title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On October 19, 2009, Kennedy temporarily blocked Washington state officials from releasing the names of people who signed petitions calling for a referendum ballot measure that would repeal a gay rights domestic partnership law, but joined the subsequent majority decision in "Doe v. Reed", which stated the Washington law permitting signature release was constitutional, but remanded the matter to the lower court to determine whether the release of this particular petition's signatures was constitutional.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In "Christian Legal Society v. Martinez" (2010), the Court held that a public law college's policy requiring that all student organizations allow any student to join was constitutional. The Christian Legal Society wanted an exemption from the policy because the organization barred students based on religion and sexual orientation. Hastings College of Law refused to grant the exemption. The court found that Hastings' policy was reasonable and viewpoint neutral. Kennedy wrote a concurrence joining the majority.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On June 26, 2013, Section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act was held unconstitutional in "United States v. Windsor". In the majority opinion on this case, Kennedy wrote, "The federal statute is invalid, for no legitimate purpose overcomes the purpose and effect to disparage and injure those whom the State, by its marriage laws, sought to protect in personhood and dignity. By seeking to displace this protection and treating those persons as living in marriages less respected than others, the federal statute is in violation of the Fifth Amendment."


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Two years later, Kennedy authored the majority ruling in the decision of "Obergefell v. Hodges", which holds that same-sex couples must be allowed to marry nationwide. The closing paragraph of Kennedy's ruling has been used by many couples in their marriage vows:


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On June 26, 2008, Kennedy joined the majority in "District of Columbia v. Heller", which struck down the ban on handguns in the District of Columbia. At issue was whether Washington, D.C.'s ban violated the right to "keep and bear arms" by preventing individuals from having guns in their homes. Kennedy sided with the conservatives on the Court, holding that the Second Amendment recognized an individual's right to keep and bear arms. (The decision came the day after the Court's ruling in "Kennedy v. Louisiana", a capital punishment decision written by Kennedy, in which he sided with the liberal justices.) Two years later, in "McDonald v. Chicago", Kennedy joined the majority opinion holding that the Second Amendment's protections for the right to keep and bear arms are incorporated against the states through the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On June 12, 2008, Kennedy wrote the 5–4 majority opinion in "Boumediene v. Bush". The case challenged the legality of Lakhdar Boumediene's detention at the Guantanamo Bay military base as well as the constitutionality of the Military Commissions Act (MCA) of 2006. Kennedy was joined by the four more liberal justices in finding that the constitutionally guaranteed right of habeas corpus applies to persons held in Guantanamo Bay and to persons designated as enemy combatants on that territory. They also found that the Detainee Treatment Act of 2005 failed to provide an adequate substitute for habeas corpus and that the MCA was an unconstitutional suspension of that right.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: The court also concluded that the detainees are not required to exhaust review procedures in the court of appeals before seeking habeas relief in the district court. In the ruling, Kennedy called the Combatant Status Review Tribunals "inadequate". He explained, "to hold that the political branches may switch the constitution on or off at will would lead to a regime in which they, not this court, 'say what the law is.'" The decision struck down section seven of the MCA but left intact the Detainee Treatment Act. In a concurring opinion, Justice Souter stressed the fact that the prisoners involved had been imprisoned for as many as six years.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On issues of religion, Kennedy held to a less separationist reading of the Establishment Clause than did his colleague, Justice Sandra Day O'Connor, favoring a "Coercion Test" that he detailed in "County of Allegheny v. ACLU". Kennedy authored the majority opinion in "Town of Greece v. Galloway", 572 U.S. 565 (2014), concluding, "The town of Greece does not violate the First Amendment by opening its meetings with prayer that comports with our tradition, and does not coerce participation by nonadherents."


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Justice Kennedy's majority opinion in "Citizens United" found that the BCRA §203 prohibition of all independent expenditures by corporations and unions violated the First Amendment's protection of free speech. The majority wrote, "If the First Amendment has any force, it prohibits Congress from fining or jailing citizens, or associations of citizens, for simply engaging in political speech."


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Justice Kennedy's opinion for the majority also noted that because the First Amendment does not distinguish between media and other corporations, these restrictions would allow Congress to suppress political speech in newspapers, books, television, and blogs. The court overruled "Austin v. Michigan Chamber of Commerce" (1990), which had held that a state law that prohibited corporations from using treasury money to support or oppose candidates in elections did not violate the First and Fourteenth Amendments. The Court also overruled that portion of "McConnell v. FEC" (2003) that upheld BCRA's restriction of corporate spending on "electioneering communications". The Court's ruling effectively freed corporations and unions to spend money both on "electioneering communications" and to directly advocate for the election or defeat of candidates (although not to contribute directly to candidates or political parties).


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On October 25, 2011, Richard L. Hasen wrote that in the 2012 election super PACs "will likely replace political parties as a conduit for large, often secret contributions, allowing an end run around the $2,500 individual contribution limit and the bar on corporate and labor contributions to federal candidates". According to Hasen, the rise of super PACs dates to a sentence in Kennedy's opinion in "Citizens United": "We now conclude that independent expenditures, including those made by corporations, do not give rise to corruption or the appearance of corruption." Kennedy also wrote in his opinion that he was not concerned if higher expenditures by people or corporations were viewed as leading to corruption, stating, "...the appearance of influence or access will not cause the electorate to lose faith in this democracy."


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On the issue of the limits of free speech, Kennedy joined a majority to protect flag burning in the controversial case of "Texas v. Johnson" (1989). In his concurrence, Kennedy wrote, "It is poignant but fundamental that the flag protects those who hold it in contempt." He took a very broad view of constitutional protection for speech under the First Amendment, invalidating a congressional law prohibiting "virtual" child pornography in "Ashcroft v. ACLU" (2002).


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Kennedy has joined with court majorities in decisions favoring states' rights and invalidating federal and state affirmative action programs. He ruled with the majority on Equal Protection grounds in the controversial 2000 "Bush v. Gore" case that halted continuing recounts in the 2000 presidential election and ended the legal challenge to the election of President George Bush. Although the decision was published without an author, Kennedy wrote the decision. Behind the scenes, colleagues criticized his professionalism in this case, feeling that he inflated the numbers of his majority opinion by deciding, without consulting the dissenting justices, to implicate some of the dissenters as having joined his opinion in part.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In the 2005 "Gonzales v. Raich" case, he joined the liberal members of the Court (along with conservative Justice Scalia) in permitting the federal government to prohibit the use of medical marijuana, even in states where it is legal. Several weeks later, in the controversial case of "Kelo v. City of New London" (2005), he joined the four more liberal justices in supporting the local government's power to take private property for economic development through the use of eminent domain.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In "Norfolk & Western Railway Co. v. Ayers" (2003), Kennedy wrote a partial dissent in which he argued that railroad workers who had contracted asbestosis from their employment should not be entitled to recovery for the emotional pain and suffering from their increased risk of cancer.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In "Baze v. Rees", Kennedy played a deciding role in the outcome of lethal injection. Some correspondents believed he would play a larger role, believing more than two judges would dissent.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: A December 2011 article in the "Huffington Post" noted that Kennedy in "Melendez-Diaz v. Massachusetts" (2009) and "Bullcoming v. New Mexico" (2011) dissented on an interpretation of the Sixth Amendment right to confront witnesses, where a lab tech who created a forensic report on a case is required to testify at trial if called. His dissents, joined by Roberts, Breyer, and Alito, claimed that the rule would place a burden on understaffed labs. However, in "Williams v. Illinois", Kennedy sided with Scalia's interpretation of the amendment.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Kennedy called for reform of overcrowded American prisons in a speech before the American Bar Association. He has spent his summers in Salzburg, Austria, where he teaches international and American law at the University of Salzburg for the McGeorge School of Law international program and has attended the large yearly international judges' conference held there.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In 1994, he ran a series of mock trials of Shakespeare's character Hamlet, for his murder of Polonius. Alan Stone was a psychiatric witness for the prosecution, tasked with fighting against an insanity defense. The juries usually deadlocked.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In 2005, Kennedy received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Sir Roger Bannister.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: In January 2015, Kennedy recorded a short interview for Historic Mount Vernon about the vital role George Washington had played in the drafting and early interpretation of the Constitution.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: On June 23, 1963, Kennedy married Mary Jeanne Davis from Sacramento, California. The Kennedys have three children: Justin, Gregory, and Kristin. Mary Kennedy and the three Kennedy children are all graduates of Stanford.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Justin Kennedy worked for Goldman Sachs, and then for Deutsche Bank from 1997 to 2009; he became its global head of real estate capital markets. During his time at Deutsche Bank he helped Donald Trump secure a $640 million loan for a Chicago real estate project.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Gregory attended Stanford Law School and was a president of the Stanford Federalist Society. He was an associate at Sullivan & Cromwell in the 1990s, later worked at UBS, and, since October 2016, is the chief operating officer at the investment bank Disruptive Technology Advisers, which works closely with Dropbox, 23andMe, and Peter Thiel's Palantir Technologies.


title: Anthony Kennedy

text: Kennedy is one of 15 Roman Catholics to have served on the Supreme Court (out of a total of 115 justices).


title: The Giver (film)

text: The Giver is a 2014 American dystopian drama film directed by Phillip Noyce and starring Jeff Bridges, Brenton Thwaites, Odeya Rush, Meryl Streep, Alexander Skarsgård, Katie Holmes, Cameron Monaghan, Taylor Swift, and Emma Tremblay. The film is based on the 1993 young adult novel of the same name by Lois Lowry. "The Giver" premiered on August 11, 2014, and was released theatrically in the United States on August 15, 2014. It grossed $67 million on a $25 million budget and received a People's Choice Award nomination for "Favorite Dramatic Movie".


title: The Giver (film)

text: Following a calamity referred to as "the Ruin", society has been reorganized, taking away any sense of emotion, good or bad. Babies are brought into being through genetic engineering, and sexual desire is chemically suppressed. All memories of the past are held by one person, the Receiver of Memory, to shield the rest of the community. Receiver of


title: The Giver (film)

text: Memory and his protégé are the only people able to see in color, which is otherwise eliminated from the community to prevent envy. The community is ruled by elders, including the Chief Elder.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Jonas is an 18-year-old boy whose best friends are Asher and Fiona. On graduation day, Jonas is told that he will become the next Receiver of Memory and will progressively receive memories of history from his predecessor, the Giver. During his training with the Giver, Jonas gradually learns about the past and about joy, pain, death, and love. He stops taking his daily injections (which stop him from dreaming and thinking about Fiona, for whom he has feelings) and begins to experience emotion. Those who leave the community are said to have been "released to Elsewhere", but Jonas learns that to be a euphemism for murder by lethal injection. Jonas also learns that the Giver's daughter, Rosemary, had preceded Jonas as Receiver of Memory. When she began her training, however, Rosemary became so distraught from the memories that she received that she asked to be "released".


title: The Giver (film)

text: Jonas learned the memories received from the Giver and accidentally shares his memories with a baby, Gabriel, who was brought home by his father. He develops a close relationship with Gabriel upon discovering that they share a birthmark, the mark of a potential Receiver of Memory, and both can see in color.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Appalled by the deception of his community and the Elders' disregard for human life, Jonas comes to believe that everyone should have memories of the past. Eventually, the Giver and Jonas decide that the only way to help the community is for Jonas to travel past the border of their land to "Elsewhere". Doing so would release memories and color back into the community. When Jonas tries to leave his neighborhood, he encounters Asher, who tries to stop Jonas but is punched by Jonas. Jonas retrieves Gabriel, who is to be "released" for having failed to meet a developmental marker, at the Nurturing Center.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Meanwhile, Jonas' mother and Asher go to the Chief Elder to say that Jonas is missing. Jonas steals a motorcycle and drives away with Gabriel. Asher is assigned by the Chief Elder to use a drone to find Jonas and "take" him. When Asher finds Jonas and Gabriel in the desert, Jonas beseeches Asher to trust him and to let them go. Instead, Asher captures them with the drone but sets them free by dropping them into a river. When he is questioned by the Chief Elder, Asher lies and says that he has followed her orders.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Fiona is condemned to be "released" for helping Jonas. Just as she is about to be "released" by Jonas' father, the Giver tries to persuade the Chief Elder that the Elders should free the community. Unmoved by the Giver's arguments, the Chief Elder asserts that freedom is a bad idea because when they are left to their own devices, people make bad choices.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Jonas and Gabriel enter a snowy area. Jonas falls to the ground and is overcome by the cold weather. However, he sees a sled like the one that he rode in a memory that he had received from the Giver. Jonas and Gabriel ride the sled downhill and cross the border into Elsewhere, which frees their community and also saves Fiona's life as Jonas' father stops short of "releasing" her upon realizing his intentions. Jonas realizes that he has succeeded in his quest.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Jeff Bridges initially wanted to film the movie in the mid-1990s, and a script was written by 1998. Various barriers marred the production of the film, including when Warner Bros. bought the rights in 2007. The rights then ended up at The Weinstein Company and Walden Media.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Bridges originally intended that his own father, Lloyd Bridges, would play the title character, The Giver, but he died in 1998.


title: The Giver (film)

text: Principal photography began on October 7, 2013 in Cape Town and Johannesburg. Meryl Streep had some of her scenes shot in England, where she also filmed Rob Marshall's "Into the Woods", before doing additional filming two months later in Paarl, a town near Cape Town. The filming was completed on February 13, 2014 in Utah.


title: The Giver (film)

text: The score for "The Giver" was composed by Marco Beltrami. The song "Ordinary Human" by OneRepublic was featured in the movie. The film also features Tori Kelly's "Silent". The soundtrack was released on August 5, 2014 by Interscope Records.


title: The Giver (film)

text: On July 11, 2014, it was announced that The Weinstein Company and Walden Media would be teaming up with Fathom Events to stream the red carpet premiere to more than 250 theaters in the US on August 11, four days before its official release. Ziegfeld Theatre hosted the film's premiere in New York City. It grossed $45.1 million in North America and $21.9 million overseas for a worldwide total of $67 million, against a production budget of $25 million. The film earned $4.7 million on its opening day. In its opening weekend, the film grossed $12.3 million, finishing in 5th place at the box office.


title: The Giver (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 35% based on 171 reviews and an average rating of 5.3/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Phillip Noyce directs "The Giver" with visual grace, but the movie doesn't dig deep enough into the classic source material's thought-provoking ideas." On Metacritic, the film holds a score of 47 out of 100 based on 33 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Richard Roeper gave the film a "C" and stated that "the magic [of the novel] gets lost in translation".


title: Something in the Rain

text: Something in the Rain () is a 2018 South Korean television series directed by Ahn Pan-seok and starring Son Ye-jin, Jung Hae-in and Jang So-yeon. The series marks Son Ye-jin's small screen comeback after five years. It aired from March 30 to May 19, 2018 on JTBC's Fridays and Saturdays at 23:00 (KST) time slot.


title: Something in the Rain

text: The series explores the relationship of two people as they go from being "just acquaintances" to "a genuine couple". Jin-ah (Son Ye-jin) is a district supervisor in her 30s at the coffeehouse franchise Coffee Bay (an actual Korean chain) and Joon-hee (Jung Hae-in) is an animator in his early 30s at video game developer Smilegate Entertainment. When he returns from working abroad, he reconnects with Jin-ah — who also happens to be best friends with Joon-hee's sister since childhood. The episodes give an intimate look into how they fall in love, struggle with their age differences (considered to be Taboo in some circles), and find the courage to go public with their relationship to everyone around them.


title: Something in the Rain

text: A secondary storyline is about the struggles female employees face in the company Jin-ah where she is employed as they try to climb the corporate ladder amidst severe sexual harassment, mistreatment, discrimination, and career sabotage from their male managers. A culture considered to be normal but unspoken among South Korean companies about sexism.


title: Something in the Rain

text: As a result of the drama's commercial success, a three-day reward vacation to Japan was awarded to the cast and the crew which was scheduled from May 29–31, 2018.


title: Something in the Rain

text: "Stand by Your Man" sung by Carla Bruni, and "Save the Last Dance for Me" by Bruce Willis are played frequently in the series.


title: Something in the Rain

text: On March 3, 2022, it was announced that iQIYI would release a Chinese remake of the series titled "The Way Love Should Be", starring Angelababy. The platform also gained the rights to exclusively air the show in China, marking it the first South Korean TV show to be approved for streaming in the country since the Korean content ban.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Lila Diane Sawyer (; born December 22, 1945) is an American television broadcast journalist known for anchoring major programs on two networks including "ABC World News Tonight", "Good Morning America", "20/20", and "Primetime" newsmagazine while at ABC News. During her tenure at CBS News she hosted "CBS Morning" and was the first woman correspondent on "60 Minutes". Prior to her journalism career, she was a member of U.S. President Richard Nixon's White House staff and assisted in his post-presidency memoirs. Presently she works for ABC News producing documentaries and interview specials.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Sawyer was born in Glasgow, Kentucky, to Jean W. (née Dunagan), an elementary school teacher, and Erbon Powers "Tom" Sawyer, a county judge. Her ancestry includes English, Irish, Scots-Irish, and German. She has an older sister, Linda. Soon after her birth, her family moved to Louisville, where her father rose to local prominence as a Republican politician and community leader. He was Kentucky's Jefferson County Judge/Executive when he was killed in a car accident on Louisville's Interstate 64 in 1969. E. P. "Tom" Sawyer State Park, in the Frey's Hill area of Louisville, is named in his honor.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Sawyer attended Seneca High School in the Buechel area of Louisville. She served as an editor-in-chief for her school yearbook, "The Arrow", and participated in many artistic activities. She always felt, however, that she was in the shadow of her sister, Linda. Insecure and something of a loner as a teen, Diane found happiness, she later said, going off by herself or with a group of friends that called themselves "reincarnated transcendentalist" and read Emerson and Thoreau down by a creek. In her senior year of high school, in 1963, she won first place in the annual national America's Junior Miss scholarship pageant as a representative from the Commonwealth of Kentucky. She won by her strength of poise in the final interview and her essay comparing the music of the North and the South during the Civil War. From 1963 to 1965, Sawyer was America's Junior Miss, touring the country to promote the Coca-Cola Pavilion at the 1964–1965 New York World's Fair. At first, she thought that travelling around the country as America's Junior Miss would be a terrifying experience, but it taught her to think on her feet and do so with poise and grace. Sawyer attended Wellesley College, graduating in 1967.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Immediately after her graduation, Sawyer returned to Kentucky and was employed as a weather forecaster for WLKY-TV in Louisville. In Sawyer's opinion, the weather was boring, so she would occasionally add quotes to keep it interesting. Finally, Sawyer was promoted to a general-assignment post, but this did not sustain her interest for long. In 1970, Sawyer moved to Washington, D.C., and, unable to find work as a broadcast journalist, she interviewed for positions in government offices. She eventually became an assistant to Jerry Warren, the White House deputy press secretary. Initially, Sawyer wrote press releases and quickly graduated to other tasks like drafting some of President Richard Nixon's public statements. Within a few months, she became an administrative assistant to White House Press Secretary Ron Ziegler and eventually rose to become a staff assistant for U.S. President Richard Nixon. In 1973 when John Dean testified to the Senate Watergate Committee concerning Nixon's involvement in the Watergate coverup, Sawyer and Larry Speakes were assigned to the staff of Nixon's lawyer J. Fred Buzhardt for a project to "prove" that Dean was lying. Speakes later claimed that he had come to the conclusion that Dean had not lied, and that he informed Sawyer, but they continued their efforts.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Sawyer continued through Nixon's resignation from the presidency in 1974 and worked on the Nixon-Ford transition team in 1974–1975, after which she followed Nixon to California and helped him write "RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon", published in 1978. She also helped prepare Nixon for his famous set of television interviews with journalist David Frost in 1977.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Years later, Sawyer would be suspected of being Deep Throat, the source of leaks of classified information to journalist Bob Woodward during the Watergate scandal. In 2005, Deep Throat was identified as W. Mark Felt, but prior to that, Rabbi Baruch Korff – a longtime Nixon confidant and defender known as "Nixon's rabbi" – said on his deathbed that he believed Sawyer was Deep Throat. Sawyer laughed it off and became one of six people to request and receive a public denial from Woodward.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: When Sawyer came back to Washington, D.C., in 1978, she joined CBS News as a general-assignment reporter. She was promoted to political correspondent in February 1980 and featured on the weekday broadcasts of "Morning with Charles Kuralt". When CBS expanded its morning news show from 60 to 90 minutes, Sawyer was announced as co-anchor on May 13, 1981, by the president of CBS News. With her debut on September 28, 1981, she put her own stamp on the broadcast. The ratings for the show were boosted upon Sawyer's arrival, but the improvement did not last, and, after Kuralt left the show, he was replaced by Bill Kurtis. The ratings decreased further, and Sawyer asked to be reassigned in 1984. From 1982 to 1984, Sawyer was also seen with Kurtis on the "CBS Early Morning News" airing an hour earlier on most CBS affiliates.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: In 1984, she became the first female correspondent on "60 Minutes", a CBS News investigative-television newsmagazine.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: In 1989, she moved to ABC News to co-anchor "Primetime Live" newsmagazine with Sam Donaldson. From 1998 to 2000, she co-anchored ABC's "20/20", also a newsmagazine, broadcast on Wednesdays with Donaldson and on Sundays with Barbara Walters.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: On January 18, 1999, Sawyer returned to morning news as the co-anchor of "Good Morning America" with Charles Gibson. The assignment was putatively temporary, but her success in the position, measured by a close in the gap with front-runner "Today", NBC News' morning program, sustained her in the position for nearly eleven years.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: In 2000, Sawyer returned as co-anchor of "Primetime" newsmagazine now called "Primetime Thursday", with Gibson replacing Donaldson. Sawyer was the first to announce to "Good Morning America" viewers that the first plane crashed into the World Trade Center on September 11, 2001. In 2004, when the show's title was changed to its original name, "Primetime Live", a new executive producer was hired, and the newsmagazine format was changed to investigative reporting with Sawyer rotating as the co-anchor with Chris Cuomo, Cynthia McFadden, and John Quiñones. In 2005, the show was retitled "Primetime", and Sawyer left the show at the end of 2006 when its format again changed, with a sub-series focus.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Sawyer achieved worldwide acclaim after subjecting Mel Gibson to an intense television interrogation, after his 2006 DUI arrest.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: On September 2, 2009, Sawyer was announced as the successor to Charles Gibson, who retired as the anchor of "ABC World News", on Friday, December 18, 2009. Sawyer left "GMA" on December 11, 2009, and was scheduled to become the "ABC World News" anchor in January 2010. However, on December 1, 2009, "The New York Times" reported that, instead of moving to "ABC World News" in January 2010, Sawyer would start on December 21, 2009, three days after Gibson's departure. For over a year (2010–2011), with Katie Couric as then anchor of "CBS Evening News", two of the three network news anchors on broadcast television were women. Ratings initially rose 8% after Sawyer's first four weeks, averaging 8.8 million viewers.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: She signed off at the end of her nightly broadcast with "I'll see you right back here tomorrow night." The show, like the competing evening newscasts, ended the year with ratings 14% below that of the preceding year. Until 2014 she was the anchor of ABC's flagship broadcast "World News" and the network's principal anchor for breaking-news coverage, election coverage, and special events.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: On June 25, 2014, it was announced that she would step down from the anchor chair at "ABC World News" in September 2014. She remained with ABC News to focus on creating specials and conducting high-profile interviews.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: Sawyer was in relationships with Frank Gannon, aide to President Richard Nixon, as well as American diplomat Richard Holbrooke.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: On April 29, 1988, she married film and theatre director, producer, and actor Mike Nichols. Nichols had two daughters and a son from previous marriages. He died on November 19, 2014, at the age of 83.


title: Diane Sawyer

text: The "List of The World's 100 Most Powerful Women" in "Forbes" magazine reported that, between June 2005 and June 2008, Sawyer made approximately $12 million, solely from entertainment income.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard College is the undergraduate college of Harvard University, an Ivy League research university in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Founded in 1636, Harvard College is the original school of Harvard University, the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States


title: Harvard College

text: Part of the Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Harvard College is Harvard University's traditional undergraduate program, offering AB and SB degrees. It is highly selective, with fewer than five percent of applicants being offered admission in recent years. Harvard College students participate in more than 450 extracurricular organizations


title: Harvard College

text: and nearly all live on campus—first-year students in or near Harvard Yard, and upperclass students in community-oriented "houses".


title: Harvard College

text: The school came into existence in 1636 by vote of the Great and General Court of the Massachusetts Bay Colony—though without a single building, instructor, or student. In 1638, the college became home for North America's first known printing press, carried by the ship .


title: Harvard College

text: Three years later, the college was renamed in honor of deceased Charlestown minister John Harvard (1607–1638) who had bequeathed to the school his entire library and half of his monetary estate.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard's first headmaster was Nathaniel Eaton (1610–1674); in 1639, he also became its first instructor to be dismissed, for overstrict discipline.


title: Harvard College

text: The Harvard Indian College was established, with the capacity for four or five Native Americans, and in 1665 Caleb Cheeshahteaumuck (c. 1643–1666) "from the Wampanoag … did graduate from Harvard, the first Indian to do so in the colonial period."


title: Harvard College

text: Currently, Harvard College is responsible for undergraduate admissions, advising, housing, student life, and athletics—generally all undergraduate matters except instruction, which is the purview of the Harvard Faculty of Arts and Sciences. The body known as the President and Fellows of Harvard College retains its traditional name despite having governance of the entire University. Radcliffe College, established in 1879, originally paid Harvard faculty to repeat their lectures for women.


title: Harvard College

text: Since the 1970s, Harvard has been responsible for undergraduate matters for women, though women's Harvard diplomas were countersigned by the President of Radcliffe until a final merger in 1999.


title: Harvard College

text: Admission is based on academic prowess, extracurricular activities, and personal qualities. For the undergraduate class of 2025, Harvard had 57,435 applications and accepted 1,968 (3.4% acceptance rate). For the undergraduate class of 2023, the middle 50% range of SAT scores of enrolled freshmen was 710–770 for reading and writing and 750–800 for math, while the middle 50% range of the ACT composite score was 33–35.


title: Harvard College

text: The average high school grade point average (GPA) was 4.18. The acceptance rate for transfer students has been approximately 1%. Harvard consistently ranks first in the enrollment of recipients of the National Merit $2,500 Scholarship; it enrolled 207 such scholars in the Class of 2022.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard College ended its early admissions program in 2007, but for the class of 2016 and beyond, an early action program was reintroduced.


title: Harvard College

text: A federal lawsuit alleges that Harvard's admissions policies discriminate against Asian Americans, who tend to be overrepresented among students with high academic achievement.


title: Harvard College

text: A 2019 district court decision in the case (which has since been appealed) found no evidence of explicit racial bias but did not rule out a small amount of implicit bias.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard has implemented more implicit bias training for its admissions staff in accordance with the court's recommendations.


title: Harvard College

text: In addition, Harvard's admissions preference for children of alumni, employees, and donors has been criticized as favoring white and wealthy candidates.


title: Harvard College

text: The median family income of Harvard students is $168,800, with 53% of students coming from the top 10% highest-earning families and 20% from the bottom 60%.


title: Harvard College

text: However, Harvard offers one of the most generous financial aid programs in the United States, with need-blind admission and 100% of financial need met for all students.


title: Harvard College

text: Families with incomes below $65,000 pay nothing for their children to attend, while families earning up to $150,000 pay no more than 10% of their annual incomes.


title: Harvard College

text: Midway through the second year, most undergraduates join one of fifty academic majors; many also declare a minor (secondary field). Joint majors (combining the requirements of two majors) and special majors (of the student's own design) are also possible.


title: Harvard College

text: Most majors lead to the "Artium Baccalaureus" (AB). Some award the "Scientiae Baccalaureus" (SB). There are also dual degree programs permitting students to earn both a Harvard AB and a Master of Music (MM) from either the New England Conservatory of Music or the Berklee College of Music over five years.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard College students must take a course in each of four General Education categories (Aesthetics and Culture; Ethics and Civics; Histories, Societies, Individuals; Science and Technology in Society) as well as a course in each of three academic divisions (Arts and Humanities; Social Sciences; Science and Engineering and Applied Science). They must also fulfill foreign language, expository writing, and quantitative reasoning with data requirements.


title: Harvard College

text: Exposure to a range of intellectual areas in parallel with pursuit of a chosen major in depth fulfills the injunction of former Harvard president Abbott Lawrence Lowell that liberal education should produce "men who know a little of everything and something well".


title: Harvard College

text: Some introductory courses have large enrollments, but most courses are small: the median class size is 12 students.


title: Harvard College

text: Funding and faculty mentorship for research is available in all disciplines for undergraduates at all levels.


title: Harvard College

text: Nearly all undergraduates live on campus, for the first year in dormitories in or near Harvard Yard and later in the upperclass houses—administrative subdivisions of the college as well as living quarters, providing a sense of community in what might otherwise be a socially incohesive and administratively daunting university environment. Each house is presided over by two faculty deans, while its Allston Burr Resident Dean—usually a junior faculty member—supervises undergraduates' day-to-day academic and disciplinary well-being.


title: Harvard College

text: The faculty deans and resident dean are assisted by other members of the Senior Common Room—select graduate students (tutors), faculty, and university officials brought into voluntary association with each house. The faculty deans and resident dean reside in the house, as do resident tutors. Terms like tutor, Senior Common Room, and Junior Common Room reflect a debt to the residential college systems at Oxford and Cambridge from which Harvard's system took inspiration.


title: Harvard College

text: The houses were created by President Lowell in the 1930s to combat what he saw as pernicious social stratification engendered by the private, off-campus living arrangements of many undergraduates at that time. Lowell's solution was to provide every man—Harvard was male-only at the time—with on-campus accommodations throughout his time at the college; Lowell also saw great benefits in other features of the house system, such as the relaxed discussions—academic or otherwise—which he hoped would take place among undergraduates and members of the Senior Common Room over meals in each house's dining hall.


title: Harvard College

text: How students come to live in particular houses has changed greatly over time. Under the original "draft" system, masters (now called "faculty deans") negotiated privately over the assignment of students. From the 1960s to the mid-1990s, each student ranked the houses according to personal preference, with a lottery resolving the oversubscription of more popular houses. Today, groups of one to eight freshmen form a block which is then assigned, essentially at random, to an upperclass house.


title: Harvard College

text: The nine "River Houses" are south of Harvard Yard, near the Charles River: Adams, Dunster, Eliot, Kirkland, Leverett, Lowell, Mather, Quincy, and Winthrop. Their construction was financed largely by a 1928 gift from Yale alumnus Edward Harkness, who, frustrated in his attempts to initiate a similar project at his alma mater, eventually offered $11 million to Harvard.


title: Harvard College

text: but the land on which they were built had been assembled decades before. After graduating from Harvard in 1895, Edward W. Forbes found himself inspired by the Oxford and Cambridge systems during two years of study in England; on returning to the United States he set out to acquire the land between Harvard Yard and the Charles River that was not already owned by Harvard or an associated entity. By 1918, that ambition had been largely fulfilled and the assembled land transferred to Harvard.


title: Harvard College

text: The three "Quad Houses" enjoy a residential setting half a mile northwest of Harvard Yard. These were built by Radcliffe College and housed Radcliffe College students until the Harvard and Radcliffe residential systems merged in 1977.


title: Harvard College

text: They are Cabot, Currier, and Pforzheimer House. A thirteenth house, Dudley House, is nonresidential but fulfills, for some graduate students and the (very few) undergraduates living off campus, the administrative and social functions provided to on-campus residents by the other twelve houses. Harvard's residential houses are paired with Yale's residential colleges in sister relationships.


title: Harvard College

text: The Harvard Undergraduate Council (UC) was the student government of Harvard College until it was abolished by a student referendum in 2022. It was replaced by the Harvard Undergraduate Association (HUA).


title: Harvard College

text: The Harvard Crimson fields 42 intercollegiate sports teams in the NCAA Division I Ivy League, more than any other NCAA Division I college in the country. Every two years, the Harvard and Yale track and field teams come together to compete against a combined Oxford and Cambridge team in the oldest continuous international amateur competition in the world. As with other Ivy League universities, Harvard does not offer athletic scholarships.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard's athletic rivalry with Yale is intense in every sport in which they meet, coming to a climax each fall in the annual football meeting, which dates back to 1875 and is usually called simply "The Game". While Harvard's football team is no longer one of the best as it was in football's early days, both Harvard and Yale have influenced the way the game is played. In 1903, Harvard Stadium introduced a new era into football with the first permanent reinforced concrete stadium of its kind in the country.


title: Harvard College

text: Even older than HarvardYale football rivalry, the Harvard–Yale Regatta is held each June on the Thames River in eastern Connecticut. The Harvard crew is typically considered to be one of the top teams in the country in rowing. Other sports in which Harvard teams are particularly strong are men's ice hockey, squash, and men's and women's fencing. Harvard's men's ice hockey team won the school's first NCAA Championship in any team sport in 1989, and Harvard also won the Intercollegiate Sailing Association National Championships in 2003. Harvard was the first Ivy League school to win an NCAA Championship in a women's sport when its women's lacrosse team won in 1990.


title: Harvard College

text: The school color is crimson, which is also the name of Harvard's sports teams and the student newspaper, "The Harvard Crimson". The color was unofficially adopted (in preference to magenta) by an 1875 vote of the student body, although the association with some form of red can be traced back to 1858, when Charles William Eliot, a young graduate student who would later become Harvard's 21st and longest-serving president (1869–1909), bought red bandanas for his crew so they could more easily be distinguished by spectators at a regatta.


title: Harvard College

text: Harvard has several fight songs, the most played of which, especially at football, are "Ten Thousand Men of Harvard" and "Harvardiana". While "Fair Harvard" is actually the alma mater, "Ten Thousand Men" is better known outside the university. The Harvard University Band performs these fight songs and other cheers at football and hockey games. These were parodied by Harvard alumnus Tom Lehrer in his song "Fight Fiercely, Harvard", which he composed while an undergraduate.


title: Harvard College

text: By the late 19th century, critics of intercollegiate athletics, including Harvard president Charles William Eliot, believed that sports had become over-commercialized and took students away from their studies. They called for limitations on all sports.


title: Harvard College

text: This opposition prompted Harvard's athletic committee to target "minor" sports—basketball and hockey—for reform in order to deflect attention from the major sports: football, baseball, track, and crew. The committee made it difficult for the basketball team to operate by denying financial assistance and limiting the number of overnight away games in which the team could participate.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is a condition in which the heart becomes enlarged and cannot pump blood effectively. Symptoms vary from none to feeling tired, leg swelling, and shortness of breath. It may also result in chest pain or fainting. Complications can include heart failure, heart valve disease, or an irregular heartbeat.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Causes include genetics, alcohol, cocaine, certain toxins, complications of pregnancy, and certain infections. Coronary artery disease and high blood pressure may play a role, but are not the primary cause. In many cases the cause remains unclear. It is a type of cardiomyopathy, a group of diseases that primarily affects the heart muscle. The diagnosis may be supported by an electrocardiogram, chest X-ray, or echocardiogram.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: In those with heart failure, treatment may include medications in the ACE inhibitor, beta blocker, and diuretic families. A low salt diet may also be helpful. In those with certain types of irregular heartbeat, blood thinners or an implantable cardioverter defibrillator may be recommended. Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) may be necessary. If other measures are not effective a heart transplant may be an option in some.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: About 1 per 2,500 people is affected. It occurs more frequently in men than women. Onset is most often in middle age. Five-year survival rate is about 50%. It can also occur in children and is the most common type of cardiomyopathy in this age group.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Dilated cardiomyopathy develops insidiously, and may not initially cause symptoms significant enough to impact on quality of life. Nevertheless, many people experience significant symptoms. These might include:


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: A person who has dilated cardiomyopathy may have an enlarged heart, with pulmonary edema and an elevated jugular venous pressure and a low pulse pressure. Signs of mitral and tricuspid regurgitation may be present.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Although in many cases no cause is apparent, dilated cardiomyopathy is probably the result of damage to the myocardium produced by a variety of toxic, metabolic, or infectious agents. In many cases the cause remains unclear. It may be due to fibrous change of the myocardium from a previous myocardial infarction. Or, it may be the late sequelae of acute viral myocarditis, such as with Coxsackie B virus and other enteroviruses possibly mediated through an immunologic mechanism. Specific autoantibodies are detectable in some cases.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Recent studies have shown that those subjects with an extremely high occurrence (several thousands a day) of premature ventricular contractions (extrasystole) can develop dilated cardiomyopathy. In these cases, if the extrasystole are reduced or removed (for example, via ablation therapy) the cardiomyopathy usually regresses.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: About 25–35% of affected individuals have familial forms of the disease, with most mutations affecting genes encoding cytoskeletal proteins, while some affect other proteins involved in contraction. The disease is genetically heterogeneous, but the most common form of its transmission is an autosomal dominant pattern.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Autosomal recessive (as found, for example, in Alström syndrome), X-linked (as in Duchenne muscular dystrophy), and mitochondrial inheritance of the disease is also found. Some relatives of those affected by dilated cardiomyopathy have preclinical, asymptomatic heart-muscle changes.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Other cytoskeletal proteins involved in DCM include α-cardiac actin, desmin, and the nuclear lamins A and C. Mitochondrial deletions and mutations presumably cause DCM by altering myocardial ATP generation.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Kayvanpour et al. performed 2016 a meta-analysis with the largest dataset available on genotype-phenotype associations in DCM and mutations in lamin (LMNA), phospholamban (PLN), RNA Binding Motif Protein 20 (RBM20), Cardiac Myosin Binding Protein C (MYBPC3), Myosin Heavy Chain 7 (MYH7), Cardiac Troponin T 2 (TNNT2), and Cardiac Troponin I (TNNI3). They also reviewed recent studies investigating genotype-phenotype associations in DCM patients with titin (TTN) mutations. LMNA and PLN mutation carriers showed a high prevalence of cardiac transplantation and ventricular arrhythmia. Dysrhythmias and sudden cardiac death (SCD) was shown to occur even before the manifestation of DCM and heart failure symptoms in LMNA mutation carriers.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: The progression of heart failure is associated with left ventricular remodeling, which manifests as gradual increases in left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes, wall thinning, and a change in chamber geometry to a more spherical, less elongated shape. This process is usually associated with a continuous decline in ejection fraction. The concept of cardiac remodeling was initially developed to describe changes that occur in the days and months following myocardial infarction.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: As DCM progresses, two compensatory mechanisms are activated in response to impaired myocyte contractility and reduced stroke volume:


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: These responses initially compensate for decreased cardiac output and maintain those with DCM as asymptomatic. Eventually, however, these mechanisms become detrimental, intravascular volume becomes too great, and progressive dilatation leads to heart failure symptoms.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Cardiac dilatation is a transversely isotropic, irreversible process resulting from excess strains on the myocardium. A computation model of volumetric, isotropic, and cardiac wall growth predicts the relationship between cardiac strains (e.g. volume overload after myocardial infarction) and dilation using the following governing equations:


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: where formula_2 is elastic volume stretch that is reversible and formula_3 is irreversible, isotropic volume growth described by:


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: where formula_5 is a vector, which points along a cardiomyocyte's long axis and formula_6 is the cardiomyocyte stretch due to growth. The total cardiomyocyte growth is given by:


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: The above model reveals a gradual dilation of the myocardium, especially the ventricular myocardium, to support the blood volume overload in the chambers. Dilation manifests itself in an increase in total cardiac mass and cardiac diameter. Cardiomyocytes reach their maximum length of 150 formula_8m in the endocardium and 130 formula_8m in the epicardium by the addition of sarcomeres. Due to the increase in diameter, the dilated heart appears spherical in shape, as opposed the elliptical shape of a healthy human heart. In addition, the ventricular walls maintain the same thickness, characteristic of pathophysiological cardiac dilation.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: As the ventricles enlarge, both the mitral and tricuspid valves may lose their ability to come together properly. This loss of coaptation may lead to mitral and tricuspid regurgitation. As a result, those with DCM are at increased risk of atrial fibrillation. Furthermore, stroke volume is decreased and a greater volume load is placed on the ventricle, thus increasing heart failure symptoms.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Generalized enlargement of the heart is seen upon normal chest X-ray. Pleural effusion may also be noticed, which is due to pulmonary venous hypertension.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: The electrocardiogram often shows sinus tachycardia or atrial fibrillation, ventricular arrhythmias, left atrial enlargement, and sometimes intraventricular conduction defects and low voltage. When left bundle-branch block (LBBB) is accompanied by right axis deviation (RAD), the rare combination is considered to be highly suggestive of dilated or congestive cardiomyopathy. Echocardiogram shows left ventricular dilatation with normal or thinned walls and reduced ejection fraction. Cardiac catheterization and coronary angiography are often performed to exclude ischemic heart disease.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Genetic testing can be important, since one study has shown that gene mutations in the TTN gene (which codes for a protein called titin) are responsible for "approximately 25% of familial cases of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy and 18% of sporadic cases." The results of the genetic testing can help the doctors and patients understand the underlying cause of the dilated cardiomyopathy. Genetic test results can also help guide decisions on whether a patient's relatives should undergo genetic testing (to see if they have the same genetic mutation) and cardiac testing to screen for early findings of dilated cardiomyopathy.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cardiac MRI) may also provide helpful diagnostic information in patients with dilated cardiomyopathy.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Drug therapy can slow down progression and in some cases even improve the heart condition. Standard therapy may include salt restriction, ACE inhibitors, diuretics, and beta blockers. Anticoagulants may also be used for antithrombotic therapy. There is some evidence for the benefits of coenzyme Q10 in treating heart failure.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Artificial pacemakers may be used in patients with intraventricular conduction delay, and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators in those at risk of arrhythmia. These forms of treatment have been shown to prevent sudden cardiac death, improve symptoms, and reduce hospitalization in patients with systolic heart failure. In addition, an implantable cardioverter-defibrillator should be considered as a therapeutic option for the primary prevention of sudden cardiac death in patients with a confirmed LMNA mutation responsible for dilated cardiomyopathy disease phenotype and clinical risk factors. A novel risk score calculator has been developed that allows calculation of risk of sustained ventricular arrhythmia in the next 5 years in patients with DCM https://www.ikard.pl/SVA/


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: In patients with advanced disease who are refractory to medical therapy, heart transplantation may be considered. For these people, 1-year survival approaches 90% and over 50% survive greater than 20 years.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Although the disease is more common in African-Americans than in Caucasians, it may occur in any patient population.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Therapies that support reverse remodeling have been investigated, and this may suggests a new approach to the prognosis of cardiomyopathies (see ventricular remodeling).


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: In some types of animals, both a hereditary and acquired version of dilated cardiomyopathy has been documented.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Dilated cardiomyopathy is a heritable disease in some dog breeds, including the Boxer, Dobermann, Great Dane, Irish Wolfhound, and St Bernard. Treatment is based on medication, including ACE inhibitors, loop diuretics, and phosphodiesterase inhibitors.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: An acquired variation of dilated cardiomyopathy describing a link between certain diets was discovered in 2019 by researchers at University of California, Davis School of Veterinary Medicine who published a report on the development of dilated cardiomyopathy in dog breeds lacking the genetic predisposition, particularly in Golden Retrievers. The diets associated with DCM were described as "BEG" (boutique, exotic-ingredient, and/or grain-free) dog foods, as well as legume-rich diets. For treating diet-related DCM, food changes, taurine and carnitine supplementation may be indicated even if the dog does not have a documented taurine or carnitine deficiency although the cost of carnitine supplementation may be viewed as prohibitive by some


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: Dilated cardiomyopathy is also a disease affecting some cat breeds, including the Oriental Shorthair, Burmese, Persian, and Abyssinian. In cats, taurine deficiency is the most common cause of dilated cardiomyopathy. As opposed to these hereditary forms, non-hereditary DCM used to be common in the overall cat population before the addition of taurine to commercial cat food.


title: Dilated cardiomyopathy

text: There is also a high incidence of heritable dilated cardiomyopathy in captive Golden Hamsters ("Mesocricetus auratus"), due in no small part to their being highly inbred. The incidence is high enough that several strains of Golden Hamster have been developed to serve as animal models in clinical testing for human forms of the disease.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: Kevin Michael McHale (born June 14, 1988) is an American actor, singer, and dancer. Formerly one of the two lead vocalists of the boy band NLT, McHale is best known for his role as Artie Abrams in the Fox comedy-drama series "Glee". From 2014 to 2016, he hosted the British panel show "Virtually Famous" on E4. In 2019, McHale and "Glee" co-star Jenna Ushkowitz began a podcast called "Showmance", where they recap "Glee" episodes and interview "Glee" cast and crew members, as well as other people. The podcast was rebranded in 2022 as "And That’s What You Really Missed" on iHeartRadio.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: McHale was born in Plano, Texas to Christopher McHale and Elizabeth Payne, the youngest of four children. His older sister is a talent agent, and he got his start in acting by convincing her to let him audition for a local commercial. He grew up with actor and singer Demi Lovato. He moved to California with his parents as a teenager in order to pursue a career in the entertainment industry. McHale attended Academy of the Canyons High School in the Santa Clarita Valley in California.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: Before becoming an actor, McHale joined the American four-member boy band NLT, which stands for "Not Like Them" as one of two lead singers. They were discovered by Chris Stokes in 2006, who subsequently signed them to his label, The Ultimate Group. On March 13, 2007, they released their first single, "That Girl". The following month, they opened (with Chantelle Paige) for The Pussycat Dolls. The band also made a guest appearance in the film "" as an auditioning band. While in the group, McHale, along with Timbaland and his bandmates, co-wrote the song "She Said, I Said (Time We Let Go)". On April 30, 2009, member Travis Michael Garland announced that NLT had split.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: McHale, who has a record deal with Universal Music Group, writes original music in his spare time. In an interview with Mario Lopez, McHale stated that he plans to pursue solo music post-"Glee". In 2015, McHale, Chris Moy, and Justin Thorne co-wrote the song "Heartless" which was featured on the latter's debut EP "The Heartbreaker". That same year, he starred in the music video for Thorne's song "Summer Nights". In April 2019, McHale released the pop song "Help Me Now", directed by Justin Thorne. The accompanying music video stars McHale and actor Nolan Gould. McHale described the video as having "a bootleg kinda gay Wes Anderson vibe." In June 2019, he released the song "James Dean". The accompanying music video stars McHale and "Pose" actor Johnny Sibilly.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In 2021, McHale (with Chris Moy, Shelby Rabara, Justin Thorne, and Jenna Ushkowitz) began production on a musical children's show called "The AlphaBeatZ". McHale voices Ross, one of the five animated teddy bear characters. A five-song Christmas EP was released on December 17, 2021. McHale is credited as co-writer of the three original songs on the EP.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In 2007, McHale made a guest appearance on NBC's comedy series "The Office" in the season four episode "Launch Party", portraying a pizza delivery boy who is taken hostage by Michael Scott (Steve Carell). He guest starred in three episodes of Nickelodeon's teen drama series "Zoey 101" as Dooley Fibadoo. In 2008, McHale guest starred in two episodes of HBO's dark fantasy drama series "True Blood", appearing as Neil Jones, a coroner's assistant.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In 2009, McHale landed his breakout role as Artie Abrams in the Fox musical comedy-drama series "Glee". His character, who uses a wheelchair after a car accident, joins the McKinley High glee club in the first episode. He had his first solo performance on the show when he sang "Dancing with Myself" in the episode "Wheels". In the episode "Dream On", he danced in a fantasy sequence to "The Safety Dance", and sang "Dream a Little Dream of Me". In the second-season episode "Britney/Brittany", he sang a solo (in a dream sequence) of "Stronger", after being anaesthetized for dental surgery. He also danced in a dream sequence alongside Harry Shum, Jr. to Michael Jackson's song "Scream" in the third-season episode "Michael". McHale, along with the main cast of the series, was nominated for the Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by an Ensemble in a Comedy Series four times, winning in 2010.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In 2010, McHale appeared briefly in One Call's music video "Blacklight" alongside former NLT bandmate Justin Thorne, who was a member of One Call. In June 2011, McHale appeared in Katy Perry's music video for her song "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" as the character Everett McDonald. On July 22, 2012, McHale co-hosted the 2012 Teen Choice Awards with Demi Lovato. In January 2014, it was reported that McHale would host a comedy panel show, "Virtually Famous", for the British digital television channel E4. The show features comedian Seann Walsh and radio presenter Chris Stark as series regulars and team captains.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: On February 24, 2014, it was announced that McHale had signed on to play a supporting role in the Kathy Bates and Dustin Hoffman led independent film "Boychoir". McHale's character, Wooly, is a young music teacher who helps a troubled young boy at his school. In July 2014, it was announced that he and Aaron Tveit had signed on to star in the comedy film "They Might Be Kennedys", but the film was postponed indefinitely in 2015 after the production was failed to be cast in time. McHale was cast to play one of the leads, Teddy Mulligan. In 2015, McHale competed with his mother, father, sister, and uncle on "Celebrity Family Feud" against Fred Willard. In April 2016, McHale joined the cast of Dustin Lance Black's drama miniseries "When We Rise" as AIDS activist Bobbi Campbell.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In December 2020, McHale was a part of a mini musical music video called "Stay Inside". He co-starred alongside dancer Haley Fitzgerald. The song and video were written by the composers of the Broadway and West End musical "Six", Toby Marlow and Lucy Moss. The video was choreographed by Kyle Hanagami. Viewers were encouraged to make donations to Broadway Cares/Equity Fights AIDS, the philanthropic heart of Broadway.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: On June 3, 2021 Ryan Murphy revealed McHale to be one of four actors starring in the upcoming spin-off series "American Horror Stories". McHale starred alongside Dyllón Burnside of "Pose", Charles Melton of "Riverdale", and Nico Greetham of "The Prom". Murphy announced the new cast via Instagram post where he dubbed the four men the Fantastic Four. The new series premiered on Hulu July 15, 2021 and concluded on Halloween. McHale played the role of Barry, a member of the fictional social media influencer group "The Bro House", in the fourth episode of the anthology series which was titled "The Naughty List".


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In December 2021, McHale was a part of an off-Broadway workshop for Radiant Baby, a musical about artist Keith Haring, where he was cast as Haring. The workshop was postponed due to a surge in Covid-19 cases. The production was originally set to run at Two River Theater in Red Bank, New Jersey from June 4–26, 2022, but was ultimately canceled.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: Beginning in 2014, McHale and "Glee" co-star Amber Riley hosted a radio show on Dash Radio called "McRiley". The show aired on Fridays at 3 PM PST/6 PM EST, but went on indefinite hiatus in 2015 due to their busy filming schedules for "Glee". McHale went on to become one of the four hosts of "Sick of My Own Voice" on Dash Radio in 2015. The other hosts included his NLT bandmate and longtime roommate Justin Thorne, songwriter and photographer Brittany Burton, and YouTuber Amy Lynn Thompson. The four have been friends since high school. The show aired on Thursdays at 1 PM PST/4 PM EST.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In 2019 Kevin McHale and former "Glee" co-star Jenna Ushkowitz launched the podcast "Showmance" to discuss their on-screen and offline relationship. One of the most requested discussion topics of Season 1 of the podcast was their time on "Glee". In season 2 they started an in-depth recap of "Glee" Season 1. Each episode featured McHale and Ushkowitz re-watching episodes of "Glee" and sharing behind-the-scenes secrets while also sharing personal sentiments and reflections about filming. The podcast was part of the LadyGang network on PodcastOne. The podcast started an indefinite hiatus in July 2020 following the death of Naya Rivera.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In September 2022, McHale and Ushkowitz announced their new podcast endeavor "And That's What You Really Missed" on iHeartRadio. Their rebranded and reimagined "Glee" recap podcast will start at the beginning, recapping and sharing memories from all six seasons of the show.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In September 2012, McHale and his dog Sophie appeared in a PETA ad campaign, promoting the adoption of shelter animals. In June 2016, the Human Rights Campaign released a video in tribute to the victims of the 2016 Orlando gay nightclub shooting, in which McHale and other celebrities told the stories of the people killed there. In September 2016, he co-created the mobile app +ONE, created with the intent to "provide people with one app to simplify the process of creating events."


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: In April 2018, McHale came out as gay with a tweet. He is in a relationship with actor Austin P. McKenzie. McHale and McKenzie met on the set of "When We Rise" and have been in a relationship since 2016.


title: Kevin McHale (actor)

text: McHale is a member of the Democratic Party. He publicly supported Barack Obama's Presidential campaign in 2012, Hillary Clinton's Presidential campaign in 2016, and Joe Biden's Presidential campaign in 2020.


title: Akshata Murty

text: Akshatā Nārāyan Mūrty (; born April 1980) is a Britain-based Indian heiress, businesswoman, fashion designer and venture capitalist. She is married to the current British Prime Minister and Conservative Party leader Rishi Sunak. Murty and Sunak are the 222nd richest people in Britain, with a combined fortune of £730m ($830 million) as of 2022. Her personal wealth became the topic of British media discussion in the context of her claim of non-domiciled status in the UK. As it involved the question of taxation, and allegedly was an arrangement that benefits the "super rich," it was controversial; the situation has seemingly been quelled by her voluntary renunciation of the benefits from that tax shelter.


title: Akshata Murty

text: Akshata Murty is the daughter of N. R. Narayana Murthy, a founder of the Indian multi-national IT company Infosys, and Sudha Murty. She holds a 0.93% stake in Infosys, making her one of the wealthiest women in the UK, along with shares in several other businesses in the UK.


title: Akshata Murty

text: Murty was born in April 1980 in Hubli, India and raised by her maternal grandparents as her father N. R. Narayana Murthy and her mother Sudha Murty worked to launch their technology company, Infosys. Her mother was the first female engineer to work for India's then largest car maker (TATA Engineering and Locomotive Company), and is now a philanthropist. Murthy has one brother, Rohan Murty, and they were brought up in Jayanagar, a suburb of Bangalore. Her maternal grandparents were R. H. Kulkarni, a surgeon, and his wife Vimala Kulkarni, a school teacher. She came from humble beginnings, and has encouraged philanthropic deeds in her children.


title: Akshata Murty

text: During the 1990s, Murty attended Baldwin Girls' High School, Bangalore, and in 1998 studied economics and French at Claremont McKenna College in California. She has a diploma in clothes manufacturing from the Fashion Institute of Design & Merchandising, and a Master of Business Administration from Stanford University.


title: Akshata Murty

text: In 2007, Murty joined Dutch cleantech firm Tendris as its marketing director, where she worked for two years, before leaving to start her own fashion firm.


title: Akshata Murty

text: Her fashion label closed in 2012. In 2013, she became the director of venture capital fund Catamaran Ventures. She co-founded, with her husband Rishi Sunak, the London branch of the Indian firm which is owned by her father, N. R. Narayana Murthy. Sunak transferred his shares to her shortly before being elected as the Conservative MP for Richmond in 2015. Since 2015, she has owned a 0.91% or 0.93% share of her father's technology firm Infosys, valued at around £700 million in April 2022, and shares in two of Jamie Oliver's restaurant businesses, Wendy's in India, and Koro Kids. As of 2022, Murthy was a director at Digme Fitness, and also Sococo, the digital transformation company that her brother Rohan Murty co-founded.


title: Akshata Murty

text: Murty is a citizen of India. In August 2009 Murty married Rishi Sunak, whom she met at Stanford University. They have two daughters, Anoushka and Krishna. They own Kirby Sigston Manor in the village of Kirby Sigston, North Yorkshire, as well as a mews house in Earl's Court in central London, a flat on the Old Brompton Road, South Kensington, and a penthouse apartment on Ocean Avenue in Santa Monica, California. In April 2022, it was reported that Sunak and Murty had moved out of 11 Downing Street to a newly refurbished West London home.


title: Akshata Murty

text: In April 2022, Murty's wealth became the focus of British media discussion that noted her non-domiciled resident of the United Kingdom, which entitled her to pay no tax on her income outside Britain, subject to an annual payment of £30,000. Later the same month, Murty announced that she would give up her non-domiciled status and pay UK taxes on her worldwide income voluntarily. If Murty pays UK taxes on her worldwide income, but retains her non-domiciliary status, she can benefit from a provision in a 1956 treaty which was designed to help avoid double taxation of Indian citizens in India as well as the UK.


title: Fahadh Faasil filmography

text: Fahadh Fazil is an Indian actor and film producer who predominantly works in Malayalam cinema and has appeared in few Tamil and Telugu films.


title: Fahadh Faasil filmography

text: Fahadh began his film career at the age of 19 by starring in the leading role in his father Fazil's 2002 romantic film "Kaiyethum Doorath", which was a critical and commercial failure. After a gap of 7 years, Fahadh made his comeback with the anthology film "Kerala Cafe" (2009), in the short film "Mrityunjayam". He attained public attention for his role as Arjun in the thriller film "Chaappa Kurishu" (2011). Fahadh won his first Kerala State Film Award, the Best Supporting Actor Award for his performance in "Chaappa Kurishu" along with his performance in "Akam". He achieved critical acclaim and recognition for his roles as Cyril in "22 Female Kottayam" (2012) and Dr. Arun Kumar in "Diamond Necklace" (2012). He won his first Filmfare Award for Best Actor, for his role in "22 Female Kottayam".


title: Lillian Gish

text: Lillian Diana Gish (October 14, 1893February 27, 1993) was an American actress, director, and screenwriter. Her film-acting career spanned 75 years, from 1912, in silent film shorts, to 1987. Gish was called the "First Lady of American Cinema", and is credited with pioneering fundamental film performance techniques. In 1999, the American Film Institute ranked Gish as the 17th greatest female movie star of classic Hollywood cinema.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish was a prominent film star from 1912 into the 1920s, being particularly associated with the films of director D. W. Griffith. This included her leading role in the highest-grossing film of the silent era, Griffith's "The Birth of a Nation" (1915). Her other major films and performances from the silent era are: "Intolerance" (1916), "Broken Blossoms" (1919), "Way Down East" (1920), "Orphans of the Storm" (1921), "La Bohème" (1926), and "The Wind" (1928).


title: Lillian Gish

text: At the dawn of the sound era, she returned to the stage and appeared in film occasionally, including well-known leading roles in the Western "Duel in the Sun" (1946) and the thriller "The Night of the Hunter" (1955). She was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for the former. Gish also had major supporting roles in "Portrait of Jennie" (1948), "A Wedding" (1978), and "Sweet Liberty" (1986).


title: Lillian Gish

text: She also did considerable television work from the early 1950s into the 1980s, and closed her career playing opposite Bette Davis in the 1987 film "The Whales of August". During her later years, Gish became a dedicated advocate for the appreciation and preservation of silent film. Despite being better known for her film work, she was also accomplished on stage, and was inducted into the American Theater Hall of Fame in 1972. In 1971, she was awarded an Academy Honorary Award for her career achievements. She was awarded a Kennedy Center Honor for her contribution to American culture through performing arts in 1982.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish was born in Springfield, Ohio, the first child of actress Mary Robinson McConnell, and James Leigh Gish. Lillian had a younger sister, Dorothy, who also became a popular movie star.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Her mother was a Scottish Episcopalian and her father was of German Lutheran descent. The first several generations of Gishes were Dunkard ministers. Gish's father was an alcoholic and left the family; her mother took up acting to support them. The family moved to East St. Louis, Illinois, where they lived for several years with Lillian's aunt and uncle, Henry and Rose McConnell. Their mother opened the Majestic Candy Kitchen, and the girls helped sell popcorn and candy to patrons of the old Majestic Theater, located next door. The girls attended St. Henry's School, where they acted in school plays.


title: Lillian Gish

text: In 1910, the girls were living with their aunt Emily in Massillon, Ohio, when they were notified that their father, James, was gravely ill in Oklahoma. The 17-year-old Lillian traveled to Shawnee, Oklahoma, where James's brother Alfred Grant Gish and his wife, Maude, lived. Her father, who by then was institutionalized in the Oklahoma Hospital for the Insane in Norman, was able to travel the 35 miles to Shawnee and the two got reacquainted. She stayed with her aunt and uncle, and attended Shawnee High School there. Her father died in Norman, Oklahoma, in 1912, but she had returned to Ohio a few months before this.


title: Lillian Gish

text: When the theater next to the candy store burned down, the family moved to New York, where the girls became good friends with a next-door neighbor, Gladys Smith. Gladys was a child actress who did some work for director D. W. Griffith, and later took the stage name Mary Pickford. When Lillian and Dorothy were old enough, they joined the theatre, often traveling separately in different productions. They also took modeling jobs, with Lillian posing for artist Victor Maurel in exchange for voice lessons.


title: Lillian Gish

text: In 1912, their friend Mary Pickford introduced the sisters to Griffith and helped get them contracts with Biograph Studios. Lillian Gish soon became one of America's best-loved actresses; she was 19 years old at the time, but told casting directors she was 16.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish made her stage debut in 1902, at the Little Red School House in Risingsun, Ohio. From 1903 to 1904, she toured in "Her First False Step", with her mother and Dorothy. In the following year, she danced with a Sarah Bernhardt production in New York City.


title: Lillian Gish

text: After 10 years of acting on the stage, she made her film debut opposite Dorothy in Griffith's short film "An Unseen Enemy" (1912). At the time, established thespians considered "the flickers" a rather base form of entertainment, but she was assured of its merits. Gish continued to perform on the stage, and in 1913, during a run of "A Good Little Devil", she collapsed from anemia. Lillian took suffering for her art to the extreme in a film career which became her obsession. One of the enduring images of Gish's silent film years is the climax of the melodramatic "Way Down East", in which Gish's character floats unconscious on an ice floe towards a raging waterfall, her long hair and hand trailing in the water. Her performance in these frigid conditions gave her lasting nerve damage in several fingers. Similarly, when preparing for her death scene in "La Bohème" over a decade later, Gish reportedly did not eat and drink for three days beforehand, causing the director to fear he would be filming the death of his star, as well as of the character.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Lillian starred in many of Griffith's most acclaimed films, including "The Birth of a Nation" (1915), "Intolerance" (1916), "Broken Blossoms" (1919), "Way Down East" (1920), and "Orphans of the Storm" (1921). He utilized her expressive talents to the fullest, developing her into a suffering yet strong heroine. Having appeared in over 25 short films and features in her first two years as a movie actress, Lillian became a major star, becoming known as "The First Lady of American Cinema" and appearing in lavish productions, frequently of literary works such as "Way Down East". She became the most esteemed actress of budding Hollywood cinema.


title: Lillian Gish

text: She directed her sister Dorothy in one film, "Remodeling Her Husband" (1920), when D. W. Griffith took his unit on location. He told Gish that he thought the crew would work harder for a girl. Gish never directed again, telling reporters at the time that directing was a man's job. The film is now thought to be lost.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish reluctantly ended her work with Griffith in 1925 to take an offer from the recently formed MGM, which gave her more creative control. MGM offered her a contract in 1926 for six films, for which she was offered $1 million (equivalent to $ million in ). She turned down the money, requesting a more modest wage and a percentage, so the studio could use the funds to increase the quality of her films – hiring the best actors, screenwriters, etc. By the late silent era, Greta Garbo had surpassed her as MGM's leading lady, and Gish's contract with MGM ended in 1928. Three films with MGM gave her near-total creative control: "La Bohème", "The Scarlet Letter" (both 1926), and "The Wind" (1928). "The Wind", Gish's favorite film of her MGM career, was a commercial failure with the rise of talkies, but is now recognized as one of the most distinguished works of the silent period. Though not a box-office hit as before, her work was respected artistically more than ever, and MGM pressed her with offers to appear in the new medium of sound pictures.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Her debut in talkies was only moderately successful, largely due to the public's changing attitudes. Many of the silent era's leading ladies, such as Gish and Pickford, had been wholesome and innocent, but by the early 1930s (after the full adoption of sound and before the Motion Picture Production Code was enforced), these roles were perceived as outdated. The "ingenue"s diametric opposite, the vamp, was at the height of its popularity. Gish was increasingly seen as a "silly, sexless antique" (to quote fellow actress Louise Brooks's sarcastic summary of those who criticized Gish). Louis Mayer wanted to stage a scandal ("knock her off her pedestal") to garner public sympathy for Gish, but Lillian did not want to act both on screen and off, and returned to her first love, the theater. She acted on the stage for the most part in the 1930s and early 1940s, appearing in roles as varied as Ophelia in Guthrie McClintic's landmark 1936 production of "Hamlet" (with John Gielgud and Judith Anderson) and Marguerite in a limited run of "La Dame aux Camélias". Of the former, she said, with pride, "I played a "lewd" Ophelia!"


title: Lillian Gish

text: Returning to movies, Gish was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1946 for "Duel in the Sun". The scenes of her character's illness and death late in that film seemed intended to evoke the memory of some of her silent-film performances. She appeared in films from time to time for the rest of her life, notably in "The Night of the Hunter" (1955) as a rural guardian angel protecting her charges from a murderous preacher played by Robert Mitchum. She was considered for various roles in "Gone with the Wind" ranging from Ellen O'Hara, Scarlett's mother (which went to Barbara O'Neil), to prostitute Belle Watling (which went to Ona Munson).


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish made numerous television appearances from the early 1950s into the late 1980s. Her most acclaimed television work was starring in the original production of "The Trip to Bountiful" in 1953. She appeared as Dowager Empress Maria Feodorovna in the short-lived 1965 Broadway musical "Anya". In addition to her later acting appearances, Gish became one of the leading advocates of the lost art of the silent film, often giving speeches and touring to screenings of classic works. In 1975, she hosted "The Silent Years", a PBS film program of silent films. She was interviewed in the television documentary series "Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film" (1980).


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish received a Special Academy Award in 1971, "For superlative artistry and for distinguished contribution to the progress of motion pictures". In 1979, she was awarded the Women in film Crystal Award in Los Angeles. In 1984, she received an American Film Institute Lifetime Achievement Award, becoming only the second female recipient (preceded by Bette Davis in 1977) and the only recipient who was a major figure in the silent era. She has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1720 Vine Street.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Her last film role was appearing in "The Whales of August" in 1987 at the age of 93, with Vincent Price, Bette Davis, and Ann Sothern, in which Gish and Davis starred as elderly sisters in Maine. Gish's performance was received glowingly, winning her the National Board of Review Award for Best Actress. At the Cannes festival, Gish won a 10-minute standing ovation from the audience. Some in the entertainment industry were angry that Gish did not receive an Oscar nomination for her role in "The Whales of August". Gish herself was more complacent, only remarking, "Well, now I won't have to go and lose to Cher".


title: Lillian Gish

text: Her final professional appearance was a cameo on the 1988 studio recording of Jerome Kern's "Show Boat", starring Frederica von Stade and Jerry Hadley, in which she affectingly spoke the few lines of "The Old Lady on the Levee" in the final scene. The last words of her long career were: "Good night".


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish starred in an episode of the popular CBS Radio series "Suspense". The episode "Marry for Murder" was broadcast on September 9, 1943. In 1944, Gish starred in an episode of "I Was There", broadcast on CBS. The episode dramatized the making of the film "The Birth of a Nation". On May 31, 1951, she starred in an adaptation of "Black Chiffon" on "Playhouse on Broadway".


title: Lillian Gish

text: The American Film Institute named Gish 17th among the greatest female stars of classic American cinema. In 1955, she was awarded the George Eastman Award, for distinguished contribution to the art of film, at the George Eastman Museum's (then George Eastman House's) inaugural Festival of Film Artists. She was awarded an Academy Honorary Award in 1971, and in 1984 she received an AFI Life Achievement Award. Gish was also awarded Kennedy Center Honors in 1982.


title: Lillian Gish

text: In 1979, she introduced "The Wind" at a screening at the Wiltern Theatre in Los Angeles. She was a special guest at the Telluride Film Festival in 1983.


title: Lillian Gish

text: The Gish Film Theatre and Gallery of Bowling Green State University's Department of Theatre and Film was named for Lillian and Dorothy Gish. Gish was in attendance at the dedication on June 11, 1976; she accepted the honor for herself and her sister, who had died several years earlier. The university awarded Gish the honorary degree of doctor of performing arts the next day. In 1982, the University accepted a collection of Gish films and photographs that had previously been displayed at the Museum of Modern Art. It solicited donations from Gish friends and associates to renovate the Gish Theatre and create an endowment in the 1990s. Following Gish's 1993 death, the university raised funds to enlarge its gallery to display memorabilia received from Gish's estate.


title: Lillian Gish

text: In February 2019, the university's Black Student Union called for the renaming of the Gish Theatre due to Gish's involvement with the controversial "The Birth of a Nation". In April 2019, a task force recommended removing the Gish name; the trustees unanimously voted to remove the name on May 3, 2019.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Mike Kaplan, co-producer of "The Whales of August" (1987), Lillian Gish's final film, circulated a petition urging Bowling Green State University to restore the names of actresses Dorothy and Lillian Gish to the film theater. The protest was signed by over 50 film-industry figures, including actors Helen Mirren and James Earl Jones and directors Bertrand Tavernier and Martin Scorsese.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish never married or had children. The association between D. W. Griffith and herself was so close that some suspected a romantic connection, an issue never acknowledged by Gish, although several of their associates were certain they were at least briefly involved. For the remainder of her life, she always referred to him as "Mr. Griffith". She was also involved with producer Charles Duell, and drama critic and editor George Jean Nathan. In the 1920s, Gish's association with Duell became something of a tabloid scandal when he sued her and made the details of their relationship public.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish was a survivor of the 1918 flu pandemic, having contracted the illness during the filming of "Broken Blossoms".


title: Lillian Gish

text: She maintained a close relationship with her sister Dorothy and with Mary Pickford for her entire life. Another of her closest friends was actress Helen Hayes, the "First Lady of the American Theatre". Gish was the godmother of Hayes's son James MacArthur, and designated Hayes (who survived her by just three weeks) as a beneficiary of her estate.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish was a staunch Republican, and was friendly with President Dwight Eisenhower and his wife, Mamie. She supported Richard Nixon in his failed 1960 presidential run, and was also friends with Ronald Reagan. During Reagan's presidency, Gish wrote in a letter to Nancy Reagan, "Every time you and Ronnie open your mouths you echo my thoughts."


title: Lillian Gish

text: During the period of political turmoil in the US that lasted from the outbreak of World War II in Europe until the attack on Pearl Harbor, she maintained an outspoken noninterventionist stance. She was an active member of the America First Committee, an anti-intervention organization founded by a group of law students led by R. Douglas Stuart Jr., with aviation pioneer Charles Lindbergh as its leading spokesman. She said she was blacklisted by the film and theater industries until she signed a contract in which she promised to cease her anti-interventionist activities and never disclose the fact that she had agreed to do so.


title: Lillian Gish

text: Gish died of heart failure on February 27, 1993 at the age of 99. Her ashes were interred beside those of her sister Dorothy at Saint Bartholomew's Episcopal Church in New York City. Her estate was valued at several million dollars, the bulk of which went toward the creation of the Dorothy and Lillian Gish Prize Trust.


title: Lillian Gish

text: A retrospective of Gish's life and achievements was showcased in an episode of the Emmy award-winning PBS series, "American Masters".


title: Lillian Gish

text: American rock band The Smashing Pumpkins named their 1991 debut album "Gish" after her. Singer Billy Corgan explained in an interview, "My grandmother used to tell me that one of the biggest things that ever happened was when Lillian Gish rode through town on a train, my grandmother lived in the middle of nowhere, so that was a big deal..."


title: Lillian Gish

text: "Lillian Gish" is Scottish rhyming slang for fish and urinating. An example of the latter occurs in the Scottish sitcom, "Still Game", when Winston Ingram says, "I'm away for a Lillian Gish"meaning "I'm away for a pish" ("pish" being Scottish vernacular for piss).


title: Sten

text: The STEN (or Sten gun) is a family of British submachine guns chambered in 9×19mm which were used extensively by British and Commonwealth forces throughout World War II and the Korean War. They had a simple design and very low production cost, making them effective insurgency weapons for resistance groups, and they continue to see usage to this day by irregular military forces. The Sten served as the basis for the Sterling submachine gun, which replaced the Sten in British service until the 1990s, when it, and all other submachine guns, were replaced by the SA80.


title: Sten

text: The Sten is a select fire, blowback-operated weapon which mounts its magazine on the left. Sten is an acronym, from the names of the weapon's chief designers, Major Reginald V. Shepherd and Harold J. Turpin, and "En" for the Enfield factory.


title: Sten

text: Over four million Stens in various versions were made in the 1940s, making it the second most produced submachine gun of the Second World War, after the Soviet PPSh-41.


title: Sten

text: The Sten emerged while Britain was engaged in the Battle of Britain, facing invasion by Germany. The army was forced to replace weapons lost during the evacuation from Dunkirk while expanding at the same time. After the start of the war and to 1941 (and even later), the British purchased all the Thompson submachine guns they could from the United States, but these did not meet demand, and Thompsons were expensive, the M1928 costing $200 in 1939 (and still $70 in 1942), whereas a Sten would turn out to cost only $11. American entry into the war at the end of 1941 placed an even bigger demand on the facilities making Thompsons. In order to rapidly equip a sufficient fighting force to counter the Axis threat, the Royal Small Arms Factory, Enfield, was commissioned to produce an alternative.


title: Sten

text: The credited designers were Major R. V. Shepherd, OBE, Inspector of Armaments in the Ministry of Supply Design Department at The Royal Arsenal, Woolwich, (later Assistant Chief Superintendent at the Armaments Design Department) and Harold John Turpin, Senior Draughtsman of the Design Department of the Royal Small Arms Factory (RSAF), Enfield. Shepherd had been recalled to service after having retired and spending some time at the Birmingham Small Arms Company (BSA).


title: Sten

text: The Sten shared design features, such as its side-mounted magazine configuration, with the Lanchester submachine gun being produced at the same time for the Royal Navy and Royal Air Force, which was a copy of the German MP28. In terms of manufacture, the Lanchester was entirely different, being made of high-quality materials with pre-war fit and finish, in stark contrast to the Sten's austere execution. The Lanchester and Sten magazines were even interchangeable (though the Lanchester's magazine was longer with a 50-round capacity, compared to the Sten's 32.)


title: Sten

text: The Sten used simple stamped metal components and minor welding, which required minimal machining and manufacturing. Much of the production could be performed by small workshops, with the firearms assembled at the Enfield site. Over the period of manufacture, the Sten design was further simplified: the most basic model, the Mark III, could be produced from five man-hours of work. Some of the cheapest versions were made from only 47 different parts. The Mark I was a more finely finished weapon with a wooden foregrip and handle; later versions were generally more spartan, although the final version, the Mark V, which was produced after the threat of invasion had died down, was produced to a higher standard.


title: Sten

text: The Sten underwent various design improvements over the course of the war. For example, the Mark 4 cocking handle and corresponding hole drilled in the receiver were created to lock the bolt in the closed position to reduce the likelihood of unintentional discharges inherent in the design. Most changes to the production process were more subtle, designed to give greater ease of manufacture and increased reliability, and the potentially great differences in build quality contributed to the Sten's reputation as being an unreliable weapon. However, a 1940 report stated that "Exaggerated reports about the unreliability [of the Sten] were usually related to the quality of manufacture. Don Handscombe and his comrades in the Thundersley Patrol of the Auxiliary Units rated them more reliable than the Thompson SMG." Sten guns of late 1942 and beyond were highly effective weapons, though complaints of accidental discharge continued throughout the war.


title: Sten

text: The Sten was replaced by the Sterling submachine gun from 1953 and was gradually withdrawn from British service in the 1960s. Other Commonwealth nations followed suit, either by creating their own replacements or adopting foreign designs.


title: Sten

text: The Sten was a blowback-operated submachine gun firing from an open bolt with a fixed firing pin on the face of the bolt. This means the bolt remains to the rear when the weapon is cocked and on pulling the trigger the bolt moves forward from spring pressure, stripping the round from the magazine, chambering it and firing the weapon all in the same movement. There is no breech locking mechanism, the rearward movement of the bolt caused by the recoil impulse is arrested only by the mainspring and the bolt's inertia.


title: Sten

text: The German MP40, Russian PPSh-41, and US M3 submachine gun, among others, used the same operating mechanisms and design philosophy of the Sten, namely their low cost and ease of manufacture. Though the MP40 was also built largely for this purpose, Otto Skorzeny went on record saying that he preferred the Sten because it required less raw material to produce and performed better under adverse combat conditions. The effect of putting lightweight automatic weaponry into the hands of soldiers greatly increased the short-range firepower of the infantry, especially when the main infantry weapon was a bolt-action rifle capable of only around 15 rounds per minute and not suited for short-range combat. The open-bolt firing mechanism, short barrel and use of pistol ammunition severely restricted accuracy and stopping power, with an effective range of only around , compared to for the Lee–Enfield rifle.


title: Sten

text: Stoppages could occur for poor maintenance, while others were particular to the Sten. Carbon build up on the face of the breech or debris in the bolt raceway could cause a failure to fire, while a dirty chamber could cause a failure to feed. Firing the Sten by grasping the magazine with the supporting hand, contrary to instruction, tended to wear the magazine catch, altering the angle of feed and causing a failure to feed; the correct method of holding the weapon was as with a rifle, the left hand cradling the fore piece.


title: Sten

text: The Sten's magazine, which, like the Lanchesters, derived from the MP28, originally to use its magazines, which incorporated the faults of the MP28 magazine. The magazine had two columns of 9 mm cartridges in a staggered arrangement, merging at the top to form a column. While other staggered magazines, such as the Thompson, fed from the left and right side alternately (known as "double column, double feed"), the Sten magazine required the cartridges gradually to merge at the top of the magazine to form a column ("double column, single feed"). Dirt or foreign matter in this taper area could cause feed malfunctions. The walls of the magazine lip had to endure the full stresses of the rounds being pushed in by the spring. This, along with rough handling could result in deformation of the magazine lips (which required a precise 8° feed angle to operate), resulting in misfeeding and a failure to fire. If a Sten failed to feed due to jammed cartridges in the magazine, standard practice to clear it was to remove magazine from the gun, tap the base of the magazine against the knee, re-insert the magazine, then re-cock the weapon and fire again as normal. To facilitate easier loading when attempting to push the cartridges down to insert the next one, a magazine filler tool was developed and formed part of the weapon's kit. The slot on the side of the body where the cocking knob ran was also a target of criticism, as the long opening could allow foreign objects to enter. On the other hand, a beneficial side-effect of the Sten's minimalist design was that it would fire without any lubrication. This proved useful in desert environments such as the Western Desert campaign, where lubricating oil retained dust and sand.