title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In Christian teachings, the transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place of the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus himself as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth. Moreover, Christians consider the transfiguration to fulfill an Old Testament messianic prophecy that Elijah would return again after his ascension (–). states:


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In the Synoptic Gospels, ( , ), the account of the transfiguration happens towards the middle of the narrative. It is a key episode and almost immediately follows another important element, the Confession of Peter: "you are the Christ" (, , ). The transfiguration narrative acts as a further revelation of the identity of Jesus as the Son of God to some of his disciples.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In the gospels, Jesus takes Peter; James, son of Zebedee; and James' brother John the Apostle with him and goes up to a mountain, which is not named. Once on the mountain, states that Jesus "was transfigured before them; his face shining as the sun, and his garments became white as the light." At that point the prophet Elijah representing the prophets and Moses representing the Law appear and Jesus begins to talk to them. Luke states that they spoke of Jesus' "exodus" (εξοδον) which he was about to accomplish in Jerusalem (). Luke is also specific in describing Jesus in a state of glory, with Luke 9:32 referring to "they saw His glory".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Just as Elijah and Moses begin to depart from the scene, Peter begins to ask Jesus if the disciples should make three tents for him and the two prophets. This has been interpreted as Peter's attempt to keep the prophets there longer. But before Peter can finish, a bright cloud appears, and a voice from the cloud states: "This is my beloved Son, with whom I am well pleased; listen to him" (). The disciples then fall to the ground in fear, but Jesus approaches and touches them, telling them not to be afraid. When the disciples look up, they no longer see Elijah or Moses.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: When Jesus and the three apostles are going back down the mountain, Jesus tells them to not tell anyone "the things they had seen" until the "Son of Man" has risen from the dead. The apostles are described as questioning among themselves as to what Jesus meant by "risen from the dead".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In addition to the principal account given in the synoptic gospels; in , the Apostle Peter describes himself as an eyewitness "of his magnificence".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Elsewhere in the New Testament, Paul the Apostle's reference in to the "transformation of believers" via "beholding as in a mirror the glory of the Lord" became the theological basis for considering the transfiguration as the catalyst for processes which lead the faithful to the knowledge of God.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Although Matthew 17 lists the disciple John as being present during the transfiguration, the Gospel of John has no account of it. This has resulted in debate among scholars, some suggesting doubts about the authorship of the Gospel of John, others providing explanations for it. One explanation (that goes back to Eusebius of Caesarea in the fourth century) is that John wrote his gospel not to overlap with the synoptic gospels, but to supplement it, and hence did not include all of their narrative. Others believe that the Gospel of John does in fact allude to the transfiguration, in . This is not the only incident not present in the fourth gospel, and the institution of the Eucharist at the Last Supper is another key example, indicating that the author either was not aware of these narrative traditions, did not accept their veracity, or decided to omit them. The general explanation is thus the Gospel of John was written thematically, to suit the author's theological purposes, and has a less narrative style than the synoptics.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Christian theology assigns a great deal of significance to the transfiguration, based on multiple elements of the narrative. In Christian teachings, the Transfiguration is a pivotal moment, and the setting on the mountain is presented as the point where human nature meets God: the meeting place for the temporal and the eternal, with Jesus himself as the connecting point, acting as the bridge between heaven and earth.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The transfiguration not only supports the identity of Jesus as the Son of God (as in his baptism), but the statement "listen to him", identifies him as the messenger and mouth-piece of God. The significance of this identification is enhanced by the presence of Elijah and Moses, for it indicates to the apostles that Jesus is the voice of God "par excellence", and instead of Moses or Elijah, representing the Law and the prophets, he should be listened to, surpassing the laws of Moses by virtue of his divinity and filial relationship with God. , echoes the same message: at the Transfiguration God assigns to Jesus a special "honor and glory" and it is the turning point at which God exalts Jesus above all other powers in creation, and positions him as ruler and judge.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The transfiguration also echoes the teaching by Jesus (as in ) that God is not "the God of the dead, but of the living". Although Moses had died and Elijah had been taken up to heaven centuries before (as in ), they now live in the presence of the Son of God, implying that the same return to life applies to all who face death and have faith.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The theology of the transfiguration received the attention of the Church Fathers since the very early days. In the 2nd century, Saint Irenaeus was fascinated by the transfiguration and wrote: "the glory of God is a live human being and a truly human life is the vision of God".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Origen's theology of the transfiguration influenced the patristic tradition and became a basis for theological writings by others. Among other issues, given the instruction to the apostles to keep silent about what they had seen until the resurrection, Origen commented that the glorified states of the transfiguration and the resurrection must be related.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The Desert Fathers emphasized the light of the ascetic experience, and related it to the light of the Transfiguration – a theme developed further by Evagrius Ponticus in the 4th century. Around the same time Saint Gregory of Nyssa and later Pseudo-Dionysius the Areopagite were developing a "theology of light" which then influenced Byzantine meditative and mystical traditions such as the Tabor light and theoria. The iconography of the transfiguration continued to develop in this time period, and there is a sixth-century symbolic representation in the apse of the Basilica of Sant'Apollinare in Classe and a well known depiction at Saint Catherine's Monastery on Mount Sinai in Egypt.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Byzantine Fathers often relied on highly visual metaphors in their writings, indicating that they may have been influenced by the established iconography. The extensive writings of Maximus the Confessor may have been shaped by his contemplations on the katholikon at Saint Catherine's Monastery – not a unique case of a theological idea appearing in icons long before it appears in writings.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In the 7th century, Saint Maximus the Confessor said that the senses of the apostles were transfigured to enable them to perceive the true glory of Christ. In the same vein, building on , by the end of the 13th century the concept of "transfiguration of the believer" had stabilized and Saint Gregory Palamas considered "true knowledge of God" to be a "transfiguration of man by the Spirit of God". The spiritual transfiguration of the believer then continued to remain a theme for achieving a closer union with God.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: One of the generalizations of Christian belief has been that the Eastern Church emphasizes the transfiguration while the Western Church focuses on the crucifixion – however, in practice both branches continue to attach significance to both events, although specific nuances continue to persist. An example of such a nuance is the saintly signs of the "Imitation of Christ". Unlike Catholic saints such as Padre Pio or Francis (who considered stigmata a sign of the imitation of Christ) Eastern Orthodox saints have never reported stigmata, but saints such as Seraphim and Silouan have reported being transfigured by an inward light of grace.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Origen's initial connection of the transfiguration with the resurrection continued to influence theological thought long thereafter. This connection continued to develop both within the theological and iconographic dimensions – which however, often influenced each other. Between the 6th and 9th centuries the iconography of the transfiguration in the East influenced the iconography of the resurrection, at times depicting various figures standing next to a glorified Christ.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: This was not only a view within the Eastern Church and in the West, most commentators in the Middle Ages considered the transfiguration a preview of the glorified body of Christ following his resurrection.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: As an example, in the 8th century, in his sermon on the transfiguration, the Benedictine monk Ambrosius Autpertus directly linked the Supper at Emmaus appearance in to the transfiguration narrative of , and stated that in both cases, Jesus "was changed to a different form, not of nature, but of glory."


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The concept of the transfiguration as a preview and an anticipation of the resurrection includes several theological components. On one hand it cautions the disciples, and therefore the reader, that the glory of the transfiguration, and the message of Jesus, can only be understood in the context of his death and resurrection, and not simply on its own.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: When the transfiguration is considered an anticipation of the Resurrection, the presentation of a shining Jesus on the mount of transfiguration as the Son of God who should be listened to can be understood in the context of the statement by Jesus in the resurrection appearance in –: "all authority hath been given unto me in heaven and on earth".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The presence of the prophets next to Jesus and the perceptions of the disciples have been subject to theological debate. Origen was the first to comment that the presence of Moses and Elijah represented the "Law and the prophets", referring to the Torah (also called the Pentateuch) and the rest of the Hebrew Bible. Martin Luther continued to see them as the Law and the Prophets respectively, and their recognition of and conversation with Jesus as a symbol of how Jesus fulfills "the law and the prophets" (–, see also Expounding of the Law).


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The real presence of Moses and Elijah on the mount is rejected by those churches and individuals who believe in "soul sleep" (Christian mortalism) until resurrection. Several commentators have noted that the Gospel of Matthew describes the transfiguration using the Greek word "orama" (), according to Thayer more often used for a supernatural "vision" than for real physical events, and concluded that Moses and Elijah were not truly there.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In LDS doctrine, Moses and Elijah ministered to Christ as "spirits of just men made perfect" (Doctrine and Covenants 129:1–3; see also Heb. 12:23).


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Since the 3rd century, some Christians have identified Mount Tabor as the site of the transfiguration, including Origen. See citing Origen's reference to . Tabor has long been a place of Christian pilgrimage and is the site of the Church of the Transfiguration. In 1808, Henry Alford cast doubt on Tabor due to the possible continuing Roman utilization of a fortress which Antiochus the Great built on Tabor in 219 BC. Others have countered that even if Tabor was fortified by Antiochus, this does not rule out a transfiguration at the summit. Josephus mentions in the Jewish War that he built a wall along the top perimeter in 40 days, and does not mention any previously existing structures.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: John Lightfoot rejects Tabor as too far but "some mountain near Caesarea-Philippi". The usual candidate, in this case, is Mount Panium, Paneas, or Banias, a small hill situated at the source of the Jordan, near the foot of which Caesarea Philippi was built.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Edward Greswell, however, writing in 1830, saw "no good reason for questioning the ancient ecclesiastical tradition, which supposes it to have been mount Tabor."


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: An alternative explanation is to understand the Mount of Transfiguration as symbolic topography in the gospels. As Elizabeth Struthers Malbon notes, the mountain is figuratively the meeting place between God and humans.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Various Christian denominations celebrate the Feast of the Transfiguration. The origins of the feast remain uncertain; it may have derived from the dedication of three basilicas on Mount Tabor. The feast existed in various forms by the 9th century. In the Western Church, Pope Callixtus III () made it a universal feast, celebrated on August 6, to commemorate the lifting of the siege of Belgrade in July 1456.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The Syriac Orthodox, Indian Orthodox and Revised Julian calendars within the Eastern Orthodox, Roman Catholic, Old Catholic, and Anglican churches mark the Feast of the Transfiguration on 6 August. In those Orthodox churches which continue to follow the Julian Calendar, August 6 in the church calendar falls on August 19 in the civil (Gregorian) calendar. Transfiguration ranks as a major feast, numbered among the twelve Great Feasts in the Byzantine rite. In all these churches, if the feast falls on a Sunday, its liturgy is not combined with the Sunday liturgy, but completely replaces it.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In some liturgical calendars (e.g. the Lutheran and United Methodist) the last Sunday in the Epiphany season is also devoted to this event. In the Church of Sweden and the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland, however, the Feast is celebrated on the seventh Sunday after Trinity (the eighth Sunday after Pentecost).


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In the Roman rite, the gospel pericope of the transfiguration is read on the second Sunday of Lent - the liturgy emphasizes the role the transfiguration had in comforting the Twelve Apostles, giving them both a powerful proof of Christ's divinity and a prelude to the glory of the resurrection on Easter and the eventual salvation of his followers in view of the seeming contradiction of his crucifixion and death. The Preface for that day expounds this theme.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Several church buildings commemorate the Transfiguration in their naming. Note for example the - the original 17th-century church here gave its name to the surrounding village (Preobrazhenskoye - "Transfiguration [village]" near Moscow) which in turn became the namesake of Russia's pre-eminent Preobrazhensky ("Transfiguration") Regiment and of other associated names.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Eleanor Jane Taylor is an English comedian, television personality, actress, and writer. After appearing on "Show Me the Funny" in 2011, Taylor has appeared on numerous television shows, including "8 Out of 10 Cats" (2011–2017), "Fake Reaction" (2013–2014), "Mock the Week" (2015–2019), "The Lodge" (2016), "Stand-Up Central" (2017), "The Mash Report" (2017–2022), "Plebs" (2018–2019), and "Strictly Come Dancing" (2022). She has also presented the shows "Snog Marry Avoid?" (2012–2013) and "Live at the Apollo" (2016–2018).


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Taylor has written and performed five stand-up comedy shows: "Elliementary" (2015), "Infidelliety" (2016), "This Guy" (2017–2018), "Cravings" (2019), which was also shown on Netflix as part of "Comedians of the World", and "Don't Got This" (2019–2021). In 2021, she published her debut book, "My Child and Other Mistakes", which became a "Sunday Times" bestseller.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Taylor was born in Brentwood, Essex. She studied English literature at the University of York. Taylor was a member of University of York Drama Society and "did three or four plays".


title: Ellie Taylor

text: She was spotted by a model agency scout while interning for "FHM" magazine, and signed with "ISIS Models" She did campaigns for Matalan, Asda and Pantene. Taylor decided she would rather not be a model, so she began working on corporate events. In her mid-twenties, Taylor began doing stand-up comedy.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Taylor was discovered on ITV series "Show Me the Funny", an X Factor-style contest for aspiring stand-up comedians. In 2014, she performed her debut show "Elliementary" at the Laughing Horse as part of the Edinburgh free fringe programme.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In June 2015, she made her debut in the 14th series of BBC Two's "Mock the Week", and appeared in every series until the 18th.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In March 2016, Taylor appeared in the third series of CBBC's panel show "The Dog Ate My Homework". She appeared a second time later that month.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In September 2016, Taylor had a recurring role in "The Lodge" as Christina. Taylor also plays Gloria, the next-door business-owner to the main characters in ITV2 Ancient Roman comedy series "Plebs".


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Since July 2017, she has been a regular on BBC2 satirical comedy sketch series "The Mash Report", appearing as Susan, a newsreader. A clip of her performance later went viral, after it was posted across social media by musician Madonna.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: On 5 July 2018, it was announced Taylor and Anna Whitehouse would host a new talk show on radio station Heart FM on Sunday nights from 10pm to 1am. The show later became available as a podcast, "Ellie and Anna Have Issues".


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Taylor has been a regular on the BBC TV stand-up-comedy programme "Live at the Apollo", both as a featured act and as a host.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In 2019, her half-hour stand-up special "Cravings" was released on Netflix as part of Comedians of the World.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: Taylor has also been a guest on "8 Out of 10 Cats", "Pointless Celebrities", "Insert Name Here", "QI", "The Last Leg", "Big Brother's Bit on the Side", and "Show Me the Funny". In 2011, she won "Company" magazine's Lady HaHa title. In 2012, she replaced Jenny Frost as the presenter of "Snog Marry Avoid?" on BBC Three. She was one of the team leaders on the comedy panel show "Fake Reaction". In 2013, she appeared in an episode of the HBO mockumentary series "Family Tree".


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In 2019, she again became a fill-in presenter on Heart, this time for Amanda Holden, on the national breakfast show alongside regular host Jamie Theakston.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In December 2019, it was announced that Taylor would step down from her Heart FM show to focus on her TV commitments. However, her podcast with Anna Whitehouse, "Ellie & Anna Have Issues", is still released every Tuesday.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In July 2021, Taylor published her debut book "My Child and Other Mistakes: How to ruin your life in the best way possible", which became a Sunday Times bestseller.


title: Ellie Taylor

text: In August 2022, she was revealed as a contestant on the twentieth series of "Strictly Come Dancing". Taylor and her professional dance partner Johannes Radebe were eliminated in Week 10 after losing the dance off to Fleur East and Vito Coppola.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Beyond: Two Souls is an interactive drama and action-adventure game for the PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Windows, developed by Quantic Dream and published by Sony Computer Entertainment. It was originally released on 8 October 2013 for the PlayStation 3, later being re-released for the PlayStation 4 on 24 November 2015 and Microsoft Windows on 22 July 2019. The game features Jodie Holmes, one of two player characters. The other is an incorporeal entity named Aiden: a separate soul linked to Jodie since birth. Jodie, who is portrayed by actor Elliot Page, possesses supernatural powers through her psychic link to Aiden, growing from adolescence to adulthood while learning to control Aiden and the powers they share. Willem Dafoe co-stars as Nathan Dawkins, a researcher in the Department of Paranormal Activity and Jodie's surrogate-father-figure. The actors in the game worked during the year-long project in Quantic Dream's Paris studio to perform on-set voice acting and motion-capture acting.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Despite being a video game, "Beyond: Two Souls" premiered at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival, marking only the second time the film festival recognised a video game. David Cage, writer and director of the game, explained that game development studios should provide "interactive storytelling" that can be played by everyone, including non-gamers. The game received polarised critical reception upon its release, and sold 2.8 million units by July 2018.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: "Beyond: Two Souls" is an interactive drama and action-adventure game, requiring the player to move and guide the character into interactions with objects and other non-player characters in the scene to progress the story. The player primarily controls Jodie through the in-game environments. At almost any time, however, the player (or second player during a two-player game) can switch to control Aiden instead. Aiden, as an incorporeal entity, exists permanently in noclip mode and can move through walls, ceilings, and other obstacles; however, he is limited to moving only within a certain radius around Jodie due to their spiritual tethering.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: While playing as Jodie, the game includes interactive objects marked with a white dot, which can be interacted with by tilting the controller stick in its direction. If Jodie must perform a specific action, icons pop up on the screen to prompt the player to press and/or hold certain controller buttons. Conversation prompts float in the air, defaulting to a certain choice if too much time passes before selection. During action sequences, like chases or hand-to-hand combat, the cinematography moves into slow motion whilst Jodie performs the physical manoeuvre; during this time, the player must determine the direction Jodie is moving and push the controller stick in that direction to complete the action. Other sequences require real-time stealth, which has the player sneak Jodie through environments while coordinating certain actions with Aiden. Failing certain action sequences will alter the course of a chapter (and sometimes later chapters) and in some cases lead to the death of a non-playable character.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: While playing as Aiden, the game becomes monochromatic. Amongst the shades of greys, interactive objects are highlighted by an aura shining in one of several colours, with the colour of the aura indicating his potential interaction: orange characters can be possessed, red characters strangled, blue objects (or characters with environmental effects) knocked around, and green characters healed. Jodie frequently calls upon Aiden to provide different abilities, such as form a protective shield around her, allow the dead to speak to the living through her, grant her an ability to see events of the recent past, and enable her to heal a character's wounds.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: As the player makes choices throughout the game, the gameplay's plot is revealed. Besides affecting dialogue and story developments, the outcome of entire scenes (and in some cases, the outcome of scenes several chapters later) can be manipulated to a certain extent based on player choices. These choices are typically moral decisions made through Jodie's dialogue options, interventions with various characters, success or failure in her combat scenes, or psychic actions that the player chooses to have Aiden perform. Examples of choice-based outcomes are the chapter titled The Party, where the player is given the choice of unleashing brutal revenge toward a group of bullies or simply running away, and the chapter titled The Embassy, where the player can either engage in psychic information retrieval or can jeopardise the mission by forcing one of the guards to commit suicide. Choices also determine the finale of "Beyond: Two Souls", as any number of possible plot endings can be experienced by the player.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Young Jodie Holmes (Caroline Wolfson) lives with her foster parents in a suburban home. Since birth, Jodie has had a psychic connection with a mysterious entity named Aiden, with whom she can communicate and perform telepathic acts, such as possessing people's minds and manipulating certain objects. After an incident with some neighbourhood kids results in Aiden almost killing one of them, Jodie's foster parents seek help to care for her condition, permanently leaving her under the custody of doctors Nathan Dawkins (Willem Dafoe) and Cole Freeman (Kadeem Hardison) of the United States Department of Paranormal Activity.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Under the two doctors' care, Jodie slowly learns to control Aiden and the powers they share. During this time, Nathan and Cole are building the condenser, a portal that connects the world of the living with the world of the dead—the Infraworld. One night, Nathan learns that his wife and daughter were killed in a car accident. While trying to comfort him, Jodie discovers that she can channel spirits of the dead from the Infraworld; she helps the spirits speak to the living through a psychic link created by her physical contact. As the years pass, a teenage Jodie (Elliot Page) seeks her independence, both from the doctors and from Aiden, and tries several times to live a normal life. At each attempt, Aiden intervenes, ending in disaster.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: At one point, Nathan asks for Jodie's help with the condenser, which has broken open. After braving hostile entities from the Infraworld, Jodie manages to shut down the condenser and warns Nathan not to build another. This gets the attention of the CIA, who send agent Ryan Clayton (Eric Winter) to forcibly recruit Jodie. After training, the now-adult Jodie goes on multiple missions as a field agent, often with Ryan, to whom she slowly becomes attracted. On one such mission in Somalia, Jodie is assigned to kill a warlord, only to realize afterwards that the target she killed was not a warlord, but the country's benign president. Enraged, Jodie flees in disgust, despite Ryan's pleas. Branded a traitor, Jodie becomes a fugitive, evading pursuing CIA forces. Along the way, she befriends a small group of homeless people, one of whom she helps give birth to a girl named Zoey, and she lives with a family of Native Americans, during which she saves them from a malevolent entity. The CIA eventually recaptures Jodie after she attempts to reconnect with her catatonic biological mother, who has been held and forcibly drugged for decades in a military hospital.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: The CIA hands Jodie over to Nathan, now executive director of the DPA, overseeing the DPA's newest condenser, code-named the Black Sun. He reveals that the CIA is willing to let Jodie go if she agrees to a final mission. Jodie and a CIA team led by Ryan destroy an underwater facility housing a Chinese-developed condenser before it is used to attack the United States. Jodie then learns that Nathan built a miniature condenser to speak exclusively to his family, but without success. After showing Nathan that his refusal to let them go is only making them suffer, Jodie tries to leave, only to be held in captivity by the CIA—the organisation has deemed her too dangerous to be free and intends to subject her to the same fate as her mother. The now-insane Nathan informs Jodie that he intends to shut down the containment field to the Black Sun, merging the two worlds together and making death meaningless. Too weak to free Jodie, Aiden contacts Ryan and Cole, leading them to her. After Nathan shuts down the containment field, the three chase after him into the heart of the Black Sun, with the intent of destroying it.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: During the trek towards the Black Sun, Cole is injured by entities and Ryan sacrifices his own safety to keep Jodie alive. Eventually, Jodie confronts Nathan near the Black Sun. Nathan is either killed by Aiden or commits suicide to reunite with his family. As Jodie shuts down the condenser, she has a vision—Aiden is her stillborn twin brother. Jodie must make a choice: go back to the world of the living, or go on to the Infraworld and be reunited with everyone she has lost. If Jodie chooses Life, her connection to Aiden is severed and she is no longer useful to the CIA. Jodie must choose how to live her life, either alone or with Ryan, Jay, or Zoey and her family. If Jodie chooses Beyond, she joins Aiden and other lost ones in the Infraworld, dying in the process. She continues to watch over those who remain in the living world, warning the now-teenage Zoey of the coming danger. By the story's end, the Infraworld has become a widespread threat in the not-so-distant future. Either Jodie, Zoey, or both of them prepare to confront the threat.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: David Cage, founder and CEO of Quantic Dream, announced "Beyond: Two Souls" at Sony's press conference during the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2012. He showed the crowd a debut trailer featuring the game's in-game graphics. When he was asked to compare "Beyond: Two Souls" to Quantic Dream's previous game "Heavy Rain", Cage described "Beyond" as a "more action-driven experience" that offers "much more direct control" and "much more spectacular action" than the 2010 thriller. Cage has called his games "fully controllable" while admitting "when there is an action sequence, yes we integrate these quick time event sequences ... in a new way." Unlike Quantic Dream's previous game, "Beyond" was not to be PlayStation Move compatible. Earlier games created by Cage, which have been called "wrought psychological thrillers", demonstrate that emotional narrative is a critical element in a Quantic Dream game's development. The script for the game was around 2,000 pages long (an average screenplay is between 95 and 125 pages long; each page is approximately one minute of screen time). "We'd do 30, 40 pages a day. It's insane compared to a film," Page said in an interview. "Jodie goes through a lot. This is an incredibly emotional story and journey for this girl."


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Quantic Dream, an advanced motion capture studio as well as video game developer, required the "Beyond: Two Souls" actors to perform motion-capture acting as well as on-set voice acting. Actors cast in the game worked during the year-long project in the Paris studio to perform the physical actions seen onscreen as performed by their fully realised video game graphic characters. Meanwhile, Quantic Dream programmers, artists, and animators, led by art director Christophe Brusseaux, designed the computer-generated imagery seen in the game. David Cage provided writing and direction and Guillaume de Fondaumière was the executive producer.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: "Beyond: Two Souls" is dedicated to composer Normand Corbeil, who died of pancreatic cancer on 25 January 2013. Corbeil had worked on Quantic Dream's "Heavy Rain" and its predecessor "Fahrenheit" and was unable to finish his work on "Beyond". Lorne Balfe, who wrote the score for "Assassin's Creed III", replaced Corbeil as the game's composer after Corbeil's death. Balfe's collaborator Hans Zimmer joined him as producer in August 2013.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: On 27 April 2013, five months before the game's debut, Quantic Dream released a new trailer and demonstrated 35 minutes of the game at the 2013 Tribeca Film Festival, with both Page and Cage in attendance. This marks only the second time the film festival recognised a video game, the first being 2011's "L.A. Noire". In interviews conducted immediately prior to the game's worldwide release, Cage explained that development studios like Quantic Dream have an obligation to provide "interactive storytelling" that can be played by everyone, including non-gamers.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: On 5 September 2013, the PlayStation Blog announced that a demo for "Beyond: Two Souls" would be released 1 October 2013 in the United States, 2 October for Europe, and 3 October for Japan, about a week prior to the full game's worldwide release. Despite the demo's official release date, a few users of the paid subscription service PlayStation Plus were allowed to receive the demo a week earlier, on 24 September 2013. GameStop also gave out a limited number of beta keys on that day. The full game was released on 8 October 2013 in North America, 9 October 2013 in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and 11 October 2013 in the UK.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: The European version of the game is censored to keep the PEGI rating at 16 instead of 18. Two changes were made amounting to 5–10 seconds of gameplay.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: Immediately after the game was released, nude images of Jodie surfaced on the Reddit online community. Jodie appears nude in a shower scene in the game, but is not fully visible. Industry analysts deduced that a person in possession of a developer PlayStation 3 that allowed quality assurance features such as "free camera" mode had created and uploaded the images. Sony immediately took steps to remove them, asking for the community's assistance. They explained that the images were of a digital model and not of Page, who had a "no nudity" policy. The images were removed from the website.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: In June 2015, Quantic Dream announced a PlayStation 4 version of "Beyond: Two Souls" for North America, Europe, and the PAL region alongside "Heavy Rain". The PlayStation 4 version of "Beyond: Two Souls" was released on 24 November, with the remaster of "Heavy Rain" following on 1 March 2016. A package containing both games was then released physically on a Blu-ray disc.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: During the 2019 Game Developers Conference in March, Epic Games announced that Quantic Dream would publish "Heavy Rain", "Beyond: Two Souls" and "" for computers running Microsoft Windows, with the releases occurring throughout 2019. The games were exclusively available through the Epic Games Store for the duration of a year following their release before they appear on other storefronts. On 16 May 2019, the date of release for "Beyond: Two Souls", which was to be self-published by Quantic Dream, was revealed as 22 July 2019, with a demo made available on 27 June 2019.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: "Beyond: Two Souls" received polarised reviews upon release. Review aggregator Metacritic described its reception as "mixed". Critics praised Page's character portrayal of Jodie Holmes and Dafoe's performance as Nathan Dawkins, as well as the amount of technical details in the game's animations and graphics. Praise was also generally given toward the elaborate motion capture, interactive storytelling mechanics, emotional soundtrack, and ability to appeal to non-gamers. "PlayStation Official Magazine" (UK) spoke frankly of a game using quick time events over a more acceptable solution: "you lose explicit control", yet believing "Beyond" ultimately wins in ways such as its imagery: "PS3's graphical high point" and Page's performance: "Astonishing ... she's the lynchpin that holds all the madness together with a painfully human presence." "Polygon" was less impressed with the game's writing, but was exhilarated about Quantic Dream's ability to "perfect a new way of telling stories" with "staggeringly great" motion capture. "GameSpot" called the game a "gripping adventure", observing that the gameplay's choices give the player an ability to shape what kind of person Jodie becomes, making us "care dearly for her ... and become enamoured with this young woman and her extraordinary life". "Game Revolution" praised the game as "uncannily gorgeous", confirming Quantic Dream remains a leader in the story-driven genre, calling their high-quality cinematic gameplay "the saving grace of "Beyond: Two Souls"". "GamesTM" labeled Page's performance as "truly breathtaking ... one of the truly great videogame acting showcases" and described Cage as "visionary; someone who believes in the power of games and of interactivity. "Beyond: Two Souls" is his most ambitious and complete work to date."


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: While "Electronic Gaming Monthly" praised the visuals, the performances, and the "bold, genre-defying design work", it expressed disappointment in Quantic Dream; respecting its years of "audacity" pushing the boundaries of the game medium, yet ultimately failing to listen to feedback and instead delivering yet "another flawed experiment—better in some ways, worse in others". "GamesRadar+" praised the game's innovation, stunning amount of choices, and Page's performance, but warned "you'll never be truly challenged by the gameplay". "IGN" gaming website criticised the game for offering a gaming experience too passive and unrewarding: "It is unwise to build up our expectations of being able to choose our actions and then take that away from us where it feels most important" and a muddy and unfocused interactive drama "to make gamers conditioned to meaningless violence feel something". "Joystiq" criticised the game's lack of solid character interaction and its unbelievable, unintentionally silly plot. "Destructoid" criticised the game's thin character presentation and frequent narrative dead ends, as well as its lack of meaningful interactivity. The editor of "Eurogamer" took issue with the "gruelling, sentimental" game being "all story", comparing it to other games that "give the player complete control", observing the triviality of the player choices may modify the tone of each self-contained chapter, but the overall story is "going wherever it's going". Entertainer Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw of "Zero Punctuation" was heavily critical of the game, focusing on the overuse of quick time events, the underuse of the game's central stealth mechanics, and the inconsistent tone and atmosphere, comparing playing the game to "watching any normal film and pressing the pause button every two seconds".


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: It was reported in July 2013 that "Beyond: Two Souls" was in the top twenty most pre-ordered games of 2013, and that by the end 2013, the game sold one million copies worldwide during its first three months of availability. The game sold over 70,000 copies in Quantic Dream's home country France during that time, more than its previous game "Heavy Rain" during its three-month debut. "Heavy Rain" budget was $22 million and the budget for "Beyond: Two Souls" was $27 million, not including approximately $18 million in costs for marketing and distribution.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: By July 2018, "Beyond: Two Souls" had sold 2.8 million copies, becoming one of the best-selling PlayStation 3 video games.


title: Beyond: Two Souls

text: In November 2014, David Cage discussed the future of video games and referred to the constant changes occurring within the gaming industry. "There will always be games for the hardcore gamers who see games as a skill-based sport, or as a way to compete with their friends", he said. He also referred to casual gamers who play games "as a mere hobby, like many titles for smartphones". He then stated, "We try to develop a middle way, with games that try to tell a story, to carry meaning, and where violence isn't the core activity. Most of all, we try to create an emotion, to make players live something strong and unique, which remains an ambitious challenge in a video game."


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Michael Paul Sorrentino (born July 4, 1982), also known as The Situation, is an American television personality. He appeared on all six seasons of the MTV reality show "Jersey Shore" from 2009 through 2012 and returned to the franchise with "".


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino was born in the New York City borough of Staten Island and raised in Manalapan Township, New Jersey, where he graduated from Manalapan High School in 1999. He obtained an associate degree from Brookdale Community College and attended Kean University and Monmouth University.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino was a cast member of "Jersey Shore", which ran from 2009 to 2012. Since appearing on that show, Sorrentino has been a guest on TV series including "The Howard Stern Show", "The Tonight Show with Conan O'Brien", "The Jay Leno Show", "Lopez Tonight", "SportsNation", "Chelsea Lately", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", and "Conan".


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino was a contestant on Season 11 of "Dancing with the Stars". His partner was Karina Smirnoff. He made it to the 4th week before being eliminated.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In 2010, Sorrentino appeared with Bristol Palin in a public service announcement for The Candie's Foundation, as part of its "Pause Before You Play" campaign to prevent teen pregnancy.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In January 2011, Sorrentino signed on to star as a judge in the YOBI.tv talent-show web series "New Stage".


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino made more than $5 million in 2010, the second highest of any other reality star after Kim Kardashian. This money was accrued through endorsements with Devotion Vodka, Reebok Zigtech shoes, as well as a ghost-written autobiography, a rap song, a workout DVD, a vitamin line for GNC, a clothing line, and appearances on "Jersey Shore" and "Dancing with the Stars".


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In March 2011, Sorrentino appeared on the Comedy Central Roast of Donald Trump. His performance was poorly received by audiences and critics. During his set, Sorrentino's jokes elicited jeers from the audience, prompting veteran roaster Jeff Ross to intervene. In August of that year, Sorrentino was offered $10,000 by fashion retailer Abercrombie & Fitch not to wear the company's clothes. A spokesman for the company explained that "Mr. Sorrentino's association with our brand could cause significant damage to our image." In November 2011, Sorrentino filed a lawsuit against A&F after they made shirts that read "The Fitchuation" and "GTL...You Know The Deal." This case, however, was dismissed before proceeding to trial.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On February 22, 2012, Sorrentino appeared in a small cameo role on ABC's "Suburgatory". In June 2012, he participated in Fox's dating game show "The Choice". On August 15, 2012 he became a housemate on the tenth series of "Celebrity Big Brother" on Channel 5 and on September 7, 2012 he came in fourth on the series final.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In October 2012, he appeared in a PETA advertising campaign promoting the spaying and neutering of pets.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In 2014, he appeared on a reality show with his family, which aired on the TVGN network. In the following year in 2015, he was a participant on the fifth season of "" with his partner, Lauren Pesce.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In 2018, Sorrentino reunited with most of his "Jersey Shore" cast members in "", a reboot of the series. The first and second seasons aired in 2018 with Sorrentino as a main cast member. It was confirmed in May 2019 that he will “be a huge part” of the third season, including documentation of his wedding, court sentencing, and events leading up to his jail time.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino has claimed his nickname "The Situation" came from when he was complimented regarding his physique while in public, causing a "situation" between an unnamed couple.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: Sorrentino worked as an assistant manager of a fitness center in Staten Island. When he was 25, he lost this job and began underwear modeling.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In addition to his brothers, he has a younger sister, Melissa, who appeared as a bride in "Say Yes to the Dress". Marc also served as the Situation's manager and partner in MPS Entertainment, LLC, and Situation Nation, Inc.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On March 21, 2012, Sorrentino publicly acknowledged that he had been struggling with an addiction to oxycodone, a prescription opioid pain medication. He also confirmed that he had entered rehab. He checked out of the Cirque Lodge treatment center in Utah on April 4, 2012. Sorrentino says he has been sober since December 2015.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On June 17, 2014, Sorrentino was arrested for assault after a fight with his brother at their family's tanning salon in Middletown Township, New Jersey. He completed a 12-week anger management program in connection with the incident.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On April 26, 2018, Sorrentino announced he had become engaged to Lauren Pesce, his college sweetheart. They married on November 1, 2018. Sorrentino said in November 2019 that Pesce had suffered a miscarriage approximately seven weeks into her pregnancy. On November 24, 2020, Sorrentino announced they were again expecting a child in May 2021. Their son was born on May 26, 2021. On August 1, 2022, Sorrentino announced they were again expecting a child in January 2023.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: In September 2014, Sorrentino was charged with tax fraud, for not paying taxes on $8.9 million. In April 2017, further charges were levied against Sorrentino and his brother, alleging tax evasion and the structuring of bank deposits to avoid reporting thresholds.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On January 19, 2018, Sorrentino pleaded guilty to one count of tax evasion, as part of a plea bargain with prosecutors. Sentencing occurred October 5, 2018 at the United States District Court of New Jersey in Newark. Sorrentino was sentenced to eight months in prison. He also received two years of supervised probation, to begin after his release, and was ordered to perform 500 hours of community service. Sorrentino began his sentence on January 15, 2019, at the Federal Correctional Institution, Otisville, in Otisville, New York. He was released on September 12, 2019.


title: Michael Sorrentino

text: On January 17, 2019, Sorrentino's brother Marc began serving a two-year prison sentence at the Federal Correctional Institution in Fairton, New Jersey, approximately away from the Otisville Federal Correctional Institution.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam Chakraborty (born 14 June 1971), also known mononymously as Pritam, is an Indian composer, instrumentalist, guitarist, and singer. After working as an ad jingles composer, he debuted as a co-composer in the 2001 Hindi film Tere Liye. As a solo composer, his composition of the title track of Dhoom helped him win the Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year. In a career spanning nearly two decades, he has composed music for more than 125 Bollywood movies and has been the recipient of numerous awards.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam was born in a Bengali Brahmin family to Anuradha Chakraborty and Prabodh Chakraborty. He gained his early training in music from his father and learnt to play the guitar while he was still in school.


title: Pritam

text: He went to St. James' School and has a bachelor's degree in geology from Presidency College. Pritam was associated with the non-partisan political platform Independents' Consolidation during his days at Presidency. In 1994, Pritam joined FTII, Pune where he took up Sound Recording and Engineering.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam formed a band with his presidency batchmates, called "Jotugriher Pakhi" for which, he used to play the guitar. They even have a cassette released to their credit at that time. Pritam joined a Bangla band, Chandrabindoo. Later Pritam started band Metro with James, Suhail, Soham and Eric during his film called Life in a... Metro.


title: Pritam

text: After completing his sound engineering course from FTII Pune, Chakraborty came to Mumbai in 1997. He started composing ad jingles where he met other budding artists such as Shantanu Moitra, Rajkumar Hirani, Sanjay Gadhvi and Jeet Gannguli. Pritam composed renowned jingles for brands like Santro, Emami, McDonald's, Head & Shoulders, Thums Up, Limca, Complan and composed title tracks for TV serials such as "Astitva", "Kkavyanjali", "Ye Meri Life Hai", "Remix", "Kashmeer", "Miilee", and "Dil Kare".


title: Pritam

text: Pritam got his first break for Tere Liye (released December 2001). Though the music was well-received, the film missed the mark. In 2002, The Jeet-Pritam duo once again composed music for Yash Raj Films' "Mere Yaar Ki Shaadi Hai". All the songs from that movie were chartbusters. Soon after, over some misunderstanding, Jeet decided to split and the partners and go their separate ways.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam's compositions were noted for their ability to blend Indian classical music with western styles. His compositions for Gadhvi's second movie "Dhoom" were a runaway hit. The title-track of "Dhoom" in two versions – Hindi (by Sunidhi Chauhan) and English (by Tata Young) – broke geographic barriers becoming popular in pubs in the UK, USA and the East Asia and won him a Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year. He received two nominations for "Dhoom".


title: Pritam

text: He followed this up with compositions for films like "Ajab Prem Ki Ghazab Kahani", "Race", "Kismat Konnection", "Jannat", "Gangster" and "Dhoom 2". His compositions for Anurag Basu's "Life in a... Metro" garnered him very positive reviews. He formed a band called Metro with Suhail Kaul, Sohu pet name Chakraborty, Eric Pillai and Bangladeshi singer James for the movie.


title: Pritam

text: He won his second Zee Cine Award for Best Track of the Year for the song "Mauja Hi Mauja" from "Jab We Met" by Imtiaz Ali. "Jab We Met" won him his first Apsara Award for Best Music Director. He composed for two more Imtiaz Ali films, "Love Aaj Kal" and "Cocktail" which were critically and commercially successful.


title: Pritam

text: His Sufi songs for the 2010 movie "Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai" were immensely popular with the masses and songs like "Pee loon" and "Tum Jo Aaye" were declared chartbusters. He teamed up again with Mahesh Bhatt and Vishesh Films for music of "Crook" of which the song "Mere Bina" got instant recognition with public. His foot-tapping numbers for Rohit Shetty's "Golmaal 3" were also equally successful. In 2011, he got to work for Salman Khan's "Ready" and "Bodyguard". He recreated the famous 1971 song, "Dum Maro Dum" for Ramesh Sippy's 2011 movie of the same name. He then composed for the romance "Mausam" which had a strong influence of Punjabi. The songs were phenomenal hits in Northern India with "Rabba Main To Mar Gaya Oye" being a rage among people.


title: Pritam

text: In 2012, he composed several successful songs for films like "Players", "Agent Vinod", "Jannat 2" and Vidhu Vinod Chopra’s "Ferrari Ki Sawaari", where he worked with Rajkumar Hirani. Later that year, he scored music for "Barfi!" which won him two Filmfare Awards. "Barfi" is considered to be one of the most critically acclaimed soundtrack album of his career. By 2013, his list included "Race 2", "Murder 3", "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani", "Dhoom 3" and "Once Upon ay Time in Mumbai Dobaara" which was his 100th movie as a Music Director in Bollywood. He started 2014 with compositions for "Yaariyan", "Shaadi Ke Side Effects" & "". He then took a break in 2014.


title: Pritam

text: He marked his return with three successful albums in 2015: Kabir Khan's "Bajrangi Bhaijaan" & "Phantom" and Rohit Shetty's "Dilwale" for which he was nominated for Filmfare awards. The Song, "Gerua" from "Dilwale" directly opened at the No. 1 position on the Radio Mirchi charts and became the first Bollywood song to cross 100 million views on YouTube in the shortest duration ever. It also ranked in the top slot in places like Malaysia, Oman, Sri Lanka and Bahrain. In 2016, he appeared as a guest composer and composed the song "Itni Si Baat Hai" for "Azhar"; the albumes other composers were Amaal Mallik and Dj Chetas. He also composed the whole soundtracks of "Dishoom", "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" and "Dangal". In 2017, he composed the soundtracks of "Jagga Jasoos", "Raabta" along with Sohrabuddin, Sourav Roy and JAM8, "Tubelight" and "Jab Harry Met Sejal" along with Diplo. In 2019, he composed songs for "Kalank" and will produce the music for "Brahmastra". "83- The Film" is lined up for 2020"."


title: Pritam

text: Pritam has composed and covered some popular songs in a variety of genres including Rock ("Life in a... Metro"), Sufi ("Once Upon A Time in Mumbaai") and even Ghazals ("Barfi"). His musical style is mainly characterized as a delicate fusion of Indian classical music with contemporary undertones.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam has been alleged to have plagiarized numerous songs from the beginning of his film music career. Hits such as "Pehli Nazar Mein" was plagiarized from the Korean song "Sarang Hae Yo" by Kim Hyung Su (2005). His critically acclaimed soundtrack "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil" also faced allegations of plagiarism as the guitar riff of the song "Bulleya" was lifted from the Papa Roach song "Last Resort".


title: Pritam

text: Rolling Stone India says, Indian music plagiarism tracking site www.itwofs.com alleges 52 instances between 2004 and 2010 where Pritam's songs are said to be "lifted", "copied", "plagiarized", or "similar" to those of tunes by other composers, who range from Arab and East Asian artists (such as Ihab Tawfik, Yuri Mrakadi and Kim Hyung-sub) to Western musicians like Boney M. and Damien Rice.


title: Pritam

text: "I made mistakes initially.. ", Pritam said in an interview with Hindustan Times on his plagiarism charges.


title: Pritam

text: Pritam mentored and judged Sa Re Ga Ma Pa Challenge 2009 and was a judge for Chhote Ustaad on Zee TV. He was also a guest judge for the X factor and Zee Bangla's Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2012–13. He also composed the title track for Hrithik Roshan’s TV series Just Dance for Star TV which was sung by KK. Pritam sang some of his top hits on the popular show MTV Unplugged (Season 5) on 13 February 2016. Pritam is the mentor and judge of Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2016 alongside Mika Singh and Sajid–Wajid. He was also a part of Star plus’ show Dil Hai Hindustani as a judge alongside Sunidhi Chauhan and Badshah in 2018.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Encephalitis lethargica is an atypical form of encephalitis. Also known as "sleeping sickness" or "sleepy sickness" (distinct from tsetse fly-transmitted sleeping sickness), it was first described in 1917 by neurologist Constantin von Economo and pathologist Jean-René Cruchet. The disease attacks the brain, leaving some victims in a statue-like condition, speechless and motionless. Between 1915 and 1926, an epidemic of encephalitis lethargica spread around the world. The exact number of people infected is unknown, but it is estimated that more than one million people contracted the disease during the epidemic, which directly caused more than 500,000 deaths. Most of those who survived never returned to their pre-morbid vigour.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Encephalitis lethargica is characterized by high fever, sore throat, headache, lethargy, double vision, delayed physical and mental response, sleep inversion and catatonia. In severe cases, patients may enter a coma-like state (akinetic mutism). Patients may also experience abnormal eye movements ("oculogyric crises"), Parkinsonism, upper body weakness, muscular pains, tremors, neck rigidity, and behavioral changes including psychosis. Klazomania (a vocal tic) is sometimes present.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: The causes of encephalitis lethargica are uncertain. Some studies have explored its origins in an autoimmune response, and, separately or in relation to an immune response, links to pathologies of infectious disease—viral and bacterial, such as in the case of influenza, where a link with encephalitis is clear. Postencephalitic Parkinsonism was clearly documented to have followed an outbreak of encephalitis lethargica following the 1918 influenza pandemic; evidence for viral causation of the Parkinson's symptoms is circumstantial (epidemiologic, and finding influenza antigens in encephalitis lethargica patients), while evidence arguing against this cause is of the negative sort (for example, lack of viral RNA in postencephalitic Parkinsonian brain material). In reviewing the relationship between influenza and encephalitis lethargica (EL), McCall and coauthors conclude, as of 2008, that "the case against influenza [is] less decisive than currently perceived… there is little direct evidence supporting influenza in the etiology of EL," and that "[a]lmost 100 years after the EL epidemic, its etiology remains enigmatic." Hence, while opinions on the relationship of encephalitis lethargica to influenza remain divided, the preponderance of literature appears skeptical.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: The German neurologist Felix Stern, who examined hundreds of encephalitis lethargica patients during the 1920s, noted that their encephalitis lethargica typically evolved over time. The early symptoms would be dominated by sleepiness or wakefulness. A second symptom would lead to an oculogyric crisis. The third symptom would be recovery, followed by a Parkinson-like syndrome. If patients of Stern followed this course of disease, he diagnosed them with encephalitis lethargica. Stern suspected encephalitis lethargica to be close to poliomyelitis, without evidence. Nevertheless, he experimented with the convalescent serum of survivors of the first acute syndrome. He vaccinated patients with early-stage symptoms, telling them that it might be successful. Stern is author of the definitive 1920s book, "Die Epidemische Encephalitis".


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: In 2010, in a substantial Oxford University Press compendium reviewing the historic and contemporary views on EL, its editor, Joel Vilensky, of the Indiana University School of Medicine, quotes another researcher, writing in 1930, who states, "we must confess that etiology is still obscure, the causative agent still unknown, the pathological riddle still unsolved…", and goes on to offer the following conclusion, as of that publication date:


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Subsequent to publication of this compendium, an enterovirus was discovered in encephalitis lethargica cases from the epidemic. In 2012, Oliver Sacks, the author of the book "Awakenings", about institutionalized survivors, acknowledged this virus as the probable cause of the disease. Other sources have suggested "Streptococcus pneumoniae" as a cause.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: There have been several proposed diagnostic criteria for encephalitis lethargica. One, which has been widely accepted, includes an acute or subacute encephalitic illness where all other known causes of encephalitis have been excluded. Another diagnostic criterion, suggested more recently, says that the diagnosis of encephalitis lethargica "may be considered if the patient's condition cannot be attributed to any other known neurological condition and that they show the following signs: influenza-like signs; hypersomnolence (hypersomnia), wakeability, ophthalmoplegia (paralysis of the muscles that control the movement of the eye), and psychiatric changes."


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Modern treatment approaches to encephalitis lethargica include immunomodulating therapies, and treatments to remediate specific symptoms.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: There is little evidence so far of a consistent effective treatment for the initial stages, though some patients given steroids have seen improvement. The disease becomes progressive, with evidence of brain damage similar to that of Parkinson's disease.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Treatment is then symptomatic. L-DOPA (Levodopa) and other anti-Parkinson drugs often produce dramatic responses; however, most people given -DOPA experience improvements that are short lived.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Retrospective diagnosis tentatively suggests various historical outbreaks of encephalitis lethargica:


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: In the winter of 1916–1917, a "new" illness suddenly appeared in Vienna and other cities, and rapidly spread world-wide over the next three years. Earlier reports appeared throughout Europe as early as the winter of 1915–1916, but communication about the disease was slow and chaotic, given the varied manifestation of symptoms and difficulties disseminating information in wartime. Until Constantin von Economo identified a unique pattern of damage among the brains of deceased patients and introduced the unifying name "encephalitis lethargica," reports of the protean disease came in under a range of names: botulism, toxic ophthalmoplegia, epidemic stupor, epidemic lethargic encephalitis, acute polioencephalitis, Heine-Medin disease, bulbar paralysis, hystero-epilepsy, acute dementia, and sometimes just "an obscure disease with cerebral symptoms." Just 10 days before von Economo's breakthrough in Vienna, Jean-René Cruchet described 40 cases of "subacute encephalomyelitis" in France.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: The number of people infected during the ten years of the pandemic is unknown, but it is estimated that more than 1 million people contracted the disease, which directly caused more than 500,000 deaths. Encephalitis lethargica assumed its most virulent form between October 1918 and January 1919. The pandemic disappeared in 1927, as abruptly and mysteriously as it first appeared. The great encephalitis pandemic coincided with the 1918 influenza pandemic, and it is likely that the influenza virus potentiated the effects of the causative agent of the encephalitis or lowered resistance to it in a catastrophic way.


title: Encephalitis lethargica

text: Many surviving patients of the 1915–1926 pandemic seemed to make a complete recovery and return to their normal lives. However, the majority of survivors subsequently developed neurological or psychiatric disorders, often after years or decades of seemingly perfect health. Post-encephalitic syndromes varied widely: sometimes they proceeded rapidly, leading to profound disability or death; sometimes very slowly; sometimes they progressed to a certain point and then stayed at this point for years or decades; and sometimes, following their initial onslaught, they remitted and disappeared. Postencephalitic Parkinsonism is perhaps the most widely recognized of such syndromes.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 (, ) was a South Korean girl group formed by YG Entertainment, which was active between 2009 and 2016. The group was composed of four members: Bom, CL, Dara, and Minzy. Known for breaking typical stereotypes of K-pop, musical experimentation, fashion, and stage presence, they are recognized for expanding girl group styles in the Korean music industry and have become one of the leading figures of the Korean wave.


title: 2NE1

text: The group was introduced in March 2009 after appearing on the promotional single "Lollipop" alongside labelmate Big Bang. 2NE1 rose to prominence with the release of their debut extended play "2NE1" (2009), which featured the singles "Fire" and "I Don't Care". The latter was named the Mnet Asian Music Award for Song of the Year, making 2NE1 the first idol group to receive a daesang (grand prize) in the same year of debut. They followed up their debut EP with their first studio album, "To Anyone" (2010), and their second EP; the latter produced four chart-topping singles including Bom's "Don't Cry", "Lonely", "I Am the Best" and "Ugly". Considered the first world tour by a K-pop girl group, their New Evolution Global Tour visited eleven cities in seven countries in Asia and North America in 2012, and their show at the Prudential Center in New Jersey was named the second best concert of the year by "The New York Times".


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 released their final studio album, "Crush", in 2014—it was the first album by a Korean artist to break into the top 100 of the US "Billboard" 200 (debuting at number 61) and remained the highest charting Korean album for over two years. By the end of 2014, 2NE1 amassed a total of nine number-one songs on the Gaon Digital Chart (the most of any idol group then). After a period of group hiatus, Minzy announced her departure from 2NE1 in April 2016, while YG Entertainment announced that the other three members had disbanded that November. Their final single, "Goodbye", was recorded as a trio and was released in January 2017. In April 2022, 2NE1 performed for the first time since their disbandment at the Coachella festival as a surprise reunion, which was named by several publications as one of the year's best performances at the festival.


title: 2NE1

text: The group won numerous accolades throughout their career, including nine Melon Music Awards, eleven Cyworld Digital Music Awards, ten Mnet Asian Music Awards, and were the first artist to receive all three grand prizes at the latter by their second year. The group has sold 66 million records worlwide which makes them one of the best-selling girl groups of all time.


title: 2NE1

text: The group's name was initially "21", however, their name was changed to "2NE1" upon discovery of a singer with the same stage name. The name, spoken in Korean to the approximate English pronunciation for "to anyone" and "twenty-one", combines the phrases "21st century" and "New Evolution".


title: 2NE1

text: In May 2008, reports began circulating in South Korean media about the potential lineup of YG Entertainment's upcoming girl group, then dubbed "female Big Bang". On May 19, the agency said that Park Bom and CL—who had both previously made appearances in the music scene—along with Minzy would be part of the new group, with the additional possibility of Sandara Park joining the final lineup. In early 2009, YG officially confirmed that the four members would debut as part of a group in May of that year, making them the first girl group to debut under the agency since Big Mama in 2003. The company stated that they had trained for four years and that their debut album would contain songs produced by former 1TYM leader Teddy Park.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1's first extended play (EP), "2NE1" (2009), was preceded by two singles. The first, "Lollipop", was recorded with labelmate Big Bang and released on March 27, 2009, to promote the LG Cyon phone. Although a music video was filmed, "Lollipop" was not promoted because of its product advertising; this created issues with its eligibility to enter the music charts in South Korea. The second single, "Fire", was written and produced by 1TYM's Teddy Park. The single, featuring elements of hip-hop and reggae, was released in May. Two music videos for "Fire" were released: a "space" version and a "street" version. Within 24 hours of the single's release, both videos each accumulated over one million views—a feat that "has never been seen before." "Fire" and "2NE1" subsequently became popular online search terms. The final single, "I Don't Care", was released alongside their first eponymous EP in July. Promotional activities that followed demonstrated a softer, more feminine image for the group that contrasted the edgier tone conveyed in "Fire". "I Don't Care" was the most-downloaded song that month, and the music platform Bugs later named it the most-downloaded song of the year. It topped the platform's chart, with four of the group's other songs tracking in the top 100, making 2NE1 the group with the most top-100 songs on Bugs in 2009. The song was ranked number one on Cyworld's 2009 year-end popularity chart in January 2010, the third consecutive track by a YG group to top the annual list.


title: 2NE1

text: Although group members recorded and released solo material throughout late 2009, 2NE1 performed a reggae version of "I Don't Care" on "Inkigayo" in September; the reggae version became popular and was released as a digital single on September 3. Buoyed by the singles' success, sales of "2NE1" reached 120,000 units by the following year. 2NE1 performed at the sixth Asia Song Festival in 2009, representing Korea with three other groups and receiving the Asian Newcomer Award.


title: 2NE1

text: In February 2010, the group released "Try to Follow Me" digitally to promote the Samsung Corby cellphone, with no previous announcement. The song peaked at number one on the Gaon Digital Chart. 2NE1 traveled to Los Angeles and London in mid-2010 to record English-language songs for an American debut album with music producer Will.i.am of the Black Eyed Peas, recording 10 songs in their initial sessions. The group released its first full-length album, "To Anyone", on September 9. It debuted at number seven on the "Billboard" World Album Chart and amassed 120,000 preorders before its release. Several of "To Anyone" twelve tracks were released as singles, and the top-three hits "Clap Your Hands", "Can't Nobody", and "Go Away" were released with the album. 2NE1 was the first group in K-pop history to have three singles from one album top different music program charts, and was the first artist to top the "Inkigayo" chart for four consecutive weeks. The Halloween-themed music video for the fourth single from "To Anyone", "It Hurts (Slow)", was released on October 31. A fifth track, "Don't Stop the Music", was released on November 26; the song, recorded as a "special gift for Thai fans", was also used in conjunction with the group's Yamaha Fiore endorsement.


title: 2NE1

text: On January 19, 2011, the English-language version of "Can't Nobody " was released by the Japanese digital retailer Recochoku as a ringtone and ringback tone. The following month, its music video was made available for download through iTunes Japan. The group's Japanese debut single, "Go Away", was released as a ringtone on March 9; it was later used as the theme song for the Japanese television program "Mezamashi TV". 2NE1's first Korean EP, "2NE1", was released in Japan on March 16, 2011; promotional activities were canceled, however, due to the Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. "2NE1" debuted at number 24 on the Oricon charts, selling 3,860 copies in its first week. Plans for their Japanese debut on "Music Station" were postponed due to the earthquake, and the group participated in the Naver "Pray for Japan" campaign with other Korean celebrities to raise funds for earthquake victims.


title: 2NE1

text: The group released its second EP, "2NE1" (2011), with the number-one hits "Lonely", "I Am the Best" and "Ugly", and the top-three hit "Hate You". Bom's solo single "Don't Cry" additionally reached number one for two consecutive weeks. The EP was a success, topping the Gaon Music Chart and selling over 108,000 copies. "Spin" Magazine ranked the EP the sixth-best pop album of 2011, ahead of albums by Coldplay, Ellie Goulding and Rihanna. In late August, 2NE1 began their Nolza tour with a solo concert at the Olympic Hall in Seoul's Chamsil Olympic Park. Originally scheduled for August 27 and 28, tickets for both dates sold out instantly, and a third show on August 26 was added. The singles from the second EP were some of the year's most popular songs in South Korea. Three reached the top 10 of the year-end 2011 Gaon Digital Chart: "Lonely" at number four, "Don't Cry" at number five, and "I Am the Best" at number 7.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 began the Japanese leg of its Nolza tour on September 19 and 20 at Yokohama Arena before the release of the Japanese edition of the "2NE1" EP on September 21, 2011. It sold over 48,000 copies and topped the Oricon Albums Chart, making 2NE1 the second South Korean girl-group album to do so. The Japanese-language versions of "I Am the Best", "Hate You", "Go Away", and "Lonely" were also released. That October, MTV's "Iggy" held a global competition in which 10 bands from all around the world competed in a voting competition for the title of "Best New Band". With their song "I Am the Best", the group was awarded the title on November 10, 2011, making it their first American award. 2NE1 traveled to and performed at New York City's Times Square in December to accept the honor, where they were described as "an unparalleled presence in today's K-Pop scene". MTV said: "it's a sign of the times", symbolizing "America opening its doors to pop music from around the world". At the end of 2011, 2NE1 was nominated for the Japan Record Award for "Best New Artist", losing to Japanese girl group Fairies.


title: 2NE1

text: On March 28, 2012, 2NE1 released their first full-length Japanese album "Collection" along with their second Japanese single "Scream". The album includes Japanese versions of their Korean songs such as "Love Is Ouch", "Fire", and "I Don't Care", and a cover of Madonna's 1984 hit song "Like A Virgin". Multiple editions of the album were released, some of which include a DVD containing the group's Japanese and Korean music videos, according to Oricon's music website. The album peaked at number 5 on the Oricon Daily Chart and sold over 32,000 copies in Japan. Later that year, 2NE1 were invited to perform at the 2012 Springroove festival in Japan alongside American and Japanese hip hop artists. 2NE1 and the subgroup GD & TOP had been invited to play at the festival the previous year, but it was canceled due to the Japanese earthquake and tsunami disaster. 2NE1 also collaborated with Japanese hip-hop group M-Flo for the song "She's So (Outta Control)", which is included on M-Flo's sixth studio album "Square One". "She's So (Outta Control)" was released as the album's lead single on February 29 and reached number 43 on the "Billboard" Japan Hot 100.


title: 2NE1

text: In May 2012, 2NE1 performed at the International Recognized Exhibition Expo 2012 opening ceremony in Yeosu. In recognition of their unique musical style, fashion, and contributions in the global spread of Hallyu, 2NE1 were chosen by Cheil Communications in to speak for international advertising and communication experts at the world's largest advertising event, the Cannes Lions International Advertising Festival in June; in a survey conducted by the Paris office of the Korea Tourism Organization, they were voted as the favorite K-pop girl group among French Hallyu fans, with nearly 65% of the vote. The group concluded their Japanese promotions by performing at the 2012 MTV Video Music Awards Japan, which took place on June 23 at the Makuhari Messe, where they won the "Best New Artist Video" award for "I Am the Best". A non-album single "I Love You" was released in Korea on July 5, 2012, topping the Gaon Digital Chart and became their sixth number-one single.


title: 2NE1

text: At the end of that month, 2NE1 embarked on their first worldwide concert tour and second overall, the New Evolution Global Tour. It included 16 shows in various countries throughout Asia and North America from July to December and was the first world tour by a K-pop girl group. Following the group's Los Angeles concert at the Nokia Theatre L.A Live, 2NE1 become the first K-pop girl group to be listed on the "Billboard" Current Box Score listing, ranking at number 29 with over $650,000 in ticket sales from a virtually sold-out concert. Black Eyed Peas members Will.i.am, Apl.de.ap and chairman of Interscope Records, Jimmy Iovine also attended the concert. Shortly after the conclusion of the tour, 2NE1 and Big Bang made MTV Style's list of "Best Band Style of 2012"; the two YG Entertainment groups were the only Asian acts to appear on the list of 10, which included the western groups One Direction, The Wanted, Backstreet Boys, Spice Girls, Destiny's Child, Fun, and No Doubt.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 released the English-language single "Take the World On", a collaboration with American singer Will.i.am, on March 14, 2013. The song was used in a commercial for the Intel Ultrabook computer. On March 21, in an "Elle" interview, CL confirmed that the group had not yet planned an album for the United States but wanted to produce more songs in English. A second collaboration with will.i.am produced "Gettin' Dumb", which included his bandmate Apl.de.ap. The song appears on will.i.am's second album, "#willpower", which was released on April 23, 2013. 2NE1's next singles were not on an album; the chart-topping, reggae-themed "Falling in Love" was released on July 8, 2013. On July 22, the song was voted MTV Iggy's "Song of the Summer" by readers of the website. The second non-album single, "Do You Love Me", was released on August 7 and became a top-three hit. In October, it was announced that 2NE1 had been appointed honorary ambassadors for the Korea Brand & Entertainment Expo 2013 in London. The group's third and final standalone single of 2013 was released on November 21: the electropop ballad "Missing You". It topped the Gaon Digital Chart, and had more than one million downloads by the end of the following year.


title: 2NE1

text: In January 2014, 2NE1 appeared on an episode of "The Bachelor" and the finale of "America's Next Top Model" (filmed in South Korea). The group released "Crush", its second Korean-language studio album, the following month. The singles "Come Back Home" and "Gotta Be You" were released at the same time; "Come Back Home" topped the Gaon Digital Chart for two consecutive weeks and was the group's ninth (and final) number-one single in South Korea, extending their lead for the most number-one singles on Gaon by idol groups. Furthermore, the rest of the songs on the record also experienced success on the charts; Nine out of "Crush" 10 tracks made the top 20 on the weekly comprehensive chart for two weeks. The album sold 10,000 copies in the U.S. and peaked at number 61 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, setting a US record for the highest-charting and best-selling K-pop album. A "Los Angeles Times" article said that the album was "doing more important work than crossing over — it's ushering in K-pop's future, in America and everywhere." The music video for "Gotta Be You" was released on May 21 as a celebration of the fifth anniversary of the group's debut. 2NE1 released the Japanese edition of "Crush" on June 25, 2014, and it reached number four on the Oricon Daily Album Chart.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 began its third tour, the All or Nothing World Tour, after the release of "Crush". The tour stopped in China, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, the Philippines, Japan, and Malaysia for twenty concerts in 16 cities between March and October. The group received worldwide recognition at the end of 2014. "Crush" appeared on several publications' year-end lists; it was the only record by an Asian artist to be selected for Fuse TV's "40 Best Albums of 2014" and "Rolling Stone" Best Pop Albums of 2014, ranking alongside albums by Taylor Swift, Ariana Grande, and Maroon 5. It also topped "Billboard" magazine's list of the year's best K-pop albums. "Crush" placed eleventh on "Billboard's" year-end World Album chart, the chart's first entry by a K-pop group. The group's 2011 single, "I Am the Best", was featured on Microsoft's Surface Pro 3 "Head to Head" commercial in August 2014. The song, the first by a K-pop group to top the "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales chart, received airplay on radio stations in New York and Boston and was one of the few non-English songs played on US radio. Due to its renewed popularity, it was released in the US on December 10 by Capitol Records. Later that month, MTV Iggy included "Gotta Be You" on its list of 2014's top 14 global pop songs; a readers' poll made it the website's song of the year. On December 21, 2014, 2NE1 performed "Crush" and "Come Back Home" at the 2014 "SBS Gayo Daejeon" and received the Best Female Group award. It was reported the following month that 2NE1's earnings for the first half of 2014 totaled ₩27.5 billion (US$23.4 million), placing the group among South Korea's highest-earning entertainers.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 was one of two Asian performers honored at the March 2015 YouTube Music Awards. After Bom's hiatus from the entertainment industry due to her the previous year, the other members of 2NE1 began exploring independent ventures throughout the rest of 2015, sending the group into hiatus. Dara re-established her acting career, starring in web dramas such as "Dr.Ian", "We Broke Up", and KBS's "Missing You"; Minzy opened the Millennium Dance Academy. CL began a solo career in the US with the release of "Hello Bitches". 2NE1's only group activity in 2015 was a surprise performance at the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards in Hong Kong: after CL's performance of her solo singles "The Baddest Female" and "Hello Bitches", 2NE1 reunited to perform "Fire" and "I Am the Best". The performance was the most-viewed MAMA performance by a girl group. "Fuse" named it one of the best performances of 2015, alongside those of Beyoncé and Madonna; 2NE1 was one of two non-Western acts mentioned by the website. The group was the 16th-most-reblogged K-pop group on Tumblr for 2015, and Spotify mentioned 2NE1 and CL in its "Year in Music" Twitter campaign for achieving over one million listeners and being played for a combined time of 165 years.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 received China's 2016 Korea First Brand Grand Prize award for the "Top 10 Most Anticipated K-Stars of 2016". After more than a year of hiatus in April 2016, YG Entertainment confirmed Minzy's departure from 2NE1, On November 25, 2016, however, the company announced that 2NE1 would be disbanding; CL and Dara remained signed as solo artist and Bom was released from her contract. On January 21, 2017, the group released their last single "Goodbye" which was recorded by the three remaining members, inspired by a letter that CL wrote to Minzy after she left the group. The song became their second single to top the "Billboard" World Digital Songs chart and entered the national charts in France and Finland.


title: 2NE1

text: On April 16, 2022, all four members of the group reunited to perform "I Am the Best", at Coachella Valley Music and Arts Festival. It marked the group's first performance in over six years since the 2015 Mnet Asian Music Awards in December 2015. "Teen Vogue" said that the performance is "officially going down in history" as one of "the most exciting reunions in recent memory". "Nylon" called it "historic" while "Paper" magazine described it as a "huge moment in music". "Variety" named the reunion one of the key moments in K-pop during 2022.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 has experimented with numerous musical genres with their songs during their career, encompassing hip-hop, R&B, electropop, reggae, and dancehall. The group's "ability to produce something fresh and out of the ordinary with every new release", according to ABS-CBN, "has placed them in a league of their own". "Vogue" magazine said that 2NE1 along with Big Bang helped ushered K-pop's hip-hop wave. Their debut single was noted as a catchy hip-hop and electropop number that utilized instrumentations of synthesizers and reggae styles, possessing "loads of attitude" and strong, sophisticated energy. With its infusion of reggae, the song showed the possibility that the genre could become popular in South Korea as it is worldwide, which had previously been described as an "barren land" for the reggae market. Their follow-up single, "I Don't Care", aimed to further make reggae mainstream in the country's music scene; it combined medium-tempo R&B with soft reggae melodies, at the same time showcasing a more feminine side of the group in contrast to their previous release. In their debut studio album, "To Anyone" (2010), "Go Away" continued with their electropop and dance styles while other tracks such as "It Hurts (Slow)" utilized contemporary R&B. "Clap Your Hands" became known for its urban hip hop while "Can't Nobody" was noted for its catchy hooks, chorus and rap section. Music webzine "IZM" complimented the album's vitality and musical versatility, but criticized it for its over-reliance on autotune software, calling it a distraction.


title: 2NE1

text: Their self-titled second mini-album the following year was described as "a collision of electro-house, hip-hop, and pop-rock guitar" and was referred to by "Spin" as possibly the "year's most boldly thrilling recorded statement." The electro house dance track "I Am the Best" was a "jaw-dropping, vibrant triumph of pure swagger and verve". "Lonely" was a 180-degree transformation from 2NE1's usual musical styles and praised for its acoustic sound and raw vocals. The trot-infused Eurodance single "I Love You" was described as "a perfect summation of pop's present and future", integrating traditional and modern musical elements with pulsating synths and ghostly background vocals. "Falling in Love" built upon the reggae styles established through their early albums; "Complex" called it "[breaking] new ground", noting reggae's popularity in the neighboring market of Japan in contrast to it being a relatively newer phenomenon in Korea. "Missing You" saw another diversion from the group's signature sound, characterized for its slow chorus, acoustic guitar, grand piano, and vocal harmony. In their final studio album, "Crush" (2014), "Fuse" commented on its composition and the group's knack for genre-melding, "opening with the title track that blends Indian tabla drums and switchboard-button buzzing, followed by the reggae/trap-hybrid single "Come Back Home".


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 has credited the Spice Girls and TLC as musical influences. Each member of the group has been described as distinct in voice quality, image and fashion style; Park Bom cited Beyoncé and Mariah Carey as her main influences for their strong vocals and powerful performances and listed hip hop and R&B as her favorite musical genres. Minzy cited Michael Jackson and Rihanna, and group leader CL called producer Teddy Park and American entertainers Madonna and Lauryn Hill her role models. Dara named singer-actress Uhm Jung-hwa as her inspiration, and she idolized Filipino singer Regine Velasquez. She also enjoyed Britney Spears's style and music, citing her as a role model whose songs she sang while growing up.


title: 2NE1

text: Since their debut with "Fire" in 2009, 2NE1 has become known for their style, charisma and stage presence. The group's first live performance of "Fire" on SBS's "Inkigayo" on May 17 of that year was noted for a strong, sophisticated feel and "powerful charms". The performance had a broadcast rating of nearly 15 percent per minute, and Jimmy Iovine of Interscope Records and Perez Hilton expressed fondness for the group. Establishing a hip-hop image with "Fire", the group changed its concept after the release of its eponymous debut mini-album. Their style for "Pretty Boy" included print leopard pants, while they opted for simpler outfits for "I Don't Care" (black-and-white ensembles), showcasing a more-youthful choreography and offering a "unique charm".


title: 2NE1

text: The group has attracted attention for their outlandish, statement-making fashion and have been referred to as domestic trendsetters and style icons. Carolina Malis from "South China Morning Post" said that "[2NE1] constantly defied the traditional Korean female stereotype by embracing daring, colourful and audacious looks that helped make bold make-up a viral beauty trend." The group's concerts often included over 100 custom-made outfits, ranging from street style to modern chic to futurism, which have been called the "2NE1 Collection". Their style was described by "Harper's Bazaar" Singapore as ranging from ultra-punk to über-glamorous to unapologetically urban. The "fiery, renegade concepts of 2NE1", as CR Fashion Book stated, "captured the essence of independence and rebellion" and attracted the attention of fashion brands worldwide. In the group's music videos, performances and photoshoots, the members were often seen in Moschino, Alexander Wang, Balmain, Givenchy, Versace, KTZ, Jeremy Scott and Mary Katrantzou and were credited with popularizing international fashion houses such as Givenchy and Balmain in South Korea. In a May 2015 interview, fashion expert David Yi remarked that "[2NE1] started wearing Hood By Air before anyone else did, same with Off-White and a lot of different brands we see at VFiles now. Now it's very trendy to wear these European brands and streetwear brands together." Also distinguished for their individuality, Janelle Okwodu from "Vogue" noted how girl group members are rarely lauded for their individual fashion style, except for groups like 2NE1 and the Spice Girls. They have experimented with a variety of hairstyles and colors; CL's "bull-horn" hair and Dara's "Vegeta" hair became media topics after the 2011 release of "I Am the Best". Dara's "palm-tree hair", first seen in 2009's "Lollipop", has been described as a definitive look of 2000s K-pop. In a consumer survey researching trends in the Singaporean fashion market in 2013, the group was ranked first among female K-pop artists whose style most wanted to imitate.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1's concert tours were also known for a variety of costumes, props, and effects and were well-received by domestic and international media. Their three-day concert in Seoul on their 2011 Nolza tour was praised for the performance atmosphere and members' individual strengths. On their 2012 New Evolution Global Tour, the shows featured an array of costume designs and incorporated stages that were transformed into a theme park, a club, a sporting arena, a fantasy world with giant inflatable props, conveyor belts, and a video wall simulating a roller coaster. In a review of the group's two-day concert at the Olympic Gymnastics Arena, domestic publication SSTV praised the show's production and the live performance: "2NE1 properly showed the essence of performance." "AsiaOne" called 2NE1 "ace live performers" and "trendsetting style icons in the eyes of devotees around the globe". After the group's August 17 New Jersey concert, "The New York Times" called the show the second-best concert of 2012. Jeff Benjamin wrote for "Billboard" that "A few short years ago, it would have been unthinkable that a Korean girl group would have been able to fill up an East Coast arena. But 2NE1 proved that theyand K-Pop in generalare quickly becoming a force to be reckoned with". August Brown of the "Los Angeles Times" called 2NE1 "every direction that pop culture is going – female, global, digital and danceable" and wrote that the group is "pop [in its] best ways".


title: 2NE1

text: The group members used their images in a number of advertisements and promotional tie-ins. In 2009, they signed a modeling deal with Fila for an ad campaign. In early May 2013, the website "2NE1Loves.com" was launched with videos of the members. The project was later revealed as "2NE1 Loves Shinsegae", an endorsement for a department store and the Chrome Hearts brand. Their songs have been used in advertisements: "Lollipop" for the LG Cyon phone, "Follow Me" for Samsung's Corby Folder, and "Don't Stop the Music" for the Yamaha Fiore. "Go Away" was the theme song for the Japanese television program, "Mezamashi TV".


title: 2NE1

text: In the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, 2NE1 participated in Naver's "Pray for Japan" campaign to help raise funds for victims.


title: 2NE1

text: Recognized for breaking the stereotypical K-pop girl-group image, 2NE1 are known for pioneering the "girl crush" concept. In contrast to the "sexy" or "cute" female stereotypes, the group is said to have rewritten history and brought about the expansion of girl group styles in the industry. "Rolling Stone" called them "undeniably one of the most influential acts" of their era, widening K-pop's musical scope and stated that in the process, they "exerted a huge influence on the generation of artists" that came after them. Tamar Herman wrote for "Billboard", "The group's aggressive, fashion-forward persona combined with their relatable lyrics enabled the quartet to rise to the top of the K-pop world". The magazine ranked 2NE1 among the top K-pop girl groups of the decade; the "quartet dominated K-pop with their fierce charisma from day one", and "2NE1's hard-hitting hip-pop styling launched a career that brought the act to astronomical heights, and paved the way for a more empowered side to K-pop girl groups." "Fuse" highlighted their addictive music and forward-thinking fashion and said they "led the way for Korean pop and hip hop's international advancement." "South China Morning Post" called them one of the most iconic girl groups of their time, where they "proved their artistry through their edgy visuals, out-of-the-box concepts, and their versatile sound, and have become one of the most influential powerhouses of K-pop."


title: 2NE1

text: "Rolling Stone Korea" called 2NE1 a legendary group, who upon disbanding, "was eventually honored in K-pop's hall of fame" as "K-pop welcomed a new generation." The group's work has been recognized globally—"Billboard"s Caitlin Kelley called "I Am the Best" "one of the most iconic girl crush concepts on many levels", while "Stereogum" Tom Breihan ranked its video the 2nd best music video of the 2010s. In 2012, "Spin" magazine ranked the same song along with "Ugly" the third- and ninth-best K-pop songs of all time, respectively. "Pitchfork" named "Missing You" one of 20 essential K-pop songs while "I Am the Best" was deemed one of 45 highlights in girl group history. "Billboard" ranked the latter song and "I Love You" the fourth- and 67th-greatest K-pop songs of the 2010s, noting 2NE1's versatility and their ability to "transcen[d] linguistic barriers". "Fire" and "I Am the Best" were considered by music-industry experts some of the genre's defining girl-group songs in Melon and "Seoul Shinmun"s list of top 100 K-pop masterpieces of all time, "set[ting] fire" to a "completely new attitude" to the music of K-pop girl groups. "GQ" named "I Am the Best" one of 24 songs that shaped the decade worldwide while "British GQ" called 2NE1 one of the K-pop industry's game-changers during the 2010s.


title: 2NE1

text: Various media such as "The Independent", "Billboard" and "South China Morning Post", have labelled them as the "Queens of K-pop". Following the quartet's disbandment in late 2016, the editor-in-chief of webzine "Idology" wrote that the group established a new image of Korean female idols and went the farthest, creating a K-pop fandom abroad. Music critic Kim Yun-ha wrote that "the expression 'reminiscent of 2NE1' will remain as an eternal praise of K-pop revolutionaries". 2NE1 and their work has influenced or inspired numerous artists including (G)I-dle, Blackpink, Mamamoo, Lorde, Jeremy Scott, Diplo, Chungha, Ailee, Jeon Somi, Choi Yena, Oh My Girl's Seunghee, Choi Yoo-jung, Woo!ah!, Lapillus, Secret Number, Chocolat, Dal Shabet, Stellar, Momoland's Jane, Loona's Vivi, Itzy's Lia, Hot Issue's Hyeongshin, and Billlie's Tsuki. In a February 2021 "Allure" interview, Key of the idol group Shinee said that as the style of the group's female fans were influenced by boy bands, they would also be inspired by 2NE1. He called the blurring of femininity and masculinity a "symbolic moment ... I would look at what 2NE1 was wearing during a performance and be like, 'Oh, that looks really cool. I would wear that.


title: 2NE1

text: 2NE1 received a number of awards and honors. When the group debuted, their song "Fire" and its subsequent live performances were praised as unconventional but impressive. They received their first two awards on the weekly music show "Inkigayo", and received more with their next singles on "Music Bank". "Fire" was the Cyworld Song of the Month and 2NE1 the Rookie of the Month in May 2009. "I Don't Care" received the Song of the Year award at the 2009 Mnet Asian Music Awards, making 2NE1 the first idol group and musical artist in South Korean history to receive a "daesang" in their debut year. The group received a number of awards at the Cyworld Digital Music Awards, including Top-Selling Artist, Best Rookie Group, Bonsang Award, and Song of the Year (for "I Don't Care"). At the inaugural Melon Music Awards on December 16, 2009, the group was the only new act chosen as one of the top 10 artists in South Korea and received the Best New Artist award. After analyzing its online music charts throughout 2009, Mnet.com music portal named 2NE1 the "Artist of the Year".


title: 2NE1

text: They received the most awards of any group at the 2010 Mnet Asian Music Awards at The Venetian Macao, including two "daesangs" (Artist of the Year and Album of the Year, for "To Anyone"), Best Music Video for "Can't Nobody", and Best Female Group. They were the first artist to receive all three "daesang" awards in the history of the Mnet Asian Music Awards. The group received three awards at the second Melon Music Awards in December 2010, including Album of the Year. 2NE1's second EP received the Album of the Year award at the third Melon Music Awards, although they did not attend the ceremony; they are the only female group to receive the award more than once. At the 2011 Mnet Asian Music Awards, the group received the Song of the Year award for "I Am the Best"—the first artists to receive the award multiple times—while "Lonely" won the Best Vocal Performance – Group award. Following the ceremony, the group received a total of four "daesangs" (two Songs of the Year, one Album of the Year, and one Artist of the Year), and remains the most by any female act at MAMA.