title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi was briefly linked to a fight with Michael Bisping on February 27, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 84. However, on December 24, 2015, Bisping was pulled from the bout in favor of a matchup with Anderson Silva at the same event. Mousasi instead faced Thales Leites. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi was expected to face Derek Brunson on July 9, 2016 at UFC 200. It was later revealed that Brunson was forced to pull out of the fight, and that Thiago Santos would replace him to fight Mousasi. He won the fight via TKO in the first round and was awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: A long-discussed fight with former light heavyweight champion Vitor Belfort took place on October 8, 2016 at UFC 204. Mousasi won the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi next faced Uriah Hall in a rematch on November 19, 2016 at UFC Fight Night 99. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi faced Chris Weidman at UFC 210 on April 8, 2017. In the second round, Mousasi hit Weidman with two knees to the head, the latter of which had referee Dan Miragliotta interrupt the fight because he mistakenly thought it was illegal. However, upon consultation with another referee "Big" John McCarthy, both knees appeared to be legal under the new unified rules introduced since 2017. Ultimately, the bout was ended and deemed a TKO win for Mousasi. Mousasi accused Weidman of trying to win the fight by disqualification. Weidman admitted he was expecting to win the fight by disqualification. He was only willing to continue when told the knee was legal after almost two minutes of the allotted five to recover by Miragliotta under the assumption the knee was illegal. Audio from Weidman's corner revealed Matt Serra saying Weidman told physicians he thought it was February. Being unable to tell medical staff the correct date possibly influenced their decision not to let him continue. The NYSAC released a statement that instant replay had been used legally to determine if the knee was legal, disproving the claim of UFC Vice President of Regulatory Affairs Marc Ratner who had told Joe Rogan otherwise on the live pay-per-view.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: On 10 July 2017, Mousasi announced that he had signed with Bellator MMA for a six-fights deal and should compete for the middleweight title later in 2017. He also announced that his goal would be also to obtain the light heavyweight belt as well, after becoming the Bellator middleweight champion first.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: During the Bellator 181 main card, it was announced by the promotion that Mousasi would make his debut against Alexander Shlemenko at Bellator 185 on 20 October 2017. In the opening minute a punch from Shlemenko broke Mousasi's right orbital, causing Mousasi to fight with one eye for almost the entire bout. The rest of the first round mainly consisted of Mousasi scoring multiple takedowns, landing many strikes, and attempting several neck cranks and rear naked chokes. A doctor inspected Mousasi's eye before the second round and deemed him fit to continue. In the second round, both fighters landed strikes in short exchanges for the first three minutes until Mousasi landed two takedowns and spent most of the last two minutes making submission attempts and landing strikes, which caused Shlemenko's face to bleed. When the round ended, Mousasi was still in a back mount dominant position over Shlemenko. In the third and final round, Schlemenko landed the better of strikes standing up and Mousasi's only takedown attempt was unsuccessful. Mousasi won the fight via unanimous decision. Seven out of eleven MMA media outlets scored the fight as a decision win for Shlemenko.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi faced Rafael Carvalho on 25 May 2018 at Bellator 200 in London, England for the Bellator Middleweight World Championship. After scoring a takedown early, Mousasi used ground and pound to win the fight via TKO in the first round. Mousasi became the first fighter to win a world title in both Strikeforce and Bellator MMA.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi made his first title defense against current Bellator Welterweight Champion Rory MacDonald on 29 September 2018 at Bellator 206. Mousasi stuffed MacDonald's takedown attempt and delivered ground and pound, eventually winning the fight via technical knockout in round two.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi was expected to make his second title defense against Rafael Lovato Jr. in the co-headliner of Bellator 214 on 26 January 2019. However, on 20 December 2018, it was reported that Mousasi pulled from the fight, citing a back injury. The fight eventually took place at Bellator 223 on 22 June 2019. Mousasi lost the bout and his title by majority decision.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: After losing the title, Mousasi rematched prior UFC opponent Lyoto Machida at Bellator 228 on 28 September 2019. He was victorious by way of split decision.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: In February 2020, it was announced that Rafael Lovato Jr. was forced to relinquish the Bellator Middleweight World Championship due to a cerebral cavernoma. Bellator then announced that Mousasi would face current Bellator Welterweight Champion Douglas Lima for the vacant Bellator Middleweight World Championship at Bellator 242 on 9 May 2020. At the time, Mousasi also signed a new, eight-fight contract with Bellator. However, it was announced that Bellator 242 and Mousasi's fight against Lima would be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Mousasi's bout against Lima was rescheduled to take place at Bellator 250. Mousasi won the fight via unanimous decision and claimed the title for a second time.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi made the first title defense of his second reign against John Salter on August 13, 2021 at Bellator 264. He won the bout via TKO in round three.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi made his second middleweight title defence against Austin Vanderford at Bellator 275 on February 25, 2022 at the 3Arena in Dublin, Ireland. He won the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi attempted his third middleweight title defence against Johnny Eblen at Bellator 282 on June 24, 2022 He lost the bout via 50-45 unanimous decision on all judges' scorecards.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: In somewhat of a surprise to the MMA world, Mousasi agreed to take on Japanese K-1 fighter Musashi in a K-1 rules fight at Dynamite!! 2008. Being an open weight fight Mousasi weighed in at 97.8 kg/216 lb, all but confirming his desire to move up in weight classes. Mousasi stated after winning the Dream Middleweight Grand Prix he would no longer fight at middleweight due to the large weight cut. Mousasi was the rank outsider to win the match against the more experienced Musashi, but came out fast and scored a first-round KO. Mousasi went undefeated in 2008, going 6–0 in MMA and 1–0 in K-1.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: After a lot of speculation about Mousasi's opponent for 2010 New Year's Eve, Mousasi was set to face Kyotaro, the K-1 Heavyweight Champion, in a K-1 rules bout. He brought the fight to Kyotaro and in the second round Mousasi knocked the Japanese fighter down, almost finishing him. Mousasi then won a unanimous decision victory from the judges.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: It was revealed on January 31, 2011 that Mousasi was considering trying out for the 2012 Summer Olympics at the category of boxing. Mousasi would try to qualify himself through Netherlands qualifiers. His management said that it would make him a better fighter. Mousasi is already known in amateur boxing, being a former Netherlands amateur boxing champion.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Following an injury and the signing of a new contract with Strikeforce, he gave up interest in competing in the Olympics.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: His older brother Gewik was a mixed martial artist before him, and Gegard decided to follow in his footsteps. Gewik is currently a prolific MMA trainer in Holland. He also currently handles the finances for Gegard's career payments.


title: Gegard Mousasi

text: Mousasi's moniker, "Dream Catcher", was given by a friend which he was not fond of as he considered his style of fighting could not be named.


title: Donna Tartt

text: Tartt was born in Greenwood, Mississippi, in the Mississippi Delta, the elder of two daughters. She was raised in the nearby town of Grenada. Her father, Don Tartt, was a rockabilly musician, turned freeway "service station owner-cum-local politician", while her mother, Taylor, was a secretary. Her parents were avid readers, and her mother would read while driving.


title: Donna Tartt

text: I know a ton of poetry by heart, When I was a little kid, first thing I memorized were really long poems by A. A. Milne ... I also know all these things that I was made to learn. I'm sort of this horrible repository of doggerel verse.


title: Donna Tartt

text: In 1976, aged thirteen, Tartt was published for the first time when a sonnet was included in "The Mississippi Review".


title: Donna Tartt

text: In high school, Tartt was a freshman cheerleader for the basketball team and worked in the public library.


title: Donna Tartt

text: In 1981, Tartt enrolled in the University of Mississippi where her writing caught the attention of Willie Morris while she was a freshman. Finding her in the Holiday Inn bar one evening, Morris said to her, "My name is Willie Morris, and I think you're a genius."


title: Donna Tartt

text: Following a recommendation from Morris, Barry Hannah, then an Ole Miss writer-in-residence, admitted the eighteen-year-old Tartt into his graduate course on the short story. "She was deeply literary", said Hannah. "Just a rare genius, really. A literary star."


title: Donna Tartt

text: In 1982, following the suggestion of Morris and others, she transferred to Bennington College. At Bennington, Tartt studied classics with Claude Fredericks, and also met Bret Easton Ellis, Jonathan Lethem, and Jill Eisenstadt. Tartt graduated in 1986.


title: Donna Tartt

text: Tartt's novels are "The Secret History" (1992), "The Little Friend" (2002), and "The Goldfinch" (2013). Tartt published her first novel, "The Secret History" in 1992. The book was derived from her time at Bennington College. Amanda Urban was her agent and the novel became a critical and financial success. "Vanity Fair" called Tartt a precocious literary genius, as she was just 29 years old.


title: Donna Tartt

text: In 2002, Tartt's novel "The Little Friend" was first published in Dutch, since her books sold more per capita in the Netherlands than elsewhere.


title: Donna Tartt

text: Her 2013 novel "The Goldfinch" stirred reviewers as to whether it was a literary novel, a controversy possibly based on its best-selling status.<ref name="newyorker.com/2013/10/21"></ref> The book was adapted for the movie "The Goldfinch". Tartt was reportedly paid $3m for the movie rights but parted company with her long-standing agent, Amanda Urban, over the latter's failure to secure Tartt a role in the screenplay writing or wider production. The movie was a critical and commercial failure.


title: Donna Tartt

text: Tartt is a convert to Catholicism and contributed an essay, "The spirit and writing in a secular world", to "The Novel, Spirituality and Modern Culture" (2000). In her essay Tartt wrote that "faith is vital in the process of making my work and in the reasons I am driven to make it." However, Tartt also warned of the danger of writers who impose their beliefs or convictions on their novels. She wrote that writers should "shy from asserting those convictions directly in their work."


title: Donna Tartt

text: Tartt won the WH Smith Literary Award for "The Little Friend" in 2003 and the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction for "The Goldfinch" in 2014. She was included in "Time" magazine's 2014 "100 Most Influential People" list.


title: Donna Tartt

text: In 2002, it was reported that Tartt had lived in Greenwich Village, the Upper East Side, and on a farm near Charlottesville, Virginia; that she is tall and that she had said she would never get married. In 2013, she claimed that she was not a recluse while stressing the freedoms of shutting the door, closing the curtains and not participating in the life of culture. In 2016, Tartt's cousin, police officer James Lee Tartt, was killed while on duty.


title: Donna Tartt

text: As of 2016, "Virginia Living" published that Donna Tartt lived with art gallery owner Neal Guma. Both of them studied at Bennington. She and her partner purchased the Charlottesville property back in 1997. Donna Tartt also dedicates her second novel to someone named Neal, although she does not elaborate on his identity.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Open-source intelligence (OSINT) is the collection and analysis of data gathered from open sources (covert and publicly available sources) to produce actionable intelligence. OSINT is primarily used in national security, law enforcement, and business intelligence functions and is of value to analysts who use non-sensitive intelligence in answering classified, unclassified, or proprietary intelligence requirements across the previous intelligence disciplines.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: OSINT is distinguished from research in that it applies the process of intelligence to create tailored knowledge supportive of a specific decision by a specific individual or group.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: OSINT is defined in the United States of America by Public Law 109-163 as cited by both the U.S. Director of National Intelligence and the U.S. Department of Defense (DoD), as intelligence "produced from publicly available information that is collected, exploited, and disseminated in a timely manner to an appropriate audience for the purpose of addressing a specific intelligence requirement." As defined by NATO, OSINT is intelligence "derived from publicly available information, as well as other unclassified information that has limited public distribution or access."


title: Open-source intelligence

text: According to political scientist Jeffrey T. Richelson, “open source acquisition involves procuring verbal, written, or electronically transmitted material that can be obtained legally. In addition to documents and videos available via the Internet or provided by a human source, others are obtained after U.S. or allied forces have taken control of a facility or site formerly operated by a foreign government or terrorist group.”


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Former Assistant Director of Central Intelligence for Analysis Mark M. Lowenthal defines OSINT as “any and all information that can be derived from overt collection: all types of media, government reports and other documents, scientific research and reports, commercial vendors of information, the Internet, and so on. The main qualifiers to open-source information are that it does not require any type of clandestine collection techniques to obtain it and that it must be obtained through means that entirely meet the copyright and commercial requirements of the vendors where applicable."


title: Open-source intelligence

text: OSINT in the United States traces its origins to the creation of the Foreign Broadcast Monitoring Service (FBMS), an agency responsible for the monitoring of foreign broadcasts. An example of their work is reflected in the application of the correlation of changes in the price of oranges in Paris with that of railway bridges being bombed successfully.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: The Aspin-Brown Commission stated in 1996 that US access to open sources was "severely deficient" and that this should be a "top priority" for both funding and DCI attention.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: In July 2004, following the September 11 attacks, the 9/11 Commission recommended the creation of an open-source intelligence agency. In March 2005, the Iraq Intelligence Commission recommended the creation of an open-source directorate at the CIA.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Following these recommendations, in November 2005 the Director of National Intelligence announced the creation of the DNI Open Source Center. The Center was established to collect information available from "the Internet, databases, press, radio, television, video, geospatial data, photos and commercial imagery." In addition to collecting openly available information, it would train analysts to make better use of this information. The center absorbed the CIA's previously existing Foreign Broadcast Information Service (FBIS), originally established in 1941, with FBIS head Douglas Naquin named as director of the center. Then, following the events of 9/11 the Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act merged FBIS and other research elements into the Office of the Director of National Intelligence creating the Open Source Enterprise.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Furthermore, the private sector has invested in tools which aid in OSINT collection and analysis. Specifically, In-Q-Tel, a Central Intelligence Agency supported venture capital firm in Arlington, VA assisted companies develop web-monitoring and predictive analysis tools.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: In December 2005, the Director of National Intelligence appointed Eliot A. Jardines as the Assistant Deputy Director of National Intelligence for Open Source to serve as the Intelligence Community's senior intelligence officer for open source and to provide strategy, guidance and oversight for the National Open Source Enterprise. Mr. Jardines has established the National Open Source Enterprise and authored intelligence community directive 301. In 2008, Mr. Jardines returned to the private sector and was succeeded by Dan Butler who is ADDNI/OS and previously Mr. Jardines' Senior Advisor for Policy.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: The web browser is a powerful OSINT tool that provides access to numerous websites and both open source and proprietary software tools that are either purpose-built for open source information collection or which can be exploited for the purposes of either gathering of open source information or to facilitate analysis and validation to provide intelligence. A cottage industry of both for-profit and not-for-profit investigative and educational groups such as Bellingcat, IntelTechniques SANS and others offer indices, books, podcasts and video training materials on OSINT tools and techniques. Books such as Michael Bazzell's "Open Source Intelligence Techniques" serve as indices to resources across multiple domains but according the author, due to the rapidly changing information landscape, some tools and techniques change or become obsolete frequently, hence it is imperative for OSINT researchers to study, train and survey the landscape of source material regularly. A guide by Ryan Fedasiuk, an analyst at the Center for Security and Emerging Technology, lists six tools open-source analysts can use to stay safe and utlize operational security (OPSEC) when conducting online investigations. These include VPNs, cached webpages, digital archive services, URL and file scanners, browser sandbox applications, and antivirus software.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Numerous lists of aggregated OSINT content are available on the web. The OSINT Framework contains over 30 primary categories of tools and is maintained as an open source project on GitHub.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: A main hindrance to practical OSINT is the volume of information it has to deal with ("information explosion"). The amount of data being distributed increases at a rate that it becomes difficult to evaluate sources in intelligence analysis. To a small degree the work has sometimes been done by amateur crowd-sourcing.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: Accredited journalists have some protection in asking questions, and researching for recognized media outlets. Even so, they can be imprisoned, even executed, for seeking out OSINT. Private individuals illegally collecting data for a foreign military or intelligence agency is considered espionage in most countries. Of course, espionage that is not treason (i.e. betraying one's country of citizenship) has been a tool of statecraft since ancient times.


title: Open-source intelligence

text: The OSINT Foundation is a professional association for OSINT practitioners in the United States Intelligence Community. It is open to U.S. Citizens and seeks to raise the prominence of the open-source intelligence discipline.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In geometry, an isosceles triangle () is a triangle that has two sides of equal length. Sometimes it is specified as having "exactly" two sides of equal length, and sometimes as having "at least" two sides of equal length, the latter version thus including the equilateral triangle as a special case.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Examples of isosceles triangles include the isosceles right triangle, the golden triangle, and the faces of bipyramids and certain Catalan solids.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The mathematical study of isosceles triangles dates back to ancient Egyptian mathematics and Babylonian mathematics. Isosceles triangles have been used as decoration from even earlier times, and appear frequently in architecture and design, for instance in the pediments and gables of buildings.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The two equal sides are called the legs and the third side is called the base of the triangle. The other dimensions of the triangle, such as its height, area, and perimeter, can be calculated by simple formulas from the lengths of the legs and base.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Every isosceles triangle has an axis of symmetry along the perpendicular bisector of its base. The two angles opposite the legs are equal and are always acute, so the classification of the triangle as acute, right, or obtuse depends only on the angle between its two legs.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Euclid defined an isosceles triangle as a triangle with exactly two equal sides, but modern treatments prefer to define isosceles triangles as having at least two equal sides. The difference between these two definitions is that the modern version makes equilateral triangles (with three equal sides) a special case of isosceles triangles. A triangle that is not isosceles (having three unequal sides) is called scalene.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: "Isosceles" is made from the Greek roots "isos" (equal) and "skelos" (leg). The same word is used, for instance, for isosceles trapezoids, trapezoids with two equal sides, and for isosceles sets, sets of points every three of which form an isosceles triangle.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In an isosceles triangle that has exactly two equal sides, the equal sides are called legs and the third side is called the base. The angle included by the legs is called the "vertex angle" and the angles that have the base as one of their sides are called the "base angles". The vertex opposite the base is called the apex. In the equilateral triangle case, since all sides are equal, any side can be called the base.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Whether an isosceles triangle is acute, right or obtuse depends only on the angle at its apex. In Euclidean geometry, the base angles can not be obtuse (greater than 90°) or right (equal to 90°) because their measures would sum to at least 180°, the total of all angles in any Euclidean triangle. Since a triangle is obtuse or right if and only if one of its angles is obtuse or right, respectively, an isosceles triangle is obtuse, right or acute if and only if its apex angle is respectively obtuse, right or acute. In Edwin Abbott's book "Flatland", this classification of shapes was used as a satire of social hierarchy: isosceles triangles represented the working class, with acute isosceles triangles higher in the hierarchy than right or obtuse isosceles triangles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: As well as the isosceles right triangle, several other specific shapes of isosceles triangles have been studied.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: These include the Calabi triangle (a triangle with three congruent inscribed squares), the golden triangle and golden gnomon (two isosceles triangles whose sides and base are in the golden ratio), the 80-80-20 triangle appearing in the Langley's Adventitious Angles puzzle, and the 30-30-120 triangle of the triakis triangular tiling.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Five Catalan solids, the triakis tetrahedron, triakis octahedron, tetrakis hexahedron, pentakis dodecahedron, and triakis icosahedron, each have isosceles-triangle faces, as do infinitely many pyramids and bipyramids.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: This formula can also be derived from the Pythagorean theorem using the fact that the altitude bisects the base and partitions the isosceles triangle into two congruent right triangles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The Euler line of any triangle goes through the triangle's orthocenter (the intersection of its three altitudes), its centroid (the intersection of its three medians), and its circumcenter (the intersection of the perpendicular bisectors of its three sides, which is also the center of the circumcircle that passes through the three vertices). In an isosceles triangle with exactly two equal sides, these three points are distinct, and (by symmetry) all lie on the symmetry axis of the triangle, from which it follows that the Euler line coincides with the axis of symmetry. The incenter of the triangle also lies on the Euler line, something that is not true for other triangles. If any two of an angle bisector, median, or altitude coincide in a given triangle, that triangle must be isosceles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The area formula_5 of an isosceles triangle can be derived from the formula for its height, and from the general formula for the area of a triangle as half the product of base and height:


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The same area formula can also be derived from Heron's formula for the area of a triangle from its three sides. However, applying Heron's formula directly can be numerically unstable for isosceles triangles with very sharp angles, because of the near-cancellation between the semiperimeter and side length in those triangles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: If the apex angle formula_7 and leg lengths formula_8 of an isosceles triangle are known, then the area of that triangle is:


title: Isosceles triangle

text: This is a special case of the general formula for the area of a triangle as half the product of two sides times the sine of the included angle.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The perimeter formula_10 of an isosceles triangle with equal sides formula_2 and base formula_3 is just


title: Isosceles triangle

text: As in any triangle, the area formula_5 and perimeter formula_10 are related by the isoperimetric inequality


title: Isosceles triangle

text: This is a strict inequality for isosceles triangles with sides unequal to the base, and becomes an equality for the equilateral triangle.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: If the base and perimeter are fixed, then this formula determines the area of the resulting isosceles triangle, which is the maximum possible among all triangles with the same base and perimeter.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: On the other hand, if the area and perimeter are fixed, this formula can be used to recover the base length, but not uniquely: there are in general two distinct isosceles triangles with given area formula_5 and perimeter formula_10. When the isoperimetric inequality becomes an equality, there is only one such triangle, which is equilateral.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: If the two equal sides have length formula_2 and the other side has length formula_3, then the internal angle bisector formula_22 from one of the two equal-angled vertices satisfies


title: Isosceles triangle

text: and conversely, if the latter condition holds, an isosceles triangle parametrized by formula_2 and formula_22 exists.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The Steiner–Lehmus theorem states that every triangle with two angle bisectors of equal lengths is isosceles. It was formulated in 1840 by C. L. Lehmus. Its other namesake, Jakob Steiner, was one of the first to provide a solution.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Although originally formulated only for internal angle bisectors, it works for many (but not all) cases when, instead, two external angle bisectors are equal.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The 30-30-120 isosceles triangle makes a boundary case for this variation of the theorem, as it has four equal angle bisectors (two internal, two external).


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The inradius and circumradius formulas for an isosceles triangle may be derived from their formulas for arbitrary triangles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The radius of the inscribed circle of an isosceles triangle with side length formula_2, base formula_3, and height formula_1 is:


title: Isosceles triangle

text: An isosceles triangle has the largest possible inscribed circle among the triangles with the same base and apex angle, as well as also having the largest area and perimeter among the same class of triangles.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: For any isosceles triangle, there is a unique square with one side collinear with the base of the triangle and the opposite two corners on its sides. The Calabi triangle is a special isosceles triangle with the property that the other two inscribed squares, with sides collinear with the sides of the triangle,


title: Isosceles triangle

text: are of the same size as the base square. A much older theorem, preserved in the works of Hero of Alexandria,


title: Isosceles triangle

text: states that, for an isosceles triangle with base formula_3 and height formula_1, the side length of the inscribed square on the base of the triangle is


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In a right triangle, the median from the hypotenuse (that is, the line segment from the midpoint of the hypotenuse to the right-angled vertex) divides the right triangle into two isosceles triangles. This is because the midpoint of the hypotenuse is the center of the circumcircle of the right triangle, and each of the two triangles created by the partition has two equal radii as two of its sides.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Similarly, an acute triangle can be partitioned into three isosceles triangles by segments from its circumcenter, but this method does not work for obtuse triangles, because the circumcenter lies outside the triangle.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Generalizing the partition of an acute triangle, any cyclic polygon that contains the center of its circumscribed circle can be partitioned into isosceles triangles by the radii of this circle through its vertices. The fact that all radii of a circle have equal length implies that all of these triangles are isosceles. This partition can be used to derive a formula for the area of the polygon as a function of its side lengths, even for cyclic polygons that do not contain their circumcenters. This formula generalizes Heron's formula for triangles and Brahmagupta's formula for cyclic quadrilaterals.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Either diagonal of a rhombus divides it into two congruent isosceles triangles. Similarly, one of the two diagonals of


title: Isosceles triangle

text: a kite divides it into two isosceles triangles, which are not congruent except when the kite is a rhombus.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Isosceles triangles commonly appear in architecture as the shapes of gables and pediments. In ancient Greek architecture and its later imitations, the obtuse isosceles triangle was used; in Gothic architecture this was replaced by the acute isosceles triangle.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In the architecture of the Middle Ages, another isosceles triangle shape became popular: the Egyptian isosceles triangle. This is an isosceles triangle that is acute, but less so than the equilateral triangle; its height is proportional to 5/8 of its base. The Egyptian isosceles triangle was brought back into use in modern architecture by Dutch architect Hendrik Petrus Berlage.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Warren truss structures, such as bridges, are commonly arranged in isosceles triangles, although sometimes vertical beams are also included for additional strength.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Surfaces tessellated by obtuse isosceles triangles can be used to form deployable structures that have two stable states: an unfolded state in which the surface expands to a cylindrical column, and a folded state in which it folds into a more compact prism shape that can be more easily transported. The same tessellation pattern forms the basis of Yoshimura buckling, a pattern formed when cylindrical surfaces are axially compressed, and of the Schwarz lantern, an example used in mathematics to show that the area of a smooth surface cannot always be accurately approximated by polyhedra converging to the surface.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In graphic design and the decorative arts, isosceles triangles have been a frequent design element in cultures around the world from at least the Early Neolithic to modern times. They are a common design element in flags and heraldry, appearing prominently with a vertical base, for instance, in the flag of Guyana, or with a horizontal base in the flag of Saint Lucia, where they form a stylized image of a mountain island.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: They also have been used in designs with religious or mystic significance, for instance in the Sri Yantra of Hindu meditational practice.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: If a cubic equation with real coefficients has three roots that are not all real numbers, then when these roots are plotted in the complex plane as an Argand diagram they form vertices of an isosceles triangle whose axis of symmetry coincides with the horizontal (real) axis. This is because the complex roots are complex conjugates and hence are symmetric about the real axis.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: In celestial mechanics, the three-body problem has been studied in the special case that the three bodies form an isosceles triangle, because assuming that the bodies are arranged in this way reduces the number of degrees of freedom of the system without reducing it to the solved Lagrangian point case when the bodies form an equilateral triangle. The first instances of the three-body problem shown to have unbounded oscillations were in the isosceles three-body problem.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: Long before isosceles triangles were studied by the ancient Greek mathematicians, the practitioners of Ancient Egyptian mathematics and Babylonian mathematics knew how to calculate their area. Problems of this type are included in the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus and Rhind Mathematical Papyrus.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: The theorem that the base angles of an isosceles triangle are equal appears as Proposition I.5 in Euclid. This result has been called the "pons asinorum" (the bridge of asses) or the isosceles triangle theorem. Rival explanations for this name include the theory that it is because the diagram used by Euclid in his demonstration of the result resembles a bridge, or because this is the first difficult result in Euclid, and acts to separate those who can understand Euclid's geometry from those who cannot.


title: Isosceles triangle

text: A well-known fallacy is the false proof of the statement that "all triangles are isosceles". Robin Wilson credits this argument to Lewis Carroll, who published it in 1899, but W. W. Rouse Ball published it in 1892 and later wrote that Carroll obtained the argument from him. The fallacy is rooted in Euclid's lack of recognition of the concept of "betweenness" and the resulting ambiguity of "inside" versus "outside" of figures.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The Thailand national football team (, , ) represents Thailand in senior international football and is controlled by the Football Association of Thailand.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In the regional competition, Thailand is the most successful football team in Southeast Asia with six AFF Championship trophies and nine senior-level gold medals from the Southeast Asian Games, the most of any Southeast Asian country. In higher levels, Thailand achieved the third place in the 1972 AFC Asian Cup where it was the host, and has totally seven appearances in the AFC Asian Cup so far. Furthermore, the team reached the fourth-place in the 1990 and 1998 Asian Games and participated in the Summer Olympics twice. However, Thailand has failed to obtain higher achievements in the continental and global records. The team obtained first ever win in the AFC Asian Cup in 2007 and had to wait 47 years to finally sneak out of the group stage in 2019. Thailand also advanced to the final round of World Cup qualification twice, in 2002 and 2018, but all failed to qualify for the FIFA World Cup.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The team's predecessor, which operated under the name of "Siam", was founded in 1915 and played its first unofficial match against a team of Europeans at the Royal Bangkok Sports Club Stadium on 20 December that year. The team played its first international match in 1930 against the Indochina national team, which included both South Vietnamese and French players.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand appeared in the 1956 Summer Olympics in Melbourne, where they've lost to Great Britain 0–9 is largest till date, thus failed to advance to the quarter-finals. In 1965, Thailand harbored its first distinct title: the very first place in the Southeast Asian Games. They made their second and latest appearance at the Summer Olympics in 1968, losing all three matches by at least 3 goals margin to Bulgaria, Guatemala, and Czechoslovakia hence en route to a first-round exit.


title: Thailand national football team

text: During the 1992 AFC Asian Cup qualification, Thailand gained a significant success defeating South Korea 2–1 and Bangladesh 1–0 to top the group and qualify to the 1992 AFC Asian Cup. The team's performance at the final tournament was drawing first two matches with Qatar and eventual 3rd place China then losing 0–4 to Saudi Arabia. In 1994, manager Thawatchai Sartjakul assembled a team that has been denounced as the "dream team" with players like Kiatisuk Senamuang, Tawan Sripan and Dusit Chalermsan.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In 1996, Thailand defeated Malaysia 1–0 and win the ASEAN Football Championship (then called the Tiger Cup) for the first time. Thailand were favorites to regain the crown in 2007, 2008 and 2012 only to lose tight finals to Singapore and Vietnam respectively.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The regional 1998 Tiger Cup saw Thailand met Indonesia in a match that ill-hearted players from both team deliberately making actions aimed to avoid facing hosts Vietnam in the semi-finals and undergoing technical burden of moving training bases from Ho Chi Minh City to Hanoi. FIFA fined both teams $40,000 for "violating the spirit of the game". Thailand eventually lost the match, inevitably encountered and failed to Vietnam in the semi-finals.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand consecutively qualified to and participated in two AFC Asian Cup final tournaments both held within Western Asia in 1996 and 2000 when their "dream team" was beginning its golden period. Coincidentally in both editions, the team's opponents all came from Western Asia and they are Saudi Arabia, Lebanon, Iran and Iraq, with the latter two share the same group with Thailand twice. In both editions, Thailand made two draws and lost the rest, bottomed the group stage of the first and is the worst third-placed team of the second edition.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The final 2000 AFF Championship match between Thailand and Indonesia, at a sold out Rajamangala, was almost a carbon copy of their group stage's encounter. The War Elephants triumphed 4–1 again with Worrawoot setting up camp at the opponents' goal. The 28-year-old scored twice in their first match and in the final struck a hat-trick in the first 32 minutes. In the final 2002 AFF final, Thailand again met Indonesia (who was now the host) and was hold draw despite taking a 2–0 lead and won the game in the penalty shootout.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand again qualified to the Asian Cup in 2004 and was put into a group with Japan, Iran and debutant Oman. Despite vast experiences in the Asian Cup, the team has yet to show a sign of improvement as they lost all matches and became the worst-performed team in the whole tournament.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The sign of improving only came in the 2007 AFC Asian Cup when Thailand participated as a well-prepared co-host and was placed with the debutant Australia, Oman and Iraq. The team manages a draw to Iraq and a historic win over Oman. With 4 points ahead, Thailand's chance to qualify to the next round for the first time since 1972 was all but shattered by the likes of Australia in a 0–4 demolition. The tournament witnessed the end of Thailand's recognizable generation with later retirements of Kiatisuk, Tawan and Pipat.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In September 2008, Thailand signed a four-year contract with the English coach Peter Reid but Reid left his position by mutual consent after only a year in charge as his team fail to clinch the championship of 2008 AFF Championship after 2–3 on aggregate lost to Vietnam in the finals.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In September 2009, Bryan Robson agreed to coach Thailand in his first foray into international football management and was contracted to manage the team through to the 2014 World Cup. In November, Robson celebrated his first competitive match in charge of the team with an away victory against Singapore in a 2011 Asian Cup qualifying group match but then lose to the same opponent back home. Then, two goalless draws with Jordan and Iran in January 2010 and an 0–1 away lost to Iran in March all effectively ended the chance of qualifying for the 2011 AFC Asian Cup. In preparations for the 2010 AFF Championship, Robson led Thailand to victorious run against Singapore and Bob Houghton's India in a series of friendlies. However, when entering the tournament in December, he failed to bring Thailand past group A after managing only draws against Laos and Malaysia and losing to Indonesia.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Robson resigned as Thailand's manager on 8 June 2011, citing health problems as the reason and was replaced by Winfried Schäfer, who would be the ninth German person to coach the Thailand team.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The new coach called up starlets for the 2014 World Cup qualifiers and have the starting set of matches losing minimal to Australia, defeating Oman 3–0 and drawing Saudi Arabia but did not make it after losing to these teams altogether in the second set. In the 2012 AFF Championship, Thailand topped their group and surpassed Malaysia in semi-finals but handed the crown to Singapore in the finals. In the 2015 Asian Cup qualification, Thailand showed setback with its defensive frailties exposed by Middle Eastern rivals (Iran, Kuwait, Lebanon) when losing all 6 games in the qualifiers, conceding 21 goals in the process.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In June 2013, Schäfer cancelled his contract. The FA of Thailand appointed the former player Kiatisuk Senamuang as the new caretaker coach for the national team. His first ride was a friendly against China PR on 15 June, which Thailand surprisingly won 5–1.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In 2014, Thailand ended a 12-year drought of the AFF Championship title from the late goals by Charyl Chappuis and Chanathip Songkrasin which gave them a dramatic 4–3 aggregate victory over Malaysia in the second leg of the finals at Bukit Jalil. The team did not lose any match up until the second leg of the finals and often featured a tiki-taka playing style, for instance including 27 consecutive passes during the first leg of the finals against Malaysia. Kiatisuk consequently became the first person to win the ASEAN Football Championship as both a player and a coach. Thailand succeeded in protecting AFF Championship reign two years later in 2016, defeating Indonesia 3–2 aggregately despite losing the first leg.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In 2015, evasion fuelled hope for both the players and Thailand fans of finally reaching the World Cup tournament and tension is mounting as the national team commenced AFC's second round for 2018 World Cup qualification. Teerasil Dangda, Thailand's renowned striker, rejoined the rank of the national team after his loan with UD Almería ended earlier. Drawn in Group F along with Chinese Taipei, Iraq and Vietnam, who Thailand played first match home against on 24 May and can only be won by a victory goal from a shot 20 yards away. They played a much easier match at the same opponent's home soil, winning 3–0. Thailand won both matches against Chinese Taipei and drew 2–2 both matches against Iraq, allowing them to qualify for the next round as group F winners.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In the last round, Kiatisuk's men shared the same group with Australia, Japan, Saudi Arabia, UAE along with previous opponent, Iraq. Again, Thailand was eliminated without winning a match and recorded only two points out of ten matches.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Since taking over the administration by Somyot Poompanmoung, FA Thailand aims to drive men's national football team to be one of the leading teams in Asia by which there are concrete 20 years development plans and preparations. After the elimination from World Cup qualifiers, Kiatisuk resigned and Thailand appointed Milovan Rajevac as a coach, thus marked the first non-Brazilian/German/English team's chief. With the new coach, however, Thailand failed to defend its AFF Championship title in 2018 when losing Malaysia in the semi-finals by the away goals rule.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Ahead of 2019 AFC Asian Cup, Thailand was drawn into group A together with the host UAE, Bahrain and India. Rajevac oversaw Thailand in the commencing 1–4 loss to India. The Serbian coach was sacked and his assistant, Sirisak Yodyardthai became the interim coach on 7 January. Sirisak guided Thailand to a 1–0 win over Bahrain and a 1–1 draw with the host UAE, enough to move on to the knockout stage of the AFC Asian Cup for the first time in 47 years. Their success was greeted with congratulation from the FA. Thailand encountered China in the round of sixteen, taking an early lead but eventually lost 2–1 as China make their decisive respond.


title: Thailand national football team

text: After finishing in the fourth place of 2019 King's Cup and losing the rival Vietnam in that tournament, Sirisak had resigned and FA Thailand appointed the Japanese coach Akira Nishino, who had brought Japan to the round of 16 of 2018 FIFA World Cup, for replacement. This was the first-ever Asian coach becoming Thailand's head coach. The team was drawn into group G of the second round of 2022 World Cup qualification with other three Southeast Asian rivals: Vietnam, Malaysia, Indonesia; along with the UAE. Despite defeating Indonesia 3-0 and the UAE 2–1, Thailand failed to revenge Vietnam when getting goalless draws in both legs, while losing Malaysia 1–2 in Bukit Jalil. With these results, Thailand could only get the third place in group G after five qualifying matches. After a one-year disruption due to COVID-19 pandemic, Thailand and other teams in group G had to play their remaining matches in Dubai, UAE. However, the team suffered a huge loss of key players when Chanathip Songkrasin was injured, while Teerasil Dangda and Theerathon Bunmathan refused to participate the qualification due to various reasons. Without these three players, Thailand showed a poor performance in Dubai - drawn the bottom place team Indonesia 2-2, then lost the UAE 1-3 and Malaysia 0–1, respectively; which eventually pushed the team down to the fourth place of the group G. Nishino did not come back to Thailand to explain the team's failure, but unilaterally returning to Japan, which made FA Thailand appoint Anurak Srikerd as the caretaker and consider sacking Nishino in upcoming days. On July 29, 2021, shortly after Nishino came back to Thailand, FA Thailand decided to terminate the contract with Nishino.


title: Thailand national football team

text: On 28 September 2021, Alexandré Pölking had been appointed as the head coach of the Thai national team, replacing Akira Nishino. Pölking's first task was the 2020 AFF Championship in December 2021. Between 5 December 2021 and 1 January 2022, Polking accomplished the very task as he managed the War Elephants to win 6–2 on aggregate after being held to 2–2 second-leg draw by Indonesia's Garuda, guiding Thailand to win the AFF Championship for the sixth time.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The Thai senior national team used to play with a kit made by local provider FBT. This contract lasted until June 2007.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In July 2007, Nike became kit providers, and from October that year, the team played in an all-yellow home kit in honour of King Bhumibol Adulyadej's 80th birthday (yellow being the royal color), having used two other yellow kits in friendlies against China on 16 May 2007 and Qatar on 2 July 2007.


title: Thailand national football team

text: From October 2012 through 2016, Nike was replaced by Grand Sport in a deal worth 96M baht (3.1M USD). The new home kit of Thailand reverted to all-red and the away kit to all-blue. However, the order was reversed from the 2014 AFF Championship onward.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In September 2016, the national team signed a four-year contract with Warrix Sports to be their kit provider from 2017. On 4 January 2017, the new provider introduced a new pair of Thailand kits that was all black home and all white away, honouring their late King Bhumibol for a year after his passing, with black and white being the traditional Thai colors of mourning.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In March 2018, Warrix returned Thailand to the all-blue first, all-red second kits with an addition of a white-black third kit.


title: Thailand national football team

text: In December 2018, a new, darker version of blue, red kits and an all white third kit were presented for the 2019 AFC Asian Cup campaign and the rest of 2019. For the 2019 King's Cup in May, Warrix released the kit consisting of a yellow shirt with white shorts and socks – yellow reportedly being the favorite color of the newly crowned King Maha Vajiralongkorn.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand has rivalries with Myanmar, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia and Vietnam. These rivalries are rooted in geographical proximity.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand's greatest rival is Malaysia because the most competitive number of 97 matches between two team, Before Malaysia fell into football scandal that weakened the country's football development from the 1990s to 2018, Malaysia was Thailand's most annoying and difficult opponent in the region. On every away games to Malaysia since 1990 still, the Thais have never been able to beat the Malaysians at their turf. Nonetheless, Thailand holds overall higher records in international football competitions compared to the Malaysians. , Thailand's overall record is not favorable with only 29 wins, 31 draws and 37 losses to the Malayan Tigers.


title: Thailand national football team

text: The rivalry between Thailand and Singapore is a newer one and its importance can be emphasized by the domination of both countries in the AFF Championship with Thailand winning five times and Singapore winning four. Up until 2012, Singapore and Thailand have been the more dominant forces in Southeast Asian football. Thailand has a decided head-to-head advantage on Singapore, beating the Singaporeans 33 times, drawing 17 times and losing 12 times. Football development in both countries have been different with Thailand relies mostly on its own domestically developed players while Singapore has been reliant on naturalized players.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Thailand's rivalry with Vietnam has developed differently from times. During the time of South Vietnam and North Vietnam, Thailand had a poorer performance with the team only won 4 matches against the South Vietnamese. However, when Vietnam rejoined international football at 1991, Thailand has been more dominant than their eastern rival, winning 14 matches.


title: Thailand national football team

text: When Myanmar was still a football power, it was Thailand's first-ever rival, owning by the history of the Burmese–Siamese wars which led to a nationalist fervor among Thai fans with its desire to beat the Burmese. But with Myanmar weakened following the reign of Ne Win and junta, Thailand improved and since 1983, holds an undefeated streak over its western rival. The rivalry today only serves mostly in the memoir of Burmese fans who are nostalgic to an era when Myanmar was still a leading football power, while for some Thai fans, they have more important opponents to concentrate at. Thailand has 21 wins, 14 draws and 15 losses to Myanmar.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Indonesia has met Thailand in three finals of the AFF Championship at 2000, 2002 and 2016, and Thailand all triumphed at the expense of Indonesia. It's been said that while Thailand was able to elevate its position to become a more serious Asian competitor, Indonesia fell into mismanagement and matches between two teams also began to lose its importance. Thailand has a decided edge in head-to-head matchups against Indonesia, with 33 wins and 18 losses and 18 draws.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Most home matches took place in Rajamangala National Stadium in Bang Kapi District of Bangkok. Built for the 1998 Asian Games, the stadium is the largest sporting facility in Thailand with a capacity of 49,749, all seated. International matches are also occasionally played at Supachalasai Stadium, 700th Anniversary Stadium, 80th Birthday Stadium, Thammasat Stadium, Chang Arena and SCG Stadium.


title: Thailand national football team

text: Fixtures are broadcast by Thairath TV (for friendlies and round 2 of FIFA World Cup - AFC qualification matches) and Channel 7 (for the AFF Suzuki Cup, possible round 3 of FIFA World Cup - AFC qualification and AFC Asian Cup matches, due to broadcasting contract with Lagardère Sports and Entertainment).


title: Condé Nast

text: Condé Nast () is a global mass media company founded in 1909 by Condé Montrose Nast, and owned by Advance Publications. Its headquarters are located at One World Trade Center in the Financial District of Lower Manhattan.


title: Condé Nast

text: The company's media brands attract more than 72 million consumers in print, 394 million in digital and 454 million across social platforms. These include "Vogue", "The New Yorker", "Condé Nast Traveler", "GQ", "Glamour", "Architectural Digest", "Vanity Fair, Pitchfork", "Wired", and "Bon Appétit," among many others. US "Vogue" editor-in-chief Anna Wintour serves as Artistic Director and Global Chief Content Officer. In 2011, the company launched the Condé Nast Entertainment division, tasked with developing film, television, social and digital video, and virtual reality content.


title: Condé Nast

text: The company traces its roots to 1909, when Condé Montrose Nast, a New York City-born publisher, purchased "Vogue," a printed magazine launched in 1892 as a New York weekly journal of society and fashion news.


title: Condé Nast

text: Nast initially published the magazine under the corporate name Vogue Company. In 1922, he incorporated Condé Nast Publications as the holding company for his interests. Nast had a flair for nurturing elite readers as well as advertisers and upgraded "Vogue", sending the magazine on its path of becoming a top haute couture fashion authority. Eventually, Nast's portfolio expanded to include "House & Garden", "Vanity Fair" (briefly known as "Dress and Vanity Fair"), "Glamour", and "American Golfer", published from 1908–1920. The company also introduced British "Vogue" in 1916, and Condé Nast became the first publisher of an overseas edition of an existing magazine.


title: Condé Nast

text: Condé Nast is largely considered to be the originator of the "class publication", a type of magazine focused on a particular social group or interest instead of targeting the largest possible readership. Its magazines focus on a wide range of subjects, including travel, food, home, and culture, with fashion the larger portion of the company's focus.


title: Condé Nast

text: Nast opened a printing facility in Old Greenwich, Connecticut in 1924 but closed in 1964 to make way for more centrally located sites capable of producing higher volumes. During the Great Depression, Condé Nast introduced innovative typography, design, and color. "Vogue's" first full color photograph by Edward Steichen was featured on the cover in 1932, marking the year when Condé Nast began replacing fashion drawings on covers with photo illustrations―an innovative move at the time. "Glamour", launched in 1939, was the last magazine personally introduced to the company by Nast, who died in 1942.


title: Condé Nast

text: In 1959, Samuel I. Newhouse bought Condé Nast for US$5 million as an anniversary gift for his wife Mitzi, who loved "Vogue". He merged it with the privately held holding company Advance Publications. His son, S. I. Newhouse, Jr., known as "Si," became chairman of Condé Nast in 1975.


title: Condé Nast

text: Under Newhouse, Condé Nast acquired "Brides" in 1959, revived "Vanity Fair" in 1983 after it was shuttered in 1936, and launched the new publication "Self" in 1979.


title: Condé Nast

text: At the outset of the new millennium in January 2000, Condé Nast moved from 350 Madison Avenue to 4 Times Square. The move was viewed as a significant catalyst for the gentrification of Times Square. In the same year, Condé Nast purchased Fairchild Publications (now known as Fairchild Fashion Media), home to "W" and "WWD", from the Walt Disney Company. In 2001, Condé Nast bought "Golf Digest" and "Golf World" from The New York Times Company for US$435 million. On October 31, 2006, Condé Nast acquired the content aggregation site Reddit, later on spun off as a wholly owned subsidiary of Condé Nast in September 2011.


title: Condé Nast

text: The company folded the women's magazine "Jane" with its August issue in 2007, and later shut down its website. One of Condé Nast's oldest titles, the American edition of "House and Garden", ceased publication after the December 2007 issue. "Portfolio", "Mademoiselle" and "Domino" were folded as well. On May 20, 2008, the company announced its acquisition of a popular technology-oriented website, "Ars Technica".


title: Condé Nast

text: On October 5, 2009, Condé Nast announced the closure of three of its publications: "Cookie", "Modern Bride", and "Elegant Bride". "Gourmet" ceased monthly publication with its November 2009 issue; the Gourmet brand was later resurrected as "Gourmet Live", an iPad app that delivers new editorial content in the form of recipes, interviews, stories, and videos. In print, "Gourmet" continues in the form of special editions on newsstands and cookbooks.


title: Condé Nast

text: On February 18, 2009 Condé Nast announced the launch of "Love" magazine, a bi-annual British style magazine founded by fashion journalist Katie Grand. In 2020, Grand announced her departure and was replaced by Whembley Sewell.


title: Condé Nast

text: In July 2010, Robert Sauerberg became Condé Nast's president. In May 2011, the company was the first major publisher to deliver subscriptions for the iPad, starting with "The New Yorker"; the company has since rolled out iPad subscriptions for nine of its titles. In the same month, Next Issue Media, a joint venture formed by five U.S. publishers including Condé Nast, announced subscriptions for Android devices, initially available for the Samsung Galaxy Tab.


title: Condé Nast

text: In September 2011, Condé Nast said it would offer 17 of its brands to the Kindle Fire. The company launched Conde Nast Entertainment in 2011 to develop film, television, and digital video programming. In May 2013, CNÉ's Digital Video Network debuted, featuring web series for such publications as "Glamour" and "GQ". "Wired" joined the Digital Video Network with the announcement of five original web series including the National Security Agency satire "Codefellas" and the animated advice series "Mister Know-It-All".


title: Condé Nast

text: In October 2013, the company ended its internship program after being sued by two former interns claiming they had been paid less than minimum wage for summer internships there. In November 2014, the company moved into One World Trade Center in Manhattan, where its headquarters are now located. On September 14, 2015, the company announced Sauerberg as its new CEO, with former CEO Charles H. Townsend taking the role of Chairman, and S. I. Newhouse Jr. taking the role of Chairman Emeritus in January 2016. On October 13, 2015, Condé Nast announced that it had acquired "Pitchfork".


title: Condé Nast

text: In July 2016, the company announced the launch of Condé Nast Spire, a new division of the company focusing on consumer purchasing data and content consumption through the company's own first-party behavioral data. The Chairman of the company, Charles Townsend, retired at the end of 2016, and the Chairman Emeritus Newhouse died the following October.


title: Condé Nast

text: In March 2018, Condé Nast announced the launch of the influencer-based platform "Next Gen". The company's Chief Revenue and Marketing Officer, Pamela Drucker Mann, stated that the platform would feature both "in-house and external talent with significant and meaningful social followings". In April 2019, Condé Nast appointed the former CEO of Pandora Media, Roger Lynch, as the company's first global CEO. It also sold the magazine "Brides" to the digital media company Dotdash, and in May of the same year, announced the sale of "Golf Digest" to Discovery, Inc. In June of the same year, Condé Nast sold "W" to a new holding company, Future Media Group. "W" editor Stefano Tonchi later sued the company for wrongful termination, with Condé Nast suing Tonchi in response, seeking the return of "all monies paid to [Tonchi] during his period of disloyalty", claiming that he had acted as a "faithless servant" during the sale of "W", and had interfered with the sale to benefit himself.


title: Condé Nast

text: Roger Lynch was appointed Chief Executive Officer in April 2019, and in October 2019, announced plans to increase Condé Nast's revenue from readers.


title: Condé Nast

text: In June 2020, following the global outbreak of the coronavirus COVID-19, it was reported that Condé Nast had experienced a drop in advertising revenues of 45% as a result of the pandemic. It was also reported that the company had, in previous years, sublet six of the company's 23 floors in the One World Trade Center, following the cancellation of a number of its publishing titles.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy Thiruvothu Kottuvattaa (born 7 April 1988) is an Indian actress who predominantly appears in Malayalam and Tamil language films. She is the recipient of a National Film Award, four Filmfare Awards South, and two Kerala State Film Awards.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Thiruvothu began her career with the Malayalam film "Out of Syllabus" (2006), and won her first Filmfare Award for her performance in the Tamil romantic drama "Poo" (2008). She gained wider attention in the next decade for her roles in the Malayalam films "Bangalore Days" (2014), "Ennu Ninte Moideen" (2015), and "Charlie" (2015). This success continued with her leading roles in "Take Off" (2017), for which she won a National Film Award – Special Mention, "Uyare" and "Virus" (both 2019), and "Puzhu" (2022).


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy was born into a Nair Family on 7 April 1988 in Calicut, Kerala, to P. Vinod Kumar and T. K. Usha Kumari, who are both lawyers. She has a brother, Aum Thiruvothu Karunakaran. During her schooling years, her family moved to Thiruvananthapuram and she pursued her studies there. After finishing school from Kendriya Vidyalaya, Pangode, she completed her B.A. in English Literature from All Saints College, Thiruvananthapuram. She was a successful television anchor at Kiran TV, a full-time music channel based in Thiruvananthapuram. She is also a trained Bharatanatyam dancer.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy made her acting debut in the 2006 Malayalam film "Out of Syllabus", portraying a supporting role as a college student. Her second venture, Rosshan Andrrews' "Notebook", won media attention due to its theme on teenage pregnancy. She appeared alongside Roma Asrani and Mariya Roy, after being picked for one of the three main roles from five thousand applicants. She was also seen in Sathyan Anthikkad's comedy-drama film, "Vinodayathra" (2007), playing a supporting role alongside an ensemble cast including Dileep, Mukesh and Meera Jasmine.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Her first leading role was in the Kannada film "Milana", which became a commercial success upon release. Pairing alongside Puneet Rajkumar, she was a surprise selection for the film and began working on the film in April 2007. The film won mixed reviews, but the actress's role was praised with a critic noting she "has been a wonderful selection for the role", adding that "she has that right attitude for the role". The film went on to become a big commercial success, running for 500 days at a multiplex in Bangalore. She returned to the Malayalam industry portraying the leading female role in Sibi Malayil's "Flash" with Mohanlal and Indrajith, and prior to release revealed that she hoped the film would give a breakthrough as a lead actress in the industry. However, the film failed commercially and garnered poor reviews on release.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy was selected to play the lead role in Sasi's "Poo" (2008) and featured alongside Srikanth, portraying the role of a young Tamil village girl named Maari. She revealed that she had to forgo twelve other offers to commit to the film, noting that Sasi selected her after a successful audition. To acclimatize to the role, the actress had to get her skin tone several shades darker and also visited a firework factory to study Maari's occupation. The actress revealed she found it difficult get out of character and became emotionally attached to the role she had played. Upon release, the film and her performance won rave reviews. A critic from Sify.com noted "Parvathy has lived in the role of Maari and takes your breath away as she effortlessly delivers such a difficult role so convincingly on her debut in Tamil", adding that "she is consistently credible and lifelike and absolutely riveting." Similarly, Rediff.com's reviewer mentioned that "Poo" is "almost entirely Parvathy's film" noting that "she's superb", while Malathi Rangarajan of "The Hindu" wrote, "Parvathy makes optimum use and plays a rustic belle to the hilt in attire and expression, also getting the body language right." The actress subsequently went on to win the Filmfare Award for Best Tamil Actress, while also securing other accolades and nominations from several other award juries, notably winning the Vijay Award for Best Debut Actress.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Her only release in 2009 was the Kannada film, "Male Barali Manju Irali", directed by Vijayalakshmi Singh, where she dubbed for the role in her own voice. Parvathy accepted the venture, which featured mostly rookie technicians, noting that she was impressed by the director's script and revealed she had turned down several offers from Tamil filmmakers during the period who had wanted to cast her in roles similar to her character from "Poo". The film won rave reviews, with a critic noting "Parvathy steals the show" and that "she comes with one of the most absorbing performances", adding that "her level of commitment to the role could be gauged by the way she has taken pains to dub in an alien language almost perfectly."


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2010, Parvathy again teamed up with Puneet Rajkumar in "Prithvi", which was based on the political situation in Karnataka. The director has earmarked her for the role when writing the script and her re-collaboration with Puneet after the success of "Milana" was built up by the media. Though the film opened to positive reviews, critics noted the little scope that Parvathy's character had in the film, noting that "she was mostly confined to the songs". Her Malayalam film "City of God" (2011), which was directed by Lijo Jose Pellissery, opened to mixed reviews. Despite the commercial failure of the project, critics noted she was "just brilliant" and a "dynamo" in her role as a Tamil refugee girl. The actress took a voluntary break after the film's release, deciding to become choosier while selecting scripts.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Her first release in 2013, was the Kannada romantic film "Andhar Bahar" co-starring Shivrajkumar, which told the story of the relationship between a newly married criminal and his wife. She dubbed with her own voice for the film again, revealing that she chose to star in the film as the role had scope for her to perform. The film opened to good reviews, with a critic noting "Parvathy lights up the screen whenever she appears and is a delight to watch". She was next seen in the 2013 Tamil thriller film, "Chennaiyil Oru Naal", featuring her alongside an ensemble cast. The film, a remake of the 2011 Malayalam film "Traffic", has its narrative in a hyperlink format and Parvathy won good reviews for her small role as Aditi. She has then signed to essay a leading role in Bharat Bala's romantic drama "Maryan" opposite Dhanush. The director had seen her performance in "Poo" and subsequently auditioned her for the part, with Parvathy noting that the character was the best she has played to date. She portrayed Panimalar, a girl in love with the titular character Maryan, who inspires him to overcome his struggles. During production, the actress helped get into the mind of the character by working with fishermen, while also learning how to swim for underwater scenes. The film received unanimously positive reviews and successful box office collections in June 2013. A reviewer from Sify.com noted Parvathy "leaves a lasting impression", while another critic noted that she "is totally in sync with Dhanush all the way; she has matched him step for step, never allowing him to overshadow her." Times of India's review noted "Parvathy is the other pillar of the film, and comes up with a scintillating performance", adding "it is such a pleasure to watch her portray the various emotions". Her portrayal as Panimalar made received her multiple nominations for Best Actress, most notably the Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Tamil and the Vijay Award for Best Actress.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Her only 2014 release, "Bangalore Days" directed by Anjali Menon, was a high commercial success, with reports claiming that it was "one of the biggest hits in the history of Malayalam cinema". An ensemble cast including Dulquer Salmaan, Nivin Pauly, Fahadh Faasil, Nazriya Nazim, Nithya Menen and Isha Talwar. Parvathy's performance as RJ Sarah was well appreciated & she went on to win several accolades, including the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress – Malayalam.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2015, she appeared in the romance film "Ennu Ninte Moideen" which narrated the tragic love tale of Kanchanamala and Moideen which happened in the 1960s in Mukkam, a riverside village in Kerala. The film opened to critical acclaim, with several critics regarding it as one of the greatest romance films made in Malayalam. Parvathy's performance was acclaimed critically & commercially. She went onto win many accolades most notably her first Filmfare Award for Best Actress – Malayalam Her final release of 2015 was "Charlie" alongside Dulquer Salmaan, Aparna Gopinath & Nedumudi Venu. The film went to win 8 Kerala State Film Awards, with Parvathy winning the Best Actress Award for both "Charlie" and "Ennu Ninte Moideen".


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2016, Parvathy had one release, "Bangalore Naatkal", directed by Bommarillu Bhaskar, where she reprised her character RJ Sarah, from the Malayalam film "Bangalore Days".


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy had two releases in 2017. The first was "Take Off", directed by Mahesh Narayan. The film also stars Kunchacko Boban and Fahadh Faasil. Celebrities praised the movie, including actor Kamal Haasan. The film was screened at international festivals, including the International Film Festival of India and the International Film Festival of Kerala. The film ran for over 125 days in theatres. Parvathy's performance was highly acclaimed. She went on to win IFFI Best Actor Award (Female), becoming the first ever Indian film actress to win the silver peacock award. She was also nominated for National Film Award for Best Actress, where she lost to Sridevi in the final round. She, went on to win her first National Film Award – Special Mention a second Kerala State Film Award for Best Actress and her second Filmfare Award for Best Actress - Malayalam. She made her Bollywood debut opposite Irrfan Khan in "Qarib Qarib Singlle" in 2017.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2018, Parvathy had two releases. The first was "My Story", directed by Roshni Dinaker, where she was paired with Prithviraj. Her next release was Anjali Menon's "Koode". This was Parvathy's third movie with Prithviraj, while her second movie with Anjali Menon and Nazriya Nazim, who was making her comeback after four years. The film received good reviews from both critics and audiences.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2019, Parvathy had two releases. The first was debutant Manu Ashokan's "Uyare". Her role as Pallavi Raveendran, an acid attack survivor got appreciation from the critics as well as the audience. Her second release was Aashiq Abu's "Virus", which was produced by Rima Kallingal. The film was about the Nipah Virus outbreak that happened in Kerala in 2018 which affected many lives. The film as well as her role was well received by both critics and the audience.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy, who played Dhanush's love interest in the movie Maryan, gave a startling statement to the media. When asked if she agreed to be a part of Maryan because of her co-star Dhanush, who is now a sensation, she said that she didn't know Dhanush before Maryan.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: Parvathy was one of the firsts to openly state that films with misogynistic dialogue should not be encouraged. She named the veteran actor Mammootty's film Kasaba (2016 film), as one such movie. She requested that senior actors like Mammootty who is much respected and has a wide fan following should henceforth refrain from acting in movies that have such misogynistic scripts for the betterment of the society at large. Parvathy's viewpoint came under much criticism and she became the victim of cyber-bullying. She was viciously trolled and abused on various online platforms by Mammootty fans, two of them were arrested by Kerala police following a complaint from her. She had also spoken about the reality of Islamophobia in the industry, even in her films like "Ennu Ninte Moideen" & "Take off", deciding not to repeat such mistakes.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: She is one of the founding members of Women in Cinema Collective, the organization for the welfare of women workers in the Malayalam movie industry.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In 2019, Parvathy criticized Arjun Reddy and Kabir Singh at a roundtable organised by Film Companion for glorifying misogyny, abuse and toxic masculinity in the films at the International Film Festival of India (IFFI). Her comments against Arjun Reddy were met with a lot of appreciation and many pointed out that she was brave enough to address the issue in front of the film's lead actor Vijay Deverakonda. Later, Deverakonda criticized social media trollers during an interview for blowing the issue out of proportion while simultaneously emphasising how much he respected Parvathy and her work.


title: Parvathy Thiruvothu

text: In October 2020, she resigned from the Association of Malayalam Movie Artists (AMMA) to protest against General Secretary Edavela Babu's controversial remarks about a fellow female actor. She also demanded the resignation of Babu and urged other members of the body to seek the same.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Nancy Anne Allen (born June 24, 1950) is an American actress. She came to prominence for her performances in several films directed by Brian De Palma in the 1970s and early 1980s. Her accolades include a Golden Globe Award nomination and three Saturn Award nominations.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: The daughter of a New York City police lieutenant, Allen was raised in the Bronx, and attended the High School of Performing Arts, aspiring to have a career as a dancer. In her early twenties, she shifted her focus to acting and relocated to Los Angeles to pursue a career there. Her first major role was as Chris Hargensen in Brian De Palma's film adaptation of "Carrie" (1976). Allen was subsequently cast as the lead in the Robert Zemeckis-directed comedy "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" (1978), followed by a supporting part in Steven Spielberg's "1941" (1979).


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen married De Palma in 1979, and her subsequent portrayal of a prostitute who witnesses a murder in his feature "Dressed to Kill" (1980) earned her a Golden Globe nomination for New Star of the Year. She then appeared in De Palma's neo-noir film "Blow Out" (1981), playing a woman implicated in an assassination. Allen and DePalma divorced in 1984.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: She appeared in the science fiction films "Strange Invaders" (1983) and "The Philadelphia Experiment" (1984), and Abel Ferrara's television film "The Gladiator" (1986). Allen garnered mainstream fame playing Anne Lewis in Paul Verhoeven's "RoboCop" (1987), a role she reprised for the two sequels that followed. Other credits include "Poltergeist III" (1988), "Limit Up" (1990), and "Les patriotes" (1994).


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen stepped back from acting in 2008, and became involved in cancer support after her friend, Wendie Jo Sperber, died of breast cancer. In 2010, she was named executive director of the weSPARK Cancer Support Center in Los Angeles, which was founded by Sperber.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen was born on June 24, 1950 in the Bronx borough of New York City, the youngest of three children of Eugene and Florence Allen. Her father was a police lieutenant. Allen was raised on 196th Street in the Pelham Bay section of the Bronx.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen was a very shy child, so her mother enrolled her in dance classes when she was four. She attended the Academy of Mount St. Ursula in the Bronx, before the family relocated to Yonkers. Interested in modern dance, she attended the High School of Performing Arts for one year, where she trained for a dancing career. She stated that her experience studying dance "ruined it" for her as it "became all about grades...  I discovered that, while I loved to dance, it wasn't my life." She subsequently enrolled at Jose Quintano's School for Young Professionals.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen's first major film role was as Nancy, Jack Nicholson's nervous date, in "The Last Detail" (1973), directed by Hal Ashby. This inspired her to move to Los Angeles to continue her acting career. Initially, Allen struggled to find acting jobs and was told by an agent that, being 25 years old, it "was over for her." However, in November 1975, she auditioned for the role of the spoiled and popular mean girl Christine Hargensen in director Brian De Palma's horror film "Carrie" (1976) opposite Sissy Spacek, Amy Irving, and John Travolta, as the title character's chief nemesis. After a protracted casting process (in which Allen was nearly re-cast at the instruction of the producers), she was officially given the role.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen next appeared in the role of Pam Mitchell in Steven Spielberg's production of "I Wanna Hold Your Hand" (1978), which was director Robert Zemeckis's first feature film. She then played Donna Stratton in the Spielberg-directed comedy "1941" (1979) opposite Tim Matheson, John Belushi, Dan Aykroyd, and John Candy.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: She married director Brian De Palma on January 12, 1979, and over the next several years appeared in three of his films: She starred as Kristina in "Home Movies" (1980) with Kirk Douglas, followed by her portrayal of prostitute Liz Blake in the thriller "Dressed to Kill" (1980). For her performance, she was nominated for a Golden Globe for New Star of the Year. She next starred in her last collaboration with De Palma, the neo-noir "Blow Out" (1981), playing a woman involved in an assassination that is audibly captured by a sound engineer. In filming "Blow Out", she had to overcome a lifelong fear of being trapped in a submerged car filling with water.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: In 1983, Allen starred as supermarket tabloid reporter Betty Walker in "Strange Invaders", written by Bill Condon and co-starring Paul LeMat and Michael Lerner.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: She and De Palma divorced in 1984. That same year, two of Allen's films were released, "The Buddy System" opposite Richard Dreyfuss and Susan Sarandon and "The Philadelphia Experiment" opposite Michael Paré. For her role in the latter, Allen was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Actress. Allen began dating Paré after the production. She also hosted the documentary "Terror in the Aisles" (1984), which presents clips from various horror features, including "Dressed to Kill" and "Carrie". Paul Bartel's "Not for Publication" and "Sweet Revenge", an action caper about white slavery with Gina Gershon and Martin Landau, followed thereafter.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen played police officer Anne Lewis in the science fiction/action classic "RoboCop" (1987) opposite Peter Weller in the title role. The film, which was the Hollywood debut of Dutch director Paul Verhoeven, did extremely well at the box office. Allen was nominated for another Saturn Award for Best Actress.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: After the success of "RoboCop", Allen starred in Abel Ferrara's "The Gladiator" (1987) and as Patricia Wilson-Gardner in "Poltergeist III" (1988) opposite Tom Skerritt, Lara Flynn Boyle, and Heather O'Rourke, who died before production was completed. Allen reprised her role as Officer Lewis in "RoboCop 2" (1990) alongside Weller. To make her character tougher and more involved in the physical action, she studied martial arts and participated in police training. She recalled the filming of "RoboCop 2" as unpleasant, however, and later referred to director Irvin Kershner as a "miserable human being." That same year, Allen top-lined Richard Martini's "Limit Up". As commodities trader Casey Falls, Allen showcased her comedic abilities. The lighthearted romp also featured Danitra Vance and blues icon Ray Charles. In 1990, Allen also had the distinction of starring in the first-ever original film made for the Lifetime television network, the highly-rated "Memories of Murder".


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: She married comedian Craig Shoemaker on September 6, 1992. Allen played Officer Lewis a third time in "RoboCop 3" (1993) and was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress. For her third performance as the feisty cop, she worked to soften the usually tough-as-nails demeanor of the character: "You do your job and you become more confident with yourself. Therefore, you don't have to prove yourself to anyone and basically deny your womanhood. (It's) not a dirty word. It's actually an asset. And that's what I wanted to show – to loosen her up in that way." The same year, Allen also appeared with Linda Fiorentino in "Acting on Impulse". She and Shoemaker eventually divorced in 1994.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen has appeared in a number of documentaries about her most famous films, including "Dressed to Kill", "Carrie", "Blow Out", the "RoboCop" trilogy, and "Poltergeist III".


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: In 1994, she re-teamed with "Strange Invaders" writer Bill Condon to star as psychic Jessie Gallardo opposite Roger Moore in the movie of the week "The Man Who Wouldn't Die". She also had a supporting part in the French drama film "Les patriotes" (1994). In 1995, she starred in a Broadway production of the play "Dial M For Murder" by Frederick Knott, which had been the basis for Alfred Hitchcock's film of the same name. It starred John James as Tony Wendice, Nancy Allen as Margot and Roddy McDowall as Inspector Hubbard. It was run from September 26, 1995, to March 10, 1996, and directed by Edward Hastings. She starred as Linda Savage in "Quality Time" in 1997, but the film was not released until 2008 due, in part, to post-production and renamed "My Apocalypse". She and builder/contractor Randy Bailey were married in June 1998.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen had a small but notable role as Midge in the crime thriller "Out of Sight" (1998) starring George Clooney and Jennifer Lopez, which was directed by Steven Soderbergh. She also played Rachel Colby in the horror film "" and Madge in the comedy-thriller "Kiss Toledo Goodbye" with Christopher Walken (both released in 1999). "Secret of the Andes", an adventure film starring David Keith and Jerry Stiller, was released in 2000.


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Her television guest appearances include roles on "Touched by an Angel", "The Outer Limits", "The Commish", and "".


title: Nancy Allen (actress)

text: Allen and Bailey separated in 2005 and divorced in 2007. In 2008, she decided to shift her focus to cancer support for cancer patients and their families. She was inspired to focus her time on the subject after her friend and former co-star Wendie Jo Sperber died of breast cancer in 2005. In December 2010, Allen was named executive director of the weSPARK Cancer Support Center, which was founded by Sperber prior to her death. Of her work at weSpark, Allen said: "That is what I do. That is what my life is dedicated to. I'm there, I run it. I've created the whole program format and I fundraise. It is my life's work."


title: Steve Biko

text: Bantu Stephen Biko (18 December 1946 – 12 September 1977) was a South African anti-apartheid activist. Ideologically an African nationalist and African socialist, he was at the forefront of a grassroots anti-apartheid campaign known as the Black Consciousness Movement during the late 1960s and 1970s. His ideas were articulated in a series of articles published under the pseudonym Frank Talk.


title: Steve Biko

text: Raised in a poor Xhosa family, Biko grew up in Ginsberg township in the Eastern Cape. In 1966, he began studying medicine at the University of Natal, where he joined the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). Strongly opposed to the apartheid system of racial segregation and white-minority rule in South Africa, Biko was frustrated that NUSAS and other anti-apartheid groups were dominated by white liberals, rather than by the blacks who were most affected by apartheid. He believed that well-intentioned white liberals failed to comprehend the black experience and often acted in a paternalistic manner. He developed the view that to avoid white domination, black people had to organise independently, and to this end he became a leading figure in the creation of the South African Students' Organisation (SASO) in 1968. Membership was open only to "blacks", a term that Biko used in reference not just to Bantu-speaking Africans but also to Coloureds and Indians. He was careful to keep his movement independent of white liberals, but opposed anti-white hatred and had white friends. The white-minority National Party government were initially supportive, seeing SASO's creation as a victory for apartheid's ethos of racial separatism.


title: Steve Biko

text: Influenced by the Martinican philosopher Frantz Fanon and the African-American Black Power movement, Biko and his compatriots developed Black Consciousness as SASO's official ideology. The movement campaigned for an end to apartheid and the transition of South Africa toward universal suffrage and a socialist economy. It organised Black Community Programmes (BCPs) and focused on the psychological empowerment of black people. Biko believed that black people needed to rid themselves of any sense of racial inferiority, an idea he expressed by popularizing the slogan "black is beautiful". In 1972, he was involved in founding the Black People's Convention (BPC) to promote Black Consciousness ideas among the wider population. The government came to see Biko as a subversive threat and placed him under a banning order in 1973, severely restricting his activities. He remained politically active, helping organise BCPs such as a healthcare centre and a crèche in the Ginsberg area. During his ban he received repeated anonymous threats, and was detained by state security services on several occasions. Following his arrest in August 1977, Biko was beaten to death by state security officers. Over 20,000 people attended his funeral.


title: Steve Biko

text: Biko's fame spread posthumously. He became the subject of numerous songs and works of art, while a 1978 biography by his friend Donald Woods formed the basis for the 1987 film "Cry Freedom". During Biko's life, the government alleged that he hated whites, various anti-apartheid activists accused him of sexism, and African racial nationalists criticised his united front with Coloureds and Indians. Nonetheless, Biko became one of the earliest icons of the movement against apartheid, and is regarded as a political martyr and the "Father of Black Consciousness". His political legacy remains a matter of contention.


title: Steve Biko

text: Bantu Stephen Biko was born on 18 December 1946, at his grandmother's house in Tarkastad, Eastern Cape. The third child of Mzingaye Mathew Biko and Alice 'Mamcete' Biko, he had an older sister, Bukelwa, an older brother, Khaya, and a younger sister, Nobandile. His parents had married in Whittlesea, where his father worked as a police officer. Mzingaye was transferred to Queenstown, Port Elizabeth, Fort Cox, and finally King William's Town, where he and Alice settled in Ginsberg township. This was a settlement of around 800 families, with every four families sharing a water supply and toilet. Both Africans and Coloured people lived in the township, where Xhosa, Afrikaans, and English were all spoken. After resigning from the police force, Mzingaye worked as a clerk in the King William's Town Native Affairs Office, while studying for a law degree by correspondence from the University of South Africa. Alice was employed first in domestic work for local white households, then as a cook at Grey Hospital in King William's Town. According to his sister, it was this observation of his mother's difficult working conditions that resulted in Biko's earliest politicisation.


title: Steve Biko

text: Biko's given name "Bantu" means "people" in IsiXhosa; Biko interpreted this in terms of the saying ""Umntu ngumntu ngabantu"" ("a person is a person by means of other people"). As a child he was nicknamed "Goofy" and "Xwaku-Xwaku", the latter a reference to his unkempt appearance. He was raised in his family's Anglican Christian faith. In 1950, when Biko was four, his father fell ill, was hospitalised in St. Matthew's Hospital, Keiskammahoek, and died, making the family dependent on his mother's income.


title: Steve Biko

text: Biko spent two years at St. Andrews Primary School and four at Charles Morgan Higher Primary School, both in Ginsberg. Regarded as a particularly intelligent pupil, he was allowed to skip a year. In 1963 he transferred to the Forbes Grant Secondary School in the township. Biko excelled at maths and English and topped the class in his exams. In 1964 the Ginsberg community offered him a bursary to join his brother Khaya as a student at Lovedale, a prestigious boarding school in Alice, Eastern Cape. Within three months of Steve's arrival, Khaya was accused of having connections to Poqo, the armed wing of the Pan Africanist Congress (PAC), an African nationalist group which the government had banned. Both Khaya and Steve were arrested and interrogated by the police; the former was convicted, then acquitted on appeal. No clear evidence of Steve's connection to Poqo was presented, but he was expelled from Lovedale. Commenting later on this situation, he stated: "I began to develop an attitude which was much more directed at authority than at anything else. I hated authority like hell."


title: Steve Biko

text: From 1964 to 1965, Biko studied at St. Francis College, a Catholic boarding school in Mariannhill, Natal. The college had a liberal political culture, and Biko developed his political consciousness there. He became particularly interested in the replacement of South Africa's white minority government with an administration that represented the country's black majority. Among the anti-colonialist leaders who became Biko's heroes at this time were Algeria's Ahmed Ben Bella and Kenya's Jaramogi Oginga Odinga. He later said that most of the "politicos" in his family were sympathetic to the PAC, which had anti-communist and African racialist ideas. Biko admired what he described as the PAC's "terribly good organisation" and the courage of many of its members, but he remained unconvinced by its racially exclusionary approach, believing that members of all racial groups should unite against the government. In December 1964, he travelled to Zwelitsha for the ulwaluko circumcision ceremony, symbolically marking his transition from boyhood to manhood.


title: Steve Biko

text: Biko was initially interested in studying law at university, but many of those around him discouraged this, believing that law was too closely intertwined with political activism. Instead they convinced him to choose medicine, a subject thought to have better career prospects. He secured a scholarship, and in 1966 entered the University of Natal Medical School. There, he joined what his biographer Xolela Mangcu called "a peculiarly sophisticated and cosmopolitan group of students" from across South Africa; many of them later held prominent roles in the post-apartheid era. The late 1960s was the heyday of radical student politics across the world, as reflected in the protests of 1968, and Biko was eager to involve himself in this environment. Soon after he arrived at the university, he was elected to the Students' Representative Council (SRC).


title: Steve Biko

text: The university's SRC was affiliated with the National Union of South African Students (NUSAS). NUSAS had taken pains to cultivate a multi-racial membership but remained white-dominated because the majority of South Africa's students were from the country's white minority. As Clive Nettleton, a white NUSAS leader, put it: "the essence of the matter is that NUSAS was founded on white initiative, is financed by white money and reflects the opinions of the majority of its members who are white". NUSAS officially opposed apartheid, but it moderated its opposition in order to maintain the support of conservative white students. Biko and several other black African NUSAS members were frustrated when it organised parties in white dormitories, which black Africans were forbidden to enter. In July 1967, a NUSAS conference was held at Rhodes University in Grahamstown; after the students arrived, they found that dormitory accommodation had been arranged for the white and Indian delegates but not the black Africans, who were told that they could sleep in a local church. Biko and other black African delegates walked out of the conference in anger. Biko later related that this event forced him to rethink his belief in the multi-racial approach to political activism:


title: Steve Biko

text: Following the 1968 NUSAS conference in Johannesburg, many of its members attended a July 1968 conference of the University Christian Movement at Stutterheim. There, the black African members decided to hold a December conference to discuss the formation of an independent black student group. The South African Students' Organisation (SASO) was officially launched at a July 1969 conference at the University of the North; there, the group's constitution and basic policy platform were adopted. The group's focus was on the need for contact between centres of black student activity, including through sport, cultural activities, and debating competitions. Though Biko played a substantial role in SASO's creation, he sought a low public profile during its early stages, believing that this would strengthen its second level of leadership, such as his ally Barney Pityana. Nonetheless, he was elected as SASO's first president; Pat Matshaka was elected vice president and Wuila Mashalaba elected secretary. Durban became its "de facto" headquarters.