title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" released on January 25, 2018, for Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux—it would release on Xbox One the following day, and on Google Stadia in July 2020. Upon release, it received wide acclaim—critics felt that it was one of the best games of its genre. Reviewers appreciated how the game's narrative complimented its gameplay, and the game's movement and controls were lauded as among the best in any video game. Critics also appreciated its approach to difficulty and accessibility. Reviewers lauded Madeline and "Celeste"'s story as a whole as easy to relate to or "touching", and the game's depiction of depression and anxiety were praised. "Celeste"'s pixel art style was also praised, and its music was considered among the best video game soundtracks, with reviewers appreciating how it complimented the gameplay.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: On September 9, 2019, a free downloadable content (DLC) expansion to "Celeste" known as "Farewell" was released. Since release, "Celeste" has garnered a dedicated fandom and an active speedrunning community. "Celeste"'s developers have stated that they do not intend to create a sequel, though a sequel to "Celeste" for PICO-8 titled "Celeste 2: Lani's Trek" released in January 2021.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" is a masocore two-dimensional platform game. Madeline, "Celeste"'s player character, is able to run, jump, wall jump, wall climb, and dash in any cardinal or intercardinal direction. Her ability to climb walls is limited to a stamina gague; she can only climb until the gague is depleted. However, her moveset is limited to these options, and additional abilities are instead granted by outside game mechanics. One of which is a crystal, which allows her ability to dash to be refilled in midair—otherwise, she can only dash again after touching safe ground. Additional mechanics react to Madeline's dash, including "dream blocks" that transport her from one side to another when dashed into. moving blocks, which can transfer their momentum to Madeline when jumped off of, and bubbles that move when dashed into and platforms that only activate after Madeline dashes. Further mechanics, such as a grabbable jellyfish that functions as a parachute and exploding pufferfish, were added in "Farewell".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Many compared "Celeste" to "Super Meat Boy" (2010), as both games have a high level of difficulty, though "Celeste"'s difficulty can be lowered through the use of an optional "Assist Mode", which provides accessbility options such as a lowered game speed or unlimited use of the dash mechanic, as well as the option to grant Madeline full invincibility.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The eight levels present in "Celeste"'s base game are divided into many single-screen challenges, offering frequent checkpoints in between screens. These eight levels additionally have a "B-side" version—which reuses mechanics from the main level to create a more difficult experience—unlocked after finding a hidden cassete tape in its corresponding level. After completing all eight B-sides, additional "C-side" levels are unlocked, a relatively short but increasingly difficult rendition of the base level.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Throughout the game, levels contain branching paths leading to optional challenges and hidden collectibles. One such collectible are the strawberries hidden throughout levels, which are typically locked behind the completion of challenges in which the player needs to use Madeline's abilities to reach them. Additional collectibles are crystal hearts needed to unlock certain gates throughout the game. Certain levels also contain a boss character, who is generally extremely mobile and must be defeated by the player.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" takes place on Celeste Mountain, which features several areas, such as abandoned city and resort. The mountain is seemingly haunted, and additionally houses many strange occurances.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Madeline is a young woman who serves as the player character who suffers from anxiety and depression. She spontaneously decides to climb Celeste Mountain to regain self-esteem, and stubbornly persists until she reaches the mountain's summit, and learns to confront and overcome her insecurities. During the end credits of "Farewell", Madeline is seen in her bedroom with a transgender pride flag, and Maddy Thorson, the game's director, later confirmed that Madeline is a transgender woman. Thorson regarded it as obvious in retrospect, as Madeline's gender identity was inadvertently reflective with Thorson's own, and she apologized to those who wished that "Celeste"'s developers were less silent on Madeline's gender after the release of "Farewell".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Part of Madeline, informally known by the game's developers and fanbase as Badeline, is a personification of Madeline's anxiety and depression. Badeline acts as the primary antagonist, and throughout the story, casts doubt on Madeline's ability to successfully climb Celeste Mountain, arguing that her attempts to prevent Madeline from continuing is to save her from climbing the mountain unprepared, and describes herself as the "pragmatic part" of Madeline, rather than the "weak" or "lazy" part.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The supporting characters include Theo, a social media-obsessed traveler from Seattle that Madeline encounters and serves as a "lighthearted" counterbalance to Badeline; Oshiro, a ghost who owns the Celestial Resort and is seen struggling to leave his past behind, instead living in "an eternal state of denial"; and Granny, an elderly woman who serves as a guide to Madeline during her journey and initially warns Madeline to not climb the mountain. Granny later develops a connection to Madeline, who mourns her death in "Farewell".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In "Celeste", Madeline aims to climb Celeste Mountain. Upon her arrival at the mountain's base, she meets Granny, who warns her against climbing the mountain. After ignoring Granny, Madeline encounters an abandoned city, where she meets Theo. In the next area, Madeline has a nightmare in which she encounters Badeline, who chases Madeline out of the area. She then enters the Celestial Resort and meets Oshiro, who attempts to persuade Madeline to stay in the resort and improve its poor condition. After helping him clean up, Madeline reaches her designated suite, where Badeline appears and taunts Oshiro, who is enraged and chases Madeline out of the area. Madeline then navigates through a windy environment until meeting Theo at a gondola. Badeline halts the gondola during its movement, causing Madeline to have a panic attack, though she is calmed by Theo. The two arrive at an ancient temple, where Theo gets trapped within a crystal, and Madeline must escort him to safety. Madeline then confidently meets with Badeline, revealing her intention to abandon her. In retaliation, Badeline throws her down the mountain. After finding Granny, who suggests to her that she should seek resolution rather than abandonment, Madeline searches for Badeline and chases her, then apologizes. The two reconcile, and vow to climb the mountain together. After reaching the summit, they enjoy a strawberry pie with Granny, Theo, and Oshiro.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: About a year later, Madeline meets with Granny to explore the mountain's core. Later, the two develop a relationship as frequent pen pals. Mourning the death of Granny, Madeline visits her grave, where she identifes a bird as a reincarnation of Granny, deciding to pursue it through space in hopes of locating Granny. Badeline protests this idea and abandons her, though later returns, attempting to warn Madeline that she is dreaming and urges her to wake up, and despite initially refusing, Madeline later concedes and instead decides to free the bird as a tribute to Granny. Madeline meets Granny in a cloud-filled area, and apologizes for not attending her funeral. After waking up, Madeline is seen speaking to Theo on a video call, who reveals that Granny was friends with his grandfather.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In August 2015, Maddy Thorson and Noel Berry participated in a four-day-long game jam, in which they chose to develop a game for the PICO-8 "fantasy video game console". They wanted the concept itself to be minimal, with additional mechanics to make the game more complex, to which the idea of a character struggling to climb a mountain felt as though "it fit really well". The initial prototype was titled ""Everest"", and it's design as a whole initially lacked direction. Thorson's previous game, "TowerFall" (2013), inspired many mechanics and ideas that would later be included in "Celeste". Thorson and Berry approached the game as a single-player adventure, and Berry recalls that the full concept of "Celeste" grew "fairly organically" after that. After the development of the PICO-8 version—known as "Celeste Classic" after the release of the 2018 game, the team wanted to expand the game with additional development time and less restrictions. "Celeste Classic" appeared in "Celeste" as a hidden minigame. "Celeste" was produced by Thorson, and Berry served as the lead programmer. Development of "Celeste" was supported by Nintendo during its last year, and the development team underwent crunch during the last few months of development.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Thorson and Berry cited multiple games as having influenced the gameplay of "Celeste", including "" (1995), "Metroid" (1986), and "Kero Blaster" (2014). "Super Mario Bros. 3" (1988) was singled out by Thorson as the game "Celeste" was most inspired by, particularly for its approach to problem-solving, and the game's level design was noted by "Shacknews" and "Kill Screen" to have been reminiscent of levels created by Thorson in "Super Mario Maker" (2015). Thorson wanted Madeline's moveset to be as minimal as possible while still emulating the feeling of bouldering—which also inspired Madeline's limited stamina when climbing walls, and the importance of vertical space caused by the theme of climbing a mountain further shaped the stamina system. The amount of time Madeline was able to climb was initially shorter, though it gradually expanded during development. For situations able to be navigated with either the wall climb or the dash, Thorson described Madeline's dash as "the more chaotic option", being more difficult to precisesly control—in contrast to her ability to climb, which she considered "more methodical" with more precise control.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The precise nature of "Celeste" required that Madeline's attributes were created from scratch, rather than based upon a pre-existing physics engine. Opting for proprietary simulations also allowed the developers to hard-code outcomes to certain situations, rather than the complex simulations of certain engines. The precise inputs required to play the game also influenced the game's art style—the team felt that pixel art could more clearly convey mechanics such as hitboxes to the player, in addition to being something that the team felt they were "really comfortable" with creating. As the team adjusted Madeline's attributes, levels were frequently redesigned to accomodate them, which Thorson and Berry felt was important to "Celeste"'s overall strength as a game—they agreed that allowing certain elements of the design to influence others allowed the game to "reveal what it wants to be".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: While designing "Celeste", the team had "a general philosophy" of "Celeste" feeling difficult yet fair to play. If a level or mechanic felt difficult in the "wrong way" to the developers, it was either modified or removed entirely. The game was designed to "work in the player's favor whenever possible"—according to Berry, the team prioritized matching the player's intent over requiring frame-perfect execution, though later challenges require more precision. Several mechanics contribute to this, one of which is "coyote time", which allows players to jump for a small moment after leaving the ground, named after "Looney Tunes" character Wile E. Coyote's ability to sometimes become suspended in midair, only falling once made aware of the situation. Additional mechanics include jump buffering, which allows the player to input a jump before touching the ground, corner correction, which simulates rounded corners to a slight correction to prevent the player from colliding with a corner, and another that allows players to perform a wall jump while slightly in front of it, rather than requiring direct contact. These mechanics were also designed to make it possible for the player to use them for their advantage, which allows the game to maintain the option of frame-perfect play while making the game "feel better" in a casual setting. "Celeste" was further designed to make more difficult screens to be more visually simplistic and "easier to figure out".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: According to Thorson, "Celeste" tries "to gently push the player to do things that they thought [were] impossible for them"—however, the team also accepted "that every player is different, [...] so systems like the strawberries, B-sides, and Assist Mode are all there to help players find the challenge level that's right for them", and Thorson said that the ability of Assist Mode to make the game less challenging served as a counterbalance to the optional content such as strawberries, which made the game more challenging. After observing the public discourse surrounding "Cuphead" (2017), in which many players felt that the game was too difficult or unforgiving, the team decided to implement an accessbility option. This mode was initially titled "Cheat Mode", though Thorson found that the name was too "judgemental", and decided on the name "Assist Mode" as an alternative. She said that the mode was added late into development, and Berry added that it took only "a couple of day's work" to develop, though balancing the game as a whole required extensive playtesting.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Thorson served as the writer for "Celeste"'s story. The game's themes took inspiration by Studio Ghibli films such as "Spirited Away" (2001), though at the beginning of development, the team had little direction for the story. They knew that they wanted it to be "more introspective", in contrast to the more "extroverted" nature of "TowerFall". When developing "Celeste", Thorson experienced a "breaking point", in which her depression and anxiety became too severe to be ignored, which served as the inspiration for the story of "Celeste". According to Thorson, she overworks herself when she is anxious, which sometimes lead to self-inflicted crunch. She decided to explore the ideas in a video game, as, during her childhood, she used difficult games on the Super NES as an escape from her anxiety. However, she found developing a narrative surrounding her experiences difficult, saying that she "didn't know how it would end because [she] was still dealing with this stuff" during "Celeste"'s development. She also found that, as she was "in the process of discovering her queerness" during development, the game's story inadvertently had queer undertones.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: During development, Thorson grew to realize that her own self-treatment was improper and harmful—she said that when making a game about anxiety and depression, "the same kindness" should be shown to the player as one would show to themselves, transforming "Celeste" into a game about remembering to take care of oneself, and recognizing that sometimes self-improvement is necessary to avoid hurting others—Thorson cited the interactions between Madeline and Oshiro as an example of this. According to Thorson, "Celeste"'s development team did not consult mental health professionals when developing the game—they instead decided to write the game based purely on their own experiences—a reflection of their desire to tell a personal and relatable story rather than to represent mental illness as a whole. The team also aimed to ensure serious issues were not trivialized within "Celeste"'s story, and repeatedly changed dialogue to ensure it matched the characters' place in the story as a whole.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste"'s ending was also undecided for most of development. Thorson recalled that she initially knew she wanted Madeline to fall down the mountain, but the way it would be executed in the context of the full game had not yet been determined. Thorson said she wanted Madeline to "finish climbing after that" and reach the summit, though she did not know how to frame it. She decided to make it clear that reaching the summit was not the end of Madeline's story, and that her depression and anxiety were not "magically better". She also wanted to emphasize that Madeline's initial approach to ridding herself of anxiety—forcing her 'other self' into submission—was incorrect, and that she instead realized that she must learn to function alongside it.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The large role of the story in "Celeste" surprised the developers, and they made the decision to delay "Celeste" in order to "do the story justice", and properly connect it to the gameplay, and make Madeline's experiences in the narrative reflect the player's experiences during gameplay.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Lena Raine—who composed soundtracks for several indie video games in addition to her own solo music—was contracted by Thorson to create the soundtrack for "Celeste", as Thorson appreciated her fusion of several musical styles. Raine wrote, performed, and mastered "Celeste"'s soundtrack in its entirety. Production of "Celeste"'s music utilized Massive by Native Instruments and Felt Piano by Spitfire Audio. The B-side levels, initially referred to during development as Remix levels, feature remixed versions of the game's chapter music. Raine reached out to several friends and acquaintances to create the remixes, to which all of them agreed, and she created the Chapter 7 remix herself. Following the production of the music by Raine, Kevin Regamey of Power Up Audio, the game's sound designer, incorporated sound effects into the music to further match gameplay, after which Raine would contribute further "musical ambience". At some points in development, when the music was developed before an area's visuals were finalized, the music would inform the visual design.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Specific sounds in the music of "Celeste" were designed to match specific themes. According to Raine, "In The Mirror" was "probably one of the weirdest and most difficult tracks [she has] written". Its synthesizer-heavy sequences, noted by Raine to be reminiscent of Vangelis and "Blade Runner" (1982), were designed to match the "cosmic horrors" Madeline was experiencing—Raine only wanted these sounds to be included during a "particularly othering moment" during the game, and in "Resurrections", she created an "othering sound" that transitioned from the "straight-forward melodic progression" of "First Steps", and an "etherial sound evocative of a space that didn’t seem quite real", as the song would play during a lucid dream sequence. "Quiet and Falling" includes vocals performed by Raine as Madeline's internal dialogue, reversed due to the theming of mirrors. When developing the song, she "wanted there to be something almost unintelligible, but something spoken in the background". She decided to record herself in a dark closet, and "tried to vocalize" what she related to in Madeline's struggles—according to Raine, she tries to "inject some part" of herself into her musical projects.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Each of "Celeste"'s characters have their own instrument—Madeline is represented by piano with a synthesizer representing Badeline, Theo is represented by guitar, and Oshiro is represented by a "theremin-like synth[esizer]". Granny is an exception, as, according to Raine, "she embodies the power of the mountain and is a fairly omnipresent figure". Badeline's theme, a motif that first appears in "Resurrections" and later reappears in several other tracks, is written entirely in minor key—in contrast to Madeline's, which is "primarily cheery" and only occasionally "verges into minor". In the song "Anxiety", Raine attempted to capture the feeling of a panic attack, and made the piano theme representative of Madeline be "engulfed" by the synthesizer representative of Badeline.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Raine returned to compose the soundtrack for "Farewell" in 2019. "Farewell" features an additional 40 minutes of music composed by Raine.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The team "knew a few months after ["Celeste"'s] release" that they wanted the game to receive more content, though development did not start on an expansion to the game—released as "Farewell—"until the team had "a long break". The concept of "Farewell" was inspired in part by the Special Zone present in "Super Mario World" (1990), and some mechanics and levels present in it were based upon custom "Celeste" levels created by modders. "Farewell" was initially planned to be a smaller update without story content, instead being a short collection of extremely difficult levels. However, the expansion continually grew in scope throughout development, and the developers felt that the expansion "wouldn't feel whole" if it did not introduce a new narrative alongside new levels. "Farewell"'s story was meant to fit in with the rest of the game, despite the developers feeling that "Celeste"'s story was "finished". "Farewell" was used to reinforce that Madeline did not live "happily ever after" after the events of the game, and that she can still struggle with the same problems. During development of "Farewell", time was split between the expansion and the team's next project, later revealed as "Earthblade". While "Farewell" was released at no additional cost, Thorson noted that the team doesn't "like setting expectations that expansions of this size should be free", saying they "want to be clear" that "Farewell" is only free because the developer was "in a very fortunate position" after the release of "Celeste."


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" was announced in July 2016, and Thorson and Berry livestreamed themselves developing the game on Twitch. The next month, a demo of the game was made playable at PAX West's Indie Megabooth. "Celeste" was initially announced for release in 2017—Thorson and Berry wanted it to release as a launch game for the then-upcoming Nintendo Switch in March 2017. By December 2016, its release window had been changed to "mid-2017". The next February, a full trailer was released, showcasing "Celeste"'s gameplay. In April 2017, "Celeste"'s developers published the first post for an Instagram account written in-character as Theo—the series of images framed as Theo's selfies serve as a prelude to the events of "Celeste", detailing Theo's backstory and journey to Celeste Mountain.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" released on January 25, 2018, on the Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Microsoft Windows, MacOS, and Linux—it would be released on Xbox One the following day. On July 9, 2020, it was announced that the game would be releasing on the cloud gaming service Google Stadia. On September 29, "Celeste" was added to the collection of games included for free with a Stadia Pro membership, a subscription-based version of Stadia.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In October 2018, Scarlet Moon Records announced "Prescriptions for Sleep: Celeste", an album of "Celeste" cover songs described by "Nintendo Life" as "lullaby-style renditions" of the game's soundtrack. "Prescriptions for Sleep: Celeste" features violin by Maiko, saxophone by Norihiko Hibino, and piano by AYAKI, with Raine serving as co-producer. An open pre-order window for a "Celeste" collector's edition produced by Limited Run Games began on January 1, 2019. On January 21, it was announced that the game's soundtrack would receive an album of piano covers Trevor Alan Gomes, titled "Celeste Piano Collections", a part of the "Piano Collections" series by Materia Collective, released on January 25. In July, Materia Collective purchased the publishing rights for "Celeste"'s music, and the composers of the game's B-side music went without royalties for 17 months. Madeline and Badeline appeared as crossover characters in the Nintendo Switch version of "TowerFall", released on September 27, 2018.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In December 2018, Thorson announced that additional downloadable content (DLC) levels for "Celeste" would be released in "early 2019". Thorson announced in January 2019 that the DLC would be one chapter without a B-side or strawberries, though it would contain new mechanics. The final chapter of "Celeste", "Farewell", was released as free DLC on September 9, 2019, though the team noted that the Xbox One version would have a slight delay.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In 2018, "Celeste" sold over 500,000 units, with the Nintendo Switch version reportedly being the most popular. Prior to the release of "Farewell", Thorson said that "Celeste" was "coming up on a million copies soon"—it had reached that number by March 2020. "Celeste"'s soundtrack had been streamed over 4 million times on Spotify and purchased over 6,000 times by the end of 2018.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste" was heavily praised by critics upon release—according to the review aggregate website Metacritic, "Celeste" received "universal acclaim" on consoles, and "generally favorable reviews" on PC. Reviewers praised the game, with many describing it as "magnificent", "excellent", or "special", and "IGN" called it a "suprise masterpiece". It was considered by "Hardcore Gamer" to be among the best games of 2018, and "Ars Technica" called it "the most intense, memorable, and satisfying platformer" of the 2010s. "Celeste" was further described as "memorable" by "GameSpot", and many reviewers found that it was a game they'd reccomend to everyone. Reviewers appreciated how the game blended narrative and gameplay, with "Eurogamer" saying that "everything in "Celeste" speaks of care and attention". "Game Informer" said that "Celeste" was "easy to love and hard to put down", and "Rock Paper Shotgun" said they "enjoyed every minute" of "Celeste".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The gameplay of "Celeste" received praise. Many reviewers felt that its controls and movement was among the best they've experienced, or otherwise lauded it as "smooth". "Polygon" felt that the game's movement was "firm and consistent", saying that they felt "in complete control" while playing. The variety and implementation of "Celeste"'s game mechanics was praised, though "PC Gamer" lamented the addition of strong winds, saying that it was a "huge momentum killer". On the contrary, "Hardcore Gamer" said that the "genius" of "Celeste" came "from simplicity". "Celeste"'s collectibles were generally praised—"Nintendo Life" said that collecting them felt "very gratifying", while "Game Informer" disliked how the effort spent collecting them "felt futile" due to a lack of significant extrinsic motivation to do so. "Paste" felt that Thorson "has mastered level design as an unambiguous challenge" with "Celeste", saying that the game effectively communicated its goals to the player, and that the challenge instead came from execution.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: "Celeste"'s approach to difficulty was lauded by critics. Many felt that the responsibility of failure felt as though it was always their own, and that successes felt immensely rewarding—"Game Informer" said that these successes "always overshadowed the bumps along the way", and "Kotaku" said that failure became "easier to accept" over time. "Shacknews" disliked the game's boss sequences, citing how a death to an enemy rather than the environment felt "irksome". "PC Gamer" said that "Celeste" "wields difficulty in a meaningful way", and "Push Square" and "Hardcore Gamer" both described the game's difficulty as a "true" test of the player's skill. The inclusion of Assist Mode was praised. "Nintendo Life" praised its implementation, customizability, and unintrusiveness, and "Hardcore Gamer" found that it was an "innovative way to make the game truly accessible to everyone". "Rock Paper Shotgun" said that Assist Mode solved the problem of difficulty "so elegantly that everyone should be paying attention".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Reviewers praised "Celeste"'s plot—the game's setting was described by "Nintendo Life" as "vibrant and fantastical", and some considered Celeste Mountain to be a metaphor for the difficulty of life. "Hardcore Gamer" said that the characters of "Celeste" were a "terrific, memorable lot", and reviewers further described them as "lovable", as well as easy to relate to—"USgamer" felt that they had "connected with Madeline alot" by the end of "Celeste", and "Nintendo Life" said that she had a "warmth and sincerity" to her. "Celeste"'s dialogue was praised, with "Hardcore Gamer" saying that it helped to "flesh out" the characters, and "VideoGamer.com" appreciated how it further contributed to "Celeste"'s narrative being relatable. "Celeste"'s story was considered by critics to be "heartfelt", "touching", or "heartwarming", and some felt that it was a "timely" narrative, and others found it to be occasionally "inspirational". Reviewers appreciated how "Celeste"'s story was reflective of its gameplay, though "Paste" said that the execution of an interconnected gameplay and narrative was "a little awkward", saying that ""Celeste" definitely works better as a game than as a thought-provoking exploration of mental illness", despite them otherwise appreciating the game's depiction of depression and anxiety.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: The visuals and audio of "Celeste" were praised. The game's pixel art was praised by critics—"Ars Technica" and "Nintendo Life" felt that it had a strong amount of variety, and "Polygon" it made the game's characters and environments look "vibrant and memorable". The art style present in cutsenes were also praised, with "Eurogamer" calling it "beautifully simple", and "Nintendo Life" and "GameSpot" appreciating how it blended together with the pixel art. "Nintendo Life" further commented that "Celeste"'s animations were "fluid and varied", and "Rock Paper Shotgun" felt that all of Madeline's actions were "exquisitely animated". "Celeste"'s soundtrack was also praised—several critics lauded it as among the best video game soundtracks, and others appreciated how it complimented the gameplay—"IGN" sait that it added an "amazing amount of life" to each area, and "Kotaku" said that "Anxiety" in particularly captured "the feeling of true anxiety". Reviewers also felt that it remained enjoyable to listen to even after extended periods of time, and certain aspects of the music were praised, such as the synthesizer or piano portions. Critics also appreciated the remixes of songs present in the B-side levels, with "Nintendo World Report" saying they were "just as magnificent" as the rest of the music.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Reviewing "Farewell", "Kotaku" said that it was "the perfect capstone" and "a wonderful sendoff" to "Celeste", and "USgamer" said that it really felt "like a farewell" to the game. "Kotaku" praised the chapter's mechanics, saying that they "play with expectations" by "constantly reinvent[ing]" themselves", and that the levels present in "Farewell" were "some of the finest and most rewarding" challenges in "Celeste", and "some of the best designed levels of any game". However, "USgamer" felt that they were unable to master the jellyfish mechanic, and while they were "not mad", they "just accepted" that they were unabled to complete the chapter due to its difficulty, adding that the base game's B-side and C-side levels similarly caused them to "hit a wall". "Farewell"'s music was praised by "Kotaku"—they said it was "fantastic", and that the world as a whole was "charming".


title: Celeste (video game)

text: After release, "Celeste" developed a dedicated fanbase, including an active speedrunning community. Certain "Celeste" players have also created custom levels for the game using mods. According to "USgamer", the game's community was "a huge part of "Celeste"'s success". "Kotaku" said that "Celeste" "attracted an audience that's undeniably queer", and reported that several queer members of the "Celeste" community felt "empowered" by the game, and that Madeline's character arc felt evokative of the struggles faced by members of the LGBT community. Speedrunning was something actively considered by the game's designers. As a speedrunner himself, "Celeste" sound designer Kevin Regamey contributed to the game accomodating speedrunning, and noted that the development team wanted to make speedrunning more accessible to casual players. Certain techniques discovered by speedrunners were implemented into the game in updates—according to Thorson, the team wanted to allow the best players to continually discover new tricks that can be used by less skilled players. Mechanics are adjusted to accomodate players who wish to perform advanced techniques, though it is often done subtly to preserve the feeling of "breaking" the game. "Celeste"'s developers had conversations with members of the community to better accomodate speedrunning in certain updates. Members of the "Celeste" speedrunning community generally appreciate the involvement of the developers, and have praised how changes to the game do not patch or otherwise prevent techniques used in speedruns. Others feel that the act of speedrunning "Celeste" ties into the game's themes of perserverance.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Upon release, "Celeste" received several nominations and accolades—including for Game of the Year—from outlets and award shows. "IGN" nominated "Celeste" for Game of the Year in its 2018 'Best of' awards. The game was ranked by "Polygon" as the fifth best game of 2018, and ranked by "USgamer" as the second best game of 2018. "Celeste" was "Shacknews"' Best Indie Game of 2018, and "Ars Technica" considered it to be the best game overall in 2018.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: Prior to release, Berry commented that a potential sequel to "Celeste" was not currently planned, saying that the team "told the story [they] wanted to tell". Before the release of "Farewell", Thorson said that the team "really [doesn't] want to make a sequel" to "Celeste", adding that the team is unaware how they would be able to "do a sequel justice", and that they are "way more interested in making something new" than revisiting an old creation. In a blog post commemorating the game's fourth anniversary in 2022, Thorson said, "I do not want to make "Celeste" again and I do not want to be who I was when we made "Celeste", again", and that she would like to move forward with future projects.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: On "Celeste"'s third anniversary on January 26, 2021, a sequel to "Celeste Classic", known as "Celeste 2: Lani's Trek", was released. "Lani's Trek" stars a new character, Lani, who makes use of a grappling hook to interact with objects and climb Celeste Mountain. The game was developed in three days by Thorson, Berry, and Raine, and released for PICO-8.


title: Celeste (video game)

text: In December 2022, "CNET" considered "Celeste" to be among the best games for the Nintendo Switch. "Hardcore Gaming 101" included "Celeste" in a 2020 addemdum to their book "The 200 Best Video Games of All Time", and "USA Today" ranked it as the fourteenth best game of all time in 2022.


title: Matt Murdock (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: Matthew "Matt" Murdock is a fictional character primarily portrayed by Charlie Cox in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) media franchise, based on the Marvel Comics character of the same name—commonly known by his alias, Daredevil. In the MCU, Murdock is a lawyer by day who specializes in legal defense alongside his colleagues Foggy Nelson and Karen Page, while also aiding other superpowered individuals within New York City. He further pursues a personal crusade to inflict his own brand of justice at night, masquerading as a masked vigilante hoping to remove the corruption facing Hell's Kitchen following the Battle of New York from "The Avengers" (2012). Murdock is blind, which with training enabled him to develop his other senses to superhuman levels. His activities would eventually bring him into conflict with enemies such as businessman Wilson Fisk and the Hand organization in the process, the latter of which he combatted alongside the Defenders when they successfully resurrected and weaponized a former ally and lover from his past, Elektra Natchios. Following Fisk's defeat, Murdock returns to his law practice, successfully defending Peter Parker against criminal charges pressed against him, as well as apprehending the vigilante Leap-Frog with the assistance of fellow superhuman lawyer Jennifer Walters, who he subsequently enters a romantic relationship with.


text: In addition to Parker and Walters, he would also come to the defense of and befriend other heroes, namely Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Danny Rand, and Frank Castle, among other acquaintances.


text: , the character has appeared in the Marvel Television series "Daredevil" (2015–2018), the miniseries "The Defenders" (2017), the Marvel Studios film "" (2021) and the Disney+ television series "" (2022). Future appearances include "Echo" (2023) and "" (2024), as well as the animated series "" (2024).


text: Cox's portrayal received significant praise critically and from fans, with the "#SaveDaredevil" campaign and petition being launched for his return after "Daredevil" cancellation in 2018, which Cox attributed in October 2022 as having been responsible for his return to the role.


text: The character Daredevil made his first appearance in his own self-titled issue, "Daredevil" #1 (April 1964), written by Stan Lee and art by Bill Everett with unspecified input provided by Jack Kirby, who devised Daredevil's billy club.


text: In 2013, Marvel Television and Disney announced that they would provide Netflix with television series centered around Daredevil, Jessica Jones, Luke Cage, Iron Fist, leading to the "Defenders" crossover miniseries. In May 2014, Charlie Cox was announced to portray Murdock, with Steven DeKnight being brought in to be the showrunner of the first season.


text: The idea of casting Cox as Daredevil came from Marvel's chief creative officer Joe Quesada in 2012, before Marvel Studios gained the rights to the character from 20th Century Fox. Cox wanted to be involved with the series after reading the first two scripts for "Daredevil" (2015), telling his agent "These are two of the best TV scripts I've read". Skylar Gaertner portrays a young Murdock in "Daredevil".


text: Cox later explained that, unlike the Marvel comic book character, his version of Daredevil would not be a "man without fear", saying "Someone who does not have fear – literally does not experience fear – is not that interesting. The way I like to think about it is that he is a man with fear, but he on a daily basis decides to confront that fear and to overcome it. So the title of 'the man without fear' is almost a title that the public in his world gives him just because of what he does. But inside himself, he's very afraid at times. And he finds a way to confront those fears and punch through it." Cox "had to do a lot of gym work" to change his physique to equal that of the more muscular character as drawn in the comics.


text: In November 2018, Netflix cancelled the series after three seasons. Though the seasons would remain to stream on the service, the character would "live on in future projects for Marvel". Cox was saddened by the cancellation, since it "felt like we had a lot of stories to tell", especially since he had been excited by what had been discussed for a potential fourth season, adding that he was hopeful for an opportunity to portray the character again. Following the series' cancellation, fans launched a petition to revive the series with the "SaveDaredevil" hashtag. The petition amassed over 300,000 signatures.


text: In June 2020, Cox was unexpectedly contacted by Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige about reprising his role as Matt Murdock in the Marvel Cinematic Universe (MCU) projects "" and "". Cox's return to the role was confirmed by Feige in December 2021. Jessica Henwick, who co-stars with Cox as Colleen Wing in "The Defenders", indicated that he had known about the opportunity to reprise the role in Marvel Studios production years prior. The writers of "She-Hulk" initially believed they would not have been able to feature the character in the series, and were eventually told by the studio that they were able to use the character. In October 2022, Cox explained that he approached Marvel Studios' Daredevil as the same character from the Netflix series, saying it "should be and is always", and Murdock changed to fit tonally, attributing his MCU return to the "#SaveDaredevil" campaign and petition later that month.


text: Murdock's suits are differentiated more by texture than color, with a limited palette, "Because, obviously, he can't see his colors, but he has to know anything he chooses is going to coordinate with one another". Cox's size changed throughout the series as he continued to work out. Murdock begins the first season wearing a black costume (called the "vigilante outfit" by production), inspired by the one worn by the character in Frank Miller's "The Man Without Fear", rather than the more traditional red, horned suit. This was done to highlight the formation of Matt Murdock as Daredevil, with the costume evolving over time as the character develops. Quesada conceptualized the look based on DeKnight's specifications.


text: Maslansky noted that they wanted the outfit to "look like something that Matt Murdock could put together himself, that he could either order off the Internet or shop around town. ... I went to army/navy stores. I went online. I looked at athletic clothing, compression clothing, military stuff and construction stuff...we wound up with pretty practical choices for him. His shirts are compression shirts and his pants wound up being from an army/navy store". Concerning the black mask, Maslansky noted that a balance between aesthetic and safety was required, and that "It's made out of a cotton mesh. Layers and layers of it. It has to really conform to his head, but at the same time, he had to be able to see through it."


text: On the red suit that Murdock gets at the end of the first season, Maslansky said, "We wanted something that looked militaristic and functional, but also dramatic and sexy" adding that it was "tricky" making it practical. To begin the process of creating the suit, Quesada contacted Ryan Meinerding and the costume artists and design team at Marvel Studios, who all contributed design ideas, with one of Meinerding's ultimately being picked. Quesada, who previously worked as an artist on "Daredevil" comics, gave several suggestions, including the use of rivets and "architectural" shapes as a reference to the creation of New York City. The suit is intended to look like a Kevlar vest, and the black sections are an homage to comic panels where the artists highlighted certain areas with red, with "deeper portions" in shadow. On the mask, Meinerding noted the difficulty in designing the entire top half of a face that is intended to match the bottom half of an actor's face, "because half of his face has to be covered and has its own expression and the actor's face is going to be doing something else".


text: Talking about why the traditional "DD" does not appear on Murdock's red suit, and other difficulties with adapting the suit to live action, DeKnight explained that "he got the suit before he got the name. We talked a lot about DD on the suit, which is one of the more problematic emblems in superhero-dom. It's a little wonky. His suit in the comics is very difficult to translate to screen, especially in this world that is grounded and gritty. There are some practical difficulties. The Daredevil outfit in the comics, his mask only covers half his nose. It doesn't come all the way down to the tip. We discovered when we were trying to design it that if you didn't bring it all the way down, you could clearly tell it was Charlie. Not only did we have the suspension of belief that nobody would know "hey, that's Matt Murdock" we also had the practical problem of it becoming almost impossible when it came to switching in and out our stunt double. So we had to make that adjustment".


text: In "She-Hulk: Attorney at Law", Daredevil's costume is similar to the red one he wore in the Netflix series, but with an updated color scheme to include the yellow helmet and accents from the character's debut comics design in "Daredevil" #1. Marvel Studios had clear intentions as to what his costume would look like for the series.


text: DeKnight has explained that Murdock is "not super strong. He's not invulnerable... he just has senses that are better than a normal human's". On the character's "grey" morals, he noted, "He's a lawyer by day, and he's taken this oath. But every night he breaks that oath, and goes out and does very violent things". The character's Catholicism plays a large role in the series, with DeKnight calling him "one of the most, if not the most, religious characters in the Marvel Universe". Cox, who was raised Catholic, found that helpful, saying, "You grow up steeped in that. If you're in church, standing in front of the altar, you sort of automatically know how to respond. It all kicks in – you genuflect, you sit in the pew. I didn't have to pretend any of that". On how the name Daredevil is revealed in the series, DeKnight explained that "We talked about, do we do one of the versions in the comics where when he was a kid people used to taunt him with the name Daredevil, but that didn't quite feel like our world. At one point we were going to have Ben Urich (Vondie Curtis-Hall) give him the name, but the timing wasn't right from where he's in his black outfit and then gets his suit, which is after Ben's untimely demise. The solution was to play that off-screen and then hit it in the paper that he's been given this name Daredevil".


text: On portraying the character, Cox said, "There are so many aspects. There's the blindness and physicality. Making a show is about human emotion, conflict and turmoil. When meeting a man who's a lawyer by day and believes in law and justice and then a man by night is someone who takes the law into his own hands. He deals with battles dealing with that concept". Elaborating on the difficulties of playing the character, Cox said, "I put on a shirt but I can't look where the buttons are, because Daredevil wouldn't know where the buttons are, but I also can't fumble".


text: Cox worked with blind consultant Joe Strechay, and was conscious of what his eyes were doing at all times, to ensure they would not look at or react to something unlike a blind person. For "The Defenders", Cox felt the second season—in which Murdock fought alongside Elektra Natchios and the Punisher– prepared the character to accept help in the series, and that moving into the miniseries the death of Natchios would be weighing heavily on Murdock. Ramirez likened Murdock and Natchios' relationship to a more overtly sexual version of Edward Norton and Brad Pitt's characters in "Fight Club" (1999), with Natchios being Murdock's "burden to deal with" after she is resurrected.


text: The ending of "The Defenders" implied elements of the third season would be inspired by the "Born Again" story arc, with Cox being excited to adapt "Born Again", calling it an "amazing story" and that the implications of the story on the season would be " exciting". Season three showrunner Erik Oleson drew inspiration from both "Born Again" and "Guardian Devil" for the tone of the season, structurally building the season if any viewer was a "devout Catholic... you could read into the events of the early episodes as a message from God to Matt" and noting that Murdock would "broken physically, broken emotionally, and broken spiritually" with his heightened senses failing him, adding that Murdock is "angry at God, angry at the fact he had risked his life to do God's work, and he's questioning whether or not he was a fool." This results in Murdock donning the black suit from season one, since he goes to "pretty much the darkest place you can" and is at a point where he's "incapable of being Daredevil, [and] he would rather just end it than go forward in his life without abilities."


text: For the character's appearance in "She-Hulk: Attorney at Law", star Tatiana Maslany called Murdock and her character Jennifer Walters best friends, while lead director Kat Coiro said the two "match each other's wits". Head writer Jessica Gao stated that they have a commonality in both being lawyers who are also superheroes. By featuring Murdock in the series, the writers were allowed to have the character "play in the tone" of the series, which is a half-hour legal comedy, and explore a "lighter side" to him from his previous darker portrayals, such as in the Netflix series.


text: On Murdock's appearances in "Spider-Man: No Way Home" and "She-Hulk", Cox explained: "It should be and it is always the same character. The difference is just like with people, we morph and change and are very different based on what's going on in our lives. The Matt Murdock from the Netflix show, that world and what was going on for Matt meant that most of the time we were living with a man who had a huge amount of pressure and strain and tonally the show was very dark and gritty and heavy. I don't know what [""] will be like, but when I came over to do "Spider-Man" and "She-Hulk", the tone is much more lighthearted and tongue in cheek and fun and witty and full of levity, so the hope was that Matt is able to fit into that world and participate in it without it being a different character, a different person."


text: The character first appears in the Marvel Television series "Daredevil" and later "The Defenders" as a founding member of the eponymous team. The character's first appearance in a Marvel Studios project is in "Spider-Man: No Way Home". He later guest stars in the "She-Hulk: Attorney at Law" episodes "Ribbit and Rip It" and "Whose Show Is This?". Cox will reprise his role in the television series "Echo" (2023) and "Daredevil: Born Again".


text: Matt Murdock was born to boxer Jack Murdock and nun Maggie Grace. As a child, Murdock was blinded in a car accident, heightening his other senses, training to "see" using his senses by an elderly and blind ninja, Stick. Murdock eventually attends Columbia Law School, meeting and befriending Foggy Nelson while subsequently dating Elektra Natchios before breaking up. By 2015, Murdock and Nelson decide to open up their own law firm, Nelson and Murdock.


text: Shortly after opening the firm, Murdock and Nelson are appointed with Union Allied employee Karen Page being framed for murder. After clearing Page, Murdock begins fighting crime to protect Hell's Kitchen from corruption facing it following the Battle of New York, donning a costume consisting of a black mask and black suit and dubbed the "Masked Man" by the media. His vigilantism brings him face-to-face with crime lord Wilson Fisk, a businessman who has interests in the city as the Kingpin.


text: Page and "New York Bulletin" reporter Ben Urich work to expose Fisk, while Murdock takes him down. During their final confrontation, Murdock wears a new red, horned, and armoured suit built by Melvin Potter and modelled after the devil before fighting Fisk, defeating him and sending him to prison. Following the arrest, news media begins naming the vigilante Daredevil, which Murdock later adopts.


text: About six months later, Murdock, as Daredevil, investigates the cartels, learning that all their high-power weapons have been stolen by one man. Daredevil confronts the man in a rooftop but is shot in the head, though he survives due to his body armor, Nelson insisting he rests and recover. The man is nicknamed "the Punisher" by the DA's office, who is a deadly vigilante who lost his family. Murdock, as Daredevil, captures him, whose real name is Frank Castle, but as a lawyer, represents him during "The People vs. Frank Castle" trial. His old girlfriend Elektra Natchios returns, having become involved against the supervillain organization The Hand, fighting alongside her and Stick.


text: Murdock's covert operations disrupts his ability to work on the trial and Castle is subsequently sent to Ryker's Island. Elektra, the escaped Castle, and Murdock work together to defeat the Hand, but Elektra dies in the process. On Christmas, Murdock reveals his vigilante identity to Page, and his legal partnership with Nelson dissolves due to Murdock's poor performance at the trial.


text: Months after Elektra's death, Murdock practices as a "pro bono" lawyer and is dispatched at Jeri Hogarth's behest to represent Jessica Jones after a man kills himself in her office. Jones continues her investigation into Midland Circle against Murdock's recommendation, and both end up reinforcing an escape attempt by Luke Cage and Danny Rand from the Hand. During the melee, Murdock fights the Black Sky, a powerful foe that he eventually recognizes as a ressurected Elektra.


text: Taking shelter at a restaurant, the four are joined by Stick, who explains the Hand's conflict with the Chaste and K'un L'un, and in repelling the next attack Cage also captures Hand leader Sowande, who reveals the other part of their plan; use Rand's Iron Fist to access the dragon bones at the bottom of Midland Circle. The Black Sky finds their hideout, kills Stick and captures Rand, setting up their final conflict at Midland Circle, where the Defenders choose to demolish the building on top of the Hand, whose leadership the Black Sky has adopted upon recalling her past as Natchios. Murdock stays behind in an attempt to reconnect with Elektra as the building drops on them.


text: Murdock washes into the New York sewer system, being found by a taxi driver and delivered to Father Paul Lantom, who entrusts Murdock with the care of Grace. As he slowly recovers, Murdock has a crisis of faith and decides to continue as Daredevil. After Fisk manipulates the FBI to release him from prison, Murdock investigates the Presidential Hotel, but begins to hallucinate him as a "devil on his shoulder". Murdock interrogates Fisk's lawyer Benjamin Donovan and learns of the situation with Vanessa Marianna. However, Fisk has already deduced that Murdock is Daredevil and sets an ambush at the jail Murdock visits for information, setting the FBI on his civilian identity, and using an unhinged Benjamin Poindexter as a fake Daredevil to discredit his vigilante identity.


text: Murdock resolves to kill Fisk to relieve New York and the FBI from his grasp, but hearing that Page is to be assassinated diverts him to save her, with Lantom dying in the crossfire. His last-ditch legal effort with lead Agent Ray Nadeem testifying fails when the jury is found compromised and Nadeem is executed by Poindexter. With few leads remaining, he discovers Fisk's fixer Felix Manning, who gives him enough information to turn Poindexter against Fisk and implicate Mariana's involvement in Nadeem's death. Murdock sets a rabid Poindexter to crash Fisk's wedding with Fisk paralyzing Poindexter and Murdock nearly killing him. Fisk agrees to return to prison and leave Page and Nelson alone if Murdock does not expose Marianna. With Fisk arrested using Nadeem's dying declaration, Murdock begins redeveloping his relationship with Nelson and Page, and begin a new law firm together.


text: In 2024, after Quentin Beck frames Peter Parker for his murder and reveals his identity to the world, Parker and his aunt May hire Murdock as a personal attorney. Murdock succeeds in getting all charges against Parker dropped, but warns him that it would not cause a shift in public opinion on Spider-Man. He also advises Parker's associate Happy Hogan to secure legal protection due to an ongoing federal investigation into the Stark Industries technology involved during the battle in London between Beck and Parker. Months later, Murdock represents Hogan in court.


text: In 2025, Murdock receives a recolored Daredevil suit by tailor Luke Jacobson from Los Angeles, and defends him weeks later against Jennifer Walters in a product liability suit brought about by her client, Eugene Patilio. After court, Murdock meets with Walters at a bar. He advises her that she is in a special position to help others; as an attorney, she can offer legal recourse for those in need, and she can take action as She-Hulk when the law fails, the two mutually expressing attraction for one another. He later pursues Patillo as Daredevil, Patillo having kidnapped Jacobson. Walters arrives as She-Hulk and the pair fight until Daredevil explains the situation. They then join forces and defeat Patillo and his goons and free Jacobson. That night, they sleep together, and Murdock returns to Hell's Kitchen the next morning. He later returns to Los Angeles for a weeklong stay and begins dating Walters, meeting her family at a gathering.


text: Brian Lowry of "Variety" praised Cox's portrayal of the character, while Mike Hale, writing for "The New York Times", called Cox's performance as "divided", praising him as Murdock but criticizing him as Daredevil. "IndieWire" Liz Shannon Miller, reviewing season one, praised the performances of the cast, especially D'Onofrio, Curtis-Hall, and Cox.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Georgia Bulldogs football program represents the University of Georgia in the sport of American football. The Bulldogs compete in the Football Bowl Subdivision (FBS) of the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) and the Eastern Division of the Southeastern Conference (SEC). They play their home games at historic Sanford Stadium on the university's Athens, Georgia, campus. Georgia claims three consensus national championships (1942, 1980 and 2021); while the AP and Coaches Polls have each voted the Bulldogs the national champion twice (1980 and 2021). Georgia has also been named the National Champion by at least one polling authority in four other seasons (1920, 1927, 1946 and 1968).


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Bulldogs' other accomplishments include 16 conference championships, of which 14 are SEC championships, second-most in conference history, and apperances in 59 bowl games, second-most all-time. The program has also produced two Heisman Trophy winners, five number-one National Football League (NFL) draft picks, and many winners of other national awards. In addition to its storied history, the team is known for its unique traditions and rabid fan base, known as the "Bulldog Nation." Georgia has won over 850 games in its history, placing them 11th all-time in wins and has finished in the Top 10 of the AP Poll 26 times, 13 of which were Top 5 finishes.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia was a founding member of the Southern Intercollegiate Athletic Association, one of the first collegiate athletic conferences formed in the United States. Georgia participated in the SIAA from its establishment in 1895 until 1921. During its tenure in the SIAA, Georgia was conference co-champion in two years, 1896 and 1920. In 1921, the Bulldogs, along with 12 other teams, left the SIAA and formed the Southern Conference. During its time in the Southern Conference, the team never won a conference championship. In 1932, the Georgia Bulldogs left the Southern Conference to form and join the SEC, where Georgia has won the second-most SEC football championships, with 13, behind Alabama (27) and tied with Tennessee.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia has been selected seven times (1920, 1927, 1942, 1946, 1968, 1980, 2021) as national champions from NCAA-designated major selectors. Georgia claims three national championships (1942, 1980, 2021). In 1980 they finished as the only undefeated team after a victory in the 1981 Sugar Bowl, and were named the national champions by all four major consensus selectors (AP, Coaches, FWAA, and NFF). In 2021 they won the College Football Playoff, defeating Alabama in the CFP National Championship Game.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: † Other consensus selectors for 1980 included Berryman, Billingsley, Rothman, Football News, Helms, NCF, Poling, Sagarin (ELO-Chess), Sporting News†† Other consensus selectors for 2021 include AP, FWAA/NFF, USAT/AMWAY (Coaches)


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia has won a total of 16 conference championships, eleven outright and five shared. The school's 14 Southeastern Conference Championships rank it second all time in SEC history, behind only Alabama.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia has won eleven SEC Eastern Division championships, and has made nine appearances in the SEC Championship Game, most recently in 2021. The Dawgs are 3–6 in those games. Twice, in 1992 and 2007, Georgia was the Eastern Division co-champion, but lost a tiebreaker for the right to appear in the championship game.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Bulldogs have played in 59 bowl games, second all-time. UGA has a bowl record of 34–21–3. Their 35 wins rank the Dawgs second all-time in bowl wins. They have played in a record 18 different bowls including appearances in five of the New Year's Six Bowl Games (2 Rose, 4 Orange, 3 Cotton, 6 Peach, and 11 Sugar Bowls) and appearances in the 2018 and 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The first mention of "Bulldogs" in association with Georgia athletics occurred on November 28, 1901, at the Georgia-Auburn football game played in Atlanta. The Georgia fans had a badge saying "Eat `em Georgia" and a picture of a bulldog tearing a piece of cloth; however, it was not until 1920 that the nickname "Bulldog" was used to describe the athletic teams at the University of Georgia. Traditionally, the choice of a Bulldog as the UGA mascot was attributed to the alma mater of its founder and first president, Abraham Baldwin, who graduated from Yale University. Prior to that time, Georgia teams were usually known as the "Red and Black." On November 3, 1920, Morgan Blake of the Atlanta Journal wrote a story about school nicknames and proposed:


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Georgia Bulldogs would sound good because there is a certain dignity about a bulldog, as well as ferocity.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: After a 0–0 tie with Virginia in Charlottesville on Nov. 6, 1920, Atlanta Constitution writer Cliff Wheatley used the name "Bulldogs" in his story five times. The name has been used ever since.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia's standard home uniform has not significantly changed since 1980, and consists of a red helmet with the trademarked oval "G", red jerseys, and famous silver britches.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Wally Butts first introduced the "silver britches", as they are colloquially known, in 1939. When Vince Dooley became Georgia's head coach, he changed the team's home uniform to include white pants. The uniform was changed back to silver pants prior to the 1980 season, and has remained silver ever since.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia's earliest helmet was grey leather, to which a red block "G" logo was added in 1961. The shirts were usually red, sometimes with various striping patterns. Their uniforms in the pre-World War II era varied at times, sometimes significantly. Photographic evidence suggests that black shirts, vests, and stripes of various patterns were worn at times over the years.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Vince Dooley was the first to incorporate a red helmet into the uniform in 1964, adopting the oval "G", a white stripe, and white facemasks. Anne Donaldson, who graduated from Georgia with a BFA degree and was married to Georgia assistant coach John Donaldson, was asked by Dooley to come up with a new helmet design to replace the previous silver helmet. Dooley liked the forward oriented stylized "G" Donaldson produced, and it was adopted by him. Since the Georgia "G" was similar to the Green Bay Packers' "G" used since 1961, Coach Dooley cleared its use with the Packers organization. Nonetheless, Georgia has a registered trademark for its "G" and the Packers' current, redesigned, "G" logo is modeled after the University of Georgia's redesign of Green Bay's original "G" logo. The helmet change was part of a drastic uniform redesign by Dooley, who also replaced the traditional silver pants with white pants that included a black-red-black stripe. The jerseys remained similar to the pre-1964 design, however, with a red jersey and white numbers.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Prior to the 1980 season, the "silver britches" were re-added to Georgia's uniform with a red-white-black stripe down the side. Since the 1980 season, Georgia has utilized the same basic uniform concept. The sleeve stripes, trim colors, and font on Georgia's home and away jerseys have varied many times, but the home jerseys have remained generally red with white numbers, and away jerseys have remained generally white with black numbers.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The most recent trim redesign occurred in 2005, when sleeve stripe patterns were dropped in favor of solid black jersey cuffs on the home jersey and solid red cuffs on the away jersey. Matte gray pants have also been used at times instead of "true" silver since 2004, mainly because the matte gray pants are of a lighter material.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: One of the things that make Georgia's uniform unique is its relative longevity, and the fact that it has very rarely changed over the years. There have been occasions, however, when alternate uniforms have been worn.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Bulldogs have three main football rivals: Auburn, Florida, and Georgia Tech. All three rivalries were first contested over 100 years ago, though the series records are disputed in two cases. Georgia does not include two games from 1943 and 1944 against Georgia Tech (both UGA losses) in its reckoning of the series record, because Georgia's players were in World War II and Georgia Tech's players were not. Georgia also includes a game against one of the four predecessor institutions of the modern University of Florida in 1904 (a Georgia win) that national sportswriters and Florida's athletic association do not include.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia has long-standing football rivalries with other universities as well, with over 50 games against five additional teams. Since the formation of the SEC Eastern Division in 1992, Georgia has had emerging rivalries with the Tennessee Volunteers and South Carolina Gamecocks. From 1944 to 1965, the Bulldogs played each season against the Alabama Crimson Tide. While the two bordering schools no longer play annually, they have faced off against each other in three SEC Championship Games and two College Football Playoff National Championships since 2010, bringing the once dormant rivalry back to prominence.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia's oldest and longest-running rivalry is the series with Auburn, which dates to 1892. As it is the oldest rivalry still contested between teams in the South, the series is referred to by both schools as the "Deep South's Oldest Rivalry". Although historically close, Georgia has won 15 out of the last 18 matchups and leads the series 63–56–8 through the 2022 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Although no longer contested annually, the series with Clemson dates to 1897. The two schools are separated by a mere 70 miles and played annually from 1962-1987. The rivalry took on national importance in the early 1980s, when both Georgia and Clemson won national titles and were consistently highly ranked. The rivalry is renewed on an intermittent basis, with the next matchup scheduled in 2024. Georgia leads the series 43–18–4 through the 2021 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Played annually (except for two occasions) at the neutral-site of Jacksonville, Florida since 1933, the Georgia-Florida rivalry is known nationwide for its associated tailgating and pageantry, being referred to as "The World's Largest Outdoor Cocktail Party", although that name is no longer used officially. The Georgia-Florida rivalry annually carries importance in the SEC race as the two schools have combined for 23 appearances in the SEC Championship game. The series record is disputed, with Georgia claiming a lead of 55–44–2 through the 2022 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Dating to 1893, the series with the in-state Georgia Tech Yellow Jackets has traditionally been played as the final regular season game of the season and was historically Georgia's most important and fierce rivalry. Since 2000 Georgia has dominated the series, winning 18 out of 21 matchups, lessening the importance of the once-close series. Georgia leads the series 70–41–5 through the 2022 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The series with South Carolina dates to 1894. The border-rivalry gained importance when South Carolina joined the SEC in 1992, and gained intensity when former Florida coach, Steve Spurrier, coached the Gamecocks from 2006-2015. Georgia leads the series 54–19–2 through the 2022 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The series with Tennessee dates to 1899. The annual rivalry began in 1992 upon the creation of the SEC Eastern Divsion and annually plays an important role in deciding the division champion. Georgia and Tennessee are the third and second most winningest SEC programs behind only Alabama. Georgia leads the series 27–23–2 through the 2022 season.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: The Bulldogs have had 84 players selected to the All-America team through the 2019 season. Through the 2021 season, there have been 39 consensus selections of which 15 were unanimous.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: While several players were selected in more than one year, only Frank Sinkwich, Herschel Walker, David Pollack, and Jarvis Jones were selected as consensus All-Americans more than once.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Eighteen former Georgia players and coaches have been inducted in the College Football Hall of Fame. In addition, one former player, Pat Dye, has been inducted into the Hall as a coach for Auburn.


title: Georgia Bulldogs football

text: Georgia plays Auburn as a permanent non-division opponent annually and rotates around the "West" division among the other six schools.


title: American Murder: The Family Next Door

text: American Murder: The Family Next Door is an American true crime documentary film directed by Jenny Popplewell.


title: American Murder: The Family Next Door

text: The film tells the story of the 2018 Watts family murders, which took place in Frederick, Colorado. It uses archival footage including social media posts, law enforcement recordings, text messages and home video footage to depict the events that occurred. The film plays out in a found-footage mystery structure, not revealing until the middle that Chris Watts killed his family; his interviews are intercepted with interviews and quotations from friends and family, Chris's shocked mistress who had believed that Chris and Shanann were separated, and text messages copied from Shanann's cell phone, in which she confided in a friend that Chris had not had sex with her for five weeks straight.


title: American Murder: The Family Next Door

text: The film also explores various public theories behind why Chris committed the murders. Shanann, who was prolific on social media and constantly recorded her children in cell phone videos, was said by two featured radio hosts to be a "narcissist" and a "bitch" obsessed with her phone. This is counteracted by the Watts Family, who complain that the public has repeatedly bullied and defamed them using digital technology to spread rumours since the murders. Chris Watts, for his part, does not indicate that Shanann's constant cell phone usage bothered him, instead suggesting that Shanann was physically abusive. The film later reveals that this was a false allegation, and by the ending scene, pastes together the events leading up to the murders with no solid answer as to what Chris's motive was. It is revealed that Chris buried Shannan in a shallow grave at his workplace (an oil field), and that after killing both of his daughters, he stuffed their bodies into twenty-foot-high oil tanks on the property.


title: American Murder: The Family Next Door

text: The documentary was released on Netflix on September 30, 2020. During the first month of release, Netflix reported that 52 million households had started the documentary. That made "American Murder: The Family Next Door" the most viewed feature documentary on Netflix on that moment.


title: American Murder: The Family Next Door

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rate of based on reviews by critics. The site's critical consensus reads, ""American Murder: The Family Next Door" chillingly unravels a brutal true crime story using the near-constant connectedness of the digital era." In the "New York Times", Bilal Qureshi reviewed the movie positively writing, "Popplewell’s film presents the Watts story as more than a crime story. It is a thematic film about marriage and the deception of social media, as well as a piercing examination of domestic violence constructed with care and undeniable craft."


title: Scottish people

text: The Scots (; ) are an ethnic group and nation native to Scotland. Historically, they emerged in the early Middle Ages from an amalgamation of two Celtic-speaking peoples, the Picts and Gaels, who founded the Kingdom of Scotland (or "Alba") in the 9th century. In the following two centuries, the Celtic-speaking Cumbrians of Strathclyde and the Germanic-speaking Angles of north Northumbria became part of Scotland. In the High Middle Ages, during the 12th-century Davidian Revolution, small numbers of Norman nobles migrated to the Lowlands. In the 13th century, the Norse-Gaels of the Western Isles became part of Scotland, followed by the Norse of the Northern Isles in the 15th century.


title: Scottish people

text: In modern usage, "Scottish people" or "Scots" refers to anyone whose linguistic, cultural, family ancestral or genetic origins are from Scotland. The Latin word "Scoti" originally referred to the Gaels, but came to describe all inhabitants of Scotland. Considered pejorative by some, the term Scotch has also been used for Scottish people, primarily outwith Scotland.


title: Scottish people

text: People of Scottish descent live in many countries. Emigration, influenced by factors such as the Highland and Lowland Clearances, Scottish emigration to various locales throughout the British Empire, and latterly industrial decline and unemployment, have resulted in the spread of Scottish languages and culture. Large populations of Scottish people settled the 'New World' lands of North and South America, Australia and New Zealand. The highest concentrations of people of Scottish descent in the world outside of Scotland are in Nova Scotia and Prince Edward Island in Canada, Otago and Murihiku/Southland in New Zealand, the Falkland Islands, and Northern Ireland in the United Kingdom. Canada has the highest level of Scottish descendants per capita in the world and the second-largest population of Scottish descendants, after the United States.


title: Scottish people

text: Originally the Romans used Scotia to refer to Ireland. The Venerable Bede (c. 672 or 673 – 27 May, 735) uses the word "Scottorum" for the nation from Ireland who settled part of the Pictish lands: ""Scottorum nationem in Pictorum parte recipit"." This can be inferred to mean the arrival of the people, also known as the Gaels, in the Kingdom of Dál Riata, in the western edge of Scotland. It is of note that Bede used the word "natio" (nation) for the Scots, where he often refers to other peoples, such as the Picts, with the word "gens" (race). In the 10th-century "Anglo-Saxon Chronicle", the word "Scot" is mentioned as a reference to the "Land of the Gaels". The word "Scottorum" was again used by an Irish king in 1005: "Imperator Scottorum" was the title given to Brian Bóruma by his notary, Mael Suthain, in the Book of Armagh. This style was subsequently copied by the Scottish kings. "Basileus Scottorum" appears on the great seal of King Edgar (1074–1107). Alexander I (c. 1078–1124) used the words "Rex Scottorum" on his great seal, as did many of his successors up to and including James VI.


title: Scottish people

text: In modern times the words "Scot" and "Scottish" are applied mainly to inhabitants of Scotland. The possible ancient Irish connotations are largely forgotten. The language known as "Ulster Scots", spoken in parts of northeastern Ireland, is the result of 17th- and 18th-century immigration to Ireland from Scotland.


title: Scottish people

text: In the English language, the word "Scotch" is a term to describe a thing from Scotland, such as "Scotch whisky". However, when referring to people, the preferred term is "Scots". Many Scottish people find the term "Scotch" to be offensive when applied to people. The Oxford Dictionary describes "Scotch" as an old-fashioned term for "Scottish".


title: Scottish people

text: In the Early Middle Ages, Scotland saw several ethnic or cultural groups mentioned in contemporary sources, namely the Picts, the Gaels, the Britons, and the Angles, with the last of these settling in the southeast of the country. Culturally, these peoples are grouped according to language. Most of Scotland until the 13th century spoke Celtic languages, and these included, at least initially, the Britons, as well as the Gaels and the Picts. Germanic peoples included the Angles of Northumbria, who settled in south-eastern Scotland in the region between the Firth of Forth to the north and the River Tweed to the south. They also occupied the southwest of Scotland up to and including the Plain of Kyle. Their language, Old English, was the earliest form of the language which eventually became known as Scots.


title: Scottish people

text: Use of the Gaelic language spread throughout nearly the whole of Scotland by the 9th century, reaching a peak in the 11th to 13th centuries, but was never the language of the south-east of the country. King Edgar divided the Kingdom of Northumbria between Scotland and England; at least, most medieval historians now accept the 'gift' by Edgar. In any case, after the later Battle of Carham the Scottish kingdom encompassed many English people, with even more quite possibly arriving after the Norman invasion of England in 1066. South-east of the Firth of Forth, then in Lothian and the Borders (OE: "Loðene"), a northern variety of Old English, also known as Early Scots, was spoken.


title: Scottish people

text: As a result of David I, King of Scots' return from exile in England in 1113, ultimately to assume the throne in 1124 with the help of Anglo-Norman military force, David invited Anglo-Norman families from France and England to settle in lands he granted them to spread a ruling class loyal to him. This Davidian Revolution, as many historians call it, brought a European style of feudalism to Scotland along with an influx of people of French descent – by invitation, unlike England where it was by conquest. To this day, many of the common family names of Scotland can trace ancestry to Normans from this period, such as the Stewarts, the Bruces, the Hamiltons, the Wallaces and the Melvilles.


title: Scottish people

text: The Northern Isles and some parts of Caithness were Norn-speaking (the west of Caithness was Gaelic-speaking into the 20th century, as were some small communities in parts of the Central Highlands). From 1200 to 1500, the Early Scots language spread across the lowland parts of Scotland between Galloway and the Highland line, being used by Barbour in his historical epic "The Brus" in the late 14th century in Aberdeen.


title: Scottish people

text: From 1500 on, Scotland was commonly divided by language into two groups of people, Gaelic-speaking "Highlanders" (the language formerly called Scottis by English speakers and known by many Lowlanders in the 18th century as "Erse") and the Inglis-speaking "Lowlanders" (a language later to be called Scots). However, movement between the two regions increased over the last few centuries. Highlanders moved to major cities (e.g. Glasgow and Edinburgh) and regions bordering the southern Highlands (e.g. Lowland Stirlingshire and Perthshire). This is evidenced by people with traditional Gaelic surnames (including anglicised varieties) currently living in these areas. Lowlanders also settled in Highland regions such as Moray, which was traditionally Gaelic-speaking but replaced with Doric in the 19th century. Today, immigrants have brought other languages, such as Polish, Punjabi and Urdu, but almost every adult throughout Scotland is fluent in the English language.


title: Scottish people

text: Historian Susan Reynolds has put forward how, since the Middle Ages, there have been attempts to obfuscate the ethnic plurality of Scottish people due to the political practicalities of nation building. Academics have explored how 15th and 16th-century Scottish poets and orators, such as Blind Harry, constructed terms such as 'trew Scottis' in an effort to diminish differences between the ethnic groups living within Scotland in the popular consciousness.


title: Scottish people

text: A 1974 International Political Science Association report defined this ethnic plurality in Scotland as the following: "The basic ethnic and cultural division in the British


title: Scottish people

text: Isles has been that between the Anglo-Saxon peoples of England and the Scottish Lowlands and the Celtic peoples of Wales, Ireland and the Scottish Highlands.


title: Scottish people

text: In 2014, historian Steven L. Danver, who specialises in indigenous ethnic research, wrote regarding Lowlands Scots and Gaelic Scots' unique ancestries: "The people of Scotland are divided into two groups - Lowland Scots in the southern part of the country and Highland Scots in the north - that differ from one another ethnically, culturally, and linguistically ... Lowlanders differ from Highlanders in their ethnic origin. While Highland Scots are of Celtic (Gaelic) descent, Lowland Scots are descended from people of Germanic stock. During the seventh century C.E., settlers of Germanic tribes of Angles moved from Northumbria in present-day northern England and southeastern Scotland to the area around Edinburgh. Their descendants gradually occupied all of the Lowlands."


title: Scottish people

text: Knox College's Dr Stuart Macdonald, who specialises in early modern Scottish history, writes that during the 18th and 19th centuries, the people of Scotland remained grouped into multiple ethnicities:


title: Scottish people

text: To speak of Scots as a single ethnic group is also somewhat problematic. It would be more accurate in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries to talk of two distinct Scottish ethnic communities divided by language and culture, and, at times, mutual antagonisms – Highlanders and Lowlanders.


title: Scottish people

text: With regard to the period spanning the 16th century to the 18th century, sociologist Ian Carter's research into marriage patterns found little intermarrying between the groups.


title: Scottish people

text: Today, Scotland has a population of just over five million people, the majority of whom consider themselves Scottish. In addition, there are many more people with Scots ancestry living abroad than the total population of Scotland.


title: Scottish people

text: In the 2013 American Community Survey 5,310,285 identified as Scottish and 2,976,878 as of Scots-Irish descent.


title: Scottish people

text: Americans of Scottish descent outnumber the population of Scotland, where 4,459,071 or 88.09% of people identified as ethnic Scottish in the 2001 Census.


title: Scottish people

text: The number of Americans with a Scottish ancestor is estimated to be between 9 and 25 million (up to 8.3% of the total US population), and "Scotch-Irish", 27 to 30 million (up to 10% of the total US population), but these subgroups overlap and are often not distinguishable.


title: Scottish people

text: The majority of Scotch-Irish originally came from Lowland Scotland and Northern England before migrating to the province of Ulster in Ireland (see "Plantation of Ulster") and thence, beginning about five generations later, to North America in large numbers during the 18th century.


title: Scottish people

text: As the third-largest ethnic group in Canada and amongst the first Europeans to settle in the country, Scottish people have made a large impact on Canadian culture since colonial times. According to the 2011 Census of Canada, the number of Canadians claiming full or partial Scottish descent is 4,714,970, or 15.10% of the nation's total population.


title: Scottish people

text: Many respondents may have misunderstood the question and the numerous responses for "Canadian" do not give an accurate figure for numerous groups, particularly those of British Isles origins. Scottish-Canadians are the 3rd biggest ethnic group in Canada. Scottish culture has particularly thrived in the Canadian province of Nova Scotia (Latin for "New Scotland"). There, in Cape Breton, where both lowland and highland Scots settled in large numbers, Canadian Gaelic is still spoken by a small number of residents. Cape Breton is the home of the Gaelic College of Celtic Arts and Crafts. Glengarry County in present-day Eastern Ontario is a historic county that was set up as a settlement for Highland Scots, where many from the Highlands settled to preserve their culture as a result of the Highland Clearances. Gaelic was the native language of the community since its settlement in the 18th century although the number of speakers decreased as a result of English migration. As of the modern 21st century, there are still a few Gaelic speakers in the community.


title: Scottish people

text: John Kenneth Galbraith in his book "The Scotch" (Toronto: MacMillan, 1964) documents the descendants of 19th-century Scottish pioneers who settled in Southwestern Ontario and affectionately referred to themselves as 'Scotch'. He states the book was meant to give a true picture of life in the community in the early decades of the 20th century.


title: Scottish people

text: By 1830, 15.11% of the colonies' total non-Aboriginal population were Scots, which increased by the middle of the century to 25,000, or 20–25% of the non-Aboriginal population. The Australian Gold Rush of the 1850s provided a further impetus for Scottish migration: in the 1850s 90,000 Scots immigrated to Australia, far more than other British or Irish populations at the time. Literacy rates of the Scottish immigrants ran at 90–95%. By 1860, Scots made up 50% of the ethnic composition of Western Victoria, Adelaide, Penola and Naracoorte. Other settlements in New South Wales included New England, the Hunter Valley and the Illawarra.


title: Scottish people

text: Much settlement followed the Highland Potato Famine, Highland Clearances and the Lowland Clearances of the mid-19th century.


title: Scottish people

text: In the 1840s, Scots-born immigrants constituted 12% of the non-Aboriginal population. Out of the 1.3 million migrants from Britain to Australia in the period from 1861 to 1914, 13.5% were Scots. Just 5.3% of the convicts transported to Eastern Australia between 1789 and 1852 were Scots.


title: Scottish people

text: A steady rate of Scottish immigration continued into the 20th century and substantial numbers of Scots continued to arrive after 1945. From 1900 until the 1950s, Scots favoured New South Wales, as well as Western Australia and Southern Australia. A strong cultural Scottish presence is evident in the Highland Games, dance, Tartan Day celebrations, clan and Gaelic-speaking societies found throughout modern Australia.


title: Scottish people

text: According to the 2011 Australian census, 130,204 Australian residents were born in Scotland, while 1,792,600 claimed Scottish ancestry, either alone or in combination with another ancestry. This is the fourth most commonly nominated ancestry and represents over 8.9% of the total population of Australia.


title: Scottish people

text: Significant numbers of Scottish people also settled in New Zealand. Approximately 20 per cent of the original European settler population of New Zealand came from Scotland, and Scottish influence is still visible around the country. The South Island city of Dunedin, in particular, is known for its Scottish heritage and was named as a tribute to Edinburgh by the city's Scottish founders.


title: Scottish people

text: Scottish migration to New Zealand dates back to the earliest period of European colonisation, with a large proportion of Pākehā New Zealanders being of Scottish descent. However, identification as "British" or "European" New Zealanders can sometimes obscure their origin. Many Scottish New Zealanders also have Māori or other non-European ancestry.


title: Scottish people

text: The majority of Scottish immigrants settled on the South Island. All over New Zealand, the Scots developed different means to bridge the old homeland and the new. Many Caledonian societies were formed, well over 100 by the early twentieth century, that helped maintain Scottish culture and traditions. From the 1860s, these societies organised annual Caledonian Games throughout New Zealand. The Games were sports meets that brought together Scottish settlers and the wider New Zealand public. In so doing, the Games gave Scots a path to cultural integration as Scottish New Zealanders. In the 1961 census there were 47,078 people living in New Zealand who were born in Scotland; in the 2013 census there were 25,953 in this category.


title: Scottish people

text: Many people of Scottish descent live in other parts of the United Kingdom. In Ulster particularly the colonial policies of James VI, known as the plantation of Ulster, resulted in a Presbyterian and Scottish society, which formed the Ulster-Scots community. The Protestant Ascendancy did not however benefit them much, as the ascendancy was predominantly Anglican. The number of people of Scottish descent in England and Wales is difficult to quantify due to the many complex migrations on the island, and ancient migration patterns due to wars, famine and conquest. The 2011 Census recorded 708,872 people born in Scotland resident in England, 24,346 resident in Wales and 15,455 resident in Northern Ireland.


title: Scottish people

text: Northamptonshire town Corby became a centre for Scottish migration in the 1930s. In 1961 a third of residents were born in Scotland, and in 2011 the figure was 12.7%.


title: Scottish people

text: Other European countries have had their share of Scots immigrants. The Scots have emigrated to mainland Europe for centuries as merchants and soldiers. Many emigrated to France, Poland, Italy, Germany, Scandinavia, and the Netherlands. Recently some scholars suggested that up to 250,000 Russian nationals may have Scottish ancestry.


title: Scottish people

text: A number of Scottish people settled in South Africa in the 1800s and were known for their road-building expertise, their farming experience, and architectural skills.


title: Scottish people

text: The largest population of Scots in Latin America is found in Argentina, followed by Chile, Brazil and Mexico.


title: Scottish people

text: It is said that the first people from the Low Countries to settle in Scotland came in the wake of Maud's marriage to the Scottish king, David I, during the Middle Ages. Craftsmen and tradesmen followed courtiers and in later centuries a brisk trade grew up between the two nations: Scotland's primary goods (wool, hides, salmon and then coal) in exchange for the luxuries obtainable in the Netherlands, one of the major hubs of European trade.


title: Scottish people

text: By 1600, trading colonies had grown up on either side of the well-travelled shipping routes: the Dutch settled along the eastern seaboard of Scotland; the Scots congregating first in Campvere—where they were allowed to land their goods duty-free and run their own affairs—and then in Rotterdam, where Scottish and Dutch Calvinism coexisted comfortably. Besides the thousands (or, according to one estimate, over 1 million) of local descendants with Scots ancestry, both ports still show signs of these early alliances. Now a museum, 'The Scots House' in the town of Veere was the only place outwith Scotland where Scots Law was practised. In Rotterdam, meanwhile, the doors of the Scots International Church have remained open since 1643.


title: Scottish people

text: The first Scots to be mentioned in Russia's history were the Scottish soldiers in Muscovy referred to as early as the 14th century. Among the 'soldiers of fortune' was the ancestor of the famous Russian poet Mikhail Lermontov, called George Learmonth. A number of Scots gained wealth and fame in the times of Peter the Great and Catherine the Great. These include Admiral Thomas Gordon, Commander-in-Chief of Kronstadt, Patrick Gordon, Paul Menzies, Samuel Greig, Charles Baird, Charles Cameron, Adam Menelaws and William Hastie. Several doctors to the Russian court were from Scotland, the best-known being James Wylie.


title: Scottish people

text: A Russian scholar, Maria Koroleva, distinguishes between 'the Russian Scots' (properly assimilated) and 'Scots in Russia', who remained thoroughly Scottish.


title: Scottish people

text: There are several societies in contemporary Russia to unite the Scots. The Russian census lists do not distinguish Scots from other British people, so it is hard to establish reliable figures for the number of Scots living and working in modern Russia.


title: Scottish people

text: From as far back as the mid-16th century there were Scots trading and settling in Poland. A "Scotch Pedlar's Pack in Poland" became a proverbial expression. It usually consisted of cloths, woollen goods and linen kerchiefs (head coverings). Itinerants also sold tin utensils and ironware such as scissors and knives. Along with the protection offered by King Stephen in the Royal Grant of 1576, a district in Kraków was assigned to Scottish immigrants.


title: Scottish people

text: Records from 1592 mention Scots settlers who were granted citizenship of Kraków give their employment as traders or merchants. Fees for citizenship ranged from 12 Polish florins to a musket and gunpowder, or an undertaking to marry within a year and a day of acquiring a holding.


title: Scottish people

text: By the 17th century, an estimated 30,000 to 40,000 Scots lived in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Many came from Dundee and Aberdeen. Scots could be found in Polish towns on the banks of the Vistula as far south as Kraków. Settlers from Aberdeenshire were mainly Episcopalians or Catholics, but there were also large numbers of Calvinists. As well as Scottish traders, there were also many Scottish soldiers in Poland. In 1656, a number of Scottish highlanders seeking opportunities abroad, emigrated to the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth to enlist in the Swedish Army under Charles X Gustav in his war against it. James Murray created the Polish navy and participated in the Battle of Oliwa. A series of four Polish novels include him as "Captain Mora" or "Flying Scotsman". The writer was supported by navy historian Jerzy Pertek.


title: Scottish people

text: The Scots integrated well and many acquired great wealth. They contributed to many charitable institutions in the host country, but did not forget their homeland; for example, in 1701 when collections were made for the restoration fund of the Marischal College, Aberdeen, Scottish settlers in Poland gave generously.


title: Scottish people

text: Many royal grants and privileges were granted to Scottish merchants until the 18th century, at which time the settlers began to merge more and more into the native population. "Bonnie Prince Charlie" was half Polish, since he was the son of James Stuart, the "Old Pretender", and Clementina Sobieska, granddaughter of Jan Sobieski, King of Poland. In 1691, the City of Warsaw elected the Scottish immigrant Aleksander Czamer (Alexander Chalmers) as its mayor.


title: Scottish people

text: Novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz created a fictional character, Hassling-Ketling of Elgin, played by Jan Nowicki in the film Colonel Wolodyjowski.


title: Scottish people

text: By 1592, the Scottish community in Rome was big enough to merit the building of Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi (St Andrew of the Scots). It was constructed for the Scottish expatriate community in Rome, especially for those intended for priesthood. The adjoining hospice was a shelter for Catholic Scots who fled their country because of religious persecution. In 1615, Pope Paul V gave the hospice and the nearby Scottish Seminar to the Jesuits. It was rebuilt in 1645. The church and facilities became more important when James Francis Edward Stuart, the Old Pretender, set up residence in Rome in 1717, but were abandoned during the French occupation of Rome in the late 18th century. In 1820, although religious activity was resumed, it was no longer led by the Jesuits. Sant'Andrea degli Scozzesi was reconstructed in 1869 by Luigi Poletti. The church was deconsecrated in 1962 and incorporated into a bank (Cassa di Risparmio delle Province Lombarde). The Scottish Seminar also moved away. The Feast of St Andrew is still celebrated there on 30 November.


title: Scottish people

text: Gurro in Italy is said to be populated by the descendants of Scottish soldiers. According to local legend, Scottish soldiers fleeing the Battle of Pavia who arrived in the area were stopped by severe blizzards that forced many, if not all, to give up their travels and settle in the town. To this day, the town of Gurro is still proud of its Scottish links. Many of the residents claim that their surnames are Italian translations of Scottish surnames. The town also has a Scottish museum.