title: Gillian Flynn

text: Flynn was born in Kansas City, Missouri, and raised in midtown Kansas City's Coleman Highlands neighborhood. Both of her parents were professors at Metropolitan Community College–Penn Valley: her mother, Judith Ann (née Schieber), was a reading-comprehension professor, and her father, Edwin Matthew Flynn, was a film professor. She has an older brother, Travis, who is a railroad machinist. Her uncle is Jackson County Circuit Court Judge Robert Schieber. Flynn was "painfully shy" and found escape in reading and writing. When she was growing up, Flynn's father would take her to watch horror movies.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: Flynn attended Bishop Miege High School and graduated in 1989. As a young woman, she worked odd jobs which required her to do things such as dress up as a giant "yogurt cone who wore a tuxedo."


title: Gillian Flynn

text: She attended the University of Kansas, where she received her undergraduate degrees in English and journalism. She spent two years in California, writing at a trade magazine for human resources professionals, before moving to Chicago and attending Northwestern University for a master's degree at its Medill School of Journalism in 1997. Flynn initially wanted to work as a police reporter, but she chose to focus on her own writing, as she discovered she had "no aptitude" for police reporting.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: After graduating from Northwestern, Flynn worked freelance briefly at "U.S. News & World Report" before being hired as a feature writer in 1998 at "Entertainment Weekly". She was promoted to television critic and wrote about films but was laid off in December 2008.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: She attributes her craft to her 15-some years in journalism. She said, "I could not have written a novel if I hadn't been a journalist first, because it taught me that there's no muse that's going to come down and bestow upon you the mood to write. You just have to do it. I'm definitely not precious."


title: Gillian Flynn

text: Some critics have accused Flynn of misogyny due to the often unflattering depiction of female characters in her books. Flynn identifies as a feminist. She feels that feminism allows for women to be bad characters in literature. She states, "The one thing that really frustrates me is this idea that women are innately good, innately nurturing." Flynn also said people will dismiss "trampy, vampy, bitchy types – but there's still a big pushback against the idea that women can be just pragmatically evil, bad, and selfish." In 2015, Flynn explained her decision to write cruel female characters, saying, "I've grown quite weary of the spunky heroines, brave rape victims, soul-searching fashionistas that stock so many books. I particularly mourn the lack of female villains – good, potent female villains."


title: Gillian Flynn

text: In 2021, it was announced that Flynn would be running a book imprint for the newly founded independent publisher Zando.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: When Flynn was working for "Entertainment Weekly", she was also writing novels during her free time. She has written three novels and one short story.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: Flynn was an avid reader of comic and graphic novels when she was a child. She collaborated with illustrator Dave Gibbons and wrote a comic book story called "Masks". It is part of the anthology series "Dark Horse Presents" and was published by Dark Horse Comics in February 2015.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: Flynn was executive producer and cowriter, along with Marti Noxon, on the HBO adaptation of her novel "Sharp Objects" starring Amy Adams. The miniseries was released in 2018 and received critical acclaim.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: In February 2014, it was reported that Flynn would be writing the scripts for "Utopia", an HBO drama series adapted from the acclaimed British series "Utopia". The HBO series was to be directed and executive produced by David Fincher. In July 2015 the project was cancelled due to budget disputes between Fincher and HBO. However, the project received second life at Amazon, with the streamer ordering the project to series with a 2020 release. Flynn wrote all eight episodes and served as the project's showrunner. "Utopia" was released on Amazon Prime Video on September 25, 2020. In November 2020, the series was canceled after one season.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: For her "Gone Girl" screenplay, Flynn was nominated for the Golden Globe, Writers Guild of America Award and BAFTA Award for Best Adapted Screenplay. Flynn and filmmaker Steve McQueen co-wrote a film adaptation of the ITV series "Widows". The film stars Viola Davis, Michelle Rodriguez, Colin Farrell, Liam Neeson, Daniel Kaluuya, and Robert Duvall, and was released in November 2018 to critical acclaim.


title: Gillian Flynn

text: Flynn married lawyer Brett Nolan in 2007. They met during graduate school at Northwestern, and began a relationship in their thirties. They have two children. Their son Flynn was born in 2010 and their daughter Veronica was born in 2014. They reside in Chicago.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market IP, Inc., a subsidiary of Amazon, is an upscale American multinational supermarket chain headquartered in Austin, Texas, which sells products free from hydrogenated fats and artificial colors, flavors, and preservatives. A USDA Certified Organic grocer in the United States, the chain is popularly known for its organic selections. Whole Foods has 500 stores in North America and seven in the United Kingdom .


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 1978, John Mackey and Renee Lawson borrowed $45,000 from family and friends to open a small vegetarian natural foods store called SaferWay in Austin, Texas (the name being a spoof of Safeway). When the two were evicted for storing food products in their apartment, they decided to live at the store. Because it was zoned for commercial use, there was no shower stall, so they bathed using a water hose attached to their dishwasher.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Two years later, Mackey and Lawson partnered with Craig Weller and Mark Skiles to merge SaferWay with the latter's Clarksville Natural Grocery, resulting in the opening of the original Whole Foods Market, which included meat products. At and with a staff of 19, the store was large in comparison to the standard health food store of the time.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On May 25, 1981, the most damaging flood in 70 years devastated Austin. Whole Foods' inventory was ruined, and most of the equipment was damaged. The loss was approximately $400,000 and Whole Foods Market had no insurance. Customers, neighbors, and staff assisted to repair and clean up the damage. Creditors, vendors and investors assisted the recovery, and the store reopened 28 days later.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Beginning in 1984, Whole Foods Market expanded from Austin, first to Houston and Dallas and then to New Orleans with the purchase of The Whole Food Co. in 1988. In 1989, the company expanded to the West Coast with a store in Palo Alto, California.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: While opening new stores, the company fueled rapid growth by acquiring other natural foods chains throughout the 1990s: Wellspring Grocery of North Carolina, Bread & Circus of Massachusetts and Rhode Island (banner retired in 2003), Mrs. Gooch's Natural Foods Markets of Los Angeles, Bread of Life of Northern California, Fresh Fields Markets on the East Coast and in the Midwest, Florida Bread of Life stores, Detroit-area Merchant of Vino stores, and Nature's Heartland of Boston. The company purchased Allegro Coffee Company in 1997. The company's 100th store was opened in Torrance, California, in 1999.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: The company started its third decade with additional acquisitions. The first was Natural Abilities in 2000, which did business as Food for Thought in Northern California. After the departure of then company president Chris Hitt and regional president Rich Cundiff, Southern California region, John Mackey promoted A. C. Gallo, president of the Northeast region and Walter Robb, president of the Northern California region to co-COO and soon after added the titles of co-president. This led to the promotion of three new regional presidents and a new era for the company. David Lannon became president of the Northeast region, Anthony Gilmore became president of the Southwest region, Ron Megehan became president of the Northern California region. In 2001, Whole Foods also moved into Manhattan. Later that year, Ken Meyer became president of the newly formed South region and Whole Foods Market acquired the assets of Harry's Farmers Market, which included three stores in Atlanta. In 2002, the company continued its expansion in North America and opened its first store in Toronto, Ontario. Further continuing its expansion, Select Fish of Seattle was acquired in 2003.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In late 2004, it was reported that Whole Foods had "cleared $188 million in profits in the last two years."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2005, Whole Foods opened its flagship store in downtown Austin. The company's headquarters moved into offices above the store.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods opened its first store in Hawaii in 2008 and in 2008 it also opened a southeast distribution center in Braselton, Georgia, calling it the first "green distribution center" for the company.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Along with new acquisitions, such as the 2014 purchase of seven Dominick's Finer Foods locations in Chicago, Whole Foods has also sold stores to other companies. For example, 35 Henry's Farmers Market and Sun Harvest Market stores were sold to a subsidiary of Los Angeles grocer Smart & Final Inc. for $166 million in 2007.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods opened its second store in western New York in Amherst, a suburb of Buffalo in September 2017.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: As part of a streamlining campaign, in January 2017 the company reported that it would close three remaining regional kitchens in Everett, Landover and Atlanta.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In June 2017, Amazon purchased Whole Foods Market for $13.7 billion. Amazon plans for Whole Foods customers who also have an Amazon prime account to be able to order groceries online and then pick them up in store for free.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2019, to facilitate expansion into previously unserved areas, Amazon announced plans to acquire some former Sears and Kmart locations from Sears Holdings, which filed for Chapter 11 Bankruptcy protection on October 15, 2018. These vacant locations would be demolished or remodeled to create new Whole Foods Market locations.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In April 2019, Whole Foods opened its largest store in the Southeast in Midtown Atlanta. The three-level store has a burger restaurant, an Allegro Coffee shop and a rooftop terrace.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods entered the Canadian market in 2002 in Toronto. In 2013, Whole Foods said it would open around 40 more stores in Canada over time. At the time, there were 9 Whole Foods in Canada. By January 2017, Whole Foods had 467 stores, all of which were in the United States except 9 in the United Kingdom and 12 in Canada. In January 2017, Whole Foods announced it was canceling plans from 2015 and 2016 to open stores in Calgary and Edmonton. Among the twelve were five each in Greater Vancouver and Greater Toronto, and one each in Ottawa and Victoria. In March 2020 there were 487 stores in the US, 14 in Canada and 7 in the UK.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2004, Whole Foods Market entered the UK by acquiring seven Fresh & Wild stores. In June 2007, it opened its first full-size store, a total of on three levels, on the site of the old Barkers department store on Kensington High Street, West London and currently their largest store in the world. Company executives claimed that as many as forty stores might eventually be opened throughout the UK. However, by September 2008, in the wake of Whole Foods Market's financial troubles, Fresh & Wild had been reduced to four stores, all in London. The flagship Bristol branch closed because it had "not met profitability goals". In the year to September 28, 2008, the UK subsidiary lost £36 million due to a large impairment charge of £27 million and poor trading results due to the growing fears of global recession. However, in 2011, global sales grew +8% each financial quarter as shoppers returned to the chain. A first Scottish store was opened on November 16, 2011, in Giffnock, Glasgow. Whole Foods Market Inc. currently operates seven different Whole Foods locations: in Camden Town, Clapham Junction, Kensington, Piccadilly Circus, Richmond, Stoke Newington and Fulham. Whole Foods closed its Giffnock and Cheltenham stores at the end of November 2017, under a rationalisation plan.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On February 21, 2007, Whole Foods Market, Inc. and Wild Oats Markets Inc. announced the signing of a merger agreement under which Whole Foods Market, Inc. would acquire Wild Oats Markets Inc.'s outstanding common stock in a cash tender offer of $18.50 per share, or approximately $565 million based on fully diluted shares. Under the agreement, Whole Foods Market, Inc. would also assume Wild Oats Markets Inc.'s existing net debt totaling approximately $106 million as reported on September 30, 2006.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On June 27, 2007, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) issued an administrative complaint challenging Whole Foods Market, Inc.'s acquisition of Wild Oats Markets Inc. According to the complaint, the FTC believed that the proposed transaction would violate federal antitrust laws by eliminating the substantial competition between two close competitors in the operation of premium natural and organic supermarkets nationwide. The FTC contended that if the transaction were to proceed Whole Foods Market would have the ability to raise prices and reduce quality and services. Both Whole Foods Market and Wild Oats stated their intention to vigorously oppose the FTC's complaint and a court hearing on the issue was scheduled for July 31 and August 1, 2007. CEO John Mackey started a blog on the subject to explain his opposition to the FTC's stance. Further blogging by Mackey was revealed when the FTC released papers detailing highly opinionated comments under the pseudonym "Rahodeb" that he made to the Whole Foods Yahoo! investment message board. This became the subject of an investigation when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) noted that Regulation Fair Disclosure law of 2000 may have been violated. The SEC cleared Mackey of the charges on April 25, 2008.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On July 29, 2008, the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia overturned the district court's decision allowing the merger. The Court of Appeals ruled that "premium natural, and organic supermarkets" ("PNOS"), such as Whole Foods and Wild Oats, constitute a distinct submarket of all grocers. The court ruled that "mission driven" consumers (those with an emphasis on social and environmental responsibility) would be adversely affected by the merger because substantial evidence by the FTC showed that Whole Foods intended to raise prices after consummation of the merger. As part of its effort to combat the ruling, Whole Foods subpoenaed financial records, market studies and future strategic plans belonging to New Seasons Market, a regional competitor based in the Portland area. In 2009 Whole Foods agreed to sell the Wild Oats chain.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In February 2017, Whole Foods Market said it would close nine of its stores and lowered its financial projections for the year, as the natural-foods company struggled with increased competition and slowing sales growth. In late April 2017, Whole Foods reported their sixth consecutive quarter of declining sales, and announced that the company would be closing nine stores: two each in Colorado and California, and one each in Georgia, Arizona, Utah, New Mexico, and Illinois. The loss of revenue was attributed to foot traffic being down and other supermarkets offering a similar experience for a lower cost.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On June 15, 2017, Amazon announced it would acquire Whole Foods Market, adding some 400 physical stores to Amazon's e-commerce assets. The purchase was valued at $13.7 billion, and caused Whole Foods's stock price to soar after the announcement was made.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2018, Whole Foods Market announced its possible intention to take over some vacant Sears and Kmart stores and refurbish them after Sears Holdings Corporation, which owned both chains, filed for bankruptcy in October.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In April 2022, Whole Foods in Austin, Texas began allowing consumers to make purchases by scanning their palm. The system uses the Amazon One system connected to a customer's debit or credit card.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On September 1, 2022, John Mackey stepped down from his position as chief executive officer (CEO) of the company, one he held since its inception in 1980. He was succeeded by Jason Buechel. Buechel previously served as executive vice president and chief information officer (CIO) between 2013 and 2019, followed by a tenure as chief operating officer (COO) from 2019 until his promotion in 2022.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market sells only products that meet its self-created quality standards for being "natural," which the store defines as: minimally processed foods that are free of hydrogenated fats as well as artificial flavors, colors, sweeteners, preservatives, and many others as listed on their online "Unacceptable Food Ingredients" list. Whole Foods Market has also announced that it does not intend to sell meat or milk from cloned animals or their offspring, even though the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has ruled them safe to eat.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: The company also sells many USDA-certified organic foods and products that aim to be environmentally friendly and ecologically responsible. Stores do not carry foie gras or eggs from hens confined to battery cages due to animal cruelty concerns, as a result of successful advocacy by animal welfare groups. The Whole Foods Market website details the company's criteria for selling food, dietary supplements, and personal care products.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Until June 2011, body care products sold at Whole Foods Market could be marketed as organic even if they contained ingredients not listed by the USDA as acceptable for use in organic food. "Products made using petroleum-derived and other synthetic or chemical ingredients, prohibited in organic foods, can be found among the organic shampoos and lotions made by Avalon, Nature's Gate, Jason Natural Cosmetics, Kiss My Face and other brands", said Urvashi Rangan, an environmental health scientist at Consumer Reports. This is because the federal guidelines that regulate organic food labeling do not apply to cosmetics. Starting in June 2011, personal care products sold at Whole Foods Market were required to follow the same USDA National Organic Program standards for organic food. This required products labeled "Organic" to contain 95 percent or more certified organic ingredients.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In a "Wall Street Journal" article in August 2009, John Mackey acknowledged that his company had lost touch with its natural food roots and would attempt to reconnect with the idea that health was affected by the quality of food consumed. He said "We sell a bunch of junk". He stated that the company would focus more on health education in its stores. As of 2013, many stores have employed Healthy Eating Specialists which are team members who "answer customers’ healthy eating questions and can assist...in choosing the most nutrient-dense ingredients, suggest satisfying healthy recipes," and help "create a meal plan in keeping with your health goals."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In an effort to allow their customers full-transparency in purchasing, Whole Foods Market has developed a number of in-store rating systems for various departments. The Seafood department has a Sustainability Rating System for wild-caught seafood while farm-raised seafood has to meet aquaculture standards both rated in accordance to third-party auditors. The Meat department has a rating system in partnership with the Global Animal Partnership based on animal welfare. The produce department has a rating system based on farming practices which include measures of a farm's environmental, GMO transparency, worker safety and wage practices. The grocery department has an Eco-scale rating system for its cleaning products which measures their environmental impact. Each system is in place to allow customers to make the most educated choices within Whole Foods Market. There are efforts to create more rating systems in other departments.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market has announced plans to provide its customers GMO (genetically modified organism) product labeling by 2018. Efforts of GMO transparency run the gamut of each department. For years, Non-GMO Project Verified items have been sought in Grocery. While efforts continue in Produce, Whole Foods recommends buying organic or referring to their "Responsibly Grown produce rating system [which] requires growers to disclose use of GMO seeds or plant material." In Seafood, plans are being made to launch a Non-GMO Project Verification process for farm-raised fish. Currently, there are no USDA Organic regulations for farmed seafood.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market purchases products for retail sale from local, regional, and international wholesale suppliers and vendors. The majority of purchasing occurs at the regional and national levels to negotiate volume discounts with major vendors and distributors. Regional and store buyers are focused on local products and any unique products necessary to ensure a neighborhood market feel in the stores. Whole Foods says that the company is committed to buying from local producers that meet its quality standards while also increasingly focusing more of their purchasing on producer- and manufacture-direct programs. Some regions have an employee known as a "forager", whose sole duty is to source local products for each store.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In April 2007, Whole Foods Market launched the Whole Trade Guarantee, a purchasing initiative emphasizing ethics and social responsibility concerning products imported from the developing world. The criteria include fair prices for crops, environmentally sound practices, better wages and labor conditions for workers and the stipulation that one percent of proceeds from Whole Trade certified products go to the Whole Planet Foundation to support micro-loan programs in developing countries. The company's goal, published in 2007, is to have at least half of its imported products from these countries fully certified by 2017.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market has a policy of donating at least five percent of its annual net profits to charitable causes. Some of this mandate is accomplished through store level donations held on certain "5% days" throughout the year. The rest of it comes from various targeted projects by the company.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In May 1999, Whole Foods Market joined the Marine Stewardship Council (MSC), a global independent, not-for-profit organization promoting sustainable fisheries and responsible fishing practices worldwide to help preserve fish stocks for future generations. The company first began selling MSC-certified seafood in 2000, and a growing selection of MSC-certified fish continues to be available.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods placed third on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's list of the "Top 25 Green Power Partners". The company also received the EPA Green Power Award in 2004 and 2005 and Partner of the Year award in 2006 and 2007. A January 8, 2007, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) report listed Whole Foods Market as the second-highest purchaser of green power nationwide, citing its actions as helping drive the development of new renewable energy sources for the electricity generation. The EPA report showed Whole Foods Market using 463.1 million kilowatt hours annually. It was covered, 100 percent net-wise, by its total electricity from biomass, geothermal, small-hydro, solar, and wind sources.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2008, Whole Foods Market was the first U.S. supermarket to commit to eliminating disposable plastic grocery bags to help protect the environment and conserve resources, and many stores serve as a collection point for shoppers to recycle their plastic bags.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On Earth Day, April 22, 2008, the chain eliminated the use of disposable plastic grocery bags company-wide at point-of-purchase in favor of reusable bags or paper bags made from recycled paper. The company also began offering "Better Bags", a large and colorful grocery bag made primarily from recycled bottles. The move from the traditional paper/plastic system to reusable bags has been packaged as an initiative the company calls "BYOB – Bring Your Own Bag". The campaign is aimed at reducing pollution by eliminating plastic bags and reducing waste by encouraging bag reuse with "bag refunds" of 5–10 cents, depending on the store.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: It still, however, offers single-use plastic bags in its produce department, and does little to discourage persistent use by both customers and Amazon Prime Now shoppers alike.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2002, People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals began petitioning Whole Foods to take steps to ensure the improvement of treatment of animals sold in the stores.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods created the Animal Compassion Foundation in January 2005, on December 5, 2014, the organization registration was canceled nonprofit organization, to help other producers evolve their practices to raise animals naturally and humanely. According to Whole Foods Natural Meat Quality Standards and Animal Compassionate Standards, pulling feathers from live ducks, bill trimming, bill heat treatment, toe punching, slitting the webs of the feet, and toe removal are all prohibited in the raising of ducks for Whole Foods Market. Any ducks treated in this manner, treated with antibiotics or antimicrobials, cloned, genetically modified, or not allowed medical treatment when necessary are to be removed from Whole Foods Market stock.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2004, in California, the Environmental Working Group and the Center for Environmental Health presented a notice of intent to file an anti-toxin lawsuit against salmon producers. This was in large part due to Whole Foods' involvement, including highlighting the company's failure to warn consumers the fish contained potentially dangerous levels of cancer-causing chemicals known as PCBs.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In February 2006, shareholders of Whole Foods filed a resolution asking Whole Foods to report toxic chemicals found in its products. Substances such as Bisphenol A (BPA), found in products such as baby bottles and children's cups, are controversial. Whole Foods no longer sells baby bottles and children's cups made with BPA.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market is considered anti-labor by most worker organizations and has been criticized that its products may not be as progressive as they are touted to be. Author Michael Pollan has contended that the supermarket chain has done well in expanding the organic market but has done so at the cost of local foods, regional producers, and distributors. Parts of the debate have taken place publicly through a series of letters between Pollan and Whole Foods Market CEO John Mackey.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods announced in June 2006 that it would stop selling live lobsters and crabs, but in February 2007 made an exception for a Portland, Maine store for its ability to meet "humane standards". The lobsters are kept in private compartments instead of being piled on top of one another in a tank, and employees use a device that gives them a 120-volt shock so that they are not boiled alive in a pot of water. This decision was criticized by ex-lobsterman Trevor Corson as damaging a New England tradition and as removing people's connection to where their food actually comes from. In 2022, Whole Foods said it would temporarily stop selling Maine lobsters due to sustainability issues and a possible risk to whales.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Ronnie Cummins, national director of the United States Organic Consumers Association, opined that "Whole Foods Market now is a big-box retailer – and it's much more concerned about competing with the other big boxes than issues of ethics and sustainability." Similarly, researcher Stacy Mitchell of the New Rules Project argues that the corporation's aggressive marketing of local food is more hype than substance.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods has frequently been the subject of resistance or boycotts in response to proposed store locations. The corporation has also been criticized for its aggressive policy of promoting its own in-house brands ("e.g." 365) at the expense of smaller or local independent brands.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On August 11, 2009, Whole Foods CEO John Mackey published an editorial in "The Wall Street Journal" criticizing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act; the editorial was controversial in the natural foods community.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: The company has created other controversies at various times involving business practices, labor issues, product selection, and failure to support farmers and suppliers. In March 2013, Whole Foods promised to label GMO-containing products in North American stores by 2018. The company has drawn criticism for questionable science behind the claims of benefit of its products, including encouraging and selling drugs that are described to work under homeopathic principles.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2013, two workers in Albuquerque, New Mexico were suspended for speaking Spanish. The resulting investigation revealed that Whole Foods has a policy of speaking "English to customers and other Team Members while on the clock". The company soon revised its policy.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2014, the company agreed to pay an $800,000 settlement in response to allegations that its California stores were charging more per weight than what its labels indicated. Whole Foods continued this practice despite the settlement, with investigators alleging thousands of continued violations well into 2015. In 2015, the CEOs made a public admission of this happening in New York after a New York City Department of Consumer Affairs investigation.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods has faced lawsuits in California over the presence of carcinogens. In March 2008, following a study by the Organic Consumers Association, reports of high levels of 1,4-Dioxane found in body care products at Whole Foods, prompted the Attorney General of California to file a lawsuit against the company for a violation of Proposition 65. Civil penalties of up to $2,500 a day were expected to be awarded. The action claimed that 365 along with brands sold by other cosmetic companies did not include a label warning about the chemical; spokesperson Libba Letton stated that the company did "not believe that these products represent a health risk or are in excess of California's Proposition 65 Safe Harbor level for 1,4-Dioxane" while consumer activist David Steinman urged them "to stop treating the inclusion of cancer-causing chemicals in their products as 'business as usual'". Proposition 65 was invoked again in 2013 when the state sued Whole Foods and other retailers over the presence of lead in certain candies.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In May 2014, Whole Foods launched a pilot program to sell rabbit meat in 5 of its 12 market regions. Because domestic rabbits are the eighth most common pet in the United States as well as an animal rescued and sheltered alongside cats and dogs, this decision triggered a nationwide boycott of Whole Foods by the vegetarian activist House Rabbit Society and their supporters. In June 2014 Whole Foods awarded a financial grant to Oz Family Farms, a family-owned rabbit meat business.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2015, a group of activists organized under the network Direct Action Everywhere (DxE) released a video of laying hens from a Northern California farm that supplies eggs to Whole Foods. In the video, which featured footage of crowded, dirty henhouses and injured birds, DxE contended that the hens' welfare was severely compromised, even though numerous boards had labeled the farm as "Certified Humane".


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In 2015, animal rights groups People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals and Direct Action Everywhere released investigations criticizing Whole Foods animal welfare standards and accusing Whole Foods suppliers of animal cruelty. After the release of its investigation, PETA reversed its previous support for Whole Foods' animal welfare rating system, writing that "Under the guise of compassion, Whole Foods is profiting from violence against animals." PETA co-founder Ingrid Newkirk criticized Whole Foods' animal welfare approach based on the DxE and PETA investigations, arguing that supposed welfare failures indicate a need for animal rights rather than welfare. Whole Foods has come under harsh criticism from abolitionist vegans such as Gary L. Francione who view the company's policies as a betrayal of the animal rights position.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2016, SJ Collins Enterprises, a developer who often works with Whole Foods, petitioned the Sarasota County board of county commissioners to allow the removal of a 5-acre protected wetlands so that they could build a surface parking lot for a planned Whole Foods shopping center and Wawa gas station at the intersection of University Parkway and Honore Avenue. The county commission voted 4–1 to allow the re-zoning and accept 41 acres of replacement wetlands. The lone commissioner voting against the proposal, Charles Hines, stated that approval of the petition could create a domino effect leading to the destruction of other protected areas.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In June 2016, US food safety inspectors warned the company that violations discovered at Whole Foods' Everett, Massachusetts plant could result in food being "contaminated with filth or rendered injurious to health."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In April 2018, Whole Foods Market faced social media backlash over the opening of the third location of the independent restaurant chain, "Yellow Fever", in a Whole Foods 365 store in Long Beach, California for possible racist undertones.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In April 2020, "Business Insider" revealed extensive monitoring of stores to identify and target unionization, using a metric based on racial diversity, employee loyalty, turnover and more.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In June 2020, two Whole Foods employees said they were sent home for wearing masks that stated "I can't breathe" and "Black Lives Matter." A Whole Foods spokesperson stated that, "[a]ll Whole Foods Market Team Members have signed acknowledgments of our longstanding company dress code, which prohibits any visible slogans, messages, logos or advertising that are not company-related, on any article of clothing, including face masks."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In November 2020, Whole Foods banned Canadian employees from wearing a Remembrance Day poppy, the national symbol of remembrance worn by Canadians on Remembrance Day. On November 6, 2020, the House of Commons of Canada unanimously adopted a motion "to condemn Whole Foods and its owner Jeff Bezos for banning its employees from wearing poppies on their uniform". The same day, Whole Foods reversed its policy, saying "Given the learnings of today, we are welcoming Team Members to wear the poppy pin in honour of Remembrance Day."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market was included in "Fortune" magazine's annual list of the "100 Best Companies to Work For" yearly from the list's inception in 1998 to being placed number 44 in 2014. The chain has also won a number of awards for social responsibility including a first-place ranking by Harris Interactive / The Wall Street Journal in 2006 and British trade magazine "The Grocer" named it the "World's Greatest Food Retailer" the same year. It has received past spots on the "100 Best Corporate Citizens" list published by "Corporate Responsibility Officer". In 2014, "Supermarket News" ranked Whole Foods number 19 on its list of "Top 75 North American Retailers."


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Among its core values, the company lists "supporting team member happiness and excellence". The company maintains that its treatment of workers obviates the need for labor unions: At its U.S. stores, after 800 service hours, full-time workers are given an option to purchase health insurance coverage starting at $20 per paycheck for themselves, and spouse and dependent coverage for an additional charge. Workers also have access to a company-funded personal wellness account, and the starting pay at most stores is highly competitive.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods' health insurance plan is notable for its high deductibles – $2000 for general medical expenses, and $1000 for prescriptions. However, employees receive $300 to $1800 per year (depending on years of service) in personal wellness funds. Once an employee has met the deductibles, insurance covers 80% of general medical costs and prescriptions but not for any type of mental illness. CEO Mackey drew attention to the insurance program (offered through United Health Care in the US) for its employees in an op-ed in "The Wall Street Journal". In the article he called his company's insurance plan a viable alternative to "Obamacare". Mackey summed up his antipathy toward universal coverage in his op-ed by stating:


title: Whole Foods Market

text: A careful reading of both the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution will not reveal any intrinsic right to health care, food or shelter. That's because there isn't any. This "right" has never existed in America.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: A "Boycott Whole Foods" page on Facebook was created in response to John Mackey's position on health care.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Mackey, a libertarian, believes that unions facilitate an adversarial relationship between management and labor. An attempt at unionizing in Madison, Wisconsin, in 2002 was met with resistance from store management and Whole Foods was accused by labor activists of union busting. Employees at the Madison store voted in favor of unionization. Whole Foods then refused to bargain with their employees. After a year, the company moved to decertify the union. Further attempts at unionizing Whole Foods Market stores have been unsuccessful. Whole Foods launched a nationwide campaign, requiring workers to attend "Union Awareness Training," complete with Power Point presentations.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods was criticized for its refusal to support a campaign by the United Farm Workers (UFW) on behalf of agricultural workers laboring on strawberry farms. During the late 1990s, the UFW persuaded several large supermarket chains to sign a pledge in support of improved wages and working conditions for strawberry pickers. Whole Foods chose instead to support the farm workers indirectly by holding a "National 5% Day" where five percent of that day's sales – $125,000 – was donated to organizations which provide social services to farmworkers.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: On September 28, 2015, Whole Foods announced layoffs of 1,500 jobs, which is 1.6 percent of its workforce, in an effort to lower prices. The eliminated jobs would come from regional and store positions over the next two months.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods hired the Labor Relations Consulting or "union busting" company Kulture Consulting, LLC on May 23, 2016. This was in response to a union election at a Whole Foods distribution center in Florida. A member of the National Labor Relations Board (NLRB) wrote that Kulture's CEO and founder Peter List had "in his effort to 'persuade' workers...engaged in 'patently unlawful' activities" during a 2007 organizing campaign.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In September 2019, Whole Foods announced it will cut the health benefits of part-time workers, which will affect 2% of the workforce, or 1,900 employees.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market consists of twelve geographic regions, each with its own president, regional administrative team, store-level leadership, and store-level team members. A 4-tier hierarchy of employment exists within the Whole Foods Company: Store Employment, Facilities Employment, Regional Offices, and Global Headquarters.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: To help employees learn about products, the company has instituted a mentoring program and developed an online portal called "Whole Foods Market University" to aid in training. Internal parlance refers to "team leaders" as opposed to "managers" and stores sometimes offer prizes for competing teams. A 2014 analysis of 2012 figures found that Whole Foods Market was "among the least generous companies" in terms of its 401(k) savings program.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market has an employee discount; while all employees are provided a standard base discount rate of 20% on all store purchases, higher rates, up to 30%, can be earned based upon employee physical fitness health tests that are given yearly. These fitness exams are taken at the option of the employee.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In total, Whole Foods Market is composed of seventeen companies, each specializing in a different product. In the 1990s, while new stores were being opened, other natural food chain stores were being acquired for horizontal integration. This led to the Federal Trade Commission challenging the eventual merger with Wild Oats on the basis that it violated antitrust laws, essentially eliminating competition and inflating prices in the health foods market.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Whole Foods Market is based on a system of decentralized buying. Each vendor is approved at the regional level for corporate standards such as being non-GMO and fair trade. Individual stores then decide which approved products to stock. They have a rolling ten-year distribution arrangement with UNFI.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In June 2015, the company announced a millennial-focused, and more affordable version of its regular stores, called "365 By Whole Foods Market". In addition to using digital price tags, in-store communication will largely be done through a smartphone app. In addition, the stores will have the goal of zero waste, donating all leftover food and using LED lights, as well as carbon dioxide-powered refrigeration cases. Jeff Turnas is president of the division.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: To cut costs, customers unload bulkier products directly off a pallet. Some items, like produce, are priced per item instead of by weight. For items that are sold by weight, the customers weigh, barcode, and tag those items before they reach the check-out counter. Unlike the regular stores, the 365 stores offer a rewards program.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: The first 365 By Whole Foods Market store opened in May 2016 in the Silver Lake neighborhood of Los Angeles. A second location opened two months later in Lake Oswego, Oregon, followed by a third store two months after that in Bellevue, Washington. In April 2017, a fourth location opened in Cedar Park, Texas. In August 2017, a fifth location was opened in Santa Monica, California. In September 2017, a sixth location was opened in Akron, Ohio. In January 2018, a seventh location was opened in Fort Greene neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York. The eighth location for the chain was opened in April 2018 in Long Beach, California, followed by the opening of the ninth location a month later in Upland, California. A tenth store was opened in the Independence Heights district of Houston, Texas, in August 2018. In December 2018, the eleventh and twelfth stores were opened at almost the same time in the Buckhead district of Atlanta and in Decatur, Georgia.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: There were other future locations that would include five 365 stores in Illinois, Indiana, Ohio, Georgia, and Florida.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: Although there were as many as twenty two 365 stores under various stages of construction by early July 2017, progress at most of these construction sites came to a halt upon the news of the possible acquisition of the parent company by Amazon and there was no information at the time if and when the construction at any of the building sites would resume. As a result of the firm's merger with Amazon, Whole Foods canceled the continuation of work at the construction sites for at least two 365 stores. In January 2018, the Fresh Thyme Farmers Market chain announced that they were taking over the abandoned 365 store construction site at College Mall in Bloomington, Indiana to open a second Bloomington-area store. In the same month, the City of Los Alamitos, California, announced the abandonment of a shopping development that would have been anchored by a 365 store.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In reviewing the new retail format, a reporter for The Motley Fool wrote that the new stores were "closer to a combination of a fruit stand, convenience store, and a restaurant than a traditional grocery store" while a MarketWatch reporter called them "hipster havens" due to their use of high tech as a cost-cutting and efficiency measure. Most reviews were very positive, although some customers said that they missed talking to actual people when placing food orders via tablets.


title: Whole Foods Market

text: In January 2019, it was announced that the 365 by Whole Foods Market concept would be discontinued, but the existing locations would remain open for the moment. The following month, it was announced that all existing 365 stores would be converted into regular Whole Foods stores by the end of the year.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Hawkeye (Katherine Elizabeth "Kate" Bishop) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Allan Heinberg and artist Jim Cheung, Bishop first appeared in "Young Avengers" #1 (April 2005). She is the third character and first female to take the Hawkeye name, after Clint Barton of the Avengers and Wyatt McDonald of the Squadron Supreme. Her costume appearance is patterned on the first Hawkeye and Mockingbird.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Hawkeye first appeared in "Young Avengers" #1 (April 2005), created by writer Allan Heinberg and artist Jim Cheung. She is first introduced as Kate Bishop and in issue #12 she takes up the Hawkeye mantle as the original Hawkeye was dead at the time after being killed in "Avengers" #502.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Alongside Clint Barton, Kate Bishop co-starred in Matt Fraction and David Aja's series "Hawkeye" (2012).


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate Bishop co-starred with Clint Barton in the "All-New Hawkeye" series by Jeff Lemire and Ramon Perez (2015), redesigned by Leonardo Romero.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate starred in her own "Hawkeye" book, written by Kelly Thompson, starting in the fall 2016 Marvel NOW! catalog. The book was cancelled with its 16th issue in early 2018. Thompson would then create the 2018 incarnation of the West Coast Avengers, which featured Kate as the team leader.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: A five-issue limited series, titled "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop", by Marieke Nijkamp and Enid Balám, was released in November 2021 to tie in with Kate's MCU introduction in the Disney+ series.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate Bishop is the daughter of wealthy Manhattan socialites Derek Bishop and Eleanor Bishop and the sister of Susan Bishop. Eleanor was later apparently killed in Boulder, Colorado, leaving Derek to raise Kate and Susan.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: "Young Avengers Special" reveals that some time prior to joining the team, Kate Bishop was brutally attacked in (what appears to be) Central Park. At first, the incident left Kate traumatized, but then it spurred her to engage in intense combat training. So far the rest of the Young Avengers are unaware of this incident, as Kate has only told her therapist and Jessica Jones. The exact nature of the attack is not made clear — only the initial ambush is shown on-panel.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: A "normal" civilian forcibly introduced to the Young Avengers in an early rescue attempt made by the team, Kate has demonstrated skill and level-headedness in high-pressure situations. Independent, tough-minded, and blunt, she is also an excellent archer. Her encounter with the young team led her to investigate them on her own, following them to Avengers headquarters and donning the gear of Mockingbird and Hawkeye, as well as what may be Swordsman's sword and Black Widow's belt. When Kate first appears wearing Mockingbird's mask, Patriot jokingly refers to her as "Hawkingbird." She invites herself to join the team after freeing them and helps them in their battle against Kang the Conqueror. She was subsequently confirmed as a member of the team.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: After the team's first adventure stopping Kang the Conqueror, Captain America and Iron Man ordered the team to break up and refused to train the team without their parents' consent. However, Kate Bishop still wanted to be a Young Avenger. Believing the worst Captain America and Iron Man could do was inform their parents, Kate took the team to an abandoned warehouse previously owned by one of her father's companies, Bishop Publishing, which became the team's lair. She also had new uniforms made for them, since Cap told them to "never wear those uniforms again."


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate is close with her friend and teammate Stature, and has a certain degree of chemistry with teammate Patriot, although their relationship is punctuated by near-constant bickering and one-upmanship; when Stature observed that "no matter what happens" Wiccan and Hulkling "have each other" and Kate has Patriot, Kate immediately objected, saying "all we do is fight". The team’s newest member, Speed, immediately referred to Patriot as "your boyfriend," prompting another denial by Kate. Upon meeting Speed for the first time, she was not her usual composed self (for lack of a codename, her self-introduction stalled after "I’m..."). Still, she is the driving member of the team, pushing everyone to stay together and operates as the team's unofficial deputy-leader when Patriot's not around, even giving him occasional orders.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: After Patriot is injured, Captain America informs the Young Avengers that he hopes that they start normal lives. Kate tells him if he had trained them, Patriot might not have been injured and it was best for him to help the Young Avengers by accepting them. Jessica Jones returns to give Kate the original Hawkeye's bow and arrows with a note from Captain America addressed to Hawkeye. Jessica told Kate that the only other person to stand up to Captain America the way Kate did was Hawkeye, and that Captain America wanted her to take Clint's codename. Kate did and became the third "Hawkeye."


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate has been identified as one of the 142 registered superheroes who appear on the cover of the comic book "" #1. However, she and Patriot (also on that cover) make a brief appearance in Doctor Strange's home, the hideout of the New Avengers in the second issue of "", casting some doubt into their allegiances. However, in the same issue of "Fallen Son", Iron Fist remarks that "It's been a tough week" leading to the assumption that series takes place in the week following Cap's death, and the Young Avengers may have registered after that. In the same series, however, Kate and Patriot confront Clint Barton, who had temporarily taken on the costume and shield of Captain America who are attempting to capture them for being unregistered heroes, leaving more confusion.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Unaware of who he truly is, Kate berates Clint, saying that she took Hawkeye's name to honor him but did not copy his costume as that would be shameful; she further states that "if Hawkeye were alive, I'd call myself something else." Her words convince Clint to return the shield and costume to Tony Stark, condemn Stark for his role in the Civil War, and go his own path.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In the "Young Avengers Presents" limited series, Kate assists Patriot in tracking down Bucky Barnes, the Winter Soldier, aiding him in taking down a cell of A.I.M. cyborgs in the process.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In the last issue of the series, Kate goes on an awkward date with Eli, ultimately turning him down, to his embarrassment. She is then attacked by Ronin, who tests her abilities. He invites her to the Secret Avengers hideout and reveals himself to be Clint Barton. The two discuss determination to lead and "always taking the shot." Kate bets him that he cannot split an arrow (a supposedly impossible feat), and wagers his original bow. He wins using a far inferior bow, reiterating that no matter how impossible, when the lives of their teammates depend on it, one should always take the shot. Humiliated, Kate surrenders the bow and her codename, and is rebuffed by Patriot. Speed takes Kate out on a date to ease her tension and the two infiltrate the Secret Avengers base and reclaim the bow. Meanwhile, Clint attempts to advocate for the Young Avengers to the other Secret Avengers, wishing to serve as mentors to them. He notices Kate's presence and visits her later, granting her permission to use his name and bow, acknowledging that her infiltration demonstrated the determination necessary to lead her team. He offers her the Secret Avengers' support, giving her an old photo of himself, Captain America, the Scarlet Witch, and Quicksilver in their early days as Avengers. Reaffirmed, Kate approaches Eli and kisses him, asking him to be patient with her and give her time.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate participates in the battle against the Skrull invasion with her teammates, but is defeated, despite the aid of the Initiative. She and the Young Avengers later show up to join in the final fight. When she is knocked unconscious, her bow and arrows are used by Clint Barton, the original Hawkeye to continue the fight.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate joins the Young Avengers, New Avengers, and Secret Warriors in stopping Norman Osborn's siege of Asgard. Unfortunately, when the Sentry levels Asgard, Kate and Patriot are trapped beneath rubble. During a doubtful moment Patriot passionately kisses Kate, which prompts her to push him away after a startled moment. Not long after, they are rescued by their friends and rejoin their group, but not before Kate tells Patriot that was a 'Hell of a kiss' with a shared smile, hinting at the start of a relationship.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: After the events of Siege, Kate is seen amongst the heroes celebrating at Avengers Tower. Clint Barton later encourages her to keep the name "Hawkeye" despite returning to the mantle himself, saying that the world is big enough for two "Hawkeyes" for now.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate also appears alongside the other Young Avengers in "Avengers: The Children's Crusade Young Avengers", a one-shot in which the Young Avengers are grown up and are now the Avengers. It is an alternate timeline altered by Iron Lad continuing to alter the timestream to defeat Kang the Conqueror.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate appears alongside the original Hawkeye, Clint Barton, in the new "Hawkeye" series, which takes place after the "Avengers vs. X-Men" storyline. The two co-star in the series, focusing on street-level crime instead of being superheroes (which they acknowledge is what makes each of them Hawkeye). They maintain a mentor/student relationship, although they regularly exhibit competitiveness with each other; in a mission to help Clint, she takes down and then poses as Madame Masque, who becomes bent on exacting her revenge and ultimately killing Kate.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: After Clint began acting increasingly aloof and hostile towards her and her attempts to help him, Kate decided to leave New York for a bit and go to Los Angeles, together with Clint's dog Lucky; however, as soon as she arrived there she learned that her father cut her off from his money, leaving her to her own devices. To earn some money, Kate put an ad describing herself as half-superhero, half-private eye. During her stay in L.A., she ran afoul on a criminal organization headed by Masque, and while she managed to bring it down, she learned that her father was implicated in it. Kate gave him a phone call and told him she would make him pay. She returned to New York to assist Clint in defeating the Tracksuit Mafia after they kill one of Clint's residents named Grills, with her dad secretly conspiring with other supervillains and mob bosses to put a hit on her and Clint.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel", Kate Bishop was at Hawkeye's house at the time when Old Man Logan showed up. After explaining who he was and eventually passing out on Hawkeye's couch, Logan woke up 33 hours later. After learning that Logan was looking for Mysterio, Kate Bishop looked up his last known whereabouts on S.H.I.E.L.D.'s database and demanded to come with Logan as he investigated. When they arrived, they found a man named Eddie and his unnamed partner there. Logan immediately attacked them cutting off one man's hand despite them denying that they knew who Mysterio was. A horrified Kate Bishop tried to stop him, but Logan quickly neutralized her as the two men escaped.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate later fought against the Secret Empire. A powerless Cassandra Lang tries to help and is nearly killed in the process.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In the "All-New Hawkeye" books, Kate and Clint retrieve Project Communion from Hydra, which turns out to be three innocent kids turned into powerful, psionic Inhumans from the Terrigen Mists. They don't trust S.H.I.E.L.D. with them, so they rescue the kids from S.H.I.E.L.D. and have them live in Barton's apartment, until Hydra tracks their location. When Clint deems the children too dangerous to hold, they reluctantly hand them over to Hydra. Kate's trust in Clint is shaken, and she starts operating solo for a short time while re-evaluating her life and relationship with Clint. Clint eventually helps her come up with a plan to rescue the children from Hydra and fake Project Communion's deaths in front of S.H.I.E.L.D. to keep Maria Hill away. They have the kids stay with Barney while Clint contacts the Avengers to get a good security system for them. Kate tells Clint she still wants to be a solo hero for a while in order to be herself, as she's idolized Clint for so long and used the Hawkeye identity to avoid becoming like her dad, but is ready to become her own person. The series also explores Kate's childhood, where she initially idolized her father and wanted to be like him, but after learning about his criminal activities, decides that it's best if she doesn't know what he does while he doesn't know what she does. This is realized after Kate was abducted by one of her dad's rival gangs, and she was rescued by Hawkeye and the Avengers, which inspired her to become a hero in the future.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Following Clint assassinating Hulk in "Civil War II", Kate is angered by Clint's actions, but still shows some sympathy for the position he's in. She's more upset that the media is attacking her for Clint's actions, but is comforted by her former Young Avengers teammates. She sides with Iron Man in the conflict.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: After the conflict, Kate moves back to Los Angeles and begins her own Private Eye investigations. It doesn't start too well as the residents were expecting Clint (either to hurt or praise him for his actions in "Civil War II"), but Kate is eventually approached by a college student who needs her help with a stalker.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: While trying to stop some dwarves from using a mystical artifact, she was interrupted by Ghost Rider and Gwen Poole. After a brief scuffle and police show up on the scene, she and Gwen drive away from the scene while Ghost Rider escapes with both the mystical gem the dwarves were using and Gwen's ghost friend Cecil. Subsequently befriending Gwen after she describes Kate as both "the real" and "the better Hawkeye" and Kate nicknames her "toots", sleeping on her couch overnight, Kate retrieves Cecil from Ghost Rider and helps him acquire a new corporeal body.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate then invites Gwen to join her in forming a new reality show-funded West Coast Avengers alongside Clint, America Chavez, Quentin Quire, and Kate's boyfriend Johnny "Fuse" Watts, facing B.R.O.D.O.K. (who later is revealed to be MODOK Superior) and Madame Masque once again, and ultimately discovering her mother to be alive as a vampire, preventing her cult from sacrificing America. In addition, Kate found that both her parents were part of Madame Masque's West Coast version of the Masters of Evil.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate and the West Coast Avengers later assist Superior Spider-Man (Otto Octavius's mind in the Proto-Clone's body) in defending San Francisco during "The War of the Realms" storyline.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Kate is highly skilled at archery, fencing, swordsmanship, jujitsu, gymnastics, boxing, and other forms of combat. She carries two battle staves similar to those once used by Mockingbird, a sword similar to the Swordsman's, as well as Clint Barton's bow and arrows. Black Panther had also supplied her with trick arrows.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Gary Walker of "CBR.com" described Kate Bishop as one of Marvel's "most seasoned street-level heroes," writing, "Taking on the title of Hawkeye is no simple feat, but so far Kate Bishop has done the legacy proud. Though her beginnings were privileged and her tastes expensive, she has acclimated herself to helping and understanding the plights of the everyday person. Working alongside Clint Barton, she has helped see off several mafia-based threats to the streets of NYC. Kate took her talents out to Los Angeles, noticing an imbalance between heroes on the East Coast and the West Coast of the United States. While there, she proved herself to be a formidable street-level hero, operating alone without her fellow Young Avengers or the guidance of Clint." Sara Century of "Syfy" called Kate Bishop "one of the most popular new characters Marvel has released in the last two decades," saying, "Kate Bishop is one of the few superheroes who truly loves being a hero day after day "and" treats it like her job rather than an unending ethical burden. After moody and overly-aggressive heroes overwhelmed the landscape of comics for the better part of the last thirty years, sometimes it’s nice to just read a heartwarming story about someone who really loves what they do. Kate might be a little impulsive and short-tempered sometimes, but she’s also fun-loving, pure-hearted, and hilarious. She’s dragged Clint Barton onto his feet with her sheer enthusiasm more times than anyone can count, and even when we see a glimpse of her in a possible future timeline in All-New Wolverine, she’s still the same Kate Bishop we know and love today. In short, this is one of Marvel’s best-beloved characters" Graeme McMillan of "The Hollywood Reporter" referred to Kate Bishop as a "fan favorite," asserting, "Originally introduced as a supporting character, Bishop quickly graduated to protagonist status as she revealed herself to be more thoughtful and capable — if no less impulsive — than the man who was technically her mentor. By the series’ end, she had spent time in Los Angeles as a solo private eye, a status quo she’d return to for her first solo comic series, 2016’s "Hawkeye". The Kate Bishop of that series owed as much to Jim Rockford or Veronica Mars as she did Clint Barton or any other comic book archer, completing the transformation of the character from "Young Avengers"‘ hyper-competent, most confident member to an incarnation of the classic private eye trope — a detective who gets the job done, as much by coincidence and accident and personal charm as through use of her varied and impressive skill set. (Her personal life, of course, is very complicated as well.) The result is a hero unlike most in comic books, and one that is remarkably charming and enjoyable to read about; if the Kate Bishop of the MCU proves to be half as interesting, she’ll be a welcome addition to the universe, and just might be many fans’ new favorite character." Rosie Knight of "Nerdist" asserted, "This is another legacy character inclusion. Of course we aren’t talking about Clint Barton, who’s been on our screens a lot! The archer we want to see join the MCU is Kate Bishop, who first appeared in "Young Avengers" #1 by Allan Heinberg, Jim Cheung, John Dell, and Justin Ponsor. Bishop would be a brilliant addition, as she’s a smart, sassy super who’d bring some much needed new blood to the team and already has a massive fan following."


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Hawkeye" #1 was the 16th best selling comic book in December 2016. "Hawkeye" #1 was the 241st best selling comic book in 2016.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Jeff Lake of "IGN" gave "Hawkeye" #1 a grade of 8.8 out of 10, writing, "With a strong creative team and an equally strong opening act, "Hawkeye" #1 hits all targets. It’s both fun and relevant, giving a fan favorite character her due in a story that feels perfectly geared to her many talents. Your Hawkeye or not, you’ll like this book. "Hawkeye" #1 hits the ground running and never looks back, the creative team of Kelly Thompson, Leonardo Romero and Jordie Bellaire on target early and often. Their Kate is one immediately believable and root-worthy, her sharp wit and numerous talents put to great use from the start. With fantastic art and some strong early setup, it’s easy to get excited by the potential shown here." Brandon Guerrero of "ComicsVerse" gave "Hawkeye" #1 a score of 84%, asserting, "Kate Bishop gets her own sassy, muscular ab-filled solo comic. Thompson and Romero create a fun look into the beginning of Kate's career in private investigating while she also manages to fight crime on the side."


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: According to Diamond Comic Distributors, "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" #1 was the 32nd best selling comic book in November 2021. "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" #1 was the 801st est selling comic book in 2021.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: Dustin Holland of "CBR.com" called "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" #1 a "fun, thrilling first issue that promises plenty of action and fun," saying, ""Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" #1 ends by hinting at an unseen antagonist, whose involvement threatens to recontextualize every element of Kate's case. This first issue is sure to leave fans anxious to see what happens next. Nijkamp, Balám, and Junior have filled this page-turner with an energy that can't be ignored. "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" has all the makings of a great new series." Megan Peters of "Comicbook.com" gave "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" #1 a grade of 4 out of 5 stars, stating, ""Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" pushes forward with a strong start in its debut, and this first issue finishes with that same power. A juicy cliffhanger promises a seedy trap is gunning for Kate, and readers know Hawkeye will deal with it in her usual (somewhat clumsy) fashion. So if you want to see how the case works out, "Hawkeye: Kate Bishop" better stay in your sights. It is rare for Kate to miss, and this solo series is aiming to take the heroine to all-new heights."


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: An Ultimate Marvel version of Kate Bishop appears as a 15-year-old classmate of Miles Morales. The character was initially unnamed but her identity is later confirmed by writer Brian Michael Bendis. Following a one-year ellipsis, the 16-year-old Kate is seen dating Miles. In this reality, Kate and her family are members of HYDRA, and she believes they can make the world better. Miles eventually reveals to Kate that he is Spider-Man, which freaks her out and she does not talk to Miles for weeks. She tells his secret to her family. When Miles goes to her house to check on Kate, the former is drugged and kidnapped while HYDRA agents kidnap Jefferson Davis, Ganke Lee, and Black Widow. Despite the reveal, Kate still seems to hold feelings for Miles and does not like to see Spider-Man tortured by Doctor Doom. After Spider-Man breaks free, defeats Doctor Doom, and is rescued by his friends, Miles breaks up with Kate and she is knocked out by Dagger.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In "Avengers: The Children's Crusade: Young Avengers", an alternate future Kate is seen still operating as Hawkeye for Kang's Avengers team. She is married to Tom Shepherd (now known as Quicksilver) and is expecting twins. Her outfit has changed to match Clint's original Hawkeye costume.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: A 1602 version of Kate appears during "Secret Wars" where she operated in the Battleworld domain of King James' England. Similar to Robin Hood, she stole from the rich alongside her friends Teddy and Billy, but was caught by the Punisher Sheriff and distracted him so her friends could escape God Emperor Doom's judgement. During her time at the Shield, she met and befriended America Chavez and joined the Hel-Rangers, and eventually escaped with Chavez.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In "What If? House of M," Kate and the Young Avengers are killed by Red Skull one month after the depowering of every hero on the planet. Kate was killed by the Cosmic Cube's power.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In "Old Man Hawkeye", a prequel to "Old Man Logan", a middle-aged Kate is the mayor of a refuge district deep in the wastelands. She later assists Clint in his revenge quest against the Thunderbolts. After doing so, he requests her help in delivering a case of super-soldier serum, but she refuses to help him on his endless revenge crusade and drives off to look after her district, correctly predicting that the task would kill Clint in the process.


title: Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)

text: In a possible future, an adult Kate assists in a raid on Latveria (one of her contributions being firing a bullet containing the permanently miniaturized Wasp into a Doombot so she can take over its systems). She also helps in the release of several imprisoned heroes.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A Study in Scarlet is an 1887 detective novel by British writer Arthur Conan Doyle. The story marks the first appearance of Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson, who would become the most famous detective duo in literature. The book's title derives from a speech given by Holmes, a consulting detective, to his friend and chronicler Watson on the nature of his work, in which he describes the story's murder investigation as his "study in scarlet": "There's the scarlet thread of murder running through the colourless skein of life, and our duty is to unravel it, and isolate it, and expose every inch of it."


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The story, and its main characters, attracted little public interest when it first appeared. Only eleven complete copies of the magazine in which the story first appeared, "Beeton's Christmas Annual" for 1887, are known to exist now, which have considerable value. Although Conan Doyle wrote 56 short stories featuring Holmes, "A Study in Scarlet" is one of only four full-length novels in the original canon. The novel was followed by "The Sign of the Four", published in 1890. "A Study in Scarlet" was the first work of detective fiction to incorporate the magnifying glass as an investigative tool.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In 1881, Doctor John Watson has returned to London after serving in the Second Anglo-Afghan War and is looking for a place to live. An old friend tells him that Sherlock Holmes is looking for someone to split the rent at a flat at 221B Baker Street but cautions Watson about Holmes's eccentricities. Holmes and Watson meet and, after assessing each other and the rooms, they move in. Holmes reveals that he is a "consulting detective" and that his frequent guests are clients. After a demonstration of Holmes's deductive skills, Watson's disbelief turns into astonishment.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A telegram requests a consultation in a murder case. Watson accompanies Holmes to the crime scene, an abandoned house on Brixton Road. Inspectors Gregson and Lestrade are already on the scene. The victim is identified as Enoch Drebber, and documents found on his person reveal that he has a secretary, Joseph Stangerson. On one wall, written in red, is "RACHE" (German for "revenge"), which Holmes dismisses as a ploy to fool the police. He deduces that the victim died from poison and supplies a description of the murderer. Upon moving Drebber's body, they discover a woman's gold wedding ring.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Holmes places notices in several newspapers about the ring and buys a facsimile of it, hoping to draw the murderer – who has apparently already tried to retrieve the ring – out of hiding. An old woman answers the advertisement, claiming that the ring belongs to her daughter. Holmes gives her the duplicate and follows her, but she evades him. This leads Holmes to believe that she was an accomplice, or perhaps the actual murderer in disguise.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A day later, Gregson visits Holmes and Watson, telling them that he has arrested a suspect. He had gone to Madame Charpentier's Boarding House where Drebber and Stangerson had stayed before the murder. He learned from her that Drebber, a drunk, had attempted to kiss Mrs. Charpentier's daughter, Alice, which caused their immediate eviction. Drebber, however, came back later that night and attempted to grab Alice, prompting her older brother to attack him. He attempted to chase Drebber with a cudgel but claimed to have lost sight of him. Gregson has him in custody on this circumstantial evidence.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Lestrade then arrives and reveals that Stangerson has been murdered. His body was found near his hotel window, stabbed through the heart; above it was written "RACHE". The only things Stangerson had with him were a novel, a pipe, a telegram saying "J.H. is in Europe", and a small box containing two pills. Holmes tests the pills on an old and sickly Scottish terrier in residence at Baker Street. The first pill produces no evident effect, but the second kills the terrier. Holmes deduces that one was harmless and the other poison.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Just at that moment, a very young street urchin named Wiggins arrives. He is the leader of the Baker Street Irregulars, a group of street children Holmes employs to help him occasionally. Wiggins states that he's summoned the cab Holmes wanted. Holmes sends him down to fetch the cabby, claiming to need help with his luggage. When the cabby comes upstairs and bends for the trunk, Holmes handcuffs and restrains him. He then announces the captive cabby as Jefferson Hope, the murderer of Drebber and Stangerson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The story flashes back to Utah's Salt Lake Valley in 1847, where John Ferrier and a little girl named Lucy, the only survivors of a small party of pioneers, are rescued from death by a large party of Latter-day Saints led by Brigham Young, but only on the condition that they adopt and live under the Mormon faith. Years later, a now-grown Lucy befriends and falls in love with a man named Jefferson Hope. However, Young forbids her from marrying outside the faith and demands that she marry either Joseph Stangerson or Enoch Drebber, both sons of members of the church's Council of Four. Ferrier, who has adopted Lucy and sworn to never marry his daughter to a Mormon, immediately sends word to Hope.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Lucy is given one month to choose between her suitors. Hope finally arrives on the eve of the last day and they all escape under cover of darkness. The Mormons intercept the escapees while Hope is away hunting, as their food had run out. Ferrier is killed while Lucy is forcibly married to Drebber and dies a month later from a broken heart. Hope breaks into Drebber's house the night before Lucy's funeral to kiss her body and remove her wedding ring. He swears vengeance on Drebber and Stangerson, but he begins to suffer from an aortic aneurysm, causing him to leave the mountains to earn money and recuperate. When he returns several years later, he learns that Drebber and Stangerson have fled Salt Lake City after a schism between the Mormons. Hope pursues them, eventually tracking them to Europe.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In London, Hope becomes a cabby and eventually finds Drebber and Stangerson. After the altercation with Madame Charpentier's son, Drebber gets into Hope's cab and spends several hours drinking. Eventually, Hope takes him to the house on Brixton Road, where Hope forces Drebber to recognize him and to choose between two pills, one of which is harmless and the other poison. Drebber takes the poisoned pill, and as he dies Hope shows him Lucy's wedding ring. The excitement coupled with his aneurysm causes his nose to bleed; he uses the blood to write "RACHE" on the wall above Drebber to confound the investigators. Stangerson, on learning of Drebber's murder, refuses to leave his hotel room. Hope climbs in through the window and gives Stangerson the same choice of pills, but he is attacked and nearly strangled by Stangerson and forced to stab him in the heart.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Hope dies from his aneurysm the night before he is to appear in court. Holmes reveals to Watson how he had deduced the identity of the murderer, then shows Watson the newspaper; Lestrade and Gregson are given full credit. Outraged, Watson states that Holmes should record the adventure and publish it. Upon Holmes's refusal, Watson decides to do it himself.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Arthur Conan Doyle wrote the novel at the age of 27 in less than three weeks. As a doctor in general practice in Southsea, Hampshire, he had already published short stories in several magazines of the day, such as the periodical "London Society". The story was originally titled "A Tangled Skein" and was eventually published by Ward Lock & Co. in the 1887 edition of "Beeton's Christmas Annual", after many rejections. Conan Doyle had pressed for royalty but instead received £25 in return for the full rights (equivalent to £3,371.95 considering inflation). It was illustrated by David Henry Friston.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The novel was first published as a book in July 1888 by Ward, Lock & Co., and featured drawings by the author's father, Charles Doyle. In 1890, J. B. Lippincott & Co. released the first American version. Another edition published in 1891 by Ward, Lock & Bowden Limited (formerly Ward, Lock & Co.) was illustrated by George Hutchinson. A German edition of the novel published in 1902 was illustrated by Richard Gutschmidt. Numerous further editions, translations and dramatisations have appeared since.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: According to a Salt Lake City newspaper article, when Conan Doyle was asked about his depiction of the Latter-day Saints' organisation as being steeped in kidnapping, murder and enslavement, he said: "all I said about the Danite Band and the murders is historical so I cannot withdraw that, though it is likely that in a work of fiction it is stated more luridly than in a work of history. It's best to let the matter rest". Conan Doyle's daughter has stated: "You know, father would be the first to admit that his first Sherlock Holmes novel was full of errors about the Mormons." Historians speculate that "Conan Doyle, a voracious reader, would have access to books by Fannie Stenhouse, William A. Hickman, William Jarman, John Hyde and Ann Eliza Young, among others", in explaining the author's early perspective on Mormonism.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Years after Conan Doyle's death, Levi Edgar Young, a descendant of Brigham Young and a Mormon general authority, alleged that the author had privately apologised, saying that "He [Conan Doyle] said he had been misled by writings of the time about the Church" and had "written a scurrilous book about the Mormons."


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In August 2011, the Albemarle County, Virginia, school board removed "A Study in Scarlet" from the district's sixth-grade required reading list following complaints from students and parents that the book was derogatory toward Mormons. It was moved to the reading lists for the tenth-graders, and remains in use in the school media centres for all grades.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: As the first Sherlock Holmes story published, "A Study in Scarlet" was among the first to be adapted to the screen. In 1914, Conan Doyle authorised a British silent film be produced by G. B. Samuelson. In the film, titled "A Study in Scarlet", Holmes was played by James Bragington, an accountant who worked as an actor for the only time of his life. He was hired for his resemblance to Holmes, as presented in the sketches originally published with the story. As early silent films were made with film that itself was made with poor materials, and film archiving was then rare, it is now a lost film. The film was successful enough for Samuelson to produce the 1916 film "The Valley of Fear".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A two-reel short film, also titled "A Study in Scarlet", was released in the United States in 1914, a day after the British film with the same title was released. The American film starred Francis Ford as Holmes and was not authorised by Doyle. It is also a lost film.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The 1933 film titled "A Study in Scarlet", starring Reginald Owen as Holmes and Anna May Wong as Mrs Pyke, bears no plot relation to the novel. Aside from Holmes, Watson, Mrs. Hudson, and Inspector Lestrade, the only connections to the Holmes canon are a few lifts of character names (Jabez Wilson, etc.). The plot contains an element of striking resemblance to one used several years later in Agatha Christie's novel "And Then There Were None".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Edith Meiser adapted "A Study in Scarlet" into a four-part serial for the radio series "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes". The episodes aired in November and December 1931, with Richard Gordon as Holmes and Leigh Lovell as Watson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Parts of the story were combined with "The Adventure of Charles Augustus Milverton" for the script of "Dr Watson Meets Mr Sherlock Holmes", one of multiple radio adaptations featuring John Gielgud as Holmes and Ralph Richardson as Watson. The episode first aired on the BBC Light Programme on 5 October 1954 and also aired on NBC Radio on 2 January 1955.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The story was adapted for the 1952–1969 BBC radio series in 1962 by Michael Hardwick, with Carleton Hobbs as Holmes and Norman Shelley as Watson. It aired on the BBC Home Service.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Another British radio version of the story adapted by Hardwick aired on 25 December 1974, with Robert Powell as Holmes and Dinsdale Landon as Watson. The cast also included Frederick Treves as Gregson, John Hollis as Lestrade, and Don Fellows as Jefferson Hope.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A radio dramatisation of the story aired on "CBS Radio Mystery Theater" during its 1977 season, with Kevin McCarthy as Holmes and Court Benson as Watson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: "A Study in Scarlet" was adapted as the first two episodes of the BBC's complete Sherlock Holmes 1989–1998 radio series. The two-part adaptation aired on Radio 4 in 1989, dramatised by Bert Coules and starring Clive Merrison as Holmes, Michael Williams as Watson, Donald Gee as Inspector Lestrade, and John Moffatt as Inspector Gregson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: It was adapted as a 2007 episode of the American radio series "The Classic Adventures of Sherlock Holmes", with John Patrick Lowrie as Holmes, Lawrence Albert as Watson, Rick May as Lestrade, and John Murray as Gregson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The 1954–1955 television series (with Ronald Howard as Holmes and H. Marion Crawford as Watson) used only the first section of the book as the basis for the episode "The Case of the Cunningham Heritage".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The book was adapted into an episode broadcast on 23 September 1968 in the second season of the BBC television series "Sherlock Holmes", with Peter Cushing in the lead role and Nigel Stock as Dr. Watson.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: It was adapted as the second episode of the 1979 Soviet television film, "Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson" (the first episode combines the story of their meeting with "The Adventure of the Speckled Band"; the second episode adapts the actual Jefferson Hope case).


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: A 1983 animated television film adaptation was produced by Burbank Films Australia, with Peter O'Toole voicing Holmes. In both the 1968 television adaptation featuring Peter Cushing and the 1983 animated version featuring Peter O'Toole, the story is changed so that Holmes and Watson already know each other and have been living at 221B Baker Street for some time.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: "A Study in Scarlet" is one of the stories missing from the adaptations made starring Jeremy Brett between 1984 and 1994.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: Steven Moffat loosely adapted "A Study in Scarlet" into "A Study in Pink" as the first episode of the 2010 BBC television series "Sherlock" featuring Benedict Cumberbatch as a 21st-century Sherlock Holmes, and Martin Freeman as Dr. Watson. The adaptation retains many individual elements from the story, such as the scribbled "RACHE" and the two pills, and the killer's potentially fatal aneurysm (although it is located in his brain rather than his aorta). However, the entire backstory set in America is omitted, and the motivation of the killer is completely different. It also features Moriarty's presence. Also, the meeting of Holmes and Watson is adapted in the Victorian setting in the special "The Abominable Bride".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: "The Deductionist", an episode of "Elementary", contains many elements of Hope's case, including the motivation of revenge. The story was more closely adapted in the season 4 episode, "A Study in Charlotte."


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: "The First Adventure", the first episode of the 2014 NHK puppetry series "Sherlock Holmes", is loosely based on "A Study in Scarlet" and "The Adventure of the Six Napoleons". In it, Holmes, Watson and Lestrade are pupils at a fictional boarding school called Beeton School. They find out that a pupil called Jefferson Hope has taken revenge on Enoch Drebber and Joseph Stangerson for stealing his watch. "Scarlet Story", the series' opening theme tune, is named after the novel and the name of "Beeton School" is partially inspired by "Beeton's Christmas Annual".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: "A Study in Scarlet" was illustrated by Seymour Moskowitz for "Classics Illustrated" comics in 1953. It was also adapted to graphic novel form by Innovation Publishing in 1969 (adapted by James Stenstrum and illustrated by Noly Panaligan) by Sterling Publishing in 2010 (adapted by Ian Edginton and illustrated by I. N. J. Culbard) and by Hakon Holm Publishing in 2013 (illustrated


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In 2014, "A Study in Scarlet" was adapted again for the stage by Greg Freeman, Lila Whelan and Annabelle Brown for Tacit Theatre. The production premiered at Southwark Playhouse in London in March 2014.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In February 2019, a new adaptation of "A Study in Scarlet" was staged at DM Performance Works at the Factory in Nuremberg, PA. It was adapted by Bill Amos under the title "Sherlock Holmes and the Scarlet Avenger".


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In June 2022, Pitlochry Festival Theatre will produce a brand-new adaptation by playwright and actor Lesley Hart. "Sherlock Holmes; A Study in Lipstick, Ketchup and Blood" performed in an outdoor amphitheater by two performers.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In his "Naked is the Best Disguise" (1974), Samuel Rosenberg notes the similarity between Jefferson Hope's tracking of Enoch Drebber and a sequence in James Joyce's novel "Ulysses", though of course Joyce's work did not begin to appear in print until 1918. Several other associations between Conan Doyle and Joyce are also listed in Rosenberg's book.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: The British fantasy and comic book writer Neil Gaiman adapted this story to the universe of horror writer H. P. Lovecraft's Cthulhu Mythos. The new short story is titled "A Study in Emerald" (2004) and is modelled with a parallel structure.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In "Garage Sale Mystery: The Novel Murders" (2016), the second murder is an imitation of this murder.


title: A Study in Scarlet

text: In "", a character by the name of Enoch Drebber appears in the third case. Rather than a Mormon that forced a woman into an abusive marriage and was killed for it, Drebber is instead a brilliant scientist and engineer who worked on a device to get revenge on the man that ruined his life.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor is an Internet comedy company based in Los Angeles. Aside from producing content for release on YouTube, it was also a former humor website owned by InterActiveCorp (IAC) until January 2020, when IAC withdrew funding and the website shut down. Since then, CollegeHumor has continued to release content on YouTube and its streaming service, Dropout. The site featured daily original humor videos and articles created by its in-house writing and production team, in addition to user-submitted videos, pictures, articles and links. Created by Josh Abramson and Ricky Van Veen in 1999, CollegeHumor is operated by CH Media, which also operates Dorkly.com and Dropout.tv, and formerly operated Drawfee.com.


title: CollegeHumor

text: Many of its staff also operated the sister website "Dorkly", centering on fandoms and video game parodies in the vein of CollegeHumor before the site ceased publication of new articles in January 2019. Like CollegeHumor, despite the website shutting down, Dorkly continues to release new original content on YouTube and is now in overt collaboration with CollegeHumor's longtime partner for animated content Lowbrow Studios.


title: CollegeHumor

text: The CollegeHumor website was created in December 1999 by Josh Abramson and Ricky Van Veen, with help from web developer Jake Lodwick. Abramson and Van Veen were high school friends from Baltimore, Maryland. The site traffic reached approximately 30,000 monthly American users. They started the site by posting funny photos, essays, and videos that their friends created.


title: CollegeHumor

text: Abramson said in an interview that they wanted to start "an advertisement-based business because at the time the advertising market was pretty hot and we'd seen other people develop Web sites that were popular making a lot of money." Their aim was to create a humor site that would appeal to the advertiser-friendly college-aged demographic.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor, along with its parent company, Connected Ventures, was acquired by Barry Diller's IAC in August 2006.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor has become known for its original comedy content. The site has been nominated for the Webby Award in the humor category, and many of their individual videos have been nominated for and/or won Webby Awards. Recent winners include "Pixar Intro Parody" for Best Animation, "Web Site Story" for Best Individual Short or Episode, and "Jake and Amir" for Best Series. Their shorts "Awkward Rap" and "Hand Vagina" were nominated for the Webby Award for Best Comedy: Individual Short or Episode in 2008 and 2009 with other nominees and winners since.


title: CollegeHumor

text: On September 26, 2018, CollegeHumor launched Dropout, a subscription service that includes uncensored and original video series, animations, and other forms of media including comics and fictionalized chat conversations.


title: CollegeHumor

text: On January 23, 2019, CollegeHumor announced on the Dorkly homepage that they would be ceasing the publication of new articles and comics on the Dorkly site in favor of shifting to other platforms for new material, citing increased costs of the website and the decline of ad based revenue for publications such as Dorkly.


title: CollegeHumor

text: On January 8, 2020, it was announced that IAC was selling CollegeHumor to its Chief Creative Officer, Sam Reich, resulting in the job loss of nearly all employees and staff. However Sam Reich later clarified that the company would keep a skeleton crew of mostly technical staff in employment in order to continue releasing pre-recorded CollegeHumor content on its streaming platform Dropout for at least the next 6 months. The only creative left on the payroll was Brennan Lee Mulligan, Dungeon Master of the series "Dimension 20".


title: CollegeHumor

text: In July 2020, a Dropout.tv newsletter noted that production is beginning on new seasons of various Dropout shows.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor produces original comedy videos under the CH Originals (formerly known as CHTV) banner. In addition, the site hosts a large collection of user-submitted viral videos, encompassing home movies, bizarre sports highlights, sketches, and such. These videos are released one month prior to being posted on YouTube.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor's pictures section featured user-submitted photographs. Like the site's videos, CollegeHumor's pictures were of a humorous or bizarre nature. CollegeHumor also occasionally held photo-based contests for its users. This feature has since fallen out of use and is no longer updated.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor posted original writing from its staff and users, including humorous essays, comics, interviews and weekly columns on sports, video games, college life, and dating. Contributing writers to the site have included notable comedians Steve Hofstetter, Christian Finnegan, Brooks Wheelan, Paul Scheer, Amir Blumenfeld, Alex Figueroa, Justin Johnson, and Judah Friedlander. Andrew Bridgman curated the articles and edits the website's front page.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CH Originals is CollegeHumor's original comedy video section, featuring sketches and short films written and produced by the CollegeHumor staff. The site releases over ten new videos per week. CH Originals videos include sketch comedy, film and television parodies, animation, and music videos. In addition to stand-alone viral comedy shorts or "one-offs", which are usually shot on location and feature hired actors, CH Originals also produces a number of series—notably "Hardly Working", "Jake and Amir", and "Nerd Alert"—which are shot in the CH office and star the CH staff members themselves.


title: CollegeHumor

text: CollegeHumor's original videos average 20 million views per month on the site. In addition, their videos are collected on the CollegeHumor YouTube Channel, which currently has over 13.5 million subscribers, with over 27,765 new subscribers joining each week.


title: CollegeHumor

text: Singular comedy sketches, cartoons and music videos written and produced by the in-house staff. Written by Patrick Cassels, Emily Axford, Adam Conover, Mike Trapp, and Brian Murphy (among others), these sketches are designed to be more viral in nature than the site's other comedy content.


title: CollegeHumor

text: A tabletop role-playing game show usually starring Brennan Lee Mulligan as the Dungeon Master. It primarily uses "Dungeons & Dragons 5th edition" rules, and debuted in 2018.


title: CollegeHumor

text: A series of short sketches about two former CH writers, Jake Hurwitz and Amir Blumenfeld, who often act out the odd couple act. The show depicts Jake as a regular guy constantly annoyed by Amir's idiotic antics, while Amir sincerely just wants to be good friends with Jake. The show's final episode aired in April 2015.


title: CollegeHumor

text: A series of sketches written by and starring Sarah Schneider and David Young about two coworkers and their attempts to keep their relationship hidden. Each episode usually begins with them waking up in the same bed after having one of their numerous one night stands. This series ended when Sarah Schneider left College Humor in November 2011.


title: CollegeHumor

text: Sketches shot from the point-of-view of the main character, often voiced by Vincent Peone, CollegeHumor's cinematographer. These sketches are known for realism and relatability (in a humorous manner) and are among CH's most popular videos. In most POV videos the phrase "How is that even possible?" is often used as a running gag.


title: CollegeHumor

text: A set of videos starring Josh Ruben, each of which feature six outrageous scenarios in certain situations, such as getting out of the friend zone or having "monsters" for roommates. The videos are narrated in second-person, using Ruben as an analogy for the viewer.