title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: At night, Kenny Brandon (Jordan Salloum) watches as a man manages to cut the Creeper's hand off before being taken away. Twenty-three years later, Sheriff Dan Tashtego (Stan Shaw) and Sergeant Davis Tubbs (Brandon Smith) begin an investigation on the Creeper after the abduction of Darry Jenner. The next day, Kenny's mother Gaylen (Meg Foster) sees a vision of Kenny, who was killed by the Creeper. He warns her to move away due to the Creeper searching for its severed hand, which contains information about its identity. Meanwhile, Gaylen's granddaughter Addison (Gabrielle Haugh) is captured by the Creeper to the dismay of her friend Buddy Hooks (Chester Rushing). Ignoring the warning, Gaylen touches the severed hand, learns about who the Creeper is through visions, and gives the hand to Tashtego and Tubbs, who inspect it with other authorities. While the Creeper kills various police officers along with Tashtego, Addison manages to escape from the Creeper's truck, reuniting with Gaylen and Buddy. The next day, Buddy leaves for a high school basketball game on the same bus later attacked by the Creeper shortly before its hibernation.


title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: In Louisiana, the Horror Hound festival holds its first event in the state. Among the attendees include Chase and his girlfriend Laine, who begins to experience disturbing visions associated with the town's past and the Creeper. As the festival begins and the entertainment builds to a frenzy, Laine believes that something unearthly has been summoned.


title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: The "Jeepers Creepers" film series originated from Victor Salva, who wrote and directed the original film of the same name. Financed by the German companies Cinerenta-Cinebeta and Cinerenta Medienbeteiligungs KG, American Zoetrope was originally going to cast A-list actors for the lead roles but executive producer Francis Ford Coppola convinced the studio to hire Gina Philips and Justin Long instead, actors who Salva believed were best for the roles as Trish and Darry Jenner. The role of the Creeper was written specifically for Lance Henriksen. After Henriksen dropped out of the project, Jonathan Breck was cast mainly for his audition, which stood out to Salva because Breck unexpectedly attended it with a shaven head after sending the film crew various head shots of himself with hair; when questioned, he told Salva that the "character wouldn't have hair". With Eileen Brennan and Patricia Belcher cast in supporting roles, Salva decided to make a cameo appearance as with most of his films. Using elements from "Night of the Living Dead" (1968) and "Duel" (1971), filming took place in Central Florida for two months with cinematographer Don E. FauntLeRoy. Produced on a budget of $10 million and using music composed by Bennett Salvay, "Jeepers Creepers" was released by United Artists and MGM Distribution Co. on August 31, 2001.


title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: In 2002, American Zoetrope and Myriad Pictures announced the development of "Jeepers Creepers 2" with Salva and Coppola returning to their respective duties. Principal photography took place that same year, with production concluding in July. With Ray Wise cast in a lead role, the production budget for the project was larger than the original at $17 million. Long also returned to the franchise in a cameo, reprising his role as Darry. "Jeepers Creepers 2" was released by United Artists and MGM on August 29, 2003.


title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: On September 11, 2015, a third film was officially greenlit to begin production under the working title "Jeepers Creepers 3: Cathedral", shortly after Salva shared his intentions in making a film focusing extensively on the return of Philips as Trish Jenner. However, his original script was rewritten, and the film was released in 2017 by Screen Media Films as simply "Jeepers Creepers 3" on one-night screenings on September 26, and on October 4, with Phillips making a cameo appearance instead. Along with mixed reviews from critics, the film sparked controversy over a joke about child molestation, due to Salva's past as a convicted sex offender, which was later removed from various screenings.


title: Jeepers Creepers (film series)

text: Prior to the release of "Jeepers Creepers 3", Phillips said in an interview that Salva had completed a script for a possible fourth film. However, the project from Salva did not move forward, and on February 24, 2021, it was announced that a fourth film, containing no involvement from Salva, would be released as "" by Screen Media Films. Written by Sean Michael Argo and directed by Timo Vuorensola, the film serves as the first film of a new trilogy. It was released on September 19, 2022.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The Hollywood blacklist was an entertainment industry blacklist, broader than just Hollywood, put in effect in the mid-20th century in the United States during the early years of the Cold War. The blacklist involved the practice of denying employment to entertainment industry professionals believed to be or to have been Communists or sympathizers. Actors, screenwriters, directors, musicians, and other American entertainment professionals were barred from work by the studios.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: This was usually done on the basis of their membership in, alleged membership in, or sympathy with the Communist Party USA, or on the basis of their refusal to assist Congressional investigations into the party's activities. Even during the period of its strictest enforcement, from the late 1940s through to the late 1950s, the blacklist was rarely made explicit or easily verifiable, as it was the result of numerous individual decisions by the studios and was not the result of official legal action. Nevertheless, it quickly and directly damaged or ended the careers and income of scores of individuals working in the film industry.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The first systematic Hollywood blacklist was instituted on November 25, 1947, the day after ten writers and directors were cited for contempt of Congress for refusing to testify before the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC). These personalities were subpoenaed to appear before HUAC in October. The contempt citation included a criminal charge, which led to a highly publicized trial and an eventual conviction with a maximum of one year in jail in addition to a $1,000 fine. The Congressional action prompted a group of studio executives, acting under the aegis of the Association of Motion Picture Producers, to fire the artists – the "Hollywood Ten" – and make what has become known as the Waldorf Statement. It was announced via a news release after the major producers met at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel and it included a condemnation of the personalities involved, effectively ostracizing those named from the industry. These producers instituted compulsory oaths of loyalty from their employees with the threat of a blacklist.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: On June 22, 1950, a pamphlet entitled "Red Channels" was published. Focused on the field of broadcasting, it identified 151 entertainment industry professionals in the context of "Red Fascists and their sympathizers". Soon, most of those named, along with a host of other artists, were barred from employment in most of the entertainment field.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: and member of the Hollywood Ten, was credited as the screenwriter of the film "Exodus" (1960), and publicly acknowledged by actor Kirk Douglas for writing the screenplay for "Spartacus" (also 1960). Many of those blacklisted, however, were still barred from work in their professions for years afterward.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The Hollywood blacklist was rooted in events of the 1930s and the early 1940s, encompassing the height of the Great Depression and World War II. Two major film industry strikes during the 1930s increased tensions between the Hollywood producers and the unions, particularly the Screen Writers Guild.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The Communist Party USA (CPUSA) lost substantial support after the Moscow show trials of 1936–1938 and the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of 1939. The U.S. government began turning its attention to the possible links between Hollywood and the party during this period. Under then-chairman Martin Dies, Jr., the House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) released a report in 1938 claiming that communism was pervasive in Hollywood. Two years later, Dies privately took testimony from a former Communist Party member, John L. Leech, who named forty-two movie industry professionals as Communists. After Leech repeated his charges in supposed confidence to a Los Angeles grand jury, many of the names were reported in the press, including those of stars Humphrey Bogart, James Cagney, Katharine Hepburn, Melvyn Douglas and Fredric March, among other Hollywood figures. Dies said he would "clear" all those who co-operated by meeting with him in what he called "executive session". Within two weeks of the grand jury leak, all those on the list except for actress Jean Muir had met with the HUAC chairman. Dies "cleared" everyone except actor Lionel Stander, who was fired by the movie studio, Republic Pictures, where he was under contract.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In 1941, producer Walt Disney took out an ad in "Variety", the industry trade magazine, declaring his conviction that "Communist agitation" was behind a cartoonists and animators' strike. According to historians Larry Ceplair and Steven Englund, "In actuality, the strike had resulted from Disney's overbearing paternalism, high-handedness, and insensitivity." Inspired by Disney, California State Senator Jack Tenney, chairman of the state legislature's Joint Fact-Finding Committee on Un-American Activities, launched an investigation of "Reds in movies". The probe fell flat, and was mocked in several "Variety" headlines.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The subsequent wartime alliance between the United States and the Soviet Union brought the CPUSA newfound credibility. During the war, membership in the party reached a peak of 50,000. As World War II drew to a close, perceptions changed again, with communism increasingly becoming a focus of American fears and hatred. In 1945, Gerald L. K. Smith, founder of the neofascist America First Party, began giving speeches in Los Angeles assailing the "alien minded Russian Jews in Hollywood". Mississippi congressman John E. Rankin, a member of HUAC, held a press conference to declare that "one of the most dangerous plots ever instigated for the overthrow of this Government has its headquarters in Hollywood ... the greatest hotbed of subversive activities in the United States". Rankin promised, "We're on the trail of the tarantula now". Reports of Soviet repression in Eastern and Central Europe in the war's aftermath added more fuel to what became known as the "Second Red Scare". The growth of conservative political influence and the Republican triumph in the 1946 Congressional elections, which saw the party take control of both the House and Senate, led to a major revival of institutional anticommunist activity, publicly spearheaded by HUAC. The following year, the Motion Picture Alliance for the Preservation of American Ideals (MPA), a political action group cofounded by Walt Disney, issued a pamphlet advising producers on the avoidance of "subtle communistic touches" in their films. Its counsel revolved around a list of ideological prohibitions, such as "Don't smear the free-enterprise system ... Don't smear industrialists ... Don't smear wealth ... Don't smear the profit motive ... Don't deify the 'common man' ... Don't glorify the collective".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: On July 29, 1946, William R. Wilkerson, publisher and founder of "The Hollywood Reporter", published a "TradeView" column entitled "A Vote For Joe Stalin". It named as Communist sympathizers Dalton Trumbo, Maurice Rapf, Lester Cole, Howard Koch, Harold Buchman, John Wexley, Ring Lardner Jr., Harold Salemson, Henry Meyers, Theodore Strauss, and John Howard Lawson. In August and September 1946, Wilkerson published other columns containing names of numerous purported Communists and sympathizers. They became known as "Billy's List" and "Billy's Blacklist". In 1962, when Wilkerson died, his "THR" obituary stated he had "named names, pseudonyms and card numbers and was widely credited with being chiefly responsible for preventing communists from becoming entrenched in Hollywood production – something that foreign film unions have been unable to do." In a 65th-anniversary article in 2012, Wilkerson's son apologized for the paper's role in the blacklist, stating that his father was motivated by revenge for his own thwarted ambition to own a studio.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In October 1947, drawing upon the list named in "The Hollywood Reporter", the House Un-American Activities Committee subpoenaed a number of persons working in the Hollywood film industry to testify at hearings. The committee had declared its intention to investigate whether Communist agents and sympathizers had been planting propaganda in American films.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The hearings began with appearances by Walt Disney and Ronald Reagan, then president of the Screen Actors Guild. Disney testified that the threat of Communists in the film industry was a serious one, and named specific people who had worked for him as probable Communists. Reagan testified that a small clique within his union was using "communist-like tactics" in attempting to steer union policy, but that he did not know if those (unnamed) members were communists or not, and that in any case he thought the union had them under control. (Later his first wife, actress Jane Wyman, stated in her biography written with Joe Morella [1985] that Reagan's allegations against friends and colleagues led to tension in their marriage, eventually resulting in their divorce.) Actor Adolphe Menjou declared: "I am a witch hunter if the witches are Communists. I am a Red-baiter. I would like to see them all back in Russia."


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In contrast, other leading Hollywood figures, including director John Huston and actors Humphrey Bogart, Lauren Bacall, Judy Garland and Danny Kaye, organized the Committee for the First Amendment to protest the government's targeting of the film industry. Members of the committee, such as Sterling Hayden, assured Bogart that they were not Communists. During the hearings, a local Washington paper reported that Hayden was a Communist. After returning to Hollywood, Bogart shouted at Danny Kaye, "You fuckers sold me out." The group came under attack as being naive or foolish. Under pressure from his studio, Warner Bros., to distance himself from the Hollywood Ten, Bogart negotiated a statement that did not denounce the committee, but said that his trip was "ill-advised, even foolish". Billy Wilder told the group that "we oughta fold".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Many of the film industry professionals in whom HUAC had expressed interest were alleged to have been members of the Communist Party USA. Of the 43 people put on the witness list, 19 declared that they would not give evidence. Eleven of these 19 were called before the committee. Members of the Committee for the First Amendment flew to Washington ahead of this climactic phase of the hearing, which commenced on Monday, October 27. Of the eleven "unfriendly witnesses", one, émigré playwright Bertolt Brecht, ultimately chose to answer the committee's questions (following which he left the country). The other ten refused, citing their First Amendment rights to freedom of speech and assembly. Included among the questions they refused to answer was one now generally rendered as "Are you now, or have you ever been, a member of the Communist Party?". The Committee formally accused these ten of contempt of Congress, and began criminal proceedings against them in the full House of Representatives.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In light of the "Hollywood Ten"'s defiance of HUAC – in addition to refusing to testify, many had tried to read statements decrying the committee's investigation as unconstitutional – political pressure mounted on the film industry to demonstrate its "anti-subversive" bona fides. Late in the hearings, Eric Johnston, president of the Association of Motion Picture Producers (AMPP) (and Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA)), declared to the committee that he would never "employ any proven or admitted Communist because they are just a disruptive force, and I don't want them around".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: On November 17, the Screen Actors Guild voted to make its officers swear a pledge asserting each was not a Communist. The following week, on November 24, the House of Representatives voted 346 to 17 to approve citations against the Hollywood Ten for contempt of Congress. The next day, following a meeting of film industry executives at New York's Waldorf-Astoria hotel, AMPP President Johnston issued a press release that is today referred to as the Waldorf Statement. Their statement said that the ten would be fired or suspended without pay and not re-employed until they were cleared of contempt charges and had sworn that they were not Communists. The first Hollywood blacklist was in effect.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The HUAC hearings failed to turn up any evidence that Hollywood was secretly disseminating Communist propaganda, but the industry was nonetheless transformed. The fallout from the inquiry was a factor in the decision by Floyd Odlum, the primary owner of RKO Pictures, to leave the industry. As a result, the studio passed into the hands of Howard Hughes. Within weeks of taking over in May 1948, Hughes fired most of RKO's employees and virtually shut the studio down for six months as he had the political sympathies of the rest investigated. Then, just as RKO swung back into production, Hughes made the decision to settle a long-standing federal antitrust suit against the industry's Big Five studios. This was one of the crucial steps in the collapse of the studio system that had governed Hollywood for a quarter-century.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In early 1948, all of the Hollywood Ten were convicted of contempt. Following a series of unsuccessful appeals, the cases arrived before the Supreme Court; among the submissions filed in defense of the ten was an amicus curiae brief signed by 204 Hollywood professionals. After the court denied review, the Hollywood Ten began serving one-year prison sentences in 1950. One of the Ten, screenwriter Dalton Trumbo, stated in the documentary film "Hollywood On Trial" (1976):


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In September 1950, one of the Ten, director Edward Dmytryk, publicly announced that he had once been a Communist and was prepared to give evidence against others who had been as well. He was released early from jail; following his 1951 HUAC appearance, in which he described his brief membership in the party and named names, his career recovered.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The others remained silent and most were unable to obtain work in the American film and television industry for many years. Adrian Scott, who had produced four of Dmytryk's films – "Murder, My Sweet"; "Cornered"; "So Well Remembered"; and "Crossfire" – was one of those named by his former friend. Scott's next screen credit did not come until 1972 and he never produced another feature film. Some of those blacklisted continued to write for Hollywood or the broadcasting industry surreptitiously, using pseudonyms or the names of friends who posed as the actual writers (those who allowed their names to be used in this fashion were called "fronts"). Of the 204 who signed the amicus brief, 84 were themselves blacklisted. There was a more general chilling effect: Humphrey Bogart, who had been one of the most prominent members of the Committee for the First Amendment, felt compelled to write an article for "Photoplay" magazine denying he was a Communist sympathizer. The Tenney Committee, which had continued its state-level investigations, summoned songwriter Ira Gershwin to testify about his participation in the committee.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: A number of non-governmental organizations participated in enforcing and expanding the blacklist; in particular, the American Legion, the conservative war veterans' group, was instrumental in pressuring the entertainment industry to exclude communists and their sympathizers. In 1949, the Americanism Division of the Legion issued its own blacklist – a roster of 128 people whom it claimed were participants in the "Communist Conspiracy". Among the names on the Legion's list was that of the playwright Lillian Hellman. Hellman had written or contributed to the screenplays of approximately ten motion pictures up to that point; she was not employed again by a Hollywood studio until 1966.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Another influential group was American Business Consultants Inc., founded in 1947. In the subscription information for its weekly publication "Counterattack", "The Newsletter of Facts to Combat Communism", it declared that it was run by "a group of "former" FBI men. It has no affiliation whatsoever with any government agency." Notwithstanding that claim, it seems the editors of "Counterattack" had direct access to the files of both the Federal Bureau of Investigation and HUAC; the results of that access became widely apparent with the June 1950 publication of "Red Channels". This "Counterattack" spinoff listed 151 people in entertainment and broadcast journalism, along with records of their involvement in what the pamphlet meant to be taken as Communist or pro-Communist activities. A few of those named, such as Hellman, were already being denied employment in the motion picture, TV, and radio fields; the publication of "Red Channels" meant that scores more were placed on the blacklist. That year, CBS instituted a loyalty oath which it required of all its employees.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Jean Muir was the first performer to lose employment because of a listing in "Red Channels". In 1950, Muir was named as a Communist sympathizer in the pamphlet, and was immediately removed from the cast of the television sitcom "The Aldrich Family", in which she had been cast as Mrs. Aldrich. NBC had received between 20 and 30 phone calls protesting her being in the show. General Foods, the sponsor, said that it would not sponsor programs in which "controversial persons" were featured. Though the company later received thousands of calls protesting the decision, it was not reversed.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In 1951, with the U.S. Congress now under Democratic control, HUAC launched a second investigation of Hollywood and Communism. As actor Larry Parks said when called before the panel,


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Don't present me with the choice of either being in contempt of this committee and going to jail or forcing me to really crawl through the mud to be an informer. For what purpose? I don't think it is a choice at all. I don't think this is really sportsmanlike. I don't think this is American. I don't think this is American justice.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Parks ultimately testified, becoming, however reluctantly, a "friendly witness", and found himself blacklisted, nonetheless.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In fact, the legal tactics of those refusing to testify had changed by this time; instead of relying on the First Amendment, they invoked the Fifth Amendment's shield against self-incrimination (although, as before, Communist Party membership was not illegal). While this usually allowed a witness to avoid "naming names" without being indicted for contempt of Congress, "taking the Fifth" before HUAC guaranteed one's membership on the industry blacklist. Historians at times distinguish between the relatively official blacklist – the names of those who (a) were called by HUAC and, in whatever manner, refused to co-operate and/or (b) were identified as Communists in the hearings – and the graylist – those others who were denied work because of their political or personal affiliations, real or imagined; the consequences, however, were largely the same. The graylist also refers more specifically to those who were denied work by the major studios, but could still find jobs on Poverty Row: Composer Elmer Bernstein, for instance, was called by HUAC when it was discovered that he had written some music reviews for a Communist newspaper. After he refused to name names, pointing out that he had never attended a Communist Party meeting, he found himself composing music for movies such as "Cat Women of the Moon".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Like Parks and Dmytryk, others also co-operated with the committee. Some friendly witnesses gave broadly damaging testimony with less apparent reluctance, most prominently director Elia Kazan and screenwriter Budd Schulberg. Their co-operation in describing the political leanings of their friends and professional associates effectively brought a halt to dozens of careers and compelled a number of artists to depart for Mexico or Europe. Others were also forced abroad in order to work. Director Jules Dassin was among the best known of these. Briefly a Communist, Dassin had left the party in 1939. He was immediately blacklisted after Edward Dmytryk and fellow filmmaker Frank Tuttle named him to HUAC in 1952. Dassin left for France, and spent much of his remaining career in Greece. Scholar Thomas Doherty describes how the HUAC hearings swept onto the blacklist those who had never even been particularly active politically, let alone suspected of being Communists:


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: [O]n March 21, 1951, the name of the actor Lionel Stander was uttered by the actor Larry Parks during testimony before HUAC. "Do you know Lionel Stander?" committee counsel Frank S. Tavenner inquired. Parks replied he knew the man, but had no knowledge of his political affiliations. No more was said about Stander either by Parks or the committee – no accusation, no insinuation. Yet Stander's phone stopped ringing. Prior to Parks's testimony, Stander had worked on ten television shows in the previous 100 days. Afterwards, nothing.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: When Stander was himself called before HUAC, he began by pledging his full support in the fight against "subversive" activities:


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: I know of a group of fanatics who are desperately trying to undermine the Constitution of the United States by depriving artists and others of Life, Liberty, and the Pursuit of Happiness without due process of law ... I can tell names and cite instances and I am one of the first victims of it ... [This is] a group of ex-Fascists and America-Firsters and anti-Semites, people who hate everybody, including Negroes, minority groups, and most likely themselves ... [T]hese people are engaged in a conspiracy outside all the legal processes to undermine the very fundamental American concepts upon which our entire system of democracy exists.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The hunt for subversives extended into every branch of the entertainment industry. In the field of animation, two studios in particular were affected: United Productions of America (UPA) was purged of a large portion of its staff, while New York-based Tempo was entirely crushed. HUAC investigations effectively destroyed families. Screenwriter Richard Collins, after a brief period on the blacklist, became a friendly witness and dumped his wife, actress Dorothy Comingore, who refused to name names. Divorcing Comingore, Collins took the couple's young son, as well. The family's story was later dramatized in the film "Guilty by Suspicion" (1991), in which the character based on Comingore "commits suicide rather than endure a long mental collapse". In real life, Comingore succumbed to alcoholism and died of a pulmonary disease at the age of fifty-eight. In the description of historians Paul Buhle and David Wagner, "premature strokes and heart attacks were fairly common [among blacklistees], along with heavy drinking as a form of suicide on the installment plan".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: For all that, evidence that Communists were actually using Hollywood films as vehicles for subversion remained hard to come by. Schulberg reported that the manuscript of his novel "What Makes Sammy Run?" (later a screenplay, as well) had been subject to an ideological critique by Hollywood Ten writer John Howard Lawson, whose comments he had solicited. The significance of such interactions was questionable. As historian Gerald Horne describes, many Hollywood screenwriters had joined or associated with the local Communist Party chapter because it "offered a collective to a profession that was enmeshed in tremendous isolation at the typewriter. Their 'Writers' Clinic' had 'an informal "board" of respected screenwriters' – including Lawson and Ring Lardner Jr. – 'who read and commented upon any screenplay submitted to them. Although their criticism could be plentiful, stinging, and (sometimes) politically dogmatic, the author was entirely free to accept it or reject it as he or she pleased without incurring the slightest "consequence" or sanction.'" Much of the onscreen evidence of Communist influence uncovered by HUAC was feeble at best. One witness remembered Stander, while performing in a film, whistling the left-wing "Internationale" as his character waited for an elevator. "Another noted that screenwriter Lester Cole had inserted lines from a famous pro-Loyalist speech by La Pasionaria about it being 'better to die on your feet than to live on your knees' into a pep talk delivered by a football coach."


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Others disagree about how Communists affected the film industry. The author Kenneth Billingsley, writing in "Reason" magazine, said that Trumbo wrote in "The Daily Worker" about films which he said communist influence in Hollywood had prevented from being made: among them were proposed adaptations of Arthur Koestler's anti-totalitarian works "Darkness at Noon" and "The Yogi and the Commissar", which described the rise of communism in Russia. Authors Ronald and Allis Radosh, writing in "Red Star over Hollywood: The Film Colony's Long Romance with the Left", said that Trumbo bragged about how he and other party members stopped anti-communist films from being produced.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In 1952, the Screen Writers Guild – which had been founded two decades before by three future members of the Hollywood Ten – authorized the movie studios to "omit from the screen" the names of any individuals who had failed to clear themselves before Congress. Writer Dalton Trumbo, for instance, one of the Hollywood Ten and still on the blacklist, had received screen credit in 1950 for writing, years earlier, the story on which the screenplay of Columbia Pictures' "Emergency Wedding" was based. There was no more of that until the 1960s. The name of Albert Maltz, who had written the original screenplay for "The Robe" in the mid-1940s, was nowhere to be seen when the movie was released in 1953.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: As William O'Neill describes, pressure was maintained even on those who had ostensibly "cleared" themselves:


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: On December 27, 1952, the American Legion announced that it disapproved of a new film, "Moulin Rouge", starring José Ferrer, who used to be no more progressive than hundreds of other actors and had already been grilled by HUAC. The picture itself was based on the life of Toulouse-Lautrec and was totally apolitical. Nine members of the Legion had picketed it anyway, giving rise to the controversy. By this time, people were not taking any chances. Ferrer immediately wired the Legion's national commander that he would be glad to join the veterans in their "fight against communism".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The group's efforts dragged many others onto the blacklist: In 1954, "[s]creenwriter Louis Pollock, a man without any known political views or associations, suddenly had his career yanked out from under him because the American Legion confused him with Louis Pollack, a California clothier, who had refused to co-operate with HUAC." Orson Bean recalled that he had briefly been placed on the blacklist after dating a member of the party, despite his own politics being conservative.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: During this same period, a number of influential newspaper columnists covering the entertainment industry, including Walter Winchell, Hedda Hopper, Victor Riesel, Jack O'Brian, and George Sokolsky, regularly offered up names with the suggestion that they should be added to the blacklist. Actor John Ireland received an out-of-court settlement to end a 1954 lawsuit against the Young & Rubicam advertising agency, which had ordered him dropped from the lead role in a television series it sponsored. "Variety" described it as "the first industry admission of what has for some time been an open secret – that the threat of being labeled a political non-conformist, or worse, has been used against show business personalities, and that a screening system is at work determining these [actors'] availabilities for roles".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The Hollywood blacklist had long gone hand in hand with the Red-baiting activities of J. Edgar Hoover's FBI. Adversaries of HUAC such as lawyer Bartley Crum, who defended some of the Hollywood Ten in front of the committee in 1947, were labeled as Communist sympathizers or subversives and targeted for investigation themselves. Throughout the 1950s, the FBI tapped Crum's phones, opened his mail, and placed him under continuous surveillance. As a result, he lost most of his clients and, unable to cope with the stress of ceaseless harassment, committed suicide in 1959. Intimidating and dividing the left is now seen as a central purpose of the HUAC hearings. Fund-raising for once-popular humanitarian efforts became difficult, and despite the sympathies of many in the industry there was little open support in Hollywood for causes such as the Civil Rights Movement and opposition to nuclear weapons testing.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The struggles attending the blacklist were played out metaphorically on the big screen in various ways. As described by film historian James Chapman, "Carl Foreman, who had refused to testify before the committee, wrote the western "High Noon" (1952), in which a town marshal (played, ironically, by friendly witness Gary Cooper) finds himself deserted by the good citizens of Hadleyville (read: Hollywood) when a gang of outlaws who had terrorized the town several years earlier (read: HUAC) returns." Cooper's lawman cleaned up Hadleyville, but Foreman was forced to leave for Europe to find work. Meanwhile, Kazan and Schulberg collaborated on a movie widely seen as justifying their decision to name names. "On the Waterfront" (1954) became one of the most honored films in Hollywood history, winning eight Academy Awards, including Oscars for Best Film, Kazan's direction, and Schulberg's screenplay. The film featured Lee J. Cobb, one of the best known actors to name names. "Time Out Film Guide" argues that the film is "undermined" by its "embarrassing special pleading on behalf of informers".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: After his release from prison, Herbert Biberman of the Hollywood Ten directed "Salt of the Earth" (also 1954), working independently in New Mexico with fellow blacklisted Hollywood professionals – producer Paul Jarrico, writer Michael Wilson, and actors Rosaura Revueltas and Will Geer. The film, concerning a strike by Mexican-American mine workers, was denounced as Communist propaganda when it was completed in 1953. Distributors boycotted it, newspapers and radio stations rejected advertisements for it, and the projectionists' union refused to run it. Nationwide in 1954, only around a dozen theaters exhibited it.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Jules Dassin was one of the first to break the blacklist. Although he was named by Edward Dmytryk and Frank Tuttle in spring 1951, he directed in December 1952 the Broadway Play "Two's Company" with Bette Davis. In June 1956, his French film production "Rififi" opened at the Fine Arts Theater and stayed for 20 weeks.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: A key figure in bringing an end to blacklisting was John Henry Faulk. Host of an afternoon comedy radio show, Faulk was a leftist active in his union, the American Federation of Television and Radio Artists. He was scrutinized by AWARE, Inc., one of the private firms that examined individuals for signs of Communist sympathies and "disloyalty". Marked by the group as unfit, he was fired by CBS Radio. Almost alone among the many victims of blacklisting, Faulk decided to sue AWARE in 1957. Though the case dragged through the courts for years, the suit itself was an important symbol of the building resistance to the blacklist.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The initial cracks in the entertainment industry blacklist were evident on television, specifically at CBS. In 1957, blacklisted actor Norman Lloyd was hired by Alfred Hitchcock as an associate producer for his anthology series "Alfred Hitchcock Presents", then entering its third season on the network. On November 30, 1958, a live CBS production of "Wonderful Town", based on short stories written by then-Communist Ruth McKenney, appeared with the proper writing credit of blacklisted Edward Chodorov, along with his literary partner, Joseph Fields. The following year, actress Betty Hutton insisted that blacklisted composer Jerry Fielding be hired as musical director for her new series, also on CBS. The first main break in the Hollywood blacklist followed soon after. On January 20, 1960, director Otto Preminger publicly announced that Dalton Trumbo, one of the best known members of the Hollywood Ten, was the screenwriter of his forthcoming film "Exodus". Six and a half months later, with "Exodus" still to debut, "The New York Times" announced that Universal Pictures would give Trumbo screen credit for his role as writer on "Spartacus", a decision now recognized as being largely made by star/producer Kirk Douglas. On October 6, "Spartacus" premiered – the first movie to bear Trumbo's name since he had received story credit on "Emergency Wedding" in 1950. Since 1947, he had written or co-written approximately seventeen motion pictures without credit. "Exodus" followed in December, also bearing Trumbo's name. The blacklist was now clearly coming to an end, but its effects continue to reverberate even until the present.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: John Henry Faulk won his lawsuit in 1962. With this court decision, the private blacklisters and those who used them were put on notice that they were legally liable for the professional and financial damage they caused. This helped to bring an end to publications such as "Counterattack". Like Adrian Scott and Lillian Hellman, however, a number of those on the blacklist remained there for an extended period – Lionel Stander, for instance, could not find work in Hollywood until 1965. Some of those who named names, like Kazan and Schulberg, argued for years after that they had made an ethically proper decision. Others, like actor Lee J. Cobb and director Michael Gordon, who gave friendly testimony to HUAC after suffering on the blacklist for a time, "concede[d] with remorse that their plan was to name their way back to work". Others were haunted by the choice they had made. In 1963, actor Sterling Hayden declared,


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: I was a rat, a stoolie, and the names I named of those close friends were blacklisted and deprived of their livelihood.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Scholars Paul Buhle and Dave Wagner state that Hayden "was widely believed to have drunk himself into a near-suicidal depression decades before his 1986 death".


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Into the 21st century, the Writers Guild pursued the correction of screen credits from movies of the 1950s and early 1960s to properly reflect the work of blacklisted writers such as Carl Foreman and Hugo Butler. On December 19, 2011, the guild, acting on a request for an investigation made by his dying son Christopher Trumbo, announced that Dalton Trumbo would get full credit for his work on the screenplay for the romantic comedy "Roman Holiday" (1953), almost sixty years after the fact.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: The following ten individuals were cited for contempt of Congress and blacklisted after refusing to answer questions about their alleged involvement with the Communist Party:


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In late September 1947, HUAC subpoenaed 79 individuals on a claim that they were subversive and the supposition that they injected Communist propaganda into their films. Although never substantiating this claim, the investigators charged them with contempt of Congress when they refused to answer the questions about their membership in the Screen Writers Guild and Communist Party. The Committee demanded they admit their political beliefs and name names of other Communists. Nineteen of those refused to co-operate, and due to illnesses, scheduling conflicts, and exhaustion from the chaotic hearings, only 10 appeared before the Committee. These men became known as the Hollywood Ten.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Belonging to the Communist Party did not constitute a crime, and the Committee's right to investigate these men was questionable in the first place. These men relied on the First Amendment's right to privacy, freedom of speech, and freedom of thought, but the Committee charged them with contempt of Congress for refusing to answer questions. Later defendants – except Pete Seeger – tried different strategies.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Acknowledging the potential for punishment, the Ten still took bold stands, resisting the authority of HUAC. They yelled at the Chairman and treated the Committee with open indignation, emanating negativity and discouraging outside public favor and help. Upon receiving their contempt citations, they believed the Supreme Court would overturn the rulings, which did not turn out to be the case, and as a result, they were convicted of contempt and fined $1,000 each (or, over $10,700 USD in 2016 dollars, when adjusted for inflation), and sentenced to six-months to one-year prison terms.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: HUAC did not treat the Ten with respect either, refusing to allow most of them to speak for more than just a few words at a time. Meanwhile, witnesses who had arranged to co-operate with the Committee (such as the anti-Communist screenwriter Ayn Rand) were allowed to speak at length.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Martin Redish suggests that, at this time, the First Amendment's right of free expression in these cases was used to protect the powers of the government accusers instead of the rights of the citizen-victims. After witnessing the well-publicized ineffectiveness of the Ten's defense strategy, later defendants chose to plead the Fifth Amendment (against self-incrimination), instead.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: Public support for the Hollywood Ten wavered, as everyday citizen-observers were never really sure what to make of them. Some of these men later wrote about their experiences as part of the Ten. John Howard Lawson, the Ten's unofficial leader, wrote a book attacking Hollywood for appeasing HUAC. While mostly criticizing the studios for their weakness, Lawson also defends himself/the Ten and criticizes Edward Dmytryk for being the only one to recant and eventually co-operate with HUAC.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: In his 1981 autobiography, "Hollywood Red", screenwriter Lester Cole stated that all of the Hollywood Ten had been Communist Party USA members at some point. Other members of the Hollywood Ten, such as Dalton Trumbo and Edward Dmytryk, publicly admitted to being Communists while testifying before the Committee.


title: Hollywood blacklist

text: When Dmytryk wrote his memoir about this period, he denounced the Ten, and defended his decision to work with HUAC. He claimed to have left the Communist Party before having been subpoenaed, defining himself as the "odd man out". He condemned the Ten's legal tactic of defiance, and regretted staying with the group for as long as he did.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Modern Monetary Theory or Modern Money Theory (MMT) is a heterodox macroeconomic theory that describes currency as a public monopoly and unemployment as evidence that a currency monopolist is overly restricting the supply of the financial assets needed to pay taxes and satisfy savings desires. MMT is opposed to the mainstream understanding of macroeconomic theory and has been criticized heavily by many mainstream economists.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT says that governments create new money by using fiscal policy and that the primary risk once the economy reaches full employment is inflation, which can be addressed by gathering taxes to reduce the spending capacity of the private sector. MMT is debated with active dialogues about its theoretical integrity, the implications of the policy recommendations of its proponents, and the extent to which it is actually divergent from orthodox macroeconomics.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The first four MMT tenets do not conflict with mainstream economics understanding of how money creation and inflation works. However, MMT economists disagree with mainstream economics about the fifth tenet, on the impact of government deficits on interest rates.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT synthesizes ideas from the "State Theory of Money" of Georg Friedrich Knapp (also known as chartalism) and "Credit Theory of Money" of Alfred Mitchell-Innes, the "functional finance" proposals of Abba Lerner, Hyman Minsky's views on the "banking system" and Wynne Godley's "Sectoral balances" approach.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Knapp wrote in 1905 that "money is a creature of law" rather than a commodity. Knapp contrasted his state theory of money with the Gold Standard view of "metallism", where the value of a unit of currency depends on the quantity of precious metal it contains or for which it may be exchanged. He said that the state can create pure paper money and make it exchangeable by recognizing it as legal tender, with the criterion for the money of a state being "that which is accepted at the public pay offices".


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The prevailing view of money was that it had evolved from systems of barter to become a medium of exchange because it represented a durable commodity which had some use value, but proponents of MMT such as Randall Wray and Mathew Forstater said that more general statements appearing to support a chartalist view of tax-driven paper money appear in the earlier writings of many classical economists, including Adam Smith, Jean-Baptiste Say, J. S. Mill, Karl Marx, and William Stanley Jevons.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Alfred Mitchell-Innes wrote in 1914 that money exists not as a medium of exchange but as a standard of deferred payment, with government money being debt the government may reclaim through taxation. Innes said:


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Knapp and "chartalism" are referenced by John Maynard Keynes in the opening pages of his 1930 "Treatise on Money" and appear to have influenced Keynesian ideas on the role of the state in the economy.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: By 1947, when Abba Lerner wrote his article "Money as a Creature of the State", economists had largely abandoned the idea that the value of money was closely linked to gold. Lerner said that responsibility for avoiding inflation and depressions lay with the state because of its ability to create or tax away money.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Hyman Minsky seemed to favor a chartalist approach to understanding money creation in his "Stabilizing an Unstable Economy", while Basil Moore, in his book "Horizontalists and Verticalists", lists the differences between bank money and state money.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Economists Warren Mosler, L. Randall Wray, Stephanie Kelton, Bill Mitchell and Pavlina R. Tcherneva are largely responsible for reviving the idea of chartalism as an explanation of money creation; Wray refers to this revived formulation as "Neo-Chartalism".


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Rodger Malcolm Mitchell's book "Free Money" (1996) describes in layman's terms the essence of chartalism.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Pavlina R. Tcherneva has developed the first mathematical framework for MMT and has largely focused on developing the idea of the job guarantee.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Bill Mitchell, Professor of Economics and Director of the Centre of Full Employment and Equity (CoFEE)


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: at the University of Newcastle in Australia, coined the term ". In their 2008 book "Full Employment Abandoned", Mitchell and Joan Muysken use the term to explain monetary systems in which national governments have a monopoly on issuing fiat currency and where a floating exchange rate frees monetary policy from the need to protect foreign exchange reserves.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Some contemporary proponents, such as Wray, place MMT within post-Keynesian economics, while MMT has been proposed as an alternative or complementary theory to monetary circuit theory, both being forms of endogenous money, i.e., money created within the economy, as by government deficit spending or bank lending, rather than from outside, perhaps with gold. In the complementary view, MMT explains the "vertical" (government-to-private and vice versa) interactions, while circuit theory is a model of the "horizontal" (private-to-private) interactions.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In 2019, MMT became a major topic of debate after U.S. Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez said in January that the theory should be a larger part of the conversation.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In February 2019, "Macroeconomics" became the first academic textbook based on the theory, published by Bill Mitchell, Randall Wray, and Martin Watts. MMT became increasingly used by chief economists and Wall Street executives for economic forecasts and investment strategies. The theory was also intensely debated by lawmakers in Japan, which was planning to raise taxes after years of deficit spending.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In 2020 the Sri Lankan Central Bank under the governor W. D. Lakshman cited MMT as a justification for adopting unconventional monetary policy, which was continued by Ajith Nivard Cabraal. This has been heavily criticized and widely cited as causing accelerating inflation and exacerbating the Sri Lankan Economic Crisis. MMT scholars Stephanie Kelton and Fadhel Kaboub maintain that the Sri Lankan government's fiscal and monetary policy bore little resemblance to the recommendations of MMT economists.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In sovereign financial systems, banks can create money but these "horizontal" transactions do not increase net financial assets because assets are offset by liabilities. According to MMT advocates, "The balance sheet of the government does not include any domestic monetary instrument on its asset side; it owns no money. All monetary instruments issued by the government are on its liability side and are created and destroyed with spending and taxing or bond offerings." In MMT, "vertical money" enters circulation through government spending. Taxation and its legal tender enable power to discharge debt and establish fiat money as currency, giving it value by creating demand for it in the form of a private tax obligation. In addition, fines, fees, and licenses create demand for the currency. This currency can be issued by the domestic government or by using a foreign, accepted currency. An ongoing tax obligation, in concert with private confidence and acceptance of the currency, underpins the value of the currency. Because the government can issue its own currency at will, MMT maintains that the level of taxation relative to government spending (the government's deficit spending or budget surplus) is in reality a policy tool that regulates inflation and unemployment, and not a means of funding the government's activities by itself. The approach of MMT typically reverses theories of governmental austerity. The policy implications of the two are likewise typically opposed.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT labels a transaction between a government entity (public sector) and a non-government entity (private sector) as a "vertical transaction". The government sector includes the treasury and central bank. The non-government sector includes domestic and foreign private individuals and firms (including the private banking system) and foreign buyers and sellers of the currency.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT is based on an account of the "operational realities" of interactions between the government and its central bank, and the commercial banking sector, with proponents like Scott Fullwiler arguing that understanding reserve accounting is "critical to understanding monetary policy options".


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: A sovereign government typically has an operating account with the country's central bank. From this account, the government can spend and also receive taxes and other inflows. Each commercial bank also has an account with the central bank, by means of which it manages its reserves (that is, money for clearing and settling interbank transactions).


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: When a government spends money, its Treasury debits its operating account at its Central Bank and deposits this money into private bank accounts (and hence into the commercial banking system). This money increases the total deposits in the commercial bank sector. Taxation works oppositely: Private bank accounts are debited; thus, deposits in the commercial banking sector fall. In the United States, a portion of tax receipts are deposited in the treasury operating account, and a portion in commercial banks' designated Treasury Tax and Loan accounts.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Virtually all central banks set an interest rate target, and conduct open market operations to ensure base interest rates remain at that target level. According to MMT, the issuing of government bonds is best understood as an operation to "offset" government spending rather than a requirement to "finance" it.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In most countries, commercial banks' reserve accounts with the Central Bank must have a positive balance at the end of every day; in some countries, the amount is specifically set as a proportion of the liabilities a bank has, i.e., its customer deposits. This is known as a reserve requirement.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: At the end of every day, a commercial bank will have to examine the status of their reserve accounts. Those that are in deficit have the option of borrowing the required funds from the Central Bank, where they may be charged a "lending rate" (sometimes known as a "discount window" or "discount rate") on the amount they borrow. On the other hand, the banks that have excess reserves can simply leave them with the central bank and earn a "support rate" from the central bank. Some countries, such as Japan, have a support rate of zero.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Banks with more reserves than they need will be willing to lend to banks with a reserve shortage on the interbank lending market. The surplus banks will want to earn a higher rate than the support rate that the central bank pays on reserves; whereas the deficit banks will want to pay a lower interest rate than the discount rate the central bank charges for borrowing. Thus, they will lend to each other until each bank has reached their reserve requirement. In a balanced system, where there are just enough total reserves for all the banks to meet requirements, the short-term interbank lending rate will be in between the support rate and the discount rate.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Under an MMT framework where government spending injects new reserves into the commercial banking system, and taxes withdraw them from the banking system, government activity would have an instant effect on interbank lending. If on a particular day, the government spends more than it taxes, reserves have been added to the banking system (see vertical transactions). This action typically leads to a system-wide surplus of reserves, with competition between banks seeking to lend their excess reserves, forcing the short-term interest rate down to the support rate (or to zero if a support rate is not in place). At this point, banks will simply keep their reserve surplus with their central bank and earn the support rate.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The alternate case is where the government receives more taxes on a particular day than it spends. Then there may be a system-wide deficit of reserves. Consequently, surplus funds will be in demand on the interbank market, and thus the short-term interest rate will rise towards the discount rate. Thus, if the central bank wants to maintain a target interest rate somewhere between the support rate and the discount rate, it must manage the liquidity in the system to ensure that the correct amount of reserves is on-hand in the banking system.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Central banks manage liquidity by buying and selling government bonds on the open market. When excess reserves are in the banking system, the Central Bank sells bonds, removing reserves from the banking system, because private individuals pay for the bonds. When insufficient reserves are in the system, the Central Bank buys government bonds from the private sector, adding reserves to the banking system.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The Central Bank buys bonds by "simply creating money" – it is not financed in any way. It is a net injection of reserves into the banking system. If a central bank is to maintain a target interest rate, then it must buy and sell government bonds on the open market in order to maintain the correct amount of reserves in the system.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT economists describe any transactions within the private sector as "horizontal" transactions, including the expansion of the broad money supply through the extension of credit by banks.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT economists regard the concept of the money multiplier, where a bank is completely constrained in lending through the deposits it holds and its capital requirement, as misleading. Rather than being a practical limitation on lending, the cost of borrowing funds from the interbank market (or the Central Bank) represents a "profitability consideration" when the private bank lends in excess of its reserve and/or capital requirements (see interaction between government and the banking sector). Effects on employment are used as evidence that a currency monopolist is overly restricting the supply of the financial assets needed to pay taxes and satisfy savings desires.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: According to MMT, bank credit should be regarded as a "leverage" of the monetary base and should not be regarded as increasing the net financial assets held by an economy: only the government or central bank is able to issue high-powered money with no corresponding liability. Stephanie Kelton said that bank money is generally accepted in settlement of debt and taxes because of state guarantees, but that state-issued high-powered money sits atop a "hierarchy of money".


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT proponents such as Warren Mosler say that trade deficits are sustainable and beneficial to the standard of living in the short run. Imports are an economic benefit to the importing nation because they provide the nation with real goods. Exports, on the other hand, are an economic cost to the exporting nation because it is losing real goods that it could have consumed. Currency transferred to foreign ownership, however, represents a future claim over goods of that nation.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Cheap imports may also cause the failure of local firms providing similar goods at higher prices, and hence unemployment, but MMT proponents label that consideration as a subjective value-based one, rather than an economic-based one: It is up to a nation to decide whether it values the benefit of cheaper imports more than it values employment in a particular industry. Similarly a nation overly dependent on imports may face a supply shock if the exchange rate drops significantly, though central banks can and do trade on foreign exchange markets to avoid shocks to the exchange rate.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT says that as long as demand exists for the issuer's currency, whether the bond holder is foreign or not, governments can never be insolvent when the debt obligations are in their own currency; this is because the government is not constrained in creating its own fiat currency (although the bond holder may affect the exchange rate by converting to local currency).


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT does agree with mainstream economics that debt in a foreign currency is a fiscal risk to governments, because the indebted government cannot create foreign currency. In this case, the only way the government can repay its foreign debt is to ensure that its currency is continually in high demand by foreigners over the period that it wishes to repay its debt; an exchange rate collapse would potentially multiply the debt many times over asymptotically, making it impossible to repay. In that case, the government can default, or attempt to shift to an export-led strategy or raise interest rates to attract foreign investment in the currency. Either one negatively effects the economy.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Economist John T. Harvey explained several of the premises of MMT and their policy implications in March 2019:


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT says that "borrowing" is a misnomer when applied to a sovereign government's fiscal operations, because the government is merely accepting its own IOUs, and nobody can borrow back their own debt instruments. Sovereign government goes into debt by issuing its own liabilities that are financial wealth to the private sector. "Private debt is debt, but government debt is "financial wealth" to the private sector."


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: In this theory, sovereign government is not "financially" constrained in its ability to spend; the government can afford to buy anything that is for sale in currency that it issues; there may, however, be political constraints, like a debt ceiling law. The only constraint is that excessive spending by any sector of the economy, whether households, firms, or public, could cause inflationary pressures.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT economists advocate a government-funded job guarantee scheme to eliminate involuntary unemployment. Proponents say that this activity can be consistent with price stability because it targets unemployment directly rather than attempting to increase private sector job creation indirectly through a much larger economic stimulus, and maintains a "buffer stock" of labor that can readily switch to the private sector when jobs become available. A job guarantee program could also be considered an automatic stabilizer to the economy, expanding when private sector activity cools down and shrinking in size when private sector activity heats up.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: MMT economists also say quantitative easing is unlikely to have the effects that its advocates hope for. Under MMT, QE – the purchasing of government debt by central banks – is simply an asset swap, exchanging interest-bearing dollars for non-interest-bearing dollars. The net result of this procedure is not to inject new investment into the real economy, but instead to drive up asset prices, shifting money from government bonds into other assets such as equities, which enhances economic inequality. The Bank of England's analysis of QE confirms that it has disproportionately benefited the wealthiest.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: A 2019 survey of leading economists by the University of Chicago Booth's Initiative on Global Markets showed a unanimous rejection of assertions attributed by the survey to Modern Monetary Theory: "Countries that borrow in their own currency should not worry about government deficits because they can always create money to finance their debt" and "Countries that borrow in their own currency can finance as much real government spending as they want by creating money". Directly responding to the survey, MMT economist William K. Black said "MMT scholars do not make or support either claim." Multiple MMT academics regard the attribution of these claims as a smear.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The post-Keynesian economist Thomas Palley said that MMT is largely a restatement of elementary Keynesian economics, but prone to "over-simplistic analysis" and understating the risks of its policy implications. Palley does not agree with MMT saying that standard Keynesian analysis does not fully capture the accounting identities and financial restraints on a government that can issue its own money. He said that these insights are well captured by standard Keynesian stock-flow consistent IS-LM models, and have been well understood by Keynesian economists for decades. He also says MMT "assumes away the problem of fiscal–monetary conflict" – that is, that the governmental body that creates the spending budget (e.g. the legislature) may refuse to cooperate with the governmental body that controls the money supply (e.g., the central bank). He said the policies proposed by MMT proponents would cause serious financial instability in an open economy with flexible exchange rates, while using fixed exchange rates would restore hard financial constraints on the government and "undermines MMT's main claim about sovereign money freeing governments from standard market disciplines and financial constraints". He says that MMT lacks a plausible theory of inflation, particularly in the context of full employment in the employer of last resort policy first proposed by Hyman Minsky and advocated by Bill Mitchell and other MMT theorists; of a lack of appreciation of the financial instability that could be caused by permanently zero interest rates; and of overstating the importance of government-created money. Palley concludes that MMT provides no new insights about monetary theory, while making unsubstantiated claims about macroeconomic policy, and that MMT has only received attention recently due to it being a "policy polemic for depressed times".


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: Marc Lavoie said that whilst the neochartalist argument is "essentially correct", many of its counter-intuitive claims depend on a "confusing" and "fictitious" consolidation of government and central banking operations, which is what Palley calls "the problem of fiscal–monetary conflict". James K. Galbraith, a son of John Kenneth Galbraith, supports MMT and wrote the foreword for Mosler's book "Seven Deadly Innocent Frauds of Economic Policy" in 2010.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: New Keynesian economist and recipient of the Swedish Riksbanks Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences, Paul Krugman, says that MMT goes too far in its support for government budget deficits and ignores the inflationary implications of maintaining budget deficits when the economy is growing. Krugman described MMT devotees as engaging in "calvinball" – a game from the comic strip "Calvin and Hobbes" in which the players change the rules at whim. Austrian School economist Robert P. Murphy states that MMT is "dead wrong" and that "the MMT worldview doesn't live up to its promises". He said that MMT saying cutting government deficits erodes private saving is true "only for the portion of private saving that is not invested" and says that the national accounting identities used to explain this aspect of MMT could equally be used to support arguments that government deficits "crowd out" private sector investment.


title: Modern Monetary Theory

text: The chartalist view of money itself, and the MMT emphasis on the importance of taxes in driving money, is also a source of criticism. In 2015, three MMT economists, Scott Fullwiler, Stephanie Kelton, and L. Randall Wray, addressed what they saw as the main criticisms being made.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption is a novella by Stephen King from his 1982 collection "Different Seasons", subtitled Hope Springs Eternal. The novella has also been published as a standalone short book. The story is entirely told by the character Red, in a narrative he claims to have been writing from September 1975 to January 1976, with an additional chapter added in spring 1977.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: It was adapted for the screen by Frank Darabont in 1994 as "The Shawshank Redemption", which was nominated for seven Academy Awards in 1994, including Best Picture. In 2009, it was adapted for the stage as "The Shawshank Redemption".


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: In 1947, in Maine, Andy Dufresne, a banker, is tried and convicted of the double murder of his wife and her lover, despite his claims of innocence. He is sent to Shawshank State Penitentiary to serve a double life sentence. There, he meets Red, a prisoner who is known in the prison for his ability to smuggle in contraband items. Andy asks Red to get him a rock hammer, which he uses to shape rocks he collects from the exercise yard into small sculptures. He later requests a large poster of Rita Hayworth, which he hangs on the wall above his bed.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: In October 1967, Andy tells Red about “Peter Stevens”, a pseudonym under which Andy had sold off his assets and invested the proceeds. Andy tells Red that one day "Peter Stevens" will own a small seaside resort hotel in Zihuatanejo, Mexico.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: On the morning of March 12, 1975, after 28 years in prison, Andy disappears from his locked cell. After a search, warden Samuel Norton discovers that the poster pasted to Andy’s cell wall covers a man-sized hole – Andy had used his rock hammer to slowly chip a tunnel through the wall. In September 1975, Red receives a blank postcard from McNary, Texas, a "tiny town" near the Mexican border, and surmises that Andy crossed the border there.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: In March 1977, Red is paroled. He finds a letter wrapped in plastic addressed to him from "Peter Stevens" inviting him to join Andy in Mexico and $1,000 in cash. The story ends with Red preparing to break his parole and follow Andy to Mexico.


title: Rita Hayworth and Shawshank Redemption

text: The novella has been adapted into a film, "The Shawshank Redemption", starring Tim Robbins as Andy, and Morgan Freeman as Red, and a play of the same name. The film version is considered one of the most celebrated movies of all time, being nominated for seven Oscars at the 67th Academy Awards in 1995, including Best Picture and Best Actor for Freeman. Morgan Freeman stated in an interview that this novella is his favorite book.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Doogie Howser, M.D. is an American medical sitcom that ran for four seasons on ABC from September 19, 1989, to March 24, 1993, totaling 97 episodes. Created by Steven Bochco and David E. Kelley, the show stars Neil Patrick Harris in the title role as a teenage physician who balances the challenge of practicing medicine with the everyday problems of teenage life.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Dr. Douglas "Doogie" Howser (Harris) is the son of David (James B. Sikking) and Katherine Howser (Belinda Montgomery). As a child, he twice survived early-stage pediatric leukemia after his father—a family physician—discovered suspicious bruising. The experience contributed to the younger Howser's desire to enter medicine.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Possessing a genius intellect and a photographic memory, Howser participates in a longitudinal study of child prodigies until his 18th birthday. He earned a perfect score on the SAT at the age of six, completed high school in nine weeks, graduated from Princeton University in 1983 at age 10, and finished medical school four years later. At age 14, Howser was the youngest licensed doctor in the country. As a newspaper article (one of several noting some of Doogie's aforementioned accomplishments that are shown in the series' opening title sequence) stated, he "can't buy beer... [but] can prescribe drugs".


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: The series begins on Howser's 16th birthday; the cold open of the pilot episode shows him stopping his field test for his driver's license to help an injured person at the scene of a traffic accident. Howser is a second-year resident surgeon at Eastman Medical Center in Los Angeles, and still lives at home with his parents. His best friend and neighbor, Vinnie Delpino (Max Casella), is a more typical teenager—climbing through Howser's bedroom window to visit—and connects him to life outside of medicine. Howser has kept a diary on his computer since 1979; episodes typically end with him making an entry in it, making observations about the situations he had experienced or learned in the episode.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Howser seeks acceptance both from children his age and from his professional colleagues. Many episodes also deal with wider social problems: AIDS awareness, racism, homophobia, sexism, gang violence, access to quality medical care, and losing one's virginity are topics, along with aging, body issues, and friendship.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Howser initially has a girlfriend, Wanda Plenn (Lisa Dean Ryan), but they break up after she leaves for college; he also begins a trauma surgery fellowship and moves into his own apartment. Bochco intended to end the show with a "season-long story arc for Doogie where he becomes disaffected with the practice of medicine and quits medicine to become a writer". ABC abruptly canceled the show due to low ratings, preventing Bochco and the show's writers from implementing that storyline, other than Howser's resignation from Eastman and departure for Europe in the final episode.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: The weekly, half-hour dramedy was created by Steven Bochco. He originated the concept and asked David E. Kelley to help write the pilot, giving Kelley a "created by" credit. Harris was the first actor the show's staff had found that could convincingly play a teenage doctor, but ABC executives opposed his casting. Bochco's contract required that the network pay an "enormous" penalty if it canceled the project, so ABC was forced to let him film the pilot. The network still opposed Harris's casting and disliked the pilot, but after positive reception during test screenings, ABC greenlit the show.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: In the United States, reruns of Doogie Howser, M.D. ran in syndication between September 1994 and September 1996. Repeats of the show aired on cable on the Odyssey Network (now Hallmark Channel) from 1999 to 2001. The Hub began airing reruns of the show in October 2010 lasting until 2013.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Anchor Bay Entertainment released all four seasons of "Doogie Howser, M.D." on DVD in Region 1 (United States and Canada) between 2005 and 2006. A "Complete Collection" release was announced on August 28, 2008, but was eventually canceled. All 4 seasons are available to stream on Hulu.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: According to Metacritic, Marvin Kitman of "Newsday" gave season 1 of "Doogie Howser, M.D." a 40/100 score and commented: "What a wasted childhood my kids have had, I got to thinking while watching this otherwise normal Doogie Howser. It makes you look at your kids differently. What lazy bums they must be, still in high school at 16." Scott Weinberg of DVD Talk recommended season two: "It's not high art, but it's a heckuva lot better than what generally passes for your average weeknight sitcom." Christopher Smith of the "Bangor Daily News" gave season three a "C" grade and commented: "No classic, this series. [...T]he show has become gratingly cute, particularly in the episodes “Doogiesomething,” “Double Doogie with Cheese,” and “Lonesome Doog.” Doog, I'm Dooged out."


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Balamurali Ambati graduated from the Mount Sinai School of Medicine and obtained his medical license when he was only 17 years old, a Guinness World Record, and has been compared to the fictional Doogie Howser, though Ambati himself disliked the association.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Sho Yano who became the youngest student to attain an M.D. from the University of Chicago at 21 years old has also been called a real-life Doogie Howser.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Doogie Howser has been used as a moniker for several people involved in politics. In 2009, 13-year-old author and speaker Jonathan Krohn was nicknamed "Doogie Howser GOP" 17-year-old Evan Draim, the youngest delegate at the 2012 Republican National Convention, was referred to as a "Doogie Howser of the GOP" Republican congressman Aaron Schock has been referred to as a Doogie Howser for being the youngest member of Congress in 2009 at 27 years old. In 2015, Jon Stewart called Schock a "Doogie Howser wannabe" for his travel expenses and activities while still in office.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: Some teenagers who have impersonated doctors are often referred to as Doogie Howser. Others who have excelled at a young age have been called Doogie Howser.


title: Doogie Howser, M.D.

text: In April 2020, it was announced that a reboot titled "Doogie Kameāloha, M.D.", was in development for Disney+ with Kourtney Kang writing and co-executive producing with Melvin Mar, Jake Kasdan, and Bochco's wife, Dayna Bochco and son, Jesse Bochco. The new series focuses on Lahela “Doogie” Kameāloha (Peyton Elizabeth Lee), a female 16-year-old doctor in Hawaii given her nickname by others who have seen "Doogie Howser, M.D.". Disney+ gave the series a 10-episode straight-to-series order in September 2020.


title: Scrotum

text: The scrotum or scrotal sac is an anatomical male reproductive structure located at the base of the penis that consists of a suspended dual-chambered sac of skin and smooth muscle. It is present in most terrestrial male mammals. The scrotum contains the external spermatic fascia, testes, epididymis, and ductus deferens. It is a distention of the perineum and carries some abdominal tissues into its cavity including the testicular artery, testicular vein, and pampiniform plexus. The perineal raphe is a small, vertical, slightly raised ridge of scrotal skin under which is found the scrotal septum. It appears as a thin longitudinal line that runs front to back over the entire scrotum. In humans and some other mammals the scrotum becomes covered with pubic hair at puberty. The scrotum will usually tighten during penile erection and when exposed to cold temperatures. One testis is typically lower than the other to avoid compression in the event of an impact.


title: Scrotum

text: The scrotum is biologically homologous to the labia majora in females. Although present in most boreoeutherian mammals, the external scrotum is absent in fusiform marine mammals, such as whales and seals, as well as in some lineages of land mammals, such as the afrotherians, xenarthrans, and numerous families of bats, rodents, and insectivores.


title: Scrotum

text: The skin on the scrotum is more highly pigmented compared to the rest of the body. The septum is a connective tissue membrane dividing the scrotum into two cavities.


title: Scrotum

text: The scrotum lymph drains initially into the superficial inguinal lymph nodes, this then drains into the deep inguinal lymph nodes. The deep inguinal lymph nodes drain into the common iliac which ultimately releases lymph into the cisterna chyli.


title: Scrotum

text: One testis is typically lower than the other, which is believed to function to avoid compression in the event of impact; in humans, the left testis is typically lower than the right.


title: Scrotum

text: An alternative view is that testis descent asymmetry evolved to enable more effective cooling of the testicles.


title: Scrotum

text: Additional tissues and organs reside inside the scrotum and are described in more detail in the following articles:


title: Scrotum

text: Male sex hormones are secreted by the testes later in embryonic life to cause the development of secondary sex organs. The scrotum is developmentally homologous to the labia majora. The raphe does not exist in females. Reproductive organs and tissues develop in females and males begin during the fifth week after fertilization. The genital ridge grows behind the peritoneal membrane. By the sixth week, string-like tissues called primary sex cords form within the enlarging genital ridge. Externally, a swelling called the genital tubercule appears over the cloacal membrane.


title: Scrotum

text: Up until the eighth week after fertilization, the reproductive organs do not appear to be different between the male and female and are called in-differentiated. Testosterone secretion starts during week eight, reaches peak levels during week 13 and eventually declines to very low levels by the end of the second trimester. The testosterone causes the masculinization of the labioscrotal folds into the scrotum. The scrotal raphe is formed when the embryonic, urethral groove closes by week 12.


title: Scrotum

text: Though the testes and scrotum form early in embryonic life, sexual maturation begins upon entering puberty. The increased secretion of testosterone causes the darkening of the skin and development of pubic hair on the scrotum.


title: Scrotum

text: The scrotum regulates the temperature of the testes and maintains it at , i.e. two or three degrees below the body temperature of . Higher temperatures affect spermatogenesis. Temperature control is accomplished by the smooth muscles of the scrotum moving the testicles either closer to or further away from the abdomen dependent upon the ambient temperature. This is accomplished by the cremaster muscle in the abdomen and the dartos fascia (muscular tissue under the skin).


title: Scrotum

text: Having the scrotum and testicles situated outside the abdominal cavity may provide additional advantages. The external scrotum is not affected by abdominal pressure. This may prevent the emptying of the testes before the sperm were matured sufficiently for fertilization. Another advantage is it protects the testes from jolts and compressions associated with an active lifestyle. Animals that move at a steady pace – such as elephants, whales, and marsupial moles – have internal testes and no scrotum. Unlike placental mammals, some male marsupials have a scrotum that is anterior to the penis, which is not homologous to the scrotum of placental mammals, although there are several marsupial species without an external scrotum. In humans, the scrotum may provide some friction during intercourse, helping to enhance the activity.


title: Scrotum

text: A study has indicated that use of a laptop computer positioned on the lap can negatively affect sperm production.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The 2021–22 season was Chelsea Football Club's 116th year in existence and 33rd consecutive season in the top flight of English football. In addition to the domestic league, Chelsea participated in this season's editions of the FA Cup, EFL Cup, UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. The season covered the period from 1 July 2021 to 30 June 2022.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea finished the 2021–22 season with two trophies out of a possible six, winning the Super Cup and Club World Cup. The club's victory in the latter competition was significant as it not only confirmed Chelsea as world champions for the very first time, but it was also the only outstanding piece of silverware that the club had not previously won. Upon adding the title to the club's honours, Chelsea joined an exclusive list of Ajax, Bayern Munich, Juventus and Manchester United as one of only five clubs to have won every single major honour in European football.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On the domestic front, Chelsea also reached the finals of both cup competitions, defeated only on penalties to Liverpool after goalless draws on both occasions. In the Premier League, Chelsea began the season strongly and led the title race from October to early December. However, inconsistent form through December and January blunted their title challenge, with the Blues eventually finishing a distant third. In the Champions League, their title defence ended with a quarter-final elimination at the hands of eventual winners Real Madrid.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 11 August 2021, Chelsea started off the season by beating Villarreal to win the 2021 UEFA Super Cup. Hakim Ziyech opened the scoring before Gerard Moreno equalised in the second half; after extra time the score remained 1–1. In the final minute of the match, Thomas Tuchel made the decision to replace goalkeeper Édouard Mendy with Kepa Arrizabalaga. Chelsea went on to win 6–5 on penalties, with Arrizabalaga making the decisive save against Raúl Albiol. Following the match, Thomas Tuchel stated: "We were well-prepared. We had a statistic that Kepa is the best in terms of saving penalties. The analysts showed me the data and then we spoke with the players [explaining] that this can happen in knockout games." It was the second time that Chelsea had won the trophy, the first win being in 1998, and the third time that the club was involved in a penalty shoot-out in the competition.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The following day, Chelsea announced that Romelu Lukaku had re-signed for the club seven years after leaving for a reported club record fee of £97.5 million. Although initial offers were turned down by Inter Milan, Chelsea's third offer for Lukaku was accepted. "I only realised that Chelsea was serious at the third offer," Lukaku stated. "It went to €110m, and I knew, this is truly serious." He continued, "If they ask me, why would I say no? Everyone knows what Chelsea means to me."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began the Premier League season with two consecutive wins in London derbies, first at home against Crystal Palace and then at the Emirates Stadium against Arsenal. In the former, Premier League debutant Trevoh Chalobah scored the final goal in a 3–0 win with a low right-footed shot from well outside the penalty area. In the latter, new signing Romelu Lukaku scored the opening goal in a 2–0 win on his second debut for the club.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 28 August, Chelsea travelled to Anfield to take on Liverpool in a match that was billed as an early test for two title contenders. Kai Havertz opened the scoring off a corner kick with a looping near-post header that spiraled over goalkeeper Alisson. In the first half stoppage time, Reece James was sent off after referee Anthony Taylor consulted the VAR and adjudged that James had used his arm to prevent a goal. Mohammed Salah scored the ensuing penalty despite furious protests from Chelsea players. In the second half, Chelsea defended deeply and compactly and the match finished 1–1.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 31 August, transfer deadline day, Chelsea signed Saúl from Atlético Madrid on a season-long loan with an option to buy at the end of the season. The future fee is reported to be €40 million. Throughout the transfer window, Chelsea were linked with a move for Sevilla centre-back Jules Koundé, although it never materialized. The transfer window also saw several notable departures, including Olivier Giroud, Tammy Abraham, and Kurt Zouma. Furthermore, Chelsea sold several promising youth academy products, including Marc Guéhi, Tino Livramento, and Ike Ugbo.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Marcos Alonso was nominated for the Premier League Player of the Month award in August, which was eventually given to West Ham's Michail Antonio. Thomas Tuchel was also nominated for Premier League Manager of the Month, but it was awarded to Tottenham's Nuno Espírito Santo.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea started September with back-to-back 3–0 wins against Aston Villa and Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League and a 1–0 win against Zenit in the Champions League. After five matchdays in the Premier League, Chelsea and Liverpool coincidentally shared identical records, with Chelsea ahead based on the away goals head-to-head tiebreaker following their meeting on Matchday 3. On 22 September, Chelsea faced Aston Villa again in the EFL Cup, winning 4–3 on penalties after a 1–1 draw. Kepa Arrizabalaga made a decisive save against a spot kick from Marvelous Nakamba, which led him to become Chelsea's most successful goalkeeper at saving penalties during shootouts, passing Petr Čech. Both matches against Aston Villa saw debuts, first in the Premier League for Saúl and in the EFL Cup for Malang Sarr.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 25 September, Chelsea faced off against Manchester City at Stamford Bridge. Manchester City dominated possession and employed a high press throughout the match, with Gabriel Jesus scoring the game's only goal in the 53rd minute. The 1–0 defeat was Chelsea's first loss of the season. Following the match, Thomas Tuchel stated "The performance was not complex enough. Overall, simply, we were not at our best level." It was the first time that Chelsea were beaten by Manchester City under Tuchel, with Pep Guardiola winning for the first time after three consecutive defeats in the previous season, including in the Champions League Final.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 29 September, Chelsea suffered their first Champions League defeat of the season, losing 0–1 to Juventus in Turin. Federico Chiesa scored the game's only goal just after halftime. Although Chelsea enjoyed a majority of possession in the game, Juventus defended deeply and created several chances on the counter-attack. Chelsea ended the month of September with only three goals conceded in six matches. Chelsea's successful defensive performances led to Antonio Rüdiger being nominated for Premier League Player of the Month, though it was eventually awarded to Cristiano Ronaldo.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began October with a 3–1 win against Southampton. After an early goal from Trevoh Chalobah, James Ward-Prowse equalised from the penalty spot before he was sent off in the 77th minute. Chelsea rallied to win with two late goals from Timo Werner and Ben Chilwell, who scored with a close-range left-footed volley in his first start in the Premier League during the season. On 16 October, Chelsea beat Brentford 1–0 in the first iteration of this West London derby in the modern Premier League era. Chilwell scored for the second consecutive game, while Mendy made four crucial saves to preserve a clean sheet. Chelsea played their third Champions League group stage match on 20 October against Malmö, winning 4–0. Jorginho scored two penalties and Andreas Christensen scored his first career goal for Chelsea after 137 appearances. However, both Romelu Lukaku and Timo Werner were injured during the match.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 23 October, Chelsea beat Norwich City 7–0 in the Premier League with Mason Mount scoring his first ever senior hat trick. The 7–0 win was the joint second highest score line in Chelsea's Premier League history. Ben Chilwell scored for the fourth consecutive Premier League match, becoming the first Chelsea player to do so since Eden Hazard. Goals from Callum Hudson-Odoi and Reece James meant that 17 different players had scored for Chelsea in all competitions. On 26 October, Chelsea took on Southampton at home in the EFL Cup round of 16. Kai Havertz and Ché Adams scored the only goals of the game, with Chelsea going on to win 4–3 on penalties. Chelsea ended the month of October with a 3–0 win against Newcastle United at St. James' Park. After a goalless first half, Reece James scored two goals from the far-right corner of the penalty area, the first of which was a left-footed half-volley.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea ended the month of October with a 1–0 win away against Malmö, with Hakim Ziyech scoring the winner. Ben Chilwell was nominated for Premier League Player of the Month, and Thomas Tuchel was nominated for Premier League Manager of the Month for the second time, eventually going on to win the award.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: November began with Trevoh Chalobah signing a contract extension through 2026. "It's quite surreal," Chalobah said. "It's a dream for me to sign a new long-term contract for my boyhood club and hopefully the dream continues. It's been an unbelievable start to the season and something I never expected but it just shows that the hard work I've put in and going out on loans has paid off."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 6 November, Chelsea drew Burnley 1–1, with Kai Havertz scoring the opening goal before Matěj Vydra equalised. It was only the third time of the season that Chelsea dropped points in the Premier League. Entering into the international break, Chelsea were in first place in the Premier League, three points clear of second place Manchester City. Throughout the month of November, Chelsea was reported to be in negotiations with Antonio Rüdiger and Andreas Christensen over new contracts. Speaking about the negotiations, Thomas Tuchel said, "I feel the situation is calm here inside and from here we go." He went on, "You can end up in situations like this but the situations are handled from all sides very carefully, professionally and mature."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea returned from the international break on 20 November to beat Leicester City 3–0 at the King Power Stadium. N'Golo Kanté scored a long-rage goal from outside of the penalty area against his former club and substitute Christian Pulisic scored after returning from a lengthy ankle injury.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 24 November, Chelsea took on Juventus in a crucial Champions League group stage match. Heading into Matchday 5, Chelsea were second in Group H, three points behind the Italian side after losing in Turin on Matchday 2. Chelsea needed to win by a margin of two goals or more to move to the top of the group leading into the final matchday due to Juventus' superior goal difference. From the opening whistle, Chelsea employed an extremely attacking approach, with the five defenders playing an extremely high line and the forwards aggressively pressuring the ball in Juventus' half. Trevoh Chalobah scored the game's opener off a corner kick to put Chelsea 1–0 up. Five minutes later, Thiago Silva cleared a shot from former Chelsea player Álvaro Morata off the line with a dramatic overhead kick to preserve the one-goal advantage at the break. In the second half, Chelsea scored two goals in two minutes from Reece James and Callum Hudson-Odoi before Timo Werner made it 4–0 in stoppage time. The win was Chelsea's largest ever in a competitive fixture against Juventus and guaranteed their progression to the knockout rounds of the Champions League. However, Ben Chilwell suffered anterior cruciate ligament damage during the match, ruling him out for the rest of the season.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The following Sunday, Chelsea took on Manchester United, who had recently sacked manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær. Despite having almost two-thirds of the possession, Chelsea could only manage a 1–1 draw. Jorginho's heavy touch allowed Jadon Sancho to score the game's opener, but he later converted a penalty to level the score line. Chelsea began the busy December period with a match against Watford. Players had to leave the pitch for 25 minutes due to a medical incident in the Graham Taylor Stand at Vicarage Road. Paramedics rushed onto the pitch about 12 minutes into the game to treat a supporter, who was taken to a local hospital and later reported to be in stable condition. Chelsea went on to win the game 2–1, courtesy of goals from Mason Mount and Hakim Ziyech.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's third competitive defeat of the season came on December 4 as they travelled to the London Stadium to take on West Ham, who sat in fourth place in the Premier League. Chelsea lead twice through goals from Thiago Silva and Mason Mount, but were twice pegged back. In the 87th minute, Arthur Masuaku scored the game's winner with a cross-come-shot that beat Mendy at his near post. The result meant that Chelsea slipped to third in the Premier League, behind Manchester City and Liverpool, relinquishing the top spot for the first time since Matchday 6. Four days later, Chelsea travelled to Saint Petersburg to take on Zenit in the final Champions League group stage match. Going into the final matchday, Chelsea sat atop the group, ahead of Juventus due to their superior head-to-head record. Timo Werner scored an early goal, but by half-time, Zenit had scored twice to give the Russian side the lead. Chelsea battled back in the second half, with Romelu Lukaku equalizing before Werner scored his second in the 85th minute. However, with nearly the last kick of the game, Magomed Ozdoev made it 3–3 with a half-volley from outside the penalty area. Combined with Juventus' win against Malmö, the result meant that Chelsea would progress as runners-up in Group H.