title: Øresund Bridge

text: Due to high longitudinal and transverse loads acting over the bridge and to accommodate movements between the superstructure and substructure, it has bearings weighing up to 20 t each, capable of bearing vertical loads up to in a longitudinal direction and up to in transverse direction. The design, manufacturing and installation of the bearings were carried out by the Swiss civil engineering firm Mageba.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: Vibration issues, caused by several cables in the bridge moving under certain wind and temperature conditions, were combatted with the installation of compression spring dampers installed in pairs at the centre of the cables. Two of these dampers were equipped with laser gauges for ongoing monitoring. Testing, development and installation of these spring dampers was carried out by specialists European Springs.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The bridge joins Drogden tunnel on the artificial island of Peberholm (Pepper Islet). The Danes chose the name to complement the natural island of Saltholm (Salt Islet) just to the north. Peberholm is a designated nature reserve built from Swedish rock and the soil dredged up during the bridge and tunnel construction, approximately long with an average width of . It is high.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The connection between Peberholm and the artificial peninsula at Kastrup on Amager island, the nearest populated part of Denmark, is through the long Drogden Tunnel ("Drogdentunnelen"). It comprises a immersed tube plus entry tunnels at each end. The tube tunnel is made from 20 prefabricated reinforced concrete segments – the largest in the world at 55,000 tonnes each – interconnected in a trench dug in the seabed. Two tubes in the tunnel carry railway tracks, two carry roads and a small fifth tube is provided for emergencies. The tubes are arranged side by side.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The rail link is operated jointly by the Swedish Transport Administration ("Trafikverket") and the Danish railway infrastructure manager Banedanmark. Passenger train service is commissioned by Skånetrafiken and the Danish Civil Aviation and Railway Authority ("Trafikstyrelsen") under the Øresundståg brand, with Transdev and DSB being the current operators. A series of new dual-voltage trains was developed, linking the Copenhagen area with Malmö and southern Sweden as far as Gothenburg and Kalmar. SJ operates X2000 trains over the bridge, with connections to Gothenburg and Stockholm. Copenhagen Airport at Kastrup has its own railway station close to the western bridgehead. Since December 2022, trains operate typically every 15 minutes during the day, reducing to once an hour during the night in both directions. Additional Øresundstrains are operated at rush hour. Freight trains also use the crossing.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The rail section is double track and capable of speeds of up to , but slower in Denmark, especially in the tunnel section. There were challenges related to the difference in electrification and signalling between the Danish and Swedish railway networks. The solution chosen is to switch the electrical system from Swedish 15 kV, 16.7 Hz to Danish 25 kV, 50 Hz before the eastern bridgehead at Lernacken in Sweden. The line is signalled according to the standard Swedish system across the length of the bridge. On Peberholm the line switches to Danish signalling, which continues into the tunnel.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: Trains run on the left in Sweden, and on the right in Denmark. Initially the switch was made at Malmö Central Station, a terminus at that time. After the 2010 inauguration of the Malmö City Tunnel connection, a tunnel was built at Burlöv, north of Malmö, where the two southbound tracks cross over the northbound pair. The railway in Malmö thus uses the Danish standard.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: With both Sweden and Denmark being part of the Nordic Passport Union since the 1950s, border controls between the two countries have been abolished for decades and travellers can normally move freely across the Øresund Bridge. In 2001, both countries also joined the Schengen area, and since then the abolishment of border controls is primarily regulated by European Union law, more specifically the Schengen acquis.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: However, in November 2015, during the European migrant crisis, Sweden introduced temporary border controls at the border to Denmark in accordance with the provisions of the Schengen acquis on the reintroduction of temporary internal border controls. As such, travellers into Sweden from Denmark (but not travellers into Denmark from Sweden) must show a valid passport or national ID card (citizens of EU/EEA countries) or passport and entry visa (if required) for nationals of other non-EU/EEA countries. The move marked a break with 60 years of border control free travel between the Nordic countries. In January 2016, these border measures were extended by a special carriers’ liability, forcing carriers (such as bus, train and ferry companies) to check the identity of all passengers from Denmark before they boarded a bus, train or ferry to Sweden. These checks were enforced by a fine of SEK 50,000 as punishment for serving those without such identity documents. This led to the enforcement of checks by private security guards at, for instance, the rail station in Kastrup airport in Denmark, an unpopular move with passengers, due to the delays imposed.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: In May 2017, Sweden removed the carriers' liability, but the ordinary border controls carried out by the Swedish Police Authority remained on the Swedish side of the Øresund Bridge. In accordance with the Schengen Borders Code, these border controls are only allowed for a period of six months at a time, and therefore have to be renewed twice a year.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The cost for the Øresund Connection, including motorway and railway connections on land, was DKK 30.1 billion (~€4.0 billion) according to the 2000 year price index, with the cost of the bridge expected in 2003 to be recouped by 2037. In 2006, Sweden began work on the Malmö City Tunnel, a SEK 9.45 billion connection with the bridge that was completed in December 2010.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The connection will be entirely user-financed. The owner company is owned half by the Danish state and half by the Swedish state. This owner company has taken loans guaranteed by the governments to finance the connection and the user fees are its only income. After the increase in traffic, these fees are enough to pay the interest and begin repaying the loans, which is expected to take about 30 years.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: Taxpayers have paid for neither the bridge nor the tunnel, but tax money has been used for the land connections. On the Danish side, the land connection has domestic benefits, mainly to connect the airport to the railway network. The Malmö City Tunnel has the benefit of connecting the southern part of the inner city to the rail network and allowing many more trains to and from Malmö.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: According to The Öresund Committee, the bridge has made a national economic gain of DKK 57 billion, or SEK 78 billion SEK (~€8.41 billion) on both sides of the strait by increased commuting and lower commuting expense. The gain is estimated to be SEK 6.5 billion per year but this could be increased to 7.7 billion by removing the three biggest obstacles to integration and mobility, the two largest being that non-EU nationals in Sweden are not allowed to work in Denmark and that many professional qualifications and merits are not mutually recognised.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: A 2021 study found that the bridge led to an increase in innovation in Malmö. The key mechanism appears to be that high-skilled workers were drawn to Malmö. A 2022 study found that the bridge caused an increase of 13.5% in the average wage of workers in the region, as the bridge expanded the size of the labor market.


title: Øresund Bridge

text: The underwater parts of the bridge have become covered in marine organisms and act as an artificial reef.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In propositional logic and Boolean algebra, De Morgan's laws, also known as De Morgan's theorem, are a pair of transformation rules that are both valid rules of inference. They are named after Augustus De Morgan, a 19th-century British mathematician. The rules allow the expression of conjunctions and disjunctions purely in terms of each other via negation.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: where "A or B" is an "inclusive or" meaning "at least" one of A or B rather than an "exclusive or" that means "exactly" one of A or B.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Applications of the rules include simplification of logical expressions in computer programs and digital circuit designs. De Morgan's laws are an example of a more general concept of mathematical duality.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: De Morgan's laws are normally shown in the compact form above, with the negation of the output on the left and negation of the inputs on the right. A clearer form for substitution can be stated as:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: This emphasizes the need to invert both the inputs and the output, as well as change the operator when doing a substitution.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: The laws have an important gap to the (formula_26) double negation law. formula_27, to become a formal logic system: formula_28 sequence reports symbols that are defined well formed at first order. The same system has those conjunctions: formula_29. Obviously, formula_30 is valid knowledge, then there is at least one formula_31 conjunction, which -formula_32 number —in the truth table, basic proposition of formula_31— is equal to atomic existence context of formula_31, of course according to the formula_35 knowledge. We regarded the equivalence theory, the logic does. At this point, De Morgan Laws show effect that is upward or downward, the atomic context of formula_31.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In set theory and Boolean algebra, it is often stated as "union and intersection interchange under complementation", which can be formally expressed as:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In set notation, De Morgan's laws can be remembered using the mnemonic "break the line, change the sign".


title: De Morgan's laws

text: De Morgan's laws commonly apply to text searching using Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. Consider a set of documents containing the words "cats" and "dogs". De Morgan's laws hold that these two searches will return the same set of documents:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: To evaluate Search A, clearly the search "(cats OR dogs)" will hit on Documents 1, 2, and 3. So the negation of that search (which is Search A) will hit everything else, which is Document 4.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Evaluating Search B, the search "(NOT cats)" will hit on documents that do not contain "cats", which is Documents 2 and 4. Similarly the search "(NOT dogs)" will hit on Documents 1 and 4. Applying the AND operator to these two searches (which is Search B) will hit on the documents that are common to these two searches, which is Document 4.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: A similar evaluation can be applied to show that the following two searches will return the same set of documents (Documents 1, 2, 4):


title: De Morgan's laws

text: The laws are named after Augustus De Morgan (1806–1871), who introduced a formal version of the laws to classical propositional logic. De Morgan's formulation was influenced by algebraization of logic undertaken by George Boole, which later cemented De Morgan's claim to the find. Nevertheless, a similar observation was made by Aristotle, and was known to Greek and Medieval logicians. For example, in the 14th century, William of Ockham wrote down the words that would result by reading the laws out. Jean Buridan, in his "Summulae de Dialectica", also describes rules of conversion that follow the lines of De Morgan's laws. Still, De Morgan is given credit for stating the laws in the terms of modern formal logic, and incorporating them into the language of logic. De Morgan's laws can be proved easily, and may even seem trivial. Nonetheless, these laws are helpful in making valid inferences in proofs and deductive arguments.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: De Morgan's theorem may be applied to the negation of a disjunction or the negation of a conjunction in all or part of a formula.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In the case of its application to a disjunction, consider the following claim: "it is false that either of A or B is true", which is written as:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In that it has been established that "neither" A nor B is true, then it must follow that both A is not true and B is not true, which may be written directly as:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: If either A or B "were" true, then the disjunction of A and B would be true, making its negation false. Presented in English, this follows the logic that "since two things are both false, it is also false that either of them is true".


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Working in the opposite direction, the second expression asserts that A is false and B is false (or equivalently that "not A" and "not B" are true). Knowing this, a disjunction of A and B must be false also. The negation of said disjunction must thus be true, and the result is identical to the first claim.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: The application of De Morgan's theorem to conjunction is very similar to its application to a disjunction both in form and rationale. Consider the following claim: "it is false that A and B are both true", which is written as:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In order for this claim to be true, either or both of A or B must be false, for if they both were true, then the conjunction of A and B would be true, making its negation false. Thus, one (at least) or more of A and B must be false (or equivalently, one or more of "not A" and "not B" must be true). This may be written directly as,


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Presented in English, this follows the logic that "since it is false that two things are both true, at least one of them must be false".


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Working in the opposite direction again, the second expression asserts that at least one of "not A" and "not B" must be true, or equivalently that at least one of A and B must be false. Since at least one of them must be false, then their conjunction would likewise be false. Negating said conjunction thus results in a true expression, and this expression is identical to the first claim.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Here we use formula_51to denote the complement of A. The proof that formula_52 is completed in 2 steps by proving both formula_53 and formula_54.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In extensions of classical propositional logic, the duality still holds (that is, to any logical operator one can always find its dual), since in the presence of the identities governing negation, one may always introduce an operator that is the De Morgan dual of another. This leads to an important property of logics based on classical logic, namely the existence of negation normal forms: any formula is equivalent to another formula where negations only occur applied to the non-logical atoms of the formula. The existence of negation normal forms drives many applications, for example in digital circuit design, where it is used to manipulate the types of logic gates, and in formal logic, where it is needed to find the conjunctive normal form and disjunctive normal form of a formula. Computer programmers use them to simplify or properly negate complicated logical conditions. They are also often useful in computations in elementary probability theory.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Let one define the dual of any propositional operator P("p", "q", ...) depending on elementary propositions "p", "q", ... to be the operator formula_85 defined by


title: De Morgan's laws

text: This duality can be generalised to quantifiers, so for example the universal quantifier and existential quantifier are duals:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: To relate these quantifier dualities to the De Morgan laws, set up a model with some small number of elements in its domain "D", such as


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Then, the quantifier dualities can be extended further to modal logic, relating the box ("necessarily") and diamond ("possibly") operators:


title: De Morgan's laws

text: In its application to the alethic modalities of possibility and necessity, Aristotle observed this case, and in the case of normal modal logic, the relationship of these modal operators to the quantification can be understood by setting up models using Kripke semantics.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: Three out of the four implications of de Morgan's laws hold in intuitionistic logic. Specifically, we have


title: De Morgan's laws

text: while the converse of the last implication does not hold in pure intuitionistic logic and would be equivalent to the law of the weak excluded middle


title: De Morgan's laws

text: This remains true if negation formula_100 is replaced by implication formula_101 for some arbitrary constant predicate C, meaning that the above laws are still true in minimal logic.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: are tautologies even in minimal logic with negation replaced with implying a fixed Q, while the converse of the last law does not have to be true in general.


title: De Morgan's laws

text: De Morgan's laws are widely used in computer engineering and digital logic for the purpose of simplifying circuit designs.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Concepts for "Kingdom Hearts III" began as early as 2005 after the release of "Kingdom Hearts II" in Japan, with the game's development not being officially announced until 2013, following years of rumors and speculation. The game features recurring gameplay elements from the series, while expanding parties to five characters total, introducing new "Attraction Flow" attacks that incorporate various Disney Parks attractions, and including minigames inspired by classic Walt Disney Productions Mickey Mouse cartoons in the style of 1980s LCD games.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" was released worldwide in January 2019, and was well received by critics. Critics praised its visuals, soundtrack, art style, gameplay, and variety of combat options, while reception towards its storyline and presentation was mixed. It sold over five million copies within its first week of release, becoming both the fastest-selling and best-selling game in the series' history in North America. A downloadable content expansion of the game titled was released on January 23, 2020, for PlayStation 4, and on February 25, 2020, for Xbox One. A cloud-streamed version of the game bundled with the DLC, was released for Nintendo Switch on February 10, 2022.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Gameplay in "Kingdom Hearts III" is similar to its predecessors, with hack and slash combat, which director Tetsuya Nomura stated would be along the lines of the system seen in "Kingdom Hearts II", with an evolution similar to what was seen from "Kingdom Hearts" to "Kingdom Hearts II", and closely tied to the gameplay in "". He also revealed that the handheld games of the series were where he could experiment with the combat mechanics, and that some of the well-received additions could appear in "Kingdom Hearts III". Nomura noted that new gameplay elements are the "skeleton" of the game, saying development starts with a "fun element" for gameplay or system to then build the story and concept around. Additionally, the development team "always want to try something new", taking previously introduced mechanics and making small "tweak[s]" to them so they are customized for "Kingdom Hearts III".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Sora returns as the main playable character, once again joined in the party by Donald Duck and Goofy, with the ability to have two additional characters join the party for a total of five-player parties. This is an increase from previous main entries in the series, where players were limited to two additional party members at any given time along with Sora. Certain parts of the game have Riku and Aqua as playable characters. Describing the gameplay, Nomura called the action "pretty frantic", as well as "really flashy and exciting. The enemy AI is a lot more intricate, too, and I think the gameplay will reflect that new dynamic balance."<ref name="Famitsu Gameplay/Art"></ref> Sora can perform magic, with a new, powerful tier of each spell available to him, similar to what Aqua has available to her in "". Magic performs differently in underwater sections of the game, with "Kingdom Hearts III" introducing a new spell, Water. Team-up attacks are also featured, which combine Sora and various party members into one attack. Players can equip various abilities for Sora and his party members, with the system to do so "an evolution of sorts" from the system used in "Kingdom Hearts II". Character summons make a return from previous entries, this time known as "Links", where an additional character joins the battle to assist the player with specialized attacks.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Sora faces Heartless, Nobodies, and Unversed in the game, with new variants of these enemy types appearing. In addition to these traditional "smaller" enemies, the player faces giant bosses, which give "Sora greater freedom of movement and room to experiment with attacks—including the new theme-park-ride summon attacks," known as "Attraction Flow". These attacks are inspired by the Disney Parks attractions Mad Tea Party, Big Thunder Mountain Railroad, Buzz Lightyear Astro Blasters, and Grizzly River Run, and generic pirate ship and carousel attractions; these attacks draw visual inspiration from Disney Parks' Main Street Electrical Parade. Sora also has the ability to jump on certain enemies, such as ones shaped like a vehicle. Regarding traversal, Nomura noted the new mechanic, called "Athletic Flow" in Japanese, was refined from the Flowmotion mechanic from "Dream Drop Distance", which players felt was "a little too free... and it was kind of hard to control on their end." "Athletic Flow" allows the player to utilize the environment to access previously unreachable areas. Co-director Tai Yasue stated this mechanic was created "to try something new" and "radically change the gameplay" for the "Hercules" world, which led to its use in the other worlds. As a result, each world was able to have "more height, scale and sense of discovery."


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Situation Commands also return from previous entries, which can trigger the Keyblade transformations. Nomura revealed that Keyblade transformations were conceived as early as the development of "" and would be similar to Aqua's ability in "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep", saying, "Each Keyblade transformation is unlocked by clearing all missions in one of [the game's] worlds, and each individual world offers its own unique Keyblade transformation." He further elaborated stating there were two forms each Keyblade can take, with "multiple layers in terms of transforming" starting with one transformation and achieving the second after "successfully connect[ing] your combos". The Keyblade transformations active the various "Formchanges"–Power, Guard, Magic, and Speed– and change Sora's outfit, similarly to the "Drive Form" mechanic in "Kingdom Hearts II". Various Keyblades are linked to each form; for example, the "Toy Story" world Keyblade actives Power Form for Sora, with the Keyblade's transformations changing into a hammer and then into a drill. There is also "Second Form", which changes Sora's battle skills rather than transform the Keyblade. Unlike previous games in the series, players are able to quickly switch between different Keyblades seamlessly during gameplay rather than from the game's equipment menu, and each Keyblade can be leveled up to increase their abilities. Shotlocks also return, which use a focus meter that can target and lock on to individual enemies with the attack depending on which Keyblade is equipped.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Each world offers a specific gameplay element, such as first-person shooter "Gigas" mechs in the "Toy Story" world, downhill sledding in the "Frozen" world, and naval, underwater, and aerial combat in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" world, which also features numerous smaller islands at sea which can be explored. The Gummi Ship also returns as a means of travel between the different worlds of the game. The mechanic has been split into two phases: exploration, which has been likened to being more open-world without a fixed travel route as in previous games; and combat, which has increased its scale from previous games, with more enemies present. Gummi Ship customization also returns, with more options available than in previous "Kingdom Hearts" games.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Various mini-games playable throughout "Kingdom Hearts III", including a cooking-themed game featuring Remy from "Ratatouille", and a music game in the "Tangled" world. Additionally, the "Classic Kingdom" features over 20 games presented in the style of 1980s LCD games such as "Game & Watch", while the 100 Acre Wood world features puzzle games. Members of the development team suggested each type of mini-game featured, with Nomura working on the "Classic Kingdom". "Kingdom Hearts III" also has a "Memory Archive" feature, which has several short films explaining the basic story elements of the series from the previous games.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The story opens with the final scenes of "Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage", and serves as a conclusion of the "Dark Seeker/Xehanort Saga" that occurs in most preceding games. Most of the worlds featured in the game inspired by Disney properties are new to the series, including the Kingdom of Corona (based on "Tangled"), Arendelle ("Frozen"), San Fransokyo ("Big Hero 6"), and the Pixar-based worlds Toy Box ("Toy Story") and Monstropolis ("Monsters, Inc."). Two new original worlds created specifically for the game also appear: a limbo for dying hearts called the "Final World"; and Scala ad Caelum, a "seat of power" for past Keyblade wielders, where the game's final battle takes place. Returning Disney worlds include tutorial stage Olympus ("Hercules"), the Caribbean ("Pirates of the Caribbean"), the 100 Acre Wood ("Winnie the Pooh"), while original worlds include Twilight Town, the Dark World, the Land of Departure, and the Keyblade Graveyard. Worlds such as Yen Sid's Mysterious Tower, Radiant Garden, Disney Castle, and the Destiny Islands appear exclusively via cutscenes. The "Classic Kingdom" mini-games are inspired by classic Walt Disney Productions Mickey Mouse cartoons, including "Giantland", "The Karnival Kid", "Musical Farmer", "The Barnyard Battle", "The Klondike Kid", and "Mickey's Mechanical Man".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The "Toy Story", "Monsters, Inc.", and "Big Hero 6" worlds feature original stories, with the former set between the events of "Toy Story 2" and "Toy Story 3", and the latter two set after the events of their respective films. This is different from previous worlds in the series, which have often loosely followed plot lines from the films on which they were based, including the "Tangled", "Frozen", and "Pirates of the Caribbean" worlds. On the amount of worlds featured in the game, Nomura noted the development team focused on creating "rich gameplay in an individual world... designed so players can take their time and enjoy the gameplay that's available" opposed to having "multiple different little worlds".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The main protagonist and playable character of the game is Sora, a 15-year-old boy who uses a key-shaped weapon called the Keyblade to battle the forces of darkness. Sora is accompanied by Donald Duck and Goofy, the royal magician and knight captain of Disney Castle, respectively. The three are supported by other Keyblade wielders, several of whom they must rescue in preparation for their final confrontation with Master Xehanort, the series' primary antagonist, as "guardians of light": Mickey Mouse, an experienced Keyblade Master who is Donald and Goofy's king; Riku, a Master and Sora's best friend; Kairi, another of Sora's friends, a Princess of Heart, and a novice wielder; Aqua, a Master trapped in the realm of darkness; Ventus, a comatose boy whose heart has merged with Sora's; Terra, a young man who was possessed by Xehanort; Axel/Lea, a former member of Organization XIII and fellow novice with Kairi; Roxas, Sora's Nobody, who merged his existence with Sora's; and Xion, a replica member of the Organization whose existence was erased from her friends' memories.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Organization XIII returns as the game's antagonists, led by Master Xehanort, with different members from previous games as established in "Dream Drop Distance". "Kingdom Hearts III" also introduces a new original character named Yozora, who features prominently in an in-universe video game commercial in the "Toy Story" world, and later in the secret ending. As with previous games in the series, a multitude of Disney characters appear in worlds based on their respective films and properties. Disney characters who serve as members of Sora's party include the returning Hercules and Jack Sparrow; new to the series are Woody and Buzz Lightyear, Sulley and Mike Wazowski, Rapunzel and Flynn Rider, Marshmallow, and Baymax. Characters that appear as summon "Links" for Sora include Dream Eaters such as the "Meow Wow" from "Dream Drop Distance", Wreck-It Ralph from the film of the same name, Simba from "The Lion King", Ariel from "The Little Mermaid", and Stitch from "Lilo & Stitch". Remy from "Ratatouille" (who is referred to in-game by his nickname of "Little Chef") appears in one of the game's mini-games at the bistro.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Most "Final Fantasy" characters were excluded from the initial game release as Tetsuya Nomura felt that they would detract from the story, and that the "Kingdom Hearts" characters needed less support than they did before; the Moogle character returns as the item shopkeeper, while the "Re Mind" DLC sees previous "Final Fantasy" characters appear.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Yen Sid begins preparing seven Keyblade wielders as guardians of light to counteract Master Xehanort's plan of forging the χ-blade. Sora, accompanied by Donald Duck and Goofy, resumes his travels across other worlds to regain his "power of waking", the ability to restore lost hearts, which he lost after nearly being possessed by Xehanort. Sora's group is antagonized by members of Organization XIII, who are targeting the seven Princesses of Heart as substitutes while seeking a new member for their thirteenth and final spot. Meanwhile, Riku and King Mickey search the realm of darkness to recruit Aqua, while Kairi and Lea train as Keyblade wielders.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Sora and Riku are contacted throughout their travels by Ienzo, who uncovers research notes from Ansem the Wise revealing that the hearts of Roxas and two others – later identified as Ventus and Xion – are dormant within Sora's heart. Sora is inspired to restore Roxas by implanting his heart in one of Vexen's artificial replica bodies after learning that the Organization's time-traveling members are using the same method to exist in the present. Vexen later reveals himself to be a double agent within the Organization when he rescues Ansem the Wise from the Heartless Ansem, who abducted him from the realm of darkness after sending Aqua into its oceanic abyss. Vexen enlists fellow member Demyx to deliver a spare replica for Roxas to inhabit.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Riku and Mickey are attacked by Aqua, who has become corrupted by the dark realm's influence. Discovering Master Eraqus's Keyblade on the Destiny Islands, Sora uses it to come to Riku and Mickey's aid, defeating and restoring Aqua. Aqua then travels to awaken Ventus at Castle Oblivion, which she transforms back into the Land of Departure. When she is attacked by Vanitas, Sora rediscovers his power of waking and revives Ventus, who fends Vanitas off.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The seven guardians arrive at the Keyblade Graveyard to battle the Organization, only to be consumed by a swarm of Heartless summoned by the possessed Terra. Sustained by Kairi's power, Sora awakens in a limbo realm called the Final World, where a Chirithy guides him in restoring his fragmented body. He then uses the power of waking to revive his friends and travel back in time to the moment before their defeat, which is averted by the appearance of Terra's lingering will. In the guardians' ensuing battle against the Organization, Terra regains control of his body and reunites with Aqua and Ventus, while Roxas and Xion – the latter of whom was duplicated as the Organization's final member – regain their hearts from Sora and reunite with Lea.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: After the other Organization members are defeated, Xehanort provokes Sora into attacking him by destroying Kairi's body, allowing Xehanort to acquire the χ-blade and unlock Kingdom Hearts. Sora, Donald, and Goofy hinder Xehanort by transporting him to his boyhood home of Scala ad Caelum, where they eventually defeat him. In Xehanort's dying moments, Eraqus's spirit emerges from Terra and convinces Xehanort to surrender the χ-blade. After sealing Kingdom Hearts, Sora decides to use the power of waking to save Kairi, despite being warned about the grave consequences of doing so. Afterwards, Sora's allies gathers at the Destiny Islands, where a revived Kairi stays beside Sora before he fades away.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In a post-credits scene, Xigbar summons the Foretellers and reveals himself to be Luxu, their fellow Keyblade apprentice. In a flashback to their youth, Eraqus and Xehanort – having finished a chess game reminiscent of Sora's final battle with Xehanort – begin a new game that predicts a battle with Luxu and the Foretellers.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III Re Mind" is a downloadable expansion set during and after the climax of the game. It is divided into three separate scenarios—"Re Mind", the "Limitcut Episode", and the "Secret Episode"—which are unlocked in sequential order after the original game is cleared.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The titular scenario depicts Sora's rescue of Kairi during the game's ending scenes. Assuming an incorporeal form, Sora travels back in time to the battle between the guardians of light and the Organization, traveling through the guardians' hearts to reach Kairi. Despite his initial failure, Sora finds and assembles fragments of Kairi's heart in Scala ad Caelum before his past self's final battle with Xehanort, restoring Kairi. After revisiting the Final World to invite Chirithy to the realm of light, Sora visits his friends' worlds with Kairi before his disappearance.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The "Limitcut Episode" is set one year after Sora's disappearance; his allies have since lead an ongoing search for him, while Kairi has entered stasis after volunteering as Ansem the Wise's test subject to help Sora. During a visit to Radiant Garden, Riku analyzes digital copies of Sora and the Organization's members programmed into Cid Highwind's computer, hoping to uncover clues to Sora's whereabouts through their battles. After the analysis proves inconclusive, Riku is approached by the Fairy Godmother to meet with Yen Sid, who has determined a method of finding Sora through Riku and two others.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The "Secret Episode" focuses on Sora, who has become trapped in the Final World since his disappearance. There, Sora encounters Yozora, who claims that he has been requested to save Sora, but questions his identity and battles him atop a skyscraper in a modern-day metropolis. If Sora wins, Yozora fades away before Sora returns to the Final World; if Sora loses, Yozora crystallizes him and goes to the Final World instead. Afterward, regardless of who wins, Yozora awakens in a car while a closing narration ensues in his and Sora's voices, with the battle's victor saying, "None of this makes sense to me."


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: After Square Enix finished development of "Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix", Tetsuya Nomura was approached by Disney, who expressed interest in a sequel. In regard to a possible release of "Kingdom Hearts III", Nomura said "We have various ideas, but we're not at the point where we can say that." He added that due to the development of "Final Fantasy XV"—titled "Final Fantasy Versus XIII" at the time— which was being developed by the "Kingdom Hearts II" team, it was "physically impossible at the present. I feel that it's not the right time to talk about the future of "Kingdom Hearts"." In response to questions about the secret film in "Final Mix", Nomura noted that it was of a "new series" in "Kingdom Hearts" rather than "Kingdom Hearts III". When asked about "Kingdom Hearts III", Nomura noted that fans and partners alike were interested in its release, and would work to "realize it" as soon as possible. In the "Kingdom Hearts Birth by Sleep" Ultimania guide book, Nomura announced three upcoming titles, one of which was "Kingdom Hearts III". However, "Final Fantasy XV" was still his primary focus, preventing him from starting production on "Kingdom Hearts III". He later noted that "Kingdom Hearts III" would not see a release until after 2012, due to his continuing work on "Final Fantasy XV", regardless of the tenth anniversary of the series occurring in that year. The Nintendo 3DS video game "Kingdom Hearts 3D: Dream Drop Distance" was announced to connect to "Kingdom Hearts III", both in terms of gameplay system and story.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Sony announced "Kingdom Hearts III" for the PlayStation 4 with a teaser trailer at its E3 2013 event in June 2013.<ref name="Reveal Polygon/PS4"></ref> Square Enix later confirmed the game's cross-platform release for the Xbox One as a port of the PlayStation 4 version. Though some development and concepts for the game began during the seventh generation of video game consoles, it was always intended that the game would release during the eighth generation. Unlike "Kingdom Hearts" and "Kingdom Hearts II", which were developed by Square Enix's Product Development Division 1 team, "Kingdom Hearts III" was developed by Square Enix's 1st Production Department, who developed "Birth by Sleep", "Dream Drop Distance", and worked on the "HD 1.5 Remix" collection and Square Enix's Business Division 3. Rie Nishi serves as the game's producer. The game began using the in-house Luminous Studio engine to develop the game after some initial development tests had been done using Unreal Engine 3.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Directly after E3 2013, Nomura claimed that "Kingdom Hearts III" was announced early, based on where the game stood in development. He continued by saying, planning alongside "Final Fantasy XV". "Kingdom Hearts III" is not intended to be the final game in the series, and serves as the final chapter of the "Dark Seeker/Xehanort" saga. Series producer Shinji Hashimoto stated in September 2013 that since Nomura was director of both "Kingdom Hearts III" and "Final Fantasy XV", it was expected that there would be a significant gap between the release of the two, "as [they] want each game to be perfect in terms of quality." Hashimoto also reiterated Nomura's statements about the game's announcement at E3 2013, as "the company thought it was about time it addressed speculation about the long-awaited conclusion to the trilogy." A short teaser for the game appeared at the end of the "Kingdom Hearts HD 2.5 Remix" trailer at E3 2014. Yasue revealed that the sequence seen in the teaser was the opening scene for the game. He added that it was created by Nomura, who had "a real clear picture of [what] the starting sequence" should be, and that the text seen and heard was going to "be a real integral part of the story". As Nomura stopped working on "Final Fantasy XV", focusing his attention on other projects, including "Kingdom Hearts III". Nomura revealed that the game had switched to using Epic Games' Unreal Engine 4, due to a "variety of reasons", with the development team having the full support of Epic.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In January 2015, Yasue revealed that working on "HD 2.5 Remix" simultaneously allowed the developers to learn all the best qualities from the series to aid in creating "III". Additionally, he stated the "Kingdom Hearts" team was sharing knowledge with the "Final Fantasy XV" team to expand the game and get the most out of the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One. A gameplay trailer was released during the "Kingdom Hearts" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles in mid-June 2017. The possibility of a Nintendo Switch version of the game might be created, but wanted to focus on the development and promise of completing the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions was thought. Nomura noted the long development was due to internal Square Enix corporate decisions, such as changing to the Unreal Engine 4 about a year into the game's development, which led to "extensive delays" and "a bit of time that needed to be rewinded and started over", and "certain timing and resources challenges within Square Enix", despite submitting and getting approved a plan for when more personal resources would be needed on the project. Regarding downloadable content (DLC) for the game, Nomura stated that "nothing is set in stone" regarding it, but he told the development team to "be prepared to be able to accommodate for something like that. We can't develop a system where we're accommodating for downloadable content. So it's not confirming or denying either way, but just so that the development team will be prepared". He would later add that he wanted to have some sort of additional content for the game, but nothing in depth had been discussed. Nomura was open to potentially adding customizable accessories, as was able to be done in "Kingdom Hearts 0.2: Birth by Sleep – A Fragmentary Passage" with Aqua, as that feature does not return for "Kingdom Hearts III". Nomura also preferred DLC to expand or change the game over releasing a "Final Mix" version as had been done with some past entries in the series.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: At D23 Japan 2018, Square Enix revealed the game was being developed in three sections, with approximately three worlds in each section. At that time, the worlds in the first section were said to be 90 percent complete and development of the middle section at around 60 percent. No update was given on the final section of the game, though Nomura stated its contents were "something he's always wanted to do and put into "Kingdom Hearts", ever since the days of working on "Final Fantasy"... It is bound to surprise everyone." In April 2018, the "Classic Kingdom" mini-games were revealed for the game, while also announcing the games would be playable in the mobile game "Kingdom Hearts Union χ". A selection of the mini-games were made available in "Union χ" in its "χ3" mode added in September 2018, which enables players to obtain the "Starlight" Keyblade in "Kingdom Hearts III" by completing certain objectives. By June 2018, the secret film for the game had been created. Additionally, Nomura revealed the development team was concerned with the size of the game and if it would fit on the game disc. To help with this, the team was turning some of the cutscenes into pre-rendered films to help reduce load times. Nomura had requested the use of Oswald the Lucky Rabbit in the game, which he called his favorite Disney character, but was denied such a proposal.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: At E3 2018, Nomura also provided an update to the development of the "Big Hero 6" world, revealing all the gameplay had been created, with the cutscenes still needing to be completed. At X018, a world based on "Winnie the Pooh" was revealed. Shortly after, it was reported that the character of Winnie the Pooh would be censored in China. This was due to the Chinese government banning any depictions of the character after the character's appearance had been compared to that of Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping. To improve the Gummi Ship gameplay, a criticism in previous entries, the development team who created the scrolling shooter 1997 game "Einhänder" was brought in to handle this portion of the game, along with other programmers and engineers who have worked on driving games. Development of the game was completed by November 20, 2018.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Nomura revealed the "Tangled" world was one of the first determined to be in the game, as the development team wanted to include Rapunzel due to her strong personality and her hair, finding it fitting for the gameplay. The "Pirates of the Caribbean" world was included because Nomura wanted at least one world based on a live-action Disney film, stating that the Caribbean location allowed for "interesting" gameplay opportunities. He also chose to have the world be based on the third film, "" (2007), over other films in the series, particularly "", because "Dead Man's Chest" is "setup" for "At World's End" and the game would "have to end [the story] in the middle as well". The world also mimics the color palette from the film, being "deliberately washed-out", with the sky, for example being more grey-blue over "[t]he typical fantasy blue".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Since the release of "Kingdom Hearts II" in 2005, The Walt Disney Company acquired Pixar, Marvel Entertainment, and Lucasfilm. When asked in 2013 if any of these properties would appear in "Kingdom Hearts III", Nomura said he contacts Disney after he hears of an acquisition, though he noted that "Disney's pretty honest [on the possibility of an inclusion]. If the situation is really difficult, they'll say, it's really difficult. If it's impossible, they'll say it's impossible." He later stated that even though the Disney Company had acquired these properties, Disney Interactive Studios may not necessarily have the ability to license the content due to existing deals, such as Disney's deal with Electronic Arts for "Star Wars" games. Yasue added that they were "looking at all of Disney, the new ones as well" when choosing worlds for the game, including worlds potentially based on Marvel Comics and "Star Wars" properties. He expanded, saying, each world needed originally to stand out.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Nomura had hoped to include a world based on "Toy Story" since "Kingdom Hearts II", saying he felt "Sora really fit in and matched well with that world" and being "able to execute that into the game is something I'm really excited for." Nomura felt Pixar worlds were extremely important to include in "Kingdom Hearts", specifically one based on the film "Toy Story", and stated he considered not making "Kingdom Hearts III" if he could not get the rights to use Pixar properties from Disney. This world was the first submitted to Pixar for approval shortly after the completion of "Kingdom Hearts II", with Nomura presenting them a general outline of the story he had planned for the world. It would take Pixar "several years" to approve the story and character designs, as Nomura and Square Enix were negotiating through Disney, not with Pixar directly.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Nomura noted the approval process for each world was more difficult than with earlier games, because many of the worlds are based on some of Disney's more contemporary films, making it harder to take creative license with the worlds. He explained, "Previous to "Kingdom Hearts III", I think these companies kind of saw it more as like, secondary rights permissions. They saw it more as a product, like you would a branded toy or something." Continuing, Nomura noted, "Because we are working with more recent titles, the staff who were on the original project are the ones we go to for approvals. For instance, "Frozen". The staff is still there and they work with us on "Frozen". Because we go directly to the creators, they have the most passion for their titles."


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In June 2013, Nomura discussed the updated visuals, saying that the development team tried to return the character's texture to the original "paintbrush art from Disney productions". The resulting visuals were referred to as the Kingdom Shader. Nomura felt it might not seems a massive change, it was still a notable evolution of previous visuals. Nomura also revealed that Sora is the same proportions as in previous games; however, they "muted the volume on his hair—it's not wild." Regarding updating Sora's look from his "Kingdom Hearts II" design, Nomura noted that outfit's popularity, but felt the desire to change it since the game is the first numbered sequel since "II"s release. He added that the basis for the resulting design is a mix between Sora's costumes for "Kingdom Hearts II" and "Dream Drop Distance", one that is "a lot more sleek and sporty" in order to make him look more acrobatic. Riku and King Mickey also received updated outfits. When asked about Noctis Lucis Caelum' similarities with Yozora, Nomura stated that while he noted there are several similarities between the two characters, they hold no connections. Roxas and Xion, popular characters from "Kingdom Hearts II" and other games in the series, were originally not planned to appear, but positive response to their characters led to their inclusion.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Speaking on the designs of the worlds, Nomura said the updated graphical capabilities allowed the development team "to depict the world[s] of the original film[s] as close to [their] original form as possible" after previously creating worlds to be "a stylized "Kingdom Hearts" world". Disney shared basic polygon information with the development team, who ultimately had to remake all of the characters, animations, and environments from scratch. Members of Pixar assisted with the creation of the worlds based on "Toy Story" and "Monsters, Inc.", and for the Pixar characters in the game, Pixar shared their actual character models with Square Enix and had the original character designers consult on the game "to make sure everything looked as true to the films as we could make it." The design team would talk weekly with Disney, sharing their assets to receive feedback, with Disney sometimes asking "for minute alterations such as insisting a character show less teeth, having their eyelids move differently or their line of sight adjusted". The line of sight notes, which came from Pixar, "were instrumental in raising the general quality of the animation throughout" according to the development team.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Supporting characters can explore an environment on their own if Sora idles momentarily, sometimes triggering additional cutscene moments. For example, Rapunzel responds if an Aero spell is cast on a group of dandelions. Speaking specifically to interactions such as this with Rapunzel, Yasue said "finding and activating these moments builds trust with" her and can lead "to additional combat scenarios and treasure opportunities".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The game's soundtrack was composed by long-time series composer, Yoko Shimomura, and features additional contributions from Takeharu Ishimoto and Tsuyoshi Sekito. Shimomura felt pressure over working in the title since it was Square's first numbered game after several years. She wanted fans to look forward to the game, believing its content would appeal to the audience. The soundtrack includes a highly altered version of the track "Dearly Beloved" in order to fit the ending of the "Seeker of Darkness Arc". The soundtrack was released on November 11, 2022, the album of which contains 8 CDs. The soundtrack that plays during Xemnas, Ansem and Xehanort, "Forza Finale" ("last force" in Italian) was composed by Yasunori Nishiki, of whom Shimomura was a fan. Due to the game being released worldwide, the team decided to localise titles in multiple languages.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: As with the first two main "Kingdom Hearts" games, it has a theme song written and performed by Hikaru Utada, titled "Chikai" in Japanese and "Don't Think Twice" in English. It serves as the game's ending theme. An additional theme, titled "Face My Fears" by Skrillex, Poo Bear, and Utada, is used for the opening of the game. Skrillex, a fan of the series, originally intended to remix "Don't Think Twice", before creating "Face My Fears", which also has a Japanese version. Both "Face My Fears" and "Don't Think Twice" were released on January 18, 2019.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Utada requested that the producer Skrillex produce a remix of the song "Chikai" for "Kingdom Hearts III", since it was known that he was a fan of the game. He proposed to instead make a completely new song. Utada agreed to collaborate with him and songwriter Poo Bear to write the song.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" only features English and Japanese voice acting and lip syncing, despite previous entries in the series having dubbing in other languages. Nomura noted that the development team wanted to prioritize a global simultaneous release for the game, and given the time and resources for recording the dialogue, this would not have been possible with additional language recordings. Though the game has both English and Japanese voice acting, it does not have the ability to switch between them, as the development team found this feature difficult to properly support. A version of the game with Chinese subtitles will also be released. "Kingdom Hearts III" has full voice acting in optional dialogue moments outside of cut scenes, which is a first for the series.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In the Japanese voice cast, Akio Otsuka, the voice actor for Xehanort's Heartless "Ansem", replaced his late father Chikao Ohtsuka, who played the villain Master Xehanort. Miyu Irino returned to voice Sora and Vanitas as he faced more issues during recordings of the game. After finishing the game, Irino wondered if he might properly portray Sora in sequels due to his age gap. Mamoru Miyano also returned to voice Riku and his replica persona with similar difficulties to his more drastic age gap. Miyano reflected that Riku had to act more positive, especially when interacting with his replica, since he understood his mindset. Risa Uchida provided the voice for Kairi and Xion again, noting that Kairi had a more mature perspective such as when she befriends Axel; in contrast, Uchida felt that Xion was more relatable. Olaf received a new Japanese voice actor in an updated patch following the arrest of his original Japanese voice actor, Pierre Taki.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Haley Joel Osment returned to voice Sora in the English version. Due to Sora's lack of growth across the franchise, Osment faced the challenge of properly giving him the tone of a teenager. In retrospect, Osment found the idea of ending "Kingdom Hearts III" as an emotional moment as, while the series would not end with this installment, the narrative would give proper closure to the story started by the antagonist Xehanort. Tony Anselmo and Bill Farmer – who portrayed Donald Duck and Goofy in English were overjoyed with their multiple redesigns when the characters traveled to other worlds. Other actors include David Gallagher as Riku/Riku Replica, Bret Iwan as Mickey Mouse, and Alyson Stoner as Kairi and Xion. Jason Dohring, Willa Holland, Jesse McCartney and Mark Hamill reprise their roles as Terra, Aqua, Ventus, and Master Eraqus from "", respectively; McCartney also reprises his role as Roxas. Dylan Sprouse appears in the "Re Mind" downloadable content as the voice of new character Yozora, and was overjoyed with his character due to him liking Japanese role-playing heroes. Rutger Hauer voices Master Xehanort, replacing Leonard Nimoy after his death in 2015; following Hauer's death in 2019, Christopher Lloyd portrayed the character in the "Re Mind" downloadable content.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" was released for the PlayStation 4 and Xbox One on January 25, 2019, in Japan and other Asian countries, and on January 29, 2019, elsewhere. In July 2017, at D23, it was announced that the game would release in 2018. Almost a year later, at an additional performance of the "Kingdom Hearts" Orchestra World Tour in Los Angeles, the game's North American release date was revealed to be January 29, 2019. Nomura spoke to moving the game's release date outside of 2018, stating the development team had been told the original release date they had considered was not "good timing in the year" to release the game, especially considering "differences in holiday lengths and how stores behave in different regions". In addition, Square Enix requested the game be released as simultaneously as possible between Japan and the rest of the world, and not wanting to move up the release at the expense of development, resulted in the January 2019 date being chosen. The game's epilogue was planned to be added to the game on January 26 for Japan and January 30 elsewhere, while the secret ending content was planned to be added worldwide on January 31, 2019. This was done in order to help prevent them from leaking beforehand, since Nomura called them "the biggest spoilers" in the game.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: A deluxe edition of the game features an art book, steelbook case, and collectible pin. Another edition, exclusive to the Square Enix store, includes Bring Arts figures of Sora, Donald, and Goofy in their Toy Box outfits in addition to the deluxe edition contents. A limited edition "Kingdom Hearts III"-themed PlayStation 4 Pro and DualShock 4 controller was released on January 29, 2019, exclusive to GameStop and EB Games in North America.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Following the release of the game, Nomura confirmed the development of post-launch downloadable content, saying that the development team's current "top priority is on making DLC for KH3" with the intention of releasing a single content package of DLC in lieu of a separate "Final Mix" version like previous titles in the series. A DLC episode entitled "Re Mind" was officially announced in June 2019, with a slated release on January 23, 2020, for the PlayStation 4 and February 25, 2020, for the Xbox One.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The game was released with all downloadable content included for Microsoft Windows on March 30, 2021, via the Epic Games Store.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: A cloud-streamed version of the game for Nintendo Switch including the "Re Mind" DLC was announced in October 2021 to coincide with Sora's inclusion as a playable character in the Switch-exclusive crossover fighting game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" and the 20th anniversary of the "Kingdom Hearts" franchise, and was released on the Nintendo eShop alongside cloud versions of the "1.5+2.5 HD Remix" and "2.8: Final Chapter Prologue" collections on February 10, 2022.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" received an 83/100, indicating "generally favourable reviews", according to video game review aggregator Metacritic. "Game Informer" called "Kingdom Hearts III" "the series at its strongest", a game that "provide[d] satisfying answers to the biggest question marks" of the series, praising the combat and gameplay, but panning the sidequests, Gummi Ship mode and general "repetitiveness" of the final worlds. Writing for "IGN", Jonathon Dornbush praised the technical advancements for the game and combat. GamesRadar was generally positive, but also panned the Gummi Ship game mode for its "blandness". "VideoGamer" panned it in general, finding it too simplistic and repetitive.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Critical response to the narrative was mixed, with both "RPGamer" and "GamesRadar" finding the visuals of the "Pirates of the Caribbean" world awkward to watch due to Square's attempt to emulate realism. Despite panning the narrative as "incomprehensible", VideoGamer.com found the "Toy Story" worlds and Pixar in general the most entertaining. "GameRevolution" enjoyed the Disney worlds, complimenting both their narratives and visuals. The more complex subplots was also generally praised, but "DenOfGeek" claimed it was "confusing". The absence of "Final Fantasy" characters in the initial release of the game, apart from Moogles, were criticized by fans. GameRevolution and EGM found that the Organization XIII as final stage villains made the narrative accessible to most gamers and praised the voice acting, especially Haley Joel Osment as Sora, and Richard Epcar and Paul St. Peter as Xehanort's alter egos.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: Sora's characterization was praised for retaining likable heroic traits, though "Polygon" felt Sora's characterization was "off", lacking change. "RPGamer" said Sora's hero's journey is mostly shown in the climax. His fate in the ending was the subject of analysis due to his apparent death after saving Kairi to the point "GameRevolution" stated that "Kingdom Hearts III" did not give the audience the happy ending they expected despite ending Xehanort's arc. The ending was generally praised for its bittersweet character endings, although "GameSpot" claimed that "heavy-handed storytelling... inevitably culminates in battles that are impressive set-pieces but feel cheap and spammy to play" with the story wrapping up "in an incredibly unfulfilling way."


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In its debut week, the game topped the EMEAA (Europe, Middle East, Africa, Asia) charts, in terms of both unit sales and gross revenue. In Japan, the game debuted at the top of the Media Create charts with 610,077 retail sales, above "Resident Evil 2". It also debuted at the top of the UK charts, with "Kingdom Hearts III" more than doubling the launch week sales of "Kingdom Hearts II".


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In North America, it was the top-selling game in January 2019, and the third top-selling game in February 2019 (behind new releases "Anthem" and "Jump Force"). "Kingdom Hearts III" is the overall top-selling game in North America during the first two months of 2019, exceeding the sales of "Kingdom Hearts II" by over 80% during the same time span.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: On February 4, 2019, Square Enix announced that more than 5 million copies were sold, becoming the fastest-selling title in the franchise, less than two weeks after its release.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: On April 11, 2022, "Kingdom Hearts III" was revealed to have reached a total of 6.7 million units as of September 2021 surpassing "Kingdom Hearts" total of 6 million to become the current best selling title in the series.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: "Kingdom Hearts III" was nominated by "IGN" for the Best Game of E3 2018, Best PlayStation 4 Game of E3 2018, Best Xbox One Game of E3 2018, and Best Action Game of E3 2018. It also won the Momocon E3 Choice 2018 Game Award, and was nominated for Unreal's E3 awards.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: The DLC received "mixed" responses based on the review site Metacritic. "IGN" criticized the new boss characters were too difficult to defeat as there are few ways to level up. "GameSpot" and "GameInformer" called it a director's cut, with the former praising the inclusion of Riku, Aqua and Kairi as playable characters, but criticizing how the main fighting area, the Keyblade Graveyard, had poor design in contrast to other worlds previously seen in the franchise. "JXV" said that the high difficulty of the boss fights the DLC offers was Square's response to gamers' criticism in regards to the easy difficulty of the actual game as well as the return of quick time events from the previous game, "Kingdom Hearts II". "Destructoid" liked the inclusion of new playable characters and how the new bosses seem to be a response to the easy difficulty. Comic Book Resources regarded Data Xehanort and Yozora as the most challenging bosses in the entire game.


title: Kingdom Hearts III

text: In regards to the narrative, "GameInformer" found it disappointing as, while the game allows the player to explore a new area and see more "Final Fantasy" characters, they are not properly followed. Still, they felt the new cutscenes helped to improve the game's final act, making the story more enjoyable. "Destructoid" enjoyed the new cutscenes that expand on the game's final battle between Sora's group and Xehanort's forces, especially because Kairi is given more screentime and plays a more pivotal role in the outcome than in the original game. Unlike "GameInformer", "Destructoid" praised the new boss characters as fighting them provided the reviewer more fun. "IGN" felt that the narrative was hard to follow as the game ends on a more open nature than the original game. "GameSpot" was more critical to the story, labeling it as "filler" and that it lacks the Disney and Pixar worlds that made the game enjoyable.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The Mitsubishi F-X (unofficially called F-3) is a sixth-generation stealth fighter in development for the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF). It is Japan's first domestically developed stealth fighter jet and will replace the Mitsubishi F-2 by the mid–2030s. Its development is to also bolster the nation's defense industry and potentially enter the international arms market amid Japan's change in defense posture. In October 2020, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries was selected as the lead developer.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: On December 9, 2022, the governments of Japan, the United Kingdom, and Italy jointly announced that they would develop and deploy a common fighter jet under a project called the Global Combat Air Programme (GCAP); merging development of the latter two nations’ BAE Systems Tempest with the F-X. In Japan, Mitsubishi Heavy Industries will be the prime contractor, with IHI Corporation handling the engines and Mitsubishi Electric handling the electronics. In the UK, BAE Systems will handle the aircraft, Rolls-Royce the engines and Leonardo UK the electronics. Leonardo S.p.A. and Avio Aero will participate in the development from Italy, and MBDA will also participate in the missile development. By around 2024, detailed development and cost sharing for each company will be clarified, and production will begin around 2030, with the first aircraft to be deployed in 2035. In addition, joint development with the United States will begin in fiscal 2023 for an unmanned aircraft accompanying the F-3.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X program began when the United States banned exports of the Lockheed Martin F-22 Raptor as part of the 1997 Obey amendment in order to safeguard its technology. With Japan no longer able to purchase the F-22, a domestically developed fighter was chosen instead to replace Japan's aging fleet of fighter jets. Between December 2009 and August 2010, the Ministry of Defense (MoD) conducted a study of developing a future fighter jet to replace the F-2. The research conducted called for a new fighter jet that would be a generation ahead of contemporary fifth-generation fighters. The concept fighter was named the i Fighter (Informed, Intelligent, Instantaneous). Some technology and capabilities the concept fighter is to possess include advanced radar systems to counter stealth technology of other fighters, receiving targeting information from other platforms (drones, fighters and/or airborne early warning and control aircraft), use of fly-by-optics (much like the Kawasaki P-1) to process information faster, stealth technology, gallium nitride semiconductors to improve radar performance, and a new, more powerful engine.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Much of the development of the F-X program correlates with the development of the Mitsubishi X-2 Shinshin. The development of the X-2 demonstrator allows Japan to obtain new information and develop new technology related to their next generation fighter jet. The X-2 made its maiden flight on 22 April 2016. The X-2's testing concluded in March 2018.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Concurrent to the X-2's development and testing, evaluations were made on various researches related to the F-X. These researches and tests continue as Japan sought international collaboration on the F-X.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: In mid-September 2019, flight tests were conducted on integrated sensors to be used for the F-X. The sensors were tested on board an F-2 fighter and the results are said to be good.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: In March 2017, Japan and U.K. signed an agreement to explore the possibility on co-developing a future fighter jet. By March 2018, a MoD representative has stated that the Japanese government is deciding whether to develop the F-X domestically, through joint-development, or develop it based on an existing fighter design. At the time the Japanese government sent out proposals to the U.S. and U.K., seeking out their participation in the project. Boeing, Lockheed Martin, BAE Systems and Northrop Grumman have responded to the proposal. It is reported that Boeing offered an upgraded fighter based on their F-15, while similarly BAE systems offered their Eurofighter Typhoon. Lockheed Martin proposed a F-22/35 hybrid fighter while also offering Japan the majority of the work in developing and producing the fighter. Northrop Grumman has expressed interest in joining the project; with speculation that a modernized YF-23 might be offered to Japan. Japan and U.K. have also further explored the possibility on collaborating the F-X project with the Tempest project to some capacity.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: By October 2018, the MoD has begun to rule out the possibility of developing a fighter based on existing designs. Boeing's F-15 and BAE Systems' Eurofighter Typhoon reportedly failed to meet the ministry's requirements. Lockheed Martin's hybridized stealth fighter was also met with doubt due to its expensive price, as well as uncertainties that the U.S. would allow the sale given the export ban on the F-22. One report indicated that the hybrid fighter could cost as high as $177 million per aircraft.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: In early February 2019, the MoD announced that a 'Japan-led' Future Fighter program will be initiated, with collaboration with foreign defense contractors still being an option. The announcement further enforces that plans to develop or locally produce existing foreign-made fighter jets has been ruled out. Furthermore, the program will prioritize domestic industries to develop and produce the stealth fighter. The program will occur between 2019–2023 in line with the MoD's Mid-Term Defense Program and will take 15 years to complete; around the time when the F-2 begins to retire. The MoD prioritized five key aspects for the program's development:


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: On 21 August 2019, the MoD announced that development of the stealth fighter will commence between April–December 2020 in accordance to the FY 2020 defense budget. The funding that the MoD acquires will be used to initiate the fighter program. By December 2019, the MoD secured ¥11.1 billion for the FY 2020 defense budget to launch the program. In total ¥28 billion is used to fund the F-X development for FY 2020. Of the total budget, ¥16.9 billion (60%) is used for research projects, while the remaining ¥11.1 billion (40%) is used to launch the program and begin conceptional design. It is within the FY 2020 defense budget that a new conceptional image of the stealth fighter has been revealed and the name of the program has been officially changed from "Future Fighter" to "F-X".


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: On 27 March 2020, Japan rejected designs proposed by Lockheed Martin, Boeing and BAE Systems. The designs submitted by all three defense contractors include: a hybridized F-22/35 fighter, a design based on the Boeing F/A-18E/F Super Hornet, and another based on the Eurofighter Typhoon respectively. According to an official from the Acquisition, Technology & Logistics Agency (ATLA) the designs did not meet their requirements and that no decision has been reached on the air-frame design. The decision places Mitsubishi Heavy Industries at the forefront in developing the stealth fighter. However, the decision did not rule out the possibility of international collaboration; as Lockheed Martin, Boeing, Northrop Grumman and BAE Systems are still listed as potential partners. This decision was further confirmed by Jane's. An ATLA spokesperson has stated that "the option of 'developing derivatives of existing fighters' cannot be a candidate from the perspective of a Japan-led development, and the MoD has come to the conclusion that we will develop a new model". The spokesperson further elaborated the MoD has developed enough technology to possibly develop the F-X domestically, but the option of international collaboration still exists. On 1 April 2020, ATLA established a dedicated team to develop the F-X. The team is led by a major-general from the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) and consists of 30 JASDF officers, engineering officials and others. Subaru Corporation also announced that it will establish a Technology Development Center to support the F-X's development.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: , the MoD expects production of the first fighter prototype to begin in 2024, with flight tests starting in 2028. Full-scale production is expected to commence by 2031.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: In June 2021, Japan said that it was in discussions with British officials regarding the cooperation with Rolls-Royce on engine development.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X is a twin engine stealth fighter that is designed for achieving air superiority. By the Japanese MoD's own terminology, the technology and capabilities the F-X possesses will classify it as a sixth generation fighter jet.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X is said to be bigger than the F-22, which has earned it the nickname "Godzilla" from Bradley Perrett at Aviation Week. The large size indicates the MoD desires the aircraft to possess very long range and large payload capacity. Technologies tested in the X-2 technology demonstrator will likely be incorporated into the F-X fighter. Defense Minister Taro Kono has stated that the F-X will possess strong network capabilities and will carry more missiles than the F-35.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Conceptual designs of the F-X were made then passed through a 3-D digital mock-up system. Designing is based on the assumed function and performance of the F-X and is then installed in a research flight/battle simulator developed by the . Data on avionics, stealth and engine characteristics are inputted in the simulator and is then tested by JASDF pilots. Through air-to-air combat simulations the effectiveness and improvements to the mock-up design are gauged.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Compared to its predecessor, the F-X replaces the usage of conventional hydraulic systems with electric actuators. According to the MoD's evaluation, the reason for selecting electric actuators over hydraulic systems is because of the complexity of designing the interior of the stealth fighter. When designing the stealth shape of the aircraft the internal weapon bay and intake air-ducts must be accounted for. However, problems arose with installing hydraulic system piping because several design considerations; such as rigidity and length. The adoption of electric actuators eliminated the constraints because they're only connected via electric wiring. Through this the installation is simplified and the restrictions were reduced, allowing more flexibility in designing the body of the aircraft. Other advantages include weight reduction of body and improve mobility of the aircraft. The electric actuators are applied to the fighter's control, power and leg/brake system.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: To maintain a lightweight body structure the F-X implements several technologies and manufacture/design techniques in order to achieve this. One method involves reducing or eliminating the use of fasteners by bonding composite materials together through adhesive molding. This method is dubbed the "integrated/fastenerless structure" technology. Around the engines heat shield technology is placed to allow aluminum alloys and carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) to be applied to reduce weight around the area. High-efficiency/high-accuracy structural analysis techniques used for the F-X involve creating finite element method (FEM) models using computer-aided design (CAD) to study and create stress analysis standards for the F-X. The F-X's predecessor, the F-2, introduced integrated molding and CFRP material to reduce its overall weight, but the molding technique applied only on the bottom plates of the main wings; requiring fasteners to be placed through the upper plates in the main wing and other areas using fasteners on both plates. In comparison, the F-X expands the application of CFRP and adhesive molding to the entire fuselage. From the MoD's research it is shown that adopting the new design methods can reduce the structural mass of the F-X's air-frame by 11.6% and reduce working man-hours (for portion of the middle body) by 66% compared to conventional approaches.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: To cope with the heat produced from avionics, a small but dedicated heat transfer system is installed in the F-X to assist its air cycle and liquid cooling system. The small heat transfer system is modeled off the vapor-compression refrigeration cycle.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: To improve detection against stealth aircraft, the F-X utilizes integrated sensors. The sensors include: an active electronically scanned array (AESA) radar, passive radio frequency (RF) sensor, and an infrared camera. Both the AESA radar and RF sensor utilize Gallium nitride (GaN) to improve its performance. The AESA radar is based on the J/APG-2 radar used on the F-2 fighter and is similar to the AN/APG-81 radar used in the F-35.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X possess a RF 'self-defense' system to counter aircraft, air-to-air missile and surface-to-air missile threats. The system performs both ESM and ECM by being alerted to the threat and disrupting its radio waves instantly and globally. Integrated ESM body antennas are placed along the wing and tail flap of the fighter jet.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The helmet-mounted display features a wide field of vision, binocular, multi-color display, voice recognition and 3-D sound.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: To minimize its radar cross section, F-X physical design features serpentine air-ducts and an internal weapons bay. Electromagnetic wave absorbers are applied to the air-ducts and engines to reduce the amount of radar reflection. The absorber is said to be of carbon-based material. According to results of tests conducted, the RCS reduction done from the absorbers has the equivalent effect of reducing detection range from radar threats by about half. Metamaterials are also used to reflect radio waves. The metamaterials consists of various materials including small pieces of metals and dielectric. The metamaterials are applied on the pulse doppler system as part of a radio wave reflection control technology on board the F-X.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: To avoid having its radar emissions detected, the F-X maximizes its usage of passive detection. Its sensor programs also operate its radar emissions in a way that reduces the likelihood of counter detection during radar emissions.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X uses plasma stealth antenna technology to deflect radio waves. The antenna operates by creating temporary plasma using characteristics of plasma that can change physical properties through electrical control. While activated the antenna is also capable of transmitting and receiving communication.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X will be powered by two XF9 engines. As of 2018, the officially publicized thrust level of the prototype engine is "11 tons (107 kN / 24,000 lbf) or more" in military thrust and "15 tons (147 kN / 33,000 lbf) or more" with afterburner. The XF9 is designed to be adaptable to a wide range of thrust level, higher or lower, depending on requirement; and the future fighter engine program is conducted with a target maximum thrust of 20 tons (196 kN / 44,000 lbf) in mind, which was unveiled at the ATLA Technology Symposium 2018. The XF9 possesses a high combustion temperature at 1800 °C. Noteworthy of the XF9 is its slim size relative to its power. For instance, the engine inlet of the XF9 is 30% smaller than the General Electric F110 used on the F-2. The slim design is needed in order to accommodate weapons internally to preserve the aircraft's stealth. The XF9 has a large electrical power output of 180 kW, thus the F-X will receive 360 kW combined from both of its engines. The large energy generation is needed to supply the fighter's powerful avionics and equipment. The engines incorporate three dimensional thrust vector nozzles to allow the aircraft to achieve high maneuverability and improve stealth capabilities. The engine's thrust vector nozzle can deflect thrust up to 20 degrees in all circumference directions.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The ASM-3 has been developed for the F-X to use as the F-2 gets phased out. The F-X will be armed with a microwave weapon to disrupt incoming missiles. The microwave weapon is activated from the stealth fighter's AESA radar through the use of electron tube amplifiers capable of high efficiency and miniaturization.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Japan plans on introducing unmanned combat aerial vehicles that can operate alongside the F-X, called the Combat Support Unmanned Aircraft. The drone program is similar to the Kratos XQ-58 Valkyrie or Boeing Airpower Teaming System project in which the drone acts as a "loyal wingman" to the controlling aircraft. There are two versions of the drone: one that is a sensor carrier and scouts for targets, and another that fires munitions and directs incoming missiles away from the parent aircraft. Both versions share the same design as each other. The drones are expected to be fully developed by the 2030s.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Within Japan, the development of the X-2 and the F-X is seen as chance for Japan to revitalize its defense/aerospace industry and establish a foothold within the international arms market. In the aftermath following World War II, Japan's defense and aerospace sector was crushed, forcing the nation to enter a long period of rebuilding. As a result, Japan mostly built US made aircraft under license to sustain its industry, while historically struggled to produce their own domestically design aircraft, both civilian and military alike. The F-2 fighter in particular was widely controversial in Japan. First conceived as a 'pure' Japanese fighter, the F-2 was to incorporate the latest technology Japan had to offer and become a sort of spiritual successor to the famous Mitsubishi A6M Zero. However, the decision to joint-develop the aircraft with the US was later chosen due to a combination of US political pressure and the heavy undertaking of producing a fighter domestically. Combined with the delays and lack of profit and growth obtained for Japan's domestic industries, the F-2 went on to become an expensive, controversial fighter. As such, with the introduction of the F-X, Japanese lawmakers and defense officials are adamant in avoiding a repeat of the F-2's controversial development.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Domestic development is generally favored the most by defense industry groups and lawmakers but the expected high cost and inexperience developing a domestic fighter are among the biggest challenges faced with domestic development. International collaboration is seen as another option with the benefit of easing the financial burden but can lead to difficulties in coordinating with the partner/s of the project. Furthermore, Japanese lawmakers are adamant that domestic companies should lead the project to secure profit and preserve the defense industry. Air Marshal B.K. Pandey, former Air Officer Commanding-in-Chief of Training Command of the Indian Air Force, noted that the F-X will likely face technological challenges as the technologies used in fighter jets have become more complex over the years.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: According to Gregg Rubinstein of Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, the US and Japan have differing approaches and priorities on joint-developing the stealth fighter. US defense officials emphasized that operational concepts and capability requirements should be the basis for fighter acquisition. In contrast, the Japanese officials have prioritized technology development and industrial base interest. In addition, the bitter legacy of the F-2 casts a shadow over discussions between the two countries. In light of the F-2, there are concerns that Japan will be unable to have control of its partnership with the US.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: At the same time, military cooperation between the UK and Japan has expanded over the years. Discussions on joint-development between both countries have been described as "open-minded and flexible". Gregg Rubinstein has also noted that both countries have developed an interest in each other; noting that in a post-Brexit environment Britain will be looking beyond the EU for partners and Japan will desire to gain some independence from the US for its domestic industry. However, this increased cooperation elicited some reactions from the US. In mid-April 2019, several reports indicated that the U.S. was willing to disclose portions of the F-35's software to Japan in exchange for joint development on the F-X fighter. These reports stated the offer was made in response to outdo 'rival' Britain in securing a deal with Japan. According to the Financial Times, there were concerns among US officials that Japan would select BAE Systems as its international partner over US defense contractors. As a result, the Trump administration reportedly exerted political pressure on Japan to joint-develop the F-X with the US. There were concerns that selecting a British fighter jet would increase interoperability difficulties between it and the US military and US-made aircraft in Japan, thus complicating joint operations. Another was that selecting the UK would anger then-President Trump amidst a cost-sharing dispute regarding stationing US forces in Japan. Nikkei Asian Review noted in 2020 that between choosing the UK or US as a partner, the UK would offer greater flexibility for Japan in developing the F-X while Japan still places high importance on its alliance with the US. In early March of 2020, a report from Nikkei Asian Review indicated that Japan planned on selecting the US for collaboration despite the ongoing discussions between Japan and the US and UK at the time of the reporting. While ATLA responded by stating that US and UK discussions were still ongoing, the report suggested that the US still has a strong influence over Japan because of their alliance. On 25 August 2020, Japan’s defense minister stated that "[Japan is] currently exchanging information with the US and UK to deepen our consideration of international co-operation in this development project.”


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The development of the F-X allows Japan to catch up to and counter Russian and Chinese stealth fighters. Within East Asia, the F-X allows Japan to not lag behind China and South Korea's stealth fighter pursuit.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: The F-X was also designed primarily in response to concerns of Chinese, North Korean, and Russian military threats. Japan MoD considers China's rapid military buildup and disputes in the East and South China Sea as a primary security concern; along with North Korea's nuclear weapons program and Russia's increased military activities. With regards to China, the F-X would likely be used to counter advanced Chinese fighter jets: Shenyang J-11, Chengdu J-20, and Shenyang FC-31. Experts believe that the stealth jet would likely unnerve China to Japan's increased militarization.


title: Mitsubishi F-X

text: Japan's development of the F-X, along with China, India and South Korea's stealth fighter programs, are noted as an increased trend of Asian aerospace industries challenging Western and Russian dominance in the global fighter jet industry. As of 2018, 90% of combat aircraft flown in all of the world's air forces comes from the US, USSR/Russia, Britain, France and Sweden. If the F-X (along with other fighter jets) is successfully designed then the focus of the fighter jet industry could shift from the Northern Atlantic closer to the Asia-Pacific. If it is exported, it could potentially become a serious challenge to the West's predominance in the fighter industry.


title: Snellen chart

text: A Snellen chart is an eye chart that can be used to measure visual acuity. Snellen charts are named after the Dutch ophthalmologist Herman Snellen, who developed the chart in 1862. Many ophthalmologists and vision scientists now use an improved chart known as the LogMAR chart.


title: Snellen chart

text: Snellen developed charts using symbols based in a 5×5 unit grid. The experimental charts developed in 1861 used abstract symbols. Snellen's charts published in 1862 used alphanumeric capitals in the 5×5 grid. The original chart shows A, C, E, G, L, N, P, R, T, 5, V, Z, B, D, 4, F, H, K, O, S, 3, U, Y, A, C, E, G, L, 2.


title: Snellen chart

text: consists of one very large letter, which may be one of several letters, for example E, H, or N. Subsequent rows have increasing numbers of letters that decrease in size. A person taking the test covers one eye from 6 metres or 20 feet away, and reads aloud the letters of each row, beginning at the top. The smallest row that can be read accurately indicates the visual acuity in that specific eye.


title: Snellen chart

text: In the case of the traditional Snellen chart, the optotypes have the appearance of block letters, and are intended to be seen and read as letters. They are not, however, letters from any ordinary typographer's font. They have a particular, simple geometry in which:


title: Snellen chart

text: Only the nine letters C, D, E, F, L, O, P, T, Z are used in the common Snellen chart. The perception of five out of six letters (or similar ratio) is judged to be the Snellen fraction.


title: Snellen chart

text: Wall-mounted Snellen charts are inexpensive and are sometimes used for approximate assessment of vision, e.g. in a primary-care physician's office. Whenever acuity must be assessed carefully (as in an eye doctor's examination), or where there is a possibility that the examinee might attempt to deceive the examiner (as in a motor vehicle license office), equipment is used that can present the letters in a variety of randomized patterns.


title: Snellen chart

text: BS 4274-1:1968 (British Standards Institution) "Specification for test charts for determining distance visual acuity" was replaced by BS 4274-1:2003 "Test charts for clinical determination of distance visual acuity — Specification". It states that "the luminance of the presentation shall be uniform and not less than 120 cd/m. Any variation across the test chart shall not exceed 20 %."


title: Snellen chart

text: According to BS 4274-1:2003 only the letters C, D, E, F, H, K, N, P, R, U, V, and Z should be used for the testing of vision based upon equal legibility of the letters.


title: Snellen chart

text: Visual acuity = Distance at which test is made / distance at which the smallest optotype identified subtends an angle of five arcminutes.


title: Snellen chart

text: Snellen defined “standard vision” as the ability to recognize one of his optotypes when it subtended 5 minutes of arc. Thus the optotype can only be recognized if the person viewing it can discriminate a spatial pattern separated by a visual angle of one minute of arc.


title: Snellen chart

text: Outside the United States, the standard chart distance is , and normal acuity is designated "6/6". Other acuities are expressed as ratios with a numerator of 6. Some clinics do not have 6-metre eye lanes available, and either a half-size chart subtending the same angles at , or a reversed chart projected and viewed by a mirror is used to achieve the correct sized letters.


title: Snellen chart

text: In the most familiar acuity test, a Snellen chart is placed at a standard distance: 6 metres. At this distance, the symbols on the line representing "normal" acuity subtend an angle of five minutes of arc, and the thickness of the lines and of the spaces between the lines subtends one minute of arc. This line, designated 6/6 (or 20/20), is the smallest line that a person with normal acuity can read at a distance of 6 metres. This definition is arbitrary, since human eyes typically have higher acuity, as Tscherning writes, "We have found also that the best eyes have a visual acuity which approaches 2, and we can be almost certain that if, with a good illumination, the acuity is only equal to 1, the eye presents defects sufficiently pronounced to be easily established."


title: Snellen chart

text: Three lines above, the letters have twice the height of those letters on the 6/6 (or 20/20 in the US) line. If this is the smallest line a person can read, the person's acuity is "6/12" ("20/40"), meaning that this person needs to approach to a distance of to read letters that a person with normal acuity could read at . In an even more approximate manner, this person could be said to have "half" the normal acuity of 6/6.


title: Snellen chart

text: At exactly 6 metres' distance from the patient, the letters on the 6/6 line shall subtend 5 minutes of arc (such that the individual limbs of the letters subtend 1 minute of arc), which means that the chart should be sized such that these letters are 8.73 mm tall and the topmost (6/60) "E" should be 87.3 mm tall. Putting it another way, the eye should be at a distance 68.76 times the height of the top (6/60) letter. The formula is


title: Snellen chart

text: where formula_2 is the optotype height or width (which are the same due to the optotype being on a square grid), formula_3 is the distance from eye to chart, and formula_4 is the angle subtended by the optotype, which is 5 arcminutes as specified by Snellen. Another calculation for United States clinics using 20-foot chart distances (slightly more than 6 m), and using a 17 mm model eye for calculations, and a letter which subtends 5 minutes of arc, gives a vertical height of the 20/20 letter to be 8.75 mm.


title: Snellen chart

text: Acuity charts are used during many kinds of vision examinations, such as "refracting" the eye to determine the best eyeglass prescription.


title: Snellen chart

text: The largest letter on an eye chart often represents an acuity of 6/60 (20/200), the value that is considered "legally blind" in the US. Many individuals with high myopia cannot read the large E without glasses, but can read the 6/6 (20/20) line or 6/4.5 (20/15) line with glasses. By contrast, legally blind individuals have a visual acuity of 6/60 (20/200) or less when using the best corrective lens.


title: Snellen chart

text: To ensure adequate illumination of the Snellen charts, various medical device manufacturers had developed Snellen chart products with backlight or projection.


title: Snellen chart

text: Since computer monitors typically have good lighting for reading and LCD/LED monitors have high DPI (between 96 and 480) they are suitable for displaying optotypes. Commonly digital chart products support randomizing optotypes displayed to prevent patients from cheating through memorizing the chart. In Google Play and App Store (iOS), there are Snellen chart apps for smart phones and tablets.


title: Uncle Fester

text: Uncle Fester is a member of the fictional Addams Family. He was played by Jackie Coogan in the original television series, by Christopher Lloyd in the two feature films, by Nick Kroll in the 2019 and 2021 animated features, by Fred Armisen in the 2022 Netflix series "Wednesday", by Patrick Thomas in the direct-to-video film "Addams Family Reunion", and by Michael Roberds in "The New Addams Family". In the Broadway musical, the part was originated by Kevin Chamberlin.


title: Uncle Fester

text: Uncle Fester is a completely hairless, hunched, and barrel-shaped man with dark, sunken eyes and often a deranged smile. He always wears a heavy, full-length fur coat. Fester was derived from a character drawn by cartoonist Charles Addams, although these were single-page cartoons, with no stories or character names. Nevertheless, the character is recognizable in a number of cartoons, both by his appearance (bald, stooping, sunken eyes) and behavior (e.g. turning the shower into a special "scalding" setting, feeding his garden plants blood plasma, and releasing an eagle on the neighbor's homing pigeons). While he is occasionally seen with the rest of the family, particularly on anthology covers, he is also seen on his own more often than the others. He is sometimes indicated to live in a small shack surrounded by a wrought-iron fence.


title: Uncle Fester

text: Fester has a strange ability to generate electricity. He would often demonstrate this by putting a light bulb in his mouth, which would illuminate, accompanied by a loud, crackling noise. He claims to possess 110 volts of power in one episode of the sitcom, while in another episode he demonstrated his "magnetic" quality by levitating a metal paperweight up to his hand. When struck directly on the head by a fired cannonball, he appears only mildly dazed, while the cannonball bounces off his head.


title: Uncle Fester

text: Uncle Fester at times has severe migraines but appears to enjoy them. Fester relieves his migraines by placing his head in a large screw press and tightening it to levels that normal people would not be able to withstand. At times, Fester uses the screw press on his head simply for enjoyment.


title: Uncle Fester

text: Despite Uncle Fester's menacing look and bizarre behavior, he is gentle and caring to everyone. He shows great respect to Gomez and Morticia. He has always exhibited love and great care to his niece and nephews, despite their frequent naughtiness.