demons" (2009), "Robin Hood" (2010), and "Cowboys & Aliens" (2011). His recently released films include "J. Edgar", the Clint Eastwood-directed biopic of J. Edgar Hoover, starring Leonardo DiCaprio, "Tower Heist", starring Ben Stiller and Eddie Murphy, and "Restless", directed by Gus Van Sant.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer's Imagine Entertainment's television series include "Sports Night", "Felicity", "Arrested Development", "24" with Kiefer Sutherland, "Friday Night Lights", "Parenthood", "Lie to Me", "Empire", "", "" and "".


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer's recent productions includes "Rebuilding Paradise", Dads, the 2017 Grammy awarding winning Best Music Film "" (2016), "American Made" (2017), "Rush" (2013), directed by Ron Howard, and starring Chris Hemsworth and Daniel Brühl, and "Made in America".


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer produced "Get on Up", a biopic of the legendary "Godfather of Soul" James Brown, and "In the Heart of the Sea", directed by Ron Howard and starring Chris Hemsworth, about the American whaleship the "Essex".


title: Brian Grazer

text: In 2015, Grazer published his book "A Curious Mind: The Secret to a Bigger Life", a #1 NY Times Bestseller, in which he discusses conversations with interesting people, many of whom inspired his work. In 2019, Grazer released his second book "Face To Face: The Art of Human Connection".


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer has been married three times: Corki Corman (1982–92; they had two children; son Riley (born 1986) and daughter Sage (1988)), and novelist and screenwriter Gigi Levangie (1997–2007; they had two sons; Thomas (1999) and Patrick (2004)). In April 2014, Grazer became engaged to Veronica Smiley, chief marketing officer of SBE, a hotel management company. They married on February 20, 2016.


title: Brian Grazer

text: Grazer currently resides in Santa Monica, California. He also has a home in Hawaii on Sunset Beach, on the Banzai Pipeline on O'ahu's North Shore.


title: Jab We Met

text: Jab We Met () is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language romantic comedy film written and directed by Imtiaz Ali and produced by Dhilin Mehta under his banner Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision. The film stars Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor in their fourth film together with Tarun Arora, Saumya Tandon, and Dara Singh Randhawa in supporting roles. Primarily based in Mumbai, Bhatinda, and Shimla, the film tells the story of Aditya Kashyap (Shahid), a heartbroken businessman who walks out of his corporate business and boards a train bound for Delhi where he meets another passenger, a talkative Punjabi girl Geet Dhillon (Kareena). She is sent off aboard when he gets off the train, but both end up being left behind. Beginning their journey together, she tries to have him accompany her to her residence in Bhatinda and then to elope with her boyfriend Anshuman Singh (Arora) while planning to get him married to her sister Roop Dhillon (Tandon).


title: Jab We Met

text: The film received critical acclaim since its release. The film was among the top-grossing Hindi films of the year. Released in the United Kingdom a day before its worldwide release of 25 October 2007, "Jab We Met" became a hit at the Indian box office as well as overseas. Ashtavinayak later announced that "Jab We Met" would be remade by MoserBaer in four other Indian languages: Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, and Malayalam. However, eventually, it was remade only in Tamil as "Kanden Kadhalai" with a subsequent Telugu dubbed version titled Priya Priyathama.


title: Jab We Met

text: The film fetched several awards, among which was a National Film Award for Best Female Playback Singer awarded to Shreya Ghoshal for the song "Yeh Ishq Haaye", which remained a chartbuster for many weeks.


title: Jab We Met

text: Aditya Kashyap, heir to a wealthy family, is depressed and suicidal, and walks out of a major company meeting. He wanders aimlessly and boards a train where he meets another passenger, Geet Dhillon, an excessively jovial and talkative young girl. Being unbalanced by the problems he is going through, he gets off the train. As the train begins to leave, Geet tries to get him back aboard but both end up being left behind. They reach the next station via taxi, only to miss the train again when she picks an argument with a kiosk vendor.


title: Jab We Met

text: As she wanders within the station, she is harassed by the same kiosk vendor and then accosted by a man on a motorbike who believes her to be a prostitute. She runs to Aditya for safety; seeing her with another man, the man on the motorbike leaves her alone. Geet blames Aditya for the situation and insists that he accompany her to her home in Bhatinda, to which he agrees. They stay at a nearby hotel for the night and he opens up to her, dropping his reserved nature. She tells him of her plans to elope with her boyfriend Anshuman, who her family wouldn't accept due to religious differences. The next morning, they begin their journey and grow closer. He tells her that he's the heir to a late wealthy industrialist, Dharamraj Kashyap, confides in her of the company's financial troubles post his father's death, and how his girlfriend ended up marrying someone else. He also discusses his mother's extramarital affair and subsequent elopement issues.


title: Jab We Met

text: At Geet's home, her relatives are exceedingly grateful to him and ask him to stay with them for a week. Her grandfather, Suryendra, suspects a bonding between the two, which they both deny. Later, her family decides to arrange her wedding; an uninterested Geet pretends to be in love with Aditya to derail their plans. She runs away from home that night, to elope with Anshuman. Aditya tries to discourage her, since her family will suspect him and cause trouble. She however convinces him to help her elope. The two of them arrive in Manali, where Anshuman resides. She tries to get Aditya to accompany her, but having fallen in love with her, he bids her farewell.


title: Jab We Met

text: Nine months later, he is shown to have successfully revived his company's poor state and enjoys a renewed optimism toward life. He also reconciles with his mother. Geet's family sees him in a launch event broadcast on TV. Her uncle locates his office and confronts him; although unaware of her whereabouts, he promises to bring her back in the next ten days. He returns to Manali, where he learns that Anshuman had rebuffed her, never planning to get married.


title: Jab We Met

text: Aditya traces her to Shimla, where she is leading a quiet life as a schoolteacher in her former school. He notes that she has the same demeanor he had many months ago. He takes her to a hotel and offers her the catharsis of berating Anshuman over the phone, and they share an intimate hug afterward. The next day, Anshuman attempts to reconcile with her and start afresh. Uncertain about him, the three of them then go to Bhatinda together. Her family is still under the impression that she had eloped with Aditya and she repeatedly fails to tell them the truth. Geet is also confused about whether she loves Anshuman or Aditya. Wanting to express her confusion, when she approaches Aditya in the night, Aditya advises that she talk to Anshuman the next morning.


title: Jab We Met

text: The next day, Aditya begins to leave after getting Geet and Anshuman to talk. Anshuman assures her and tells us about his plans to marry her. As a train passes by, drowning Anshuman's words, she realizes that she loves Aditya and not Anshuman. She runs to Aditya, confesses her love and the two of them share a passionate kiss. Anshuman, confused and hurt, leaves. Their planned wedding takes place, with their families. They go on to have two daughters. The film ends with Suryendra telling his two great-granddaughters about how 'mischievous' their parents were. Geet and Aditya nod in agreement with Suryendra as they share a smile, their daughters looking on.


title: Jab We Met

text: Pre-production work on the film began in early 2007 when Shree Ashtavinayak Cine Vision Limited announced that director Imtiaz Ali would be directing the then real-life couple Shahid and Kareena Kapoor in their first "full-fledged romantic drama".


title: Jab We Met

text: When Ali began casting for the film, Preity Zinta and Bobby Deol were his first choices to portray Dhillon and Kashyap respectively but were eventually replaced by Kareena Kapoor and Shahid Kapoor respectively, the former when Zinta refused to do the film. On the two lead actors, Ali commented, "I wanted a girl who could look natural in scenes where she misses the train. She had to be without make-up, someone who could be hyper, talkative and interesting but not irritating. I was never a fan of her [Kareena] and hadn't seen too many of her flicks, but I just knew Kareena was perfect as Geet [...] [On the other hand], When I met him [Shahid], I realised he wasn't the forgettable actor that he comes across in several of his movies. He has gone through a lot in life and that maturity had never been brought out. He was perfect for the role of a young, mature, quiet guy."


title: Jab We Met

text: The film was shot throughout the Punjab region, and filming started on 20 March 2007 in Chandigarh and later headed to Shimla and Manali, where the crew filmed a song on the Himalayas and the Rohtang Pass. Manish Malhotra served as the costume designer. The summer shots in Punjab of the haveli were filmed in Nabha near Patiala. While shooting the last schedule of the film in Mumbai, sources had indicated that the lead pair had broken up. Though the media projected it as a publicity stunt for the film, it was later confirmed that the couple had indeed parted ways. The title of the film was decided by a popular vote; moviegoers had a choice between "Punjab Mail", "Ishq Via Bhatinda" ('Love via Bhatinda') and "Jab We Met".


title: Jab We Met

text: To promote the film, the actors appeared separately on different television shows. Kareena Kapoor appeared as guest judge on the singing talent contest "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007" whilst Shahid Kapoor appeared on "Amul STAR Voice of India" and "Jhalak Dikhhla Jaa"; they later appeared together on the television show "Nach Baliye". Apart from this, the producers also painted two full local trains in Mumbai from the Western and Central lines with "Jab We Met" imagery, where Shahid Kapoor chatted up with fellow passengers and informed them about the movie. On the night of 23 October 2007, a special preview of the film was organized at Yash Raj Studios in Mumbai for those associated with the film and their families.


title: Jab We Met

text: Moserbaer served as the DVD partner and regional distributor for "Jab We Met". On 7 December 2007, the film was officially released on DVD in the U.S., U.K., UAE and other international markets. A single disc collector's item in an enclosed box with the DVD containing English, Portuguese, Arabic, and Spanish subtitles was also released.""


title: Jab We Met

text: The film opened with a opening of 70% all over India on 26 October 2007 and later increased to 90% during the weekend. Making a total first week net business of 11.75 crores from 350 cinemas, the film went into the second week with very strong collections and saw a massive increase with 40%-50% increment in shows worldwide.


title: Jab We Met

text: Continuing its strong march in week two with collections of over and a two-week total of , the film was declared a "hit". During its third week, "Jab We Met" managed to add another to its collections but suffered a setback due to the arrival of Farah Khan's "Om Shanti Om" and Sanjay Leela Bhansali's "Saawariya", which resulted in the number of shows for the film being reduced. Due to popular demand and the poor performance of the latter, the following week saw an increase in the number of prints for the film across the country, and resulted in a 50% increase of the film's collections. Completing fifty successful days at the box office on 14 December 2007, the film received a "hit" status by "BoxOffice India" and continued running successfully in cinemas with greater number of shows than the much later-released, "Om Shanti Om".


title: Jab We Met

text: By February 2008, "Jab We Met" had made a net business of over ₹710 million (US$10.9million), and emerged as one of the biggest hits of the year. On 30 January 2008, it was announced that to celebrate the success of its 100 days run at the box office, PVR Cinemas in Delhi would have a special screening of the film on Valentine's Day.


title: Jab We Met

text: Meanwhile, "Jab We Met" also opened well internationally especially in the U.K., where it was released a day before its worldwide release of 26 October. Debuting at number 10 in the U.K., the film grossed £11,488 on its previews night and £144,525 on its opening weekend, collecting a total of £156,013 from 31 screens. The film continued to do strong business and garnered excellent collections during its second week, making a two-week total of £325,996. Over the next five weeks, "Jab We Met" collected a total of £43,529 from 54 screens and made a grand total of £424,681.


title: Jab We Met

text: Upon release, the film opened to positive reviews. Critics praised the film for its simplicity, its romance, saying that it was "one of the finest romantic films to come out of Bollywood in 2007". The film's direction and performances were particularly appreciated.


title: Jab We Met

text: Taran Adarsh from "indiaFM" gave the film a 3.5 out of 5 rating saying it is "as refreshing as an ice-cold watermelon juice in scorching heat." Subhash K. Jha wrote, "..."Jab We Met" is the kind of cinematic experience that is hard to come by in this day and age of smoky cynicism and borrowed rage." Rajeev Masand from "CNN-IBN", who gave the film 3 stars out of 5, described it as "a film bursting with the kind of lovely little moments that'll bring a smile to your face. Khaled Mohamed, of the "Hindustan Times", gave the film 3 out of 5 stars, saying the film, "is quite a delight, particularly for the chirpy-chirpy-cheep-cheep girl and the retentive, moan-groan boy. Directed with a flair for garnishing even the most abject of circumstances with humour and irony, here’s a feel-cool movie. Wonderful.


title: Jab We Met

text: "The Times of India" gave the film 4 out of 5 stars concluding, "The film belongs to Shahid and Kareena who pitch in memorable performances and lend a whole new meaning to the boy-meets-girl story." Joginder Tuteja from "indiaglitz.com" gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars, described it as "Shahid-Kareena's "DDLJ"", and concluded that "...it would be a pain if any of the two actors do not get awarded and rewarded for their performances..."


title: Jab We Met

text: Reviews towards the director, Imtiaz Ali, were favourable as well. "Indiatimes" wrote, "After his much appreciated "Socha Na Tha" (2004), Imtiaz goes bigger and better and the result is nothing but flying colours".


title: Jab We Met

text: Most critics agreed that the main highlight of the film was the leading pair and Shahid and Kareena's chemistry. Rajeev Masand further explained, "The real magic of this film lies in the performances of its two main leads who seize your attention from the moment they first appear on screen." Taran Adarsh commented, "Shahid delivers his career-best performance in "Jab We Met"... Kareena is in top form as well. "Jab We Met" is a turning point in her career. Fantabulous -- that's the right word to describe her work this time. The confidence with which she handles the contrasting characterization speaks volumes. This film should do for her what "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai" (1998) did for Kajol." Subhash K. Jha approved the chemistry as well, "...there are sparks...and the ones between Kareena and Shahid are so unselfconsciously genuine that you end up looking at the characters rather than the two actors going through a series of brilliantly conceived and energized incidents..."


title: Jab We Met

text: Apart from critics, "Jab We Met" was one of the Best film of 2007 according to various Bollywood movie directors such as Madhur Bhandarkar, David Dhawan, Rakeysh Omprakash Mehra, Anurag Basu, and Sriram Raghavan.


title: Jab We Met

text: The score was composed and produced by Sanjoy Chowdhury. The film featured songs composed by Pritam Chakraborty with lyrics by Irshad Kamil. The film's soundtrack was released on 21 September 2007 by lead actress, Kareena Kapoor on the musical show "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2007".


title: Jab We Met

text: Joginder Tuteja from "IndiaFM" gave the music 3.5 out of 5 stars saying, "In 2007, Pritam may have been come up with good music in number of films [...] But if there is one album that impresses most after "Life in a... Metro" and turns out to be the most satisfying experience, it is "Jab We Met". The album is a perfect example of how to get a quality soundtrack which mixes songs for different segments of audience." Movietalkies.com rated the album 4 out of 5 stars, describing the album as "certainly one of the better albums that have come out this year ... Pritam has shown a depth and width of imagination in the manner in which he has used so many different genres and mixed them together to create a fascinating journey of music."


title: Jab We Met

text: The film's soundtrack debuted at number 8 and later jumped up to number 5 during its second week. Over the next several weeks, the album steadily began climbing up the music charts and saw the album sales increase after the film's release. During the week of 19 November the album replaced the soundtrack of "Om Shanti Om" and moved up to number 1 but fell back to number 2 the following week. Despite competition from the release of newer soundtracks, the album stayed at the top for over nine weeks. According to the Indian trade website Box Office India, with around 19,00,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's second highest-selling.


title: Jab We Met

text: "Jab We Met" soundtrack was featured on Rediff's and IndiaFM's year-end list of "2007's Top 10 Music Albums".


title: Jab We Met

text: "Jab We Met" remains one of the most popular romantic films in Bollywood. It brought recognition to Shahid Kapoor and Kareena Kapoor, both had enjoyed only limited success in their previous films. The couple was named in "Bollywood Hungama"s list of the top 10 best romantic couples of the decade. Yahoo! Movies India listed the film as one of the Bollywood's top 10 most romantic movies. The film was remade in Tamil as "Kanden Kadhalai". The film's plot also inspired the television show "Love U Zindagi".


title: Jab We Met

text: Kapoor's character, Geet Dhillon, became a popular and recognizable character. She later went on to say about her role, "To play a character like 'Geet' doesn't happen all the time; it just happens. When you begin working on a film, you of course know about the story and your character. However, no one knows how audiences would eventually react to it. 'Geet' did strike a chord with the audiences and became a household name."


title: Jab We Met

text: Kareena Kapoor, for her performance, was ranked number 66 in "Filmfare" magazine's 80 Iconic Bollywood Performances list. According to Hindi Film News, she was number 5 in the critic's top ten and number 4 in the popular top ten for the finest performance by a Bollywood actress for the decade. She was also named by Rediff as one of Bollywood's most beloved characters.


title: Killer Mike

text: Michael Santiago Render (born April 20, 1975), better known by his stage name Killer Mike, is an American rapper, actor, and activist. Mike made his debut on Outkast's 2000 LP "Stankonia", and later appeared on their Grammy-winning single "The Whole World" from their greatest hits album "Big Boi and Dre Present... Outkast" (2001). He has since released five full-length albums as a solo artist. He is the founder of Grind Time Official Records, which he launched through SMC and Fontana Distribution.


title: Killer Mike

text: In December 2008, Mike signed to fellow Atlanta-based rapper T.I.'s Grand Hustle Records. In 2012, he released "R.A.P. Music", produced entirely by rapper and producer El-P. Killer Mike and El-P subsequently formed the duo Run the Jewels in 2013; they were signed to Fool's Gold Records and released their self-titled debut in June of that year.


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike is also known as a social and political activist, focusing on subjects including social inequality, police brutality, and systemic racism. In addition to addressing themes of racism and police brutality in his music, he has also delivered several lectures at colleges and universities, written about social justice topics for publications such as "Billboard", and been the subject of interviews regarding police misconduct and race relations. He was a visible and vocal supporter of Bernie Sanders' 2016 U.S. presidential campaign, refusing to support Hillary Clinton after Sanders left the race, and again supporting Sanders in his 2020 presidential campaign.


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike has appeared in films such as "Idlewild", "Baby Driver", and "ATL". The documentary series "Trigger Warning with Killer Mike", in which he explores issues in the U.S. that affect the black community, premiered on Netflix in January 2019.


title: Killer Mike

text: Michael Render was born in the Adamsville neighborhood of Atlanta, Georgia, on April 20, 1975, the son of a policeman father and a florist mother. Because his parents were teenagers at the time of his birth, he was partly raised by his grandparents in the Collier Heights neighborhood of Atlanta, and would attend Douglass High School.


title: Killer Mike

text: In 1995, Killer Mike briefly attended Atlanta's Morehouse College, where he met producers The Beat Bullies and eventually Big Boi of Outkast. His music debut was a feature appearance on OutKast's "Snappin' & Trappin'" from the 2000 album "Stankonia", followed by their 2001 single "The Whole World", which won the 2002 Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance by a Duo or Group. He was featured on several other tracks that year, including "Poppin' Tags" from Jay-Z's "The Blueprint 2".


title: Killer Mike

text: In 2003, Killer Mike released his debut studio album, "Monster", while being managed by Dayo Adebiyi and Al Thrash of Own Music. The album's lead single was "Akshon (Yeah!)", which featured OutKast on guest vocals. A remix of "Akshon (Yeah!)" was included on the soundtrack of EA Sports' video game "Madden NFL 2004". The album's second single was "A.D.I.D.A.S.", featuring Big Boi and Sleepy Brown, which peaked at number 60 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It is Killer Mike's highest-charting single to date as a lead artist.


title: Killer Mike

text: Following the release of his own material, he appeared on "Flip Flop Rock" and "Bust" on the "Speakerboxx" half of OutKast's "Speakerboxxx/The Love Below" double album. He also appeared on "Southern Takeover" with Pastor Troy on Chamillionaire's CD "The Sound of Revenge". Killer Mike appeared alongside T.I. on the song "Never Scared" by Bone Crusher in his album "AttenCHUN!". It peaked at #26 on the Hot 100, becoming Mike's second top 40 hit ("The Whole World" being the first). The song was also used on the "Madden NFL 2004" game soundtrack and by the Atlanta Braves for their 2003 season.


title: Killer Mike

text: What was to be his second album, "Ghetto Extraordinary", had its release date pushed back several times due to disputes between Big Boi and Sony Records. Originally recorded in 2005, the album was eventually self-released as a mixtape in 2008.


title: Killer Mike

text: Killer Mike's second official album, "I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind", was released on his own Grind Time Official label in 2006, followed by "I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind II" in 2008.


title: Killer Mike

text: According to an article published in the June 2007 issue of XXL, Killer Mike addressed why he left the Purple Ribbon roster. He stated that he felt as if Purple Ribbon was the equivalent to the "Clippers," while he wanted to join the "Lakers." T.I. later announced that he and Killer Mike had been in talks about bringing Mike to his Grand Hustle imprint on Atlantic, and Killer Mike confirmed that he had signed in December 2008. He released his fourth official album, "PL3DGE", on Grand Hustle in 2011. His fifth album, R.A.P. Music, followed in 2012.


title: Killer Mike

text: In 2013, Killer Mike announced that he was working to release two albums in 2014, "I Pledge Allegiance to the Grind IV" and "R.A.P. Music II", both of which were to feature production by EL-P. Although neither album was released as planned, 2013 and 2014 did see the release of two Run the Jewels albums, both collaborative efforts between Killer Mike and EL-P.


title: Killer Mike

text: Killer Mike also announced in 2013 that his next solo album would be titled "Elegant Elephant", a project he described as his "Moby Dick". He did not specify a timeline for its release.


title: Killer Mike

text: Killer Mike was introduced to rapper/producer El-P by Cartoon Network executive Jason DeMarco in 2011. The following year, El-P produced Mike's album "R.A.P. Music" and guested on the song "Butane (Champion's Anthem)". That same year, Killer Mike guested on El-P's album "Cancer 4 Cure". When "R.A.P. Music" and "Cancer 4 Cure" were released within weeks of each other, the two rappers decided to tour together. The success of the tour eventually led to the decision to record as a duo, which they named Run the Jewels.


title: Killer Mike

text: Run the Jewels released a free eponymous album on June 26, 2013. The next year, on October 28, 2014, Run the Jewels released their second free album, "Run the Jewels 2". On September 25, 2015, the duo released a re-recorded version of "Run the Jewels 2" made entirely with cat sounds, titled "Meow the Jewels". A third album, "Run the Jewels 3", was released on December 24, 2016. Their fourth album, "RTJ4," was released on June 3, 2020.


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike has been featured in the films "20 Funerals", "Idlewild" (2006), and "ATL" (2006). He has also performed as a voice actor, playing a rapper/actor-turned-U.S. President named Taqu'il in the Adult Swim cartoon "Frisky Dingo" from 2006 to 2008. Mike guest-voiced a Boost Mobile phone in an episode of the same name of Adult Swim's "Aqua Teen Hunger Force". He appeared twice on an Adult Swim surreal comedy series "The Eric Andre Show", once in 2012, where he acted as a hype man for a female opera singer, and again in 2014, where he performed a rap battle with Action Bronson while the two were forced to walk on treadmills. He also appeared as himself in Ozark (season 4 episode 8).


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike and his wife, Shana, opened a barbershop in Atlanta on November 1, 2011. The two acquired and reworked a barbershop and named it "Graffitis SWAG" (Shave, Wash, And Groom). He had waited nine years before choosing to open the barbershop, after having an early business manager advise him against the plan. It took his wife advising him to do it now while he had the time and money to pursue his lifelong dream. He eventually plans to open 150 shops across the United States over time, predominantly in cities with large black communities.


title: Killer Mike

text: The barbershop is decorated with artwork on the walls honoring historic black leaders, including Martin Luther King Jr. Mike said that he hopes to "lift up men in the community who are out of work and help move them toward sustainable, lifelong careers" and give his employees "opportunity for real economic elevation". As of 2012, the shop employed six barbers, with plans to add four to six more licensed barbers to the team. Mike also said that he hoped to pursue his own barber license in the winter of 2012.


title: Killer Mike

text: The enterprise has been successful and the shop has become a gathering place for the community, in addition to hosting events such as a season premiere for "The Boondocks" and serving as the setting for several music videos. A second location in Tampa, Florida was planned for 2014.


title: Killer Mike

text: In October 2020, Killer Mike, Bounce TV founder Ryan Glover, and former Atlanta mayor Andrew Young founded Greenwood, an online bank targeting "Black and Latinx communities and anyone else who wants to support Black-owned businesses." According to Glover "tens of thousands" of people were on its waitlist for accounts within a day, and on January 26 Greenwood reported 500,000 people were waiting for accounts. The bank was originally expected to open in January 2021, but delayed its opening first to July, and then to the end of 2021, due to "unanticipated high demand".


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike is an outspoken social activist focusing on subjects including social equality, police brutality, and systemic racism. His views are reflected in his music, as well as in interviews with the media. As a publicly viewed figure, Mike feels it is his responsibility to represent African-Americans: "I feel I have to be politically active and I have to be a credit to my race." He has been vocal on the subject of police misconduct, his father being a former police officer. His anti-brutality sentiment can be found on the song "Reagan" from his album "R.A.P. Music", and the song "Early" on "Run the Jewels 2".


title: Killer Mike

text: In an op-ed published in "Billboard" magazine, Killer Mike stated that "there is no reason that Mike Brown and also Eric Garner are dead today—except bad policing, excessive force, and the hunt-and-capture-prey mentality many thrill-seeking cops have adapted".


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike and El-P performed at The Ready Room in St. Louis, Missouri on November 24, 2014, the same night that the Grand Jury verdict was announced stating that Darren Wilson would not be charged with a crime in the shooting of Michael Brown. Mike opened the set, which began about two hours after the announcement was made, with a heartfelt speech. Fan-shot footage of the speech later went viral.


title: Killer Mike

text: Commenting on the 2015 Baltimore uprising related to the death of Freddie Gray, Killer Mike noted that he understood the frustrations leading to violent demonstrations, but encouraged protesters to use their energy to organize for lasting change. In a "Billboard" op-ed, Mike stated:


title: Killer Mike

text: He made similar points in an interview with the "Harvard Political Review": "Baltimore is an opportunity for us to do something different. As society, there's a real opportunity to organize there, and if we do not take full advantage of the opportunity to organize, then the riots truly meant nothing."


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike has given lectures about race relations in the United States at several American universities, including Northwestern University, New York University and the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.


title: Killer Mike

text: In June 2015, Mike briefly ran as a write-in candidate to become the representative for Georgia's 55th district in the Georgia House of Representatives. Despite encouraging voters to write in his real name, Michael Render, any votes he received would not have been considered valid due to his failure to previously register as an official candidate in the election. He said his purpose in running was to raise awareness of the special election, and to demonstrate that political outsiders can and should run against established politicians.


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike announced his support of Democratic U.S. presidential candidate Bernie Sanders in June 2015 after Sanders announced his intention to restore the Voting Rights Act of 1965. After introducing Sanders at a rally held in Atlanta November 23, 2015, Mike spent time recording an interview with the presidential candidate at Mike's barbershop. Mike released his interview with Sanders as a six-part video series the following month. In the following months, he remained an active and vocal supporter of Sanders, delivering speeches at rallies, voicing support in televised interviews and on social media, and traveling with the campaign. Sanders introduced Run the Jewels before their appearance at the 2016 Coachella music festival.


title: Killer Mike

text: In February 2016, Mike received criticism during his activism for Sanders for quoting American anti-racism and LGBT advocate Jane Elliott regarding Hillary Clinton, which was criticized as misogynistic and mistakenly attributed as being his original phrasing online and in the press. Following Sanders' exit from the race, Mike refused to support Clinton, citing her pro-war record.


title: Killer Mike

text: Mike has been an advocate for investment in black-owned banks; in July 2016, he called for people to transfer their money to black-owned Atlanta bank Citizens Trust, stating, "We don't have to burn our city down. But what we can do is go to your banks tomorrow. You can go to your bank tomorrow. And you can say, 'Until you as a corporation start to speak on our behalf, I want all my money. And I'm taking all my money to Citizens Trust."


title: Killer Mike

text: In June 2017, at Glastonbury festival, Mike endorsed Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn in the 2017 UK general election.


title: Killer Mike

text: On March 22, 2018, Mike appeared on NRATV with host Colion Noir defending black gun ownership. He says it had been filmed a week prior to the March for Our Lives yet released the weekend of the protest. He also stated that he told his children that if they participated in the National School Walkout that he would expect them to leave the family home. On March 26, 2018, he posted a video stating that the NRA used his interview out of context, saying he actually supports March for Our Lives while simultaneously advocating for black gun ownership. During this same video he gave his endorsement for gun ownership alternatives, listing the Socialist Rifle Association by name.


title: Killer Mike

text: On May 29, 2020, Mike spoke during a press conference with Atlanta mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms in response to the murder of George Floyd and the ensuing protests.


title: Killer Mike

text: In 2020, Mike supported both Raphael Warnock and Jon Ossoff in the 2020–2021 United States Senate special election in Georgia, both of whom won. He would again endorse Warnock in the 2022 United States Senate election in Georgia


title: Killer Mike

text: In 2020, Killer Mike was the recipient of the first ever Billboard Change Maker Award, created to recognize an artist or group that speaks truth to power through their music and celebrity.


title: 2022 local electoral calendar

text: This local electoral calendar for 2022 lists the subnational elections that were and are scheduled to be held in 2022. Referendums, recall and retention elections, and national by-elections (special elections) are also included. Specific dates are given where these are known.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: The WWE Women's Tag Team Championship is a professional wrestling women's tag team championship created and promoted by the American promotion WWE. It is the only women's tag team championship for WWE's main roster, thus is defended across both the Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The current champions are Damage CTRL (Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky), who are in their record-tying second reign as a team.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: The championship was established on the December 24, 2018, episode of "Monday Night Raw". Bayley and Sasha Banks, then going by the team name of The Boss 'n' Hug Connection, were the first champions who were part of the Raw brand during their inaugural reign. The championship was originally established to be available to Raw, SmackDown, and WWE's developmental territory NXT, but after a controversial finish to a title defense in March 2021, the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship was created, thus the WWE Women's Tag Team Championship became no longer available to NXT. The WWE Women's Tag Team Championship has been contested in the headlining match of one WWE pay-per-view event: .


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: The title is distinct from the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship that was contested from 1983 to 1989 and does not share its lineage.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: In 1989, the then-World Wrestling Federation (WWF) abandoned the WWF Women's Tag Team Championship due to the lack of women's tag teams in the division. This remained true up through the 2000s—in 2002, the WWF was renamed to World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). In the early 2010s, the women's division began growing, and in 2012, WWE.com ran an article supporting the resurrection of the Women's Tag Team Championship. In 2014, The Bella Twins (Brie Bella and Nikki Bella) discussed a desire to establish a Divas Tag Team Championship—from 1999 to 2016, female performers were referred to as Divas and their top championship from 2010 to 2016 was the WWE Divas Championship. The idea for a women's tag team championship was seemingly forgotten about until mid-2018; in an interview with Sky Sports, WWE's Chief Brand Officer Stephanie McMahon stated that in regards to the titles debuting, "Not quite yet, but that's absolutely something we've heard loud and clear from our fan base and it's something we're keen on implementing as soon as we are able to." Prior to WWE's first all-female pay-per-view Evolution in October, speculations—including comments from current female wrestlers—arose that the promotion would debut the titles at the event. Just prior to the event, Stephanie said that the titles would be coming "sooner than we think"; the titles, however, were not debuted at Evolution. Speculation died down after the event, however, on the December 3, 2018, episode of "Monday Night Raw", when questioned by a fan about what they wanted to bring to the women's division in 2019, Bayley and Sasha Banks stated that they wanted to become the inaugural WWE Women's Tag Team Champions.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: During the December 24, 2018, special Christmas episode of "Raw", WWE Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Vince McMahon officially announced that a new WWE Women's Tag Team Championship would be introduced in 2019. On the January 14, 2019, episode of "Raw", the championship belts were unveiled by Alexa Bliss on her segment, "A Moment of Bliss". After the unveiling, Bliss announced that the inaugural champions would be decided at Elimination Chamber on February 17, 2019, in a tag team Elimination Chamber match, featuring three teams from Raw and three teams from SmackDown, making the title available to both brands. On the February 18 episode of "Raw", it was revealed that the titles could also be defended on the NXT brand.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: To determine the three teams from Raw, qualification matches were held and began on the January 28 episode of "Raw". The teams of Nia Jax & Tamina and The Riott Squad (Liv Morgan and Sarah Logan) qualified by defeating the teams of Alexa Bliss & Mickie James and Natalya & Dana Brooke, respectively. The following week, The Boss 'n' Hug Connection (Bayley and Sasha Banks) defeated Alicia Fox & Nikki Cross to win Raw's final spot. No qualification matches were held to determine the three teams from SmackDown due to its smaller roster, and instead, each team declared their participation. The team of Mandy Rose & Sonya Deville announced theirs on the January 29 episode of "SmackDown Live", The IIconics (Billie Kay and Peyton Royce) confirmed their entry via Twitter, and Carmella & Naomi accepted the final spot on the February 5 episode. The Boss 'n' Hug Connection would go on and win the match, lastly eliminating Rose & Deville by way of Banks submitting Deville, to become the inaugural champions.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: The title headlined a pay-per-view event for the first time at . The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane) defended the championship against Becky Lynch & Charlotte Flair in the first women's tag team Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match, where The Kabuki Warriors retained.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: On the March 3, 2021, episode of "NXT", WWE Women's Tag Team Champions Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler defended the championship against NXT's Dakota Kai and Raquel González, who had earned the title opportunity for winning the inaugural Women's Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. The match ended in controversy, however, as the referee was taken out and WWE official Adam Pearce, who officiates on Raw and SmackDown, sent a second referee to the ring, who ruled that Kai submitted to Baszler, although Kai was not the legal woman. The following week, in response to the controversy, NXT General Manager William Regal established the NXT Women's Tag Team Championship for the brand as to not deal with Raw and SmackDown's politics any longer, and awarded the championship to Kai and González. The WWE Women's Tag Team Championship effectively became no longer available to NXT.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: During the May 16, 2022, episode of "Raw", reigning champions Sasha Banks and Naomi reportedly walked out after a meeting with Vince McMahon due to a creative dispute. WWE released an official statement, in which the company stated that Banks and Naomi "walked into WWE Head of Talent Relations John Laurinaitis' office with their suitcases in hand, placed their tag team championship belts on his desk and walked out". The two were originally booked for the show's main event, which had to be reworked. On the following episode of "SmackDown", it was announced that Banks and Naomi had been suspended indefinitely, therefore the titles were vacated. A tournament was also announced to be held to determine new champions. On the August 5 episode of "SmackDown", WWE official Adam Pearce announced that the tournament would begin on the August 8 episode of "Raw". Although the championship is no longer defended on NXT, one team from the brand competed in the tournament as part of the SmackDown bracket. The team of Aliyah and Raquel Rodriguez (formerly Raquel González) won the tournament to win the vacant championship.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: After Sasha Banks and Naomi had been suspended indefinitely and the titles had been vacated, SmackDown commentator Michael Cole announced that there would be a tournament to declare new champions. The tournament began on the August 8 episode of "Raw" and was held across episodes of "Raw" and "SmackDown" until its conclusion on the August 29 episode of "Raw".


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: The championship belts were unveiled by wrestler Alexa Bliss on the January 14, 2019, episode of "Raw". The belts feature three plates on a white leather strap, which is smaller than the men's titles. The three plates are outlined in gold while the inner portion is mostly silver. The WWE logo is affixed at the top of the circular center plate, which has four protruding edges. At the center, the word "Tag Team" is prominently written in gold. Above that is a gold banner that reads "Women's" while below is a gold banner that reads "Champions". Similar to how the men's Raw and SmackDown Tag Team Championships are Greek inspired, the center plate is encircled by a meander pattern. There is also margent ornamentation in the inner circle. In what has become a prominent feature with WWE's championship belts, the two side plates feature a removable center section that can be customized with the champion's logos; the default side plates feature the WWE logo on a globe. Generally, the reigning team will have one side plate on each belt dedicated to each champion, unless the team has a name (e.g., The Kabuki Warriors).


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: As of 28, 2022, there have been 17 reigns between 13 teams composed of 21 individual champions and one vacancy. The inaugural championship team was Bayley and Sasha Banks, who at the time went by the team name of The Boss 'n' Hug Connection. As a team, they are tied with the teams of Alexa Bliss and Nikki Cross, Nia Jax and Shayna Baszler, and Damage CTRL (Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky) for the most reigns at two, while individually, Cross/A.S.H. (prior to her third reign, her ring name changed to Nikki A.S.H.), Banks, Bliss, and Asuka share the record with three reigns. As a team, The Kabuki Warriors (Asuka and Kairi Sane) have the longest reign at 171 or 172 days (180 days as recognized by WWE due to tape delay), while the team of Bliss and Asuka have the shortest reign at 5 days (4 days as recognized by WWE). As a team, Jax and Baszler have the longest combined reign at 215 days, while individually, Asuka has the longest combined reign at 218 days (225 days as recognized by WWE due to tape delay). Tamina is the oldest champion, winning the title at 43 years old, while Rhea Ripley is the youngest, winning the title at 24.


title: WWE Women's Tag Team Championship

text: Damage CTRL (Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky) from Raw are the current champions in their record-tying second reign as a team, while it is also their second reign individually. They defeated Alexa Bliss and Asuka at Crown Jewel on November 5, 2022 in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia; this was the first time that a women's championship has changed hands in Saudi Arabia.


title: Jayne Marie Mansfield

text: Jayne Marie Mansfield (born November 8, 1950) is an American actress and model. She is the first child and eldest daughter of 1950s Hollywood sex symbol and "Playboy" Playmate Jayne Mansfield and Mansfield's ex-husband Paul. Mansfield is also the elder half-sister of actress Mariska Hargitay. In July 1976, Mansfield became the first daughter of a Playmate to be a featured model in "Playboy." To date, only one other daughter of a Playmate has been featured in the magazine. Additionally, Mansfield is the only model who was featured in "100 Beautiful Women" along with her mother in the magazine's 1988 special issue. She has acted in the film "Olly, Olly, Oxen Free" (1978) and TV production "Blond in Hollywood" (2003).


title: Jayne Marie Mansfield

text: Two weeks before her mother's death on June 29, 1967, Jayne Marie, then 16, claimed that she had been beaten by her mother's then-boyfriend, Sam Brody. Her statement to the Los Angeles Police Department the following morning implicated her mother in encouraging the abuse, and days later, a juvenile-court judge awarded temporary custody of Jayne Marie to a great-uncle, W.W. Pigue. Out of Jayne's five children, only Jayne Marie attended her mother's funeral on July 3, 1967, because the other children were all under the age of 10.


title: Jayne Marie Mansfield

text: In 1968, wrongful death lawsuits were filed on behalf of Jayne Marie and Matt Cimber, Jayne's husband from September 24, 1964, to July 11, 1965, and producer-director of her last film "Single Room Furnished", the former for $4.8 million and the latter for $2.7 million.


title: Jayne Marie Mansfield

text: In 1970, she married Barry Lang in Las Vegas, Nevada; the couple had one son but were later divorced. In March 1979, she declared her plan to write a biography of her mother.