title: Portuguese India

text: The first Portuguese encounter with the subcontinent was on 20 May 1498 when Vasco da Gama reached Calicut on the Malabar Coast. Anchored off the coast of Calicut, the Portuguese invited native fishermen on board and immediately bought some Indian items. One Portuguese accompanied the fishermen to the port and met with a Tunisian Muslim. On the advice of this man, Gama sent a couple of his men to Ponnani to meet with ruler of Calicut, the Zamorin. Over the objections of Arab merchants, Gama managed to secure a letter of concession for trading rights from the Zamorin, Calicut's ruler. But, the Portuguese were unable to pay the prescribed customs duties and price of his goods in gold.


title: Portuguese India

text: Later Calicut officials temporarily detained Gama's Portuguese agents as security for payment. This, however, annoyed Gama, who carried a few natives and sixteen fishermen with him by force.


title: Portuguese India

text: Nevertheless, Gama's expedition was successful beyond all reasonable expectation, bringing in cargo that was worth sixty times the cost of the expedition.


title: Portuguese India

text: Pedro Álvares Cabral sailed to India, marking the arrival of Europeans to Brazil on the way, to trade for pepper and other spices, negotiating and establishing a factory at Calicut, where he arrived on 13 September 1500. Matters worsened when the Portuguese factory at Kozhikode was attacked by surprise by the locals, resulting in the death of more than fifty Portuguese. Cabral was outraged by the attack on the factory and seized ten Arab merchant ships anchored in the harbour, killing about six hundred of their crew and confiscating their cargo before burning the ships. Cabral also ordered his ships to bombard Calicut for an entire day in retaliation for the violation of the agreement. In Cochin and Cannanore Cabral succeeded in making advantageous treaties with the local rulers. Cabral started the return voyage on 16 January 1501 and arrived in Portugal with only 4 of 13 ships on 23 June 1501.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1502, the Portuguese built a trade post in Pulicat because its location at the mouth of a lagoon made it a great natural harbor.


title: Portuguese India

text: The third Portuguese expedition to reach India sailed under the command of João da Nova and was composed of four ships, tasked mainly with acquiring spices and returning to Europe. While en route the fleet discovered the islands of Ascension and Saint Helena in the South Atlantic, and despite having been planned as a purely commercial expedition, the fleet clashed with vessels of the Zamorin of Calicut off the Malabar Coast in what was the first significant naval battle of the Portuguese India.


title: Portuguese India

text: Vasco da Gama sailed to India for a second time with 15 ships and 800 men, arriving at Calicut on 30 October 1502. Gama this time made a call to expel all Muslims from Calicut which was turned down. The ruler showed willingness to sign a treaty but Gama bombarded the city and captured several rice vessels after he was informed that the Zamorin was messaging neighboring rulers to join him in resisting the Portuguese at the same time.


title: Portuguese India

text: While in India Gama also attacked Onor, reduced Baticala to tributary status, established a trade treaty and trading post at Cananore, and clashed with a fleet belonging to the Zamorin. He returned to Portugal in September 1503.


title: Portuguese India

text: The expedition of 1503 was the first time Afonso de Albuquerque sailed to India, as its commander. Its activities were limited to erecting a fort on the territory of the allied kingdom of Cochin, signing a peace with Zamorin that would prove brief, and opening a new trading post on Kollam.


title: Portuguese India

text: The sixth Portuguese expedition to sail to India was commanded by Lopo Soares de Albergaria, who bombarded Calicut, relieved Duarte Pacheco Pereira and the Portuguese garrison at Cochin defending the territory from a large attack by the Zamorin, sacked Cranganore, struck an allegiance with the king of Tanur which removed him from the suzerainty of the Zamorin, and finally captured a large Egyptian trade fleet at Pandarane.


title: Portuguese India

text: On 25 March 1505, Francisco de Almeida was appointed "Viceroy of India", on the condition that he would set up four forts on the southwestern Indian coast: at Anjediva, Cannanore, Cochin and Quilon. Francisco de Almeida left Portugal with a fleet of 22 vessels with 1,500 men.


title: Portuguese India

text: On 13 September, Francisco de Almeida reached Anjadip island, where he immediately started the construction of Fort Anjediva. On 23 October, with the permission of the friendly ruler of Kōlattir, he started building Fort St Angelo of Cannanore, leaving Lourenço de Brito in charge with 150 men and two ships.


title: Portuguese India

text: On 31 October 1505 Francisco de Almeida then reached Cochin, with only 8 vessels left. There he learned that the Portuguese traders at Quilon had been killed. He decided to send his son Lourenço de Almeida with 6 ships, who destroyed 27 Calicut vessels in the harbour of Quilon. Almeida took up residence in Cochin and strengthened Fort Manuel.


title: Portuguese India

text: The Zamorin prepared a large fleet of 200 ships to oppose the Portuguese, but in March 1506 Lourenço de Almeida (son of Francisco) was victorious in a sea battle at the entrance to the harbour, in the Battle of Cannanore (1506), an important setback for the fleet of the Zamorin. Thereupon Lourenço de Almeida explored the coastal waters southwards to Colombo, in what is now Sri Lanka. In Cannanore, however, a new ruler, hostile to the Portuguese and friendly with the Zamorin, attacked the Portuguese garrison, leading to the Siege of Cannanore.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1507 Almeida's mission was strengthened by the arrival of Tristão da Cunha's squadron. Afonso de Albuquerque's squadron had, however, split from that of Cunha off East Africa and was independently conquering territories in the Persian Gulf to the west.


title: Portuguese India

text: In March 1508 a Portuguese squadron under command of Lourenço de Almeida was attacked by a combined Mameluk Egyptian and Gujarat Sultanate fleet at Chaul and Dabul respectively, led by admirals Mirocem and Meliqueaz in the Battle of Chaul. Lourenço de Almeida died after a fierce fight in this battle. Mamluk-Indian resistance was, however, to be decisively defeated at the Battle of Diu.


title: Portuguese India

text: In the year 1509, Afonso de Albuquerque was appointed the second governor of Portuguese possessions in the East. After acquiring their first protectorate in Portuguese Cochin, a new fleet under Marshal Fernão Coutinho arrived with specific instructions to destroy the power of Zamorin of Calicut. The Zamorin's palace was captured and destroyed and the city was set on fire. The Zamorin's forces rallied, killing Coutinho and wounding Albuquerque. Albuquerque withdrew with his forces and after the Zamorin was assassinated in 1513 he entered into agreement with his successor to protect Portuguese interests in Malabar, and a fort was built on Calicut.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1510, Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa from the Bijapur Sultanate sultan with the aid of the Hindu privateer Timoja, leading to the establishment of a permanent settlement in the city of "Velha Goa" (Old Goa in English). Goa (island) bore the seat of the viceroy, who governed all the possessions in Asia.


title: Portuguese India

text: Albuquerque added to the State of India the city of Malacca in 1511 and Ormus in 1515. He encouraged the settlement of his soldiers and their marriage to native women. In the mid sixteenth century there were about 2000 "casados" ("married men") in Goa. Goa included a large body of native non-Portuguese inhabitants for the Portuguese crown to rule. To better achieve this, Albuquerque resorted to medieval Iberian procedures: people of different religious communities were allowed to live by their laws under representatives of their respective communities. Exception was made to the practice of sati however, which was promptly abolished. Certain taxes due to the Adil Shah of Bijapur were also abolished. Native women were legally allowed property rights for the first time. At Goa, Albuquerque instituted an orphan's fund and opened a hospital, the "Hospital Real de Goa", modelled after the grand Hospital Real de Todos os Santos in Lisbon. Also at Goa were built smaller hospitals run by the city's charity, the "Misericórdia", dedicated to serving the poor and the natives.


title: Portuguese India

text: Albuquerque's policies proved immensely popular amongst his soldiers as well as the local population, especially his characteristically strict observance of justice. When Albuquerque died in sight of Goa in 1515, even the Hindu natives of Goa mourned his passing alongside the Portuguese. His tomb at the "Nossa Senhora da Serra" hermitage was converted to a shrine by the local Hindus, who would leave flowers there in his dedication and direct prayers to him, seeking aid in matters of justice, until his remains were returned to Portugal in 1566.


title: Portuguese India

text: The Portuguese had also shipped "Órfãs do Rei" to their colonies in the Indian peninsula, the most important of which were the eastern metropole of Goa and the largest province in Bombay-Bassein. "Órfãs do Rei" (literally "Orphans of the King"), were orphaned Portuguese girls patronised by the King, and sent to overseas colonies to form marital alliances with either Portuguese settlers or natives of high status.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1520, the Portuguese extended their dominion over the town of Rachol, as in that year, Krishnadevaraya captured the Rachol Fort and delivered it to the Portuguese, in exchange for mutual defence pact against the Deccan Sultanates.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1526, John III of Portugal granted the city of Goa and its town hall the same legal status as Lisbon, in a foral in which the general laws and privileges of the city, its town hall, and the local Hindu community were detailed – especially important since at the time the native laws of Goa were still not written, instead being handled by councils of elders or religious judges and passed down orally (thus prone to abuses).


title: Portuguese India

text: There were Portuguese settlements in and around the Coromandel region. The Luz Church in the Mylapore neighbourhood of Madras (Chennai) was the first church that the Portuguese built in the area in 1516, the "São Tomé" or "San Thome" shrine was rebuilt by them 1522. They also built the first structures at the Basilica of Our Lady of the Mount, Bandra, the Our Lady of Velankanni shrine and the Cathedral of Our Lady of Miracles; which are among the important Christian pilgrimage sites of South Asia.


title: Portuguese India

text: Several colonies were also acquired from the Sultan of Guzerat in the north Konkan region: Daman was sacked in 1531 and ceded in 1539; Salsette, the seven islands of Bombay, Chaul and Bassein (Vasai) in 1534; Diu ceded in 1535. These would jointly come to be known as the Northern Province of Portuguese India, it ewxtended almost along the west-coast from Daman to Chaul, and in places inland. The territory (province) of Portuguese Bombay had its city centre in and around the Bassein Fort; but was subject to the viceroy in the capital (metropole) of "Velha Goa" in south Konkan, along with other colonies in the Indian subcontinent, such as Portuguese Ceylon and Portuguese Chittagong.


title: Portuguese India

text: The Ottoman Empire carried out the Siege of Diu in 1538, with a strong fleet under the command of the Ottoman governor of Egypt Sulaiman Pasha for four months, with the aid of a large army provided by the Sultan of Guzerat; however they were ultimately forced to retreat with considerable losses. The successful defense of Diu by captain António da Silveira against overwhelming odds was a battle of annihilation, and is one of the most celebrated exploits in Portuguese history, and frequently compared to the 1565 Great Siege of Malta. On the occasion, the Portuguese captured the Tiro de Diu, a massive Guzerati bombard.


title: Portuguese India

text: According to Portuguese records there was a Cholera epidemic in 1543, "It is said that deaths from the disposal of the disease were so numerous that the disposal of bodies was a formidable task"


title: Portuguese India

text: On 16 May 1546, the Jesuit missionary Francis Xavier requested the institution of the Goa Inquisition for the "Old Christians" and "New Christians", in a letter to John III of Portugal. Non-Christians were officially oppressed, even before the Inquisition was set up. Francis Xavier was instrumental for a mass conversion of 30,000 Paravar fishermen at Cape Comorin.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1556, the printing press in Goa was the first installed in India at Saint Paul's College, Goa. Through publications made on the printing press, opened a window on the knowledge and customs of Europe. The Jesuits brought this European-style, metal movable type technology to Macao in China in 1588 and to Japan in 1590.


title: Portuguese India

text: By the start of the 17th century, the population of Goa and the surrounding areas was about 250,000. Holding this strategic land against repeated attacks by the Indian states required constant infusions of men and material. Portugal's important victories, such as the battle of Cochin in 1504, the defense of Diu in 1509, the conquest of Goa in 1510, the defenses of Diu in 1538 and 1546, and the defense of Goa in 1571 were accomplished with limited manpower. In their largest deployments, the Portuguese could field perhaps 2,000 to 3,000 European and mestiço troops supported by a similar amount of local auxiliaries, while the larger Indian states could field tens of thousands each. Portuguese superiority in military technology (especially in regards to ships and artillery), training (especially in the skill of their gunners), and tactics, combined with the disunity of the Indian states opposing them, allowed them to keep their position and consistently win their wars.


title: Portuguese India

text: The seven islands of Bombay (Mumbai) were presented to the English Crown in 1661, as part of the dowry of Catherine Braganza to Charles II of England, who in turn leased the area to the English East India Company. In 1683, Mahrattas attempted a siege against Portuguese settlements in the Konkan region with no success.


title: Portuguese India

text: Kollam (Quilon) was a prominent seaport and became a Portuguese settlement from 1519, they built a cemetery at Tangasseri in Quilon city. After the Dutch East India Company invasion, the Dutch also buried their dead there. The pirates of Tangasseri inhabited the cemetery before Europeans arrived. Remnants of this cemetery still exist today, very close to Tangasseri Lighthouse and St Thomas Fort, which are listed among the of protected monuments of the Archaeological Survey of India.


title: Portuguese India

text: Most of the Northern Province composed of Taana, Bassein (Vasai) and Chaul near British Bombay was lost following another Mahratta Invasion of Bassein in 1739. Goa, Daman and Diu as well as Anjediva, were retained because a fleet of Portuguese Armadas arrived from Lisbon, bearing a newly appointed viceroy.


title: Portuguese India

text: In the aftermath of the battles and the losses, the Portuguese expanded the territory of Goa between 1763 and 1788, at the expense of the Dessais of Kudal, the Sondas and the Bhonslas/ Mahrattas of Silvassa, which became known as "Novas Conquistas". By order of the Marquis de Pombal, the Jesuits were expelled from Portugal's territories in 1759. They were replaced by the Oratorians, a native Goan Catholic religious order founded by Christian Brahmin and Christian Cxatria converts, and a college dedicated to the secular education of the native elites was opened, and the Goan Inquisition was abolished. By influence of Pombal, King José declared that native Christians were equal in standing with Europeans, while the Viceroy Count of Ega declared religious freedom and prohibited racial slander. For these reasons "Pombal and his collaborators remain to this day much respected figures in Goa"


title: Portuguese India

text: Military intelligence about the France's plan to occupy Goa caused the British Governor-general at Calcutta, Marquis of Wellesley to send troops, Goa was briefly a protectorate from 1799 to 1813. The Portuguese governor Francisco António da Veiga Cabral managed to retain control of civil institutions by formally appointing the British officer in charge of the occupation, Sir William Clarke, as commander of Portuguese troops in Goa under his authority.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1843, the capital was shifted to Panjim ("Nova Goa" or New Goa), when it officially became the administrative seat of the "Estado", replacing the city of Velha Goa (Old Goa), although the viceroys taken residence there already since 1 Dec, 1759. In 1844, the Portuguese governor of India stopped administering the territories of Macao, Solor, and Timor. Only then was the territory of the State of India confined to the Indian subcontinent itself.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portugal was neutral during the Second World War. As a result, at the outbreak of hostilities a number of Axis ships sought refuge in Goa rather than be sunk or captured by the British Royal Navy. Three German merchant ships, the "Ehrenfels", the "Drachenfels" and the "Braunfels", as well as an Italian ship, took refuge in the port of Mormugao. The "Ehrenfels" began transmitting Allied ship movements to the U-boats operating in the Indian Ocean, an action that was extremely damaging to Allied shipping.


title: Portuguese India

text: But the British Royal Navy was unable to take any official action against these ships because of Goa's stated neutrality. Instead the Indian mission of SOE backed a covert raid using members from the Calcutta Light Horse, a part-time unit made up of civilians who were not eligible for normal war service. The Light Horse embarked on an ancient Calcutta riverboat, the "Phoebe", and sailed round India to Goa, where they sank the "Ehrenfels". The British then sent an unencrypted radio message announcing it was going to seize the territory. This bluff made the other Axis crews scuttle their ships fearing they could be seized by British forces.


title: Portuguese India

text: The raid was covered in the book "Boarding Party" by James Leasor. Due to the potential political ramifications of the fact that Britain had violated Portuguese neutrality, the raid remained secret until the book was published in 1978. In 1980 the story was made into the film, "The Sea Wolves", starring Gregory Peck, David Niven and Roger Moore.


title: Portuguese India

text: On 24 July 1954 an organisation called "The United Front of Goans" took control of the enclave of Dadra, Nagar Haveli was seized by "Azad Gomantak Dal" on 2 August 1954.


title: Portuguese India

text: The International Court of Justice at The Hague delivered an "impasse" verdict, regarding access to Dadra and Nagar Haveli by Portugal.


title: Portuguese India

text: From 1954, the "satyagrahis" (peaceful protesters) against Portuguese rule, outside Goa were violently suppressed through brute force. Many internal revolts were quelled and leaders extrajudicially murdered or jailed. As a result, India broke off diplomatic relations with Portugal, closed its consulate-general in Panjim and demanded that Portugal must close its delegation in New Delhi. India also imposed an economic embargo against the territories of Portuguese Goa. The Indian Government adopted a diplomatic "wait and watch" approach from 1955 to 1961 with numerous representations to the Portuguese Salazar dictatorship, and made attempts to highlight the issue of decolonisation before the international community.


title: Portuguese India

text: To facilitate the transport of people and goods to and from the Indian enclaves, the Salazar dictatorship established an airline, Transportes Aéreos da Índia Portuguesa, and airports at Goa, Daman and Diu.


title: Portuguese India

text: Finally, in December 1961, India militarily invaded the remaining Portuguese possessions. Portuguese forces had been given orders to either defeat the invaders or die. Eventually, the Governor of Portuguese India signed the Instrument of Surrender on 19 December 1961, thus ending 450 years of Portuguese rule in India.


title: Portuguese India

text: Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli existed as a "de facto" independent entity from its independence in 1954 until its merger with the Republic of India in 1961.


title: Portuguese India

text: Following the annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Goa, Damaon and Diu became new territories of the Indian Union. Maj Gen K P Candeth was declared as military governor of Goa, Daman and Diu. Goa's first general elections were held in 1963.


title: Portuguese India

text: In 1967 a referendum was conducted after activists led by Jack Sequeira proposed it, where voters would decide whether to merge Goa into the Marathi-majority state of Maharashtra, the pro-Konkani faction eventually won after protests against the Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party, led by Dayanand Bandodkar. However full statehood was not conferred immediately, and it was only on 30 May 1987 that Goa became the 25th state of the Indian Union, with Dadra and Nagar Haveli, Daman and Diu districts were partitioned, and continue to be administered as the Damaon, Diu and Silvassa territory.


title: Portuguese India

text: The most drastic changes in Portuguese India after 1961 were the introduction of democratic elections, as well as the replacement of Portuguese with English as the general language of government and education. Following many years of Konkani language agitation, Konkani in the Devanagari script finally became the official language of the union territory of Goa, Damaon and Diu in 1987. The Indians allowed certain Portuguese institutions to continue unchanged. Amongst these were the land ownership system of the "comunidades", where land was held by the community of neighbourhoods was then leased out to individuals. Goans under the Indian Government left the Portuguese Civil Code of Goa and Damaon unchanged, hence they remain as the only territories in India with a common civil code that does not depend on religion.


title: Portuguese India

text: The Citizenship Act of 1955 granted the government of India the authority to define citizenship in the Indian union. In exercise of its powers, the government passed the "Goa, Daman and Diu (Citizenship) Order, 1962" on 28 March 1962 conferring Indian citizenship on all persons born on or before 20 December 1961 in Goa, Daman, and Diu.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portugal's Salazar dictatorship did not recognise India's sovereignty over the annexed territories, and established a government-in-exile for the territories, which continued to be represented in the Portuguese National Assembly. After 1974's Carnation Revolution, the new Portuguese government recognised Indian sovereignty over Goa, Daman and Diu, and the two states restored diplomatic relations. Portugal automatically gives citizens of the former Portuguese-India its citizenship and opened a consulate in Goa in 1994.


title: Portuguese India

text: From the moment the State was founded in 1505 till it was disestablished in 1961, an official with the title of governor or viceroy served as its highest authority, usually for a three-year term, initially with authority over all Crown territories east of the Cape of Good Hope. The latter title was attributed as a high honour while the monarchy lasted, however their duties were the same as governors. They were the highest military commanders as well as administrators, hence their authority fell on matters pertaining to the armed forces, diplomacy, trade, finance and personnel management. Before they left Portugal, they were handed a written set of orders and objectives, called "regimento". The viceroys often attempted to influence the nomination of political allies to key positions. However, the final say fell on the metropolis. Many were accompanied by their personal retinues, and these often included their sons to serve in important military positions, such was the case of the captain-major of the seas of India Dom Lourenço de Almeida, son the viceroy Dom Francisco de Almeida. After Goa was conquered, governors and viceroys lived in the "Palácio do Hidalcão", the native Indian palace built by the city's former sovereign, the Adil Khan.


title: Portuguese India

text: The most important administrative structure of the State was put in place in the 16th century; it included the high court ("relação"), the superintendency of finances ("vedoria da fazenda") run by a Crown appointed "vedor", financial accounts office ("casa dos contos") and the military registry and supply office ("casa da matrícula").


title: Portuguese India

text: The extremely scattered nature of Portuguese holdings however, meant that the State was highly decentralized, with great power being held by individual fortress captains, their captain-generals or town halls, far away from Goa. Like the governors and viceroys, fortress captains served for three years, however their terms could be renovated. Sancho de Vasconcelos, captain-major of Ambon served for 19 years. In the most important captaincies, financial authority rested with the "vedor" (superintendent), while judicial authority was vested in an "ouvidor" ("ombundsman").


title: Portuguese India

text: The Church played an important role in the State. The Pope had granted the Kings of Portugal exclusive ecclesiastical rights to religious patronage ("Padroado") in their overseas possessions. After 1513 Portuguese eastern holdings were part of the bishopric of Funchal seated in Madeira island. After 1557 Goa became the seat of an archbishop with subordinate bishops in Cochin and Malacca. Further sees were later opened in Macau in 1576 and in Funai in 1588. Religious Orders of the Augustinians, Franciscans, Dominicans and Jesuits established mission headquarters in Goa, giving the Catholic Church a very visible presence and influence in the capital of the State of India, for which it earned the nickname of "Rome of the East", a fact commented by many foreign travellers.


title: Portuguese India

text: In the most important settlements featured a "câmara" ("town hall"), with charters similar to equivalent cities in Portugal, and they played an important role in administration, as they were the only institution through which settlers could voice their opinions and make themselves heard. They were responsible for local governance, could collect some municipal taxes and acted as a court of first instance. They sometimes provided loans to Viceroys, though cooperation was often difficult. Portuguese merchants often established by their own initiative a "câmara" in their non-Crown settlements, the most important case of which was the Leal Senado in Macau.


title: Portuguese India

text: Aside from the Portuguese themselves, the State often also ruled over non-Portuguese, non-Christian peoples, and in these cases often the traditional native structures were left in place. When Afonso de Albuquerque captured Goa, the Hindu inhabitants were left in possession of their lands; the pre-Portuguese system of land-ownership and administration of village communes codified and the rights of Brahmin or Khsatria ganvkars (shareholders) recognized, and tax collection was left to the Hindu Timoja and after him the long-standing Krishna Rao. In Hormuz, Albuquerque left its native Muslim king as chief administrator under a protectorate. As the Counter-Reformation gained momentum in Europe, Brahmins were excluded from the Portuguese administration during the tenure of Dom Constantino de Bragança, which resulted in a wave of conversions.


title: Portuguese India

text: Trade had been one of the primary motivations behind the Portuguese expansion overseas, and one of the main objectives behind the foundation of the State of India was to take over the Europe-Asia trade, up to that point conducted mainly through the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, redirecting it around Africa via the Cape Route. Trade was processed either by the Crown through royal agents ("feitores") working from royal trade posts ("feitorias") and maintained by the royal finances, or by independent merchants, either Portuguese or otherwise.


title: Portuguese India

text: One of the main tasks of royal factors was to acquire spices to be shipped back to Europe. In 1503, the Portuguese unloaded at Lisbon 30,000 quintals of spices, more than what the Venetians introduced in the European marked through Alexandria in Egypt. The overwhelming bulk of commodities imported to Europe by the Portuguese consisted of black pepper, which after 1520 was declared an official Crown monopoly. The Portuguese acquired most of their pepper in Kerala or Kanara in India. For most of the century, the Portuguese secured an overwhelming share of the pepper imports into Europe, supplying 75 per cent or more of Europes pepper. The Crown declared a monopoly on their commodities, such as cloves, nutmeg, mace, cinnamon, ginger, silk, pearls and the export of gold and silver bullion from Portugal to Asia.


title: Portuguese India

text: The Portuguese Crown instituted a number of official "carreiras", literally meaning "runs", connecting Goa to major Portuguese and non-Portuguese harbours around the Indian and Pacific oceans once a year. Initially conducted through Crown vessels, after 1560, the Crown began leasing them to private contractors, and by the late 16th century they were the norm. By 1580, the value of inter-Asian trade rights leases reached as high as two million cruzados - twice the value the Portuguese Crown earned from the Goa-Lisbon trade.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portugal regulated and rerouted the Indian Ocean trade by imposing a system of safe-passes called "cartaz". It was imposed most effectively on the west coast of India. The Portuguese Crown also collected high customs dues, most importantly at Goa, Hormuz, Malacca, Bassein and Diu, and in the 1580s it accounted for over 85% of the viceroys revenue.


title: Portuguese India

text: Independent Portuguese merchants got involved in the inter-Asian trade, and the backbone of informal Portuguese presence and trade in Asia was formed of Eurasian merchants, descending from Portuguese soldiers or merchants married to local wives. Their main hub of activities was the capital of Goa, where the largest community of "casados" ("married men") was located at, about 2,000 families. The core element of their trade was Gujarati cotton textiles, but they also dealt in Kerala pepper, cinnammon from Sri Lanka, Kanara rice, diamonds from southern India and larins from Persia. By 1520 they had penetrated almost every commercially relevant region in Asia aside from Japan (which was reached in the 1540s). Macau was founded by independent Portuguese traders. The Crown regulated their trade into a number of convoys for safety against pirates, the most important of which were those which transported textiles from Gujarat to Goa and rice from Kanara to Goa. The second most important settlement of Portuguese merchants in India was Cochin, where 500 "casados" with their families resided. Diu had a "casado" population of about 200.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portuguese India Company was established in 1628, however with the Crown being its only major shareholder, it was liquidated five years later. By that point, Portugal's share of pepper trade had fallen behind those of the Dutch VOC and the English EIC.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portuguese trade was greatly reduced by the war with the Dutch VOC, with whom a peace treaty was signed in 1663. Inter-Indian Portuguese convoys continued, mainly with Gujarat, Porto Novo and Madras. Indian cottons became the bedrock of exports from Portuguese India, while tobacco grown in Portuguese Brazil became the most important commodity exported across Asia via Portuguese India till the 19th century. New Portuguese East India Companies established in 1669 and 1685 failed, largely due to disagreements between the Crown and the merchants over the nature of the enterprise and lack of confidence from investors. By the 18th century, tobacco, bullion, firearms, consumer goods such as Madeira wine and books represented the most important items traded in Portuguese India, while exports back to Europe included silks, spices, porcelain, precious stones, Indian cottons and high quality lacquered furniture, a good proportion being unloaded at Bahia in Brazil. Indian cottons were especially valuable in Mozambique, where an important community of Indians from Diu or Daman came to reside. Nevertheless, Goa effectively became a commercial satellite of British Bombay. Many Indo-Portuguese merchants became deeply involved and prominent in French Pondicherry, Danish Tranquebar and especially British Madras, Calcutta and Bombay, Portuguese Jews being linked to the diamond trade in Madras.


title: Portuguese India

text: The State was largely urban, since its reason of being was to provide well-protected havens from which trade and communication could be conducted, controlled and dominated, hence only Goa, Damaon, Bassein, Chaul and Colombo had any meaningful hinterland and rural populations. After the massacre of the Portuguese in their "feitoria" in Calicut in 1500, practically every possession of the State was fortified, sometimes massively, and for this reason it resembled as much a network of maritime communications as an enormous perimeter of fortresses.


title: Portuguese India

text: Portuguese India harboured a society that was officially Christian and European but influenced by the non-European setting into which it was inserted. At the top of the social pyramid were the European-born viceroys, officers, and clergymen, followed by the Portuguese "casados" and their Eurasian descendants, who could be wealthy merchants or hold important positions in the local "câmara", and finally the native society. Portuguese living in Asia or east-Africa were generally more accepting of non-Christian beliefs and practices than their countrymen from Europe or Catholic clergy generally approved. At their peak in 1600, the total number of Portuguese "casados" across the State probably numbered about 5,500. Many "casados" followed a lifestyle that seemed to foreign visitors as remarkably relaxed and luxurious by European standards, some living in fine houses furnished in the Indian fashion with many servants, abundant and varied food that included a wide variety of fruits and poultry, consumed off Ming porcelain. Goan "casados" often dressed in shirts and white trousers while their wives usually wore saris.


title: Portuguese India

text: Alongside fortresses, ecclesiastical buildings dominated the skyline of most Portuguese settlements, particularly in Goa, giving the city a distinctly European and Catholic flavour and a high profile to the Church. About 600 clergymen were concentrated in Goa out of perhaps 1800 east of the Cape of Good Hope in 1630. Nevertheless, the European and Christian Eurasian community in any Portuguese settlement of the State always constituted a minority, perhaps no more than 7% in the case of Goa, the rest being Hindus, Indian Christians, other Asians and Africans, free or slaves.


title: Portuguese India

text: For these reasons, the State was culturally hybrid, distant as it was from Europe, with the façades and interiors of churches blending Portuguese and Asian iconographic traditions, while the domestic culture was likewise a compromise between East and West, with furniture, dress and food often more Asian than Portuguese.


title: Portuguese India

text: Early postal history of the colony is obscure, but regular mail is known to have been exchanged with Lisbon from 1825 onwards. Portugal had a postal convention with Great Britain, so much mail was probably routed through Bombay and carried on British packets. Portuguese postmarks are known from 1854 when a post office was opened in Goa.


title: Portuguese India

text: The last regular issue for Portuguese India was on 25 June 1960, for the 500th anniversary of the death of Prince Henry the Navigator. Stamps of India were first used on 29 December 1961, although the old stamps were accepted until 5 January 1962. Portugal continued to issue stamps for the lost colony but none were offered for sale in the colony's post offices, so they are not considered valid stamps.


title: Portuguese India

text: Dual franking was tolerated from 22 December 1961 until 4 January 1962. Colonial (Portuguese) postmarks were tolerated until May 1962.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Mark Robert Bailey (born 13 January 1965), known professionally as Bill Bailey, is an English musician, comedian and actor. He is known for his role as Manny in the sitcom "Black Books" and his appearances on the panel shows "Never Mind the Buzzcocks", "Have I Got News for You", and "QI", as well as for his stand-up comedy work. He plays a variety of musical instruments and incorporates music into his performances.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey was listed by "The Observer" as one of the 50 funniest acts in British comedy in 2003. In 2007, and again in 2010, he was voted the seventh greatest stand-up comic on Channel 4's "100 Greatest Stand-Ups". In 2020 Bailey won the 18th series of the televised BBC dancing competition "Strictly Come Dancing" with his professional partner Oti Mabuse. At 55, he was the oldest winner in the show's history.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Mark Robert Bailey was born on 13 January 1965 in Bath, Somerset, the son of a medical practitioner father and hospital ward employee mother. Until 2018, when he revealed the correct date, his birthday was wrongly recorded by the media as 24 February. He spent most of his childhood in Keynsham, a town between Bath and Bristol. His maternal grandparents lived in an annexe built on the side of the house by his maternal grandfather, who was a stonemason and builder. Two rooms at the front of the family house were for his father's surgery.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey was educated at King Edward's School, an independent school in Bath, where he was initially a highly academic pupil. At about the age of 15, he started to become distracted from school work when he realised the thrill of performance as a member of a school band called Behind Closed Doors, which played mostly original work. He is a classically trained musician and was the only pupil at his school to study A-level music, which he passed with an A grade. He also states he was good at sport and was the captain of the KES 2nd XI cricket team in 1982, which often surprised his teachers. He would often combine music and sport by leading the singing on the long coach trip back from away rugby fixtures. It was here that he was given the nickname Bill by his music teacher for being able to play the song "Won't You Come Home Bill Bailey" so well on the guitar.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey started studies for an English degree at Westfield College of the University of London, but left after a year. He received an Associate Diploma from the London College of Music. He was also made an honorary member of the Society of Crematorium Organists. He performed with a boy band called The Famous Five. Acting roles included a part in a Workers' Revolutionary Party stage production called "The Printers" with Vanessa Redgrave and Frances de la Tour.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey began touring the country with comedians such as Mark Lamarr. In 1984, he formed a double act, the Rubber Bishops, with Toby Longworth (a fellow former pupil at King Edward's, Bath). It was there that Bailey began developing his own style, mixing in musical parodies with deconstructions of or variations on traditional jokes ("How many amoebas does it take to change a lightbulb? One, no two! No four! No eight..."). Longworth left to join the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1989 and was replaced by Martin Stubbs.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Stubbs later quit to pursue a more serious career, and in 1994 Bailey performed "Rock" at the Edinburgh Festival Fringe with Sean Lock, a show about an ageing rockstar and his roadie, script-edited by comedy writer Jim Miller. It was later serialised for the Mark Radcliffe show on BBC Radio 1. The show's attendances were not impressive and on one occasion the only person in the audience was comedian Dominic Holland. Bailey almost gave up comedy to take up a telesales job.


title: Bill Bailey

text: He went solo the next year with the one man show "Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam". The show led to a recording at the Bloomsbury Theatre in London which was broadcast in 1997 on Channel 4 as a one-hour special called "Bill Bailey Live". It was not until 2005 that this was released on DVD uncut and under its original title. It marked the first time that Bailey had been able to tie together his music and post-modern gags with the whimsical rambling style he is now known for.


title: Bill Bailey

text: After supporting Donna McPhail in 1995 and winning a "Time Out" award, he returned to Edinburgh in 1996 with a show that was nominated for the Perrier Comedy Award. Amongst the other nominees was future "Black Books" co-star Dylan Moran, who narrowly beat him in the closest vote in the award's history.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Although he did not win the Perrier Comedy Awards in 1996, the nomination was enough to get him noticed, and in 1998 the BBC gave him his own television show, "Is It Bill Bailey?". Bailey's television debut had been on the children's show "Motormouth" in the late 1980s – playing piano for a mind-reading dog. Bailey reminisced about the experience on the BBC show "Room 101" with Paul Merton in 2000. In 1991, he was appearing in stand-up shows such as "The Happening", "Packing Them In", "The Stand Up Show" and "The Comedy Store". He also appeared as captain on two panel games, an ITV music quiz pilot called "Pop Dogs", and the Channel 4 science fiction quiz show "Space Cadets". "Is it Bill Bailey?" was the first time he had written and presented his own show.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Over the next few years, Bailey made guest appearances on shows such as "Have I Got News for You", "World Cup Comedy", "Room 101", "Des O'Connor Tonight", "Coast to Coast" and three episodes of off-beat Channel 4 sitcom "Spaced", in which he played comic-shop manager Bilbo Bagshot. In 1998, Dylan Moran approached him with the pilot script for "Black Books", a Channel 4 sitcom about a cold-hearted bookshop owner, his nice-guy assistant, and their socially awkward female friend. It was commissioned in 2000, and Bailey took the part of the assistant Manny Bianco, with Moran playing the owner Bernard and Tamsin Greig the friend, Fran. Three series of six episodes each were made.


title: Bill Bailey

text: When Sean Hughes left his long-term role as a team captain on "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" in 2002, Bailey became his successor. Host Mark Lamarr continually teased him about his looks and his pre-occupation with woodland animals. It was announced on 18 September 2008 that Bailey would leave the series and be replaced by a series of guest captains including Jack Dee and Dermot O'Leary. While touring in 2009, Bailey joked that the main reason for leaving the show was a lack of desire to continue humming Britney Spears' "Toxic" to little known figures in the indie music scene. During this time he also left his position as "curator" of "the Museum of Curiosity", and declared his intention to "retire" from panel games, although he has since appeared on "QI" many more times and hosted "Have I Got News For You".


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey has appeared frequently on the intellectual panel game "QI" since it began in 2003, alongside host Stephen Fry and regular panellist Alan Davies; he was also the winner of the show's unaired pilot episode. Other television appearances include a cameo role in Alan Davies' drama series "Jonathan Creek" as failing street magician Kenny Starkiss and obsessed guitar teacher in the "Holiday" episode of Sean Lock's "Fifteen Storeys High". He later appeared with Lock again as a guest on his show "TV Heaven, Telly Hell". He has also appeared twice on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross". Bailey also hosted his own show "Comic's Choice", which aired in 2011.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey also presented "Wild Thing I Love You" which began on Channel 4 on 15 October 2006. The series concentrates on the protection of Britain's wild animals, and has included re-homing badgers, owls and water voles.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey appeared in the second series of the E4 teenage "dramedy" "Skins" playing Maxxie's dad, Walter Oliver. In episode 1, Walter struggles with his son's desire to be a dancer, instead wishing him to become a builder, which is what he himself does for a living. Walter is married to Jackie, played by Fiona Allen.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey appeared on the first episode of "Grand Designs Live" on 4 May 2008, helping Kevin McCloud build his eco-friendly home. In 2009, Bailey appeared in the BBC show "Hustle" as the character "Cyclops", a side-line character. In autumn 2009, Bailey presented "Bill Bailey's Birdwatching Bonanza".


title: Bill Bailey

text: To continue his foray into natural history, Bailey presented ITV1's half-hour wildlife mini-series "Baboons With Bill Bailey". The series was filmed in Cape Town and spanned eight episodes, with exclusive content available on itvWILD.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bill Bailey played Droxil, a Harvest Ranger from the Planet Androzani Major, in the 2011 Christmas Special of "Doctor Who", titled "The Doctor, the Widow and the Wardrobe".


title: Bill Bailey

text: In 2009, Bailey presented a project about the explorer and naturalist Alfred Russel Wallace, in the form of an Indonesian travelogue. Bailey said in an interview that Wallace had been "airbrushed out of history", and that he feels a "real affinity" with him. In 2013, to coincide with the centenary of Wallace's death, Bailey presented a two-part documentary, "Bill Bailey's Jungle Hero", first broadcast on BBC Two on 21 and 28 April 2013. He travelled around producing and filming the series in Indonesia and Borneo.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey took part in the eighteenth series of the televised dancing competition "Strictly Come Dancing", broadcast in late 2020. He won the competition with his partner, Oti Mabuse, becoming the show's oldest winner at 55, displacing the previous oldest winner Joe McFadden. Their win made Mabuse the first dancer to receive the title two years in a row.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In 2001, Bailey began touring the globe with "Bewilderness". A recording of a performance in Swansea was released on DVD the same year, and the show was broadcast on Channel 4 that Christmas. A modified version of it also proved successful in America, and in 2002 Bailey released a CD of a recording at the WestBeth Theatre in New York City. The show contained his popular music parodies (such as Unisex Chip Shop, a Billy Bragg tribute, which he also performed with Bragg himself at the 2005 Glastonbury Festival), "three men in a pub" jokes (including one in the style of Geoffrey Chaucer) and deconstructions of television themes such as "Countdown" and "The Magic Roundabout". A "Bewilderness" CD was sold outside gigs, a mixture of studio recordings of songs and monologues Bailey had performed in the past; it was later released in shops as "Bill Bailey: The Ultimate Collection... Ever!" That same year he also presented a Channel 4 countdown, "Top Ten Prog Rock".


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey premiered his show "Part Troll" at the 2003 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. A critical and commercial success, he then transferred it to the West End, where tickets sold out in under 24 hours, and new dates had to be added. He continued to tour it all over the UK as well as in Australia, New Zealand and the US. Bailey expanded on subjects such as the war on Iraq. He also talks extensively about drugs, at one point asking the audience to name different ways of baking cannabis. A DVD was released in 2004.2005 saw the release of his 1995 show "Bill Bailey's Cosmic Jam". The two-disc set also contained a director's cut of "Bewilderness", which featured a routine on Stephen Hawking's "A Brief History of Time" not seen in the original version.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey appeared at the Beautiful Days festival in August 2007. The UK leg of the "Tinselworm" tour enjoyed three sell-out nights at the MEN Arena in Manchester, Europe's largest indoor arena, and culminated with a sell-out performance at Wembley Arena.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Early in 2007, a petition was started to express fans' wishes to see him cast as a dwarf in "The Hobbit" films, after his stand-up routine mentioned auditioning for Gimli in "The Lord of the Rings". The petition reached its goal in the early days of January, and was sent to the producers. It was hoped that as the "Tinselworm" tour took him to Wellington where the film was in pre-production, that he would be able to audition.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In 2012, his world tour was entitled "Qualmpeddler", which toured the UK as well as returning to Australia and New Zealand in August and September 2012.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In September and October 2018, Bailey toured his show, "The Earl of Whimsy", to seven venues within New Zealand.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In December 2021, Bailey started touring his new show, "En Route To Normal", to venues in the United Kingdom and Ireland. In 2022 Bailey will take the tour to venues in Europe, and later in the year Australia.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey plays numerous musical instruments, and incorporates music into his comedy. He has perfect pitch. His stand-up routines often feature music


title: Bill Bailey

text: from genres such as jazz, rock (most notably prog rock from the early seventies), drum'n'bass, classical, and even theme songs, usually for comic value. Favourite instruments include the keyboard, guitar, theremin, kazoo and bongos. He also mentioned in an interview that he has achieved Grade 6 Clarinet. He was part of punk band Beergut 100, which he founded in 1995 with comedy writer Jim Miller and also featured Martin Trenaman and Phil Whelans, with Kevin Eldon as lead singer. The band performed at the 2006 Edinburgh Festival Fringe. His musical routines include performing "The Star-Spangled Banner" in a minor key or perform the Hokey Cokey in the style of the electronic band Kraftwerk.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In February 2007, Bailey appeared twice with the BBC Concert Orchestra and Anne Dudley in a show entitled "Cosmic Shindig". Performed in the Colosseum in Watford on 24 February and in the Queen Elizabeth Hall on 26 February, the show contained orchestrally accompanied versions of many of Bailey's previously performed songs, an exploration of the instruments of the orchestra and a number of new pieces of music. The Queen Elizabeth Hall performance was broadcast on BBC Radio 3 on 16 March 2007 as a part of Comic Relief 2007.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey had planned to put himself forward as Britain's Eurovision entry in 2008, as a result of several fan petitions encouraging him to do so.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In October 2008, he performed "Bill Bailey's Remarkable Guide to the Orchestra" at the Royal Albert Hall with the BBC Concert Orchestra, conducted by Anne Dudley.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In November 2009 he was a guest on "Private Passions", the biographical music discussion programme on BBC Radio 3.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In July 2011, Bailey performed at the Sonisphere Festival in Knebworth, headlining the Saturn Stage. He released an album, "In Metal", using songs played at Sonisphere, later that year.


title: Bill Bailey

text: In June 2014, The Music House for Children announced Bailey would become their patron alongside Sophie Ellis-Bextor in celebration of their 20th anniversary.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey lives in the Hammersmith area of London with his wife Kristin, whom he married in 1998, on a whim, in Indonesia. In 2009 he said: "We were travelling around Asia and sailed into a place called Banda, with a beautiful lagoon, and a smoking volcano on one side and a Dutch colonial fort, an old church and remains of a little town on the other. We decided to get married there and then." Their son Dax was born in 2003. He supports Queens Park Rangers and describes himself as an avid fan of "Star Trek".


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey has a carnivorous pitcher plant named after him, "Nepenthes x Bill Bailey", created by Borneo Exotics in Sri Lanka. His sporting interests include standup paddleboarding (SUP). He is an active supporter of British Canoeing.


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey is a supporter of the Labour Party and appeared in its fifth party election broadcast of the 2010 general election campaign. In 2015, he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's campaign in the Labour Party leadership election, saying, "Corbyn's nomination showed there is a kind of craving for a bit of honest speaking, a bit of principled plain speaking. But I think he is in a bit of a bind. Nuanced debate doesn't cut it in the toxic, political atmosphere. He’s having a fast-forward of his own political evolution, having to become 'a politician' – the thing he never was."


title: Bill Bailey

text: Bailey is a feminist and a supporter of the Fawcett Society. He is also a prominent advocate of men's issues, most notably raising awareness of prostate cancer and the Men United campaign. He is a patron of International Animal Rescue and has been instrumental in the organisation's campaign to rescue dancing bears. He has also campaigned for the Sumatran Orangutan Society. For his work in environmental conservation, he received an honorary doctorate in conservation and sustainability from the Australian University of the Sunshine Coast in October 2014.


title: Natalie Martinez

text: Natalie Martinez is an American actress and model. She appeared in the 2008 film "Death Race", several music videos between 2003 and 2011, and two short-lived telenovelas in 2006 and 2007. Martinez starred in the single season of the crime drama "Detroit 1-8-7", had a recurring role for one season of "", starred in one season of the drama series "Kingdom", and appeared in the 2019 science fiction miniseries "The I-Land". In 2021, Martinez began starring in the NBC drama series "Ordinary Joe".


title: Natalie Martinez

text: Martinez was born in 1984 in Miami, Florida, and is of full Cuban ancestry. She graduated from St. Brendan High School in 2002.


title: Natalie Martinez

text: Martinez appeared as the character Michelle Miller on the telenovela "Fashion House" (2006), which was cancelled after three months, and she was cast as a major character in the 2007 series "Chuck", appearing in first-season promotional pictures, but the showrunner decided to cut her character before the pilot was aired. Martinez then had a role in the 2008 film "Death Race".


title: Natalie Martinez

text: Martinez had starring roles in a number of other single-season television series, including "Detroit 1-8-7", "APB", and "The Crossing". IN 2012, she starred in the first season of "Under the Dome", and appeared in the season two premiere. She co-starred in one season of "Secrets and Lies", and played the recurring role of Detective Jamie Lovato for one season in the crime drama "".


title: Natalie Martinez

text: Martinez' other film appearances include "End of Watch" (2012), "Broken City" (2013) and "Self/less" (2015).


title: Natalie Martinez

text: In September 2018, it was announced that Martinez would appear in the main role of Chase on the Netflix science fiction miniseries "The I-Land". The miniseries was released on September 12, 2019.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: Would I Lie to You? (informally abbreviated as WILTY) is a British comedy game show aired on BBC One, made by Zeppotron for the BBC. It was first broadcast on 16 June 2007, starring David Mitchell and Lee Mack as team captains. The show was originally presented by Angus Deayton, and since 2009 has been hosted by Rob Brydon.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The show was presented by Angus Deayton in 2007 and 2008, with Rob Brydon (who had appeared as a guest panellist in the second series) taking over as host in 2009. The team captains are comedians David Mitchell and Lee Mack. As revealed by Lee Mack on "" on 19 September 2014, Alan Carr was a team captain in the pilot but subsequently turned down an offer to appear on later shows. For each show, two celebrity guests join each of the team captains. The teams compete as each player reveals unusual facts and embarrassing personal tales for the evaluation of the opposing team. Some of these are true, some are not, and it is the panellists' task to decide which is which.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The first series was recorded at Fountain Studios in Wembley during March and April 2007 and aired at 21:55 between 16 June and 28 July 2007 on BBC One (missing a week for coverage of the Concert for Diana memorial event). Filming for the second series took place between 15 November and 18 December 2007. The second series was filmed at BBC Television Centre in White City, West London, because Fountain Studios were being used for "The X Factor". The second series aired at 21:00 between 11 July 2008 and 29 August 2008 on BBC One, and contained eight shows, an increase of two from series one. A compilation episode featuring some previously unaired material was aired on 19 September 2008 at 21:30 on BBC One.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: Filming of a third series of eight episodes took place at Pinewood Studios during March and April 2009, and was broadcast between 10 August 2009 and 29 September 2009 on BBC One at 22:35. A compilation episode was also recorded. The airdate was 17 December 2009, due to the addition of "Match of the Day" to the BBC One schedule. Filming of a fourth series of eight episodes took place at Pinewood Studios again during April and May 2010, and was broadcast between 23 July 2010 and 10 September 2010 on BBC One at 22:35. The compilation episode aired on 17 September 2010. The fifth series was filmed during March 2011 and started airing from 9 September at 21:30.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The sixth series of the show was recorded in March 2012 and began its broadcast on 13 April 2012. This series was aired in a pre-watershed slot, at 20:30, for the first time.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: In all rounds, the scoring system is the same: teams gain a point for correctly guessing whether a statement is true or not, but if they guess incorrectly the opposing team gets a point. Each episode running time is 30 minutes, so some questions are edited out prior to airing. In addition, the comic format allowing each team member to question and joke with the opposing team. Hence, each episode has differing total scoring points reflecting the varying number of questions asked and answered.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: During series one through series five, it was impossible for viewers to follow the scores until they were read out at the end of each round, as some questions were edited out, and the final scores reflected the total questions played while filming each episode (not reflecting the final edits for the 30 minute running time). However, starting with series six on, the scores were re-recorded to reflect what had made the aired edits and not the whole filmed recording.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The highest regular episode's total score is 22 points, series one, episode one, aired 16 June 2007, with a final score of 11-11, a draw between David's team and Lee's team. The earliest lowest regular episode's total score is 4 points, series seven, episode four, aired 24 May 2013, with a final score of 3-1, a win for David's team against Lee's team — since then, few more episodes also have a final score of 4 points. (The lowest score ever is the Children in Need Special's total score of 2 points, aired 18 November 2016, with a final score of 1-1, a draw between David's team and Lee's team.)


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The following have all appeared multiple times as one of the guest panelists on the show, including any as-yet unbroadcast episodes of Series 16 (not including the 2011 Comic Relief special).


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The first show of Series 1 had 3.8 million viewers, a 19% audience share at the time it was broadcast.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The first show of Series 2 had 3 million viewers and a 14% audience share. Later episodes indicated ratings of 2.7 - 3.2 million, with the final show of the series getting 3.3 million viewers and a 15% audience share.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The first show of Series 3 had 2.8 million viewers, the lowest number for a series opener so far; however, this equated to a 17% audience share. The final show attracted only 2.5 million viewers, but with a 19% audience share overall.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The first show of series 4 had 3.12 million viewers and a 19.7% audience share, the best performance for a series opener since series 1.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The series 5 premiere had the show's highest ratings to date, with 4 million viewers and a 17.2% audience share.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: Series 6 began with an audience share of 14.9% and peak viewing figures of 3.53 million. These figures were above the seventh series figures of 2.83 million / 12.8% audience share, although these rose to 3.17 million by the end of the series with a 14.7% share.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The show came second place in the British Comedy Guide's 2010 awards for the category "Best British TV Panel Show", losing out to "QI". The following year, it won the same category. It also won the category in 2013, and also won the "Comedy of the Year 2013" award, making it the first non-scripted show to do so. It won the "Panel Show" category for the third time at the 2014 awards, and again in 2015, 2017, 2018, 2019 and 2020.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The show won the British Comedy Award for "Best British TV Panel Show" in 2010. It was nominated in the same category at the following year's ceremony, but lost to "Shooting Stars". It won the award twice in a row at the 2013 and 2014 ceremonies.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The programme has been nominated for the BAFTA for Comedy and Comedy Entertainment Programme five times, but has yet to win. Mitchell and Mack were also both nominated for the Best Entertainment Performance award at the 2019 ceremony; Mack took home the prize. Mack received another nomination in the same category in 2020. Mitchell received another nomination in the same category in 2021.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: The show airs on ABC TV in Australia and TVNZ 2 in New Zealand and began screening on BBC UKTV in Australia and New Zealand from November 2014. It is available to stream on BritBox in the US and Canada.


title: Would I Lie to You? (game show)

text: An additional 10-minute feature, entitled ""Mam, Would I Lie To You?"" was broadcast on the ITV show "Ant & Dec's Saturday Night Takeaway" on 13 March 2021. This edition was hosted by Ant and Dec and featured a team of Lee Mack, Stephen Mulhern and Michelle Visage playing two rounds of a slightly altered "This is My..." where the panellists had to guess which of the three children was the child of an audience member by the story given. Zeppotron and the BBC were thanked in the programme's credits for use of the "WILTY" brand and format.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: "Amy's Baking Company" is the 16th episode of the sixth season of "Kitchen Nightmares", and the 82nd episode of the series. The episode first aired on May 10, 2013, and centered on Gordon Ramsay attempting to help Amy and Samy Bouzaglo, owners of Amy's Baking Company in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: The episode marked the only time in the history of both the UK and the US versions of "Kitchen Nightmares" that Ramsay was unable to complete the restaurant's transformation due to conflict with the owners. The owners' violent behaviors received negative attention on social media, and the manner in which they responded to this critical reception further fueled the controversy, prompting "Forbes" to refer to this as an example of how a business should not react to comments posted on social media.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: A follow-up episode, "Return to Amy's Baking Company", aired as the season-seven premiere on April 11, 2014.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: Amy and Samy Bouzaglo, the husband-and-wife owners, explain the history of their restaurant: Samy invested over a million dollars to build the restaurant in 2006 to fulfill Amy's dreams. About two years prior to the episode's filming, bloggers began writing negative reviews of the restaurant's food and pointing out the owners' behavior. Amy says the reviews are "lies" and states that they cost the restaurant a "tremendous amount of business".


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: The day before Ramsay arrives, the camera crew witnesses an intense argument between Samy and a customer. It starts when the customer complains to Samy that his friend and he had been waiting for a pizza for over an hour, causing Samy to lash out at him and order the two customers to leave, but not before insisting that the two customers pay for the drinks they have received. Samy then turns his attention to the customer's friend, while Amy threatens to call the police. Just when it appears that Samy and the customer will come to blows, a cameraman steps in and escorts the customers out of the restaurant. Amy then berates and insults the other customers in the restaurant before storming back into the kitchen.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: Upon his arrival, Ramsay is initially impressed with the kitchen's good hygiene and organization, and is impressed by Amy's desserts, though becomes more wary when Amy admits that she closes the restaurant if either of the owners are not there. After the initial discussion, Ramsay prepares to sample the dishes. He has a rather negative response towards the menu items; the fig and pear prosciutto pizza was very sweet and made with undercooked dough; the blue-ribbon burger was not medium rare as requested, with a combination of condiments that Ramsay finds bizarre, and a bun dripping with grease; the red pepper ravioli exhibits a combination of sweet and spicy flavors that Ramsay calls "confusing", and he learns from Samy that it was mass-produced frozen ravioli despite the menu advertising it as "freshly made"; and the salmon burger is overcooked with an unappealing presentation. Samy reveals to Ramsay that he does not tell Amy about the problems with the dishes, as he knows she does not deal well with criticism. At another point during the sampling, Ramsay learns from one of the servers, Miranda Winant, that neither the other servers nor she make any tips, but that they instead go to Samy. Ramsay discusses this with Samy, who justifies the policy by saying he does much of the front-of-house work, though Miranda reveals that Samy does not always properly put the orders in and often omits dishes that were ordered as a result of this. Samy was also operating a PoS machine poorly. Miranda said she could operate the machine, but Samy refused and told her to go away.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: Later, during dinner service, Ramsay criticizes Amy and Samy for the food he was served during lunch, and Amy responds by denying any wrongdoing because Samy refused to tell her the problems about the food. Ramsay also criticizes Amy for using frozen ravioli instead of making it fresh, and announces to the customers that the ravioli is off the menu, which does not sit well with Amy. Throughout the night, customers are seen complaining about the long waiting, and several customers are shown sending back dishes they disliked. At one point, Amy accidentally gives the wrong table number to Miranda. Subsequently, when giving food to Katy Cipriano, another server, as well as the table number, Katy asks, "Are you sure?" Amy responds by accusing her of having an "attitude problem" and demands that she leave. When Ramsay witnesses a customer giving a tip intended for the servers and Samy taking it for himself, Samy again defends the policy, stating that the waiting staff receive an hourly wage. This prompts Ramsay to inform the customer that all tips go to the restaurant's management and not the servers, to which the customer replies, "That's horrible." Samy and Ramsay then get into a heated, profanity-laced argument, in which Ramsay tells Samy he is not allowed to take his servers' tips. Amy closes the restaurant, and fires Katy on the spot. Samy attempts to change Amy's mind, but she does not relent, later describing Katy, who leaves the premises in tears, as a "poisonous little viper".


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: Ramsay returns to the restaurant the next day, only to find it closed, because neither of the owners were at the premises. Ramsay takes this opportunity to talk to Henry and Jessica, who previously worked in the restaurant. Both describe horrible working experiences; Henry claims Samy made him wash his car and Jessica claims that at least 50 people were fired during the 18-month period when she worked at the restaurant. He also started to talk to Pam, another worker, who admitted to Ramsay that on one occasion, Samy had hit her. Ramsay then attempts to talk to Amy and Samy, telling them what they are doing wrong. Amy refuses to listen and becomes increasingly aggressive and hostile towards Ramsay. Samy even reveals that they had actually fired 100 employees, not 50. As a result, Ramsay realizes they are not open to making any changes and leaves the restaurant, and in a concluding monologue, states that this is the first time he has met restaurant owners that he could not help. Before leaving the area, he cites the fact that the restaurant has gone through a hundred staff members, stating that Amy and Samy have infuriated the local community and are incapable of accepting criticism, and believes that they would not have adhered to any changes he would have implemented to improve the restaurant, regardless.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: The episode was shot in December 2012. On December 10, a local media interview with a diner described his altercation with Samy during taping. The diner saw what he thought was an act for the purposes of the show, but a producer told him, "what was happening was real". The diner went on to explain that police were on the scene by the time he left the restaurant. The diner reported that the police were responding to a "911 hang-up call" from the restaurant, and that they left after "concluding everything was fine".


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: The episode premiered on May 10, 2013, and was viewed by about 3.34 million people. It was seen by 1.2% of all 18- to 49-year-olds and 5% of all 18- to 49-year-olds watching television at the time of the broadcast. The episode met with praise from reviewers, with one critic writing, "The episode is nothing short of amazing."


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: After the show aired, the restaurant, which was located in a shopping center at Scottsdale Road and Shea Boulevard, became a momentary tourist attraction. The restaurant received extensive negative feedback on their official Facebook page. When owners Amy and Samy responded by denouncing people who posted negative comments, they provoked more of the same, not only on Facebook, but also on Yelp and Reddit. "Forbes" used the reactions as a poster example of how a business should not react to comments on social media. The owners later stated that they were hacked, and that they had not posted any of the comments. The couple later claimed that the unsatisfied customers seen in the episode were in fact actors. This prompted more negative responses and the original comments and responses were eventually removed. As a result of the "Kitchen Nightmares" episode and Facebook posts, awareness of the incident caused the "meltdown" to go viral.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: The company hired a local public relations firm, and a second Facebook page was eventually taken down, as well, while another one called "I support Amy's Baking Company Bakery Boutique & Bistro 100 percent" appeared on May 15. A press release announced that they would be holding a "Grand Reopening" on May 21, 2013. On April 11, 2014, "Kitchen Nightmares" aired a special episode revolving around the events at Amy's Baking Company during and after the episode aired with a new, specially recorded interview with the owners conducted by local reporter Ana Garcia.


title: Amy's Baking Company

text: Amy's Baking Company permanently closed on September 1, 2015. Amy Bouzaglo explained that the development stemmed from problems with the building's former landlord, and not the TV series. She also indicated her future career plans included making desserts for a Phoenix-area restaurant group and producing online instructional cooking videos. The building that hosted Amy's Baking Company hosted another restaurant called "B&R Restaurant" for a while before also closing, and is now host to an Aikido school.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: drama film produced by Mosfilm. Directed and co-written by Sergei Eisenstein, it presents a dramatization of the mutiny that occurred in 1905 when the crew of the Russian battleship "Potemkin" rebelled against its officers.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In 1958, the film was voted number 1 on the prestigious Brussels 12 list at the 1958 World Expo. "Battleship Potemkin" is considered one of the greatest films of all time. In the most recent Sight and Sound critics' poll in 2022, it was voted the fifty-fourth-greatest film of all time, and it placed in the top 10 in many previous editions.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The film is set in June 1905; the protagonists of the film are the members of the crew of the "Potemkin", a battleship of the Imperial Russian Navy's Black Sea Fleet. Eisenstein divided the plot into five acts, each with its own title:


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The scene begins with two sailors, Matyushenko and Vakulinchuk, discussing the need for the crew of the "Potemkin", anchored off the island of Tendra, to support the revolution then taking place within Russia. After their watch, they and other off-duty sailors are sleeping in their hammocks. As an officer inspects the quarters, he stumbles and takes out his aggression on a sleeping sailor. The ruckus causes Vakulinchuk to awake, and he gives a speech to the men as they come to. Vakulinchuk says, "Comrades! The time has come when we too must speak out. Why wait? All of Russia has risen! Are we to be the last?" The scene cuts to morning above deck, where sailors are remarking on the poor quality of the meat for the crew. The meat appears to be rotten and covered in worms, and the sailors say that "even a dog wouldn't eat this!" The ship's doctor, Smirnov, is called over to inspect the meat by the captain. Rather than worms, the doctor says that the insects are maggots, and they can be washed off before cooking. The sailors further complain about the poor quality of the rations, but the doctor declares the meat edible and ends the discussion. Senior officer Giliarovsky forces the sailors still looking over the rotten meat to leave the area, and the cook begins to prepare borscht although he too questions the quality of the meat. The crew refuses to eat the borscht, instead choosing bread and water, and canned goods. While cleaning dishes, one of the sailors sees an inscription on a plate which reads "give us this day our daily bread". After considering the meaning of this phrase, the sailor smashes the plate and the scene ends.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: All those who refuse the meat are judged guilty of insubordination and are brought to the fore-deck where they receive religious last rites. The sailors are obliged to kneel and a canvas cover is thrown over them as a firing squad marches onto the deck. The First Officer gives the order to fire, but in response to Vakulinchuk's pleas the sailors in the firing squad lower their rifles and the uprising begins. The sailors overwhelm the outnumbered officers and take control of the ship. The officers are thrown overboard, the ship's priest is dragged out of hiding, and finally the doctor is thrown into the ocean as 'food for the worms'. The mutiny is successful but Vakulinchuk, the charismatic leader of the rebels, is killed.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The "Potemkin" arrives at the port of Odessa. Vakulinchuk's body is taken ashore and displayed publicly by his companions in a tent with a sign on his chest that says "For a spoonful of borscht" (Изъ-за ложки борща). The citizens of Odessa, saddened yet empowered by Vakulinchuk's sacrifice, are soon whipped into a frenzy against the Tsar and his government by sympathizers. A man allied with the government tries to turn the citizens' fury against the Jews, but he is quickly shouted down and beaten by the people. The sailors gather to make a final farewell and praise Vakulinchuk as a hero. The people of Odessa welcome the sailors, but they attract the police as they mobilize against the government.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The citizenry of Odessa take to their ships and boats, sailing out to the "Potemkin" to show their support to the sailors and donate supplies, while a crowd of others gather at the Odessa steps to witness the happenings and cheer on the rebels. Suddenly a detachment of dismounted Cossacks form battle lines at the top of the steps and march toward a crowd of unarmed civilians including women and children, and begin firing and advancing with fixed bayonets. Every now and again, the soldiers halt to fire a volley into the crowd before continuing their impersonal, machine-like assault down the stairs, ignoring the people's pleas for humanity and understanding. Meanwhile, government cavalry attack the fleeing crowd at the bottom of the steps as well, cutting down many of those who survived the dismounted assault. Brief sequences show individuals among the people fleeing or falling, a baby carriage rolling down the steps, a woman shot in the face, broken glasses, and the high boots of the soldiers moving in unison.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In retaliation, the sailors of the "Potemkin" use the guns of the battleship to fire on the city opera house, where Tsarist military leaders are convening a meeting. Meanwhile, there is news that a squadron of loyal warships is coming to quell the revolt of the "Potemkin".


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The sailors of the "Potemkin" decide to take the battleship out from the port of Odessa to face the fleet of the Tsar. Just when battle seems inevitable, the sailors of the Tsarist squadron refuse to open fire, cheering and shouting to show solidarity with the mutineers and allowing the "Potemkin", flying the red flag, to pass between their ships.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: On the 20th anniversary of the first Russian revolution, the commemorative commission of the Central Executive Committee decided to stage a number of performances dedicated to the revolutionary events of 1905. As part of the celebrations, it was suggested that a "... grand film [be] shown in a special program, with an oratory introduction, musical (solo and orchestral) and a dramatic accompaniment based on a specially written text". Nina Agadzhanova was asked to write the script and direction of the picture was assigned to 27-year-old Sergei Eisenstein.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In the original script, the film was to highlight a number of episodes from the 1905 revolution: the Russo-Japanese War, the Tatar and Armenian massacres, revolutionary events in St. Petersburg and the Moscow uprising. Filming was to be conducted in a number of cities within the USSR.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Eisenstein hired many non-professional actors for the film; he sought people of specific types instead of famous stars.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Shooting began on 31 March 1925. Eisenstein began filming in Leningrad and had time to shoot the railway strike episode, horsecar, city at night and the strike crackdown on Sadovaya Street. Further shooting was prevented by deteriorating weather, with fog setting in. At the same time, the director faced tight time constraints: the film needed to be finished by the end of the year, although the script was approved only on 4 June. Eisenstein decided to give up the original script consisting of eight episodes, to focus on just one, the uprising on the battleship "Potemkin", which involved just a few pages (41 frames) from Agadzhanova's script. Eisenstein and Grigori Aleksandrov essentially recycled and extended the script. In addition, during the progress of making the film, some episodes were added that had existed neither in Agadzhanova's script nor in Eisenstein's scenic sketches, such as the storm scene with which the film begins. As a result, the content of the film was far removed from Agadzhanova's original script.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The film was shot in Odessa, at that time a center of film production where it was possible to find a suitable warship for shooting.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The first screening of the film took place on 21 December 1925 at a ceremonial meeting dedicated to the anniversary of the 1905 revolution at the Bolshoi Theatre. The premiere was held in Moscow on 18 January 1926, in the 1st Goskinoteatre (now called the ).


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The silent film received a voice dubbing in 1930, was restored in 1950 (composer Nikolai Kryukov) and reissued in 1976 (composer Dmitri Shostakovich) at Mosfilm with the participation of the and the Museum of S.M. Eisenstein under the artistic direction of Sergei Yutkevich.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In 1925, after sale of the film's negatives to Germany and reediting by director Phil Jutzi, "Battleship Potemkin" was released internationally in a different version from that originally intended. The attempted execution of sailors was moved from the beginning to the end of the film. Later it was subjected to censorship, and in the USSR some frames and intermediate titles were removed. The words of Leon Trotsky in the prologue were replaced with a quote from Lenin. In 2005, under the overall guidance of the Foundation Deutsche Kinemathek, with the participation of the State Film Fund and the Russian State Archive of Literature and Art, the author's version of the film was restored, including the music by Edmund Meisel.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The battleship "Kniaz Potemkin Tarritcheski", later renamed "Panteleimon" and then "Boretz Za Svobodu", was derelict and in the process of being scrapped at the time of the film shoot. It is usually stated that the battleship was used instead, but she was a very different design of vessel from that of the "Potemkin", and the film footage matches the battleship more closely. The "Rostislav" had been scuttled in 1920, but her superstructure remained completely above water until 1930. Interior scenes were filmed on the cruiser . Stock footage of "Potemkin" was used to show her at sea, and stock footage of the French fleet depicted the waiting Russian Black Sea fleet. Anachronistic footage of triple-gun-turret Russian dreadnoughts was also included.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In the film, the rebels raise a red flag on the battleship, but the orthochromatic black-and-white film stock of the period made the color red look black, so a white flag was used instead. Eisenstein hand-tinted the flag in red in 108 frames for the premiere at the Grand Theatre, which was greeted with thunderous applause by the Bolshevik audience.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Eisenstein wrote the film as revolutionary propaganda, but also used it to test his theories of montage. The revolutionary Soviet filmmakers of the Kuleshov school of filmmaking were experimenting with the effect of film editing on audiences, and Eisenstein attempted to edit the film in such a way as to produce the greatest emotional response, so that the viewer would feel sympathy for the rebellious sailors of the Battleship "Potemkin" and hatred for their overlords. In the manner of most propaganda, the characterization is simple, so that the audience could clearly see with whom they should sympathize.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Eisenstein's experiment was a mixed success; he "... was disappointed when "Potemkin" failed to attract masses of viewers", but the film was also released in a number of international venues, where audiences responded positively. In both the Soviet Union and overseas, the film shocked audiences, but not so much for its political statements as for its use of violence, which was considered graphic by the standards of the time. The film's potential to influence political thought through emotional response was noted by Nazi propaganda minister Joseph Goebbels, who called "Potemkin" "... a marvelous film without equal in the cinema ... anyone who had no firm political conviction could become a Bolshevik after seeing the film." He was even interested in getting Germans to make a similar film. Eisenstein did not like the idea and wrote an indignant letter to Goebbels in which he stated that National Socialistic realism did not have either truth or realism. The film was not banned in Nazi Germany, although Heinrich Himmler issued a directive prohibiting SS members from attending screenings, as he deemed the movie inappropriate for the troops. The film was eventually banned in some countries, including the United States and France for a time, as well as in its native Soviet Union. The film was banned in the United Kingdom longer than was any other film in British history.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: One of the most celebrated scenes in the film is the massacre of civilians on the Odessa Steps (also known as the Primorsky or Potemkin Stairs). This sequence has been assessed as a "classic" and one of the most influential in the history of cinema.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In the scene, the Tsar's soldiers in their white summer tunics march down a seemingly endless flight of steps in a rhythmic, machine-like fashion, firing volleys into a crowd. A separate detachment of mounted Cossacks charges the crowd at the bottom of the stairs. The victims include an older woman wearing pince-nez, a young boy with his mother, a student in uniform and a teenage schoolgirl. A mother pushing an infant in a baby carriage falls to the ground dying and the carriage rolls down the steps amid the fleeing crowd.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The massacre on the steps, although it did not take place in daylight or as portrayed, was based on the fact that there were widespread demonstrations in other parts of the city, sparked off by the arrival of the "Potemkin" in Odessa Harbour. Both "The Times" and the resident British Consul reported that troops fired on the crowds; deaths were reportedly in the hundreds. Roger Ebert writes, "That there was, in fact, no tsarist massacre on the Odessa Steps scarcely diminishes the power of the scene ... It is ironic that [Eisenstein] did it so well that today, the bloodshed on the Odessa steps is often referred to as if it really happened."


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The scene is perhaps the best example of Eisenstein's theory on montage, and many films pay homage to the scene, including


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: After its first screening, the film was not distributed in the Soviet Union and there was a danger that it would be lost among other productions. Poet Vladimir Mayakovsky intervened because his good friend, poet Nikolai Aseev, had participated in the making of the film's intertitles. Mayakovsky's opposing party was Sovkino's president Konstantin Shvedchikov. He was a politician and friend of Vladimir Lenin who once hid Lenin in his home before the Revolution. Mayakovsky presented Shvedchikov with a hard demand that the film would be distributed abroad, and intimidated Shvedchikov with the fate of becoming a villain in history books. Mayakovsky's closing sentence was "Shvedchikovs come and go, but art remains. Remember that!" Besides Mayakovsky many others also persuaded Shvedchikov to spread the film around the world and after constant pressure from Sovkino he eventually sent the film to Berlin. There "Battleship Potemkin" became a huge success, and the film was again screened in Moscow.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: When Douglas Fairbanks and Mary Pickford visited Moscow in July 1926, they were full of praise for "Battleship Potemkin"; Fairbanks helped distribute the film in the U.S., and even asked Eisenstein to go to Hollywood. In the U.S. the film premiered in New York on 5 December 1926, at the Biltmore Theatre.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: It was shown in an edited form in Germany, with some scenes of extreme violence edited out by German distributors. A written introduction by Trotsky was cut from Soviet prints after he ran afoul of Stalin. The film was banned in the United Kingdom (until 1954; it was then X-rated until 1987), France, and other countries for its revolutionary zeal.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Today the film is widely available in various DVD editions. In 2004, a three-year restoration of the film was completed. Many excised scenes of violence were restored, as well as the original written introduction by Trotsky. The previous titles, which had toned down the mutinous sailors' revolutionary rhetoric, were corrected so that they would now be an accurate translation of the original Russian titles.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In order to retain its relevance as a propaganda film for each new generation, Eisenstein hoped the score would be rewritten every 20 years. The original score was composed by Edmund Meisel. A salon orchestra performed the Berlin premiere in 1926. The instruments were flute/piccolo, trumpet, trombone, harmonium, percussion and strings without viola. Meisel wrote the score in twelve days because of the late approval of film censors. As time was so short Meisel repeated sections of the score. Composer/conductor Mark-Andreas Schlingensiepen has reorchestrated the original piano score to fit the version of the film available today.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Nikolai Kryukov composed a new score in 1950 for the 25th anniversary. In 1985, Chris Jarrett composed a solo piano accompaniment for the movie. In 1986 Eric Allaman wrote an electronic score for a showing that took place at the 1986 Berlin International Film Festival. The music was commissioned by the organizers, who wanted to commemorate the 60th anniversary of the film's German premiere. The score was played only at this premiere and has not been released on CD or DVD. Contemporary reviews were largely positive apart from negative comment because the music was electronic. Allaman also wrote an opera about Battleship Potemkin, which is musically separate from the film score.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In commercial format, on DVD for example, the film is usually accompanied by classical music added for the "50th anniversary edition" released in 1975. Three symphonies from Dmitri Shostakovich have been used, with No. 5, beginning and ending the film, being the most prominent. A version of the film offered by the Internet Archive has a soundtrack that also makes heavy use of the symphonies of Shostakovich, including his Fourth, Fifth, Eighth, Tenth, and Eleventh.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In 2007, Del Rey & The Sun Kings also recorded this soundtrack. In an attempt to make the film relevant to the 21st century, Neil Tennant and Chris Lowe (of the Pet Shop Boys) composed a soundtrack in 2004 with the Dresden Symphonic Orchestra. Their soundtrack, released in 2005 as "Battleship Potemkin", premiered in September 2004 at an open-air concert in Trafalgar Square, London. There were four further live performances of the work with the Dresdner Sinfoniker in Germany in September 2005, and one at the Swan Hunter shipyard in Newcastle upon Tyne in 2006.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: The avant-garde jazz ensemble Club Foot Orchestra has also re-scored the film, and performed live accompanying the film with a score by Richard Marriott, conducted by Deirdre McClure. For the 2005 restoration of the film, under the direction of Enno Patalas in collaboration with Anna Bohn, released on DVD and Blu-ray, the Deutsche Kinemathek - Museum fur Film und Fernsehen, commissioned a re-recording of the original Edmund Meisel score, performed by the Babelsberg Orchestra, conducted by Helmut Imig. In 2011 the most recent restoration was completed with an entirely new soundtrack by members of the Apskaft group. Contributing members were AER20-200, awaycaboose, Ditzky, Drn Drn, Foucault V, fydhws, Hox Vox, Lurholm, mexicanvader, Quendus, Res Band, -Soundso- and speculativism. The entire film was digitally restored to a sharper image by Gianluca Missero (who records under the name Hox Vox). The new version is available at the Internet Archive.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: A new score for "Battleship Potemkin" was composed in 2011 by Michael Nyman, and is regularly performed by the Michael Nyman Band. The Berklee Silent Film Orchestra also composed a new score for the film in 2011, and performed it live to picture at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, in Washington, D.C. A new electroacoustic score by the composers collective Edison Studio was first performed live in Naples at Cinema Astra for Scarlatti Contemporanea Festival on 25 October 2017 and published on DVD in 5.1 surround sound by Cineteca di Bologna in the "L'Immagine Ritrovata" series, along with a second audio track with a recording of the Meisel's score conducted by Helmut Imig.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: "Battleship Potemkin" has received universal acclaim from modern critics. On review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an overall 100% "Certified Fresh" approval rating based on 49 reviews, with a rating average of 9.20/10. The site's consensus reads, "A technical masterpiece, "Battleship Potemkin" is Soviet cinema at its finest, and its montage editing techniques remain influential to this day." Since its release "Battleship Potemkin" has often been cited as one of the finest propaganda films ever made, and is considered one of the greatest films of all time. The film was named the greatest film of all time at the Brussels World's Fair in 1958. Similarly, in 1952, "Sight & Sound" magazine cited "Battleship Potemkin" as the fourth-greatest film of all time; it was voted within the top ten in the magazine's five subsequent decennial polls, dropping to number 11 in the 2012 poll and number 54 in 2022.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: In 2007, a two-disc, restored version of the film was released on DVD. "Time" magazine's Richard Corliss named it one of the Top 10 DVDs of the year, ranking it at #5. It ranked #3 in "Empire"s "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010. In April 2011, "Battleship Potemkin" was re-released in UK cinemas, distributed by the British Film Institute. On its re-release, "Total Film" magazine gave the film a five-star review, stating: "...nearly 90 years on, Eisenstein's masterpiece is still guaranteed to get the pulse racing."


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Directors Orson Welles, Michael Mann and Paul Greengrass placed "Battleship Potemkin" on their list of favorite films.


title: Battleship Potemkin

text: Directors Billy Wilder and Charlie Chaplin both named "Battleship Potemkin" as their all-time favourite film.


title: Brigadier general (United States)

text: In the United States Armed Forces, a brigadier general is a one-star general officer in the United States Army, Marine Corps, Air Force, and Space Force.


title: Brigadier general (United States)

text: A brigadier general ranks above a colonel and below a major general. The pay grade of brigadier general is O-7.


title: Brigadier general (United States)

text: It is equivalent to the rank of rear admiral (lower half) in the other United States uniformed services which use naval ranks. It is abbreviated as BG in the Army, BGen in the Marine Corps, and Brig Gen in the Air Force and Space Force.


title: Brigadier general (United States)

text: The rank of brigadier general has existed in the U.S. military since the inception of the Continental Army in June 1775. To prevent mistakes in recognizing officers, a general order was issued on July 14, 1775, establishing that brigadier generals would wear a ribbon, worn across the breast, between coat and waistcoat, pink in color. Later, on June 18, 1780, it was prescribed that brigadier generals would instead wear a single silver star on each epaulette. At first, brigadier generals were infantry officers who commanded a brigade; however, over the course of the 19th and 20th centuries, the responsibilities of the rank expanded significantly.


title: Brigadier general (United States)

text: During the period from March 16, 1802, to January 11, 1812, the rank of major general was abolished and brigadier general became the highest rank in the U.S. Army. Foreseeing the need for an expanded general staff in case of war, which seemed imminent, Congress restored the rank of major general in January 1812.