title: Santiago de Compostela

text: The relics were said to have been later rediscovered in the 9th century by a hermit named Pelagius, who after observing strange lights in a local forest went for help after the local bishop, Theodemar of Iria, in the west of Galicia. The legend affirms that Theodemar was then guided to the spot by a star, drawing upon a familiar myth-element, hence "Compostela" was given an etymology as a corruption of Campus Stellae, "Field of Stars."


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: In the 15th century, the red banner which guided the Galician armies to battle, was still preserved in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela, in the centre Saint James riding a white horse and wearing a white cloak, sword in hand: The legend of the miraculous armed intervention of Saint James, disguised as a white knight to help the Christians when battling the Muslims, was a recurrent myth during the High Middle Ages.


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: The 1,000-year-old pilgrimage to the shrine of St. James in the Cathedral of Santiago de Compostela is known in English as the Way of St. James and in Spanish as the "Camino de Santiago". Over 200,000 pilgrims travel to the city each year from points all over Europe and other parts of the world. The pilgrimage has been the subject of many books, television programmes, and films, notably Brian Sewell's "The Naked Pilgrim" produced for the British television channel Channel 5 and the Martin Sheen/Emilio Estevez collaboration "The Way".


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: As the lowest-lying land on that stretch of coast, the city's site took on added significance. Legends supposed of Celtic origin made it the place where the souls of the dead gathered to follow the sun across the sea. Those unworthy of going to the Land of the Dead haunted Galicia as the "Santa Compaña" or "Estadea".


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: Santiago de Compostela is featured prominently in the 1988 historical fiction novel "Sharpe's Rifles", by Bernard Cornwell, which takes place during the French Invasion of Galicia, January 1809, during the Napoleonic Wars.


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: A pilgrimage to Santiago de Compostela provides the narrative framework of the Luis Buñuel film La Voie lactée (The Milky Way).


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: A mystic pilgrimage was portrayed in the autobiography and romance The Pilgrimage ("O Diário de um Mago") of Brazilian writer Paulo Coelho, published in 1987.


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: Santiago de Compostela Airport is the 2nd busiest airport in northern Spain after Bilbao Airport. The airport is located in the parish of Lavacolla, 12 km from the city center and handled 2,903,427 passengers in 2019.


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: Santiago de Compostela railway station is linked to the Spanish High Speed Railway Network. Madrid is reached in 3 hours.


title: Santiago de Compostela

text: On 24 July 2013 there was a serious rail accident near the city in which 79 people died and at least 130 were injured when a train derailed on a bend as it approached Compostela station.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood is a 2010 action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. It is the third major installment in the "Assassin's Creed" series, and the second chapter in the "Ezio Trilogy", as a direct sequel to 2009's "Assassin's Creed II". The game was first released on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in November and December 2010 and was later made available on Microsoft Windows in March and June 2011. A remastered version of "Brotherhood", along with "Assassins's Creed II" and its sequel, "", was released as part of "The Ezio Collection" compilation for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on November 15, 2016, and for the Nintendo Switch on February 17, 2022.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The plot is set in a fictional history of real-world events and follows the millennia-old struggle between the Assassins, who fight to preserve peace and free will, and the Templars, who desire peace through control. The framing story is set in the 21st century and features series protagonist Desmond Miles who, using a machine known as the Animus, relives the memories of his Assassin ancestor, Ezio Auditore da Firenze, to find a way to avert the 2012 apocalypse. The main story takes place during the Italian Wars, spanning the years 1500–1507, and continues from the events of "Assassin's Creed II", as Ezio takes the fight against the Templars (led by the powerful Borgia family) to Rome, where he attempts to rebuild the Assassin Brotherhood in Italy and liberate the city from the Borgias' control.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Brotherhood" features an open world and is played from the third-person perspective, with a primary focus on using Desmond's and Ezio's combat, climbing and stealth abilities to eliminate targets and explore the environment. As Ezio, players can freely explore Rome to advance the narrative, or complete a variety of side missions unrelated to the main storyline. The game introduces a multiplayer component to the series, in which players assume the role of Templars in training. A number of downloadable content (DLC) packs were released to support "Brotherhood", including "The Da Vinci Disappearance", a story expansion set during the events of the single-player campaign.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Upon release, the game received critical acclaim, with praise directed at its setting, new content, gameplay improvements over its predecessor and the new multiplayer mode. The narrative was also positively received, although it was generally seen as inferior to that of "Assassin's Creed II". The game won multiple awards including a BAFTA award for Best Action Game. It was also commercially successful, shipping 7.2 million units by May 2011. The final installment in the Ezio Trilogy, "", was released in November 2011.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" is an action-adventure, stealth game set in an open world environment and played from a third-person perspective. The game features both single-player and multiplayer modes, a first for the series. For most of the single-player campaign, which is estimated to provide 15+ hours of gameplay, the player controls returning protagonist Ezio Auditore da Firenze from "Assassin's Creed II"; at predetermined points in the narrative, the player takes control of Desmond Miles, who is reliving Ezio's memories through the Animus in the modern-day. For the first time in the series, Desmond can leave the Animus at almost any given time to explore Monteriggioni, where the Assassins have set up base, and find hidden secrets. Desmond can also access virtual training missions via the Animus, which test the player's skills in combat and free-running.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The series' combat system has been modified in "Brotherhood". Striking first and offensive actions are more deadly than in previous games where counter-attacks were the most efficient. Before, this made the player wait until their AI opponents struck, which slowed down the pace of fighting. The AI in this game is thus more aggressive and enemies can attack simultaneously. To dispatch them, Ezio can use melee and ranged weapons at the same time, including his hidden pistol, which could previously not be used in combat. After killing one enemy the player can start an execution streak to dispatch multiple enemies quickly. Ezio can also throw heavy weapons (axes, spears, and swords) at his enemies. The variety of enemies also saw an increase with the introduction of new archetypes such as horsemen, arquebusiers, and papal guards.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The game introduces the titular Brotherhood system, which allows the player, as Ezio, to recruit new Assassin initiates after destroying any of twelve "Borgia towers" around Rome where papal troops are stationed, and then rescuing disgruntled citizens from being harassed by city guards. The player can then send these Assassin recruits to assignments around Europe or call them for support during missions (if they are not already occupied). Tasking the novice Assassins makes them gain experience, and the player can customize their appearance, skills, and weapon training to some degree by spending the skill points they have earned. Assassins can die on missions, from which they will not return.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: In "Brotherhood", Ezio gets to master several new gadgets, including Leonardo da Vinci's parachute, which can be used when jumping from tall buildings, as well as poison darts, a faster acting poison, and a crossbow. A series of side missions given by Leonardo allow the player to briefly use his war machines, such as a cannon-equipped Great Kite and a prototype tank, which he was forced to design for the Templars; Ezio must destroy these machines and their designs before more can be created. Other side missions include assassinating Templar agents in Rome, completing challenges for the three ally factions in the game (Courtesans, Thieves, and Mercenaries), and exploring underground locations to find the keys to the treasure of the Followers of Romulus—a secret cult who worship Romulus, the legendary founder of Rome. After reaching certain levels of synchronization, the player can also relive several repressed memories of Ezio's past lover, Cristina Vespucci.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The primary setting of the game is Rome, which has fallen into ruin due to the corrupt rule of the Borgia papacy and the Templars, who have concentrated all the wealth in the Vatican. Similarly to Monteriggioni in "Assassin's Creed II", the player can invest in the city, witness its development, and unlock rewards. To renovate a particular area of Rome, the player must first liberate it from Templar influence by destroying the nearest Borgia tower. Doing so unlocks new missions and opportunities. Rome is larger than any of the cities seen in "Assassin's Creed II" (being roughly three times bigger than Florence) and is divided into five districts: Vatican ("Vaticano"), Central ("Centro"), Trans-Tiber ("Trastevere"), Country ("Campagna") and Antique ("Antico"). Unlike previous installments, travel between different cities or regions is no longer present, as most of the action take place around Rome. Instead, a series of tunnel networks throughout the city allows the player to travel to the different districts. However, certain main and side missions take the player to various locations outside of Rome, including the harbor of Naples; the Alban Hills ("Colli Albani"); and part of Navarre, Spain, among others.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Horses play a larger role in "Brotherhood", not only used as a means of transport (inside the city for the first time) but as a component of acrobatic sequences and advanced combat as well, allowing ranged weapons to be used while riding them. The game also features various types of horse-related assassinations, such as horse-to-horse assassinations. To facilitate traversal, "Brotherhood" introduces merchandise lifts, which can be used to quickly climb up high buildings or structures.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Like previous "Assassin's Creed" titles, characters based on historical figures are present in the game, including Leonardo da Vinci, Niccolò Machiavelli, Caterina Sforza, Rodrigo Borgia, and Cesare Borgia. Locations in the game include the Colosseum and the Pantheon in Rome; and the town of Viana in northern Spain.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" is the first game in the main series to feature a multiplayer mode. The players are Templars in training at an Abstergo facility. They use the animi (plural for animus) seen at the beginning of "Assassin's Creed II" to access memories of old Templars and acquire their skills using the "bleeding effect". There are eight game modes (Wanted, Alliance, Manhunt, Chest Capture, Advanced Wanted, Advanced Alliance, Escort, and Assassinate) and different maps, including the areas from the second and the third game like Florence, as well as new maps like Rome, Castel Gandolfo, Siena, and Mont Saint-Michel. The gameplay in multiplayer mode is similar to the core gameplay of the series, as players are required to use their assassination and stealth skills. The players must hunt down targets while being hunted themselves. Players earn points by performing assassinations, defending against pursuers, attaining bonuses or completing mode-specific objectives. It also contains a variety of characters, most of which must be unlocked.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The multiplayer mode also includes a leveling system, which allows players to unlock rewards by earning experience points during the matches and gaining new levels. Players can then unlock abilities, perks, and streaks. Abilities are active skills, which can be used again only after a cooldown time. Perks are passive skills, which can be equipped before the match and they are active all the time. Streaks are bonuses awarded for reaching a certain number of successful or failed contracts. The multiplayer beta, exclusive to PlayStation 3 users, was announced at E3 2010. It began on October 4, 2010, with early access for PlayStation Plus subscribers from September 27, and ended on October 18, 2010. Three maps were playable in the beta: Rome, Castel Gandolfo, and Siena.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Ubisoft announced that the multiplayer servers for "Brotherhood", alongside several other of their older titles, would be shut down on September 1, 2022. The date was later delayed to October 1, 2022. This renders all multiplayer-related achievements and trophies on the original console versions as unobtainable.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: In "Wanted", at least six players are on a map where they must find and assassinate each other. Each player is given another player as a target. The goal is to find and kill a target without being seen or killed by the player's assigned pursuer or pursuers. Players are indistinguishable from some of the NPC's throughout the maps. If the player kills an NPC by mistake or otherwise breaks cover, they are more easily spotted by pursuer or target alike, sometimes resulting in a chase. The player with the highest score at the end of the session wins. Players will lose their contract if they kill an NPC, are stunned by their target or their target is killed by another player. A player cannot kill another player who is not the target, but they can stun their hunter. "Advanced Wanted" mode is a variant of "Wanted" mode, with differences including an increased amount of NPCs on the map to make it difficult to pick out targets and a less accurate compass. There is generally more stealth involved in this mode than in basic "Wanted".


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: In "Alliance", there are three teams, each limited to two players, both of which use the same persona. The point of this mode is to get more points than the other teams, but each team is chased by another and is only allowed to kill one specific team (not the team chasing them, but they will be able to stun the team hunting them). This mode encourages players to work together, as teammates can help each other or they can assassinate their targets simultaneously. The "Advanced Alliance" mode is a variant of "Alliance" mode, however, the players' compasses, as well as target engagement, becomes more difficult, similar to the "Advanced Wanted" mode.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Players are able to choose one of the 21 available characters, including: Courtesan, Barber, Priest, Noble, Prowler, Executioner, Doctor, Blacksmith, Captain, Smuggler, Engineer, Footpad, Thief, Hellequin (a female Harlequin, which is available through uPlay) and Mercenary. Two special characters were only available in the selected pre-order editions of the game: the Harlequin and the Officer. However, these two pre-order special characters are also included in "The Da Vinci Disappearance" downloadable content as are the formerly pre-order only Trajan Market and Aqueducts special locations. The pack contains 4 new characters, Dama Rossa, Knight, Marquis, and Pariah. Each character has unique assassination moves and a signature weapon. Characters can be customized as the player levels up. These customization options include changing the color of the outfit and equipping different gear.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Following the events of the previous game, Desmond Miles (Nolan North), Lucy Stillman (Kristen Bell), Rebecca Crane (Eliza Schneider), and Shaun Hastings (Danny Wallace) escape from the Templars who attacked their hideout and establish a new base in the ruins of the Villa Auditore in Monteriggioni. After restoring the electricity in the tunnels under the villa, Desmond uses the Animus 2.0 to continue reliving the genetic memories of his ancestor Ezio Auditore (Roger Craig Smith). His mission is to find the Apple of Eden, which could prevent an impending disaster coming that same year, believed to be perpetrated by the Templars.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Ezio's story continues in December 1499, as he exits the Vault and escapes Rome with his uncle, Mario (Fred Tatasciore). Returning to Monteriggioni, Ezio explains to his fellow Assassins what he saw inside the Vault and is comforted by the prospect that his personal vendetta is over; however, Niccolò Machiavelli (Shawn Baichoo) challenges Ezio's decision to leave Rodrigo Borgia (Manuel Tadros) alive. The following day, Monteriggioni is besieged by the Papal Army, commanded by Cesare Borgia (Andreas Apergis), Rodrigo's son. Cesare kills Mario and claims the Apple for the Templars. An injured Ezio escapes and travels to Rome, the center of Templar power in Italy, seeking vengeance against the Borgias. There, he discovers that the Assassin Order had lost much of its manpower and strength. Determined to rebuild the Guild, Ezio convinces Machiavelli that he can lead it, recruiting people for the Brotherhood and restoring it to its former strength.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Over the next three years, Ezio cripples the Borgias' hold in the capital, sabotaging Cesare's resources and assassinating key people close to him, while slowly restoring Rome to its former glory. After returning the Assassins to full strength, Ezio is given the rank of "Il Mentore" (Italian for "The Mentor") and made the de facto leader of the Assassins in Italy. During this time, Ezio's sister Claudia (Angela Galuppo) is also made an Assassin.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: After learning of Ezio's actions, Cesare confronts his father to ask for more money and the Apple. Rodrigo refuses, cautious of provoking the Assassins, and attempts to poison his son, fearing Cesare's lust for power. Cesare, having taken an antidote beforehand, survives and murders Rodrigo. After learning of the Apple's location, Ezio retrieves it from within St. Peter's Basilica, before using it to overwhelm Cesare's forces and withdraw the backing of his supporters. Cesare is arrested by Pope Julius II's Papal Army after Ezio and the Assassins confront him and kill his remaining followers.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: A few years later, Ezio uses the Apple once more to check on Cesare, discovering he has broken out of prison. After hiding the Apple in a First Civilization Temple built underneath the Roman Colosseum, Ezio leaves Italy in pursuit of Cesare. In 1507, Cesare, with the support of his new patron, John III of Navarre, lays siege to the city of Viana in Spain. Ezio encounters Cesare on the battlements of a crumbling castle and fights him. Cesare claims that he cannot be killed by the hand of a mortal man, thus inciting Ezio to "leave [him] in the hands of fate" by dropping him off the battlements to his death.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Using the coordinates from Ezio's memories, Desmond, Lucy, Shaun, and Rebecca travel to the Temple where Ezio hid the Apple, intending to use it to locate other Temples and keep the Pieces of Eden they contain out of the Templars' reach. As Desmond enters the Temple, he is confronted with holographic apparitions of a woman called Juno (Nadia Verrucci), similar to Minerva. She comments on humanity's lack of knowledge, calling it "innocent and ignorant", before suddenly becoming angry and yelling, "We should have left you as you were!" As Desmond approaches the Apple and touches it, time freezes around him. Juno states that Desmond is descended from her race, and is their enemy; she also says there is a woman who would accompany him through "the gate," but must not be allowed to. She takes control of Desmond's body and forces him to stab Lucy. Both fall to the ground, with Lucy dead and Desmond entering a coma. As the credits roll, two men are heard discussing .


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: In 1506, during his pursuit of Cesare Borgia, Ezio visits his friend, Leonardo da Vinci (Carlos Ferro), at his workshop in Rome to ask for his help in securing a ship to take him to Spain. Leonardo offers to take Ezio to meet a friendly ship captain, but before that, he asks that Ezio go find his apprentice, Salaì (David Kaye). When the two return to the workshop after a run-in with Hermeticists, members of the Cult of Hermes, they find it abandoned, and deduce that Leonardo was kidnapped by the Hermeticists, who forced him to take them to an underground temple he had found. Salaì finds writing on the floor that implies they should seek out five of Leonardo's paintings once owned by Ezio at Monteriggioni but now missing.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: After recovering all the paintings, Ezio finds small diagrams hidden on each of them which, when combined, reveal the location of the temple. Ezio heads there and kills the Hermeticists holding Leonardo hostage. The pair then investigate the temple and discover another vault built by the First Civilization, which contains only a pedestal. When Ezio places his hand on the pedestal, it reveals the numbers 43 39 19 N and 75 27 42 W. While Leonardo dismisses the numbers as meaningless, Ezio comments that these numbers are not intended for them as he and Leonardo exit the Temple. In the present-day, two men are heard commenting that Desmond has fallen into a coma, before one of them says "we have a location for the temple" and "what are you waiting for, let's go."


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" was developed by Ubisoft Montreal. Montreal also worked on both of the other main "Assassin's Creed" games in the series and was thus chosen to lead production for the third installment. A new "Assassin's Creed" episode featuring multiplayer was announced during Ubisoft's 2009 fiscal third-quarter results while not revealing its name. In early May 2010, a GameStop employee published on the internet some images of a pre-order box featuring the "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" title while Ubisoft was teasing the game on Facebook and Twitter. Ubisoft then confirmed the authenticity of these pictures. "Brotherhood" has not been numbered unlike "Assassin's Creed II" because players, and even developers themselves would have expected a new setting and a new ancestor while this is only the continuation of Ezio's story.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Although game was developed primarily by Ubisoft Montreal in Canada, production was aided in part by four other Ubisoft developers: Annecy, Singapore, Bucharest and Québec City. The multiplayer mode was mainly developed by Ubisoft Annecy, the studio responsible for creating multiplayer mode in "". Ubisoft also announced plans for downloadable content (DLC) after the game's launch. Two sets of free DLC have already been released under the names "Animus Project Update 1.0" and "Animus Project Update 2.0". The first includes the new map "Mont Saint-Michel" and one new mode, "Advanced Alliance". The "Animus Project Update 2.0" was released in January 2011, was also free, and included another map, mode and the introduction of a player grading system. From the perspective of performance, Ubisoft have commented that they hope the gaps between the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions will be even smaller with Brotherhood.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: While still in development, creative director Patrice Désilets left before the game's presentation at the E3 2010. Ubisoft and production manager Jean-Francois Boivin stated that he only took a "creative break" after completing his task on "Brotherhood". A teaser trailer of the multiplayer mode was released on the official site before the E3. A cinematic debut trailer was diffused during Ubisoft's E3 2010 press conference along a walkthrough of the game's beginning. "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" reached gold status on October 28, 2010. The Microsoft Windows version has Nvidia 3D Vision and multi screen support through AMD Eyefinity. It also uses Tagès copy protection, as well as Ubisoft online services platform, but doesn't require an always-on Internet connection to play. On November 30, 2010, a of the game was published. The novel is a sequel to the .


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The music in the game was composed by Jesper Kyd, who created the scores to previous "Assassin's Creed" games. The soundtrack was released digitally on November 16, 2010. A physical CD-DA release of the soundtrack accompanied selected retail editions. However, the track-listing is altered from the digital release — the CD has 22 tracks, including 3 exclusive pieces, but is missing "Apple Chamber" present in the digital release.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: There are different special retail editions of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood". Different editions are available in different regions. There is also a certain number of pre-order bonuses, which may vary, depending on the retailer. Some retailers also offered the access to the multiplayer beta on the PlayStation 3 system as a pre-order bonus. All versions of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" for the PlayStation 3 feature exclusive free additional downloadable content called the Copernicus Conspiracy which became available on the PlayStation Store on November 16, 2010. Players have access to several new missions featuring the famous Renaissance astronomer Copernicus. Extra content includes courier, assassination and protection missions — Ezio will be tasked with foiling the conspiracy against Copernicus and defending his philosophy. The PC version of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" was released by Akella in Russia in exclusive Collector's Edition featuring 6 metal figurines of multiplayer characters.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Ubisoft's Uplay system enables further in-game enhancements which can be redeemed by points that are given when playing the game. The available awards are a "Brotherhood" theme or wallpaper for PC and PlayStation 3, Florentine Noble Attire, Armor of Altaïr, Altaïr's Robes, Gun Capacity Upgrade and Hellequin character.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Copernicus Conspiracy" is a free downloadable content pack for "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood", initially released exclusively for the PlayStation 3 on the game's release, later receiving official support on the PC via a patch on May 23, 2017 on both Steam and Uplay and later being automatically available in the Ezio Trilogy Collection on the PS4 and Xbox One. It focuses on the famed astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, who gets into trouble with the Vatican, who do not want Copernicus educating the public about astronomy. The pack consists of eight optional missions, ranging from courier, assassination and protection objectives.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The "Animus Project Update 1.0" included a new game mode and a new map. The game mode, "Advanced Alliance", is a version of the "Alliance" mode, with target identification and engagement more difficult than in the original, thus providing a more challenging experience for players. With three teams of two players each, "Advanced Alliance" is a tougher test for players and rewards teams that work together. The new map, Mont Saint-Michel, is located on a rocky tidal island of Normandy in France. Its particular topography of narrow streets, high-perched bell-tower, and multi-leveled architecture are perfect for hunters and predators alike to surge from out of nowhere to execute their prey. To survive, recruits need to use free-running and narrow roads to their advantage.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The "Animus Project Update 2.0" included a new game mode and map. The Pienza Map provides a free-running playground with wide-open plaza areas, where predators and targets can quickly blend and disappear, surrounded by narrow alleys and multi-story buildings for extra verticality. In the new "Chest Capture" multiplayer mode, two teams composed of three players compete as Hunters and Protectors; partnered with fellow Templars, Hunters will attempt to steal the contents of the chests scattered around the map as protectors attempt to prevent this. Also included in the update is a Templar Score feature to reward diligent work by Abstergo recruits. "Advanced Alliance" is also packaged with the new DLC, while the Mont Saint-Michel map is not. Only one DLC can be activated at a time, so players will either be missing the new map from the 1.0 update or the new mode, new map and Templar Scoring from the 2.0 update.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "The Da Vinci Disappearance", originally available via the PlayStation Network and Xbox Live, features new content for both single player and multiplayer modes. For the single player game, this expansion adds eight new missions, two of which take place at new locations, and ten trophies/achievements. The DLC's storyline, which is set before the final memory sequence of the base game, follows Ezio as he investigates the disappearance of his friend Leonardo da Vinci in the year 1506. The multiplayer content includes two new game modes, a new map and four new characters.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The PC version of the game includes the DLC for free (it must be activated through Uplay) along with both Animus Project Updates. In March, the "Da Vinci Edition" of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood", which includes the base game as well as "The Da Vinci Disappearance", was released for consoles. This DLC doubles as the technical "Animus Project Update 3.0", with the addition of the preorder multiplayer characters, the Harlequin and Officer, as well as the preorder-only special Drachen Armor for Ezio.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" received critical acclaim upon release. Aggregating review websites GameRankings and Metacritic gave the Xbox 360 version 90.55% and 89/100, the PlayStation 3 version 89.92% and 90/100 and the PC version 87.64% and 88/100. It won best Action Adventure game in the Spike TV Video Game Awards 2010 The game has also been nominated for 7 British Academy Video Games Awards in 2011, including Best Game. It won an award in the Action category, losing to Mass Effect 2 in the category for Best Game.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The multiplayer was heralded by many at E3 2010, where it was showcased for the first time. GameTrailers lauded it as the "Best Multiplayer Game" of the show. The multiplayer portion of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" was generally well received by critics. "Game Informer" gave the "Brotherhood" a 9.25/10, commenting that the ability to raise a group of followers was a significant enhancement to the previous title's gameplay, and praising the new multiplayer mode as something never before seen. The magazine's review also gave very high marks to the graphics, sound effects and voice acting.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Eurogamer praised everything about "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood", giving it a 10/10, and particularly noted the maturity of the story: "One mission sees Ezio disrupting an assassination attempt in the ruins of the Roman Colosseum during a play about the death of Jesus Christ. It demands a developer of poise and compassion to wield such thorny concepts deftly, and it's a measure of Ubisoft Montreal's maturity that it is more than equal to the challenge...Brotherhood builds an intriguing mystery around compelling characters, surrounds them with collectibles and secrets, and encourages play – and nothing feels out of place." In April 2020, "Game Informer" ranked the game as the best game in the "Assassin's Creed" series to date.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: "The Da Vinci Disappearance" add-on was also met with favorable reviews, and holds a Metacritic score of 75/100.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: Reviews for the delayed PC version questioned the reason behind the delayed release date as the game was virtually unchanged from the console version albeit with better graphical enhancements and minor bonus content. However, most praised Ubisoft's move to remove the DRM that marred the PC version of "Assassin's Creed II" as well as include all DLC free of charge.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: The game passed the one million sales mark in less than a week after its release. "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" has become Ubisoft's fastest-selling European title ever. It also had the best Ubisoft's launch in Europe and is the best-selling launch title ever as of November 2010. As of May 2011, Ubisoft announced the game had shipped 7.2 million units, and franchise shipments stood at 29 million units.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: On May 5, 2011, "" was revealed to be the next main installment in the "Assassin's Creed" franchise. Set in Constantinople, at the peak of the Ottoman Empire, it is the final major game in the series to feature Ezio as the main protagonist, and follows him on a quest to uncover the secrets of the Assassins and unlock a library built by Altaïr Ibn-LaʼAhad, the protagonist of the first "Assassin's Creed" game. Altaïr is also playable in "Revelations" as a secondary protagonist, featured in a series of flashback missions. The multiplayer mode introduced in "Brotherhood" also returns, and has been expanded with "more modes, more maps, and more characters". The game was released on November 15, 2011.


title: Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood

text: On September 17, 2018, Triton Noir announced a board game called "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood of Venice". It takes place in 1509 (two years after the events of "Assassin's Creed: Brotherhood" and before "Revelations") and features characters from the games such as Ezio, Leonardo da Vinci, and Lucrezia Borgia, as well as new characters like Alessandra. It was developed by Thibaud de la Touanne, and is estimated to provide over 20 hours of playtime. Originally scheduled for a November 2018 release, the game was later delayed and eventually released in May 2021 in Asia, and in June 2021 in Europe and the United States.


title: 2005 NBA draft

text: The 2005 NBA draft took place on June 28, 2005, in the Theatre at Madison Square Garden in New York City. In this draft, NBA teams took turns selecting amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players, such as players from high schools and non-North American leagues. The NBA announced that 49 college and high school players and 11 international players had filed as early-entry candidates for the draft.


title: 2005 NBA draft

text: This was the last NBA draft for which high school players were eligible. The new collective bargaining agreement between the league and its players union established a new age limit for draft eligibility. Starting with the 2006 NBA draft, players of any nationality who complete athletic eligibility at a U.S. high school cannot declare themselves eligible for the draft unless they turn 19 no later than December 31 of the year of the draft and are at least one year removed from the graduation of their high school classes. International players, defined in the NBA's collective bargaining agreement as non-US nationals who did not complete athletic eligibility at a U.S. high school, must turn 19 (or older) in the calendar year of the draft, up from 18.


title: 2005 NBA draft

text: This draft is notable for a most recent draft pick from an NAIA (and non-NCAA) school in any round; that pick is Robert Whaley, the 51st player drafted from Walsh University, which is now in NCAA Division II. As of 2022, Chris Paul is the only remaining active player from this draft class.


title: 2005 NBA draft

text: These players who declared or were automatically eligible for the 2005 draft, were not selected but have played in the NBA.


title: 2005 NBA draft

text: Prior to the draft, the following trades were made and resulted in exchanges of draft picks between the teams.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Lost Judgment is an action-adventure video game developed by Ryu Ga Gotoku Studio and published by Sega. It was released for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Xbox Series X/S on September 24, 2021, for Amazon Luna on March 31, 2022, and for Windows on September 14, 2022. A sequel to the 2018 game "Judgment" (a spin-off of the "Yakuza" series), the game focuses on private detective Takayuki Yagami as he investigates a criminal accused of both sexual harassment and murder. Yagami manages to see the connection between the suspect Akihiro Ehara and his links with a series of murders committed against bullies in Kamurochō and Isezaki Ijincho. The game builds on the action sequences from the first game while revising its stealth elements. Yagami uses two returning fighting styles plus the new aikido-based Snake.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "Lost Judgment" is the directorial debut of Kazuki Hosokawa, who aimed to make it superior to its predecessor–on which he worked as producer–while attempting to also create an appealing narrative. Major Japanese voice actors include the returning Takuya Kimura (Yagami) and the newcomers Hiroshi Tamaki (Soma) and Koji Yamamoto (Kuwana) whose characters rival Yagami as the writers wanted their stories to explore the subject of bullying and whether or not Yagami has the power to stop it.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Like its predecessor, the game received positive reviews from critics. The plot was generally praised for handling multiple controversial subjects in a serious manner though the pacing and style was the subject of mixed responses. Nevertheless, Yagami and the cast were well received. The gameplay was also praised, particularly the new improved fighting styles, but the stealth and parkour moves were often noted to be poorly developed. Downloadable content in the form of new sidequests and a story expansion focused on Yagami's partner Masaharu Kaito was also released.


title: Lost Judgment

text: In "Lost Judgment", the player controls Takayuki Yagami as he explores the Japanese cities of Kamurochō and Isezaki Ijincho (recreations of the real-life Kabukichō and Isezakichō districts, respectively). Yagami can switch between three fighting styles in battle. In addition to the crowd-control Crane style and the one-on-one Tiger style from "Judgment", Yagami uses the newly added Snake style for counterattacking and disarming enemies.


title: Lost Judgment

text: As in the previous game, "Lost Judgment" also features stealth segments, platforming segments, and "tailing" missions where Yagami chases suspects around the city. The trailing sections of the game have been changed in order to give the players more activity in the segment. New to "Lost Judgment" is the "Detective Dog", a Shiba Inu named Ranpo whom Yagami can take on walks to find hidden items or track suspects via their scent. The game also features a "School Stories" system, where Seiryo High School's Mystery Research Club president Kyoko Amasawa requests Yagami investigate and assist other clubs and students in order to solve a greater mystery. Yagami can fulfill these requests by taking on side missions and playing various minigames. Some of these side missions include coaching the school's dance team through a rhythm minigame; building and controlling a robot in competitions for the robotics club; defeating a biker gang in a series of motorcycle races; and helping a troubled teenager overcome his violent tendencies through boxing training.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Similar to previous games, the player has access to emulations of classic Sega games. The in-game Club Sega arcades feature multiple playable arcade cabinets, including "Space Harrier", "Fantasy Zone", "Super Hang-On", "Fighting Vipers", "Sonic the Fighters", "Motor Raid", and "Virtua Fighter 5: Final Showdown". Yagami can also play several Master System games in his office, including "Alex Kidd in Miracle World"; "Fantasy Zone"; ""; "Quartet"; "Enduro Racer"; "Penguin Land"; "Maze Hunter 3-D"; "Woody Pop"; and "Snail Maze".


title: Lost Judgment

text: Yagami's partner, Masaharu Kaito, also appears as a playable character via downloadable content. Kaito uses two different fighting styles: Bruiser, which focuses on offense and utilizes quick evasion; and Tank, which focuses on defense and environmental weapon usage. Sega has stated that Kaito's story campaign lasts roughly 10 hours.


title: Lost Judgment

text: The game is set in December 2021, three years after the events of "Judgment". Three days after police officer Akihiro Ehara is accused of sexual harassment, a dead body is found in Yokohama's Isezaki Ijincho district, and his defense lawyer Saori Shirosaki calls on private detective Takayuki Yagami to help investigate Ehara's involvement. The main theme of the story involves whether or not Yagami will "defend the law or enact justice" the more he is involved in the case. Yagami's investigations take place across Kamurochō and Ijincho. The staff aimed to balance the game's dramatic and comic stories.


title: Lost Judgment

text: New characters include Kazuki Soma (Hiroshi Tamaki/Matthew Yang King), the head of the "RK" (Red Knife) Hangure syndicate that has attempted to seize power in Kamurochō in the wake of the Tojo Clan and Omi Alliance disbanding, as depicted in ""; Akihiro Ehara (Ken Mitsuishi/Artt Butler), a Tokyo Metropolitan Police Department Officer accused of criminal activity; and Jin Kuwana (Koji Yamamoto/Todd Haberkorn), a mysterious handyman with ties to the incident.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Private detective Takayuki Yagami and his partner Masaharu Kaito are invited by their friends Fumiya Sugiura and Makoto Tsukumo to assist their fledgling detective business in Ijincho to solve a bullying case. Seiryo High School chairman Yuzo Okuda explains he wants the detectives to covertly investigate the school to determine if any bullying has been taking place among the students; the school was previously involved in a bullying scandal in 2017 when a student, Toshiro Ehara, committed suicide. Yagami covertly discourages a group of bullies from targeting student Mami Koda by convincing the rest of her class to stand up to them. Yagami receives a call from his friend Saori Shirosaki at the Genda Law Office. Shirosaki explains that one of her clients, Akihiro Ehara, Toshiro's father, was arrested and convicted for sexual battery, but during his court testimony he revealed he knew about the death of Hiro Mikoshiba, a student teacher that went missing two months prior who he holds responsible for Toshiro's suicide. However, the discovery of Mikoshiba's body and identification of his corpse only occurred after Ehara's statement, leading Shirosaki to believe Ehara was involved in Mikoshiba's death and deliberately got himself caught for sexual battery to provide himself an alibi for his murder.


title: Lost Judgment

text: As Yagami investigates, he discovers that Ehara's case is connected to an attempted suicide in 2008 which led to the victim, Mitsuru Kusumoto, being trapped in a coma. Yagami learns from Seiryo teacher Yoko Sawa that Mikoshiba was in fact bullying Toshiro, but she was coerced by the school to stay silent. It is later revealed that Sawa's former homeroom teacher, now known by the alias Jin Kuwana, obtained a secret recording of his students bullying Mitsuru. Feeling guilty over enabling Mitsuru's bullying, Kuwana used the tape as leverage to blackmail his students into assisting him on his crusade to rid Japan of bullies by murdering those responsible for causing suicides. Yagami gains enough evidence to force Ehara's admission to his entire scheme, as he not only wanted to get revenge for Toshiro, but also to expose the flaws in Japan's legal system. However, despite these successes, Yagami is unable to save Sawa from being murdered by the RK, a Hangure gang led by Kazuki Soma, who are hunting Kuwana.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Yagami discovers that the police have pinned Sawa's death on Kuwana, and RK have invaded Ijincho in full force to find Kuwana. Further investigation leads to Yagami discovering that the National Police Agency's Public Security Division, led by Hidemi Bando, has secretly hired RK to capture Kuwana, as they have learned that Mitsuru's mother, Vice Health Minister Reiko Kusumoto, murdered one of Mitsuru's bullies, Shinya Kawai, with Kuwana's assistance. With evidence of Kusumoto's crime, Public Security can blackmail her into giving them access to Japan's national pension fund of ￥160 trillion which they hope to use to jumpstart Japan's stagnant economy despite it being effectively a gamble. To avoid being used as a puppet by Public Security, Kusumoto considers turning herself in to the police, but Mitsuru finally awakens from his coma, giving Public Security the necessary leverage to force her to betray Kuwana.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Intending to force a confrontation, Kuwana calls Yagami, Kusumoto, and Bando, offering to give up the location of Kawai's body. Yagami and his friends follow Soma and RK to an abandoned warehouse in Ijincho, where they battle for possession of Kawai's body. Working together with Kuwana, Yagami and his friends defeat Soma and his men. Kuwana decides to destroy Kawai's corpse to erase any possible link to Kusumoto, as he just wants her and Mitsuru to be happy. Yagami challenges Kuwana, stating if Kusumoto doesn't reveal the truth, then Sawa's death would never see justice. Both men battle with Yagami being the victor, but Yagami lets Kuwana escape. Kusumoto turns herself in to the authorities, Soma is taken into custody, Bando is formally charged for sanctioning Soma's illegal activities, and Koda's bullies reform their behavior and reconcile with her.


title: Lost Judgment

text: A month after the incident with Ehara, while Yagami is out of town on a job, Kaito is contacted by tech CEO Kyoya Sadamoto. Sadamoto asks Kaito to find his wife Mikiko, who allegedly committed suicide two years prior but was recently spotted in Kamurochō. As Mikiko was his ex-girlfriend, Kaito feels emotionally compromised and declines the case. Later, Kaito encounters Sadamoto's son Jun, who believes the circumstances around Mikiko's death were falsified and that she is alive. When Jun claims that Kaito is his biological father, he finally agrees to take the case. While searching, Jun is kidnapped by the corrupt Bato Detective Agency, but is ultimately rescued by Kaito.


title: Lost Judgment

text: During their investigation, Kaito and Jun learn that a man was asking around Kamurochō about Mikiko a few months after her death. Traveling to his home in Chiba, they meet Yasutaka Shirakaba, a doctor who admits to faking Mikiko's death to protect her from a gang that was looking for her. Shirakaba explains that he found Mikiko suffering from dissociative amnesia after falling from a waterfall, and has been caring for her in secret for the last two years. However, Mikiko recently disappeared after her memories finally resurfaced. The three are then confronted by Crimson Lotus, a gang from Shinjuku led by Shusuke Kenmochi whom Shirakaba identifies as the ones who were looking for Mikiko. The gang demands they hand Mikiko over, claiming she is responsible for killing several of their members, but Kaito and the others manage to escape.


title: Lost Judgment

text: In Kamurochō, Kaito finds Mikiko confronting another Crimson Lotus member, learning that Crimson Lotus killed her family and had attempted to murder her and frame it as a suicide, but is unable to catch her. He tails Kenmochi, expecting Mikiko to do the same, but this proves to be a trap for both of them by Crimson Lotus. Kaito rescues Mikiko, who reveals that she has not yet killed anyone, as someone has consistently reached and murdered each of her intended victims first. She also reveals that she hired the Bato Detective Agency to help her, including protecting Jun, who she confirms is not Kaito's son. Mikiko then escapes, intending to finish off Crimson Lotus, and Kaito and the Bato detectives pursue her to Ijincho, where the remaining Crimson Lotus members are having a reunion.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Kaito reaches the roof of the party and finds Mikiko confronting Sadamoto, the mastermind behind everything. Sadamoto reveals that he married Mikiko and killed her family to gain their fortune, that he ordered Mikiko's death two years ago when she found out the truth, and that he was the leader of the group that became Crimson Lotus. He has been killing the other members to cover up his ties to the organization, including poisoning everyone at the reunion, and intends to frame Mikiko for their deaths. Sadamoto tries to hold Jun hostage, but Jun escapes after being inspired by Kaito, who subdues Sadamoto. Mikiko attempts to kill Sadamoto, but Kaito stops her, reminding her that Jun still needs her. Kenmochi, still guilt-ridden over killing Mikiko's family, kills Sadamoto before succumbing to the poison. In the aftermath, Shirakaba demands Kaito duel him for Mikiko's affection; Kaito wins, and he and Mikiko decide to rekindle their relationship.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "Lost Judgment" is the directional debut of Kazuki Hosokawa who aims to make it superior to its predecessor from which he worked as producer while attempting to also create an appealing narrative. He claims "About a year ago when we were in the initial phase of development there was no lockdown in Japan, and the situation wasn’t as severe, but once we entered the final stages of production, things were getting serious and it became harder to communicate. There was a loss of speed and we wished we were able to discuss things faster. If we were in person, we would have been able to do that, so it was definitely a cause for stress." As a result, Hosokawa claims that he wanted the staff to be comfortable in the making of it. They aim to properly balance the different types of gameplay: fight, puzzles trailing, and disguises. One thing that did change is with how he talks with the development staff: Many still see Ito as a programmer due to his previous role, and so he has to actively ask them to also ask him about planning and design elements and not just programming issues. Hosokawa says that one thing he found interesting is how directors who come from a specific team tend to not hold back against their former team. Hosokawa is a designer, and when he became a director he went tough on the design team. Likewise, Ito gave no quarter to the programming team upon becoming director. Hosokawa aimed both "Judgment" to be seen as unique when compared. The programmers in charge redid several elements them. As a result, the characters feel more realistic, with the tailing targets now breaking out into jogs, turning back when they hear sounds, and he hopes that players notice this.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Ito also says that by becoming the director, he found out that each section of the team kept trying to reduce work for the other sections. Ito says that they spent a lot of time and effort on the tailing sequences at the start of the first chapter. The tailing sequences in the previous game were divisive, and they received a lot of feedback from players outside of Japan who said they wanted to hurry up and get to the fights. As such, they put effort into showing how tense and fun the tailing is, test playing it several times. They spent an entire year working on it.


title: Lost Judgment

text: The game was designed in this way to allow players to immerse themselves in the drama while ensuring a certain degree of freedom. They have balanced the game in a way that all players can enjoy the thrilling experience stress-free. The game uses original Dragon engine, but the texture of the screen is more realistic than that of the "Yakuza" series, with a touch of film-like feel. Sega thinks this effect is more apparent in the suspenseful scenes. They developed this technique by working on the "Yakuza" series for so long, and "Lost Judgment" has benefited from that. For a better resolution, Nagoshi recommended playing the new generation consoles. A new fighting style known as Snake was added. It was based on Aikido with Nagoshi commenting it served as a merciful style.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Although "Judgment" was a spin-off to the action series "Yakuza" which became a turn-based RPG with "", executive director Toshihiro Nagoshi and producer Kazuki Hosokawa claimed that "Judgment" would stay true to the action system originally developed for "Yakuza". The open world from Yokohama features a high school which was based on real life. Nagoshi claims "Lost Judgment" was made thanks to the positive responses towards "Judgment" and thus aimed to improve the system based on the feedback. The games was set to be released on September 24, 2021, worldwide. On May 27, it was announced by Sega that the 1996 arcade game "Sonic the Fighters" would be playable in the game's arcades, in celebration of 2021 being the "Sonic the Hedgehog" franchise's 30th Anniversary. Despite "Judgment" and "Yakuza" taking place in the same universe, there will be no crossovers as a result of the two being different IPs despite similarities.


title: Lost Judgment

text: On July 6, "Lost Judgment"s intro cinematic was revealed, featuring the game's theme song "Rasen", by jon-YAKITORY feat. Ado. jon-YAKITORY produced the theme after multiple talks with Nagoshi. Ado enjoyed working alongside jon-YAKITORY and looked forward to how it will be executed in the game.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Although "Judgment" was originally titled "Judge Eyes" in Japan and Asia, Sega liked the naming for the Western version, resulting into "Judgment" being part of the sequel's title even in Eastern territories. The plot was written to be realistic, something the staff found challenging while providing themes seen as sensitive to the audience like bullying as well as what should people call justice, with the latter being explored through Yagami's characterization. The youth drama is meant to balance the dark storytelling based on how Yagami interacts with teenagers. As the previous game's story was well-received, by the audience, Sega once again attempted a new story that would appeal to the audience. While Hosokawa cannot give an exact timeframe, he does say that work on the story began even before the development team was put together. Writer Furuta first came up with the outline of the story, and then he worked with Nagoshi to add the finer details. It was only after it was done to some degree that the planning team and director joined the project, and started considering how to turn the story into a game.


title: Lost Judgment

text: The cast features multiple returning and new characters. According to Yagami's Japanese actor Takuya Kimura, the story is "deep and suspenseful" but also features lighter scenes like the School Stories. Hosokawa claimed that the school interactions reveal a "unique side" of Yagami's character. Hiroshi Tamaki focused on realism when recording, comparing the entire game with a film. His first work in video game, the actor found it as an "out-of-body" experience. He described Soma as looking like "aloof" and "clearly perceptive" but hides a true persona he wanted the fans to look forward in the game. Ken Mitsuishi recalls "Judgment" was popular within the acting world so he felt engaged when being offered the role of Akihiro Ehara. He did not find troubles understanding his character especially thanks to the motion capture. As a result, of the two crimes that Ehara claiming he committed, Mitsuishi said that his character was given a mysterious air. Koji Yamamoto who plays the new Jin Kuwana said he was fascinated by the work, especially since it was his debut in a video game. He was surprised by Kuwana and the narrative due to how Kuwana's role changes. Akira Nakao reprises his role of Ryuzo Genda who often mentors Yagami. The actor noted that he became highly popular thanks to "Judgment" especially within the young demographic.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Hosokawa said the team read books from authors like Keigo Higashino and Hideo Yokoyama when preparing to write the game with the former's novel "The Devotion of Suspect X" being a major influence. The narrative focuses primarily on bullying as they consider it as a "Distorted justice" which clashes with Yagami's morals. Strichart commented that Yagami is not a hero so he is not able to solve all these cases on his which contrast the fantasy style "Persona 5" which often deals with the protagonists saving victims using their powers. During "Lost Judgment" Yagami meets Kuwana who instead tries to solve every attempt of bullying regardless of methods. In contrast to "Judgment", the sequel does not end on satisfactory note for Yagami as Kuwana manages to escape from the protagonist. Nevertheless, Yagami demonstrates a major influence on the bullies he meets in the game's beginning to the point they become heroic figures during the climax.


title: Lost Judgment

text: The English recording studio was made in PCB Productions owned by Keith Arem with major aid by Vicky Lee. The translation was done by Jyun Takagi, shored up with support from Shun Fukuda and Mino Iwasaki. Josh Malone, who worked on "Yakuza: Like a Dragon" and Shinada in the "Yakuza" remasters, stepped up in a big way to help handle voice over. He was supported by Shervin Zadeh, Shaun Gannon, and Stephanie Spoleti, who was also a "Yakuza" vet.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Localization producer Scott Strichart said that "Lost Judgment" might be one of the most challenging works he has done due to the multiple requirements, including the dual audio and English subtitles, the multiple subtitles and the game being released for four consoles. Nevertheless, he believes he has already produced similar content ever since "Yakuza 0". Multiple words have to work in multiple situations, which Stritchart considered localization challenge. There is also the "chatter posts" in the buzz researcher that use variables for the keywords players are searching. Strichart considered this one of the most challenging parts of the making of the game's localization. Having felt nostalgia from the years he localized the heavily school themed game "Persona 4", Strichart claims that the narrative involves multiple dark elements involving students involving bullying or suicide. Although "Judgment" is not a popular game, Strichart finds challenging releasing the game at the same time as the director's cut of "Death Stranding", a game by the famous Hideo Kojima.


title: Lost Judgment

text: For the English version, many of the cast members from the first installment returned, but Strichart said some were replaced for logistical reasons. Greg Chun noted that the predecessor helped to properly develop Yagami to the point he seemed like another person when quitting his lawyer occupation as he took a liking to being a humble detective; this was mostly seen through the scene where Yagami tells Kaito that they should search for a lady's cat as part of their job in a pleased manner, something the localization team enjoyed recording. As a result, he claimed that for the sequel "the game kind of teed me up to really be in that Yagami mindset where, yeah, I love being a detective, but some cases are real bummer and super boring." However, in regards to the narrative, he claimed that he had to keep "living the character" due to new elements being provided. He believed that "Lost Judgment" explores more of Yagami's anger, something the first game did not focus on.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Aside from Chun reprising his role as Yagami, returning cast members include Crispin Freeman as Masaharu Kaito, Brain McNamara as Ryuzo Genda, Mark Whitten as Fumiya Sugiura, River Vitae as Makoto Tsukumo, Joe Zieja as Issei Hoshino, Steve Blum as Toru Higashi, and Cherami Leigh as Mafuyu Fujii. New English cast members include Artt Butler as Akihiro Ehara, Brent Mukai as Daimu Akutsu, Todd Haberkorn as Jin Kuwana, Erica Lindbeck as Yoko Sawa, Kayli Mills as Mami Koda, Xanthe Huynh as Kyoko Amasawa, Edward Bosco as Kisuke Watanabe, and Aleks Le as Shinya Kawai. Returning actors such as Matthew Yang King, Jamieson Price, Yuri Lowenthal, SungWon Cho, and Keith Silverstein voice new characters entirely, being Kazuki Soma, Yuzo Okuda, Sadao Takano, Tesso, and the Owner of Bar Siren respectively. Aimee Castle does not return to voice Saori Shirosaki in the sequel, and is replaced by Stephanie Sheh.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Following the release of the game, Sega staff felt that if there should be a sequel to "Judgment", Yagami and his partner Masaharu Kaito would retain their lead roles and would still be set in Kamurocho. Rumors of a sequel were reported by publications in March 2021, hinting at the return of both Takayuki Yagami and Kaito. In April of the same year, the official website announced a major tease related to "Judgment" on May 7, titled "Judgment Day". The official Twitter account of the game also revealed new footage of Yagami, hinting at the sequel. On May 6, 2021, a day before "Judgment Day", an entry for "Lost Judgment" was leaked by PlayStation Network in Japan, which stated the Digital Deluxe edition would be released September 21. The game was officially announced on May 7, 2021, for PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox Series X, Xbox Series S, and Xbox One. The team listened to fan feedback in regards to what elements from the gameplay needed to be improved. A demo was released to the PlayStation Store on September 10.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Three downloadable content packs were developed for the game. The first is the "Detective Essentials Pack", which was released at launch. The pack adds twelve additional side missions, three new girlfriends for Yagami to date, and an additional superboss battle for the game's "Gauntlet" challenge mode. The pack also grants the player several bonus items, including three alternate color skins for the Detective Dog, an additional drone frame, six new extract recipes, a hoverboard with three additional skateboarding challenges, and four additional Master System games ("Sagaia"; ""; "Alien Syndrome"; and "Global Defense"). The second DLC is the "School Stories Expansion Pack", which was released on October 12. It includes additional items for the School Stories minigames, three additional sparring partners for the boxing minigame, and a fourth fighting style for Yagami-based around boxing. The third DLC titled "The Kaito Files" was released on March 28, 2022, and includes a new story campaign featuring Masaharu Kaito as a playable character. On consoles, all three pieces of content are available individually or as part of a season pass; excluding "The Kaito Files", all DLC is included with the Windows version. Work on the DLC was still continuing in August 2021, as production on "The Kaito Files" did not begin until the main game was completed.


title: Lost Judgment

text: It was reported in July 2021 that "Lost Judgment" could be the last game in the series, due to Sega and Johnny & Associates (the talent agency which represents Kimura) being unable to come to an agreement concerning the use of Kimura's likeness in a PC release of the existing "Judgment" games or any future titles. A television live-action series titled "Unjudged" is reported to be follow "Lost Judgment" with Kimura taking the role of Yagami. However, both "Judgment" games were released on Steam on September 14, 2022, implying that this issue had been resolved.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "Lost Judgment" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Critics commented on the narrative and Yagami's role in "Lost Judgment". He was praised by "Destructoid" for giving new parts of his personality that are developed in the narrative. The various amount of sidequest were praised for balancing the game's narrative in delivering both light and dark stories. "GameSpot" felt that the sequel had Yagami struggle with the themes of whether or not the lead is able to deal justice by himself. Additionally, the subplot of Yagami working in a school attracted positive response by the same publication due to how fun it becomes. Although he does not team up with Kaito many times in the sequel, "GameSpot" felt that Yagami became a more likable character in the sequel and is able to deliver emotional scenes properly. The reviewer further praised the handling of the narrative as properly focuses on several conflicting themes like the issues the law has, bullying and sexual harassment. Both "Game Informer" and "GamesRadar+" agreed but felt that the adult themes addressed in the game might bother the sensitive audience as it further can be seen about society commentary than previous games. However, "Game Informer" felt that the sexual harassment substory from the game to be worst one despite being generally a moving story. "IGN" criticized how "Lost Judgment" establishes the plot's complete idea in early chapters, making it look disappointing in retrospect as there are not major or interesting plot twists in the second half of the game. "Shacknews" enjoyed the improved visuals but felt the main plot was a "mess" due to how difficult is to understand it with the Ehara's case taking several chapters of focus which makes the pacing to be poorly handled.


title: Lost Judgment

text: In regards to the gameplay, "IGN" enjoyed the usage of action style as "Yakuza: Like a Dragon" replaced the series' famous beat 'em up style with turn-based role playing game and that Yagami is more enjoyable to play than in previous games. While praising Yagami's fighting styles and its aikido-based new style, GameSpot felt there were not major additions to the sequels and that the new stealth mechanics are too linear. "Destructoid" highly enjoyed Yagami's improved moves as they cinematic techniques or weapons are visually more appealing and how simple is for the players to use. The loading times were also noted to have been reduced, especially on the PlayStation 5 version. The heavy amount of sidequests and arcade games like "Sonic the Fighters" gave the reviewer to recommend the game not only to "Yakuza" gamers but also "Shenmue" gamers. While found as still enjoyable, "GamesRadar+" commented that the game lack more innovation when compared to "Judgment" despite being more improved than the "Yakuza" games' fighting styles. Nevertheless, "IGN" still felt the sidequests were too tedious due to how difficult is to unlock them and their variety on narratives. "Shacknews" criticized the stealth quests for being too simple while some sidequests were noted to drag the experience. "Eurogamer" outlined in their review "RGG Studio's broadest, most packed open world is matched by mediocre additions and an ill-fitting story." "Game Informer" felt that the sidequest were a good a balance to the dark narrative, but felt the parkour and stealth were poorly implemented.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "GameSpot" and "Collider" praised the presentation in terms of graphics, character renders and two districts Yagami can visit. The latter also praised both Japanese and English voice actors for giving good deliveries though the lypsinced are more appropriate in Japanese unless a cutscene is played. "Shacknews" also noted the voice actors, most notably Yagami's Takuya Kimura and Greg Chun, to give appealing works most notably when playing a serious scene. Besides enjoying Yagami's actors, "Metro" also felt that Kaito and Soma's actors deliver strong performance regardless of language.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "RPG Site" listed it as one of the best 2021 video games. The game was also nominated for the category "Xbox Game of the Year". In the 2022 "Famitsu Dengeki Game Awards", the game was won "Best Scenario Award" as well as "Best Actor Award" for Kimura's performance as Yagami.


title: Lost Judgment

text: Upon its release week, the PlayStation 4 version of the game topped "Famitsu"s list of best-selling games with 111,852 copies while the PlayStation 5 game sold 33,151 units. In the United Kingdom' sales, the game reached the fourth place with most of its sold copies being from the PlayStation 5 version. Initial sales were 76% higher than those of the original game at launch.


title: Lost Judgment

text: "The Kaito Files" also received "generally favorable" reviews according to Metacritic. "RPG Site" enjoyed the narrative, mostly praising the handling of Kaito as a protagonist. "The Mako Reactor" also found it accessible as a result of not referencing previous events from the story and found the content more enjoyable than Goro Majima's sidestory from "Yakuza Kiwami 2" which gave a major role to such character. Crispin Freeman and Suzie Yeung's performances were also the subject of praise. "Siliconera" referred to the story enjoyable even if it comes across as predictable. While the gameplay was found enjoyable for giving the player different fighting styles from Yagami's in the main game, it was still criticized for being noticeably smaller despite the price. The boss fight were still well received as well as the visuals employed whenever the character is fighting. "Siliconera" was more critical to the gameplay for lacking several new gameplay elements from the original "Lost Judgment" as Kaito uses the same deductive skills as Yagami in contrast to hand-to-hand which comes across a more original.


title: Park Ji-hu

text: Park Ji-hu (born November 7, 2003) is a South Korean actress. She is best known for her leading roles in the 2018 film "House of Hummingbird" and 2022 Netflix original series, "All of Us Are Dead".


title: Park Ji-hu

text: Park was born in Daegu, South Korea. She was accepted in Hanyang University's department of theater and film in November 2021. In February 2022, Park graduated from .


title: Park Ji-hu

text: In 2014, Park started acting occasionally after participating in a street audition. She then made her acting debut in the short film "Home Without Me" in 2016, before landing minor roles in mainstream productions "" (2016), "Fabricated City" (2017), and "The Witness" (2018).


title: Park Ji-hu

text: In 2018, Park starred in indie sensation "House of Hummingbird", playing her first leading role in a feature film. She achieved recognition and won multiple accolades for her performance in the movie.


title: Park Ji-hu

text: As of April 2021, Park is filming Um Tae-hwa's disaster thriller film "Concrete Utopia" alongside Lee Byung-hun, Park Bo-young and Park Seo-joon.


title: Park Ji-hu

text: In 2022, she gained international recognition after appearing in the zombie apocalypse Netflix original series, "All of Us Are Dead". She is also appearing in tvN's series "Little Women" alongside Kim Go-eun, Nam Ji-hyun and Wi Ha-joon, which is also streaming on Netflix.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Felix Baumgartner (; born 20 April 1969) is an Austrian skydiver, daredevil and BASE jumper. He is widely known for jumping to Earth from a helium balloon from the stratosphere on 14 October 2012 and landing in New Mexico, United States, as part of the Red Bull Stratos project. Doing so, he set world records for skydiving an estimated , reaching an estimated top speed of , or Mach 1.25. He became the first person to break the sound barrier relative to the surface without vehicular power on his descent. He broke skydiving records for exit altitude, vertical freefall distance without a drogue parachute, and vertical speed without a drogue. Though he still holds the two latter records, the first was broken two years later, when on 24 October 2014, Alan Eustace jumped from 135,890 feet—or, with a drogue.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Baumgartner is also renowned for the particularly dangerous nature of the stunts he has performed during his career. He spent time in the Austrian military where he practiced parachute jumping, including training to land on small target zones.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Felix Baumgartner was born to mother Eva in Salzburg, Austria. His younger brother is Gerard. As a child, he dreamed about flying and skydiving. In 1999, he claimed the world record for the highest parachute jump from a building when he jumped from the Petronas Towers in Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. On 20 July 2003, Baumgartner became the first person to skydive across the English Channel using a specially made carbon fibre wing. Alban Geissler, who developed the SKYRAY carbon fiber wing with Christoph Aarns, suggested after Baumgartner's jump that the wing he used was a copy of two prototype SKYRAY wings sold to Red Bull (Baumgartner's sponsor) two years earlier.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Baumgartner also set the world record for the lowest BASE jump ever, when he jumped from the hand of the "Christ the Redeemer" statue in Rio de Janeiro. This jump also stirred controversy among BASE jumpers who pointed out that Baumgartner cited the height of the statue as the height of the jump even though he landed on a slope below the statue's feet, and that other BASE jumpers had previously jumped from the statue but avoided publicity.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: He became the first person to BASE jump from the completed Millau Viaduct in France on 27 June 2004 and the first person to skydive onto, then BASE jump from, the Turning Torso building in Malmö, Sweden, on 18 August 2006. On 12 December 2007, he became the first person to jump from the 91st floor observation deck of the then-tallest completed building in the world, Taipei 101 in Taipei, Taiwan.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: In January 2010, it was reported that Baumgartner was working with a team of scientists and sponsor Red Bull to attempt the highest sky-dive on record, using a helium balloon.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: On 15 March 2012, Baumgartner completed the first of 2 test jumps from . During the jump, he spent approximately 3 minutes and 43 seconds in free fall, reaching speeds of more than , before opening his parachute. In total, the jump lasted approximately eight minutes and eight seconds and Baumgartner became the third person to safely parachute from a height of over .


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: On 25 July 2012, Baumgartner completed the second of two planned test jumps from . It took Baumgartner about 90 minutes to reach the target altitude and his free fall was estimated to have lasted three minutes and 48 seconds before his parachutes were deployed.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: The launch was originally scheduled for 9 October 2012 but was aborted due to adverse weather conditions. Launch was rescheduled and took place on 14 October 2012. Baumgartner landed in eastern New Mexico after jumping from a then world-record , falling a record distance of and parachuting the final .


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: During this descent Baumgartner set the record for fastest speed of free fall at , making him the first human to break the sound barrier outside a vehicle. Baumgartner was in free fall for 4 minutes and 19 seconds, a fall time 17 seconds shorter than the previous record set during mentor Joseph Kittinger's jump on 16 August 1960. Kittinger was also his radio contact during the jump.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Baumgartner initially struggled with claustrophobia after spending time in the pressurized suit required for the jump, but overcame it with help from a sports psychologist and other specialists.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: In 2014, Baumgartner decided to join Audi Motorsport to drive an Audi R8 LMS for the 2014 24 Hours of Nürburgring after racing Volkswagen Polos in 2013. He underwent another intense physical and driver training session to prepare him for the race. He helped the team to a ninth place overall finish.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: In October 2012, when Baumgartner was asked in an interview with the Austrian newspaper "Kleine Zeitung" whether a political career was an option for his future life, he stated that the "example of Arnold Schwarzenegger" showed that "you can't move anything in a democracy" and that he would opt for a "moderate dictatorship [...] led by experienced personalities coming from the private (sector of the) economy". He finally stated that he "didn't want to get involved in politics."


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: On 6 November 2012, Baumgartner was convicted of battery and was fined €1500 after slapping the face of a Greek truck driver, following a petty argument between the two men.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: In January 2016, Baumgartner provoked a stir of critical news coverage in his home country after posting several critical remarks against refugees and recommending the Hungarian Prime Minister Viktor Orbán for the Nobel Peace Prize. Later on, Baumgartner endorsed the presidential candidate of the right-wing populist Freedom Party of Austria, Norbert Hofer. On 13 July 2016, Facebook deleted his fan page of 1.5 million fans. Baumgartner subsequently claimed that he must have become "too uncomfortable" for "political elites".


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: After Austrian authorities refused to grant sports tax breaks to Baumgartner, he moved to Arbon, Switzerland, whereupon his house in Salzburg and his helicopter were seized.


title: Felix Baumgartner

text: Baumgartner dated "Playboy" German playmate of the century Gitta Saxx. Later he was engaged to Nicole Öttl, a model and former beauty queen ("Miss Lower Austria 2006"). They broke up in 2013.


title: Tom Bernthal

text: Thomas Bernthal is the founder and former CEO of a strategic consulting agency, Kelton Global, and former NBC News producer.


title: Tom Bernthal

text: Bernthal was born in Washington, D.C., to Joan Lurie (née Marx) and Eric Lawrence "Rick" Bernthal, a former lawyer with Latham & Watkins LLP and currently chair of the board of directors for the US Humane Society. His paternal grandfather was musician and producer Murray Bernthal. He has two brothers, Jon, an actor, and Nicholas, an orthopedic surgeon and professor at UCLA. Bernthal and his family are Jewish.


title: Tom Bernthal

text: Bernthal began his career working at the White House's Communication Office during the Bill Clinton administration. Following this stint, he worked as a news producer and journalist for NBC News. During his six years with NBC, Bernthal produced segments for the "Today Show", "Nightly News", "Dateline", MSNBC and CNBC and won three Emmy Awards for his work.


title: Tom Bernthal

text: In 2000, Bernthal moved to Los Angeles, where he continued to work for NBC before founding his own marketing and consulting agency in 2002, Kelton Global. He is a former CEO of the organization.


title: Tom Bernthal

text: Bernthal began dating Facebook COO Sheryl Sandberg in the spring of 2019. The two were engaged in February 2020, and were married in August 2022.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Mohammad Mosaddegh (, ; 16 June 1882 – 5 March 1967) was an Iranian politician, author, and lawyer who served as the 35th Prime Minister of Iran from 1951 to 1953, after appointment by the 16th Majlis. He was a member of the Iranian parliament from 1923, and served through a contentious 1952 election into the 17th Iranian Majlis, until his government was overthrown in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état aided by the intelligence agencies of the United Kingdom (MI6) and the United States (CIA), led by Kermit Roosevelt Jr. His National Front was suppressed from the 1954 election.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Before its removal from power, his administration introduced a range of social and political measures such as social security, land reforms and higher taxes including the introduction of taxation on the rent of land. His government's most significant policy was the nationalization of the Iranian oil industry, which had been built by the British on Persian lands since 1913 through the Anglo-Persian Oil Company (APOC/), later known as British Petroleum (BP).


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In the aftermath of the overthrow, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi returned to power, and negotiated the Consortium Agreement of 1954 with the British, which gave split ownership of Iranian oil production between Iran and western companies until 1979. Mosaddegh was imprisoned for three years, then put under house arrest until his death and was buried in his own home so as to prevent a political furor. In 2013, the U.S. government formally acknowledged the U.S. role in the coup, as a part of its foreign policy initiatives, including paying protestors and bribing officials.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Mosaddegh was born to a prominent Persian family of high officials in Tehran on 16 June 1882; his father, Mirza Hideyatu'llah Ashtiani, was the finance minister under the Qajar dynasty, and his mother, Princess Malek Taj Najm-es-Saltaneh, was the granddaughter of the reformist Qajar prince Abbas Mirza, and a great-granddaughter of Fath-Ali Shah Qajar. When Mosaddegh's father died in 1892, his uncle was appointed the tax collector of the Khorasan province and was bestowed with the title of Mosaddegh-os-Saltaneh by Nasser al-Din Shah. Mosaddegh himself later bore the same title, by which he was still known to some long after titles were abolished.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In 1901, Mosaddegh married Zahra Emami (1879–1965), a granddaughter of Nasser al-Din Shah through her mother Zi'a es-Saltaneh.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In 1909, Mosaddegh pursued education abroad in Paris, France where he studied at the Institut d'études politiques de Paris (Sciences Po). He studied there for two years, returning to Iran because of illness in 1911. After two months, Mosaddegh returned to Europe to study a Doctorate of Laws ("doctorate en Droit") at the University of Neuchâtel in Switzerland. In June 1913, Mosaddegh received his doctorate and in doing so became the first Iranian to receive a PhD in Law from a European university.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Mosaddegh taught at the Tehran School of Political Science at the start of World War I before beginning his political career.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Mosaddegh started his political career with the Iranian Constitutional Revolution of 1905–07. At the age of 24, he was elected from Isfahan to the newly inaugurated Persian Parliament, the Majlis of Iran. However, he was unable to assume his seat, because he had not reached the legal age of 30.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: During this period he also served as deputy leader of the Society of Humanity, under Mostowfi ol-Mamalek. In protest at the Anglo-Persian Treaty of 1919, he relocated to Switzerland, from where he returned the following year after being invited by the new Iranian prime minister, Hassan Pirnia (Moshir-ed-Dowleh), to become his minister of justice. While en route to Tehran, he was asked by the people of Shiraz to become the governor of the Fars Province. He was later appointed finance minister, in the government of Ahmad Qavam (Qavam os-Saltaneh) in 1921, and then foreign minister in the government of Moshir-ed-Dowleh in June 1923. He then became governor of the Azerbaijan Province. In 1923, he was re-elected to the Majlis.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In 1925, the supporters of Reza Khan in the Majlis proposed legislation to dissolve the Qajar dynasty and appoint Reza Khan the new Shah. Mossadegh voted against such a move, arguing that such an act was a subversion of the 1906 Iranian constitution. He gave a speech in the Majlis, praising Reza Khan's achievements as prime minister while encouraging him to respect the constitution and stay as the prime minister. On 12 December 1925, the Majlis deposed the young Shah Ahmad Shah Qajar, and declared Reza Shah the new monarch of the Imperial State of Persia, and the first Shah of the Pahlavi dynasty. Mosaddegh then retired from politics, due to disagreements with the new regime.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In 1941, Reza Shah Pahlavi was forced by the British to abdicate in favor of his son Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. In 1944, Mosaddegh was once again elected to parliament. This time he took the lead of "Jebhe Melli" (National Front of Iran, created in 1949), an organization he had founded with nineteen others such as Hossein Fatemi, Ahmad Zirakzadeh, Ali Shayegan and Karim Sanjabi, aiming to establish democracy and end the foreign presence in Iranian politics, especially by nationalizing the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company's (AIOC) operations in Iran. In 1947 Mossadegh once again announced retirement, after an electoral-reform bill he had proposed failed to pass through Majlis.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: On 28 April 1951, the Shah appointed Mosaddegh as Prime Minister after the Majlis (Parliament of Iran) nominated Mosaddegh by a vote of 79–12. The Shah was aware of Mosaddegh's rising popularity and political power, after a period of assassinations by Fada'iyan-e Islam and political unrest by the National Front. Demonstrations erupted in Tehran after Mosaddegh's appointment, with crowds further invigorated by the speeches of members from the National Front. There was a special focus on the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company and the heavy involvement of foreign actors and influences in Iranian affairs. Although Iran was not officially a colony or a protectorate, it was still heavily controlled by foreign powers beginning with concessions provided by the Qajar Shahs, and leading up to the oil agreement signed by Reza Shah in 1933.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: The new administration introduced a wide range of social reforms: unemployment compensation was introduced, factory owners were ordered to pay benefits to sick and injured workers, and peasants were freed from forced labor in their landlords' estates. In 1952, Mossadegh passed the Land Reform Act which forced landlords to place 20% of their revenue into a development fund. This development fund paid for various projects such as public baths, rural housing, and pest control.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: On 1 May, Mosaddegh nationalised the Anglo-Iranian Oil Company, canceling its oil concession, which was otherwise set to expire in 1993, and expropriating its assets. Mossadegh saw the AIOC as an arm of the British government controlling much of the oil in Iran, pushing him to seize what the British had built in Iran. The next month, a committee of five majlis deputies was sent to Khuzistan to enforce the nationalization. Mosaddegh justified his nationalisation policy by claiming Iran was "the rightful owner..." of all the oil in Iran, and also pointing out Iran could use the money, in a 21 June 1951 speech:


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: The confrontation between Iran and Britain escalated as Mosaddegh's government refused to allow the British any involvement in their former enterprise, and Britain made sure Iran could sell no oil, which it considered stolen. In July, Mosaddegh broke off negotiations with AIOC after it threatened to "pull out its employees" and told owners of oil tanker ships that "receipts from the Iranian government would not be accepted on the world market." Two months later the AIOC evacuated its technicians and closed down the oil installations. Under nationalized management, many refineries lacked the trained technicians that were needed to continue production. The British government announced a "de facto" blockade and embargo, reinforced its naval force in the Persian Gulf and lodged complaints against Iran before the United Nations Security Council, where, on 15 October 1951, Mosaddegh declared that "the petroleum industry has contributed nothing to well-being of the people or to the technological progress or industrial development of my country."


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: The British government also threatened legal action against purchasers of oil produced in the Iranian refineries and obtained an agreement with its sister international oil companies not to fill in where the AIOC was boycotting Iran. The entire Iranian oil industry came to a virtual standstill, oil production dropping almost 96% from in 1950 to in 1952. This Abadan Crisis reduced Iran's oil income to almost nothing, putting a severe strain on the implementation of Mosaddegh's promised domestic reforms. At the same time, BP and Aramco doubled their production in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Iraq, to make up for lost production in Iran so that no hardship was felt in Britain.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Still enormously popular in late 1951, Mosaddegh called elections, and introduced a modified version of his 1944 electoral reform bill. As his base of support was in urban areas and not in the provinces, the proposed reform no longer barred illiterate voters, but placed them into a separate category from literate voters, and increased the representation of the urban population. The opposition defeated the bill, on the grounds that it would "unjustly discriminate patriots who had been voting for the last forty years", thus leaving the National Front to compete against conservatives, royalists, and tribal leaders alike in the upcoming election.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: His government came under scrutiny for ending the 1952 election before rural votes could be fully counted. According to historian Ervand Abrahamian: "Realizing that the opposition would take the vast majority of the provincial seats, Mosaddegh stopped the voting as soon as 79 deputies—just enough to form a parliamentary quorum—had been elected." An alternative account is offered by journalist Stephen Kinzer: Beginning in the early 1950s under the guidance of C.M. Woodhouse, chief of the British intelligence station in Tehran, Britain's covert operations network had funneled roughly £10,000 per month to the Rashidian brothers (two of Iran's most influential royalists) in the hope of buying off, according to CIA estimates, "the armed forces, the Majlis (Iranian parliament), religious leaders, the press, street gangs, politicians and other influential figures". Thus, in his statement asserting electoral manipulation by "foreign agents", Mosaddegh suspended the elections. His National Front party had made up 30 of the 79 deputies elected. Yet none of those present vetoed the statement, and completion of the elections was postponed indefinitely. The 17th Majlis convened in April 1952, with the minimum required of the 136 seats filled.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Throughout his career, Mosaddegh strove to increase the power parliament held versus the expansion of the crown's authority. But tension soon began to escalate in the Majlis. Conservative, pro-Shah, and pro-British opponents refused to grant Mosaddegh special powers to deal with the economic crisis caused by the sharp drop in revenue and voiced regional grievances against the capital Tehran, while the National Front waged "a propaganda war against the landed upper class".


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: On 16 July 1952, during the royal approval of his new cabinet, Mosaddegh insisted on the constitutional prerogative of the Prime Minister to name a Minister of War and the Chief of Staff, something the Shah had done up to that point. The Shah refused, seeing it as a means for Mosaddegh to consolidate his power over the government at the expense of the monarchy. In response, Mosaddegh announced his resignation appealing directly to the public for support, pronouncing that "in the present situation, the struggle started by the Iranian people cannot be brought to a victorious conclusion".


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Veteran politician Ahmad Qavam (also known as Ghavam os-Saltaneh) was appointed as Iran's new Prime Minister. On the day of his appointment, he announced his intention to resume negotiations with the British to end the oil dispute, a reversal of Mosaddegh's policy. The National Front—along with various Nationalist, Islamist, and socialist parties and groups—including Tudeh—responded by calling for protests, assassinations of the Shah and other royalists, strikes and mass demonstrations in favor of Mosaddegh. Major strikes broke out in all of Iran's major towns, with the Bazaar closing down in Tehran. Over 250 demonstrators in Tehran, Hamadan, Ahvaz, Isfahan, and Kermanshah were killed or suffered serious injuries.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: On the fourth day of mass demonstrations, Ayatollah Abol-Ghasem Kashani called on the people to wage a "holy war" against Qavam. The following day, "Si-ye Tir" (the 30th of Tir on the Iranian calendar), military commanders ordered their troops back to barracks, fearful of over-straining the enlisted men's loyalty, and left Tehran in the hands of the protesters. Frightened by the unrest, Shah asked for Qavam's resignation, and re-appointed Mosaddegh to form a government, granting him control over the Ministry of War he had previously demanded. The Shah asked whether he should step down as monarch, but Mosaddegh declined.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: More popular than ever, a greatly strengthened Mosaddegh introduced a single-clause bill to parliament to grant him emergency "dictatorial decree" powers for six months to pass "any law he felt necessary for obtaining not only financial solvency, but also electoral, judicial, and educational reforms", in order to implement his nine-point reform program to bypass the stalled negotiations of the nationalization of the oil industry. On 3 August 1952, the Majlis voted in approval, and elected Ayatollah Kashani as House Speaker. Kashani's Islamic scholars, as well as the Tudeh Party, proved to be two of Mosaddegh's key political allies, although relations with both were often strained.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: In addition to the reform program, which intended to make changes to a broad region of laws covering elections, financial institutions, employment, the judiciary, the press, education, health, and communications services, Mosaddegh tried to limit the monarchy's powers, cutting the Shah's personal budget, forbidding him to communicate directly with foreign diplomats, transferring royal lands back to the state and expelling the Shah's politically active sister Ashraf Pahlavi.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: However, six months proved not long enough, and Mosaddegh asked for an extension in January 1953, successfully pressing Parliament to extend his emergency powers for another 12 months.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Though the Shah had only in January 1951 initiated land reform, where all territory inherited by the Crown were sold to peasants at 20% of the assessed value over a payment period of 25 years, Mosaddegh decreed a new land reform law to supersede it, establishing village councils and increasing the peasants' share of production. This weakened the landed aristocracy by imposing a 20% tax on their income—of which 20% was diverted back to the crop-sharing tenants and their rural banks, and also by levying heavy fines for compelling peasants to work without wages. Mosaddegh attempted to abolish Iran's centuries-old feudal agriculture sector by replacing it with a system of collective farming and government land ownership, which centralized power in his government. Ann Lambton indicates that Mosaddegh saw this as a means of checking the power of the Tudeh Party, which had been agitating the peasants by criticizing his lack of land reform.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: However, during this time Iranians were "becoming poorer and unhappier by the day", in large part due to the British-led boycott. As Mosaddegh's political coalition began to fray, his enemies increased in number.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Partly through the efforts of Iranians sympathizing with the British, and partly in fear of the growing dictatorial powers of the Prime Minister, several former members of Mosaddegh's coalition turned against him, fearing arrest. They included Mozzafar Baghai, head of the worker-based Toilers party; Hossein Makki, who had helped lead the takeover of the Abadan refinery and was at one point considered Mosaddegh's heir apparent; and most outspokenly Ayatollah Kashani, who damned Mosaddegh with the "vitriol he had once reserved for the British". The reason for difference of opinion among Makki and Mosaddegh was the sharp response of Mosaddegh to Kashani, who was an inoffensive scholar who attracted public support. Hossein Makki strongly opposed the dissolution of the parliament by Mossadegh and evaluated in the long run at his loss because with the closure of the parliament, the right to dismiss the Prime minister was made by the Shah.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: The British government had grown increasingly distressed over Mosaddegh's policies and were especially bitter over the loss of their control of the Iranian oil industry. Repeated attempts to reach a settlement had failed, and, in October 1952, Mosaddegh declared Britain an enemy and cut all diplomatic relations. Since 1935, the Anglo-Persian Oil Company had the exclusive rights to Iranian oil. Earlier in 1914, the British government had purchased 51% of its shares and became the majority shareholder. After the British Royal Navy converted its ships to use oil as fuel, the corporation was considered vital to British national security, and the company's profits partially alleviated Britain's budget deficit.


title: Mohammad Mosaddegh

text: Engulfed in a variety of problems following World War II, Britain was unable to resolve the issue single-handedly and looked towards the United States to settle the matter. Initially, the USA had opposed British policies. After mediation had failed several times to bring about a settlement, American Secretary of State Dean Acheson concluded that the British were "destructive, and determined on a rule-or-ruin policy in Iran."