title: Ade Edmondson

text: By the same time as "The Comic Strip Presents..." was being negotiated, the BBC signed Edmondson, Mayall, Richardson, Planer, and Sayle to star in "The Young Ones", a sitcom in the same anarchic style as "The Comic Strip". (Richardson later decided not to proceed and was replaced by Christopher Ryan.) The show revolved around the shared house where four students lived during their studies at Scumbag College. It was noted at the time of its first airing for its violent slapstick, and the series retains a cult following. During this time, Edmondson also appeared in a bank advertisement in what was basically his "Vyvyan" guise. Following the success of "The Comic Strip Presents..." and, to a greater extent, "The Young Ones", Edmondson and Mayall returned to their "Coyote" dynamic in the double act the Dangerous Brothers with Edmondson as "Sir Adrian Dangerous" in "Saturday Live" (1985–1987). In 1983, he appeared as the lead singer "Vim Fuego" in the spoof heavy metal band called "Bad News" with his "Young Ones" co-stars Rik Mayall, Nigel Planer, and Peter Richardson of "Comic Strip Presents...".


title: Ade Edmondson

text: On 11 May 1985, Edmondson married fellow "Comic Strip" actor Jennifer Saunders, with whom he has three daughters: Eleanor, Beatrice, and Freya. Also in 1985 Edmondson starred with Saunders in "Happy Families", a rural comedy drama written by Ben Elton which appeared on the BBC and told the story of the dysfunctional Fuddle family.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1987, Edmondson reunited with Planer and Mayall to star in "Filthy Rich and Catflap", a comic attack on showbiz, again written by Elton. He played "Edward Catflap", a coarse, drunken minder of light-entertainment nonentity "Richie Rich". In this show Edmondson displayed the same slapstick characteristics as Vyvyan in "The Young Ones" but was closer in personality to his later character "Eddie Hitler" in "Bottom". The show was cancelled after one series. Edmondson was also slated to make a guest appearance along Mayall in the fifth episode of the ITV sit-com "Hardwicke House". Due to the adverse reaction of both press and viewers, however, ITV withdrew the series after showing only two episodes and the remaining episodes -- including Edmonson's scheduled guest appearance in episode 5 -- have never been shown.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1988, Edmondson released a follow up to "How To Be A Complete Bastard" called "The Bastard's Book of the Worst". In 1989 he made an appearance in an episode of "Blackadder Goes Forth" as the Red Baron, nemesis to Mayall's character, Lord Flashheart.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson played Brad Majors in the 1990 West End run of "The Rocky Horror Show", alongside Tim McInnerny as Frank-N-Furter and Ed Tudor-Pole as Riff-Raff. He also appears on the soundtrack album of the production. In 1991, he teamed with his comedy partner Rik Mayall once more, this time co-writing and co-starring in their own sitcom, "Bottom". Edmondson starred as "Edward Elizabeth Hitler" opposite Mayall's "Richard Richard". The series featured the slapstick, crude humour for which the pair had become famous but with more in-depth character analysis.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson played Estragon to Mayall's Vladimir in Samuel Beckett's play "Waiting for Godot" in the West End, in a production that opened at the Queen's Theatre on 30 September 1991. "Bottom" became very popular, but it was criticised for its often vulgar humour. The show was also turned into five UK stage tours (1993, 1995, 1997, 2001 and 2003).


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1993, Edmondson starred alongside Richard Briers in a black comedy called "If You See God, Tell Him". Edmondson played Gordon Spry, whose uncle (Briers) is paralysed and has a greatly reduced attention span. His erratic behaviour causes problems for Gordon. The series comprised four episodes, each 45 minutes long, and only broadcast once. The BBC has not repeated the series, although one episode was broadcast on BBC Four on 3 December 2007.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In September 1995, Edmondson released his first (comic) novel, "The Gobbler". In 1996, he played the role of Ace Face/Bellboy at the Who's performance of "Quadrophenia" at London's Hyde Park. A video game called "Animal", featuring Peperami's "the animal", was released the same year, with the character being voiced by Edmondson. From 1997 to 1998 he voiced engine stoker Jones, a major character in the animated series "Captain Star". In the 1998 ITV pantomime "Jack and the Beanstalk", Edmondson played Jack's mother Dame Dolly alongside Neil Morrissey, Denise Van Outen, Paul Merton, Julian Clary and Julie Walters.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson appeared regularly as Brendan Baxter in Series 4 of the BBC mystery series "Jonathan Creek", broadcast in 2003–2004. He had a lead role playing an NHS doctor in the comedy series "Doctors and Nurses" first broadcast in early 2004. In "Surviving Disaster", a BBC docudrama about the 1986 Chernobyl disaster, broadcast at the start of 2006, Edmondson played the role of Valery Legasov. In 2005 he appeared as a celebrity model on "Star Portraits" with Rolf Harris. That year, he also competed on "Comic Relief Does Fame Academy" where he made it to the finale and came in 3rd place. From 2005 to 2008 he appeared as Percy "Abra" Durant in the medical drama "Holby City". In 2008 he played Henry Austen in the BBC produced film "Miss Austen Regrets" and Vernon in the ITV sitcom "Teenage Kicks". In April 2009 he appeared on the cooking show "Hell's Kitchen", where he reached the final, coming second to Linda Evans.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson played the role of Captain Hook in the Canterbury Marlowe Arena pantomime during its Christmas 2009 run.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In an August 2010 edition of Radio 4's "Chain Reaction" programme he said to Lee Mack that he had not really quit but was focusing more on music and farming. He also said that he and Mayall often spoke of a reunion when they are old men, or in fifteen years' time. Mayall appeared during Edmondson's winning performance of "The Dying Swan" on BBC One's "Let's Dance for Comic Relief" on 5 March 2011, and in September 2011, Edmondson appeared on the Sunday morning cooking show "Something for the Weekend" and told presenter Tim Lovejoy that he and Rik Mayall were planning to reunite and make another series of "Bottom", set in an old people's home.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 2011, Edmondson hosted the ITV documentary series "The Dales", in which he followed a number of families who live and work in the Yorkshire Dales, including the "Yorkshire Shepherdess" Amanda Owen. He also presented the ITV series "Ade in Britain" that year, where he travelled to different parts of the United Kingdom in a Mini Countryman towing a small caravan, often including a performed segment from local folk singers. A second series followed in 2013.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson appeared on the BBC One series "That's Britain!" 2011. In each episode, his task was to report as an "insider" in how a region of Britain works. A one-off special, "Britain Beware", about the history of British public information films, was hosted by Edmondson and aired on ITV on 7 May 2012.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In August 2012, the BBC announced plans for a 2013 television adaptation of Edmondson and Mayall's 1997 "Hooligan's Island" tour, but Edmondson announced later that year that he had pulled out of the project to pursue other interests. Mayall, Edmondson's long-time creative partner, died on 9 June 2014.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson had a minor role in the 2012 film "Blood". Edmondson and Saunders reunited with their former Comic Strip colleagues in 2012 for a Famous Five sequel, "Five Go to Rehab". It aired on 7 November on Gold.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson won the 2013 BBC One cookery series of "Celebrity MasterChef". In 2014, Edmondson presented "Ade at Sea", a factual six-part programme for the ITV network which follows "Ade in Britain". In 2014, he played DCI Warner in the three-part mini-series "Prey".


title: Ade Edmondson

text: He played the role of Gordon in the 2013 Chichester Festival Theatre production of Neville's Island. In 2014, he reprised the role for the show's West End run. In 2015, Edmondson voiced Stanley the Dachshund in adverts for health and life insurance company Vitality.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 2016, Edmondson took part in episode 4 of "The Great Sport Relief Bake Off" and won the title of Star Baker. From 2 November to 3 December 2016 Edmondson starred in an adaptation of William Leith's bestseller "Bits Of Me Are Falling Apart" at the Soho Theatre, London.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson's children's book "Tilly and the Time Machine" was published on 4 May 2017. From November 2017 into 2018, Edmondson played the character of Malvolio in the Royal Shakespeare Company's production of Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night". Also in 2017, Edmondson appeared as Captain Peavey in the eighth film of the "Star Wars" series, "", a casting decision made by the film's director Rian Johnson, a self-proclaimed fan of Edmondson's work in "The Young Ones" and "Bottom".


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In September 2018, Edmondson featured as Sergeant Dogberry in the episode "Sigh No More" of Ben Elton's "Upstart Crow". From September 2018 to November 2018, Edmondson toured with Nigel Planer in a play that they wrote together called "Vulcan 7". In 2019, Edmondson appeared in "EastEnders" as Daniel Cook.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1984, Edmondson formed the spoof Heavy Metal band Bad News as part of "The Comic Strip Presents..." series with "Comic Strip" regulars Rik Mayall, Nigel Planer and Peter Richardson. The band proved popular, and they released two singles (neither of which reached the top 40) and two studio albums. They also played a series of small gigs around the country, culminating in their performance at the Monsters of Rock festival in 1986.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1986, Edmondson achieved a number one hit in the UK Singles Chart when he and his co-stars from "The Young Ones" teamed up with Cliff Richard to record a new version of "Living Doll" for the inaugural Comic Relief campaign. Despite having been killed off in the final episode of the series, Edmondson played Vyvyan one last time in the video. The same year he co-wrote the book "How to be a Complete Bastard" together with Mark Leigh and Mike Lepine.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson has directed pop videos for "Fiesta" (1988) by the Pogues, "Prime Mover" (1987) by Zodiac Mindwarp, "Like the Weather" (1988) by 10,000 Maniacs, "Please Help the Cause Against Loneliness" (1988) by Sandie Shaw and "Hourglass" by Squeeze (1987). The latter won Best Video at the MTV awards.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: He also directed and appeared in "International Rescue" (1989) by Fuzzbox and appeared in the music video "Terry" (1983) by Kirsty MacColl.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 1991, Edmondson formed the Bum Notes, who were a jazz instrumental band and conceived exclusively to perform theme music for "Bottom".


title: Ade Edmondson

text: A fan of the Bonzo Dog Doo Dah Band, Edmondson performed vocals with them as part of their 2006 reformation and countrywide tour. He also contributed vocals and writing for their 2007 album "Pour l'Amour des Chiens".


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Together with Maartin Allcock, Andy Dinan and Troy Donockley, Edmondson founded the band the Bad Shepherds in 2008, performing punk and new wave classics on traditional folk instruments. The band released three albums and first toured in 2009, playing at places such as the Trowbridge Village Pump Festival. The Bad Shepherds also headlined the first ever Looe Music Festival in 2011. They disbanded in October 2016.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: In 2010, he founded the Idiot Bastard Band with Simon Brint, Rowland Rivron, Neil Innes and Phill Jupitus. The Idiot Bastard Band perform original comedy songs as well as cover versions, and their shows often feature guest performers. The group continued to perform following the death of Brint in 2011.


title: Ade Edmondson

text: Edmondson is married to comedian Jennifer Saunders and they have three daughters, musician Ella, actress Beattie, and designer/stylist Freya. He is a supporter of Exeter City.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: Spahn Ranch, also known as the Spahn Movie Ranch, was a 55-acre (22.3 ha) movie ranch in Los Angeles, California. For a period it was used as a ranch, dairy farm and later movie set during the era of westerns. After a decline in use for filming by the 1950s, its owner George Spahn established a stable for renting horses for riding on the varied acres. It became known in the late 20th century as the primary headquarters of Charles Manson and his cult followers, the "Manson Family", for much of 1968 and 1969. They were notorious for the Tate-LaBianca murders of August 1969.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: The entrance to the historic ranch was originally at 12000 Santa Susana Pass Road (street numbers have since been changed) of the Simi Hills and Santa Susana Mountains above Chatsworth, California. It is no longer in use. After Spahn's death and a wildfire that destroyed the main ranch house and outbuildings, the land was incorporated into the Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: Sharon M. Atkins purchased the property in 1928. The couple Lee and Ruth McReynolds purchased the acreage in 1947. Lee built some movie sets (a western town) next to his trading post on the property to catch some overflow from the Iverson Movie Ranch. With mountainous terrain, boulder-strewn scenery and an "old Western town" set, Spahn Ranch was a suitable filming site for westerns, and had been used mostly for B movies and TV series.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: In 1953, McReynolds sold the site to dairy farmer George Spahn, and it became known as the Spahn Ranch. He continued to allow some filming there. Much of the information reported about specific productions filmed there is unreliable. The rumor that the location was used for the film "Duel in the Sun" (1946) is now known to be false. Among the productions said to have been filmed at Spahn Ranch are "The Lone Ranger" with Clayton Moore, and several episodes of the "Bonanza" television series. Spahn Ranch is also often cited as the filming location for the B-movie "The Creeping Terror" (1964).


title: Spahn Ranch

text: After the decline of filming and his dairy business, Spahn added more sets and rental horses. The ranch became popular among locals as a place to go horseback riding. By the late 1960s, however, the ranch became almost deserted. Spahn was becoming blind but continued to live there.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: Spahn was 80 years old, going blind and living at his ranch when he allowed the Manson Family to move in, rent-free, in exchange for labor. The family did daily chores and helped run the horse-rental business, which had become Spahn's main source of income.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: "I was impressed with George Spahn’s hardiness. He was eighty years old and, although his blindness had for five or six years kept him in a world apart, he was mentally still present, living alone and working through all the frustrations of having lost authority in the running of his own business."


title: Spahn Ranch

text: In the 1970 murder trial, Prosecutor Vincent Bugliosi later claimed that Manson would occasionally send one of his girls to Spahn for sexual relations. A Spahn employee, ranch hand Donald "Shorty" Shea, had known Manson in the past and had a physical confrontation with Manson.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: On August 26, 1969, after the Tate-LaBianca murders, Susan Atkins of the Family lured Shea to a remote spot on the ranch; there he was ambushed and killed by Bruce M. Davis and Steve "Clem" Grogan. The Family members allegedly believed he had reported them to the police. His remains were not found until December 1977, when Grogan agreed to lead investigators to the spot where Shea had been buried.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: Spahn was unaware of the reason for Shea's disappearance; he was never accused of any role in the 1969 murders for which several Family members were later convicted.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: It is the place where the "Family" was living when five members committed the August 1969 Tate–LaBianca murders in Los Angeles. The "Family" also stayed at Barker Ranch, which is located in the Panamint Range between Death Valley and the Panamint Valley in the northern Mojave Desert.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: In late 1969, Robert Hendrickson began filming the Manson Family at the ranch for his documentary "Manson". There he filmed Spahn, Lynette "Squeaky" Fromme, Bruce Davis, Nancy Pitman, Catherine "Gypsy" Share, Sandra Good, Paul Watkins and others.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: A wildfire destroyed all of the Spahn Movie Ranch's film sets and residential structures on September 26, 1970. George Spahn died on September 22, 1974, and is buried in Eternal Valley Memorial Park in nearby Newhall.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: The Spahn Movie Ranch site is now part of California's Santa Susana Pass State Historic Park, with the "Devil's Slide" section of the historic Old Santa Susana Stage Road is located on the park's western side. Several hiking trails give access to extensive views of the San Fernando Valley.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: Spahn Movie Ranch is a setting in "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood" (2019), a drama film written and directed by Quentin Tarantino and set in 1969 at the time of the Tate-LaBianca murders. He suggests an alternative history that prevents the murders. The scenes for the movie were filmed at the nearby Corriganville Park in Simi Valley, which was also a movie ranch at one time.


title: Spahn Ranch

text: In the movie, stuntman Cliff Booth, played by Brad Pitt, checks on his old colleague George Spahn (Bruce Dern). Pitt's character gives a hitchhiker a ride there, finding the ranch taken over by members of the Manson Family.


title: Jake Cannavale

text: Jacob Lumet Cannavale (born May 1, 1995) is an American actor and musician. He appeared on Broadway in 2015 in the comedy "Fish in the Dark" by Larry David. He has also appeared on television's "Nurse Jackie" and "The Mandalorian". He is the son of actor Bobby Cannavale and screenwriter Jenny Lumet, a grandson of film director Sidney Lumet, and a great-grandson of singer/actress Lena Horne.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Boomerang is an American cable television network and streaming service owned by Warner Bros. Discovery Networks, a subsidiary of Warner Bros. Discovery.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Boomerang debuted in 1992 as a programming block on Cartoon Network, dedicated to classic animation from the WB library (including Warner Bros. Cartoons and Hanna-Barbera productions, among many others), and was eventually spun-off into its own separate network in 2000. In the late 2000s, Boomerang would engage in drift by airing more modern and contemporary programming, including reruns of shows that were either acquired or produced for Cartoon Network. A 2015 relaunch (which aimed to promote Boomerang as a "second flagship" brand alongside Cartoon Network) saw Boomerang begin to produce its own original programming, focusing primarily on reboots of popular franchises such as "Looney Tunes" and "Scooby-Doo". In 2017, Boomerang launched its own subscription video on-demand over-the-top streaming service.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: As of September 2018, Boomerang is available to approximately 38.312 million pay television households in the United States.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Turner Broadcasting System built up an extensive catalogue of MGM and early Warner Brothers cartoons in the 1980s. These made up much of the extensive children's programming on TBS and TNT, which was phased out after the creation of the Cartoon Network on October 1, 1992.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: "Boomerang" was created as a new home for these and similar cartoons. It originated as a programming block on Cartoon Network that debuted on December 8, 1992. It originally aired for four hours every weekend, but the block's start time had changed frequently. The Saturday block moved to Saturday afternoons, then back to the early morning, and the Sunday block moved to Sunday evenings. Eventually, Boomerang was shortened by an hour, reducing it from four hours to three each weekend.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: With Cartoon Network downplaying its archival programming in favor of newer original series, Turner Broadcasting System introduced a standalone Boomerang cable channel on April 1, 2000. The Cartoon Network block continued to run under the new Boomerang channel branding until October 3, 2004.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: On February 4, 2014, as part of Turner Broadcasting's 2014 upfronts, it was announced that Boomerang would become advertising-supported, seeking additional international distribution. In October 2014, Cartoon Network unveiled a global rebranding for Boomerang, which first launched in Latin America in late September, and arrived in the United States on January 19, 2015. Alongside the previously-announced plan to introduce advertising, the network planned to introduce original programming for the first time, and place a particular focus on the archive's most well-known franchises with an explicitly family-friendly approach. Turner executives described the changes as being an effort to grow Boomerang into a "second flagship" on par with the main Cartoon Network channel.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: In 2017, an online Boomerang video-on-demand service was launched. In 2018, 3rd Annual Shorty Social Good Awards nominated Boomerang and Captain Planet Foundation for Best in Entertainment. May 2020 saw the launch of HBO Max, a general entertainment video-on-demand service from Boomerang's corporate parent that includes much of Boomerang's programming.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Historically, Boomerang avoided overt channel drift and, despite adding newer content to its library, continued to air programming from the breadth of its archives. By spring 2014, however, most of its archival programming was relegated to graveyard slots while the daytime schedule became dominated by programming from the 1990s and later. This policy underwent a partial reversal in April 2017, with a larger focus on shows from the 2010s, before older Cartoon Network series returned to Boomerang's schedule from January 2018 to May 2019, and again in half-hour time slots in September 2020. "Tom and Jerry", "Looney Tunes", "The Smurfs", and various entries in the "Scooby-Doo" franchise have more or less had permanent places on the schedule since the rebrand, while previous network mainstays "The Flintstones" and "The Jetsons" returned in a late-night time slot in July 2018 before leaving the schedule again in November of that year.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Not all of the Warner Bros. animation library is exclusive to Boomerang. A portion of that library which includes series produced in collaboration with Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment (including "Tiny Toon Adventures" and most of "Animaniacs"), as well as most works involving Batman and Superman (such as the DC Animated Universe), is put out for license to other networks; those properties most recently aired on the Hub Network from late 2012 until its closure in October 2014. In addition, Warner Bros.'s collection of Christmas specials — including the latter half of the Rankin/Bass Productions library — is licensed to AMC for their Best Christmas Ever block as of 2018; those specials previously aired on Freeform and its predecessors for nearly 20 years, as part of their 25 Days of Christmas lineup. In 2019, former channel fixture "The Flintstones" was licensed out to MeTV; in 2021, that network introduced two morning blocks that feature Warner Bros. and Paramount Global content (including "Looney Tunes"/"Merrie Melodies", "Popeye", "Betty Boop", and MGM theatrical shorts), many of which still air on Boomerang. MeTV also acquired another former Boomerang fixture in that year: "The Jetsons".


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Boomerang itself occasionally licenses programming from other distributors, such as with "The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show" (which joined the lineup for a short run in August and September 2013) and with "Garfield and Friends" (which joined in September 2019).


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Although Boomerang's programming philosophy was originally intended to showcase classic cartoons, newer shows have been added in recent years, some even before the rebrand. From January to December 2012, new episodes of the Italian animated series "" aired on the channel. "Wedgies", a series of animated interstitials that previously aired on Cartoon Network, were reintroduced in 2013. In December 2014, Boomerang added "Teen Titans Go!" and "The Amazing World of Gumball" to its lineup, alongside their airings on Cartoon Network; those shows left in April 2017. On June 28, 2015, it was announced that Boomerang would receive original programs such as "New Looney Tunes", "Be Cool, Scooby-Doo!", and an animated adaptation of "Bunnicula". Throughout mid-2018, Boomerang added re-runs of modern Cartoon Network series to its lineup, including "Regular Show," "Mighty Magiswords," "Adventure Time," and "Steven Universe." On May 2, 2022, Boomerang brought back reruns of "Teen Titans Go!" and "The Amazing World of Gumball", and also added two additional modern Cartoon Network shows to their schedule: "Craig of the Creek" and "Total Dramarama". Those shows left on October 28, 2022.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Boomerang has been used to burn-off programs acquired for Cartoon Network which have rated too low to remain on that network's schedule, much like Nickelodeon's spin-off Nicktoons and TeenNick. Boomerang also simulcasts some episodes of original Cartoon Network programming, mainly season or series premieres and finales.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Because of Boomerang's fluid schedule, programming blocks used to air for a few months, then be removed from the schedule, only to be added again a few months later, until they were almost all phased out in late 2014, due to the network's rebrand.


title: Boomerang (TV network)

text: Boomerang, originally established as a cable channel in the United States, has expanded worldwide. Each of these networks was aligned globally in 2015 under one unified branding to reflect a family co-viewing network.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Peter John Wagner II (born October 3, 1959) is an American actor and singer who has appeared in roles on the soap operas "General Hospital", "Santa Barbara", "The Bold and the Beautiful", and "Melrose Place".


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner was born in Washington, Missouri to Peter John Wagner, a car salesman (died 1990), and Scotty Wagner, a homemaker. He has a brother, Dennis. Raised Catholic, he attended St. Gertrude's parochial school and St. Francis Borgia Regional High School in his hometown, where he played football and basketball. He attended the University of Missouri for one year, then junior college before eventually enrolling at the University of Arizona, where he tried out for the golf team and drama department. The drama department offered him a full scholarship.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner first appeared on the scene in 1982 in the role of Clint Masterson, in Douglas Marland's short-lived cable soap opera, "A New Day In Eden" (co-produced by Susan Flannery, who would later be Wagner's co-star on "The Bold and the Beautiful").


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: His most famous role has been Frisco Jones on the soap opera "General Hospital" (1983–1987, 1989–1991, 1994–95, 2013). He was half of a supercouple with Kristina Wagner's Felicia and played the father of Georgie and Maxie Jones.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: He appeared in several made for television films, including "Moving Target" with Jason Bateman, "Lady Killer" with Judith Light, "Frequent Flyer" with Joan Severance, Nicole Eggert, and Shelley Hack, and "Dirty Little Secret" opposite Tracey Gold.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: He appeared for many years on Aaron Spelling's Fox nighttime soap opera "Melrose Place", as the alternately caring/conniving Dr. Peter Burns (1994–99); he directed episodes as well. His character and Heather Locklear's "Amanda" were featured together on a beach in the series finale's closing scene, having faked their own deaths.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: He appeared in another Aaron Spelling project, the NBC television series "Titans" with Yasmine Bleeth in 2000, and in Spelling's daytime soap opera "Sunset Beach" in 1997.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: From 2003 to 2012, he played Nick Marone on the CBS daytime soap "The Bold and the Beautiful". On February 28, 2006, he and a contestant Christine Denos won $142,550 (including the standard $100,000 top prize) in the game show "Wheel of Fortune"; at the time, it set a single-episode largest winning record (and second largest overall) until Michelle Lowenstein surpassed said record on October 14, 2008, as the inaugural $1,000,000 winner.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In 1985, Wagner was nominated for a Daytime Emmy Award for "Best Younger Actor" for his work on "General Hospital". He was nominated again in 2005 for "Best Lead Actor" for "The Bold and the Beautiful".


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner guest-starred on primetime television in notable programs such as "Monk", "Hot in Cleveland", and "Castle".


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In January 2013, it was announced that Wagner had agreed to reprise the iconic role of Frisco Jones on "General Hospital" for several episodes in early 2013. In 2014, he played Bill Avery on "When Calls the Heart". Wagner also starred on the Hallmark Channel in the Wedding March movies, with The Wedding March 3: Here Comes the Bride premiering in February 2018 and the 2022 Netflix Christmas Movie Falling for Christmas in 2022.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In 2012, Wagner was a contestant on season 14 of "Dancing with the Stars", partnered with professional dancer Anna Trebunskaya. They were eliminated from the competition on April 3, 2012, placing 11th.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner has recorded six albums. In 1985, he topped the "Billboard" charts with the ballad "All I Need". The single reached #2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and hit #1 on the Adult Contemporary chart.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Although Wagner had been playing the guitar since he was 14, his initial audition for the role of Frisco Jones on "General Hospital" with producer Gloria Monty did not include any singing. Wagner had five auditions with ABC before ultimately winning the role of Frisco Jones. His final audition in 1983 included performing the Kenny Loggins song "Wait a Little While". ABC musical honcho Kelli Ross hooked Wagner up with her good friend in legendary producer Quincy Jones who oversaw his initial 5 song EP "All I Need". Eventually, they would release a full ten song LP of "All I Need" once the song "All I Need" began to rise up the charts. Quincy Jones protégés Glen Ballard and Clif Magness produced Wagner's first two albums on Qwest Records/Warner Brothers. Wagner's singing talents led him to appearances on "American Bandstand", "Solid Gold", "Soul Train" and "The Merv Griffin Show".


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Eventually, his musical theater talent led to the title role(s) in a Broadway run of "Jekyll & Hyde", making him the first celebrity casting. Wagner has stated this was "a role of a lifetime" and performing the dual characters on Broadway was his most fulfilling professional experience. Wagner says "the role I had the most fun playing, TV-wise, would be Dr. Peter Burns (Melrose Place). He was sort of an evil character who could redeem himself. Theatrically, it was when I played Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde in Jekyll & Hyde on Broadway." He also appeared in a national theatre tour in 1987 in the role of Tony in "West Side Story", and a national tour of "Grease" in 1988.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: While he toured as a rock/pop performer in concert consistently from 1985 to 1988, Wagner did not perform in the 1990s except for an occasional benefit appearance. In 2005, Wagner resumed performing in concert sporadically. His more recent concerts have included a diverse blend of songs from his own catalog, cover songs from artists such as Neil Young, Lindsey Buckingham, and Paul McCartney, and originals.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In 2012, Wagner released new music, the single "Will the Rain Fall Down" on iTunes. He also performed the song acoustically on "The Bold and the Beautiful".


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In 2014, Wagner released the full-length release "On the Porch". A notable song from this release was the fan-favorite "The Right Key", which made its debut on "General Hospital" in 1989. He made a music video for "Driving Miss Daisy" which premiered on YouTube.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner was married to actress Kristina Wagner, who played opposite him on "General Hospital" as his love interest Felicia Cummings. After marital troubles they filed for divorce and it was finalized in 2006.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: The Wagners have two sons, Peter III (born 1990) and Harrison (born 1994). Their son Harrison Wagner died in Los Angeles on June 6, 2022, at age 27. A drug overdose is suspected, pending toxicology results. On June 13, 2022, Jack, along with Harrison's mother Kristina Wagner, announced a scholarship fund in honour of their son who struggled with addiction issues. All funds donated to the Harrison Wagner Scholarship Fund will be used to directly help young men pay their rent or a portion of their rent who could not otherwise afford their care at New Life House (a sober living facility in California).


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner began dating his "Melrose Place" love interest Heather Locklear in 2007; they became engaged in August 2011. The couple called off their engagement on November 15, 2011.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In May 2013, Wagner confirmed to "Soaps In Depth" that he and his former "The Bold and the Beautiful" co-star Ashley Jones had been dating for about a year. They were no longer together as of 2015.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: In November 2011, Jack met his 23-year-old daughter, Kerry, for the first time at a concert in Florida. Kerry had been placed for adoption at birth by her birth mother and had recently hired a private investigator to find her biological parents. This was the subject of Wagner's "personal story" in his "Dancing with the Stars" performance on April 2, 2012.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner is a golfer and is the only non-professional athlete to have won the American Century Celebrity Golf Classic, an annual competition featuring American sports and entertainment celebrities. Wagner first won the event in 2006 and repeated as champion in 2011, when he bested Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo. He has a total of nineteen top ten finishes. The tournament, televised by NBC in July, is played over three rounds at Edgewood Tahoe Golf Course in Lake Tahoe.


title: Jack Wagner (actor)

text: Wagner also won the Missouri junior college championship in 1980, and at one point considered a career in pro golf. He has a Celebrity Golf Classic named after him that raises funds for the Leukemia & Lymphoma Society. Wagner created the event to support the Society's mission to cure such cancers as leukemia, lymphoma, Hodgkin's disease, and myeloma, and to improve the quality of life of patients and their families. The Golf Classic raised more than $600,000 in its first two years to fund critical cancer research and patient services.


title: Jordan River

text: The Jordan River or River Jordan (, "Nahr al-ʾUrdunn", , "Nəhar hayYardēn"; "Nahrāʾ Yurdnan"), also known as "Nahr Al-Sharieat" (), is a river in the Middle East that flows roughly north to south through the Sea of Galilee (Hebrew: כנרת Kinneret, Arabic: Bohayrat Tabaraya, meaning Lake of Tiberias) and on to the Dead Sea. Jordan and the Golan Heights border the river to the east, while the West Bank and Israel lie to its west. Both Jordan and the West Bank take their names from the river.


title: Jordan River

text: The river holds major significance in Judaism and Christianity. According to the Bible, the Israelites crossed it into the Promised Land and Jesus of Nazareth was baptized by John the Baptist in it.


title: Jordan River

text: The Jordan River has an upper course from its sources to the Sea of Galilee (via the Bethsaida Valley), and a lower course south of the Sea of Galilee down to the Dead Sea. In traditional terminology, the upper course (or most of it) is commonly referred to as passing through the "Hula Valley", as opposed to "Upper Jordan Valley"; the Sea of Galilee through which the river passes is a separate entity; and the term Jordan Valley is reserved for the lower course, fed by the Yarmouk and Zarqa Rivers.


title: Jordan River

text: Over its upper course (fed by the Hasbani River, Banias River, Dan River, and the Iyyon Stream), the river drops rapidly in a run to the once large and swampy Lake Hula, which is slightly above sea level. Exiting the now much-diminished lake, it goes through an even steeper drop over the down to the Sea of Galilee, which it enters at its northern end. The Jordan deposits much of the silt it is carrying within the lake, which it leaves again near its southern tip at Degania Dam. At that point, the river is situated about 210 metres below sea level. The last -long section follows what is commonly termed the "Jordan Valley", which has less gradient (the total drop is another 210 metres) so that the river meanders before entering the Dead Sea, a terminal lake about 422 metres below sea level with no outlet. Two major tributaries enter from the east during this last section: the Yarmouk River and Zarqa River.


title: Jordan River

text: Its section north of the Sea of Galilee is within the boundaries of Israel and forms the western boundary of the Golan Heights. South of the lake, it forms the border between the Kingdom of Jordan (to the east), and Israel (to the west).


title: Jordan River

text: South of the Sea of Galilee, the Jordan River receives the waters of further tributaries, the main ones, both coming from the east (Jordan), are:


title: Jordan River

text: Several hypotheses for the origin of most of the river's names in modern languages (e.g., Jordan, Yarden, Urdunn), one is that it comes from Semitic 'Yard|on' 'flow down' <√ירד reflecting the river's declivity, possibly appearing also in other river names in the region such as Yarkon and Yarmouk, or it may be related to the Egyptian loanword 'yǝʾor' ('big river', the Nile). According to this hypothesis, "Den" might be linked to the Akkadian word dannum for "powerful". Cognates of the word are found in Aramaic, Hebrew, Mandaic, and other Semitic languages. The first recorded use of the name appears as "Yārdon" in Anastasi I, an ancient Egyptian papyrus that probably dates to the time of Rameses II. Early Arab chronicles referred to the river as "Al-Urdunn".


title: Jordan River

text: In Mandaic, the etymologically related term "Yardena" () can refer not only to the Jordan River, but also any other body of flowing water that can be used for Mandaean baptismal rituals ("masbuta").


title: Jordan River

text: After the Crusades, the Arabic name "Nahr Al Sharieat" (), literally "the watering place" began to be used, and was recorded by medieval geographers such as Abu'l-Fida and Al-Dimashqi. The name was shown in various forms on most notable 19th century maps of the region, and was described by Edward Robinson in his "Biblical Researches in Palestine". Although historical sources do not appear to make this distinction, it is described in some modern sources as the name for the part of the river before it flows into Lake Tiberias.


title: Jordan River

text: In the 19th century the River Jordan and the Dead Sea were explored by boat primarily by Christopher Costigan in 1835, Thomas Howard Molyneux in 1847, William Francis Lynch in 1848, and John MacGregor in 1869. The full text of W. F. Lynch's 1849 book "" is available online.


title: Jordan River

text: In 1964, Israel began operating a pumping station that diverts water from the Sea of Galilee to the National Water Carrier. Also in 1964, Jordan constructed a channel that diverted water from the Yarmouk River, a main tributary of the Jordan River, to the East Ghor Canal. Syria has also built reservoirs that catch the Yarmouk's waters. Environmentalists blame Israel, Jordan and Syria for extensive damage to the Jordan River ecosystem.


title: Jordan River

text: In modern times, the waters are 70% to 90% used for human purposes and the flow is greatly reduced. Because of this and the high evaporation rate of the Dead Sea, as well as industrial extraction of salts through evaporation ponds, the Dead Sea is rapidly shrinking.


title: Jordan River

text: The flow rate of the Jordan River once was 1.3 billion cubic metres per year; as of 2010, just 20 to 30 million cubic metres per year flow into the Dead Sea.


title: Jordan River

text: A small section of the northernmost portion of the Lower Jordan, the first ca. below the Sea of Galilee, has been kept pristine for baptism and local tourism. Most polluted is the 100-kilometre downstream stretch—a meandering stream from above the confluence with the Yarmouk to the Dead Sea. Environmentalists say the practice of letting sewage and brackish water flow into the river has almost destroyed its ecosystem. Rescuing the Jordan could take decades, according to environmentalists. In 2007, FoEME named the Jordan River as one of the world's 100 most endangered ecological sites, due in part to lack of cooperation between Israel and neighboring Arab states.


title: Jordan River

text: Route 90, part of which is named after Rehavam Zeevi, connects the northern and southern tips of the Israeli-occupied West Bank and parallels the Jordan River on the western side.


title: Jordan River

text: There are two border crossings between Israel and Jordan which cross the river over bridges. The northern one, Jordan River Crossing or Sheikh Hussein Bridge is near Beit She'an; the southern one, Allenby Bridge (also King Hussein Bridge), is near Jericho.


title: Jordan River

text: Until the first decade of the 21st century, the waters of the Jordan River had been the largest water resource for Israel; lately, desalinated sea water from the Mediterranean has taken over this role. Israel's National Water Carrier, completed in 1964, has delivered water from the Sea of Galilee to the Israeli coastal plain for over four decades, until prolonged drought led to abandoning this solution in favour of desalination.


title: Jordan River

text: Jordan receives of water from the river, a quantity which is regulated by the 1994 peace treaty with Israel. In the past, one of the main water resources in Jordan was the Jordan River, with a flow of 1.3 billion m per year (BCM/yr). However, after Israel built the National Water Carrier in 1953 and diverted water from Lake Tiberias to Israel's coastal plains and southern desert, the flow of the Lower Jordan River dropped significantly. The 50 MCM/yr that Israel provides from Lake Tiberias as part of the 1994 peace treaty was meant to compensate for this loss. A 2010 study found that the Lower Jordan River has been reduced to 2% of its historic flow. Water quality has also deteriorated sharply, with high levels of salinity and pollution from agricultural fertilizer and untreated wastewater upstream in Israel and the West Bank.


title: Jordan River

text: Conflict about the waters of the Jordan River was a contributing factor to the Six-Day War when, starting in 1965, Syria attempted to divert some of its headwaters in collaboration with Lebanon and Jordan. The diversion works would have reduced the water availability for Israel's carrier by about 35%, and Israel's overall water supply by about 11%.


title: Jordan River

text: In the Hebrew Bible the Jordan is referred to as the source of fertility of a large plain ("Kikkar ha-Yarden"), said to be watered like "the garden of the LORD" (Genesis ). There is no regular description of the Jordan in the Bible; only scattered and indefinite references to it are given. Jacob crossed it and its tributary, the Jabbok (the modern Al-Zarqa), on his way back from Haran (, ). It is noted as the line of demarcation between the "two tribes and the half tribe" settled to the east (Numbers ) and the "nine tribes and the half tribe of Manasseh" that, led by Joshua, settled to the west (, passim).


title: Jordan River

text: Opposite Jericho, it was called "the Jordan of Jericho" (; ). The Jordan has a number of fords, and one of them is famous as the place where many Ephraimites were slain by Jephthah (Judges ). It seems that these are the same fords mentioned as being near Beth-barah, where Gideon lay in wait for the Midianites (). In the plain of the Jordan, between Succoth and Zarthan, is the clay ground where Solomon had his brass-foundries (1 Kings ). In the Jordan valley is portrayed as a woodland region. Biblical commentator Albert Barnes suggested that "trees were rare in most parts of Palestine, but plentiful in the Jordan Valley".


title: Jordan River

text: In biblical history, the Jordan appears as the scene of several miracles, the first taking place when the Jordan, near Jericho, was crossed by the Israelites under Joshua (). Later the two tribes and the half tribe that settled east of the Jordan built a large altar on its banks as "a witness" between them and the other tribes (, , et seq.). The Jordan was crossed by Elijah and Elisha on dry ground (, ). The prophet and wonder-worker Elisha performed two miracles at the Jordan: he healed Naaman's leprosy by having him bathe in its waters (), and he made an axe head lost by one of the "children of the prophets" float, by throwing a piece of wood into the water ().


title: Jordan River

text: Yom HaAliyah (Aliyah Day, ) is an Israeli national holiday celebrated annually on the tenth of the Hebrew month of Nisan to commemorate the Israelites crossing the Jordan River into the Land of Israel while carrying the Ark of the Covenant as recorded in the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua.


title: Jordan River

text: The New Testament states that John the Baptist baptised unto repentance in the Jordan (–; Mark; Luke ; John). These acts of Baptism are also reported as having taken place at Bethabara ().


title: Jordan River

text: Jesus came to be baptised by him there (; ; , ). The Jordan is also where John the Baptist bore record of Jesus as the Son of God and Lamb of God ().


title: Jordan River

text: The New Testament speaks several times about Jesus crossing the Jordan during his ministry (; ), and of believers crossing the Jordan to come hear him preach and to be healed of their diseases (; ). When his enemies sought to capture him, Jesus took refuge at the river in the place John had first baptised ().


title: Jordan River

text: Scholars have concluded that the site called Al-Maghtas on the east side has long been considered the location for the Baptism of Jesus and a place of pilgrimage. This has led to choosing Al-Maghtas as a UNESCO World Heritage site, which took place in 2015.


title: Jordan River

text: Because, according to Jewish tradition, the Israelites made a difficult and hazardous journey from slavery in Egypt to freedom in the Promised Land, the Jordan can refer to freedom. The actual crossing is the final step of the journey, which is then complete.


title: Jordan River

text: Among many other references, the Jordan River is given this meaning in the text of "Old Man River": "Let me go 'way from the Mississippi / Let me go 'way from the white man boss / Show me that stream called the River Jordan / That's the old stream that I long to cross".


title: Jordan River

text: Because of the baptism of Jesus, water from the Jordan is employed for the christening of heirs and princes in several Christian royal houses, such as the cases of Prince George of Wales, Simeon of Bulgaria and James Ogilvy. Earlier, On 15 May 1717, the Empress Maria Theresa was baptised in Vienna by the Papal Nuntius Giorgio Spinola, representing Pope Clement XI, with baptismal water containing a few drops from the River Jordan.


title: Jordan River

text: The Jordan is a frequent symbol in folk, gospel, and spiritual music, and in poetic and literary works.


title: Jordan River

text: The baptism of Jesus is referred to in a hymn by the reformer Martin Luther, "" (1541), base for a cantata by Johann Sebastian Bach, (1724).


title: Jordan River

text: The Jordan River, due primarily to its rich spiritual importance, has provided inspiration for countless songs, hymns, and stories, including the traditional African-American spiritual/folk songs "Michael Row the Boat Ashore", "Deep River", and "Roll, Jordan, Roll". It is mentioned in the songs "Eve of Destruction", "Will You Be There", and "The Wayfaring Stranger" and in "Ol' Man River" from the musical "Show Boat". "The Far Side Banks of Jordan" by Johnny Cash and June Carter Cash on June's Grammy Award-winning studio album, "Press On", mentions the Jordan River as well as the Promised Land. Jordan River is also the subject of roots reggae artist Burning Spear's song of the same title. Belarusian band Spasenie dedicated its whole album “Crossing the Jordan” to the topic.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On November 21, 2021, Darrell E. Brooks drove a sport utility vehicle (SUV) through the annual Christmas parade in Waukesha, Wisconsin, United States, killing six people and injuring sixty-two others.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks pleaded not guilty to six counts of first-degree intentional homicide and seventy-one additional charges and chose to represent himself at his trial, which began on October 3, 2022. Brooks presented arguments from the pseudolegal sovereign citizen movement and was repeatedly removed from the courtroom for failing to comply with decorum and courtesy. On October 26, 2022, Brooks was found guilty on all seventy-six charges; one of the counts of domestic battery was dismissed by prosecutors. He was sentenced to six consecutive life sentences without the possibility of parole, plus an additional years, to be served consecutively.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Waukesha, a western suburb of Milwaukee, Wisconsin, has a traditional, annual Christmas parade downtown. In 2020, the parade was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The 2021 parade, the 58th annual event, featured more than 60 entries and had the theme of "Comfort and Joy".


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On November 21, 2021, around 4:39 p.m. (CST), a red 2010 Ford Escape SUV, moving at about , broke through barricades and was driven through the annual Christmas parade in Waukesha. One police officer banged on the hood of the SUV in an attempt to get the driver to stop. Another officer then fired his gun in an attempt to stop the vehicle.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: The parade was live-streamed, and other attendees captured the incident on videos later posted to social media. Two eyewitnesses told reporters that the driver did not initially stop; all they could hear was people screaming and crying. One witness described the driver as "calm and composed". Police reported that the driver deliberately targeted the crowd, driving in a "zig-zag pattern" to hit as many people as possible.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: During the immediate aftermath of the ramming, five people were confirmed killed and forty-eight others were injured. The five dead were identified as four women and one man. Four of the dead were members of the Milwaukee Dancing Grannies, a dance group composed solely of grandmothers.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Hospitals admitted twenty-eight people, nine of whom were in critical condition. Seventeen children were among the wounded, with three remaining hospitalized at Children's Wisconsin until early December. By November 23, two days after the incident, the number of people reported injured had increased to sixty-two and the number of fatalities had increased to six after an eight-year-old child died at a hospital. The ages of the dead ranged from 8 to 81.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: The Waukesha Police Department issued a shelter-in-place order for parts of Waukesha but withdrew it the same evening. The Waukesha School District cancelled school on November 22 and made additional counselors available to students. On November 22, vigils were held across the city. A week after the attacks the city of Waukesha held a moment of silence. Children's Wisconsin hospital opened a hotline for those seeking emotional and psychological support. First lady Jill Biden met privately with victims' family members and attended a memorial to the victims on December 15.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Several donation efforts were made, with nearly $900,000 having been raised on GoFundMe for victims of the attack, and 7,000 donations being made raising over $1.8 million to the United for Waukesha Community Fund. In addition, local contractors volunteered to install wheelchair ramps in the homes of those injured from the attack who would need wheelchairs.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: In March 2022, the United for Waukesha Community Fund announced that they had raised more than $6.2 million for the victims of the attack.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On the day of the attack, police recovered a damaged Ford Escape and arrested 39-year-old Darrell Edward Brooks Jr. (born February 21, 1982), who was born and raised in Milwaukee, and has an extensive criminal record dating back to 1999.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks was arrested on the night of the attack, soon after he told a Waukesha resident that he was homeless and asked to use his phone to call an Uber. The man was unaware of the events that had occurred and permitted Brooks briefly inside his home, giving him a sandwich and letting him borrow a jacket but asked him to leave when police arrived. Brooks left the man's home and surrendered to police without incident.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: It is believed Brooks acted alone and did not know anyone at the parade. Police investigated whether he was fleeing from a nearby domestic disturbance when encountering the parade. The police chief said, "We have information that the suspect prior to the incident was involved in a domestic disturbance, which was just minutes prior, and the suspect left that scene just prior to our arrival to that domestic disturbance." He also said that Brooks was not being chased by police when he drove into the parade route. Prosecutors have alleged that Brooks was trying to "strike and hurt as many people as possible".


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: A Facebook account reported to belong to Brooks contained viewpoints aligning with that of the Black Hebrew Israelites (BHI). According to the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), his former social media accounts "indicate support for some conspiratorial, Black nationalist and antisemitic beliefs" and it also wrote that an image posted on his alleged former Facebook account in 2015 had originally been "circulated by members of the Black Hebrew Israelites". The ADL also wrote that while Brooks had shared conspiratorial-themed social media posts in 2015, "there appears to be little evidence that Brooks actively subscribes to an overarching extremist ideology."


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks had been arrested three weeks prior to the Waukesha attack for hitting his ex-girlfriend, and ramming the woman with the same vehicle during a domestic dispute at a gas station in Milwaukee. The charges against him for that case include second-degree recklessly endangering safety with domestic abuse assessments, a felony, as well as disorderly conduct with domestic abuse assessments; misdemeanor battery with domestic abuse assessments; and obstructing an officer. Brooks posted $1,000 bail on November 19, two days before the Waukesha attack, and was released.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks was also arrested five months and five weeks prior to the dispute for domestic violence while staying at the Country Hearth Inn in Union City, Georgia, when a witness told police that he confronted Brooks after hearing Brooks arguing and beating up his ex-girlfriend on the other side of the wall repeatedly in a hotel room. According to WXIA-TV, Brooks flashed a firearm in front of her during the argument. After spending the rest of the day behind bars at the East Point Law Enforcement Center in East Point, Brooks appeared in court the following day on May 28 and ended up receiving a signature bond, but never made it to its signature court date.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On July 24, 2020, while living in the Milwaukee community area of Arlington Heights near Shorewood, Brooks was charged with second-degree recklessly endangering safety and felon in possession of a firearm after he allegedly shot at his nephew and a friend after a fight over a cell phone near a North 19th Street house in the Milwaukee community area of North Division. Less than a year later on February 9, 2021, he was released with a $500 bond (that was originally set at $10,000).


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: At the time of the attack, Brooks also had an outstanding warrant for a statutory sex crime in Sparks, Nevada, which was issued in 2016. Nearly ten years earlier, in November 2006, he was convicted of a felony statutory sexual seduction after impregnating a 15-year-old girl in Sparks. After pleading guilty in March 2007, Brooks was sentenced to 12–36 months at the Northern Nevada Correctional Center in Carson City until being released in September 2008. Brooks also had previous criminality charges in two other Wisconsin cities, Manitowoc in 2005, and Wisconsin Rapids in 2010.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks was initially charged with five counts of first-degree intentional homicide. Following the death of a sixth victim, Brooks's bond was set at $5 million, and he remained in custody, following an initial court appearance. The Waukesha County District Attorney said more charges were likely to come and charged Brooks with a sixth count of first degree intentional homicide on November 29.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks was interviewed by Fox News while he was in custody and he said, "I just feel like I'm being monster–demonized." His mother wrote a letter to the media saying Brooks had a long history of mental health problems and no health insurance to pay for treatment. In December, Brooks was charged further for the November 21 incident, with charges of intimidating a witness and intimidation of a victim, both felonies. Brooks is alleged to have called his girlfriend from jail over several days and threatened her to prevent her cooperation with the investigation.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: In January 2022, seventy-seven additional charges were filed against Brooks for the parade attack, including sixty-one counts of first-degree recklessly endangering safety with a dangerous weapon, six counts of hit and run involving death, two counts of felony bail jumping, and two counts of domestic abuse. The latter charges are in relation to two altercations between Brooks and his girlfriend on the day of the attack and the day before.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On January 14, 2022, Waukesha Court Commissioner Kevin Costello ruled in preliminary hearing that Brooks would stand trial due to "ample evidence on all fronts". Waukesha police detective Thomas Casey testified in the hearing as a witness, saying that he and other officers at the scene yelled at Brooks to stop. At the same time, Brooks zig-zagged with his vehicle for blocks to strike pedestrians. Brooks's defense attorney Anna Kees argued that Brooks was high during the incident, noting that the police officers who arrested him noticed that Brooks smelled of cannabis and had red glassy eyes. Kees also claimed that Brooks did not intend to kill anyone, as he "couldn't bring himself" to look at photos of the victims. District Attorney Susan Opper counter-argued that all that Brooks had to do was stop and that even if he was intoxicated, he still committed multiple crimes.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On February 11, 2022, Brooks pleaded not guilty to all charges. Defense attorney Jeremy Perri entered two motions, requesting in the first one for a different trial in a different county, claiming that Brooks was unlikely to receive a fair and impartial jury trial in grief-stricken Waukesha, citing the "ubiquitous" Waukesha Strong solidarity movement within the county. The second motion requested a new judge for the case, for which no reason was given. Court Commissioner Costello denied the first motion but granted the second motion, reassigning the case from Judge Michael Bohren to Chief Judge Jennifer Dorow. One month later, Dorow scheduled Brooks's trial for October 3, 2022, at the Waukesha County Circuit Court.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: In a pre-trial hearing, Brooks requested self-representation. Judge Dorow considered the request and ruled that Brooks could proceed "pro se". During proceedings, Brooks used arguments from the sovereign citizen movement, a pseudolegal movement whose adherents claim that courts do not have jurisdiction over them. Brooks declared himself a "sovereign citizen", stated that he did not consent to being recognized by his name, asked if the court was "a common law court or an admiralty law court", and argued that since the state of Wisconsin was an entity rather than a person, it could not file a claim against him. These arguments have not succeeded before in criminal trials; Judge Dorow ruled that Brooks was not allowed to argue that he was a sovereign citizen in court, stating that the defense was without merit. During his trial, Brooks was repeatedly removed from the courtroom after failing to comply with decorum; some of these instances included Brooks engaging in numerous interruptions, back talking, glaring, and other outbursts with Judge Dorow. On October 24, 2022, Brooks was given the chance to offer the defense; however, due to Brooks's repeated misbehavior and failing to follow decorum, Judge Dorow ruled that he had forfeited his right to call further witnesses (which would have included his mother) and declared the evidentiary stage of the trial over. Closing arguments began October 25, and the jury deliberations began that same day.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: On October 26, the jury returned with guilty verdicts on all seventy-six counts, after deliberating for a total of three hours and fifteen minutes. One count of domestic battery was dismissed by prosecutors.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Brooks was sentenced on November 16, 2022. Judge Dorow imposed six life sentences without parole, one for each of the deceased victims, to be served consecutively. For the sixty-one counts of reckless endangerment, she sentenced Brooks to a total of 762 years of initial confinement and 305 years of extended supervision. For the six counts of hit-and-run, Brooks received 150 years to run concurrently with the reckless endangerment sentences. He is currently confined at Waupun's Dodge Correctional Institution.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: After conviction and sentencing, Brooks filed for an appeal. He filed a motion for a stay of judgment pending appeal. He was placed on a suicide prevention protocol.


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: Wisconsin Governor Tony Evers expressed gratitude for the efforts of first responders and good Samaritans, and voiced support for affected families and community members. Evers ordered the United States and Wisconsin flags to be flown at half-staff the day after the incident in honor of the victims. United States President Joe Biden condemned the incident, calling it a "horrific act of violence". First Lady Jill Biden visited Waukesha to meet with victims and their families. Wisconsin senators Tammy Baldwin and Ron Johnson released a joint statement, asking people to avoid using the event for political purposes. Pope Francis sent prayers and condolences to the victims on a message signed on his behalf. Waukesha County Executive Paul Farrow posted on social media and stated: "Please pray for our community tonight after the horrific events at the Waukesha Christmas Parade."


title: Waukesha Christmas parade attack

text: The attack triggered a backlash against bail reform. Brooks was released on $1,000 bail two weeks before the attack when he was arrested for allegedly running over a woman with his vehicle during an altercation, and the attack came at a time when the COVID-19 pandemic had resulted in courts wanting to reduce jail crowding to reduce risk of infection by giving lower bail requests. The bail, however, was not a result of any systemic changes to Waukesha's pretrial system; the office of the Milwaukee District Attorney John T. Chisholm, which set his bail, said in a statement that "the State's bail recommendation in this case was inappropriately low in light of the nature of the recent charges and the pending charges against Mr. Brooks", and said that bail was a result of "human error" of an overworked assistant district attorney. A court commissioner who was also involved in setting the bail was indefinitely reassigned to non-criminal cases.


title: Stradivarius

text: A Stradivarius is one of the violins, violas, cellos and other string instruments built by members of the Italian family Stradivari, particularly Antonio Stradivari (Latin: Antonius Stradivarius), during the 17th and 18th centuries. They are considered some of the finest instruments ever made, and are extremely valuable collector's items.


title: Stradivarius

text: According to their reputation, the quality of their sound has defied attempts to explain or equal it, though this belief is disputed. The many blind experiments from 1817 to as recently as 2014 have found no difference in sound between Stradivari's violins and high-quality violins in comparable style of other makers and periods, nor has acoustic analysis.


title: Stradivarius

text: Stradivari made his instruments using an inner form, unlike the French copyists, such as Vuillaume, who employed an outer form. It is clear from the number of forms throughout his career that he experimented with some of the dimensions of his instruments. The woods used included spruce for the top, willow for the internal blocks and linings, and maple for the back, ribs, and neck. Stradivari and Giuseppe Guarneri's violins differ in their tonal quality, like red or white wine. The Stradivari's sound is described as more "direct and precise", responding to the slightest touch with refined direction and elegance.


title: Stradivarius

text: There has been conjecture that the wood used may have been treated with several types of minerals, both before and after construction of a violin. Scientists at National Taiwan University have detected trace amounts of aluminum, copper, and calcium in wood from Stradivari violins. The traces may have come from chemical preservatives applied by loggers to the wood they sold. As well, the violin makers applied varnishes to their instruments. Potassium borate (borax) may have been used to protect against woodworm. Sodium and potassium silicate may have been used to prevent mildew, rotting and insect damage. Simone Fernando Sacconi suggested that Vernice bianca, an egg tempera varnish composed of gum arabic, honey, and egg white, may have been used.


title: Stradivarius

text: French chemist Jean-Philippe Echard and his co-workers have studied varnishes on Stradivarius violins. He reported in 2010 that even when varnish is no longer visible to the human eye on the surface of older violins, it can be detected within the top layers of cells. A lower layer of varnish is found within the topmost wood cells while an upper rests upon the wood. Echard's findings suggest that Stradivari used a mixture of common Cremonese resin, oil, and pigment as a varnish, rather than making his own. Echard did not find traces of specialized ingredients such as protein materials, gums, or fossil amber.


title: Stradivarius

text: A comparative study published in PLOS One in 2008 found no significant differences in median densities between modern and classical violins, or between classical violins from different origins; instead the survey of several modern and classical examples of violins highlighted a notable distinction when comparing density differentials. These results suggest that differences in density differentials in the material may have played a significant role in the sound production of classical violins. A later survey, focused on comparing median densities in both classical and modern violin examples, questioned the role available materials may have played in sound production differences, though it made no comment on variations in density differentials. The content of copper and aluminium is higher than current instruments.


title: Stradivarius

text: A Stradivarius made in the 1680s, or during Stradivari's "Long Pattern" period from 1690 to 1700, could be worth hundreds of thousands to several million U.S. dollars at today's prices. The 1697 "Molitor" Stradivarius, once rumored to have belonged to Napoleon (it actually belonged to a general in his army, Marshal Gabriel Jean Joseph Molitor, 1er Comte Molitor), sold in 2010 at Tarisio Auctions to violinist Anne Akiko Meyers for $3,600,000, at the time a world record.


title: Stradivarius

text: Depending on condition, instruments made during Stradivari's "golden period" from 1700 to about 1725 can be worth millions of dollars. In 2011, his "Lady Blunt" violin from 1721, which is in pristine condition, was sold in London for $15.9 million (it is named after Lord Byron's granddaughter Lady Anne Blunt, who owned it for 30 years). It was sold by the Nippon Music Foundation in aid of the Japanese earthquake and tsunami appeal. In Spring 2014 the "Macdonald" viola was put up for auction through the musical instrument auction house Ingles & Hayday in conjunction with Sotheby's via silent auction with a minimum bid of $45 million. The auction failed to reach its minimum bid by 25 June 2014, and the viola was not sold.


title: Stradivarius

text: "Vice" magazine reported in May 2013 that "in recent years, Stradivarius investment funds have started to appear, pushing already astronomical prices even higher".


title: Stradivarius

text: Stradivarius instruments are at risk of theft. Stolen instruments are often recovered, even after being missing for many years. They are difficult to sell illicitly, as dealers will typically call the police if approached by a seller with a Stradivarius known to have been stolen. The "General Kyd Stradivarius" was stolen in 2004. It was returned three weeks later by a woman who found it and handed it over to the police. The "Sinsheimer/Iselin" was stolen in Hanover, Germany in 2008 and recovered in 2009. The "Lipinski Stradivarius" was stolen in an armed robbery on 27 January 2014 and subsequently recovered. The "Ames Stradivarius" was stolen in 1981 and recovered in 2015.


title: Stradivarius

text: A number of stolen instruments remain missing, such as the "Karpilowsky", stolen in 1953. the "Davidoff-Morini", stolen in 1995, and the "Le Maurien", stolen in 2002,


title: Stradivarius

text: The Stradivarius instruments are famous for the quality of sound they produce. However, the many blind experiments from 1817 to as recent as 2014 have never found any difference in sound between Stradivari's violins and high-quality violins in comparable style of other makers and periods, nor has acoustic analysis. In a particularly famous test on a BBC Radio 3 programme in 1977, the violinists Isaac Stern and Pinchas Zukerman and the violin expert and dealer Charles Beare tried to distinguish between the "Chaconne" Stradivarius, a 1739 Guarneri del Gesú, an 1846 Vuillaume, and a 1976 British violin played behind a screen by a professional soloist. The two violinists were allowed to play all the instruments first. None of the listeners identified more than two of the four instruments. Two of the listeners identified the 20th-century violin as the Stradivarius. Violinists and others have criticized these tests on various grounds such as that they are not double-blind (in most cases), the judges are often not experts, and the sounds of violins are hard to evaluate objectively and reproducibly.


title: Stradivarius

text: In a test in 2009, the British violinist Matthew Trusler played his 1711 Stradivarius, said to be worth two million U.S. dollars, and four modern violins made by the Swiss violin-maker . One of Rhonheimer's violins, made with wood that the Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology researcher Francis Schwarze had treated with fungi, received 90 of the 180 votes for the best tone, while the Stradivarius came second with 39 votes. The majority (113) of the listeners misidentified the winning violin as the Stradivarius. Analysis of the treated wood revealed a accompanied by relatively little change in the speed of sound. According to this analysis, treatment improves the sound radiation ratio to the level of cold-climate wood considered to have superior resonance.


title: Stradivarius

text: In a double-blind test in 2012 published in the study "Player preferences among new and old violins", expert players could not distinguish old from new instruments by playing them for a short time in a small room. In an additional test, performed in a concert hall, one of the Stradivarius violins placed first, but one of the participants stated that "the audience in the concert hall were essentially equivocal on which instruments were better in each of the pair-wise instrument comparisons" and "I could tell slight differences in the instruments... but overall they were all great. None of them sounded substantially weaker than the others." Modern violins were rated as having better sound-carrying qualities and were preferred again in a study in 2017.


title: Stradivarius

text: While many world-class soloists play violins by Antonio Stradivari, there are notable exceptions. For example, Christian Tetzlaff formerly played "a quite famous Strad", but switched to a violin made in 2002 by Stefan-Peter Greiner. He states that the listener cannot tell that his instrument is modern, and he regards it as excellent for Bach and better than a Stradivarius for "the big Romantic and 20th-century concertos."


title: Stradivarius

text: Some maintain that the very best Stradivari have unique superiorities. Various attempts at explaining these supposed qualities have been undertaken, most results being unsuccessful or inconclusive. Over the centuries, numerous theories have been presented – and debunked – including an assertion that the wood was salvaged from old cathedrals.


title: Stradivarius

text: A more modern theory attributes tree growth during a time of global low temperatures during the Little Ice Age associated with unusually low solar activity of the Maunder Minimum, circa 1645 to 1750, during which cooler temperatures throughout Europe are believed to have caused stunted and slowed tree growth, resulting in unusually dense wood. Further evidence for this "Little Ice Age theory" comes from a simple examination of the dense growth rings in the wood used in Stradivari's instruments. Two researchers – University of Tennessee tree-ring scientist Henri Grissino-Mayer and Lloyd Burckle, a Columbia University climatologist – published their conclusions supporting the theory on increased wood density in the journal "Dendrochronologia".


title: Stradivarius

text: In 2008, researchers from the Leiden University Medical Center in the Netherlands, announced further evidence that wood density caused the claimed high quality of these instruments. After examining the violins with X-rays, the researchers found that these violins all have extremely consistent density, with relatively low variation in the apparent growth patterns of the trees that produced this wood.


title: Stradivarius

text: Yet another possible explanation is that maple wood used was sourced from the forests of northern Croatia. This wood is known for its extreme density resulting from the slow growth caused by harsh Croatian winters. Croatian wood was traded by Venetian merchants of the era, and is still used today by local luthiers and craftsfolk for musical instruments.


title: Stradivarius

text: Some research points to wood preservatives used in that day as contributing to the resonant qualities. Joseph Nagyvary reveals that he has always held the belief that there are a wide range of chemicals that will improve the violin's sound. In a 2009 study co-authored with Renald Guillemette and Clifford Spiegelman, Nagyvary obtained shavings from a Stradivarius violin and examined them, and analysis indicated they contained "borax, fluorides, chromium and iron salts." He also found that the wood had decayed a little, to the extent that the filter plates in the pores between the wood's component tracheids had rotted away, perhaps while the wood was stored in or under water in the Venice lagoon before Stradivarius used it.


title: Stradivarius

text: Steven Sirr, a radiologist, worked with researchers to perform a CT scan of a Stradivari known as the "Betts". Data regarding the differing densities of woods used were then used to create a reproduction instrument.


title: Stradivarius

text: While only about 650 original Stradivari instruments (harps, guitars, violas, cellos, violins) survive, thousands of violins have been made in tribute to Stradivari, copying his model and bearing labels that read "Stradivarius". The presence of a Stradivarius label does not confirm that the instrument is a genuine work of Stradivari.


title: Stradivarius

text: According to a 2019 article in "The New York Times", the Museo del Violino in the city of Cremona, Italy is undertaking a landmark project to preserve the sound of Stradivarius instruments. In January 2019, four musicians will record an extensive set of scales and arpeggios in different techniques to showcase the sounds produced by two violins, a viola, and a cello. These recordings, known as the "Stradivarius Sound Bank", will be part of a permanent collection at the Museo del Violino that will allow future generations to hear Stradivarius instruments. To facilitate these recordings, "the city's mayor, Gianluca Galimberti, implored Cremona's citizens to avoid any sudden and unnecessary sounds."


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well" is a song by American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift. Its five-minute version is part of her fourth studio album, "Red" (2012), whereas its re-recording and uncut 10-minute version is part of her second re-recorded album, "Red (Taylor's Version)" (2021). Swift wrote "All Too Well" during her Speak Now World Tour, and asked longtime co-writer Liz Rose to help trim the song to five minutes from its original 10-minute length. "Red" was released on October 22, 2012, by Big Machine Records. "All Too Well" is a power ballad combining country rock, soft rock, folk and arena rock styles, with lyrics narrating a romantic relationship and its subsequent dissolution using vivid imagery.


title: All Too Well

text: After "Red" was released, "All Too Well" peaked at number 80 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and 59 on the Canadian Hot 100, and was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). Swift first performed "All Too Well" at the 56th Annual Grammy Awards on January 26, 2014, and included the song on the set lists of her shows for the Red Tour (2013–14) and the Reputation Stadium Tour (2018) among many other concerts. It went on to become one of Swift's most acclaimed and widely covered songs, and has earned a cult following, with its "scarf" reference becoming a popular culture phenomenon. Critics, fans, and media outlets have often called "All Too Well" Swift's best song, highlighting its cathartic songwriting; emotional engagement; specific, expository details; slow-burning production; vocal performance; and musical climax. It featured on several publications' lists of the best songs of the 2010s decade and the greatest songs of all time, such as "Rolling Stone" 2021 revision of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time (number 69).


title: All Too Well

text: In 2021, following the controversy regarding her masters, Swift re-recorded two versions of "All Too Well"—the 5-minute "All Too Well (Taylor's Version)", and the unabridged "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)"—for "Red (Taylor's Version)", released on November 12 via Republic Records. The 10-minute version contains original verses and melodies before they were removed, and was produced by Swift and Jack Antonoff. "", a romantic drama written and directed by Swift, starring Sadie Sink, Dylan O'Brien and herself, was released on November 12. The song became a promotional single from "Red (Taylor's Version)" on November 15.


title: All Too Well

text: Surpassing the 2012 track's chart performance, "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" was met with international commercial success, topping the charts in various countries and breaking the "Guinness World Record" for the longest song ever to reach number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It was met with rave reviews from music critics, who praised Swift's songwriting for the "epic" songcraft, song structure, and the extended storytelling for providing more context and perspective than the five-minute version. Publications named it one of the best songs of 2021 in their year-end rankings and a career highlight for Swift. Both the 10-minute song and the short film have received numerous accolades, including a nomination for Song of the Year at the forthcoming 65th Annual Grammy Awards.


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well" was the first song Swift wrote for her album "Red", having penned the lyrics almost two years before the album's release. While collaborating with different writers on "Red", Swift wrote the song along with Liz Rose, with whom she had written many songs on her earlier albums. Rose has said that Swift unexpectedly asked her to help write the song as a one-off project after not having collaborated with Swift for some years. Swift wrote a first draft of the song by herself unexpectedly while on her Speak Now World Tour in February 2011, with the final draft being completed in March of that same year.


title: All Too Well

text: In an interview with "Good Morning America", Swift said that the song was "the hardest to write on the album", saying: "it took me a really long time to filter through everything I wanted to put in the song without it being a 10-minute song, which you can't put on an album. I wanted a story that could work in the form of a song and I called my co-writer Liz Rose and said, 'Come over, we've gotta filter this down,' and it took me a really long time to get it." Rose also said that the song was originally "10, 12 or 15 minutes long" before cutting down to "the important pieces". In a later interview, Rose described "All Too Well" as originally being "probably a 20-minute song when [Swift] called me." Even after cutting it down, the song is the longest track on the album, clocking in at five minutes and twenty-eight seconds (5:28). In a 2020 interview on "Rolling Stone"'s "500 Greatest Albums" podcast, Swift later confirmed that the original version was about 10 minutes long and also revealed that it was explicit. The song's studio recording was produced by Swift and Nathan Chapman.


title: All Too Well

text: In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Liz Rose explained how "All Too Well" came to be, stating "When we did 'All Too Well,' I hadn't heard from her in awhile. She hadn't really been writing." After receiving a call from Swift asking her to collaborate on the song, Rose explained that "[Swift] had a <nowiki>"</nowiki>lot<nowiki>"</nowiki> of information. I just let her go. She already had a melody and she started singing some words, and I started writing things down, saying, 'Ok, let's use this, let's use that." Rose later stated "It was the most emotional, in-depth song we've ever written."


title: All Too Well

text: The song's secret message in "Red"'s liner notes is "MAPLE LATTES". The first of four Target-exclusive deluxe editions of Swift's 2019 album "Lover" contained her old diary, in which some of the scrapped lyrics of "All Too Well" can be found: "There we are again / You're crying on the phone / Realized you lost the one real thing you've ever known" was the original bridge of the song, while the original opening lines were "I walked through the door with you / The air was cold / Pictures on the fireplace, you're showing me around." Additional original lyrics included "There we are again / When you blew the candle out / Took this blazing love and steered it right into the ground / Running scared, I was there," and "You'll mail back my things in a box with no note / Except for that scarf from the very first week / Yeah you keep it in your drawer 'cause it smells like me."


title: All Too Well

text: Following a dispute with Scooter Braun and Big Machine Records over the rights to the masters of her first six studio albums, including "Red", Swift announced her intention to re-record each of the albums under her new label, Republic Records. On June 18, 2021, Swift announced that "Red (Taylor's Version)" would be released on November 12, 2021. In the social media post announcing the album, she wrote, "This will be the first time you hear all 30 songs that were meant to go on "Red". And hey, one of them is even ten minutes long," driving widespread speculation that the extended 10-minute version of "All Too Well" would be included on "Red (Taylor's Version)," which was confirmed by Swift when she revealed the tracklist on August 6, 2021.


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well" is a country, country rock, arena rock, folk, power pop, and soft rock power ballad vividly narrating the difficulty of moving on from a crushing heartbreak. It runs for five minutes and twenty-eight seconds, making it the longest track on the album. Musically, the song is set in the key of C major with a tempo of 93 beats per minute. Swift's vocals range from F to D. The song is instrumented by acoustic and electric guitars, keyboard, drums, and bass. The song follows the track five pattern noted by music critics, in which the fifth track on Swift's albums are the most "anguish-filled" songs, featuring "stabbing lyrics and climactic bridges." The song is often categorized as "Red"'s emotional centerpiece by critics. Brad Nelson of "Pitchfork" identified the song as the climax of "Red"'s overarching theme that "Nothing dies without leaving some trace of itself."


title: All Too Well

text: The lyrics see Swift long for the memories of the relationship that have been frozen in time. Swift sings "I can picture it after all these days," "Time won't fly / It's like I'm paralyzed by it," and "I remember it all too well." The verses narrate expository details. Rebecca Farley of "Refinery29" described the lyrics as blameless, lamenting the negative space left by a breakup and recounting the lost memories. Brittany Spanos of "Rolling Stone" writes that the song describes "the pain of having to piece one's self back together again" after a relationship ends. The song crescendos from a slow, folk-inspired intro to an arena rock bridge, where Swift sings "And you call me up again just to break me like a promise / So casually cruel in the name of being honest / I'm a crumpled up piece of paper lying here / 'Cause I remember it all, all, all / Too well." The events are set mainly in autumn, with Swift singing "Autumn leaves falling down like pieces into place / And I can picture it after all these days" in the first verse. Ginny Montalbano of the University of Texas at Austin's Country Music Project highlighted the song's unique structure Swift used to accommodate the song's dramatic details.


title: All Too Well

text: The song opens with the lyric "I walked through the door with you / the air was cold / but something about it felt like home somehow / and I left my scarf there at your sister's house / and you've still got it in your drawer even now." The scarf is mentioned again towards the end of the song: "But you keep my old scarf from that very first week / 'Cause it reminds you of innocence and it smells like me / You can't get rid of it 'cause you remember it all too well." Nelson compared the scarf to a Chekhov's gun, symbolizing the persisting emotional flame of their romance long after it has physically ended.


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well" has received widespread acclaim from critics, who have lauded it as one of Swift's best-written songs for its heavily detailed and powerful lyrics. Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" ranked it as Swift's greatest song, and wrote that Swift "[spins] a tragic tale of doomed love and scarves and autumn leaves and maple lattes." Brittany Spanos also of "Rolling Stone" wrote that the song is a "masterpiece of the break-up ballad form". In a track-by-track review of "Red", "Billboard" described the song as a "sumptuous country" track that sees Swift mourn the memories "of a romance that has seemingly been buried in time." Writing for "Slant Magazine", Jonathan Keefe chose "All Too Well" as "arguably the finest song in Swift's entire catalogue:" it "crescendos from coffeehouse folk to arena rock [...] until she unleashes one of her best-ever lines [...] and the song explodes into a full-on bloodletting."


title: All Too Well

text: In Sam Lansky's review of "Red" published in "Idolator", he stated that of all of the songs on "Red", "All Too Well" "hits the hardest... reaching an almost hysterical unraveling." In a ranking of her discography (127 songs at the time of publication), Nate Jones of "Vulture" ranked "All Too Well" as her second-best song, praising its "string of impeccably observed details" and describing the song as a "kaleidoscopic swirl of images", choosing it as one of her most memorable songs. J. English of "NPR" praised its maturity compared to her earlier work, writing that Swift "mourns the loss of her innocence" while simultaneously acknowledging her naïveté as she comes of age. In a review of "Red", John Dolan of "Rolling Stone" remarked on the song's imagery, especially in the lyric "We're dancing 'round the kitchen in the refrigerator light", while Michael Robbins of "Spin" described that same lyric as "gorgeous". Jon Caramanica, writing for "The New York Times" hailed the petulance of her shouts, resulting in a song that "swells until it erupts."


title: All Too Well

text: The week her album "Red" was released, all of the songs charted in different countries due to strong digital sale downloads. On the issue date November 10, 2012, "All Too Well" debuted at number 80 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, number 22 on the Digital Song Sales chart, number 59 on the Canadian Hot 100, and number 17 on the Hot Country Songs chart. On July 23, 2018, "All Too Well" was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for selling over 500,000 units in the country.


title: All Too Well

text: After a public dispute over the ownership of Swift's back catalog under her previous label Big Machine, Swift began re-recording her entire back catalog in November 2020 to claim the rights to her master recordings. After her first re-recorded album, "Fearless (Taylor's Version)"—the re-recording of her 2008 album, Swift followed with "Red (Taylor's Version)"—the re-recording of her 2012 album. "Red (Taylor's Version)", released on November 12, 2021, features two versions of "All Too Well": a re-recording of the original one subtitled "Taylor's Version", and a 10-minute version subtitled "10 Minute Version (Taylor's Version) (From the Vault)".


title: All Too Well

text: Before "All Too Well" was cut down to a 10-minute version and then more to a final five minute and 28-second version, American songwriter Liz Rose, with whom Swift wrote the song, believed it was "probably a 20-minute song". Swift had conceived the song in February 2011 while at a band rehearsal for the Speak Now World Tour.


title: All Too Well

text: In promoting the single's release, Swift appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on November 11, 2021, the day before the album's release. During the interview, while discussing where the origins of "All Too Well" came from, Swift recalled ad-libbing the song at a band rehearsal when she was 21, and at the end of the session, her mother approached the sound guy and collected a CD of the recorded session.


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well (Taylor's Version)" was made available to US hot adult contemporary on November 11, 2021, one day before the release of "Red (Taylor's Version)". "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" was released as a digital promotional single on Swift's webstore on November 15, 2021, exclusively to U.S. customers. The live acoustic version from the "All Too Well: The Short Film" premiere performance was released to the iTunes Store and her website for digital download the same day. The acoustic "Sad Girl Autumn" version, recorded at Aaron Dessner's Long Pond Studio in Hudson Valley, was released on November 17. In June 2022, a new version titled "All Too Well (10 Minute Version) (The Short Film)" was released for digital download and streaming that is 11 minutes and 26 seconds long with different instrumentals and outro.


title: All Too Well

text: Memories are the building blocks of "All Too Well". The song relies on specifics of the rise and fall of a romantic relationship, drawn from memory. Apart from mentioning more expository details, "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" provides greater context than the five-minute version; Swift mentions the age difference between her and the subject several times, and states how the subject used it as an excuse to terminate their relationship but continued to date women of her age. She recollects "the build-up and intensity of falling in love" and acknowledges her naivety. Apart from the unaltered bridge, the differences of "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" from the 5-minute version in song structure are an elaborate third verse, an extended chorus, two more verses after the bridge, an outro, and the absence of the male backing vocals, replaced with Swift's own backing vocals.


title: All Too Well

text: "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" was met with universal critical acclaim, often hailed as the standout track on "Red (Taylor's Version)" and a career highlight for Swift. "Rolling Stone" music critic Rob Sheffield lauded the 10-minute version for evoking even more intense emotions than the already sentimental five-minute song: "[It] sums up Swift at her absolute best." Helen Brown of "The Independent" stated the song is a more feminist proposition with its new lyrics. "NME" Hannah Mylrea wrote, at its full intended length, "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" confirms its place as an "epic", exhibiting proficient storytelling, vocal performance and instrumentation. Beth Kirkbride, writing for "Clash", said the "epic" song "will go down in history as one of the best breakup songs ever written." Kate Solomon of "i" wrote the pain "feels raw" in Swift's voice.


title: All Too Well

text: "Variety" Chris Willman dubbed the song as Swift's "holy grail", and felt glad the singer did not discard the original lyrics, which turn the song into "a stream-of-consciousness epic ballad", filled with more references and specifics of the song's storyline. Reviewing for "The Line of Best Fit", Paul Bridgewater opined the 10 minute version is "as disarming as it is fascinating"—"an artefact of [Swift's] songwriting and recording process." He asserted that the song magnifies the truncated version's drama and emotion. "Slant Magazine" critic Jonathan Keefe stated, while the 5-minute version solely focuses on catharsis from a painful relationship, the 10-minute version "more openly implicates the ex who's responsible for causing that pain", and changes the overall tone of "All Too Well" with its new verses and song structure.


title: All Too Well

text: Bobby Olivier of "Spin" praised the song as "Swift's single finest piece of songwriting". Melissa Reguieri, in her "USA Today" review, said the song "lopes through encyclopedic lyrics that both bite and wound in their honesty and pain." Sputnikmusic staff critic wrote "All Too Well (10 Minute Version)" is "not a flashy pop song or an endearingly rural slice of country" but simply a raw depiction of Swift's emotions, and concluded that the "towering breakup ballad" represents Swift's habit of "expressing these commonplace emotions in uniquely uncommon ways" in her writing. Lydia Burgham of "The New Zealand Herald" said the lyrics "paint a vivid picture of an ill-fated romance that cuts deep and captures the universal language of heartbreak." In the words of "The New York Times" critic Lindsay Zoladz, the song is "quite poignantly, about a young woman's attempt to find retroactive equilibrium in a relationship that was based on a power imbalance that she was not at first able to perceive."