title: Cloud

text: Supercooled nitric acid and water PSC's, sometimes known as type 1, typically have a stratiform appearance resembling cirrostratus or haze, but because they are not frozen into crystals, do not show the pastel colours of the nacreous types. This type of PSC has been identified as a cause of ozone depletion in the stratosphere. The frozen nacreous types are typically very thin with mother-of-pearl colorations and an undulating cirriform or lenticular (stratocumuliform) appearance. These are sometimes known as type 2.


title: Cloud

text: Polar mesospheric clouds form at an extreme-level altitude range of about . They are given the Latin name noctilucent because of their illumination well after sunset and before sunrise. They typically have a bluish or silvery white coloration that can resemble brightly illuminated cirrus. Noctilucent clouds may occasionally take on more of a red or orange hue. They are not common or widespread enough to have a significant effect on climate. However, an increasing frequency of occurrence of noctilucent clouds since the 19th century may be the result of climate change.


title: Cloud

text: Noctilucent clouds are the highest in the atmosphere and form near the top of the mesosphere at about ten times the altitude of tropospheric high clouds. From ground level, they can occasionally be seen illuminated by the sun during deep twilight. Ongoing research indicates that convective lift in the mesosphere is strong enough during the polar summer to cause adiabatic cooling of small amount of water vapour to the point of saturation. This tends to produce the coldest temperatures in the entire atmosphere just below the mesopause. These conditions result in the best environment for the formation of polar mesospheric clouds. There is also evidence that smoke particles from burnt-up meteors provide much of the condensation nuclei required for the formation of noctilucent cloud.


title: Cloud

text: Noctilucent clouds have four major types based on physical structure and appearance. Type I veils are very tenuous and lack well-defined structure, somewhat like cirrostratus fibratus or poorly defined cirrus. Type II bands are long streaks that often occur in groups arranged roughly parallel to each other. They are usually more widely spaced than the bands or elements seen with cirrocumulus clouds. Type III billows are arrangements of closely spaced, roughly parallel short streaks that mostly resemble cirrus. Type IV whirls are partial or, more rarely, complete rings of cloud with dark centres.


title: Cloud

text: Distribution in the mesosphere is similar to the stratosphere except at much higher altitudes. Because of the need for maximum cooling of the water vapor to produce noctilucent clouds, their distribution tends to be restricted to polar regions of Earth. A major seasonal difference is that convective lift from below the mesosphere pushes very scarce water vapor to higher colder altitudes required for cloud formation during the respective summer seasons in the northern and southern hemispheres. Sightings are rare more than 45 degrees south of the north pole or north of the south pole.


title: Cloud

text: Cloud cover has been seen on most other planets in the Solar System. Venus's thick clouds are composed of sulfur dioxide (due to volcanic activity) and appear to be almost entirely stratiform. They are arranged in three main layers at altitudes of 45 to 65 km that obscure the planet's surface and can produce virga. No embedded cumuliform types have been identified, but broken stratocumuliform wave formations are sometimes seen in the top layer that reveal more continuous layer clouds underneath. On Mars, noctilucent, cirrus, cirrocumulus and stratocumulus composed of water-ice have been detected mostly near the poles. Water-ice fogs have also been detected on Mars.


title: Cloud

text: Both Jupiter and Saturn have an outer cirriform cloud deck composed of ammonia, an intermediate stratiform haze-cloud layer made of ammonium hydrosulfide, and an inner deck of cumulus water clouds. Embedded cumulonimbus are known to exist near the Great Red Spot on Jupiter. The same category-types can be found covering Uranus, and Neptune, but are all composed of methane. Saturn's moon Titan has cirrus clouds believed to be composed largely of methane. The "Cassini–Huygens" Saturn mission uncovered evidence of polar stratospheric clouds and a methane cycle on Titan, including lakes near the poles and fluvial channels on the surface of the moon.


title: Cloud

text: Some planets outside the Solar System are known to have atmospheric clouds. In October 2013, the detection of high altitude optically thick clouds in the atmosphere of exoplanet Kepler-7b was announced, and, in December 2013, in the atmospheres of GJ 436 b and GJ 1214 b.


title: Cloud

text: Clouds play an important mythical or non-scientific role in various cultures and religious traditions. The ancient Akkadians believed that the clouds (in meteorology, probably the supplementary feature "mamma") were the breasts of the sky goddess Antu and that rain was milk from her breasts. In , Yahweh is described as guiding the Israelites through the desert in the form of a "pillar of cloud" by day and a "pillar of fire" by night. In Mandaeism, uthras (celestial beings) are also occasionally mentioned as being in "anana" ("clouds"; e.g., in "Right Ginza" Book 17, Chapter 1), which can also be interpreted as female consorts.


title: Cloud

text: In the ancient Greek comedy "The Clouds", written by Aristophanes and first performed at the City Dionysia in 423 BC, the philosopher Socrates declares that the Clouds are the only true deities and tells the main character Strepsiades not to worship any deities other than the Clouds, but to pay homage to them alone. In the play, the Clouds change shape to reveal the true nature of whoever is looking at them, turning into centaurs at the sight of a long-haired politician, wolves at the sight of the embezzler Simon, deer at the sight of the coward Cleonymus, and mortal women at the sight of the effeminate informer Cleisthenes. They are hailed the source of inspiration to comic poets and philosophers; they are masters of rhetoric, regarding eloquence and sophistry alike as their "friends".


title: Cloud

text: In China, clouds are symbols of luck and happiness. Overlapping clouds (in meteorology, probably "duplicatus clouds") are thought to imply eternal happiness and clouds of different colors are said to indicate "multiplied blessings".


title: Cloud

text: Cloud watching or cloud gazing is a popular children's activity involving watching the clouds and looking for shapes in them, a form of pareidolia.


title: Research university

text: A research university or a research-intensive university is a university that is committed to research as a central part of its mission. They are the most important sites at which knowledge production occurs, along with "intergenerational knowledge transfer and the certification of new knowledge" through the awarding of doctoral degrees. They can be public or private, and often have well-known brand names. Undergraduate courses at many research universities are often academic rather than vocational and may not prepare students for particular careers, but many employers value degrees from research universities because they teach fundamental life skills such as critical thinking. Globally, research universities are predominantly public universities, with notable exceptions being the United States and Japan.


title: Research university

text: Institutions of higher education that are not research universities (or do not aspire to that designation, such as liberal arts colleges) instead place more emphasis on student instruction or other aspects of tertiary education, and their faculty members are under less pressure to publish or perish.


title: Research university

text: The concept of the research university first arose in early 19th-century Prussia in Germany, where Wilhelm von Humboldt championed his vision of (the unity of teaching and research), as a means of producing an education that focused on the main areas of knowledge (the natural sciences, social sciences, and humanities) rather than on the previous goals of the university education, which was to develop an understanding of truth, beauty, and goodness.


title: Research university

text: Roger L. Geiger, "the leading historian of the American research university," has argued that "the model for the American research university was established by five of the nine colonial colleges chartered before the American Revolution (Harvard, Columbia, Yale, Princeton, and Pennsylvania); five state universities (Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, Illinois, and California); and five private institutions conceived from their inception as research universities (MIT, Cornell, Johns Hopkins, Stanford, and Chicago)." The American research university first emerged in the late 19th century, when these fifteen institutions began to graft graduate programs derived from the German model onto undergraduate programs derived from the British model.


title: Research university

text: In turn, research universities were essential to the establishment of American hegemony by the end of the 20th century. Most importantly, Berkeley, Chicago, Columbia, and Princeton directly participated in the creation of the first nuclear weapons (the Manhattan Project). Columbia and Harvard were instrumental in the early development of the American film industry (Hollywood), MIT and Stanford were leaders in building the American military–industrial complex, and Berkeley and Stanford played a central role in the development of Silicon Valley.


title: Research university

text: Since the 1960s, American research universities—especially the leading American public research university system, the University of California—have served as models for research universities around the world. Their continued dominance into the early 21st century has forced their European counterparts to confront the urgent need for reform to avoid "declining into an advanced form of feeder colleges for the best American universities."


title: Research university

text: John Taylor, Professor of Higher Education Management at the University of Liverpool, defines the key characteristics of successful research universities as:


title: Research university

text: Philip Altbach defines a different, although similar, set of key characteristics for what research universities need to become successful:


title: Research university

text: A 2012 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine report defined research universities, in the American context, as having values of intellectual freedom, initiative and creativity, excellence, and openness, with such additional characteristics as:


title: Research university

text: Global university rankings use metrics that primarily measure research to rank universities. Some also have criteria for inclusion based on the concept of a research university such as teaching at both undergraduate and postgraduate level and conducting work in multiple faculties (QS World University Rankings), or teaching undergraduates, having a research output of more than 1000 research papers over 5 years, and no more than 80% of activity in a single subject area (Times Higher Education World University Rankings).


title: Research university

text: The QS World University Ranking for 2021 included 1002 research universities. The region with the highest number was Europe, with 39.8%, followed by Asia Pacific with 26.7%, the US and Canada with 15.6%, Latin America with 10.8% and the Middle East and Africa with 7%. All regions except the Middle East and Africa were represented in the top 100. The largest number of new entrants to the rankings were from East Asia and Eastern Europe, followed by Southern Europe. By individual country, the US has the most institutions with 151, followed by the UK with 84, China with 51, and Germany with 45. The top 200 shows a similar pattern with the US having 45 universities, the UK 26 and Germany 12. By comparison, the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education (2015) identifies 115 US universities as "Doctoral Universities: Highest Research Activity" and a further 107 as "Doctoral Universities: Higher Research Activity", while Altbach estimated that there were around 220 research universities in the US in 2013.


title: Research university

text: The Academic Ranking of World Universities shows a similar distribution, with 185 of their 500 ranked institutions in 2020 coming from Europe, 161 from the Americas, 149 from Asia/Oceania and 5 from Africa. Again, all regions except Africa are represented in the top 100, although the Americas are represented solely by universities from the US and Canada. In 2022, the US has the most universities in the top 500 from a single country, 127, followed by China with 83, the UK with 38 and Germany with 31. The top 200 shows the similar pattern: the US with 62 followed by China with 30 and the UK with 21. The Times Higher Education only gives a breakdown by country and only for its top 200; this again has the US top, with 58, followed by the UK with 28, Germany with 22 and China with 11. The top 200 features one university from Africa (the University of Cape Town), but none from Latin America. The "U.S. News & World Report" Best Global Universities Ranking 2021 gives numbers by country for the 1500 universities ranked from 86 countries: the US is again top, with 255, followed by China with 176 and the UK with 87. The 2020 CWTS Leiden Ranking includes 1,176 universities in the rankings from 65 countries: China tops the list for the first time, with 204, followed by the US with 198, the UK with 58 and Germany with 54.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Dame Barbara Windsor (born Barbara Ann Deeks; 6 August 193710 December 2020) was an English actress, known for her roles in the "Carry On" films and for playing Peggy Mitchell in the BBC One soap opera, "EastEnders". She joined the cast of "EastEnders" in 1994 and won the 1999 British Soap Award for Best Actress, before ultimately leaving the show in 2016 when her character was killed off.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor began her career on stage in 1950 at the age of 13, and made her film debut as a schoolgirl in "The Belles of St. Trinian's" (1954) while studying shipping management at Bow Technical College. She received a BAFTA Award nomination for the film "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963), and a Tony Award nomination for the 1964 Broadway production of "Oh, What a Lovely War!". In 1972, she starred opposite Vanessa Redgrave in the West End production of "The Threepenny Opera".


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Between 1964 and 1974, she appeared in nine Carry On films, including "Carry On Spying" (1964), "Carry On Doctor" (1967), "Carry On Camping" (1969), "Carry On Henry" (1971), and "Carry On Abroad" (1972). She also co-presented the 1977 Carry On compilation "That's Carry On!". Along with Jim Dale, she was one of the last surviving regulars on the series. Her other film roles included "A Study in Terror" (1965), "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968), and as the voice of Mallymkun, the Dormouse in "Alice in Wonderland" (2010) and "Alice Through the Looking Glass" (2016).


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor was made a Dame (DBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to charity and entertainment. She was awarded Freedom of the City of London in 2010.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor was born in Shoreditch, London, in 1937 (her birth was registered in Stepney), the only child of John Deeks, a costermonger, and his wife, Rose ("née" Ellis), a dressmaker. The family lived on Angela Street. Her maternal great-grandmother was the daughter of Irish immigrants who fled Ireland to Great Britain between 1846 and 1851 to escape the Great Famine of Ireland.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In 1939, at the start of World War II, Windsor's father was called up for the war, so Windsor and her mother went to live with her mother's family in Yoakley Road, Stoke Newington, where Windsor attended St Mary's Infants' School in nearby Lordship Road.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor's mother initially refused to let her be evacuated, but conceded after one of Windsor's school friends was killed by a bomb during an air raid. Aged six, Windsor was evacuated to Blackpool to live with a married couple, but they sexually abused her. A neighbour heard Windsor's screams and alerted the authorities and the couple were arrested and were found to not be married, but to be brother and sister.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor moved in with a schoolfriend and her parents, although they struggled to cope with her loud behaviour. They sent Windsor to dancing school, which sparked her interest in performing, although one night after a class, Windsor found her friend's father kissing another woman in a bus shelter. Humiliated by this, Windsor was sent back to London in 1944 along with a note from her dance teacher which read: "Barbara is a born show-off who loves to perform."


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Impressed by this, Windsor's mother sent her to Madame Behenna's Juvenile Jollities, a drama school at which she appeared in several charity concerts and pantomimes. After the war, she passed her 11-plus exams, gaining the top mark in North London, and earned a scholarship for a place at Our Lady's Catholic High School, Stamford Hill although she was expelled because she argued with the reverend mother after the latter refused to let Barbara have time off to appear in a pantomime.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor moved to the Aida Foster School, Golders Green, and took elocution lessons. When Windsor's father came to watch a performance, she was ridiculed by the others as her father had begun working as a trolley bus conductor and had come in his uniform. Enraged, Windsor covered the girls in theatrical face powder, throwing more over the chaperone who tried to stop her. Despite this, Windsor was chosen to appear in the chorus of the musical "Love From Judy" in the West End in 1952 which ran for a successful two years. Her stage name of "Windsor" was inspired by the Coronation of Elizabeth II in 1953. By the time Windsor was 16, Windsor's parents divorced and Windsor was unwillingly made to testify against her father in court. Awarded to her mother, following the divorce, Windsor's father removed all contact with her and would ignore her if he saw Windsor in the street for many years afterwards.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Shortly after, Windsor made her film debut as an uncredited extra in 1954 playing a schoolgirl in "The Belles of St. Trinians". She followed this with several other uncredited roles until she appeared in "Too Hot to Handle" with Jayne Mansfield. Mansfield demanded Windsor to appear at the back of the scene they shared, as she was worried Windsor's blonde hair and large chest would overshadow her own. After this, Windsor made her television debut when Johnny Brandon, with whom Windsor had starred in "Love from Judy", asked her to appear in his television series "Dreamer's Highway". Windsor later appeared in musical shows "Variety Parade", "The Jack Jackson Show", and "Six-Five Special", regularly singing with bands. She then became a regular cabaret act at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club in Soho, and went on to do the same at the Winston's club alongside Danny La Rue and Amanda Barrie.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: After joining Joan Littlewood's Theatre Workshop at the Theatre Royal, Stratford East, she came to prominence in their stage production "Fings Ain't Wot They Used T'Be" and Littlewood's film "Sparrows Can't Sing" (1963), achieving a BAFTA nomination for Best British Film Actress. She also appeared in the comedy films "Crooks in Cloisters" (1964) and "San Ferry Ann" (1965), the thriller film "A Study in Terror" (1965), the fantasy film "Chitty Chitty Bang Bang" (1968) and Ken Russell's musical film "The Boy Friend" (1971), and the TV sitcoms "The Rag Trade" and "Wild, Wild Women".


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor came to prominence with her portrayals of a "good-time girl" in nine Carry On films. Her first was "Carry On Spying" in 1964 and her final one was "Carry On Dick" in 1974. She also appeared in several "Carry On..." television and compilation specials between 1964 and 1977.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: One of her best known scenes was in "Carry On Camping" (1969), where her bikini top flew off during outdoor aerobic exercises. In typical Carry On style, exposure is implied, but little is, in fact, seen.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: From 1973 to 1975, she appeared with several of the Carry On team in the West End revue "Carry On London!".


title: Barbara Windsor

text: She was strongly identified with the Carry On films for many years, which restricted the roles she was chosen to play later in her career.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor starred on Broadway in the Theatre Workshop's "Oh, What a Lovely War!" and received a 1965 Tony Award nomination for Best Featured Actress in a Musical. She also appeared in several stage productions including Lionel Bart's musical flop "Twang!!" (1965) (directed by Joan Littlewood), "The Beggar's Opera" (1967), "Come Spy with Me" (1966–67) with Danny La Rue and in 30 pantomimes between 1950 and 2011.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In 1970, she landed the role of music hall legend Marie Lloyd in the musical-biopic "Sing A Rude Song". In 1972, she appeared in the West End in Tony Richardson's "The Threepenny Opera" with Vanessa Redgrave. In 1975, she toured the UK, New Zealand, and South Africa in her own show, "Carry On Barbara!", and followed this with the role of Maria in "Twelfth Night" at the Chichester Festival Theatre.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In 1981, she played sex-mad landlady Kath in Joe Orton's black comedy "Entertaining Mr Sloane" at the Lyric Hammersmith, directed by her friend Kenneth Williams. She reprised the role for a national tour with the National Theatre in 1993 co-starring John Challis of "Only Fools and Horses" fame.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: When "EastEnders" was launched in 1985, the producers said they would not cast well-known actors (although Wendy Richard was a rare exception). Windsor has said that she would have liked to have been part of the original cast. By 1994, this policy was relaxed, and Windsor accepted an offer to join "EastEnders". She took over the role of Peggy Mitchell (who was previously a minor character played by Jo Warne in 1991). Peggy was the widowed mother of established key characters Phil and Grant Mitchell, and younger sister Samantha. For this role, she received the Best Actress award at the 1999 British Soap Awards, and a Lifetime Achievement Award at the 2009 British Soap Awards.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: A debilitating case of the Epstein–Barr virus forced a two-year absence from the role between 2003 and 2005, although Windsor was able to make a two-episode guest appearance in 2004. She rejoined the cast full-time in the summer of 2005. In October 2009, Windsor announced she was to leave her role as Peggy Mitchell, saying she wanted to spend more time with her husband. On 10 September 2010, her character left Albert Square after a fire destroyed the Queen Victoria pub, of which she was the owner.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In July 2013, it was announced that Windsor was to return for one episode, which aired on 20 September 2013. She again returned for a single episode on 25 September 2014, and made a further appearance for "EastEnders" 30th anniversary on 17 February 2015. In February 2015, Windsor, along with Pam St Clement (Pat Evans), took part in "EastEnders: Back to Ours" to celebrate 30 years of "EastEnders". Windsor and St. Clement looked back on some of their characters' most dramatic moments.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In November 2015, Windsor secretly filmed a return to "EastEnders", which was shown in January 2016. After this, the character was confirmed to be killed off later in the year. This was Windsor's decision, as she said that she would always be open to a return to the show unless bosses decided to kill the character off. Her last appearance aired on BBC One on 17 May 2016. On 25 January 2022, by which time Windsor had died, an episode aired in which Peggy's son Phil Mitchell (Steve McFadden) hears his mother's voice giving him advice. The scene was made using archived audio from previous episodes.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor provided the voice of the Dormouse in Walt Disney's live-action adaptation of Lewis Carroll's "Alice in Wonderland" (2010), directed by Tim Burton. Windsor appeared in the pantomime "Dick Whittington" at the Bristol Hippodrome over the Christmas/New Year period of 2010/2011. In September 2010, it was announced that Windsor would be fronting a TV campaign for online bingo site Jackpotjoy as the Queen of Bingo. She appeared as herself in one episode of "Come Fly with Me" in January 2011.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: From 2011 onwards, she regularly did presenting work for BBC Radio 2 music and showbusiness history programmes, and also was a regular stand in for Elaine Paige on "Elaine Paige on Sunday". She reprised her voice role of the Dormouse in the film "Alice Through the Looking Glass" (2016).


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In 2016, Windsor was invited to switch on the Blackpool Illuminations 57 years after her co-star in the film "Too Hot to Handle", Jayne Mansfield, had performed the task during a break in filming.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In May 2017, Windsor appeared in a cameo role as herself in BBC Television's biopic about her life, "Babs", written by "EastEnders" scriptwriter Tony Jordan. It showed Windsor in the 1990s as she prepared to go on stage, and recalled events from her life, including her childhood, marriage to gangster Ronnie Knight, and her roles in the Carry On films.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Prior to her marriage to Knight, Windsor had a one-night stand with East End criminal Reggie Kray, and a longer relationship with his older brother Charlie Kray. During the time of making her later "Carry On" films, she had a well-publicised affair with her fellow actor and co-star Sid James, which lasted 3 years until 1976. Windsor was initially uninterested in James, 24 years her senior, but later stated that she thought she would have sex with him once and then he would go away, but James reportedly became obsessed with Windsor and became suffocatingly possessive of her to the extent that during the "Carry On London!" tour, he shouted at Bernard Bresslaw because he had helped Windsor off the stage, the only reason being that Bresslaw had touched Windsor. James, who, like Windsor, was also already married, would send her a dozen red roses with a note attached with the words "Love Romeo" and even arranged to see her in Australia during her "Carry On Barbara" one-woman show, as he could not bear to be without her. He would also state his love for her in public and to Windsor's friends, but after the affair began damaging Windsor's mental health, she ended it. Devastated by her decision, James became depressed and started to drink strong whisky, and died soon after from a heart attack. Another of Windsor's "Carry On" co-stars, Kenneth Williams, accompanied Knight and her on their honeymoon, and also brought his mother and sister with him.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor also dated Gary Crosby in the 1960s, and had brief sexual encounters with Victor Mature, Anthony Newley, Ronnie Scott, James Booth, George Best,


title: Barbara Windsor

text: and Maurice Gibb, the latter two while she was still married to Ronnie Knight. In the late 1950s, Windsor became engaged to singer Cliff Lawrence, but he physically beat her. In her autobiography, "All of Me", Windsor stated that she often turned up to Winston's, the club where she sang, with a black eye, and detailed one occasion of when Lawrence dragged her down the street by her hair. Windsor terminated the relationship and then started dating Ronnie Knight. Windsor said that Lawrence would spy on her and Knight from telephone boxes, and only left them alone after Knight threatened him.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In her autobiography, Windsor talked about her five abortions: three in her 20s, and the last at the age of 42. She said she never wanted children as a result of her father rejecting her after her parents' divorce.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor was best friends with fellow actor Anna Karen, whom she met while filming "Carry On Camping" and who later went on to play Peggy Mitchell's sister Aunt Sal in "EastEnders" for 20 years.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor had a friendship with Amy Winehouse and in 2012, she became a patron of the Amy Winehouse Foundation and in 2014, Windsor unveiled the statue of Winehouse in Camden Market.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In April 2014, Windsor was diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. She chose not to make the condition public, but it was known to her friends and colleagues. On 10 May 2018, Windsor's husband, Scott Mitchell, publicly revealed her condition. In January 2019, Mitchell and some of Windsor's former co-stars from "EastEnders" announced that they would be running the London Marathon in aid of a dementia campaign. Mitchell said that Windsor's health and mental state had been deteriorating, and she had moments when she no longer recognised him.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: On Windsor's 82nd birthday in August 2019, Mitchell and she became ambassadors for the Alzheimer's Society. On the same day, Mitchell and Windsor appeared in a video for the charity, in which Windsor said, "Unite with me, against dementia". Mitchell highlighted the problems many face with the disease, and urged viewers to sign a letter to Prime Minister Boris Johnson, saying he "urgently needs to address these challenges." In August 2020, BBC News reported that Windsor had been moved into a care home in London.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor died on 10 December 2020, aged 83. The next episode of "EastEnders", broadcast on 11 December 2020, was dedicated to Windsor's memory. As well as this, the 2017 biopic "Babs", which documented Windsor's life, was also broadcast. Among those who paid tributes to her were her "EastEnders" co-stars, entertainers, politicians including Boris Johnson, former Prime Minister David Cameron, Leader of the Opposition Keir Starmer, and members of the Royal family, Prince William, Duke of Cambridge—who described Windsor as "a true national treasure ... a giant of the entertainment world"—and Charles, Prince of Wales with his wife Camilla, Duchess of Cornwall.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor's funeral took place on 8 January 2021. Her body was cremated at Golders Green Crematorium. The service was attended by Anna Karen, Christopher Biggins, Ross Kemp, David Walliams, and Matt Lucas, amongst others, although numbers were limited due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Floral decorations on Windsor's coffin made out the words "The Dame", "Saucy" (Windsor's catchphrase in the "Carry On" films) and "The Queen Peggy". Windsor's funeral programme featured the famous photo of her in "Carry On Camping", a photo that she said "will follow me right to the end".


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor was played by Samantha Spiro in Terry Johnson's play "Cleo, Camping, Emmanuelle and Dick", which premiered at the National Theatre in 1998. Rachel Clarke took over the role of Windsor in the touring production of the play in 2001. Spiro reprised the role in the subsequent film adaptation, "Cor, Blimey!". The latter also featured a cameo appearance from Windsor, playing herself.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: In the 2006 BBC television film "", Windsor was again played by Rachel Clarke. Spiro reprised her role as Windsor in the biopic "Babs" in 2017, with Jaime Winstone and Honor Kneafsey playing younger versions of Windsor.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: Windsor was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2000 New Year Honours, and in the same year, she was the first person to be inducted into the newly created BBC Hall of Fame. In August 2010, she was given the Freedom of the City of London, and in November 2010, she was honoured by the City of Westminster at a tree planting and plaque ceremony.


title: Barbara Windsor

text: She was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to charity and entertainment.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The eighth-generation Honda Civic is a range of compact cars (C-segment) manufactured by Honda between 2005 and 2012, replacing the seventh-generation Civic. Four body styles were introduced throughout its production run, which are sedan, coupe, and both three-door and five-door hatchback. The sedan version was introduced with two distinct styling for different markets, with one of them sold as the Acura CSX in Canada and as the Ciimo Si Ming in China from 2012 until 2016. The hatchback versions formed the European-market Civic range, which received a different architecture, body design and smaller footprint, and solely produced in Swindon, United Kingdom.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Type R performance model was introduced in 2007 for sedan and three-door hatchback body styles, with the former only sold in Japan and other limited Asian markets.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Civic sedan was sold worldwide, including in some countries in Europe it was sold alongside the European-market Civic hatchback. However, Honda introduced two different styling for different markets, with Asia-Pacific (except China), Africa, Europe and Russia received a version that is identical to Canadian-market Acura CSX. China and the rest of the Americas receive the North American-market Civic sedan, with limited availability of the coupe model in some countries.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: It also features a redesigned dashboard incorporating a "two-tier" instrument panel. The upper panel is completely electronic and contains a digital speedometer in the center, with the coolant temperature and fuel displayed as linear segmented indicators on each side. The lower tier, slightly smaller than that of previous generations, has a backlit analog tachometer and the digital odometer and trip computer below it. The gear shift position indicators are to the right of the tachometer in automatic transmission and hybrid models, while the latter also features additional IMA Assist and Charge indicators to the left. Indicator lights are spread over both displays, whose brightness can be adjusted and saved independently (with the headlights on or off).


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In the chassis, Honda introduces improvements in three key areas, which are enhanced suspension geometry with larger wheels and tires, a longer wheelbase, and a new generation 4-channel anti-lock braking system (ABS). To improve steering rigidity and reduce friction, the steering gear box was mounted lower. Significant changes to steering angles, bushings, material rigidity, and spring and shock tuning were claimed to result in a more linear suspension movement when cornering. The rear suspension was also reworked, with the multi-link double wishbone rear suspension benefits from a new design that facilitates more rebound stroke and improved positioning of the damper. The improved rebound stroke allows the vehicle to absorb harsh road surfaces better, while also enhancing overall stability.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In the North American market, the sedan and coupe styles were available, and were designed in Japan and Ohio respectively. The sedan model was introduced in September 2005 for the 2006 model year. Both the sedan and coupe are introduced in several trim levels (DX/DX-A, VP/DX-G, LX, EX, EX with Navigation, and Si). The hybrid model only comes as a sedan, while the Si coupe was joined by a sedan in 2007, and the Si sedan entered the Canadian lineup in 2008.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The 2008 model year saw the addition of new interior features such as a 60/40 rear folding seat and remote trunk release for LX models (previously only available on EX models), while 2009 models had a mid-generation refresh most notable on the front grille. Additionally, the 2006 models acquired ULEV-2 (Ultra Low Emission Vehicle) certification and boast a more powerful 1.8-litre engine than the 2005 counterparts while retaining almost equal fuel economy. The Civic Si and Civic Hybrid feature a sport-oriented electric power steering, while regular use a speed sensitive hydraulic power steering system.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: During the debut of Civic sedan and coupe concepts at the 2011 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, it was announced that more than 1.5 million units of the eighth-generation Civic have been sold since it first went on sale in late 2005. More than 95 percent of all Civics sold in the US as of calendar year 2010 were made in North America at manufacturing facilities in either Greensburg, Indiana or Alliston, Ontario in Canada. Production in East Liberty, Ohio ended early in 2009 to focus on production of Honda crossover models.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The base DX model is equipped with LATCH, immobilizer theft-deterrent system, power windows, daytime running lights (DRL), 15-inch steel wheels with covers, driver's seat height adjustment, and other features. American DX models do not have a standard audio system, while the Canadian equivalent has a 160 watt 4-speaker AM/FM/MP3 stereo system with CD player. Air conditioning was optional, which is known as DX-A in Canada.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The VP (Value Package) model sold in the United States adds air conditioning and the 160 watt 4-speaker AM/FM/MP3 stereo system with CD player.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The DX-G model sold in Canada adds air conditioning, auxiliary input jack for portable audio players, power door locks, remote keyless entry and storage console armrest. In 2008, it added cruise control, lightweight alloy wheels (same as the ones on the Civic Hybrid), and a lip spoiler.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The LX model adds a 160 watt 4-speaker AM/FM/MP3 stereo system with CD player (for the US only, all Canadian DX and LX models already include that system), 16-inch steel wheels with covers (5-spoke alloy wheels in Canadian LX models), cruise control, MP3/audio jack, passenger-side walk-in with memory (coupe only), floor mats, and an anti-theft security system with remote entry (US models only). In 2008, the Canadian LX models added features including a lip spoiler, 60/40 rear folding seat, and remote trunk release.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The EX model adds a power moonroof, 4-wheel disc brakes, 16-inch alloy wheels, an additional 12-volt accessory outlet (for a total of two), a 350 watt stereo system with six speakers (coupe only, the sedan EX comes with a 160 watt stereo system), exterior temperature indicator, and a foldable rear arm rest with integrated cupholders (sedan only). This trim was sold in Canada only in the 2006 and 2007 model years, until it was replaced with the LX-SR and EX-L models in 2008.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: For the first time on the Civic, a voice-activated navigation system was introduced with the EX with Navigation model.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The 2008 model year introduced the LX-SR (Sunroof) model positioned in between the LX and EX models for the Canadian market, which adds a power moonroof and 4-wheel disc brakes. This model year also introduces leather to the Civic for the first time with the EX-L and EX-L with Navigation models which also adds heated front seats, heated exterior mirrors, leather-wrapped steering wheel, and a center console.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: All coupes come standard with a rear lip-spoiler, while EX models have round chrome finish on the exhaust pipe. Coupes are intended to be sportier than their sedan counterparts, they have a more aggressive suspension set up consisting of firmer spring rates and thicker anti roll bars coupled with adjusted damping settings. Civic models with a moonroof have slightly less interior space due to reduced headroom.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Honda Civic GX is designed to run on compressed natural gas (CNG). Due to the limitations of the CNG tanks, the 6-speaker stereo system is not installed.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Only a continuously variable transmission (CVT) was offered for the 2006 Honda Civic Hybrid, which gains more power and a mileage boost to a United States Environmental Protection Agency estimated / (city/highway). It achieves an AT-PZEV emission rating. The 1.3 L L13A i-DSI engine (in Europe marketed as 1.4 L engine) has been upgraded to achieve , instead of in earlier model. Accompanied by the electric motor with 15 kW (20 hp) which gives in total for the Hybrid vehicle. Top speed was rated at 186 km/h (116 mph), CO emission is 109 g/km and the mass of the car is —not much for a car equipped with IMA electric motor and nickel–metal hydride batteries (5.5 A·h, 158 V).


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Both the Civic GX and Civic Hybrid have a similar trim level to the Civic LX, with some differences like lightweight alloy wheels, and external mirror lights.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The car comes with a 2.0-liter K20Z3 i-VTEC engine that produces and of torque, while including a 6-speed manual transmission with a helical limited-slip differential. Forty percent stiffer spring and dampening rates from the non-Si trims and stiffer sway bars have bolstered the Civic Si's handling, with the car achieving 0.90"g" (8.8 m/s) of lateral acceleration on the skidpad. It was also the quickest Civic Si off the line, with a factory 0–60 time of 6.7 seconds according to Honda. Some new features include a moonroof, a seven-speaker 360-watt sound system, 17-inch alloy wheels with Michelin all-season tires, and keyless trunk access. Brazilian market Si's have a version of the K20 engine designated K20Z5.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Canada, the Acura CSX Type-S was offered in 2007, borrowing the engine and drivetrain from the Civic Si but offering additional luxury options such as leather seating. The CSX features similar front and rear fascias to the JDM Civic, but with slight differences—the CSX has a crease running along the center of the hood and front bumper, whereas the JDM does not.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The 2007 model year changes for the Civic Si include the addition of the Si trim for sedans, vehicle stability assist (VSA) (not available on Canadian models until the 2010 and 2011 model years), darker silver wheels, body-color grille, a deck lid spoiler, reversed red/black coloring on the odometer, and Si-embroidered front floor mats. The introductory price of the Si Coupe increased by $800 to the MSRP of $21,090. In 2017, 10 years after its original release, the 2007 model was recalled due to a defect in the vehicle's airbags, where it could potentially explode in front of the driver and its occupants when activated in both minor and major accidents, posing a threat to passengers.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: For the 2008 model year, the Civic Si received minor tweaks that include even darker wheels than the 2007 model and a new shift boot with red stitching. Mechanical changes included a new tire pressure monitor system, a new rear upper arm that decreases the amount of rear camber, and a lowered spring rate for the coupe to match the sedan. This was also the first year Canada sold the Civic Si Sedan.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Honda introduced the Civic Si sedan for North America in 2007; previously, only the Japanese market had been offered Si sedans. Debuted at the Chicago Auto Show, the Si sedan concept featured larger 18-inch alloy wheels than its coupe counterpart, along with 4-piston Brembo brakes, and large cross drilled brake rotors. The production version lacked such concept accoutrements, and the Si Sedan is mechanically almost identical to the coupe. Performance of the Si sedan is roughly equivalent to the Si coupe; the sedan's weight increase is offset by a slightly more balanced front/rear weight distribution (60/40 for the sedan versus 61/39 for the coupe).


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The 2008 model year also brought into production the limited-edition 2008 Civic Mugen Si Sedan, which was announced at the 2007 SEMA Show. The Mugen sedan came only in Fiji Blue Pearl, and featured a higher-flowing cat-back exhaust, track-tested sport suspension, an exclusive Mugen grille, an exclusive shift knob, Mugen Si badges on the exterior and interior, Mugen forged GP wheels, and a Mugen body kit custom designed for the American trim. Production was limited to only 1000 units. Testing by Car and Driver magazine determined that the acceleration of the Mugen Si was roughly equivalent to that of the standard Civic Si coupe.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: For the 2009 model year, Civics sold in the North American market received a facelift, introducing the LX-S (Sport) trim for the US market which adds alloy wheels from the pre-facelift EX, lip spoiler, steering-wheel cruise controls, and black sport upholstery with silver stitching. The Canadian LX-SR trim was renamed the Sport and has added features such as black sport upholstery with silver stitching, chrome exhaust finisher, and leather-wrapped steering wheel. These amenities were not added to the coupe which remained as the LX-SR. Out of the two Navigation trims, EX with Navigation and EX-L with Navigation, only the leather-trimmed navigation trim is retained, as the facelift discontinues the former.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: For the sedan exterior, the front bumper and grille were restyled and the bar above the rear license plate is chromed, while the coupe received a new front bumper and grille both reminiscent of previous Civic coupe generations. The sedan's taillights now use transparent lenses with amber bulbs for the turn signals, rather than red lenses. For the interior, the sedan's steering wheel was changed from a two-spoke design to use the coupe and Si model's three-spoke design.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Changes for the 2009 Si also included a revised front bumper and grille, turn signals with clear-lenses and amber bulbs for the front and rear, a clear instead of red third brake light in the rear spoiler, and chrome trunk trim for the sedan. The 2010 Civic Si saw no significant changes, save for a black engine cover rather than silver.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: For the Brazilian market, the eighth-generation Civic was available only with a sedan body, and it is externally almost identical to the American version, having different bumpers and a higher ground clearance. It was available in two trim levels. The LXS and EXS levels are equipped with the 1.8 L i-VTEC SOHC engine generating . Both models might be equipped with a 5-speed manual or a 5-speed automatic transmission, but only the EXS has the paddle shift controls on the steering wheel. A special trim level for handicapped individuals (LX), based on the LXS, was available in the first year but due to some changes in tax-break laws it's no longer available. It was equipped with automatic transmission and limited to . The 2006 Civic received the "Best Buy" award from "Quatro Rodas" magazine.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Si sedan was announced at Salão do Automóvel in São Paulo, featuring a 2.0 L i-VTEC DOHC at 192 PS (143 kW) (195 PS (145 kW) when using premium unleaded gasoline). For the 2007 model, Honda introduced a new flex fuel version, featuring the same 1.8 L engine, having 140 PS (103 kW) when running only on ethanol or 138 PS (101 kW) when running on gasoline. Argentina, Uruguay and Chile also receive Brazilian models. Peru previously received the Brazilian model, however it later it received the North American model.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Dongfeng Honda assembled and marketed the eighth-generation Civic in China from April 2006. Its exterior is the same as the North American-market Civic, except with amber tail turn lights and only the sedan model was available. It is equipped with a 1.8-liter i-VTEC engine.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In April 2012, Dongfeng Honda relaunched the model as the Ciimo 1.8 (some sources uses name Ci Ming). The Ciimo 1.8 differs from the previously sold Civic by adopting a front and rear end inspired by the Japanese market model, as a result, it is slightly longer. It comes with a 1.8-litre i-VTEC engine, with either a five-speed manual or five-speed automatic transmission. Production was discontinued in 2016.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Outside the Americas and China, the eighth-generation Civic has styling differences. While the arcing line sweeping across the front fascia is retained, the main headlights dip away from the main arc for a more sporty appearance. The front bumper also has more vents with a steeper angle and sharper corners than the American-market Civic. Meanwhile, the taillights are more reminiscent of the Integra, with the main round brake lights dipping slightly down into the indicators. On the interior side, the Asian-market Civic has contrasting two tone colour scheme. The three-spoke steering wheel from the American Civic Si and the European hatchback is standard.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Asia-Pacific-market Civic is a rebadged Acura; Honda Japan claimed the company chose the Canadian-designed Acura CSX as the template for the Asia-Pacific Civic. In Canada, the Acura CSX has features and options not available to American Civics, such as a 2.0 L DOHC i-VTEC engine rated at , chrome door handles, paddle shifters, and high-intensity discharge headlights. Due to the width dimensions exceeding Japanese government regulations for exterior dimensions, the Civic was no longer regarded as a "compact" sedan in Japan, which has been passed onto the smaller Fit Aria for the compact sedan segment.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Engines include a 1.8-litre SOHC i-VTEC (R18A) engine that produces at 6300 rpm and a 2.0-litre DOHC i-VTEC (K20Z2) engine that produces at 6200 rpm, both are mated to either a 5-speed manual or 5-speed automatic (with paddle shifting available on the 2.0 L model) with drive by wire throttles. A 1.6-litre variant was offered in Singapore and Turkey. With the displacement being under 1,600 cc, the variant complies with the vehicle numbers curbing system in Singapore, while maintaining a higher standard than the 1.3-litre variant. It uses an SOHC i-VTEC engine, similar to that of the 1.8-litre variant. It produces at 6500 rpm. The hybrid version is equipped with the 1.3-litre SOHC i-VTEC with the IMA (Integrated Motor Assist).


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In certain European countries, the four-door Civic sedan was available with the hybrid powertrain, being the only version of this Civic available in the UK.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Taiwan, this generation of Civic was more inline with the JDM model, and was produced domestically since 2006. The Civic sedan was offered in 2 powertrains; the entry-level is powered by a 1.8 liter engine, producing at 6300 rpm, and mated to either a 5-speed automatic transmission. The more powerful 2.0 liter engine produces at 6000 rpm.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In the Philippines, the Civic was launched in April 2006 and offered in 3 grades; the entry-level 1.8 V, 1.8 S and 2.0 S-L. The FD generation's total sales would eventually exceed its nearest competitor, the Toyota Corolla Altis.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Pakistan, the Civic was offered in four grades including 1.8 i-VTEC, Prosmatec 1.8 i-VTEC, Oriel 1.8 i-VTEC and Oriel Prosmatec 1.8 i-VTEC., both versions are powered by a 1.8-litre SOHC i-VTEC engine, offered with manual or automatic transmissions. The Prosmatec was only offered with automatic transmission and the Oriel grade came with sunroof, alloy wheels and other added features.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Indonesian market was offered in only two models, 1.8 and 2.0. The 1.8 was available in both manual (5-speed) and automatic (5-speed) transmissions. Both 1.8 and 2.0 automatic transmission has a paddle shifting, unlike the others for the Asian market.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The South Korean market has three trim levels, 1.8, 2.0, and Hybrid. All Civic models are equipped with 5-speed Automatic transmissions, with the exception of the hybrid model which uses a CVT.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Hong Kong, the right-hand drive Civic (FA1) was made in Japan but shares its exterior with the North American-market Civic. Two models (1.8 Deluxe and 1.8 VTi) are sold, sharing the same engine (R18A) with minor differences in appearance and equipment, e.g. side mirror turn signal light, side airbags and cruise control. In the facelift model, the more expensive VTi model comes with paddle shifters.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Malaysia, the eighth-generation Civic was first launched in March 2006 and then facelifted in March 2009. In July 2010, a 1.8S-L variant was introduced. Prior to this, only two variants were offered: 1.8S and 2.0S.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: A hybrid version of the eighth-generation Civic sedan was also offered, which became the second-generation Civic Hybrid. As with other Civics, there are some styling differences to the exterior between the North American and the Japanese market models.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The powertrain of the second generation Civic Hybrid is similar to that of the first generation, with the following notable changes:


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: By using high-performance magnets and high-density windings, Honda is able to increase the power output of the electric motor by 50% to at 2,000 rpm when compared with the first generation. The inverter that controls motor speed is integrated with the motor's ECU for more precise control, resulting in greater efficiency and fuel economy. The output of the battery is increased by around 30% to 158.4 V. The battery storage box is designed for better cooling performance and vibration resistance to enhance long-term reliability. The higher output of the electric motor enables the car to run on electricity only, at a steady when cruising on a flat surface.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: An internal electric motor is added to the air-conditioner, so it can be powered by either the engine, an electric motor, or both. At a stop, the compressor powered by the battery keeps the cabin cool. An additional compressor that is powered by the petrol engine also engages if rapid cooling is required. When the interior temperature is stable, air conditioning is provided by the battery solely. As soon as the brake pedal is lifted, the petrol engine comes back to life again.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The new three-stage i-VTEC valvetrain has low-rpm, high-rpm, and cylinder idle mode. High output valve timing helps the engine to increase its output by 9%. During deceleration, the engine is kept idle. There is no combustion in all four cylinders and the cylinders are sealed shut, reducing pumping losses by the engine. As a result, the recovery of energy wasted during braking is improved by 10%.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: A digital display is incorporated in the instrument dash showing how much electricity is sent to the battery or how much is used. When the car is braked moderately, all the green bars light up showing energy recaptured. When the car is braked harder, the conventional brakes are activated.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: "Car and Driver" found when compared with the previous generation, the car was faster, offered greater refinement, was quieter at highway speed, with a stiffer body and a revised suspension that handled bumps better and more quietly.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: It is estimated that, when compared to a gasoline engine only Civic sedan of 2006 with an automatic transmission, the Civic Hybrid provides an increase of fuel economy in city driving of about 63% and an increase of fuel economy in highway driving of about 27%. The CVT transmission is designed to achieve the highest efficiency for a given rpm.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: A class-action lawsuit filed in 2012 alleged that Honda falsely advertised the fuel economy of the Civic Hybrid and that owners were getting significantly lower mileage. The Los Angeles Times reported in May 2012 that at least 36 small-claims lawsuits had also been filed against Honda over the alleged false advertisement of gas mileage.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Some users reported that the fuel economy of the Civic Hybrid was reduced after Honda installed a software update to prolong the life of the hybrid battery by reducing the electric motor's output and putting more reliance on the gasoline engine.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In February 2014, "Consumer Reports" found a high rate of battery failure in 2009-2010 models, with over 30% of responders reporting they had needed a battery replacement within the last 12 months, and said most were probably replaced under warranty. Honda acknowledged problems with the 2006-2008 models which could cause the batteries to "deteriorate and eventually fail"; software updates were issued to prolong the life of the battery, but some owners reported these updates led to reduced fuel economy and power. The 132 NiMH cell pack suffers from imbalance as individual cells can't be monitored or charged. Monitoring is available at a 12 cell sub-pack level, but charging isn't. After years/miles of use, the cells become imbalanced as the cells charge/discharge at slightly different rates from one another. Eventually, strong cells are limiting the upper capacity of the pack and weak cells are limiting the lower capacity of the pack thereby reducing the usable capacity of the pack.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In 2015, Honda extended IMA battery warranty of all 2009-2011 Civic Hybrid to 10-year / 150,000 mile.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: "Consumer Reports" ran an article in April 2006 stating that hybrid vehicles would not pay for themselves over 5 years of ownership. However, there was an error in the calculation of depreciation for the hybrid vehicles. It resulted in overstating how much extra money the hybrids would cost their owners during the first five years of ownership. When corrected, the Honda Civic Hybrid did have a payback period of slightly less than 5 years. In October 2010 Vincentric performed a hybrid cost of ownership analysis for the USA market. In this analysis, it compared hybrids' 5-year cost of ownership to their all-gas counterparts. The analysis showed that the 2010 Honda Civic Hybrid cost an additional $1830 over a 2010 Honda Civic EX 2D Coupe with an Automatic Transmission (the report assumes 15,000 miles are driven annually and fuel prices are based on a weighted average over the five months prior to October 2010).


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In August 2010, Autoblog reported that a replacement battery for the Civic Hybrid retailed at $2,100.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Civic Hybrid was introduced to Malaysia in August 2007. It was launched in China in November 2007 and in India in June 2008.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The Honda Civic Hybrid competed in 24 Hours Nürburgring in 2007, finishing 108th out of 220 teams starting. The twenty-four-hour race is held around the Nürburgring, one of the world's most grueling courses. A Group N spec Honda Civic Hybrid raced in the Jim Clark Rally and took second in class.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The European-market Civic (FK/FN) was offered as three and five-door hatchbacks and produced in Swindon, United Kingdom. It has a different appearance and suspension setup compared to the sedan and coupe Civics.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Designed by Toshiyuki Okumoto, the exterior of the European model more aggressively styled; the sweeping front arc is maintained and a perspex cover resembling a lamp cluster replaces the grille. The rear tail lights are also similarly styled. Triangular accents are found front and back, with triangular fog-lamps in front and dual triangle exhaust tips at the back. The rear glass is split into two levels, divided by a spoiler lip and the fuel filler cap is a race-inspired exposed metal effect cap. For the 5-door models, the rear door is hidden away with the door handles tucked away at the corners of the rear windows, creating the illusion of a two-door coupe.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Mechanically, the European-market Civic differs from the sedan and coupe variants in that it uses a simpler torsion beam suspension system for the rear wheels compared to the double-wishbone system in the sedan and coupe versions. The more compact suspension of the European-market Civic allows it to keep its large interior space, while reducing its length compared to its predecessor.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Inside, the European-market Civic follows the same split-level or "two-tier" instrument panel as the American and JDM Civics. However, the it has circular A/C vents and switchgear. There is also a start button reminiscent of the Honda S2000. The handbrake is in a more conventional position behind the gear stick. All around there is a generous use of metallic trim.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The vehicle features a rear seat folding system called the "magic seats", where rear seat cushions can be raised in part or full width allowing a secure and tall load area. Alternatively, the seat back can be tumbled flat as per a conventional hatch. When it's in its normal position, a storage room is available under the rear seat. It is made possible by situating the fuel tank beneath the front seats, freeing rear floor space under the rear seat like the Fit/Jazz. There is also a "hidden" storage compartment in the boot under the floor. The lid, which normally forms part of the boot floor, can be sunk down to a lower level to increase the load area, designed to allow the boot area to accommodate larger or taller items. In the normal position, the storage area can be used to hide valuables away under the floor.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Standard equipment across all trim levels include single zone climate control and heated mirrors/rear windscreen.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Optional features throughout the range consist of electric folding mirrors, a panoramic glass roof, dual climate control, automatic headlights, automatic dimming rearview mirror, automatic windshield wipers, xenon lights, headlight washers, heated leather seats, alloy wheels, fog lights, and satellite navigation through the centre screen.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In March 2008, Honda announced that it was recalling 79,000 eighth-generation Civics due to a potential problem with faulty handbrakes.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: In Australia, Serbia, Macedonia, Israel, Russia, Poland, Croatia, Ireland and South Africa both the 4-door JDM/Asian and 5-door European-market Civic models are available. In certain European countries, the four-door JDM Civic was available with the hybrid powertrain, and this was the only Civic sedan available in the UK. In other markets where sedans are more popular (such as Ireland, and Finland), a range of sedans similar to the JDM models are available with the 1.8 L i-VTEC. In Turkey, a 125 PS 1.6 L i-VTEC engine was available with the 4-door JDM/Asian body since tax brackets of this country rely on engine displacement (higher taxes are applied to the vehicles that have engine displacement more than 1600 cc). No saloon version was offered in most West European markets.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The European-market Civic was also sold in Australasia as the Civic Hatch, alongside the sedan body style. In Singapore and Brunei, the 3-door European Civic Type R was available.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Engines include a 1.4-litre i-DSI, 1.4-litre i-VTEC, the 1.8-litre i-VTEC (R18A2) shared with the American and JDM models (although the American and JDM cars have this engine available as R18A1), and a 2.2-litre i-CTDi N22A2 turbodiesel. A 6-speed manual transmission was available across the range. An automated manual transmission, known as i-SHIFT was available for models with 1.4- and 1.8-litre petrol engines. A 2.0-litre i-VTEC (K20Z4) petrol Type-R high-performance version was also available. Si and the Type-S models were also offered in Europe, with the Type-S in the three-door configuration (as is the more powerful Type-R) and the Si as a five-door, but both going without the 198bhp 2.0L engine used in the North American Si.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Euro Civics (hatchback) received a mild facelift for 2009. The main visual change is the new redesigned front grille which now features two open intakes. The Type S received a grille similar to the Type R, only without the red badge. The rear bumper was also replaced by a smooth single piece design from a honeycomb effect plastic trim, minor changes to the interior were also made such as the addition of a 12v socket, iPod connector and 3.5mm aux input within the armrest storage bay, the plastic trim around the dash changed from a gloss black trim to a matte textured design. The entry-level 1.4 i-DSI engine has been dropped from the line-up and replaced with a new, more powerful 100 PS 1.4 i-VTEC engine which was available with a new version of the i-SHIFT transmission.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The car received a mild facelift for 2011, including a new front grille which was said to be inspired by that of European Type R model, new alloy wheels which are now standard equipment, body colour side-skirts for Type S model, a new ionized Bronze colour for the exterior. For the interior, SE and ES models gets half fabric and Alcantara, Si model comes with half leather and Alcantara. Production for the 2011 hatchback started at the Swindon plant in November 2010. Honda discontinued the 2.2 L i-CTDi diesel engine offered in Civic from 2011.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Honda debuted a Type R concept for the European Civic at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show; the Type R, basing on the three-door hatchback developed for the European market, has a 2.0-litre 201 bhp (150 kW) at 7800 rpm inline 4 cylinder engine. The suspension uses MacPherson struts up front and a torsion beam in the back, while the car itself was initially thought to be lighter than the standard Civic as dictated by Honda Type R philosophy. Sophisticated handling aids such as traction control were initially thought to be completely eschewed for a purer, more soulful driving character. In the end, Honda did include a modified version of their VSA (Vehicle Stability Assist) that was specifically tuned to the car so as to better adhere to said philosophy. The Type R went on sale in the UK in February or March 2007, and is scheduled to reach Australia in July the same year.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: The JDM/Asian 4-door Civic Type R went on sale on March 29, 2007. The Type R powered by an uprated K20A 2.0-litre i-VTEC engine producing at 8000 rpm (Available in Japan and Malaysia only), while the other markets have at 7800 rpm and comes with a specially tuned sports suspension that includes new Brembo brakes. The prototype Type R was used as the official car of the Formula 1 2006 Japanese Grand Prix. This will mark the first time that Honda will produce two separate distinct Civic Type R models.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Mugen's Civic RR, the Type R sedan's uprated model, is available in Japan. The Mugen RR sheds an additional 10 kg (22 lbs) off the standard Civic Type R's weight, coming in at . In addition to the weight loss, the freer-breathing Mugen RR picks up over the regular Type R. It's rated at at 8,000 rpm and at 7,000 rpm.


title: Honda Civic (eighth generation)

text: Complementing the added power and decreased weight are a new bodykit, upgraded brakes all around, a retuned suspension, new wheels and tires, and logo-emblazoned Recaro sport buckets. Availability is limited to 300 cars, all in the Milano Red finish shown.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Sean Michael Maurice Taylor (April 1, 1983 – November 27, 2007) was an American football safety for the Washington Redskins of the National Football League (NFL). He was selected fifth overall in the 2004 NFL Draft by the Redskins, where he played four seasons until his murder in 2007.


title: Sean Taylor

text: As a high school player, Taylor led Gulliver Prep to a Florida state championship and set the state record for single-season touchdowns. Taylor played college football at Miami, where he was a member of the 2001 BCS National Championship team and won the Jack Tatum Trophy. With the Redskins, he gained a reputation as a hard-hitting player and was nicknamed "Meast" from the expression "half man, half beast." He made one Pro Bowl appearance in 2006.


title: Sean Taylor

text: During the 2007 season, Taylor was shot by intruders at his Miami area home and died the next day on November 27. His death led to an outpouring of national support and sympathy, especially in the Washington, D.C. and Miami areas. Posthumously, he earned a second Pro Bowl selection and second-team All-Pro honors. Taylor was inducted to Washington's Ring of Fame in 2008.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Sean Taylor was born in Florida on April 1, 1983 to Pedro Taylor, a policeman, and Donna Junor. He spent his early years growing up with his great-grandmother Aulga Clarke in Homestead, Florida and later moved to his father's home at the age of 11. Taylor was baptized at the Bethel Seventh-day Adventist Church in Florida City by Pastor David Peay. He grew up in a low-income neighborhood in Miami, on a street lined with candy-colored houses.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor played high school football in Pinecrest, a suburb of Miami. He originally began his high school football career at Miami Killian High School, a Class 2A public school, but transferred to Gulliver Preparatory School, a Class prep school, where he was a three-sport star in football, track and basketball. He played both offense and defense. Despite missing the first game of the season (the team's only loss), he helped Gulliver win the Florida Class 2A State Championship in 2000 with a 14–1 record. Taylor was a star on both sides of the ball during that season, playing running back, defensive back and linebacker. He rushed for 1,400 yards and a state-record 44 touchdowns and on two occasions, rushed for more than 200 yards during Gulliver's state playoff run. He also compiled more than 100 tackles during the season and scored three touchdowns (two receiving, one rushing) in the state title game victory over Marianna High School. In track & field, Taylor won the state 2A 100-meter dash in 2000 and was also one of the state's top 400-meter dash sprinters.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor was considered the No. 1 prospect in Miami-Dade County by the "Miami Herald". He was also rated the nation's No. 1 skill athlete and an All-American by "Super Prep". Taylor was also an "Orlando Sentinel" Super Southern Team selection, the No. 1 athlete on the "Florida Times-Union" Super 75 list and rated the No. 1 player in Florida by "The Gainesville Sun".


title: Sean Taylor

text: In 2007, he was also named to the Florida High School Association All-Century Team, which selected the Top 33 players in the 100-year history of high school football in the state. After his death, Taylor was honored at Gulliver by a plaque that was placed in the school's cafeteria. The football field at Gulliver Prep was renamed Sean Taylor Memorial Field on September 5, 2009.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor was recruited to play for coach Larry Coker's Miami Hurricanes football team at the University of Miami. He was also a member of the Hurricanes track & field team, competing in events such as the 100-meter and 200-meters.


title: Sean Taylor

text: As a freshman (one of four true freshmen to play for the team), Taylor carved a niche for himself in Miami's secondary in nickel and dime defensive schemes. During the season, Taylor was named Big East Special Teams Player of the Week for his performance against the Pittsburgh Panthers. The Hurricanes won the national championship in 2001.


title: Sean Taylor

text: In 2002, his first season as a starter, Taylor was a second-team All-Big East selection by the league's head coaches. He finished third on the team in tackles with 85 (53 solo), broke up 15 passes, intercepted 4 passes, forced one fumble, blocked one kick and returned a punt for a touchdown. He led all Miami defensive backs in tackles, interceptions and passes broken up, and had a career-high 11 tackles (2 solo) and intercepted 2 passes in the Fiesta Bowl loss to Ohio State. He made a critical play during the game, in which he intercepted Buckeyes quarterback Craig Krenzel in the endzone and returned the ball out of the endzone. Buckeyes running back Maurice Clarett ran Taylor down, and in the process stripped the ball away from him. Clarett recovered the ball for Ohio State, allowing them to kick a field goal to go up 17–7 at the time.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor produced an historic season during his final year at Miami that culminated with a plethora of honors and awards. He was named a unanimous first-team All-American, the Big East Conference Defensive Player of the Year and a finalist for the Jim Thorpe Award, given to the nation's best defensive back. He led the Big East Conference and ranked first nationally in interceptions with 10, tying the record for interceptions in a season with former Hurricanes standout Bennie Blades. Taylor also finished first in total tackles with 77 (57 solo). He intercepted two passes in Miami's impressive 28–14 win over Pittsburgh, playing a key role as the Hurricanes limited All-American receiver Larry Fitzgerald to just three receptions for 26 yards. He returned interceptions for an average of 18.4 yards, including a 67-yard touchdown return at Boston College, a 50-yard scoring runback at Florida State and a 44-yard scoring runback against Rutgers University. His three touchdown returns of interceptions is a Miami single-season record.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor also competed in track & field as a senior for the Hurricanes. He placed 4th in the 100-meter at the Gatorade Invitational in Coral Gables, Florida with a time of 10.77 seconds, behind teammates Terrell Walden, Roscoe Parrish and Travarous Bain. His best efforts for the season came at the Big East Outdoor T&F Championships in Storrs, Connecticut, where he ran personal-bests of 10.74 seconds in the 100-meter dash and 21.60 seconds in the 200-meter dash. He also participated as a member of the 4x100 relay.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Following his 2003 season, Taylor announced that he was entering the NFL draft. He attended the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana, but opted to skip all of the combine drills and only met with team representatives and personnel.


title: Sean Taylor

text: The Washington Redskins selected Taylor in the first round (fifth overall) of the 2004 NFL Draft. He was the first of a record six players selected in the first round from the University of Miami; the other five players were Kellen Winslow II, Jonathan Vilma, D. J. Williams, Vernon Carey and Vince Wilfork.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On July 27, 2004, the Washington Redskins signed Taylor to a six-year, $18.5 million contract that included a $13.4 million signing bonus and could have been worth $40 million with incentives and bonuses. His contract also included a seventh-year option. Taylor became the first top ten pick to sign his contract in 2004.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On August 4, 2004, it was reported that Taylor fired his agents Eugene Mato and Jeff Moorad after he became unsatisfied with his contract. He fired them after other top ten picks signed their contracts and felt their deals were better in comparison. This marked his second time firing agents within five months after he fired agent Drew Rosenhaus two days after the NFL draft. He immediately rehired Rosenhaus, who served as his agent for the remainder of his career. Taylor also had an incident that involved his early departure during the NFL's Rookie Symposium which was mandatory for every incoming player from the draft and was held over four days. He left after the first day, but returned for the last two days at the urging of representatives from the Redskins. Over his first three seasons, Taylor also was fined at least seven times for late hits, uniform violations and other infractions.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Throughout training camp, Taylor competed for the job as the starting free safety against Andre Lott. On August 9, 2004, Taylor made his professional NFL debut in the Redskins' preseason-opener as part of their second unit defense against the Denver Broncos. He recorded two interceptions in the second half off passes by rookie quarterback Matt Mauck. During the third quarter, Taylor intercepted a pass intended for Jeb Putzier and returned it for a three-yard touchdown to put Washington in the lead 10–9. Head coach Joe Gibbs named Taylor the backup free safety to begin the regular season, behind starter Andre Lott, after Taylor failed to surpass him on the depth chart.


title: Sean Taylor

text: He made his professional regular season debut in the Washington Redskins' season-opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and assisted on one tackle in their 16–10 victory. In Week 3, Taylor earned his first career start after surpassing Lott on the depth chart and recorded four combined tackles and deflected two passes in the Redskins' 21–18 loss to the Dallas Cowboys. On October 18, 2004, Taylor made four solo tackles, a pass deflection, a sack, and returned his first career interception for 45-yards during a 13–10 win at the Chicago Bears. He made his first career interception and sack during the game, recording both on quarterback Brian Griese. In Week 12, he collected a season-high ten combined tackles (seven solo) and broke up a pass in a 16–7 loss at the Pittsburgh Steelers. He finished his rookie season in with 76 combined tackles (60 solo), nine pass deflections, four interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a sack in 15 games and 13 starts.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Before the season started, Taylor switched his jersey number from No. 36 to No. 21 after it was available due to the departure of cornerback Fred Smoot to the Minnesota Vikings. Taylor kept the number when Smoot rejoined the Redskins in 2007, with Smoot opting to wear No. 27. Assistant head coach/defensive coordinator Gregg Williams opted to retain Taylor as the starting free safety to begin the regular season, alongside strong safety Ryan Clark.


title: Sean Taylor

text: He started the Washington Redskins' season-opener against the Chicago Bears and recorded four solo tackles and broke up a pass in their 9–7 victory. On November 11, 2005, it was reported that Taylor and teammate Clinton Portis received fines from the NFL due to violating the league's uniform code during the Redskins' 17–10 home victory against the Philadelphia Eagles in Week 9. Taylor's fine was for $5,000 due to his choice of wearing white socks with a burgundy and gold striped pattern instead of the required all white socks. He was inactive for the Redskins' Week 10 loss at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers due to an injury. On January 1, 2006, he collected a season-high nine combined tackles and deflected two passes during a 31–20 win at the Philadelphia Eagles. Taylor finished the season with 70 combined tackles (60 solo), a career-high ten pass deflections, two interceptions, two forced fumbles, and a sack in 15 games and 15 starts.


title: Sean Taylor

text: The Washington Redskins finished second in the NFC East with a 10–6 record and received a wildcard berth. On January 7, 2006, Taylor started in his first career playoff game and recorded seven combined tackles and returned a fumble recovery for a 51-yard touchdown in the first quarter of their 17–10 victory at the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Referee Mike Carey ejected Taylor in the third quarter after he spit in Buccaneers' running back Michael Pittman's face. Defensive coordinator Gregg Williams stated Taylor denied the claim and he believed and stood by his player. During his rookie season, he allegedly spit in the face of wide receiver T. J. Houshmandzadeh, but was not reprehended due to the NFL being unable to recover clear video evidence. Two days later, the NFL fined Taylor $17,000 for the incident. The Redskins were eliminated the following game after losing 20-10 to the Seattle Seahawks in the NFC Divisional Round. Taylor finished the loss with seven combined tackles and a pass deflection.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Head coach Joe Gibbs named Taylor the starting free safety to start the regular season in 2006, along with starting strong safety Adam Archuleta.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On October 15, 2006, Taylor collected a season-high ten combined tackles (eight solo) and deflected a pass during a 25–22 loss to the Tennessee Titans. In Week 9, Taylor made eight combined tackles and returned a blocked 35-yard field goal attempt by Mike Vanderjagt for a 30-yard gain with less than six seconds left in the game. A facemask on Taylor by Kyle Kosier added a 15-yard penalty and placed the Redskins in field goal range with an untimed down. Vanderjagt's game-winning field goal was blocked by Troy Vincent and allowed Redskins' kicker Nick Novak to kick a 47-yard game-winning field goal to defeat the Dallas Cowboys 22–19. On November 26, 2006, Taylor recorded five combined tackles, two pass deflections, and intercepted a pass by quarterback Jake Delhomme in the Redskins' 17–13 win against the Carolina Panthers. He made a key fourth down tackle on Delhomme in the fourth quarter and his interception sealed the Redskins' victory. He was voted as the NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. He finished the season with a career-high 111 combined tackles (86 solo), six pass deflections, three forced fumbles, and an interception in 16 games and 16 starts. During the season, Washington Redskins assistant coach Gregg Williams frequently called Taylor the best athlete that he had ever coached.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Even while playing on a struggling Redskins defensive unit, Taylor's impact on the field was recognized when he was named a first alternate to the NFC's 2007 Pro Bowl team. When the NFC's first choice for safety, Brian Dawkins of the Philadelphia Eagles, chose not to play in the Pro Bowl due to an injury, Taylor was named to the vacated spot, marking his first and only Pro Bowl appearance. A crushing hit by Taylor on Buffalo Bills punter Brian Moorman in the Pro Bowl created much fan and media discussion.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Prior to the start of the 2007 season, "Sports Illustrated" named Taylor the hardest-hitting player in the NFL.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Before the season, in a rare interview, he was quoted as saying, "[Y]ou play a kid's game for a king's ransom. And if you don't take it serious enough, eventually one day you're going to say, 'Oh, I could have done this, I could have done that.'" The season appeared to represent a personal turnaround for Taylor, as teammates said that he had finally gotten his life straightened out because of his daughter.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Prior to the season's start, the Redskins decided to use Taylor in a more traditional free safety role with less responsibility.


title: Sean Taylor

text: At the time of his death, Taylor was tied for the most interceptions in the National Football Conference and second in the league with 5 despite having missed Weeks 11 and 12 with a knee injury. Taylor had also compiled 42 tackles, 9 passes defended and a forced fumble.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On December 18, 2007, Taylor was posthumously voted to his second Pro Bowl, becoming the first deceased player in NFL history to be elected to the Pro Bowl. During the Pro Bowl, the Redskins players who had been selected, Chris Samuels, Chris Cooley and Ethan Albright, wore #21 to honor Taylor. Like the Redskins had done earlier in the season, the NFC lined up with just one safety on the first play of the game.


title: Sean Taylor

text: In October 2004, Taylor was arrested in Fairfax County, Virginia, on a charge of driving under the influence of alcohol following a birthday party in Washington, D.C., for former Redskins receiver Rod Gardner. Pulled over for driving 82 mph on the Beltway, where the speed limit is 55 mph, Taylor failed a field sobriety test and then refused a blood alcohol (BAC) test, which resulted in his arrest. A Fairfax County judge acquitted Taylor of the charges in March 2005 after viewing a videotape of Taylor's roadside sobriety tests that, according to the judge, failed to demonstrate obvious intoxication. Taylor was, however, convicted for refusing to take a blood alcohol test requested by a Virginia state police officer. But when this case was heard on appeal in March 2005, Taylor was acquitted of refusing to take the BAC test, with the judge ruling there was a lack of probable cause for the request.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor was sought by police following a June 2005 incident in which bullets were fired into a stolen vehicle. During an April 2006 trial, Taylor pled no contest to misdemeanor battery and assault charges; he was placed on 18 months probation and ordered to support ten Miami-Dade County schools by speaking about the importance of education and donating $1,000 to each school.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On November 18, 2007, burglars pried open a window to Taylor's empty home and rummaged through a desk and safe. On November 26, Taylor heard noises in his house and, while investigating the cause, he was shot in the upper leg by an intruder. His fiancée, Jackie García, and their 18-month-old daughter, Jackie, were unharmed. Taylor's femoral artery was severed, causing extensive blood loss, and he died the following day. Taylor's funeral was held at the Pharmed Arena at Florida International University in Miami on December 3, 2007.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On November 30, four menVenjah K. Hunte, 20; Eric Rivera, Jr., 17; Jason Scott Mitchell, 19; and Charles Kendrick Lee Wardlow, 18were arrested. Police said more than one confessed. All four men were charged with felony second-degree murder, armed burglary, and home invasion robbery with a firearm, charges which carried a maximum of life in prison. In May 2008, a fifth suspect, 16-year-old Timothy Brown, was charged with first-degree murder and burglary. All the murder charges were subsequently increased to first-degree murder. The death penalty, however, was not sought because the gunman, Rivera, was 17 years old.


title: Sean Taylor

text: The NFL recognized the death of Taylor by placing a No. 21 decal on the back of all NFL players' helmets during all Week 13 games; additionally, a moment of silence was held before each game that week. Players on other teams were given the option to continue wearing the decals in subsequent weeks.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor was posthumously voted starting free safety for the NFC team for the 2008 Pro Bowl and voted a second team All-Pro.


title: Sean Taylor

text: The Redskins had the number 21 painted on the field, at a parking lot entrance and in the Redskins Ring of Fame, all three of which became temporary memorials. In addition to the black No. 21 sticker on the back of every NFL helmet, the Redskins also wore the number as a patch on player uniforms, warmup shirts and coaching staff jackets, as well as unveiling a banner bearing his name and number. His locker at Redskins Park was encased in Plexiglas and left the same way Taylor had left it. The organization also established a trust fund for Taylor's daughter, Jackie.


title: Sean Taylor

text: The first Redskins game after Taylor's death was on December 2, 2007, which was against the Buffalo Bills and held at FedExField. The game began with the Redskins defense playing with 10 men on the field instead of the usual 11. Players signaled to the sky, holding up the numbers two and one, on numerous occasions. The team requested that fans arrive 25 minutes before the start of the game at 12:40pm and played a four-minute remembrance video, held a moment of silence and gave attendees commemorative towels with Taylor's number on them in his honor and memory.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Teammates Chris Cooley, Chris Samuels and Ethan Albright all wore jerseys with No. 21 during the 2008 Pro Bowl. The three jerseys were auctioned off and the proceeds donated to the Sean Taylor Memorial Trust Fund.


title: Sean Taylor

text: His jersey number was retired by the team in October 2021; he was the third player in the team's history to have that honor. The ceremony also included naming of a road to the stadium in his honor.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On May 12, 2008, it was announced the suspects, if convicted, would not face the death penalty, but may be subjected to life imprisonment because the suspected gunman, Eric Rivera, was only 17 at the time of the shooting. On May 15, 2008, Venjah Hunte, one of the five suspects in Taylor's murder, accepted a plea deal and was sentenced to 29 years in prison. On April 1, 2009, Hunte petitioned the court to withdraw his guilty plea.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Although originally scheduled for April 7, 2008, the trial of the men charged with Sean Taylor's murder was postponed to June 2009. It was postponed by petition of the defense, saying that there were still hundreds of potential witnesses who needed to be interviewed before the trial could proceed. The trial was then delayed for a third time on June 9, 2009, for unspecified reasons. A new trial date was set for January 18, 2010, and was postponed again with a trial date of March 14, 2011. After another delay, the trial was set to begin on January 30, 2012.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On January 20, 2012, a judge set a trial date of April 16 for Eric Rivera, Jr., the alleged gunman in the case. However, Rivera fired his lawyer on March 16, eventually causing delays. On July 12, the judge postponed the trial to November 5, but that date was further moved back to April 5, 2013, due to a scheduling conflict with the chief prosecutor. On April 2, 2013, the trial was again postponed to August 12 of that year. Also in August, the trial was postponed to September 16 and later rescheduled to October 15. During his trial, Rivera testified that someone else fired the gun. On November 4, a jury found Eric Rivera, Jr. guilty of second-degree murder and armed burglary, which could carry a life imprisonment sentence.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On January 23, 2014, Miami-Dade Circuit Judge Dennis Murphy sentenced Rivera to 57 years in prison. On June 10, Jason Scott Mitchell was convicted in Taylor's murder and sentenced to life imprisonment.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On April 1, 2015, Charles Wardlow, the fourth person charged with the death of Taylor, was sentenced to 30 years in prison. A week later, the final defendant, Timmy Lee Brown, was sentenced to 18 years in prison under his plea agreement.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Taylor was inducted posthumously as the 43rd member into the Washington Redskins Ring of Fame on November 30, 2008.


title: Sean Taylor

text: Multiple players have honored Taylor by donning his jersey numbers that he wore during his college and professional career. During his college career Taylor wore No. 26 for the Miami Hurricanes. As a rookie in 2004, he wore No. 36 before switching to No. 21 for the remainder of his career. Taylor's former teammate and fellow safety Ryan Clark returned to the Washington Redskins in 2014 after an eight-year stint with the Pittsburgh Steelers. During practices, Clark wore No. 21 in Taylor's honor. The Washington Redskins' second round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft, Su'a Cravens, chose No. 36 upon joining the Redskins as a rookie in dedication to Taylor. Cravens switched to No. 39 in 2017 after safety D. J. Swearinger requested No. 36 after signing with the Redskins as a free agent. Swearinger wore No. 36 throughout four teams in his professional career as a way to honor Taylor. On April 4, 2018, the New York Giants announced safety Landon Collins would switch from No. 27 to No. 21 to honor Taylor. Collins also wore Taylor's college number (No. 26) during his collegiate career at Alabama as a way to pay tribute.


title: Sean Taylor

text: In September 2020 one of the roads leading to FedExField was renamed Sean Taylor Road in Taylor's memory. On October 17, 2021, the Washington franchise retired Sean Taylor's number 21 before a game against the Kansas City Chiefs with his family in attendance.


title: Sean Taylor

text: On November 27, 2022, the Washington Commanders unveiled a statue-like display honoring Sean Taylor at FedEx Field. The unveiling was followed by criticism of the design and lack of a physical statue.


title: Congee

text: Congee or conjee ( ) is a type of rice porridge or gruel eaten in Asian countries. It can be eaten plain, where it is typically served with side dishes, or it can be served with ingredients such as meat, fish, seasonings and flavourings, most often savory, but sometimes sweet. It is typically served as a meal on its own, especially for breakfast or people who are ill. Names for congee are as varied as the style of its preparation, but all are made with rice cooked as a softened porridge with a larger quantity of water than other types of cooked rice like pilaf or claypot rice.


title: Congee

text: The English word "congee" is derived from the Tamil word "kanji" (, "kañci", ). In Chinese, it is known as "zhou" (). It is mentioned in the "Book of Rites" and noted in Pliny’s account of India circa 77 CE.


title: Congee

text: To prepare the dish, rice is boiled in a large amount of water until it softens significantly. Congee can be made in a pot or in a rice cooker. Some rice cookers have a "congee" setting, allowing it to be cooked overnight. The type of rice used can be either short- or long-grain, depending on what is available and regional cultural influences. Culture also often dictates the way congee is cooked and eaten.


title: Congee

text: In some cultures, congee is eaten primarily as a breakfast food or late supper; some may also eat it as a substitute for rice at other meals. It is often considered particularly suitable for the sick as a mild, easily digestible food. Because of this, it is commonly served as a staple meal for patients in healthcare facilities.


title: Congee

text: While plain congee is a staple dish in China, it is called "congee" only in Hong Kong English but is more commonly recognised as "jūk". Natively, plain congee is known by other local names such as "báizhōu" () in Central and Northern China. Another common Chinese name for it in the Mandarin dialect is xīfàn ().


title: Congee

text: Chinese congees () vary considerably by region. For example, to make Cantonese congee, white rice is boiled in many times its weight in water for a long time until the rice breaks down and becomes a fairly thick, white porridge. Congees made in other regions may use different types of rice with different quantities of water, producing congees of different consistencies. It can be left watery, or cooked until it has a texture similar to Western oatmeal porridge. Congee can also be made from brown rice, although this is less common and takes longer to cook. Congee made from other grains, such as cornmeal, millet, barley, and sorghum, are common in the north of China where rice does not grow as well as other grains suited for a colder climate. Multigrain congee mixes are sold in the health food sections of Chinese supermarkets.


title: Congee

text: Savory congee, generally cooked with salt and often fresh ginger and other flavorful ingredients, is usually eaten with "zhacai", salted duck eggs, lettuce and "dace" (Chinese mud carp paste), bamboo shoots, "youtiao", "rousong", pickled tofu, wheat gluten, with other condiments, meats and organ meats including tripe and intestine, crab or hundred-year eggs. Other seasonings such as white pepper and soy sauce may be added after the congee is cooked. Grilled or steamed and deboned fish may be mixed in to provide a different texture.


title: Congee

text: Plain congee is commonly eaten with "youtiao" (lightly salted fried dough) as breakfast in many areas in China. Congee with mung beans is usually eaten with sugar, as is red bean congee, or in "Laba congee".


title: Congee

text: Besides being an everyday meal, congee is considered to be food therapy for the unwell. Ingredients can be determined by their supposed therapeutic value as well as flavor. It is also used to feed infants.


title: Congee

text: The origin of congee is unknown, but from many historical accounts, it was usually served during times of famine, or when numerous patrons visited the temples, as a way to stretch the rice supply to feed more people.


title: Congee

text: The autumn porridge festival is celebrated by villagers eating congee together on that day, the meaning being that they pray for everything to go smoothly and to build a good relationship with the neighborhood. A village called Lingshuicun to the west of Beijing celebrates Liu Maoheng, a Qing-era Juren who helped villagers during a period of famine, through the autumn porridge festival.


title: Congee

text: , or often is the name for the type of congee eaten in Japan, which typically uses water to rice ratios of 5:1 or 7:1 and is cooked for about 30 minutes.