title: David Costabile

text: He has appeared in several television commercials, including ads for Microsoft and FedEx. In 2011, he appeared in "Lie to Me" as Dr. Mitch Grandon, the head doctor of a psychiatric institution in the Season 3 episode "Funhouse". In 2013, he appeared in" Elementary" as Danilo Gura, a custodian of a hospital in the Season 1 episode "Lesser Evils". Costabile appeared as Internal Affairs investigator Simon Boyd in the 2013 TV show "Low Winter Sun". He appeared in "Person of Interest" in Season 1 as Samuel Gates. He appeared in "The Blacklist" in Season 2 as Dr. Linus Creel. He starred in the television series "Dig".


title: David Costabile

text: In an April 2013 article about television, "Wired" magazine called Costabile "a performer who inhabits his characters so perfectly as to consistently be a fan favorite" and "one of the best things about" every television show in which he has appeared.


title: David Costabile

text: Costabile appeared in 2009's "Solitary Man" as Gary, the husband of Jenna Fischer's character. He played Jennifer Aniston's attorney in the 2010 film "The Bounty Hunter". In 2012, he appeared in the film "Lincoln" as Republican representative James Ashley. In 2013, he appeared in Steven Soderbergh's film "Side Effects" as Carl Millbank and as Professor Horstein in "Runner Runner". In 2016, he appeared as the Chief in "".


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Marques Keith Brownlee ( ; born December 3, 1993), also known professionally as MKBHD, is an American YouTuber and professional ultimate Frisbee player, best known for his technology-focused videos as well as his podcast "Waveform". As of August 19, 2022, he has over 16 million subscribers and over 3 billion total video views. Vic Gundotra, a former senior vice president of Google, called Brownlee "the best technology reviewer on the planet right now". The former name of his YouTube channel is a concatenation of MKB (Brownlee's initials) and HD (for high-definition). With New York PoNY, he is the 2022 WFDF World Champion in the Open Category for ultimate Frisbee.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee joined YouTube on March 21, 2008. He first started uploading technology videos in January 2009, while still in high school, about new products or reviews of products he already owned. He produced his first videos through screencasting. His first several hundred videos were primarily hardware tutorials and freeware. As of July 2022, his channel has gained over 10 million subscribers, making MKBHD one of the most subscribed-to technology-focused YouTube channels, according to Social Blade. Brownlee uploaded his 1000th video on March 29, 2018.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee's reviews have been promoted by other review sites as well. Engadget promoted the site in January 2012 when they featured his tour of the then-new cloud storage service called Insync. In November 2013, one of Brownlee's most viral videos was posted based on the LG G Flex, where he performed various scratch tests to portray the self-healing ability of the device. The video reached one million views on the first day. , the video has almost 8 million views. In December 2013, Brownlee did an interview with Motorola CEO Dennis Woodside. In May 2014, Brownlee did the first over-the-air interview with Evan Blass.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee's video review and scratch test of a rumored 4.7-inch sapphire display component for the iPhone 6, uploaded July 7, 2014, gained immediate popularity, being featured on sites such as "The Verge", "Forbes", "HuffPost", "CNET", and "Time Magazine". The video appeared on NBC News, and in newspapers across the world. , the video has gained over 9.1 million views on YouTube and has had over 62,000 ratings. Brownlee also has a similar video regarding a dummy model of the iPhone 6, uploaded a couple of months earlier, which (as of December 2019) has since gained over 6.58 million views on YouTube.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In December 2015, Brownlee interviewed professional NBA basketball player Kobe Bryant, titled "Talking Tech with Kobe Bryant!", in which he talks about tech interests of Kobe and the most recent Kobe-designed Nike shoes, the "Kobe 11".


title: Marques Brownlee

text: During one of the 2016 Democratic presidential primary debates that was cosponsored by YouTube, Brownlee asked the candidates, by video, whether tech companies and the government can find a middle ground over encryption while considering rights to privacy and national security.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In October 2016, he interviewed Apple's senior vice president of software engineering Craig Federighi during the release of their latest MacBook Pro 2016. The latter was, again, invited to Brownlee's channel after WWDC 2020 in June.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In March 2018, he interviewed Neil deGrasse Tyson. In April 2018, Brownlee won Shorty Awards Creator of the Decade. In June 2018, Brownlee was a guest on "Hot Ones". In August 2018, he interviewed Tesla CEO Elon Musk and with assistance of TLD (Jonathan Morrison) filmed "Tesla Factory Tour with Elon Musk!" In December 2018, Brownlee was featured in YouTube Rewind, later releasing a video on his complaints about the series.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In February 2019, he interviewed Bill Gates. In October 2019, he interviewed Microsoft CEO Satya Nadella before Microsoft's Surface announcement, in addition to actor Will Smith.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: He interviewed Bill Gates again in February 2020. In September 2020, he interviewed Mark Zuckerberg, discussing holograms and the future of virtual reality. In December 2020, he interviewed Barack Obama, discussing use of technology and social media in government. In December 2020, he was honored in the Forbes 30 Under 30 listing in its social media category.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In May 2021, Brownlee interviewed Sundar Pichai, CEO of Google on various subjects such as future technology and AI.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: "Retro Tech" is a YouTube Original series produced by Vox Media Studios starring MKBHD which aired on December 2, 2019. In the series, Brownlee interviews fellow YouTube creators and celebrity guests and discusses iconic pieces of technology from the past which have had a major impact on modern life and culture. Season 2 of "Retro Tech" began in April 2021, in which he reviews technology that was believed to be the future but failed to ever reach production or the general public.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee is the host of a technology podcast with co-host Andrew Manganelli, who is a producer for the MKBHD YouTube channel. The podcast is called the "Waveform: The MKBHD Podcast" and is sometimes referred to as "Waveform" and "WVFRM". The podcast is focused on consumer electronics and surrounding topics. The first episode was aired on July 31, 2019. Brownlee announced the podcast on his YouTube channel on August 13, 2019, in the video titled "Introducing Waveform: The MKBHD Podcast!". There have been multiple high-profile guests on the podcast, including iJustine, Mark Zuckerberg, Craig Federighi, and Carl Pei.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee is also the host of another YouTube channel called "The Studio", which focuses on behind-the-scenes activity of the MKBHD team.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: In December 2014, Brownlee started his Smartphone Awards series, where he picks the best phones in certain categories from the past year. In 2017, Brownlee started to create physical awards that were featured in the video, most of which were requested and sent to the companies whose phones won them. The Smartphone Awards are usually posted towards the middle of December, after all of the phones of the year have been released and tested.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Marques Keith Brownlee was born on December 3, 1993. He grew up in Maplewood, New Jersey. He attended Columbia High School graduating in 2011 and studied at the Howe School at Stevens Institute of Technology, where he majored in business and information technology. Brownlee graduated from college in May 2015 and became a full-time YouTuber. His videos were produced at his apartment until he moved out in 2016, and he now works out of a studio in Kearny, New Jersey, using RED video equipment. He owned a Tesla Model S P100D, which he occasionally featured in his channel until he replaced it in 2020 with the Performance (Raven) Model S, and again in 2021 with the Model S Plaid.


title: Marques Brownlee

text: Brownlee is a professional ultimate frisbee player for the New York Empire of the American Ultimate Disc League (AUDL), who were the AUDL champions in 2019 and 2022. Brownlee previously played for the Philadelphia Phoenix (2017) and Garden State Ultimate (2015–2017). Other previous team engagements include the now-defunct New Jersey Hammerheads, a team belonging to the AUDL, and the New York Rumble, which was in the now-defunct league Major League Ultimate.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Sherman Alexander Hemsley (February 1, 1938 – July 24, 2012) was an American actor. He was known for his roles as George Jefferson on the CBS television series "All in the Family" (1973–1975; 1978) and "The Jeffersons" (1975–1985), Deacon Ernest Frye on the NBC series "Amen" (1986–1991), and B. P. Richfield on the ABC series "Dinosaurs". Hemsley also played Judge Carl Robertson on the NBC series "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air". For his work on "The Jeffersons", Hemsley was nominated for a Golden Globe Award and an Emmy Award. Hemsley also won an NAACP Image Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Comedy Series or Special ("The Jeffersons") in 1982.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley was born and raised in South Philadelphia by his mother, who worked in a lamp factory. Hemsley did not meet his father until he was 14. Hemsley graduated from Barrat Middle School. For high school, Hemsley attended Central High School for ninth grade and Bok Technical High School for tenth. Hemsley dropped out of school after the tenth grade and joined the United States Air Force, where he served for four years.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: On leaving the Air Force, Hemsley returned to Philadelphia, where he worked for the United States Postal Service during the day while attending the Academy of Dramatic Arts at night. He then moved to New York, continuing to work for the post office during the day while working as an actor at night. He starred as Gitlow in the early 1970s Broadway musical "Purlie".


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley performed with local groups in Philadelphia before moving to New York to study with Lloyd Richards at the Negro Ensemble Company. Shortly after, he joined Vinnette Carroll's Urban Arts Company appearing in these productions: "But Never Jam Today", "The Lottery", "Old Judge Mose is Dead", "Moon on a Rainbow Shawl", "Step Lively Boys", "Croesus", and "The Witch". Hemsley made his Broadway debut in "Purlie" and toured with the show for a year. In the summer of 1972, Hemsley joined the Vinnette Carroll musical "Don't Bother Me, I Can't Cope" ensemble in Toronto, followed a month later in the American Conservatory Theater production at the Geary Theater. In this production, Hemsley performed the solos "Lookin' Over From Your Side" in Act I and "Sermon" in Act II.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: While Hemsley was on Broadway with "Purlie", Norman Lear called him in 1971 to play the recurring role of George Jefferson in his new sitcom, "All in the Family". Hemsley was reluctant to leave his theatre role, at which Lear told him he would hold the role open for him (another actor, Mel Stewart, played his brother for two episodes during this time). Hemsley joined the cast two years later. The characters of Hemsley and co-star Isabel Sanford were occasional supporting roles in "All in the Family", then were given their own spin-off, "The Jeffersons", in 1975. "The Jeffersons" proved to be one of Lear's most successful series, enjoying a run of eleven seasons through 1985.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley continued to work steadily after the show's cancellation, largely typecast in George Jefferson-like roles. He teamed with the sitcom's original cast members when "The Jeffersons" moved to Broadway for a brief run. Hemsley later joined the cast of NBC's "Amen" in 1986 as Deacon Ernest Frye, a church deacon. The sitcom enjoyed a run of five seasons, ending in 1991. Hemsley then was a voice actor in the ABC live-action puppet series "Dinosaurs", where he played Bradley P. Richfield, the boss of the main character, Earl. The series ran four seasons, ending in 1994. In 1995, Hemsley made four appearances in the sitcom "Sister, Sister" as Tia and Tamera Mowry's grandfather. In 1996, he had the lead role in the TV comedy series "Goode Behavior", which lasted for one season.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Hemsley then cut back on his acting career, although Isabel Sanford and he occasionally appeared together in the mid to late 1990s and in the early 2000s, reprising their popular roles in guest appearances on such television series as "The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air"; in commercials for The Gap, Old Navy, and Denny's; and at dry cleaning conventions. He also starred with Sanford in a touring company of "The Real Live Jeffersons" stage show in the 1990s. Sanford and he made a cameo appearance in the film "Sprung" (1997). They continued to work together on occasion until Sanford's health declined prior to her death in 2004. In 2001, Hemsley appeared as a contestant on the "Celebrity Classic TV Edition" special of ABC's hit primetime quiz show "Who Wants to Be a Millionaire" and won $125,000 for his charity. Hemsley also made a voice appearance as himself in the Seth MacFarlane animated comedy "Family Guy" in 2005. He appeared in the film "" (2009). In 2011, he reprised his role as George Jefferson for the final time, alongside Marla Gibbs as Florence Johnston, on "Tyler Perry's House of Payne". Hemsley was inducted into the Television Academy Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: In 1989, Hemsley, who had been a jazz keyboardist, released a single, "Ain't That a Kick in the Head." This was followed in 1992 by "Dance", an album of rhythm and blues music. He appeared on "Soul Train" around the time of the record's release and also performed the song "Eyes in the Dark.” Hemsley was an enthusiastic fan of 1970s progressive rock bands, including Yes, Gentle Giant, Gong, and Nektar.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: Unlike the characters he played, Hemsley was a shy and intensely private man, described by some as reclusive. He avoided the Hollywood limelight and little of his personal life was public knowledge beyond the facts that he never married and he had no children. In 2003, however, Hemsley granted a rare video interview to the Archive of American Television. "[Playing George Jefferson] was hard for me, but he was the character. I had to do it."


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: On July 24, 2012, Hemsley died at his home in El Paso, Texas, at age 74. The cause of death was given as superior vena cava syndrome, a complication associated with lung and bronchial carcinomas. He had a malignant mass on one of his lungs for which chemotherapy and radiation had been recommended, according to the El Paso County Texas Medical Examiner's report.


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: On August 28, 2012, an El Paso news anchor interviewed Flora Isela Enchinton, the sole beneficiary of Hemsley's will, who said that the two were friends and had been business partners for more than two decades. During this time she lived with Hemsley and his friend Kenny Johnston. Enchinton told the Associated Press that Hemsley never mentioned any relatives. "Some people come out of the woodwork - they think Sherman, they think money", Enchinton told AP. "But the fact is that I did not know Sherman when he was in the limelight. I met them when they [Hemsley and Johnston] came running from Los Angeles with not one penny, when there was nothing but struggle."


title: Sherman Hemsley

text: A Philadelphia man named Richard Thornton claimed to be Hemsley's brother and the true heir to his estate. After contesting the will, Thornton halted progress on funeral arrangements, and as a result, Hemsley's body remained at the San Jose Funeral Home in El Paso and unburied for months. On November 9, 2012, the legal battle over Hemsley's body ended when Judge Patricia Chew ruled in favor of Enchinton. A military funeral was planned for Hemsley. He was interred at Fort Bliss National Cemetery in his adopted hometown of El Paso.


title: Sonam Bajwa

text: Sonampreet Bajwa (born 16 August 1989) is an Indian model and actress who predominantly appears in Punjabi language films, alongside few Hindi films. In addition to few Tamil and Telugu films. She participated in the Femina Miss India contest in 2012. Sonam Bajwa started her acting career in 2013 with the Punjabi film "Best Of Luck". She played the leading female role in the 2014 film "Punjab 1984". She won the PTC Punjabi Film Awards for Best Actress in 2020 for "Ardab Mutiyaran".


title: Sonam Bajwa

text: Bajwa was born on 16 August 1989 in Nainital and is a Punjabi. She studied at Delhi University. She moved to Mumbai in 2012, she participated in the Femina Miss India contest. She became an air hostess and pursued a career in acting.


title: Sonam Bajwa

text: She debuted with the Punjabi film "Best Of Luck" (2013) and played the female lead in period drama "Punjab 1984" (2014). She has also appeared in Tamil romantic comedy "Kappal" in 2014.


title: Sonam Bajwa

text: She was nominated for the PTC Punjabi Film Awards for Best Actress award for "Carry on Jatta 2" in 2019 and won it in 2020 for "Ardab Mutiyaran".


title: Sonam Bajwa

text: Bajwa was ranked at No. 1 in the Chandigarh Times Most Desirable Woman in 2016, at No. 1 in 2017, at No. 2 in 2018, at No. 1 in 2019, at No. 4 in 2020.


title: Deinonychus

text: Deinonychus ( ; ) is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur with one described species, Deinonychus antirrhopus. This species, which could grow up to long, lived during the early Cretaceous Period, about 115–108 million years ago (from the mid-Aptian to early Albian stages). Fossils have been recovered from the U.S. states of Montana, Utah, Wyoming, and Oklahoma, in rocks of the Cloverly Formation, Cedar Mountain Formation and Antlers Formation, though teeth that may belong to "Deinonychus" have been found much farther east in Maryland.


title: Deinonychus

text: Paleontologist John Ostrom's study of "Deinonychus" in the late 1960s revolutionized the way scientists thought about dinosaurs, leading to the "dinosaur renaissance" and igniting the debate on whether dinosaurs were warm-blooded or cold-blooded. Before this, the popular conception of dinosaurs had been one of plodding, reptilian giants. Ostrom noted the small body, sleek, horizontal posture, ratite-like spine, and especially the enlarged raptorial claws on the feet, which suggested an active, agile predator.


title: Deinonychus

text: "Terrible claw" refers to the unusually large, sickle-shaped talon on the second toe of each hind foot. The fossil YPM 5205 preserves a large, strongly curved ungual. In life, archosaurs have a horny sheath over this bone, which extends the length. Ostrom looked at crocodile and bird claws and reconstructed the claw for YPM 5205 as over long. The species name "antirrhopus" means "counter balance", which refers to Ostrom's idea about the function of the tail. As in other dromaeosaurids, the tail vertebrae have a series of ossified tendons and super-elongated bone processes. These features seemed to make the tail into a stiff counterbalance, but a fossil of the very closely related "Velociraptor mongoliensis" ("IGM" 100/986) has an articulated tail skeleton that is curved laterally in a long S-shape. This suggests that, in life, the tail could bend to the sides with a high degree of flexibility. In both the Cloverly and Antlers formations, "Deinonychus" remains have been found closely associated with those of the ornithopod "Tenontosaurus". Teeth discovered associated with "Tenontosaurus" specimens imply they were hunted, or at least scavenged upon, by "Deinonychus".


title: Deinonychus

text: Fossilized remains of "Deinonychus" have been recovered from the Cloverly Formation of Montana and Wyoming and in the roughly contemporary Antlers Formation of Oklahoma, in North America. The Cloverly formation has been dated to the late Aptian through early Albian stages of the early Cretaceous, about 115 to 108 Ma. Additionally, teeth found in the Arundel Clay Facies (mid-Aptian), of the Potomac Formation on the Atlantic Coastal Plain of Maryland may be assigned to the genus.


title: Deinonychus

text: The first remains were uncovered in 1931 in southern Montana near the town of Billings. The team leader, paleontologist Barnum Brown, was primarily concerned with excavating and preparing the remains of the ornithopod dinosaur "Tenontosaurus", but in his field report from the dig site to the American Museum of Natural History, he reported the discovery of a small carnivorous dinosaur close to a "Tenontosaurus" skeleton, "but encased in lime difficult to prepare." He informally called the animal "Daptosaurus agilis" and made preparations for describing it and having the skeleton, specimen AMNH 3015, put on display, but never finished this work. Brown brought back from the Cloverly Formation the skeleton of a smaller theropod with seemingly oversized teeth that he informally named "Megadontosaurus". John Ostrom, reviewing this material decades later, realized that the teeth came from "Deinonychus", but the skeleton came from a completely different animal. He named this skeleton "Microvenator".


title: Deinonychus

text: A little more than thirty years later, in August 1964, paleontologist John Ostrom led an expedition from Yale's Peabody Museum of Natural History which discovered more skeletal material near Bridger. Expeditions during the following two summers uncovered more than 1,000 bones, among which were at least three individuals. Since the association between the various recovered bones was weak, making the exact number of individual animals represented impossible to determine properly, the type specimen (YPM 5205) of "Deinonychus" was restricted to the complete left foot and partial right foot that definitely belonged to the same individual. The remaining specimens were catalogued in fifty separate entries at Yale's Peabody Museum although they could have been from as few as three individuals.


title: Deinonychus

text: Later study by Ostrom and Grant E. Meyer analyzed their own material as well as Brown's "Daptosaurus" in detail and found them to be the same species. Ostrom first published his findings in February 1969, giving all the referred remains the new name of "Deinonychus antirrhopus". The specific name ""antirrhopus"", from Greek ἀντίρροπος, means "counterbalancing" and refers to the likely purpose of a stiffened tail. In July 1969, Ostrom published a very extensive monograph on "Deinonychus".


title: Deinonychus

text: Though a myriad of bones was available by 1969, many important ones were missing or hard to interpret. There were few postorbital skull elements, no femurs, no sacrum, no furcula or sternum, missing vertebrae, and (Ostrom thought) only a tiny fragment of a coracoid. Ostrom's skeletal reconstruction of "Deinonychus" included a very unusual pelvic bone—a pubis that was trapezoidal and flat, unlike that of other theropods, but which was the same length as the ischium and which was found right next to it.


title: Deinonychus

text: In 1974, Ostrom published another monograph on the shoulder of "Deinonychus" in which he realized that the pubis that he had described was actually a coracoid—a shoulder element. In that same year, another specimen of "Deinonychus", MCZ 4371, was discovered and excavated in Montana by Steven Orzack during a Harvard University expedition headed by Farish Jenkins. This discovery added several new elements: well preserved femora, pubes, a sacrum, and better ilia, as well as elements of the pes and metatarsus. Ostrom described this specimen and revised his skeletal restoration of "Deinonychus". This time it showed the very long pubis, and Ostrom began to suspect that they may have even been a little retroverted like those of birds.


title: Deinonychus

text: A skeleton of "Deinonychus", including bones from the original (and most complete) AMNH 3015 specimen, can be seen on display at the American Museum of Natural History, with another specimen (MCZ 4371) on display at the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard University. The American Museum and Harvard specimens are from a different locality than the Yale specimens. Even these two skeletal mounts are lacking elements, including the sterna, sternal ribs, furcula, and gastralia.


title: Deinonychus

text: Even after all Ostrom's work, several small blocks of lime-encased material remained unprepared in storage at the American Museum. These consisted mostly of isolated bones and bone fragments, including the original matrix, or surrounding rock in which the specimens were initially buried. An examination of these unprepared blocks by Gerald Grellet-Tinner and Peter Makovicky in 2000 revealed an interesting, overlooked feature. Several long, thin bones identified on the blocks as ossified tendons (structures that helped stiffen the tail of "Deinonychus") turned out to actually represent gastralia (abdominal ribs). More significantly, a large number of previously unnoticed fossilized eggshells were discovered in the rock matrix that had surrounded the original "Deinonychus" specimen.


title: Deinonychus

text: In a subsequent, more detailed report, on the eggshells, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky concluded that the egg almost certainly belonged to "Deinonychus", representing the first dromaeosaurid egg to be identified. Moreover, the external surface of one eggshell was found in close contact with the gastralia suggesting that "Deinonychus" might have brooded its eggs. This implies that "Deinonychus" used body heat transfer as a mechanism for egg incubation, and indicates an endothermy similar to modern birds. Further study by Gregory Erickson and colleagues finds that this individual was 13 or 14 years old at death and its growth had plateaued. Unlike other theropods in their study of specimens found associated with eggs or nests, it had finished growing at the time of its death.


title: Deinonychus

text: Ostrom's description of "Deinonychus" in 1969 has been described as the most important single discovery of dinosaur paleontology in the mid-20th century. The discovery of this clearly active, agile predator did much to change the scientific (and popular) conception of dinosaurs and opened the door to speculation that some dinosaurs may have been warm-blooded. This development has been termed the dinosaur renaissance. Several years later, Ostrom noted similarities between the forefeet of "Deinonychus" and that of birds, an observation which led him to revive the hypothesis that birds are descended from dinosaurs. Forty years later, this idea is almost universally accepted.


title: Deinonychus

text: Because of its extremely bird-like anatomy and close relationship to other dromaeosaurids, paleontologists hypothesize that "Deinonychus" was probably covered in feathers. Clear fossil evidence of modern avian-style feathers exists for several related dromaeosaurids, including "Velociraptor" and "Microraptor", though no direct evidence is yet known for "Deinonychus" itself. When conducting studies of such areas as the range of motion in the forelimbs, paleontologists like Phil Senter have taken the likely presence of wing feathers (as present in all known dromaeosaurs with skin impressions) into consideration.


title: Deinonychus

text: Based on the few fully mature specimens, Paul estimated that "Deinonychus" could reach in length, with a skull length of , a hip height of and a body mass of . Campione and his colleagues proposed a higher mass estimate of based on femur and humerus circumference. The skull was equipped with powerful jaws lined with around seventy curved, blade-like teeth. Studies of the skull have progressed a great deal over the decades. Ostrom reconstructed the partial, imperfectly preserved skulls that he had as triangular, broad, and fairly similar to "Allosaurus". Additional "Deinonychus" skull material and closely related species found with good three-dimensional preservation show that the palate was more vaulted than Ostrom thought, making the snout far narrower, while the jugals flared broadly, giving greater stereoscopic vision. The skull of "Deinonychus" was different from that of "Velociraptor", however, in that it had a more robust skull roof, like that of "Dromaeosaurus", and did not have the depressed nasals of "Velociraptor". Both the skull and the lower jaw had fenestrae (skull openings) which reduced the weight of the skull. In "Deinonychus", the antorbital fenestra, a skull opening between the eye and nostril, was particularly large.


title: Deinonychus

text: "Deinonychus" possessed large "hands" (manus) with three claws on each forelimb. The first digit was shortest and the second was longest. Each hind foot bore a sickle-shaped claw on the second digit, which was probably used during predation.


title: Deinonychus

text: No skin impressions have ever been found in association with fossils of "Deinonychus". Nonetheless, the evidence suggests that the Dromaeosauridae, including "Deinonychus", had feathers. The genus "Microraptor" is both older geologically and more primitive phylogenetically than "Deinonychus", and within the same family. Multiple fossils of "Microraptor" preserve pennaceous, vaned feathers like those of modern birds on the arms, legs, and tail, along with covert and contour feathers. "Velociraptor" is geologically younger than "Deinonychus", but even more closely related. A specimen of "Velociraptor" has been found with quill knobs on the ulna. Quill knobs are where the follicular ligaments attached, and are a direct indicator of feathers of modern aspect.


title: Deinonychus

text: "Deinonychus antirrhopus" is one of the best known dromaeosaurid species, and also a close relative of the smaller "Velociraptor", which is found in younger, Late Cretaceous-age rock formations in Central Asia. The clade they form is called Velociraptorinae. The subfamily name Velociraptorinae was first coined by Rinchen Barsbold in 1983 and originally contained the single genus "Velociraptor". Later, Phil Currie included most of the dromaeosaurids. Two Late Cretaceous genera, "Tsaagan" from Mongolia and the North American "Saurornitholestes", may also be close relatives, but the latter is poorly known and hard to classify. "Velociraptor" and its allies are regarded as using their claws more than their skulls as killing tools, as opposed to dromaeosaurines like "Dromaeosaurus", which have stockier skulls. Phylogenetically, the dromaeosaurids represent one of the non-avialan dinosaur groups most closely related to birds. The cladogram below follows a 2015 analysis by paleontologists Robert DePalma, David Burnham, Larry Martin, Peter Larson, and Robert Bakker, using updated data from the Theropod Working Group. This study currently classifies "Deinonychus" as a member of the Dromaeosaurinae.


title: Deinonychus

text: A 2021 study of the dromaeosaurid "Kansaignathus" recovered "Deinonychus" as a velociraptorine rather than a dromaeosaurine, with "Kansaignathus" being an intermediate basal form more advanced than "Deinonychus" but more primitive than "Velociraptor". The cladogram below showcases these newly described relationships:


title: Deinonychus

text: "Deinonychus" teeth found in association with fossils of the ornithopod dinosaur "Tenontosaurus" are quite common in the Cloverly Formation. Two quarries have been discovered that preserve fairly complete "Deinonychus" fossils near "Tenontosaurus" fossils. The first, the Yale quarry in the Cloverly of Montana, includes numerous teeth, four adult "Deinonychus" and one juvenile "Deinonychus". The association of this number of "Deinonychus" skeletons in a single quarry suggests that "Deinonychus" may have fed on that animal, and perhaps hunted it. Ostrom and Maxwell have even used this information to speculate that "Deinonychus" might have lived and hunted in packs. The second such quarry is from the Antlers Formation of Oklahoma. The site contains six partial skeletons of "Tenontosaurus" of various sizes, along with one partial skeleton and many teeth of "Deinonychus". One tenontosaur humerus even bears what might be "Deinonychus" tooth marks. Brinkman "et al." (1998) point out that "Deinonychus" had an adult mass of 70–100 kilograms, whereas adult tenontosaurs were 1–4 metric tons. A solitary "Deinonychus" could not kill an adult tenontosaur, suggesting that pack hunting is possible.


title: Deinonychus

text: A 2007 study by Roach and Brinkman has called into question the cooperative pack hunting behavior of "Deinonychus", based on what is known of modern carnivore hunting and the taphonomy of tenontosaur sites. Modern archosaurs (birds and crocodiles) and Komodo dragons typically display little cooperative hunting; instead, they are usually either solitary hunters, or are drawn to previously killed carcasses, where much conflict occurs between individuals of the same species. For example, in situations where groups of Komodo dragons are eating together, the largest individuals eat first and will attack smaller Komodos that attempt to feed; if the smaller animal is killed, it is cannibalized. When this information is applied to the tenontosaur sites, it appears that what is found is consistent with "Deinonychus" having a Komodo or crocodile-like feeding strategy. "Deinonychus" skeletal remains found at these sites are from subadults, with missing parts consistent with having been eaten by other "Deinonychus". On the other hand, a paper by Li "et al." describes track sites with similar foot spacing and parallel trackways, implying gregarious packing behavior instead of uncoordinated feeding behavior. Contrary to the claim crocodilians do not hunt cooperatively, they have actually been observed to hunt cooperatively, meaning that the notion of infighting, competition for food and cannibalism ruling out cooperative feeding may actually be a false dichotomy.


title: Deinonychus

text: In 2009, Manning and colleagues interpreted dromaeosaur claw tips as functioning as a puncture and gripping element, whereas the expanded rear portion of the claw transferred load stress through the structure. They argue that the anatomy, form, and function of the foot's recurved digit II and hand claws of dromaeosaurs support a prey capture/grappling/climbing function. The team also suggest that a ratchet-like ‘‘locking’’ ligament might have provided an energy-efficient way for dromaeosaurs to hook their recurved digit II claw into prey. Shifting body weight locked the claws passively, allowing their jaws to dispatch prey. They conclude that the enhanced climbing abilities of dromaeosaur dinosaurs supported a scansorial (climbing) phase in the evolution of flight. In 2011, Denver Fowler and colleagues suggested a new method by which "Deinonychus" and other dromaeosaurs may have captured and restrained prey. This model, known as the "raptor prey restraint" (RPR) model of predation, proposes that "Deinonychus" killed its prey in a manner very similar to extant accipitrid birds of prey: by leaping onto its quarry, pinning it under its body weight, and gripping it tightly with the large, sickle-shaped claws. Like accipitrids, the dromaeosaur would then begin to feed on the animal while still alive, until it eventually died from blood loss and organ failure. This proposal is based primarily on comparisons between the morphology and proportions of the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs to several groups of extant birds of prey with known predatory behaviors. Fowler found that the feet and legs of dromaeosaurs most closely resemble those of eagles and hawks, especially in terms of having an enlarged second claw and a similar range of grasping motion. However, the short metatarsus and foot strength would have been more similar to that of owls. The RPR method of predation would be consistent with other aspects of "Deinonychus"'s anatomy, such as their unusual jaw and arm morphology. The arms were likely covered in long feathers, and may have been used as flapping stabilizers for balance while atop struggling prey, along with the stiff counterbalancing tail. Its jaws, thought to have had a comparatively weak bite force, might be used for saw motion bites, like the modern Komodo dragon which also has a weak bite force, to finish off its prey if its kicks were not powerful enough.


title: Deinonychus

text: Bite force estimates for "Deinonychus" were first produced in 2005, based on reconstructed jaw musculature. This study concluded that "Deinonychus" likely had a maximum bite force only 15% that of the modern American alligator. A 2010 study by Paul Gignac and colleagues attempted to estimate the bite force based directly on newly discovered "Deinonychus" tooth puncture marks in the bones of a "Tenontosaurus". These puncture marks came from a large individual, and provided the first evidence that large "Deinonychus" could bite through bone. Using the tooth marks, Gignac's team were able to determine that the bite force of "Deinonychus" was significantly higher than earlier studies had estimated by biomechanical studies alone. They found the bite force of "Deinonychus" to be between 4,100 and 8,200 newtons, greater than living carnivorous mammals including the hyena, and equivalent to a similarly-sized alligator.


title: Deinonychus

text: Gignac and colleagues also noted, however, that bone puncture marks from "Deinonychus" are relatively rare, and unlike larger theropods with many known puncture marks like "Tyrannosaurus", "Deinonychus" probably did not frequently bite through or eat bone. Instead, they probably used their strong bite force for defense or to capture prey, rather than for feeding.


title: Deinonychus

text: Despite being the most distinctive feature of "Deinonychus", the shape and curvature of the sickle claw varies between specimens. The type specimen described by Ostrom in 1969 has a strongly curved sickle claw, while a newer specimen described in 1976 had a claw with much weaker curvature, more similar in profile with the 'normal' claws on the remaining toes. Ostrom suggested that this difference in the size and shape of the sickle claws could be due to individual, sexual, or age-related variation, but admitted he could not be sure.


title: Deinonychus

text: There is anatomical and trackway evidence that this talon was held up off the ground while the dinosaur walked on the third and fourth toes.


title: Deinonychus

text: Ostrom suggested that "Deinonychus" could kick with the sickle claw to cut and slash at its prey. Some researchers even suggested that the talon was used to disembowel large ceratopsian dinosaurs. Other studies have suggested that the sickle claws were not used to slash but rather to deliver small stabs to the victim. In 2005, Manning and colleagues ran tests on a robotic replica that precisely matched the anatomy of "Deinonychus" and "Velociraptor", and used hydraulic rams to make the robot strike a pig carcass. In these tests, the talons made only shallow punctures and could not cut or slash. The authors suggested that the talons would have been more effective in climbing than in dealing killing blows. In 2009, Manning and colleagues undertook additional analysis dromaeosaur claw function, using a numerical modelling approach to generate a 3D finite element stress/ strain map of a Velociraptor hand claw. They went on to quantitatively evaluate the mechanical behavior of dromaeosaur claws and their function. They state that dromaeosaur claws were well-adapted for climbing as they were resistant to forces acting in a single (longitudinal) plane, due to gravity.


title: Deinonychus

text: Ostrom compared "Deinonychus" to the ostrich and cassowary. He noted that the bird species can inflict serious injury with the large claw on the second toe. The cassowary has claws up to long. Ostrom cited Gilliard (1958) in saying that they can sever an arm or disembowel a man. Kofron (1999 and 2003) studied 241 documented cassowary attacks and found that one human and two dogs had been killed, but no evidence that cassowaries can disembowel or dismember other animals. Cassowaries use their claws to defend themselves, to attack threatening animals, and in agonistic displays such as the Bowed Threat Display. The seriema also has an enlarged second toe claw, and uses it to tear apart small prey items for swallowing. In 2011, a study suggested that the sickle claw would likely have been used to pin down prey while biting it, rather than as a slashing weapon.


title: Deinonychus

text: Biomechanical studies by Ken Carpenter in 2002 confirmed that the most likely function of the forelimbs in predation was grasping, as their great lengths would have permitted longer reach than for most other theropods. The rather large and elongated coracoid, indicating powerful muscles in the forelimbs, further strengthened this interpretation. Carpenter's biomechanical studies using bone casts also showed that "Deinonychus" could not fold its arms against its body like a bird ("avian folding"), contrary to what was inferred from the earlier 1985 descriptions by Jacques Gauthier and Gregory S. Paul in 1988.


title: Deinonychus

text: Studies by Phil Senter in 2006 indicated that "Deinonychus" forelimbs could be used not only for grasping, but also for clutching objects towards the chest. If "Deinonychus" had feathered fingers and wings, the feathers would have limited the range of motion of the forelimbs to some degree. For example, when "Deinonychus" extended its arm forward, the 'palm' of the hand automatically rotated to an upward-facing position. This would have caused one wing to block the other if both forelimbs were extended at the same time, leading Senter to conclude that clutching objects to the chest would have only been accomplished with one arm at a time. The function of the fingers would also have been limited by feathers; for example, only the third digit of the hand could have been employed in activities such as probing crevices for small prey items, and only in a position perpendicular to the main wing. Alan Gishlick, in a 2001 study of "Deinonychus" forelimb mechanics, found that even if large wing feathers were present, the grasping ability of the hand would not have been significantly hindered; rather, grasping would have been accomplished perpendicular to the wing, and objects likely would have been held by both hands simultaneously in a "bear hug" fashion, findings which have been supported by the later forelimb studies by Carpenter and Senter. In a 2001 study conducted by Bruce Rothschild and other paleontologists, 43 hand bones and 52 foot bones referred to "Deinonychus" were examined for signs of stress fracture; none were found. The second phalanx of the second toe in the specimen YPM 5205 has a healed fracture.


title: Deinonychus

text: Parsons and Parsons have shown that juvenile and sub-adult specimens of "Deinonychus" display some morphological differences from the adults. For instance, the arms of the younger specimens were proportionally longer than those of the adults, a possible indication of difference in behavior between young and adults. Another example of this could be the function of the pedal claws. Parsons and Parsons have suggested that the claw curvature (which Ostrom [1976] had already shown was different between specimens) maybe was greater for juvenile "Deinonychus", as this could help it climb in trees, and that the claws became straighter as the animal became older and started to live solely on the ground. This was based on the hypothesis that some small dromaeosaurids used their pedal claws for climbing.


title: Deinonychus

text: In a 2015 paper, it was reported after further analysis of immature fossils that the open and mobile nature of the shoulder joint might have meant that young "Deinonychus" were capable of some form of flight.


title: Deinonychus

text: Dromaeosaurids, especially "Deinonychus", are often depicted as unusually fast-running animals in the popular media, and Ostrom himself speculated that "Deinonychus" was fleet-footed in his original description. However, when first described, a complete leg of "Deinonychus" had not been found, and Ostrom's speculation about the length of the femur (upper leg bone) later proved to have been an overestimate. In a later study, Ostrom noted that the ratio of the femur to the tibia (lower leg bone) is not as important in determining speed as the relative length of the foot and lower leg. In modern fleet-footed birds, like the ostrich, the foot-tibia ratio is .95. In unusually fast-running dinosaurs, like "Struthiomimus", the ratio is .68, but in "Deinonychus" the ratio is .48. Ostrom stated that the "only reasonable conclusion" is that "Deinonychus", while far from slow-moving, was not particularly fast compared to other dinosaurs, and certainly not as fast as modern flightless birds.


title: Deinonychus

text: The low foot to lower leg ratio in "Deinonychus" is due partly to an unusually short metatarsus (upper foot bones). The ratio is actually larger in smaller individuals than in larger ones. Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus may be related to the function of the sickle claw, and used the fact that it appears to get shorter as individuals aged as support for this. He interpreted all these features—the short second toe with enlarged claw, short metatarsus, etc.—as support for the use of the hind leg as an offensive weapon, where the sickle claw would strike downwards and backwards, and the leg pulled back and down at the same time, slashing and tearing at the prey. Ostrom suggested that the short metatarsus reduced overall stress on the leg bones during such an attack, and interpreted the unusual arrangement of muscle attachments in the "Deinonychus" leg as support for his idea that a different set of muscles was used in the predatory stroke than in walking or running. Therefore, Ostrom concluded that the legs of "Deinonychus" represented a balance between running adaptations needed for an agile predator, and stress-reducing features to compensate for its unique foot weapon.


title: Deinonychus

text: In his 1981 study of Canadian dinosaur footprints, Richard Kool produced rough walking speed estimates based on several trackways made by different species in the Gething Formation of British Columbia. Kool estimated one of these trackways, representing the ichnospecies "Irenichnites gracilis" (which may have been made by "Deinonychus"), to have a walking speed of 10.1 kilometers per hour (6 miles per hour).


title: Deinonychus

text: The identification, in 2000, of a probable "Deinonychus" egg associated with one of the original specimens allowed comparison with other theropod dinosaurs in terms of egg structure, nesting, and reproduction. In their 2006 examination of the specimen, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky examined the possibility that the dromaeosaurid had been feeding on the egg, or that the egg fragments had been associated with the "Deinonychus" skeleton by coincidence. They dismissed the idea that the egg had been a meal for the theropod, noting that the fragments were sandwiched between the belly ribs and forelimb bones, making it impossible that they represented contents of the animal's stomach. In addition, the manner in which the egg had been crushed and fragmented indicated that it had been intact at the time of burial, and was broken by the fossilization process. The idea that the egg was randomly associated with the dinosaur was also found to be unlikely; the bones surrounding the egg had not been scattered or disarticulated, but remained fairly intact relative to their positions in life, indicating that the area around and including the egg was not disturbed during preservation. The fact that these bones were belly ribs (gastralia), which are very rarely found articulated, supported this interpretation. All the evidence, according to Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky, indicates that the egg was intact beneath the body of the "Deinonychus" when it was buried. It is possible that this represents brooding or nesting behavior in "Deinonychus" similar to that seen in the related troodontids and oviraptorids, or that the egg was in fact inside the oviduct when the animal died.


title: Deinonychus

text: Examination of the "Deinonychus" egg's microstructure confirms that it belonged to a theropod, since it shares characteristics with other known theropod eggs and shows dissimilarities with ornithischian and sauropod eggs. Compared to other maniraptoran theropods, the egg of "Deinonychus" is more similar to those of oviraptorids than to those of troodontids, despite studies that show the latter are more closely related to dromaeosaurids like "Deinonychus". While the egg was too badly crushed to accurately determine its size, Grellet-Tinner and Makovicky estimated a diameter of about based on the width of the pelvic canal through which the egg had to have passed. This size is similar to the diameter of the largest "Citipati" (an oviraptorid) eggs; "Citipati" and "Deinonychus" also shared the same overall body size, supporting this estimate. Additionally, the thicknesses of "Citipati" and "Deinonychus" eggshells are almost identical, and since shell thickness correlates with egg volume, this further supports the idea that the eggs of these two animals were about the same size.


title: Deinonychus

text: A study published in November 2018 by Norell, Yang and Wiemann et al., indicates that "Deinonychus" laid blue eggs, likely to camouflage them as well as creating open nests. The study also indicates that "Deinonychus" and other dinosaurs that created open nests likely represent an origin of color in modern bird eggs as an adaptation both for recognition and camouflage against predators.


title: Deinonychus

text: A study on "Deinonychus" tooth isotopes suggests precociality in the genus. The isotopes examined for different aged specimens indicates that adults and juveniles had different diets across the various age groups. As the data suggests that "Deinonychus" had a more typical reptilian set of life stages, the examinations also have been stated to indicate a lack of complex, cooperative social behavior found in mammalian terrestrial pack-hunters such as wolves.


title: Deinonychus

text: Geological evidence suggests that "Deinonychus" inhabited a floodplain or swamplike habitat. The paleoenvironment of both the upper Cloverly Formation and the Antlers Formation, in which remains of "Deinonychus" have been found, consisted of tropical or sub-tropical forests, deltas and lagoons, not unlike today's Louisiana.


title: Deinonychus

text: Other animals "Deinonychus" shared its world with include herbivorous dinosaurs such as the armored "Sauropelta" and the ornithopods "Zephyrosaurus" and "Tenontosaurus". In Oklahoma, the ecosystem of "Deinonychus" also included the large theropod "Acrocanthosaurus", the huge sauropod "Sauroposeidon", the crocodilians "Goniopholis" and "Paluxysuchus", and the gar "Lepisosteus". If the teeth found in Maryland are those of "Deinonychus", then its contemporaries would include "Astrodon" and a nodosaur (called "Priconodon") only known from teeth. The middle portion of the Cloverly Formation ranges in age from 115 ± 10 Ma near the base to 108.5 ± 0.2 Ma near the top.


title: Deinonychus

text: "Deinonychus" were featured prominently in the novel "Carnosaur" by "Harry Adam Knight" and its film adaption, and the novels "Jurassic Park" and "The Lost World" by Michael Crichton and their film adaptations, directed by Steven Spielberg. Crichton ultimately chose to use the name "Velociraptor" for these dinosaurs, rather than "Deinonychus". Crichton had met with John Ostrom several times during the writing process to discuss details of the possible range of behaviors and life appearance of "Deinonychus". Crichton at one point apologetically told Ostrom that he had decided to use the name "Velociraptor" in place of "Deinonychus" for his book, because he felt the former name was "more dramatic". Despite this, according to Ostrom, Crichton stated that the "Velociraptor" of the novel was based on "Deinonychus" in almost every detail, and that only the name had been changed.


title: Deinonychus

text: The "Jurassic Park" filmmakers followed suit, designing the film's models based almost entirely on "Deinonychus" instead of the actual "Velociraptor", and they reportedly requested all of Ostrom's published papers on "Deinonychus" during production. As a result, they portrayed the film's dinosaurs with the size, proportions, and snout shape of "Deinonychus".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The boogaloo movement, whose adherents are often referred to as boogaloo boys or boogaloo bois, is a loosely organized far-right anti-government extremist movement in the United States. It has also been described as a militia. Adherents say they are preparing for, or seek to incite, a second American Civil War or second American Revolution which they call "the boogaloo" or "the boog".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The movement consists of pro-gun, anti-government groups. The specific ideology of each group varies and views on topics such as race differ widely. Some are white supremacist or neo-Nazi groups who believe that the impending unrest will be a race war. There are also groups that condemn racism and white supremacy, although attempts by some individual elements of the movement to support anti-racist groups and movements such as Black Lives Matter have been met with wariness and skepticism, and researchers and journalists are unsure if they are genuine or meant to obscure the movement's actual objectives.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The movement primarily organizes online, but adherents have appeared at in-person events including anti-lockdown and George Floyd protests. Heavily armed, boogaloo members are often identified by their attire of Hawaiian shirts and military fatigues.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: "Boogaloo" emerged on 4chan and subsequently spread to other platforms. Although usage of the term dates back to 2012, the movement did not gain mainstream attention until late 2019. Adherents use "boogaloo", including variations so as to avoid social media crackdowns, to refer to violent uprisings against the federal government, often anticipated to follow government confiscation of firearms.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Individuals affiliated with the boogaloo movement have been charged with crimes, including the killings of a security contractor and a police officer, a plot to kidnap Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer, and incidents related to participation in the George Floyd protests. In mid-2020, several companies acted to limit the movement's activities and visibility on their social media and chat platforms.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The term "boogaloo" alludes to the 1984 sequel film "", which was derided by critics as a derivative rehash. Subsequently, appending "2: Electric Boogaloo" to a name became a jocular verbal template for any kind of sequel, especially one that strongly mimics the original. The boogaloo movement adopted its identity based on the anticipation of a second American Civil War or second American Revolution, which was referred to as "Civil War 2: Electric Boogaloo" and became popularly known among adherents as "the boogaloo".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Participants in the boogaloo movement also use other similar-sounding derivations of the word, including "boog", "boojahideen", "big igloo", "blue igloo", and "big luau" to avoid crackdowns and automated content flags imposed by social media sites to limit or ban boogaloo-related content. Intensified efforts by social media companies to restrict boogaloo content have caused adherents to use terms even further detached from the original word such as "spicy " to refer to the movement. The boogaloo movement has created logos and other imagery incorporating igloo snow huts and Hawaiian prints based on these derivations. Adherents of the boogaloo sometimes carry black-and-white versions of the American flag, with a middle stripe replaced with a stripe of red tropical print and the stars replaced with an igloo. The stripes sometimes list the names of people who have been killed by police, including Eric Garner, Vicki Weaver, Robert LaVoy Finicum, Breonna Taylor, and Duncan Lemp.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Adherents attend protests heavily armed and wearing tactical gear, and sometimes identify themselves by wearing Hawaiian shirts along with military fatigues. The boogaloo movement has also used imagery popular among the far-right such as the Pepe the Frog meme.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Groups in the boogaloo movement are far-right, anti-government, and pro-gun. Some groups have also been variously described as being alt-right, anarchist, libertarian, or right-libertarian. According to Alex Newhouse, a digital researcher at Middlebury's CTEC, "the way we know the 'boogaloo' movement is a far-right movement is because they draw a line directly from Waco and Ruby Ridge. They hold up things like the McVeigh bombing of the Oklahoma City federal building and the armed response to Ruby Ridge as heroic moments in American history", which they view as citizens standing up to government oppression. Newhouse also identified the choice by adherents of the movement to provide armed protection to private businesses during anti-lockdown protests and George Floyd protests as evidence that the movement is right-wing, saying that leftists would not be likely to do the same as they are more likely to view large corporations as an integral component of capitalist exploitation. According to Newhouse, this emphasis on the importance of private property is part of what makes the boogaloo movement "very much an extreme right libertarian ideology".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The groups and individuals often self-identify as libertarian, although a few individuals have also described themselves as adherents of related ideologies, including anarcho-capitalism and minarchism. There are also "a few apparent anarchists", including some self-identified "anarchists". Pitcavage described the "anarchists" who have adopted "'boogaloo' rhetoric" as generally being right-wing anarcho-capitalists, not what he terms "left-wing anarchists". MacNab has stated that "most boogaloo members are libertarian anarchists who hate cops". The SPLC notes that "a look at the movement's origins and its online communities make it clear that its politics are much more complicated than straightforward libertarianism". "The Daily Beast" reported in October 2020 that the varying ideologies of groups within the movement cause confusion about its overall ideology, and that some adherents intentionally obfuscate the movement's ideology in order to attract more followers.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In June 2020, the Department of Homeland Security (DHS) tweeted in reply to a "Politico" article about the boogaloo movement that an intelligence bulletin released by the agency "does NOT identify the Boogaloo movement as left-wing OR right-wing" and stated that "they are simply violent extremists from both ends of the ideological spectrum". "The Guardian" refuted the DHS' description of the movement, saying that experts on extremism concur that the boogaloo movement is right-wing. Daryl Johnson, a former DHS analyst, told "The Guardian" that he believed the DHS' claim that the boogaloo movement was not right-wing was "playing politics". Johnson further stated that the boogaloo movement is "an ultra-nationalist primarily white movement of people who belong to the militias. Could there be somebody that has different sympathies that's part of it? Sure. It's predominantly right-wing".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Members of boogaloo groups typically believe in accelerationism and support any action that will speed impending civil war and eventually the collapse of society. According to "The Economist", boogaloo group members have supported to this end the "spreading of disinformation and conspiracy theories, attacks on infrastructure (such as that on New York's 311 line) and lone-wolf terrorism". Some participants in the movement claim that the group and its ideology are nothing more than online jokes, but some law enforcement officials and researchers maintain that people connected to the groups have been implicated in plans to commit real violence. The Tech Transparency Project has observed that while public posts on boogaloo Facebook pages tend to be satirical, members of private boogaloo groups "exchang[e] detailed information and tactics on how to organize and execute a revolt against American authorities". Some of the private groups ban the sharing of memes to keep the conversation focused on serious topics. The Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) has also commented on the mix of serious and joking content, writing that "this ambiguity is a key feature of the problem: Like a virus hiding from the immune system, the use of comical-meme language permits the network to organize violence secretly behind a mirage of inside jokes and plausible deniability". According to the Anti-Defamation League, boogaloo adherents' use of humor makes their content more digestible by softening the violent underpinnings of some of their beliefs. While many people might reject an explicit call for violence, some might be more receptive to a meme that cloaks such violent sentiment with an overlay of humor.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Some boogaloo groups are white supremacist or neo-Nazi and specifically believe that "the boogaloo" will be a race war. Some boogaloo groups have condemned racism. According to "The Guardian", "there's real disagreement, even among experts who monitor extremist groups, about whether the 'boogaloo' movement as a whole should be described as 'white supremacist'". Analysts from the ADL and Middlebury's Center on Terrorism, Extremism and Counterterrorism (CTEC) have argued that "a significant number of 'boogaloo' supporters are genuinely not white supremacist". The researchers have described the movement as having two wings: "one advocating for race war and one obsessed with societal breakdown and rebellion against the government". However, "other experts say that lip service from some 'boogaloo' supporters about wanting to be a multi-racial movement should not be taken seriously". The Southern Poverty Law Center (SPLC) has said that "few of [the boogaloo movement's] adherents are interested in aligning with Black Lives Matter or antifascist protesters against police brutality". According to Joan Donovan, director of the Shorenstein Center on Media, Politics and Public Policy at Harvard Kennedy School, "[w]e're equivocating for the sake of an imagined audience. The idea that you would dismantle the US government at this stage is to undo the protections that have been granted to black people, queer people, disabled people, to stop foreign policy related to immigration. There are always racialized and eugenic sub-themes in these groups. That's what war is, at its base. It's about who should live. I don't think you can get away from the ways in which the rhetoric supports a white supremacist ideology, once you start talking about the kinds of policies or strategies they think need to be implemented".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The boogaloo movement has also been described as a militia. Lois Beckett, writing for "The Guardian", has compared it to the right-wing anti-government militia and patriot movements of the 1990s and 2000s, stating that "supporters see the current federal government as illegitimate, while remaining deeply patriotic. They revere the constitution and see themselves as the true descendants of America's founding fathers. In their view, current US lawmakers are the equivalent of occupying British forces during the revolutionary war. Among the 'boogaloo' merchandise for sale online are images of George Washington armed with a modern, AR-15-style rifle". Mark Pitcavage, a researcher at the Center on Extremism of the Anti-Defamation League (ADL), has identified the boogaloo movement's contempt for law enforcement as the element that most strongly distinguishes them from other militia groups.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: While boogaloo groups are often described as a part of a larger boogaloo movement, J. J. MacNab, a George Washington University fellow researching anti-government extremist groups, has said that she does not agree with this characterization: "since the majority of participants were radicalized elsewhere prior to donning a Hawaiian shirt—either in anti-government militant groups such as the Three Percenters or the militias, or in white supremacy groups—the Boogaloo shouldn't be considered an independent movement at this time". Speaking to the United States House Homeland Security Subcommittee on Intelligence and Counterterrorism on July 16, 2020, MacNab testified that the boogaloo movement "isn't really a movement. It's a dress code, it's a way of talking, it's jargon. The people who belong to it came from other extremist groups, usually on Facebook. They might have been militia, they might have been a white supremacy [group]. They picked it up somewhere and they donned that Hawaiian shirt, and yet they're treated as a separate movement, and the problem is you're ignoring the underlying areas that they came from". Bellingcat and the SPLC have also stated that other groups with their own distinct identities have adopted the boogaloo meme, including militias, groups comprising the patriot movement, and the Proud Boys.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The boogaloo movement has attracted some active-duty members of the military and veterans. While the number of active and former military members is believed to be small when compared to the overall size of the movement, extremism researcher Kathleen Belew has stated that their participation "is not a problem we should take lightly" due to the threat that they could "dramatically escalate the impact of fringe activism, pass on explosives expertise, [or share] urban warfare expertise". Following the filing of terrorism charges against three Nevada men with ties to the Department of Defense (DoD), the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) stated in a June 2020 report: "Racially motivated violent extremist (RMVE) movements that subscribe to boogaloo have engaged in conceptual discussions about recruiting military or former military members for their perceived knowledge of combat training... NCIS cannot discount the possibility of DoD affiliated individuals sympathetic to or engaged in the boogaloo movement." , four men who have been arrested and found to have ties to the boogaloo movement, including the alleged perpetrator of the 2020 boogaloo killings in California, have been veterans or active military servicemen.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Memes referring to "the boogaloo", a violent uprising or civil war, developed simultaneously among anti-government and white supremacist online communities in the early 2010s. According to the SPLC, both types of communities regularly used the term to refer to racist violence or a race war. Researchers at Network Contagion Research Institute (NCRI) and the Middlebury's CTEC both traced the origins of the boogaloo meme and the later movement based around it in part to the imageboard website 4chan, where the meme was often accompanied by references to "racewar" and "dotr" ("day of the rope", a neo-Nazi reference to a fantasy involving murdering what the posters view to be "race traitors"). On /k/, 4chan's board devoted to discussing weapons, the term was found in posts tracing at least back to 2012. According to Bellingcat researchers, users of /k/ overlap with those of the political discussion board /pol/, where "militant white nationalism" is the "default ideological position". Although the researchers do not consider the /k/ board to be white nationalist, and the community actively discourages political discussion, they note racist content is commonplace. CTEC researchers attribute the growth of the movement to the /k/ board, but write that the meme itself also "grew organically on the racist board /pol/, due to significant user overlap between the two communities". The boogaloo meme migrated to other online communities and the SPLC wrote that "boogaloo" was a "well-established meme in some of the most violently racist spaces on the internet" by 2015. They traced usage of the meme back to 2013 on the now-defunct Iron March website, a fascist and neo-Nazi web forum known as the birthplace of the Atomwaffen Division, a neo-Nazi terrorist organization.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Extremism researchers took notice of the word "boogaloo" being used in the context of the boogaloo movement in 2019, when they observed it being used among fringe groups including militias, gun rights movements, and white supremacist groups. Megan Squire, a computer science professor and online extremism researcher at Elon University, observed the term begin to be used among white supremacists on the Telegram messaging app in the summer of 2019, where they used it to describe a race war. Researchers at the NCRI found that use of the term "boogaloo" increased by 50% on Facebook and Twitter in the last months of 2019 and into early 2020. They attribute surges in popularity to a viral incident in November 2019 where a military veteran posted content mentioning the boogaloo on Instagram during a standoff with police and to the December 2019 impeachment of Donald Trump. The boogaloo movement experienced a further surge in popularity following the lockdowns that were implemented to try to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, and the Tech Transparency Project observed that the boogaloo groups appeared to be encouraged by then-President Trump's tweets about "liberating" states under lockdown. The Tech Transparency Project found that 60% of boogaloo Facebook groups had emerged following the pandemic lockdowns, during which time they amassed tens of thousands of followers. A May 2020 Bellingcat report identified Facebook as a particularly important platform for the movement, and in May and April 2020, Bellingcat and the NCRI both estimated the movement to have tens of thousands of adherents. A Facebook spokesperson said that Facebook and Instagram had changed their policies as of May 1 to "prohibit the use of ['boogaloo' and related] terms when accompanied by statements and images depicting armed violence".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On March 12, 2020, Duncan Lemp, a boogaloo Facebook group leader, was fatally shot by police in a no-knock raid of his home in Potomac, Maryland. Police had obtained a no-knock search warrant based on a tip that Lemp was violating a restriction from possessing firearms. However, Lemp's family has said they were unaware that he was under any such restriction. Lemp's family has also asserted that he was asleep when he was killed by police. Some far-right groups have theorized that Lemp was killed by police for his anti-government beliefs and his position in the boogaloo movement. J. J. MacNab, a fellow of the George Washington University extremism program, has described Lemp as a "martyr" of the boogaloo movement and warned that the increase in anti-police sentiment among boogaloo group members following his death may lead to violence against the police in the "foreseeable future". Some adherents of the boogaloo movement use phrases including "we are Duncan Lemp" and "his name was Duncan Lemp", which "The New York Times" has said they "repeat... like mantras". Adherents of the boogaloo have posted to Lemp's girlfriend's Instagram account promising to someday avenge his death.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Adherents of the boogaloo movement have been observed at pro-gun rights demonstrations, protests against COVID-19 lockdowns, and the George Floyd protests which began in May 2020 and continued through the year. Believers in the movement can also appear unexpectedly at events and protests initiated by others with apparently different affiliations.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In January 2020, members of boogaloo groups attended the 2020 VCDL Lobby Day, a gun rights rally organized by the Virginia Citizens Defense League. Virginia Governor Ralph Northam declared a state of emergency for the day of the rally in response to intelligence that indicated there was "a threat of an armed militia groups storming our capital". Under half of the 50,000 attendees predicted by organizers actually appeared at the demonstration and the event ended peacefully. The rally, which is an annual event, was particularly contentious in 2020 due to a number of gun control bills that were progressing through the Virginia legislature following the 2019 mass shooting in Virginia Beach. These included allowances for localities to ban firearms from venues and functions, red flag legislation that would allow police to confiscate weapons from those considered a risk to themselves or others, a law that would require background checks to buy or transfer a firearm, and a law that would impose a limit on the number of handguns that could be purchased in a month.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Adherents of the movement were also observed attending the anti-lockdown protests that began in mid-April throughout the United States, including in Washington, Tennessee, and New Hampshire. They viewed the lockdowns and related restrictions, which were imposed by state and local governments to try to slow the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic, as governmental overreach and some described them as "tyranny". Some members of boogaloo groups offered armed protection to businesses who wished to reopen in defiance of state shutdown orders.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Some members of boogaloo groups attended the protests that occurred across the United States beginning in May 2020 in response to the murder of George Floyd. On July 25, 2020, 28-year old Black Lives Matter protester Garrett Foster, who identified with the boogaloo movement and had expressed anti-racist, libertarian, and anti-police views, was shot and killed in an altercation with a motorist accelerating their vehicle into a crowd of protesters. According to "Vice", although the boogaloo groups tried to position themselves as allies of the Black Lives Matter movement, they generally avoided addressing police brutality in the United States as a racial issue. Extremism researcher Robert Futrell spoke of the varied motivations of the adherents of the boogaloo movement who attended the protests, saying: "Some folks who identify as Boogaloo Bois share anti-police sentiments. Some are acting as self-appointed security, vowing to protect businesses from protesters. Some say they're monitoring the protests. Some are white supremacists trying to antagonize protesters". Posts in some online boogaloo groups called for their members to loot police stations and set fire to government buildings while some encouraged actions emulating the "rooftop Koreans", a reference to Korean store owners who shot at looters from roofs during the 1992 Los Angeles riots. There were a number of criminal incidents related to boogaloo adherents attending the George Floyd protests as well as the killings of a security contractor and a police officer believed to have been committed by two men associated with the boogaloo movement who used the protests as a distraction to commit their attacks.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Groups belonging to the boogaloo movement organize on mainstream online platforms including Facebook, Instagram, Twitter and Reddit, in chat rooms on Discord and Telegram, and on more obscure platforms such as 4chan. Online extremism researcher Megan Squire observed references to the boogaloo in white supremacist Telegram chat rooms in the summer of 2019, before the movement began to become popular on gun forums in September of the same year. "Vice" has also noted the boogaloo meme was popular on the TikTok video sharing application, where the #Boogaloo hashtag had over two million views , although many posters are not believed to be serious adherents of the movement.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Social media companies have taken steps to limit boogaloo content and groups on their platforms. However, Squire observed in mid-June 2020 that despite Facebook's policy and enforcement changes to remove and demote boogaloo-related content, membership among boogaloo groups on the platform as well as on Discord and Reddit had remained steady or increased.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: People affiliated with the boogaloo movement have been arrested and five deaths have been publicly linked to boogaloo rhetoric. Some of the charges against people affiliated with the movement include murder, conspiracy to damage and destroy by fire and explosive, possession of unregistered firearms, making a terroristic threat against a peace officer, inciting a riot, aggravated breach of peace, and drugs charges.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: United States Air Force sergeant Steven Carrillo was charged with the June 6, 2020 murder of a Santa Cruz County deputy and the May 29 murder of a Federal Protective Service officer in Oakland. At the time of the attacks, Carrillo was an active-duty member of an elite Air Force unit tasked with guarding American military personnel at unsecure foreign airfields. Carrillo wrote "Boog" and the phrases "I became unreasonable" (a popular meme among boogaloo groups) and "Stop the duopoly" in his own blood on the hood of a vehicle he hijacked. A patch with a boogaloo symbol and a ballistic vest bearing the boogaloo symbol of an American flag with an igloo instead of stars were also found in the white van allegedly used in the murders.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The FBI linked the crimes to the boogaloo movement and said Carrillo and an accomplice used recent demonstrations against racial injustice as a cover to attack police. The FBI agent in charge of the investigation said in a news conference that the men did not appear to intend to join the protests, saying: "They came to Oakland to kill cops".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Carrillo pleaded guilty to a federal murder charge and received a 41-year sentence in June 2022, while other state felony charges remained pending.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On October 8, 2020, a federal indictment against six men associated with the Wolverine Watchmen, a Michigan-based militia group, was unsealed. The indictment charges the men with plotting to kidnap Michigan Governor Gretchen Whitmer and violently overthrow the state government. The FBI became aware of the scheme in early 2020 after communications among the far-right group were discovered, and via an undercover agent who met with more than a dozen individuals at a meeting in Dublin, Ohio. Another seven men were charged with state crimes in relation to the plot.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Prosecutors alleged links between some of the suspects arrested with the broader boogaloo movement. According to an affidavit filed as a part of the state investigation, the seven men who were charged at a state level had been engaging in firearms training and tactical drills to "prepare for the 'boogaloo'". The leader of the group was known online as "Boogaloo Bunyan". An NBC News investigation into the suspects' social media profiles found a swift online radicalization following Whitmer's implementation of a statewide lockdown as part of an effort to mitigate the COVID-19 pandemic in Michigan.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Three boogaloo movement members pleaded guilty to federal charges in the aftermath of the George Floyd protests in Minneapolis that occurred in late May 2020. As riots broke out after the murder of George Floyd on May 25, Michael Robert Solomon of New Brighton, Minnesota, recruited boogaloo movement members to participate with the hopes that chaos would lead to a civil war and would be blamed on the Black Lives Matter movement. Benjamin Ryan Teeter of Hampstead, North Carolina, and the Ivan Harrison Hunter of Boerne, Texas, were among those who travelled to Minneapolis to participate in the unrest. After the riots abated, boogaloo adherents attempted to raise money to buy a training facility in South America. Solomon and Teeter connected with an FBI informant who had posed as a member of the Hamas organization, who they agreed to supply weapons to, and they also made plans to bomb a courthouse in the Twin Cities metropolitan area. Solomon and Teeter were arrested by federal agents in September 2020 before their plans were carried out. The two pleaded guilty to federal terrorism charges, Teeter in December 2020 and Solomon in May 2021, and faced potential prison sentences of up to 20 years.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On October 23, 2020, the U.S. Attorney's Office for the District of Minnesota announced they had filed federal rioting charges against Ivan Harrison Hunter, of Boerne, Texas, stating in charging documents that he fired 13 rounds from an AK-47-style semi-automatic rifle into the Minneapolis Police Department's Third Precinct building with civilians believed to be inside. Hunter identified himself to officers as the leader of a boogaloo group in South Texas. A few days before his arrest, Hunter was stopped in a truck in Austin along with two other men. The group was armed with pistols, an AK-47 style rifle, and AR-15 style rifles; and had many magazines attached to their vests. The man was further alleged in the indictment to have texted Steven Carrillo to "Go for police buildings". Carrillo replied, "I did better lol." (A few hours before this text-message exchange, Carrillo had murdered federal security officer David Patrick Underwood in an attack on Oakland, California, a crime to which Carrillo pleaded guilty to the crime in February 2022. Two days after the attack on the Minneapolis police station, Hunter asked Carrillo for money, saying he needed "to be in the woods for a bit." Carrillo reportedly provided him with $200 via a cash app. Hunter pleaded guilty to federal riot charges in September 2021 for his involvement in events in Minneapolis in May 2020, and he was sentenced to four years in prison followed by three years of supervised release.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In May 2020, three men who identified themselves as members of the boogaloo movement were arrested by the FBI in Las Vegas, Nevada. The men, who had been plotting since April to bomb an electrical substation, had decided instead to focus on the George Floyd protests. At an anti-lockdown protest in Las Vegas several days earlier, they told a confidential informant that they intended to incite violence at a Floyd protest, by using an explosion "to hopefully create civil unrest and rioting throughout Las Vegas." They were arrested when they were found filling canisters with gasoline and creating Molotov cocktails on their way to such a protest on May 30, and each was charged with the federal crimes of conspiracy to damage and destroy by fire and explosive, and possession of unregistered firearms. They were also accused in state court of felony conspiracy, terrorism, and possession of explosives. The men pleaded not guilty to the state and federal charges. Each of the three men had ties to the military: one was a Navy veteran, another was an Army reservist, and the third was an Air Force veteran. The trio's cases were still pending as of 2022, with their trials being delayed due to COVID-19 and at the request of their lawyers.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Two men were arrested in Richland County, South Carolina on June 5, 2020, for attempting to incite a riot at a Floyd protest. Police believe the men are affiliated with the boogaloo movement. Both men were wearing Hawaiian shirts when they were arrested; one also had boogaloo patches and a flag; the other had two pistols and two long guns.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In June 2020, federal authorities arrested a Lancaster, Texas personal trainer, Philip Russell Archibald, with ties to the boogaloo movement. Archibald was arrested on charges of operating a steroid trafficking ring and during a search of his home, police found steroids and firearms. He had previously posted on social media about using "guerrilla warfare" against members of the National Guard deployed at the Floyd protests, committing violence against looters, and "hunting Antifa". In 2021, Archibald pleaded guilty to drug-distribution conspiracy offenses, as well as gun offenses.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On November 23, 2019, a police officer approached the Mahopac, New York, home of a 28-year-old Afghanistan War veteran, to investigate an accusation of domestic violence. When the man refused to come out, police set up a cordon around his home. The man began streaming the events on his gun-themed Instagram account, where he used the username "Whiskey Warrior 556". The man, who was wearing body armor and armed with a knife, believed police had arrived to confiscate a 30-round magazine under his state's red flag laws. During the standoff, he began livestreaming on Instagram, referencing the boogaloo and posting memes. He gained over 100,000 followers during the incident, some of whom urged him not to surrender to police. One follower with a large following of his own encouraged others to travel to the town and "shoot traitors". The man's own posts became increasingly threatening, but he surrendered to police after a seven-hour standoff. He was arrested on charges related to the domestic violence accusation. The county sheriff's office denied the man's claims that the arrest was related to weapons and reported that officers had found no firearms or magazines in the home. The event was later identified as the cause of a large spike in boogaloo-related comments on the 4chan /pol/ board as well as on other boogaloo sites and right-wing militia social media pages, where followers had organized during the incident to disrupt police by bombarding them with phone calls and posted incitements of violence.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On April 11, 2020, Aaron Swenson, 38, a self-proclaimed boogaloo boy, was arrested after livestreaming (on Facebook Live) his hunt to kill a police officer. On the livestream, Swenson said he was driving around looking for lone police officers to ambush (referring to "finding his prey" and "hunting for tyrants and redcoats"). After a high-speed, nighttime police chase through Bowie County, Texas, he was apprehended wearing a Hawaiian shirt and tactical vest with three firearms, 156 rounds of ammunition, and a sword. The guns were loaded. Swenson had shared boogaloo memes on his Facebook page and other adherents of the movement watched and commented during his live stream. He had also posted a photo to Facebook the day after the shooting of Duncan Lemp in which he wore a Hawaiian shirt and combat vest and used the hashtag "#HisNameWasDuncan". Swenson was convicted of attempted murder of a police officer, terroristic threatening, evading arrest in a vehicle, and violation of the Texas Hate Crimes Act, and was sentenced to 50 years in prison.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In September 2020, federal prosecutors in Minnesota filed terrorism charges against Michael Robert Solomon, 30, of New Brighton, Minnesota, and Benjamin Ryan Teeter, 22, of Hampstead, North Carolina, both members of the Boogaloo Boys and a subgroup called the "Boojahideen." The pair had attempted to offer their services as "assets" and "mercenaries" to an undercover FBI agent they believed to be a senior member of Hamas. Both were indicted on one count of conspiring to provide, and attempting to provide material support to a designated foreign terrorist organization. The men discussed attacking various potential targets, including police, courthouses, government officials and monuments, and members of the media, and at points discussed the possibility of stealing weapons from National Guard armory or "assassinating" white supremacists while another person recorded it. Solomon and Teeter met with whom they believed to be a Hamas operative (actually an undercover informant) and provided the informant with five suppressors and a 3D-printed "auto sear" (device to convert semi-automatic rifles into fully automatic rifles.) Both Solomon and Teeter pleaded guilty. Solomon was sentenced to 36 months in prison followed by five years of supervised release. Teeter was sentenced to 48 months in prison followed by five years of supervised release.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: "The Daily Beast" observed in an article published on October 9, 2020, that four state and federal operations to arrest a total of sixteen individuals associated with the boogaloo movement had transpired over the previous seven days, including the arrests of the men involved in the plot to kidnap Michigan Governor Whitmer. They noted the uptick in arrests could be attributed to increased law enforcement attention on the movement, but that it could also be explained by increased criminal activity by boogaloo-affiliated people and groups.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Supporters of the boogaloo movement participated in the January 6, 2021 Capitol insurrection. Some wore emblematic gear or symbols. A follower said several groups under his command helped storm the Capitol, taking the opportunity to strike against the federal government. Rioters also echoed boogaloo themes and used related terminology to express their readiness for "the boogaloo". Steven Daniel Thurlow, 50, of St. Clair Shores, Michigan, a Boogaloo member who wore military-style gear with a "Boogaloo" patch before participating in the January 6 attack on the Capitol, pleaded guilty in May 2022 to storming the Capitol.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Federal law enforcement agencies and supporting organizations have issued statements warning of the possibility of violence related to the boogaloo movement. In April 2020, the Naval Criminal Investigative Service (NCIS) published a Threat Awareness Message about the movement and the potential danger it posed to police and government entities.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: A May 29, 2020, memo published by the DHS warned officers of an extremist white supremacist Telegram channel encouraging its members to commit acts of violence and inciting them to "start the 'boogaloo'" during the George Floyd protests. Following the filing of terrorism charges against three Nevada men who had allegedly planned to incite a riot at the protests, the NCIS published a report on June 4 warning that boogaloo adherents had discussed recruiting former or active-duty military servicemen and they could not "discount the possibility of DoD affiliated individuals sympathetic to or engaged in the boogaloo movement." On June 15, 2020, the Trump administration issued a warning to police and public safety organizations that adherents of the boogaloo movement might target Washington, D.C. The National Capital Region Threat Intelligence Consortium, a fusion center that aids the DHS and other federal national security and law enforcement groups, wrote, "the District [of Columbia] is likely an attractive target for violent adherents of the boogaloo ideology due to the significant presence of US law enforcement entities, and the wide range of First Amendment-Protected events hosted here". The report also warned that adherents may live in D.C. or may be prepared to travel long distances to D.C. "to incite civil unrest or conduct violence encouraged in online forums associated with the movement". On June 19, the DHS published an intelligence report that drew a similar conclusion and stated that "domestic terrorists advocating for the boogaloo very likely will take advantage of any regional or national situation involving heightened fear and tensions to promote their violent extremist ideology and call supporters to action".


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On June 26, 2020, Attorney General William Barr announced in a memo that he had created a Department of Justice task force to investigate "anti-government extremists" who had disrupted protests and attacked police officers, specifically identifying the boogaloo movement and "Antifa" as targets of the task force's investigation. The task force is led by attorneys Craig Carpenito and Erin Nealy Cox.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: Members of the Trump administration made misleading statements incorrectly attributing boogaloo-related violence to radical leftist activists and inaccurately suggesting that the May and June killings of two police and security officers were tied to racial justice protests. On June 1, President Donald Trump said in a speech that the country "has been gripped by professional anarchists, violent mobs, arsonists, looters, criminals, rioters, antifa and others... A federal officer in California, an African American enforcement hero, was shot and killed. These are not acts of peaceful protest. These are acts of domestic terror." During his Republican National Convention speech on August 26, 2020, Vice President Mike Pence implied that Dave Patrick Underwood, an officer in the Department of Homeland Security Federal Protective Service, had been killed by radical leftist activists at a Floyd protest that was also in Oakland. Rebecca Kaplan, the City Councilmember At-Large for Oakland, California, denounced Pence's "deeply misleading statements" about the killing, saying that "Pence wrongly attempted to tie this killing to the Black Lives Matter movement, which, in fact, had no involvement in the killing... Mr. Underwood's tragic murder was not part of any demonstration, but an act of a violent, armed white supremacist... Pence's lies attempt to discredit important movements for social justice, and to move blame away from violent white supremacist murder."


title: Boogaloo movement

text: On May 1, 2020, Facebook amended its policy on violence and incitement to prohibit "boogaloo" and similar terms "when used with images or statements depicting armed violence". On June 5, 2020, Facebook told Reuters that it would make it harder to find groups associated with the boogaloo movement by no longer recommending such groups to members of similar associations. Facebook also told "The Verge" that it would be demoting boogaloo-related content in search results. On June 30, 2020, Facebook announced that it had removed a network of 220 boogaloo groups and 95 Instagram accounts as well as over 400 other groups that hosted similar content. Writing for "CNBC", journalist Salvador Rodriguez observed that the removals occurred amidst a Facebook boycott in which companies including Coca-Cola, Starbucks, and Volkswagen announced they would no longer advertise on the platform due to "the hate speech and misinformation that persists on Facebook". Paid advertisements for body armor and other products using boogaloo keywords ran on Facebook and Instagram for several months prior to the removals.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: TikTok hides hashtags related to the boogaloo movement, and their content policies prohibit videos containing firearms outside of a few exceptions, such as when used in a fictional context or when "used in a safe and controlled environment such as a shooting range". On July 2, 2020, a BBC reporter was still able to find many boogaloo-related TikTok posts by users who had employed various methods to avoid detection by moderators on the platform.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: A Twitter spokesperson said that Twitter views boogaloo content as free expression and does not ban accounts solely for their use of the term, but that they had banned numerous accounts that used the term for violating other policies, such as trying to circumvent a previous ban.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: In a June 24, 2020 article on "Vice", Tess Owen wrote that some of the most active boogaloo communities were on Discord, a chat program popular among online gamers. Following the publication of the article, which included screenshots of a Discord server where members of the military were sharing their expertise, Discord shut down the server and deleted the accounts of its members, determining they had violated Discord policy against "threatening and encouraging violence". With 2,258 users, it was believed to be the largest boogaloo community on Discord. The community created and migrated to a subreddit after their removal from Discord, but Reddit banned the subreddit shortly afterward.


title: Boogaloo movement

text: The website "Tree of Liberty", which described itself as the "press platform" for the boogaloo movement, was taken offline by its cloud hosting provider on January 12, 2021. It had been hosted on servers in Montreal since September 2020, which a moderator believed kept it beyond DHS data jurisdiction, but its service provider suspended it after questioned by CBC News.


title: Taylour Paige

text: Taylour Dominique Paige-Angulo (born October 5, 1990) is an American actress and dancer. She is best known for her role as Ahsha Hayes in the VH1 sports drama series "Hit the Floor", and has gained recognition for her performances in the films "Jean of the Joneses" (2016), "White Boy Rick" (2018), "Ma Rainey's Black Bottom" (2020), "Boogie" (2021), and "Zola" (2020). Her performance in the latter film won her the Independent Spirit Award for Best Female Lead.


title: Taylour Paige

text: Taylour Dominique Paige was born on October 5, 1990, in Santa Monica, California to Reginald Paige and Cheryl Williams. She grew up in Inglewood, California, a suburb of Los Angeles, with her older brother Travis. Paige began dancing at the age of 2 and trained at Katnap in Venice, Westside Ballet Academy, and later spent two consecutive summers at the Kirov Academy of Ballet in Washington, DC. In 2001, she became a student of choreographer Debbie Allen, and auditioned for her musical "Pearl".


title: Taylour Paige

text: Paige attended St. Bernard Catholic High School in Playa del Rey where she graduated in 2008. She became a Los Angeles Laker Girl in 2010 and spent three months with the professional cheerleading squad before leaving to finish college and pursue her acting career. As a Laker Girl, she was featured in a special by Fox Sports on the making of the 2011 Laker Girls Calendar. She is a graduate of Loyola Marymount University.