title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The Verve songwriter Richard Ashcroft heard the Andrew Oldham Orchestra version of "The Last Time" and thought it could be "turned into something outrageous". The Verve sampled and looped four bars, then added dozens more tracks, including additional strings, guitar, percussion and several layered vocals from Ashcroft. Ashcroft said he imagined "something that opened up into a prairie-music kind of sound", similar to the work of the Italian composer Ennio Morricone, and that "the song started morphing into this wall of sound, a concise piece of incredible pop music". He likened the use of the sample to the golden age of hip hop: "To take something but really twist it and fuck it up into something else. Take it and use your imagination."


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The strings that open "Bitter Sweet Symphony" are not sampled; they were arranged by Wil Malone based on the melody in the sample. Malone expanded on the melody to add "bounce" and "jump". The strings were recorded in Olympic Studios, London, and performed by a group of 24 players. Malone instructed them to "make the strings tough, determined, not pretty, not to make them poetic". He observed that the song is built on a single chord, and likened it to Arabic music.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: "Bitter Sweet Symphony" was produced by Youth at Olympic Studios. According to Youth, Ashcroft initially recorded a version with the producer John Leckie but did not proceed with it; Youth persuaded him to record another version. Youth said: "It was only once we'd put strings on it that he started getting excited. Then, towards the end, Richard wanted to chuck all the album away and start again. What was my reaction? Horror. Sheer horror. All I could say was, I really think you should reconsider."


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The Verve negotiated rights to use the "Last Time" sample from the copyright holder, Decca Records. However, they did not obtain permission from the Rolling Stones' former manager Allen Klein, who owned the copyrights to their pre-1970 songs, including "The Last Time". When "Bitter Sweet Symphony" was about to be released as a single, Klein, then the head of ABKCO Records, refused clearance for the sample, saying the Verve had used a larger portion than agreed. According to the Verve's guitarist, Nick McCabe, the dispute actually depended not on the sample but Ashcroft's vocal melody, which a musicologist determined was a half-time version of the Rolling Stones' "Last Time" melody.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The Verve's co-manager, Jazz Summers, contacted their American record label, Virgin Records, for help. Virgin played "Bitter Sweet Symphony" for the Rolling Stones members Mick Jagger and Keith Richards; they liked the track, but declined to become involved in the dispute. Summers also sent a copy to Loog Oldham, the Rolling Stones' ex-manager, who wrote back: "Fair cop! Absolute total pinch! You can see why [ABKCO are] rolling up their sleeves." Following a lawsuit, the Verve relinquished all royalties to Klein and the songwriting credits were changed to Jagger–Richards. Ashcroft received $1,000; his co-manager, John Kennedy, described it as "one of the toughest deals in music history". According to the Verve's bassist, Simon Jones, the Verve were told they would be given half the royalties, but when the single began selling well, they were instructed to relinquish 100% of the royalties or remove it from sale.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: "Rolling Stone" wrote that the outcome was "patently absurd", noting that Jagger and Richards were not involved with the sample or Ashcroft's melody and lyrics. Ashcroft said sarcastically that "Bitter Sweet Symphony" was "the best song Jagger and Richards have written in 20 years", and that it was the Rolling Stones' biggest UK hit since "Brown Sugar" (1971). Asked in 1999 whether he believed that the situation was fair, Richards said: "I'm out of whack here, this is serious lawyer shit. If the Verve can write a better song, they can keep the money." David Whitaker, who wrote the string line in the sample, said in 2001: "The whole thing just makes one a bit sick, really."


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: In 1998, "Bitter Sweet Symphony" was used in a television advertisement for Nike. According to a statement released by the Verve's management, the Verve had a policy against licensing their music to advertising and would not have consented had they retained the rights to the song. As Virgin retained the synchronisation rights, the Verve received a percentage of the money earned from the advertisement. In 1999, Loog Oldham sued ABKCO, saying he was owed up to £1 million in mechanical royalties for the use of the sample.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: "Billboard" estimated that "Bitter Sweet Symphony" had generated almost $5 million in publishing revenue by 2019. In 2018, Ashcroft expressed his anger over the situation, saying: "Someone stole God-knows-how-many million dollars off me in 1997, and they've still got it ... Anyone, unless you are mentally ill, will always remember the day when 50 million dollars was stolen off them." He said he intended to pursue the matter with Klein's son, Jody, who had become the head of ABKCO following Klein's death in 2009.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: In early 2019, Ashcroft's managers approached Jody Klein. He connected them to the Rolling Stones' manager, Joyce Smyth, who agreed to speak to Jagger and Richards. That April, ABKCO, Jagger and Richards agreed to return the "Bitter Sweet Symphony" royalties and songwriting credits to Ashcroft. Ashcroft announced the agreement in May, when he received the Ivor Novello Award for Outstanding Contribution to British Music from the British Academy of Songwriters, Composers, and Authors. He said it was a "kind and magnanimous" move, and said: "I never had a personal beef with the Stones. They've always been the greatest rock and roll band in the world. It's been a fantastic development. It's life-affirming in a way." In a statement, the Rolling Stones said they acknowledged the financial and emotional cost of "having to surrender the composition of one of your own songs".


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The "Bitter Sweet Symphony" music video was directed by Walter Stern and released on 11 June 1997. In the video, Ashcroft walks down a busy pavement in Hoxton, London, refusing to change his pace, gait, or direction and therefore bumping into passersby. The other Verve band members join him and walk down the street into the distance. Critics likened it to the 1991 Massive Attack video "Unfinished Sympathy", which sees the singer Shara Nelson walking on a street in Los Angeles.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: The music video was played a lot on music channels and was nominated for a number of awards, including three MTV Awards at the 1998 MTV Video Music Awards. The British comedy band Fat Les released a parody of the video for their 1998 song "Vindaloo", in which Paul Kaye is mocked by a growing group of passersby. In 2016, "The Telegraph" named Hoxton Street in its list of the 54 locations that defined the Britpop era. In 2016, the "Guardian" journalist Perry Francesca included the video in a list of the best music videos about city life. Francesca observed that "Hoxton Street in the late '90s was just on the cusp before the area underwent rapid gentrification and hipsterisation, so the video has become a kind of historic snapshot".


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: "Bitter Sweet Symphony" is regarded as the Verve's signature song and one of the defining songs of the Britpop era. It has been featured in a number of best-ever song lists and polls. It was named "Rolling Stone" and "NME" Single of the Year for 1997. In 1998, BBC Radio 1 listeners voted it the third on the Best Track Ever list. That same year, it was named the third-best single of 1997 by New York City weekly "The Village Voice"s Pazz & Jop annual critics' poll. In a 2005 Channel 4 poll, the music video was ranked eighth on a list of the 100 Greatest Pop Videos. The song received further exposure when it was used in adverts for Vauxhall and Nike.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: On 2 July 2005, at the Live 8 concert in Hyde Park, London, Coldplay invited Ashcroft to perform the song with them during their set. They played it after only one rehearsal in Crystal Palace. The Coldplay singer, Chris Martin, introduced Ashcroft as "the best singer in the world" and described the song as "probably the best song ever written".


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: In 2007, "NME" placed the song at number 18 in its list of the "50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever". In September 2007, a poll of 50 songwriters in "Q" placed it in a list of the "Top 10 Greatest Tracks." In the Australian Triple J Hottest 100 of All Time, 2009, the track was voted the 14th-best song of all time. Pitchfork Media included the song at number 29 on its "Top 200 Tracks of the 90s" list. The publication also included it in its collection of "The Pitchfork 500". In 2011, "NME" placed it at number 9 on its "150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years" list. Despite the fact that the Verve have several hit singles, the song was placed at number one in "Paste" magazine's poll of its 25 "awesome one-hit wonders of the 1990s." In 2015, "Rolling Stone" readers voted it the third greatest Britpop song in a poll (after "Common People" by Pulp and "Don't Look Back in Anger" by Oasis). In 2004, it was ranked at number 382 on "Rolling Stone"s list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time," and was re-ranked at 392 in 2010. According to Acclaimed Music, it is the 59th most-celebrated song in popular music history.


title: Bitter Sweet Symphony

text: In 2021, the American pop punk band Four Year Strong recorded a cover of the song, which is featured as a bonus track on the deluxe edition of their 2020 album "Brain Pain".


title: Red Bull Powertrains

text: Red Bull Powertrains, abbreviated as RBPT, is a Formula One power unit manufacturing company owned by the Austrian Red Bull GmbH. The company was formed in to take over the operation of Formula One power units developed by Honda from onwards, following the Japanese manufacturer's withdrawal from the sport after 2021. However, Honda continued supplying the Red Bull owned teams in 2022 and will do so until the end of 2025. Honda assembles the power units and provide trackside and race operation support. Red Bull Powertrains will take full responsibility for engine supply and operations from 2026.


title: Red Bull Powertrains

text: The power units remain Honda's intellectual property, and due to a development freeze, Red Bull Powertrains will not develop them.


title: Red Bull Powertrains

text: In February 2021, Red Bull Advanced Technologies signed an exclusive distribution agreement for Formula One engines with Honda to start in the 2022 season, after the Japanese automaker left Formula One at the end of the 2021 season. The engines will be purchased and renamed Red Bull Powertrains, and supplied to its two teams currently competing in Formula One, Red Bull Racing and Scuderia AlphaTauri, starting in 2022. The presence of Red Bull Powertrains from 2022 onwards marked the first time an independent engine manufacturer participated in Formula One since Cosworth in 2013.


title: Red Bull Powertrains

text: On 23 April 2021 Red Bull Powertrains announced the hiring of Ben Hodgkinson as technical director; Hodgkinson had been head of mechanical engineering at Mercedes AMG High Performance Powertrains since 2017, and had worked at the Brixworth factory for 20 years. On 6 May, Red Bull announced the hiring of five more senior Mercedes engine employees: Steve Blewett (who will be the production director of the Red Bull power unit), Omid Mostaghimi (chief engine, electronics and energy recovery), Pip Clode (head of mechanical design for energy recovery), Anton Mayo (head of combustion power unit design) and Steve Brodie (leader of combustion engine operations).


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards honored the best in American prime time television programming from June 1, 2020, until May 31, 2021, as chosen by the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. The award ceremony was held live on September 19, 2021, at the Event Deck at L.A. Live in Downtown Los Angeles, California, and was preceded by the 73rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards on September 11 and 12. During the ceremony, Emmy Awards were handed out in 27 different categories. The ceremony was produced by Reginald Hudlin and Ian Stewart, directed by Hamish Hamilton, and broadcast in the United States by CBS and Paramount+. Cedric the Entertainer served as host for the event.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: At the main ceremony, "The Crown" became the first drama series to sweep the major categories, winning all seven awards including Outstanding Drama Series. "Ted Lasso" led all comedies with four wins, including Outstanding Comedy Series, while "Hacks" won three awards. "Mare of Easttown" also won three awards, leading all limited series, but Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series went to "The Queen's Gambit". Other winning programs include "Halston", "Hamilton", "I May Destroy You", "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver", "RuPaul's Drag Race", "Saturday Night Live", and "Stephen Colbert's Election Night 2020". Including Creative Arts Emmys, "The Crown" and "The Queen's Gambit" led all programs with 11 wins each; Netflix led all networks and platforms with 44 total wins.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The nominations for the 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards were announced on July 13, 2021, by Ron and Jasmine Cephas Jones via a virtual event. Including nominations at the 73rd Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards, "The Crown" and "The Mandalorian" tied for the most nominations, with 24 each. HBO and HBO Max received a combined 130 nominations, making them the most-nominated network, ahead of Netflix by only one nomination. "Ted Lasso" became the most-nominated first-year comedy series in the awards' history with 20 nominations; the Apple TV+ sports comedy surpassed the record held by the Fox musical comedy-drama "Glee", which received 19 nominations in 2010. Michaela Jaé Rodriguez of the series "Pose" became the first transgender person to be nominated for a major acting Emmy Award. Additionally, 43 non-Anglo actors received nominations for acting, besting the previous record of 36.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The winners were announced on September 19, following the Creative Arts Emmys on September 11 and 12. "The Crown" and "The Queen's Gambit" led all series with 11 wins each. The two shows gave Netflix its first series wins after 30 previous nominations for comedy, drama, and limited series dating back to 2013. "The Crown" won all seven drama categories at the main ceremony, becoming the first show to sweep the major drama categories. It also became just the third show to complete a sweep of the major categories, following "Angels in America" as a limited series in 2004 and "Schitt's Creek" as a comedy in 2020. "The Queen's Gambit" became the first web series to win Outstanding Limited or Anthology Series. Netflix led all platforms with 44 wins, marking the first time it won more awards than any other network or platform and tying the record set by CBS in 1974 for the most wins by a network in a year. The fourth season of "The Handmaid's Tale" was nominated for 21 awards but did not win any, breaking "Mad Men"s record of 17 nomination losses in 2012 for the largest "shutout" in Emmys history.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: For individual achievements, RuPaul became the most-awarded black individual in Emmys history with his win as a producer of "RuPaul's Drag Race" for Outstanding Competition Program. Michaela Coel became the first black woman to win for limited series writing for "I May Destroy You". Jean Smart became the second woman to win Emmys for lead, supporting, and guest acting in comedies, after Betty White. Directing wins for Lucia Aniello and Jessica Hobbs marked the first time women won Emmys for comedy and drama directing in the same year.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: While a record was set for diverse nominations and the ceremony featured many presenters of color, white individuals won all 12 major acting trophies. This led to the hashtag #EmmysSoWhite trending on Twitter, echoing #OscarsSoWhite from the 87th Academy Awards in 2015. For comparison, the previous year saw four black winners in the acting categories. In total, only three individuals of color spoke when accepting awards – RuPaul, Coel, and Debbie Allen – though there were other winners of color on producing and writing teams. The Creative Arts Emmys were more diverse, with three of the four guest acting winners being black and many people of color winning in technical categories, though those awards are considered less notable.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: Winners are listed first, highlighted in boldface, and indicated with a double dagger (‡). For simplicity, producers who received nominations for program awards, as well as nominated writers for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series, have been omitted.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The Governors Award was presented to Debbie Allen "in recognition of her numerous contributions to the television medium through multiple creative forms and her philanthropic endeavors around the world".


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: For the purposes of the lists below, "major" constitutes the categories listed above (program, acting, directing, and writing), while "total" includes the categories presented at the Creative Arts Emmy Awards.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: On March 2, 2021, the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences, also known as the Television Academy, announced that the 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards would be held on September 19. CBS broadcast the ceremony as part of a rotating deal among the "Big Four" networks (ABC, CBS, Fox, and NBC) signed in 2018. Additionally, it was announced that the ceremony would be available live and on-demand via ViacomCBS's streaming service Paramount+. Executive producers Reginald Hudlin and Ian Stewart returned after working on the previous year's ceremony, with Done and Dusted and Hudlin Entertainment producing. Hamish Hamilton also returned as director from the previous year. On July 12, Cedric the Entertainer was announced as the ceremony's host. Reggie Watts served as the DJ for the ceremony, and MC Lyte was the show's announcer.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: In an interview with "Variety", Hudlin and Stewart explained that they aimed to make the ceremony a "celebration" after the events of the previous year. They also sought to create a "party environment" for the audience and viewers at home. Cedric voiced similar thoughts, remarking that "television got us through this last year" and seeking to honor that. The usual theater seating was not included; instead, nominees were seated at tables with food and drink available. According to Hudlin, he and Stewart had wanted to try such a setup for a while, and the ceremony offered a great opportunity for them to try it. For nominees who could not attend in person for logistical reasons or due to health concerns, remote sites were set up; for instance, the cast and crew members of "The Crown" attended together from a remote site in London.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the previous ceremony had been held as a virtual event with no in-person festivities. Jimmy Kimmel hosted the ceremony from Staples Center with no audience, while all nominees appeared remotely via video link. Initially, the Television Academy planned to return to a modified in-person ceremony at the Microsoft Theater. However, due to concerns over SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant and increasing infections in California, it was announced on August 10 that the Primetime Emmy Awards and Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards would be relocated to another L.A. Live venue, the indoor-outdoor Event Deck, and have a further reduction in attendance. The Event Deck had been used before as the site for the ceremony's Governors Ball afterparty, which was cancelled due to COVID-19 concerns. Attendees were asked to wear masks when not on camera and during commercial breaks.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: When announcing the move to the Event Deck, the Television Academy explained that the change would allow the ceremony to "utilize an indoor/outdoor setting and more socially-distanced audience seating". However, presenter Seth Rogen criticized the tent-based setup during the ceremony, remarking, "What are we doing? They said this was outdoors. It is not. They lied to us". The comments, which were delivered off-script and partially tongue-in-cheek, led to criticism of the event on social media and reportedly frustrated producers Stewart and Hudlin. Cedric and Watts explained later in the ceremony the procedures that had been put in place to ensure a safe event. The Los Angeles County Department of Public Health also clarified that the ceremony was fully compliant with COVID-19 regulations for film, television, and music productions, which included proof of vaccination and a negative COVID-19 test within 48 hours of the event.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: In December 2020, the Television Academy announced several rule changes for the 2021 ceremony, including merging the Outstanding Variety Talk Series and Outstanding Variety Sketch Series categories after previously splitting them in 2015. However, this decision was reversed in February 2021. Another rule change clarified that anthology series would compete in the limited series categories, which were renamed accordingly. In June, it was announced that acting nominees and winners could request that the gender-neutral term "performer" be used instead of "actor" or "actress" on their certificates and statuettes.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: After trimming the number of categories at the main ceremony from 27 in 2019 to 23 in 2020, the Television Academy announced in July that the awards for Outstanding Writing for a Variety Series and Outstanding Variety Special (Pre-Recorded) would be moved to the main ceremony. In August, the awards for Outstanding Variety Sketch Series and Outstanding Variety Special (Live) were also added to the main ceremony. Other categories that had been presented at the main ceremony in previous years, such as Outstanding Television Movie and Outstanding Directing for a Variety Series, were kept at the Creative Arts ceremony.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The broadcast generally received mixed to negative reviews. Mike Hale of "The New York Times" remarked that the ceremony had "a certain level of spirit in the room — you got the feeling people were having a good time... But it was an insular jollity, one that didn't really come through the screen". He also criticized the scripted portions and noted that the best parts were "more off the cuff". IndieWire's Ben Travers noted that the awards were "a traditional telecast" befitting CBS's light, safe programming and found that it lacked a "special sauce ... to distinguish it for anything "good"". He praised the stars of the evening but found the comedy and presentation poor, and he found the lack of diversity among the winners disappointing. "Entertainment Weekly"s Kristen Baldwin found that most of the jokes "didn't just fall flat — they cratered", while Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" called it "one long coffin flop" that "decided to remind everyone what sucked about [award ceremonies]".


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: Some critics reviewed the broadcast more positively. Sonia Saraiya of "Vanity Fair" remarked that she generally enjoyed the ceremony and called it "a suave, sleek event", though she added that the lack of diversity among winners despite the diverse nominees and attendees "suggested that the Television Academy wants to be something different, but is still figuring out how". Robert Lloyd from the "Los Angeles Times" found the ceremony "fun, if nerve-racking" given the apparent disregard for COVID-19 protocols, singling out the pacing and energy for praise; he also applauded the diversity of the presenters. Several moments also received praise even from negative reviews, such as Michaela Coel's acceptance speech and Conan O'Brien "injecting a little anarchy into the proceedings" from the audience.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The ceremony was viewed by 7.83 million people in the United States, representing a 23% increase over the previous year's ceremony, which was the least-viewed in Emmys history. It also achieved a 1.81 rating among adults ages 18–49, up from the previous year's 1.3 rating. The ratings figures only include those who watched the telecast on CBS, and not those who streamed it on Paramount+. Viewership numbers were the best since the 70th Primetime Emmy Awards in 2018, and the ceremony snapped a six-year streak of record-low viewership. Several publications remarked that the improved ratings were likely due to strong NFL broadcasts leading into the program.


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: The annual In Memoriam segment was presented by Uzo Aduba, and featured Leon Bridges and Jon Batiste performing Bridges' song "River".


title: 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards

text: In addition to the In Memoriam segment, several individuals were recognized elsewhere during the ceremony. Cedric the Entertainer opened the ceremony with a tribute to Markie with a television-themed version of the song "Just a Friend". Michael K. Williams, who had been considered a frontrunner for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series, was recognized by presenter Kerry Washington when she presented the category. Jean Smart recognized Gilliland, her late husband, during her acceptance speech, while Lorne Michaels and John Oliver paid tribute to Macdonald during their speeches.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Elisabeth Beecher Stowe (; June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American author and abolitionist. She came from the religious Beecher family and became best known for her novel "Uncle Tom's Cabin" (1852), which depicts the harsh conditions experienced by enslaved African Americans. The book reached an audience of millions as a novel and play, and became influential in the United States and in Great Britain, energizing anti-slavery forces in the American North, while provoking widespread anger in the South. Stowe wrote 30 books, including novels, three travel memoirs, and collections of articles and letters. She was influential both for her writings and for her public stances and debates on social issues of the day.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Elisabeth Beecher was born in Litchfield, Connecticut on June 14, 1811. She was the sixth of 11 children born to outspoken Calvinist preacher Lyman Beecher. Her mother was his first wife, Roxana (Foote), a deeply religious woman who died when Stowe was only five years old. Roxana's maternal grandfather was General Andrew Ward of the Revolutionary War. Harriet's siblings included a sister, Catharine Beecher, who became an educator and author, as well as brothers who became ministers: including Henry Ward Beecher, who became a famous preacher and abolitionist, Charles Beecher, and Edward Beecher.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet enrolled in the Hartford Female Seminary run by her older sister Catharine. There she received something girls seldom got, a traditional academic education, with a focus in the Classics, languages, and mathematics. Among her classmates was Sarah P. Willis, who later wrote under the pseudonym Fanny Fern.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1832, at the age of 21, Harriet Beecher moved to Cincinnati, Ohio to join her father, who had become the president of Lane Theological Seminary. There, she also joined the Semi-Colon Club, a literary salon and social club whose members included the Beecher sisters, Caroline Lee Hentz, Salmon P. Chase (future governor of Ohio and Secretary of the Treasury under President Lincoln), Emily Blackwell and others. Cincinnati's trade and shipping business on the Ohio River was booming, drawing numerous migrants from different parts of the country, including many escaped slaves, bounty hunters seeking them, and Irish immigrants who worked on the state's canals and railroads. In 1829 the ethnic Irish attacked blacks, wrecking areas of the city, trying to push out these competitors for jobs. Beecher met a number of African Americans who had suffered in those attacks, and their experience contributed to her later writing about slavery. Riots took place again in 1836 and 1841, driven also by native-born anti-abolitionists.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet was also influenced by the Lane Debates on Slavery. The biggest event ever to take place at Lane, it was the series of debates held on 18 days in February 1834, between colonization and abolition defenders, decisively won by Theodore Weld and other abolitionists. Elisabeth attended most of the debates. Her father and the trustees, afraid of more violence from anti-abolitionist whites, prohibited any further discussions of the topic. The result was a mass exodus of the Lane students, together with a supportive trustee and a professor, who moved as a group to the new Oberlin Collegiate Institute after its trustees agreed, by a close and acrimonious vote, to accept students regardless of "race", and to allow discussions of any topic.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: It was in the literary club at Lane that she met Rev. Calvin Ellis Stowe, a widower who was a professor of Biblical Literature at the seminary. The two married at the Seminary on January 6, 1836. The Stowes had seven children together, including twin daughters.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1850, Congress passed the Fugitive Slave Law, prohibiting assistance to fugitives and strengthening sanctions even in free states. At the time, Stowe had moved with her family to Brunswick, Maine, where her husband was now teaching at Bowdoin College. Their home near the campus is protected as a National Historic Landmark. The Stowes were ardent critics of slavery and supported the Underground Railroad, temporarily housing several fugitive slaves in their home. One fugitive from slavery, John Andrew Jackson, wrote of hiding with Stowe in her house in Brunswick as he fled to Canada in his narrative titled "The Experience of a Slave in South Carolina" (London: Passmore & Albaster, 1862).


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Stowe claimed to have a vision of a dying slave during a communion service at Brunswick's First Parish Church, which inspired her to write his story. However, what more likely allowed her to empathize with slaves was the loss of her eighteen-month-old son, Samuel Charles Stowe. She even stated the following, "Having experienced losing someone so close to me, I can sympathize with all the poor, powerless slaves at the unjust auctions. You will always be in my heart Samuel Charles Stowe." On March 9, 1850, Stowe wrote to Gamaliel Bailey, editor of the weekly anti-slavery journal "The National Era", that she planned to write a story about the problem of slavery: "I feel now that the time is come when even a woman or a child who can speak a word for freedom and humanity is bound to speak... I hope every woman who can write will not be silent."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Shortly after in June 1851, when she was 40, the first installment of "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published in serial form in the newspaper "The National Era". She originally used the subtitle "The Man That Was a Thing", but it was soon changed to "Life Among the Lowly". Installments were published weekly from June 5, 1851, to April 1, 1852. For the newspaper serialization of her novel, Stowe was paid $400. "Uncle Tom's Cabin" was published in book form on March 20, 1852, by John P. Jewett with an initial print run of 5,000 copies. Each of its two volumes included three illustrations and a title-page designed by Hammatt Billings. In less than a year, the book sold an unprecedented 300,000 copies. By December, as sales began to wane, Jewett issued an inexpensive edition at 37½ cents each to stimulate sales. Sales abroad, as in Britain where the book was a great success, earned Stowe nothing as there was no international copyright agreement in place during that era. In late 1853 Stowe undertook a lecture tour of Britain and, to make up the royalties that she could not receive there, the Glasgow New Association for the Abolition of Slavery set up Uncle Tom's Offering.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: According to Daniel R. Vollaro, the goal of the book was to educate Northerners on the realistic horrors of the things that were happening in the South. The other purpose was to try to make people in the South feel more empathetic towards the people they were forcing into slavery.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: The book's emotional portrayal of the effects of slavery on individuals captured the nation's attention. Stowe showed that slavery touched all of society, beyond the people directly involved as masters, traders and slaves. Her novel added to the debate about abolition and slavery, and aroused opposition in the South. In the South, Stowe was depicted as out of touch, arrogant, and guilty of slander. Within a year, 300 babies in Boston alone were named Eva (one of the book's characters), and a play based on the book opened in New York in November. Southerners quickly responded with numerous works of what are now called anti-Tom novels, seeking to portray Southern society and slavery in more positive terms. Many of these were bestsellers, although none matched the popularity of Stowe's work, which set publishing records.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: After the start of the Civil War, Stowe traveled to the capital, Washington, D.C., where she met President Abraham Lincoln on November 25, 1862. Stowe's daughter, Hattie, reported, "It was a very droll time that we had at the White house I assure you... I will only say now that it was all very funny—and we were ready to explode with laughter all the while." What Lincoln said is a minor mystery. Her son later reported that Lincoln greeted her by saying, "so you are the little woman who wrote the book that started this great war." Her own accounts are vague, including the letter reporting the meeting to her husband: "I had a real funny interview with the President."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Stowe purchased property near Jacksonville, Florida. In response to a newspaper article in 1873, she wrote, "I came to Florida the year after the war and held property in Duval County ever since. In all this time I have not received even an incivility from any native Floridian."


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Stowe is controversial for her support of Elizabeth Campbell, Duchess of Argyll, whose father-in-law decades before was a leader in the Highland Clearances, the transformation of the remote Highlands of Scotland from a militia-based society to an agricultural one that supported far fewer people. The newly homeless moved to Canada, where very bitter accounts appeared. It was Stowe's assignment to refute them using evidence the Duchess provided, in Letter XVII Volume 1 of her travel memoir "Sunny Memories of Foreign Lands". Stowe was criticized for her seeming defense of the clearances.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1868, Stowe became one of the first editors of "Hearth and Home" magazine, one of several new publications appealing to women; she departed after a year. Stowe campaigned for the expansion of married women's rights, arguing in 1869 that:


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In the 1870s, Stowe's brother Henry Ward Beecher was accused of adultery, and became the subject of a national scandal. Unable to bear the public attacks on her brother, Stowe again fled to Florida but asked family members to send her newspaper reports. Through the affair, she remained loyal to her brother and believed he was innocent.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: After her return to Connecticut, Mrs. Stowe was among the founders of the Hartford Art School, which later became part of the University of Hartford.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Following the death of her husband, Calvin Stowe, in 1886, Harriet started rapidly to decline in health. By 1888, "The Washington Post" reported that as a result of dementia the 77-year-old Stowe started writing "Uncle Tom's Cabin" over again. She imagined that she was engaged in the original composition, and for several hours every day she industriously used pen and paper, inscribing passages of the book almost exactly word for word. This was done unconsciously from memory, the author imagining that she composed the matter as she went along. To her diseased mind the story was brand new, and she frequently exhausted herself with labor which she regarded as freshly created.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Mark Twain, a neighbor of Stowe's in Hartford, recalled her last years in the following passage of his autobiography:


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Her mind had decayed, and she was a pathetic figure. She wandered about all the day long in the care of a muscular Irish woman. Among the colonists of our neighborhood the doors always stood open in pleasant weather. Mrs. Stowe entered them at her own free will, and as she was always softly slippered and generally full of animal spirits, she was able to deal in surprises, and she liked to do it. She would slip up behind a person who was deep in dreams and musings and fetch a war whoop that would jump that person out of his clothes. And she had other moods. Sometimes we would hear gentle music in the drawing-room and would find her there at the piano singing ancient and melancholy songs with infinitely touching effect.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Modern researchers now speculate that at the end of her life she was suffering from Alzheimer's disease.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Harriet Beecher Stowe died on July 1, 1896, in Hartford, Connecticut, 17 days after her 85th birthday.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: She is buried in the historic cemetery at Phillips Academy in Andover, Massachusetts, along with her husband and their son Henry Ellis.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: Multiple landmarks are dedicated to the memory of Harriet Beecher Stowe, and are located in several states including Ohio, Florida, Maine and Connecticut. The locations of these landmarks represent various periods of her life such as her father's house where she grew up, and where she wrote her most famous work.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Cincinnati, Ohio, is the former home of her father Lyman Beecher on the former campus of the Lane Seminary. Her father was a preacher who was greatly affected by the pro-slavery Cincinnati Riots of 1836. Harriet Beecher Stowe lived here until her marriage. It is open to the public and operated as a historical and cultural site, focusing on Harriet Beecher Stowe, the Lane Seminary and the Underground Railroad. The site also presents African-American history.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In the 1870s and 1880s, Stowe and her family wintered in Mandarin, Florida, now a neighborhood of modern consolidated Jacksonville, on the St. Johns River. Stowe wrote "Palmetto Leaves" while living in Mandarin, arguably an eloquent piece of promotional literature directed at Florida's potential Northern investors at the time. The book was published in 1873 and describes Northeast Florida and its residents. In 1874, Stowe was honored by the governor of Florida as one of several northerners who had helped Florida's growth after the war. In addition to her writings inspiring tourists and settlers to the area, she helped establish a church and a school, and she helped promote oranges as a major state crop through her own orchards. The school she helped establish in 1870 was an integrated school in Mandarin for children and adults. This predated the national movement toward integration by more than a half century. The marker commemorating the Stowe family is located across the street from the former site of their cottage. It is on the property of the Community Club, at the site of a church where Stowe's husband once served as a minister. The Church of our Saviour is an Episcopal Church founded in 1880 by a group of people who had gathered for Bible readings with Professor Calvin E. Stowe and his famous wife. The house was constructed in 1883 which contained the "Stowe Memorial stained glass window", created by Louis Comfort Tiffany.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Brunswick, Maine, is where Stowe lived when she wrote "Uncle Tom's Cabin." Her husband was teaching theology at nearby Bowdoin College, and she regularly invited students from the college and friends to read and discuss the chapters before publication. Future Civil War general, and later Governor, Joshua Chamberlain was then a student at the college and later described the setting. "On these occasions," Chamberlain noted, "a chosen circle of friends, mostly young, were favored with the freedom of her house, the rallying point being, however, the reading before publication, of the successive chapters of her "Uncle Tom's Cabin", and the frank discussion of them." In 2001, Bowdoin College purchased the house, together with a newer attached building, and was able to raise the substantial funds necessary to restore the house. It is now open to the public.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: The Harriet Beecher Stowe House in Hartford, Connecticut, is the house where Stowe lived for the last 23 years of her life. It was next door to the house of fellow author Mark Twain. In this cottage-style house, there are many of Beecher Stowe's original items and items from the time period. In the research library, which is open to the public, there are numerous letters and documents from the Beecher family. The house is open to the public and offers house tours on the hour.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: In 1833, during Stowe's time in Cincinnati, the city was afflicted with a serious cholera epidemic. To avoid illness, Stowe made a visit to Washington, Kentucky, a major community of the era just south of Maysville. She stayed with the Marshall Key family, one of whose daughters was a student at Lane Seminary. It is recorded that Mr. Key took her to see a slave auction, as they were frequently held in Maysville. Scholars believe she was strongly moved by the experience. The Marshall Key home still stands in Washington. Key was a prominent Kentuckian; his visitors also included Henry Clay and Daniel Webster.


title: Harriet Beecher Stowe

text: The Uncle Tom's Cabin Historic Site is part of the restored Dawn Settlement at Dresden, Ontario, which is 20 miles east of Algonac, Michigan. The community for freed slaves founded by the Rev. Josiah Henson and other abolitionists in the 1830s has been restored. There's also a museum. Henson and the Dawn Settlement provided Stowe with the inspiration for "Uncle Tom's Cabin".


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: On 30 January 1969, the Beatles performed an impromptu concert from the rooftop of their Apple Corps headquarters at 3 Savile Row, in central London's office and fashion district. Joined by guest keyboardist Billy Preston, the band played a 42-minute set before the Metropolitan Police arrived and ordered them to reduce the volume. It was the final public performance of their career.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Although the concert had been conceived only a few days previously, the Beatles had been planning to return to live performance since they began the recording sessions for their album "Let It Be" (1970). They performed nine takes of five new songs as crowds of onlookers, many on lunch breaks, congregated in the streets and on the rooftops of nearby buildings to listen. The concert ended with "Get Back", with John Lennon joking, "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves, and I hope we've passed the audition."


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The entire performance was filmed and recorded, and footage was used in the 1970 documentary film "Let It Be" and the 2021 documentary series "". The first performance of "I've Got a Feeling" and single takes of "One After 909" and "Dig a Pony" were also featured on the accompanying album. On 28 January 2022, the audio of the full rooftop performance was released to streaming services under the title Get Back – The Rooftop Performance.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: In February 2022, Disney released the entire concert sequence as presented in "" in IMAX as "The Beatles: Get Back – The Rooftop Concert". It had a limited theatrical engagement to critical acclaim.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Although the rooftop concert was unannounced, the original intention behind the Beatles' "Get Back" project was for the band to make a return as live performers. The idea of a large public show was sidelined as one of George Harrison's conditions for returning to the group, after walking out of the filmed rehearsals on 10 January.<ref name="Irvin/Mojo"> Available at Rock's Backpages (subscription required).</ref> Another of his stipulations was that they move from Twickenham Film Studios to their Apple Corps headquarters and record their new songs in the basement Apple Studio. On 22 January, Harrison brought in keyboardist Billy Preston as an additional musician, in the hope that a talented outsider would encourage the band to be tight and focused.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Paul McCartney and Michael Lindsay-Hogg, the director of the project, continued to hope that the Beatles would end the sessions with a live performance in front of an audience. According to Beatles historian Mark Lewisohn, it is uncertain who had the idea for a rooftop concert, but the suggestion was conceived just days before the actual event. In Preston's recollection, John Lennon thought up the idea to perform on the rooftop.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: In his autobiography "Sound Man", audio engineer Glyn Johns says the idea for the concert was his. He recalls that it originated from a lunchtime discussion when Ringo Starr mentioned that there was a great view of London's West End from the roof and then took Johns and Lindsay-Hogg up to see it. Mal Evans, the Beatles' road manager, recorded in his diary that the idea came about "after we'd taken a breath of fresh air on the roof after lunch" on 26 January. Peter Jackson's documentary series "" shows Johns and Lindsay-Hogg presenting McCartney with the idea and McCartney being excited about it.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Starr was initially determined not to play, and Harrison was reluctant. The 29 January audio tapes for Lindsay-Hogg's production capture McCartney pleading with Lennon that a live performance was essential to maintain the Beatles' connection with their audience, and the band members merely needed to overcome their stage fright. In a group discussion at the end of that day, Harrison talked enthusiastically about the upcoming show for the first time and joked about performing for an audience of chimneys. Consistent with a decision he made during the Twickenham rehearsals, however, Harrison declined to have any of his songs included in the set.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Evans organised for a stage to be built on the Apple rooftop and for the band's equipment to be set up there. The instruments used during the performance were Lennon's stripped-back Epiphone Casino, McCartney's signature Höfner "violin" bass, Harrison's new, custom-made rosewood Fender Telecaster, and Starr's recently acquired Ludwig drum kit, along with an electric piano for Preston. Johns and assistant engineer Alan Parsons purchased women's stockings from a local Marks & Spencer store to protect the microphones from the winter wind. Plans to hire a helicopter to capture aerial footage were abandoned.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The audio was recorded onto two eight-track recorders in the basement studio at Apple by Johns and Parsons. Lindsay-Hogg's crew used six cameras to film several angles of the performance. In addition to cameras located on the rooftop with the band, one camera was placed, without permission, on the roof of a building across the street; a camera was hidden behind a two-way mirror in the reception area of the building, ready to capture any disruption caused by the loud music; and two cameras were on the street to film interviews and reactions from passers-by.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Until the last minute, according to Lindsay-Hogg, the Beatles were still undecided about performing the concert. He recalled that they had discussed it and then gone silent, until "John said in the silence, 'Fuck it – let's go do it.'"


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The four Beatles and Preston arrived on the roof at around 12:30pm. When the musicians started playing, there was confusion among members of the public, many of whom were on their lunch break. As the news of the event spread, crowds began to congregate in the streets and on the roofs of nearby buildings. While most responded positively to the concert, the Metropolitan Police grew concerned about noise and traffic issues, having received complaints from several local businesses. The film cameras captured police officers arriving at Apple to stop the performance. Apple employees initially kept the officers in reception and refused to let them up to the roof, but reconsidered when threatened with arrest.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: According to Johns, the band fully expected to be interrupted by the police, since there was a police station not far along Savile Row. The authorities' intervention satisfied a suggestion made by McCartney earlier in January, that the Beatles should perform their concert "in a place we're not allowed to do it ... like we should trespass, go in, set up and then get moved ... Getting forcibly ejected, still trying to play your numbers, and the police lifting you."


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The officers ascended to the roof just as the Beatles began the second take of "Don't Let Me Down". During the next number – the final version of "Get Back" – McCartney improvised the lyrics to reflect the situation: "You've been playing on the roofs again, and you know your momma doesn't like it; she's going to have you arrested!" Acting on the police officers' instructions,<ref name="Lifton/UCR"></ref> Evans turned off Lennon and Harrison's guitar amplifiers mid-song, only for Harrison to turn his amplifier back on in defiance. Evans then turned Lennon's back on as the band continued to play.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The concert came to an end with the conclusion of "Get Back". McCartney said "Thanks Mo", in response to applause and cheers from Maureen Starkey, Starr's wife. Lennon then said: "I'd like to say thank you on behalf of the group and ourselves, and I hope we've passed the audition."


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The rooftop concert consisted of nine complete takes of five Beatles songs: three takes of "Get Back"; two each of "Don't Let Me Down" and "I've Got a Feeling"; and one take each of "One After 909" and "Dig a Pony". On 28 January 2022, the audio of the full rooftop performance was released in Dolby Atmos to streaming services as "Get Back – The Rooftop Performance". The album version reproduced the set list in its performance order. As seen in the 2021 Disney+ documentary series "", a short take of "Get Back" was also played and filmed before takes one and two, as part of the preliminary sound check. The concert also includes a short take of the British national anthem "God Save the Queen". Track times are taken from the streaming version released in 2022.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The first performance of "I've Got a Feeling" and the recordings of "One After 909" and "Dig a Pony" were later used for the album "Let It Be". In 1996, the third live performance of "Get Back", which was the last song of the Beatles' final live performance, was included on "Anthology 3". An edit of the two takes of "Don't Let Me Down" was included on "Let It Be... Naked", as was a composite of the two takes of "I've Got a Feeling". There were also brief jams of "I Want You (She's So Heavy)" (after the first "Get Back") and "God Save the Queen" (after "Dig a Pony") while Parsons changed tapes. Lennon sang lines from "Danny Boy" and "A Pretty Girl Is Like a Melody" between some of the songs.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The Beatles' rooftop concert marked the end of an era for many fans. The group did record one more album, "Abbey Road" – for which work started the following month – but in September 1969 Lennon left the band. At the time, many observers believed the concert was a trial run for a return to live performances and touring, with the band re-engaging with their rock 'n' roll roots. The concert footage provided the climax of Lindsay-Hogg's documentary, originally planned as a TV special but released as the "Let It Be" film in May 1970, a month after the Beatles' break-up.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: According to author James Perone, the concert achieved "iconic status" – both among fans, as the Beatles' final live appearance, and in the history of rock music, on the level of the Monterey Pop, Woodstock and Altamont festivals. He says that, although the show was "not technically a 'concert'" due to the secrecy surrounding its presentation, and the band's last official concert was on 29 August 1966 in San Francisco, it stood out for capturing the sort of unpredictability that became typical of live rock performances in 1969.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The Rutles' "Get Up and Go" sequence in the 1978 film "All You Need Is Cash" mimics the footage of the rooftop concert, and uses similar camera angles. In January 2009, tribute band the Bootleg Beatles attempted to stage a 40th anniversary concert in the same location, but were refused permission by Westminster City Council due to licensing problems.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: In "The Simpsons" 1993 fifth season episode "Homer's Barbershop Quartet", the Be Sharps (Homer, Apu, Barney and Principal Skinner) perform a rendition of one of their previous hits, "Baby on Board", on the rooftop of Moe's Tavern. George Harrison, who guest-starred in the episode, is shown saying dismissively, "It's been done!" As the song ends and the credits begin, Homer repeats John Lennon's phrase about passing the audition and everyone laughs, including Barney until he says, "I don't get it."


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: In the 2007 film "Across The Universe", a musical made up entirely of Beatles' music, Sadie's band performs a rooftop concert in New York City which mimics the original. It is interrupted and closed down by the New York Police Department.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: The music video for Kazuyoshi Saito's 2010 song "Zutto Suki Datta" faithfully recreates the rooftop performance of "Get Back" with Saito as McCartney, Lily Franky as Lennon, Hiroyuki Kobori as Harrison, and Gaku Hamada as Starr. It won Best Male Video at the 2011 Space Shower Music Video Awards.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: U2 made homage to The Beatles and this concert in their video for "Where the Streets Have No Name", which featured a similar rooftop concert in Los Angeles, 1987.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: Manchester indie band James performed a similar rooftop gig on the twenty-second anniversary of the Beatles' version (30 January 1991) on top of the Piccadilly hotel. The band performed five songs, before having to end the set reputedly because Larry Gott's fingers had become frozen to his fretboard.


title: The Beatles' rooftop concert

text: McCartney played a surprise mini-concert in midtown Manhattan from the top of the marquee of the Ed Sullivan Theater on 15 July 2009, where he was recording a performance for the "Late Show with David Letterman". News of the event spread via Twitter and word of mouth, and nearby street corners were closed off to accommodate fans for the set.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: Park Jin-young (born September 22, 1994), known mononymously as Jinyoung, and formerly as Jr. and Junior, is a South Korean singer, actor, and songwriter. He is a member of the boy band Got7 and boy band duo JJ Project. He made his acting debut in the drama "Dream High 2" (2012) followed by a series of supporting roles until he landed a main role in "He Is Psychometric" (2019). He made his film debut in the independent film "A Stray Goat" (2016).


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: Park is a native of Udo Island, Jinhae-gu, Changwon, where his grandparents reside, but grew up in Yongwon-dong, Jinhae-gu. He had childhood ambitions to be an entertainer and appear on TV since his fifth year of primary school. His mother was against it and, when Park was attending his sixth year, she sent him to an audition for SM Entertainment, agreeing that, if he failed, he would give up; however, he made it to the third and final preliminary round and won the popularity award. As the family's opposition diminished, he started taking dance classes at Busan Dance School in Seomyeon and Haeundae starting from the winter vacation of his first year of middle school, although he didn't take it seriously for the first three months until his father reproached him. After three months of intense practice, he was able to dance, and in 2009 he successfully auditioned for JYP Entertainment, winning first place at the open audition with Jay B over 10,000 applicants; he subsequently moved to Seoul alone. At that time he only liked dancing, but, thinking seriously about his future, he realized that he loved music as a whole.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In 2011, after six months of acting classes, Park was cast in the role of Jung Ui-bong in the television drama "Dream High 2". The drama began airing on January 30, 2012, on KBS. On February 29, he released the song "We Are The B" for the drama's soundtrack, along with Jinwoon, Kang So-ra and Kim Ji-soo.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In May 2012, Park and fellow trainee JB debuted as the duo JJ Project with the single album "Bounce". On March 11, 2013, it was announced that he would be appearing as Ddol-yi on MBC's new drama "When a Man Falls in Love," which aired for twenty episodes beginning April 3.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On January 16, 2014, Park debuted as a vocalist in JYP Entertainment's new boy group Got7. Their first EP was released soon after on January 20 and Park made the choreography for one of the songs, "Follow Me".


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In 2015, he was cast in a supporting role in the drama "This is My Love", which aired on JTBC from May 29 to July 18. Although the previous roles hadn't sparked his interest in acting, while filming "This is My Love" Park realized that it was actually fun, and the memories of that time prompted him to continue working as an actor.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: The same year in March he was hired as official host for "M Countdown" alongside Shinee's Key, group member BamBam and CNBLUE's Jung-shin. Park left his position as MC in March 2016 to focus on activities with Got7, including the group's first worldwide concert tour.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In 2016, Park was cast as the male lead in the independent film "A Stray Goat", directed by Cho Jae-min: in the film, he played a high school student who moves to the town of Goseong where he meets a girl, who is an outcast because of rumors and suspicions about her father. The movie was theatrically released on March 1, 2017, and premiered at the 17th Jeonju International Film Festival.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In September 2016, he was cast for a supporting role in the drama "The Legend of the Blue Sea", where he portrayed the teenage version of Lee Min-ho's character, the protagonist of the series.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In February 2017, SBS announced Park, NCT's Doyoung, and Blackpink's Jisoo as the new fixed MCs of "Inkigayo".


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In December 2018, Park landed his first lead role in the fantasy rom-com drama "He Is Psychometric" alongside Kim Kwon, Kim Da-som and Shin Ye-eun.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In September 2019, he held his first solo fan meeting in Bangkok for promoting his drama "He Is Psychometric".


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In 2020, Park starred in the television series "When My Love Blooms" alongside Yoo Ji-tae, Lee Bo-young and Jeon So-nee, and was cast in the movie "" as the youngest member of a team of spies in foreign countries dedicated to overseas missions.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In July, Park held the online fan meeting "Hear, Here" to commemorate the release of the photobook of the same name.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In August, he was confirmed as the main lead in the tvN legal drama "The Devil Judge" alongside Ji Sung as associate judge Kim Ga-on. The drama premiered in July 2021.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: Throughout 2020, he collaborated with Tom Ford Beauty to promote Rose Prick Eau de Parfum, make-up line Shade and Illuminate, and the unisex perfume collection Private Blend. Rose Prick Eau de Parfum was sold out in a day.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On January 28, 2021, it was announced that he signed an exclusive contract with BH Entertainment following his departure from JYP Entertainment.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In May, he attended Hugo Boss x Russell Athletic's capsule collection launch event with Shinee's Minho in Seoul.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On July 22, 2021, he was confirmed to appear in the tvN drama "Yumi's Cells" as Yoo Ba-bi alongside Kim Go-eun. The series based on the webtoon of the same title premiered in September 2021.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On July 29, 2021, he released the self-written, self-composed digital single "Dive" as a gift for fans, along with a special performance clip published on 1theK Originals official YouTube channel. The song, based on the sound of the band, debuted on "Billboard" World Digital Song Sales Chart at number 12.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In September, he starred in New York Fashion Week's digital fashion short film, "Concept Korea New York S/S 2022", for Nohant, a unisex casual brand based in Seoul. The film was released through the New York Fashion Week official website and Korea Creative Content Agency official YouTube channel. On September 29, 2021, he released "Dive (Japanese ver.)".


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: The following month, Park was confirmed to star as the lead in the crime thriller film "A Christmas Carol", based on the novel of the same name, about a guy who goes to a juvenile detention center to avenge his twin brother's death; he will portray both roles. The film, which was selected by the Busan Asian Project Market (APM), began filming in February 2022.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In December, he featured in a 100-page special edition of "TMRW" magazine. In March 2022, he starred in a three-part cinematic advertisement for the virtual game KlayCity.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In November 2022, BH Entertainment announced that Park would be releasing a solo album in January 2023 to commemorate the 10th anniversary of his debut.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On November 25, 2022, it was reported that Park would be enlisting in the military in March 2023. Later, the agency stated that the enlistment date has not yet been set.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: In February 2020, it was reported that Park had donated an undisclosed amount of money to wild animals affected by fires in Australia. In August 2020, he donated to the Hope Bridge Disaster Relief Association to help flood victims in South Korea.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: On August 10, 2022, Jinyoung donated to help those affected by the 2022 South Korean floods through the Hope Bridge Korea Disaster Relief Association. In December, he donated to One Love Village, a facility for children with severe disabilities.


title: Jinyoung (entertainer, born 1994)

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database, unless otherwise noted.


title: Moab

text: Moab () is the name of an ancient Levantine kingdom whose territory is today located in the modern state of Jordan. The land is mountainous and lies alongside much of the eastern shore of the Dead Sea. The existence of the Kingdom of Moab is attested to by numerous archaeological findings, most notably the Mesha Stele, which describes the Moabite victory over an unnamed son of King Omri of Israel, an episode also noted in 2 Kings . The Moabite capital was Dibon. According to the Hebrew Bible, Moab was often in conflict with its Israelite neighbours to the west.


title: Moab

text: The etymology of the word Moab is uncertain. The earliest gloss is found in the Koine Greek Septuagint () which explains the name, in obvious allusion to the account of Moab's parentage, as ἐκ τοῦ πατρός μου ("from my father"). Other etymologies which have been proposed regard it as a corruption of "seed of a father", or as a participial form from "to desire", thus connoting "the desirable (land)". Rashi explains the word "Mo'ab" to mean "from the father", since "ab" in Hebrew and Arabic and the rest of the Semitic languages means "father". He writes that as a result of the immodesty of Moab's name, God did not command the Israelites to refrain from inflicting pain upon the Moabites in the manner in which he did with regard to the Ammonites. Fritz Hommel regards "Moab" as an abbreviation of "Immo-ab"="his mother is his father".


title: Moab

text: According to , the ancestor of the Moabites was Lot by incest with his eldest daughter. She and her sister, having lost their fiancés and their mother in the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, decided to continue their father's line through intercourse with their father. The elder got him drunk to facilitate the deed and conceived Moab. The younger daughter did the same and conceived a son named Ben-ammi, who became ancestor to the Ammonites. According to the Book of Jasher (24,24), Moab had four sons—Ed, Mayon, Tarsus and Kanvil—and his wife, whose name is not given, is apparently from Canaan.


title: Moab

text: Moab was located on a plateau about above the level of the Mediterranean, or above the Dead Sea, rising gradually from north to south.


title: Moab

text: In the north are a number of long, deep ravines, and Mount Nebo, famous as the scene of the death of Moses (Deuteronomy ).


title: Moab

text: In the boundaries are given as being marked by Beth-jeshimoth (north), Baal-meon (east), and Kiriathaim (south). That these limits were not fixed, however, is plain from the lists of cities given in and Jeremiah , where Heshbon, Elealeh, and Jazer are mentioned to the north of Beth-jeshimoth; Madaba, Beth-gamul, and Mephaath to the east of Baalmeon; and Dibon, Aroer, Bezer, Jahaz, and Kirhareseth to the south of Kiriathaim. The principal rivers of Moab mentioned in the Bible are the Arnon, the Dimon or Dibon, and the Nimrim.


title: Moab

text: The territory occupied by Moab at the period of its greatest extent, before the invasion of the Amorites, divided itself naturally into three distinct and independent portions: the enclosed corner or canton south of the Arnon, referred to in the Bible as "field of Moab" (Ruth ). The more open rolling country north of the Arnon, opposite Jericho and up to the hills of Gilead, called the "land of Moab" (Deuteronomy ) and the district below sea level in the tropical depths of the Jordan valley (Numbers ).


title: Moab

text: The limestone hills which form the almost treeless plateau are generally steep but fertile. In the spring they are covered with grass and the table-land itself produces grain. The rainfall is fairly plentiful and the climate, despite the hot summer, is cooler than the area west of the Jordan River, snow falling frequently in winter and in spring.


title: Moab

text: The plateau is dotted with hundreds of dolmens, menhirs, and stone circles, and contains many ruined villages, mostly of the Roman and Byzantine periods. It contains the city of al-Karak whose modern inhabitants consider themselves as descendants of Moabites.


title: Moab

text: Despite a scarcity of archaeological evidence, the existence of the Kingdom of Moab prior to the rise of the Israelite state has been deduced from a colossal statue erected at Luxor by pharaoh Ramesses II, in the 13th century BCE, which lists "Mu'ab" among a series of nations conquered during a campaign. The early inhabitants likely came from the Arabian peninsula immigrating due to the lack of water emphasised by a drought.


title: Moab

text: In the Nimrud clay inscription of Tiglath-pileser III (r. 745–727 BCE), the Moabite king Salmanu (perhaps the Shalman who sacked Beth-arbel in Hosea ) is mentioned as tributary to Assyria. Sargon II mentions on a clay prism a revolt against him by Moab together with Philistia, Judah, and Edom; but on the Taylor prism, which recounts the expedition against Hezekiah, Kammusu-Nadbi (Chemosh-nadab), King of Moab, brings tribute to Sargon as his suzerain. Another Moabite king, Mutzuri ("the Egyptian"?), is mentioned as one of the subject princes at the courts of Esarhaddon and Assurbanipal, while Kaasḥalta, possibly his successor, is named on cylinder B of Assurbanipal.


title: Moab

text: Sometime during the Persian period Moab disappears from the extant historical record. Its territory was subsequently overrun by waves of tribes from northern Arabia, including the Kedarites and (later) the Nabataeans.


title: Moab

text: When the Crusaders occupied the area, the castle they built to defend the eastern part of the Kingdom of Jerusalem was called Kerak Castle.


title: Moab

text: Early modern travellers in the region included Ulrich Jasper Seetzen (1805), Johann Ludwig Burckhardt (1812), Charles Leonard Irby and James Mangles (1818), and Louis Félicien de Saulcy (1851).


title: Moab

text: According to the biblical account, Moab and Ammon were born to Lot and Lot's elder and younger daughters, respectively, in the aftermath of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah. The Bible refers to both the Moabites and Ammonites as Lot's sons, born of incest with his daughters ().


title: Moab

text: The Moabites first inhabited the rich highlands at the eastern side of the chasm of the Dead Sea, extending as far as Wadi Mujib to Wadi Hasa, from which country they expelled the Emim, the original inhabitants (Deuteronomy ), but they themselves were afterward driven southward by warlike tribes of Amorites, who had crossed the river Jordan. These Amorites, described in the Bible as being ruled by King Sihon, confined the Moabites to the country south of the river Arnon, which formed their northern boundary (Numbers ; Judges ).


title: Moab

text: God renewed his covenant with the Israelites at Moab before the Israelites entered the Promised Land" (). Moses died there (), prevented by God from entering the Promised Land. He was buried in an unknown location in Moab and the Israelites spent a period of thirty days there in mourning ().


title: Moab

text: According to the Book of Judges, the Israelites did not pass through the land of the Moabites (), but conquered Sihon's kingdom and his capital at Heshbon. After the conquest of Canaan the relations of Moab with Israel were of a mixed character, sometimes warlike and sometimes peaceable. With the tribe of Benjamin they had at least one severe struggle, in union with their kindred the Ammonites and the Amalekites (). The Benjaminite shofet Ehud ben Gera assassinated the Moabite king Eglon and led an Israelite army against the Moabites at a ford of the Jordan river, killing many of them.


title: Moab

text: The Book of Ruth testifies to friendly relations between Moab and Bethlehem, one of the towns of the tribe of Judah. By his descent from Ruth, David may be said to have had Moabite blood in his veins. He committed his parents to the protection of the king of Moab (who may have been his kinsman), when hard pressed by King Saul. (1 Samuel 22:3,4) But here all friendly relations stop forever. The next time the name is mentioned is in the account of David's war, who made the Moabites tributary (2 Samuel ; 1 Chronicles ). Moab may have been under the rule of an Israelite governor during this period; among the exiles who returned to Judea from Babylonia were a clan descended from Pahath-Moab, whose name means "ruler of Moab".


title: Moab

text: At the disruption of the kingdom under the reign of Rehoboam, Moab seems to have been absorbed into the northern realm. It continued in vassalage to the Kingdom of Israel until the death of Ahab which according to E. R. Thiele's reckoning was in about 853 BCE, when the Moabites refused to pay tribute and asserted their independence, making war upon the kingdom of Judah ().


title: Moab

text: After the death of Ahab in about 853 BCE, the Moabites under Mesha rebelled against Jehoram, who allied himself with Jehoshaphat, King of the Kingdom of Judah, and with the King of Edom. According to the Bible, the prophet Elisha directed the Israelites to dig a series of ditches between themselves and the enemy, and during the night these channels were miraculously filled with water which was as red as blood.


title: Moab

text: According to the biblical account, the crimson color deceived the Moabites and their allies into attacking one another, leading to their defeat at Ziz, near En Gedi (; ). According to Mesha's inscription on the Mesha Stele, however, he was completely victorious and regained all the territory of which Israel had deprived him. The battle of Ziz is the last important date in the history of the Moabites as recorded in the Bible. In the year of Elisha's death they invaded Israel () and later aided Nebuchadnezzar in his expedition against Jehoiakim ().


title: Moab

text: Allusions to Moab are frequent in the prophetical books (; ; ; ). Two chapters of Isaiah (15 and 16) and one of Jeremiah (48) are devoted to the "burden of Moab". Its prosperity and pride, which the Israelites believed incurred the wrath of God, are frequently mentioned (; ; ), and their contempt for Israel is once expressly noted (). Moab would be dealt with during the time of the Messiah's rulership according to the prophets. The book of Zephaniah states that Moab would become "a permanent desolation".


title: Moab

text: Moab is also made reference to in the 2 Meqabyan, a book considered canonical in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. In that text, a Moabite king named Maccabeus joins forces with Edom and Amalek to attack Israel, later repenting of his sins and adopting the Israelite religion.


title: Moab

text: References to the religion of Moab are scant. Most of the Moabites followed the ancient Semitic religion like other ancient Semitic-speaking peoples, and the Book of Numbers says that they induced the Israelites to join in their sacrifices (; ). Their chief god seems to have been Chemosh, and the Bible refers to them as the "people of Chemosh" (; ). During the Iron Age, several Moabite cultic sites have been found in places such as Deir Alla, Damiyah, Ataruz or Khirbet al-Mudayna.


title: Moab

text: According to II Kings, at times, especially in dire peril, human sacrifices were offered to Chemosh, as by Mesha, who gave up his son and heir to him (). Nevertheless, King Solomon built a "high place" for Chemosh on the hill before Jerusalem (), which the Bible describes as "this detestation of Moab". The altar was not destroyed until the reign of Josiah (). The Moabite Stone also mentions (line 17) a female counterpart of Chemosh, Ashtar-Chemosh, and a god Nebo (line 14), probably the well-known Babylonian divinity Nabu.


title: Moab

text: The Moabite language was spoken in Moab. It was a Canaanite language closely related to Biblical Hebrew, Ammonite and Edomite, and was written using a variant of the Phoenician alphabet. Most of our knowledge of it comes from the Mesha Stele, which is the only known extensive text in this language. In addition, there are the three line El-Kerak Inscription and a few seals.


title: Moab

text: According to the Hebrew Bible, the Moabites opposed the Israelite invasion of Canaan, as did the Ammonites. As a consequence, they were excluded from the congregation for ten generations. The term "tenth generation" is considered an idiom, used for an unlimited time, as opposed to the third generation, which allows an Egyptian convert to marry into the community. The Talmud expresses the view that the prohibition applied only to male Moabites, who were not allowed to marry born Jews or legitimate converts. Female Moabites, when converted to Judaism, were permitted to marry with only the normal prohibition of a convert marrying a kohen (priest) applying. However, the prohibition was not followed during the Babylonian captivity, and Ezra and Nehemiah sought to compel a return to the law because men had been marrying women who had not been converted at all (, 12; ). The heir of King Solomon was Rehoboam, the son of an Ammonite woman, Naamah ().


title: Moab

text: On the other hand, the marriages of the Bethlehem Ephrathites (of the tribe of Judah) Chilion and Mahlon to the Moabite women Orpah and Ruth (), and the marriage of the latter, after her husband's death, to Boaz () who by her was the great-grandfather of David, are mentioned with no shade of reproach. The Talmudic explanation, however, is that the language of the law applies only to Moabite and Ammonite "men" (Hebrew, like all Semitic languages, has grammatical gender). The Talmud also states that the prophet Samuel wrote the Book of Ruth to settle the dispute as the rule had been forgotten since the time of Boaz. Another interpretation is that the Book of Ruth is simply reporting the events in an impartial fashion, leaving any praise or condemnation to be done by the reader.


title: Moab

text: The Babylonian Talmud in Yevamot 76B explains that one of the reasons was the Ammonites did not greet the Children of Israel with friendship and the Moabites hired Balaam to curse them. The difference in the responses of the two people led to God allowing the Jewish people to harass the Moabites (but not go to war) but forbade them to even harass the Ammonites ().


title: Moab

text: Ruth adopted the god of Naomi, her Israelite mother-in-law. Ruth chose to go back to Naomi's people after her husband, his brother and his father, Naomi's husband, died.


title: Moab

text: Ruth said to Naomi, "Whither thou goest, I will go; whither thou lodgest, I will lodge; thy people shall be my people and thy God my God". The Talmud uses this as the basis for what a convert must do to be converted. There are arguments as to exactly when she was converted and if she had to repeat the statement in front of the court in Bethlehem when they arrived there.


title: Moab

text: Jehoshaphet subsequently joined Jehoram of Israel in a war against the Moabites, who were under tribute to Israel. The Moabites were subdued, but seeing Mesha's act of offering his own son (and singular heir) as a propitiatory human sacrifice on the walls of Kir of Moab filled Israel with horror, and they withdrew and returned to their own land.


title: Moab

text: According to the Book of Jeremiah, Moab was exiled to Babylon for his arrogance and idolatry. According to Rashi, it was also due to their gross ingratitude even though Abraham, Israel's ancestor, had saved Lot, Moab's ancestor from Sodom. Jeremiah prophesies that Moab's captivity will be returned in the end of days.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian (; , , ) is an Eastern South Slavic language. It is part of the Indo-European language family, and is one of the Slavic languages, which are part of a larger Balto-Slavic branch. Spoken as a first language by around two million people, it serves as the official language of North Macedonia. Most speakers can be found in the country and its diaspora, with a smaller number of speakers throughout the transnational region of Macedonia. Macedonian is also a recognized minority language in parts of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Romania, and Serbia and it is spoken by emigrant communities predominantly in Australia, Canada and the United States.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian developed out of the western dialects of the East South Slavic dialect continuum, whose earliest recorded form is Old Church Slavonic. During much of its history, this dialect continuum was called "Bulgarian", although in the 19th century, its western dialects came to be known separately as "Macedonian". Standard Macedonian was codified in 1945 and has developed modern literature since. As it is part of a dialect continuum with other South Slavic languages, Macedonian has a high degree of mutual intelligibility with Bulgarian and varieties of Serbo-Croatian.


title: Macedonian language

text: Linguists distinguish 29 dialects of Macedonian, with linguistic differences separating Western and Eastern groups of dialects. Some features of Macedonian grammar are the use of a dynamic stress that falls on the ante-penultimate syllable, three suffixed deictic articles that indicate noun position in reference to the speaker and the use of simple and complex verb tenses. Macedonian orthography is phonemic with a correspondence of one grapheme per phoneme. It is written using an adapted 31-letter version of the Cyrillic script with six original letters. Macedonian syntax is of the subject-verb-object (SVO) type and has flexible word order.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian vocabulary has been historically influenced by Turkish and Russian. Somewhat less prominent vocabulary influences also came from neighboring and prestige languages. The international consensus outside of Bulgaria is that Macedonian is an autonomous language within the Eastern South Slavic dialect continuum, although since Macedonian and Bulgarian are mutually intelligible and are socio-historically related, a small minority of linguists are divided in their views of the two as separate languages or as a single pluricentric language.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian belongs to the eastern group of the South Slavic branch of Slavic languages in the Indo-European language family, together with Bulgarian and the extinct Old Church Slavonic. Some authors also classify the Torlakian dialects in this group. Macedonian's closest relative is Bulgarian followed by Serbo-Croatian and Slovene, although the last is more distantly related. Together, South Slavic languages form a dialect continuum.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian, like the other Eastern South Slavic idioms has characteristics that make it part of the Balkan sprachbund, a group of languages that share typological, grammatical and lexical features based on areal convergence, rather than genetic proximity. In that sense, Macedonian has experienced convergent evolution with other languages that belong to this group such as Greek, Aromanian, Albanian and Romani due to cultural and linguistic exchanges that occurred primarily through oral communication.


title: Macedonian language

text: Macedonian and Bulgarian are divergent from the remaining South Slavic languages in that they do not use noun cases (except for the vocative, and apart from some traces of once productive inflections still found scattered throughout these two) and have lost the infinitive. They are also the only Slavic languages with any definite articles (unlike standard Bulgarian, which uses only one article, standard Macedonian as well as some south-eastern Bulgarian dialects have a set of three deictic articles: unspecified, proximal and distal definite article). Macedonian and Bulgarian are the only Indo-European languages that make use of the narrative mood.


title: Macedonian language

text: The "Yat border" running approximately from Nikopol on the Danube to Thessaloniki on the Aegean Sea is the main isogloss separating the Eastern South Slavic dialects into Eastern and Western. It goes through the modern region of Macedonia along the Velingrad – Petrich – Thessaloniki line. Jouko Lindstedt has assumed that the dividing line between Macedonian and Bulgarian is in fact the Yat border.


title: Macedonian language

text: The Slavic people who settled in the Balkans during the 6th century CE, spoke their own dialects and used different dialects or languages to communicate with other people. The "canonical" Old Church Slavonic period of the development of Macedonian started during the 9th century and lasted until the first half of the 11th century. It saw translation of Greek religious texts. The Macedonian recension of Old Church Slavonic also appeared around that period in the Bulgarian Empire and was referred to as such due to works of the Ohrid Literary School. Towards the end of the 13th century, the influence of Serbian increased as Serbia expanded its borders southward. During the five centuries of Ottoman rule, from the 15th to the 20th century, the vernacular spoken in the territory of current-day North Macedonia witnessed grammatical and linguistic changes that came to characterize Macedonian as a member of the Balkan sprachbund. This period saw the introduction of many Turkish loanwords into the language.


title: Macedonian language

text: The latter half of the 18th century saw the rise of modern literary Macedonian through the written use of Macedonian dialects referred to as "Bulgarian" by writers. The first half of the 19th century saw the rise of nationalism among the South Slavic people in the Ottoman Empire. This period saw proponents of creating a common church for Bulgarian and Macedonian Slavs which would use a common modern Macedo-Bulgarian literary standard. The period between 1840 and 1870, saw a struggle to define the dialectal base of the common language called simply "Bulgarian", with two opposing views emerging. One ideology was to create a Bulgarian literary language based on Macedonian dialects, but such proposals were rejected by the Bulgarian codifiers. That period saw poetry written in the Struga dialect with elements from Russian. Textbooks also used either spoken dialectal forms of the language or a mixed Macedo-Bulgarian language. Subsequently, proponents of the idea of using a separate Macedonian language emerged.


title: Macedonian language

text: Krste Petkov Misirkov's book "Za makedonckite raboti" ("On Macedonian Matters") published in 1903, was the first attempt to formalize a separate literary language. With the book, the author proposed a Macedonian grammar and expressed the goal of codifying the language and using it in schools. The author postulated the principle that the Prilep-Bitola dialect be used as a dialectal basis for the formation of the Macedonian standard language; his idea however was not adopted until the 1940s. On 2 August 1944 at the first Anti-fascist Assembly for the National Liberation of Macedonia (ASNOM) meeting, Macedonian was declared an official language. With this, it became the last of the major Slavic languages to achieve a standard literary form. As such, Macedonian served as one of the three official languages of Yugoslavia from 1945 to 1991.


title: Macedonian language

text: Although the precise number of native and second language speakers of Macedonian is unknown due to the policies of neighboring countries and emigration of the population, estimates ranging between 1.4 million and 3.5 million have been reported. According to the 2002 census, the total population of North Macedonia was 2,022,547, with 1,344,815 citizens declaring Macedonian their native language. Macedonian is also studied and spoken to various degrees as a second language by all ethnic minorities in the country.


title: Macedonian language

text: Outside North Macedonia, there are small ethnic Macedonian minorities that speak Macedonian in neighboring countries including 4.697 in Albania (1989 census), 1,609 in Bulgaria (2011 census) and 12,706 in Serbia (2011 census). The exact number of speakers of Macedonian in Greece is difficult to ascertain due to the country's policies. Estimates of Slavophones ranging anywhere between 50,000 and 300,000 in the last decade of the 20th century have been reported. Approximately 580,000 Macedonians live outside North Macedonia per 1964 estimates with Australia, Canada, and the United States being home to the largest emigrant communities. Consequently, the number of speakers of Macedonian in these countries include 66,020 (2016 census), 15,605 (2016 census) and 22,885 (2010 census), respectively. Macedonian also has more than 50,000 native speakers in countries of Western Europe, predominantly in Germany, Switzerland and Italy.


title: Macedonian language

text: The Macedonian language has the status of an official language only in North Macedonia, and is a recognized minority and official language in parts of Albania (Pustec), Romania, Serbia (Jabuka and Plandište) and Bosnia and Herzegovina. There are provisions to learn Macedonian in Romania as Macedonians are an officially recognized minority group. Macedonian is studied and taught at various universities across the world and research centers focusing on the language are found at universities across Europe (France, Germany, Austria, Italy, Russia) as well as Australia, Canada and the United States (Chicago and North Carolina).


title: Macedonian language

text: During the standardization process of the Macedonian language, the dialectal base selected was primarily based on the West-Central dialects, which spans the triangle of the communities Makedonski Brod, Kičevo, Demir Hisar, Bitola, Prilep, and Veles. These were considered the most widespread and most likely to be adopted by speakers from other regions. The initial idea to select this region as a base was first proposed in Krste Petkov Misirkov's works as he believed the Macedonian language should abstract on those dialects that are distinct from neighboring Slavic languages, such as Bulgarian and Serbian. Likewise, this view does not take into account the fact that a Macedonian koiné language was already in existence.


title: Macedonian language

text: Based on a large group of features, Macedonian dialects can be divided into Eastern, Western and Northern groups. The boundary between them geographically runs approximately from Skopje and Skopska Crna Gora along the rivers Vardar and Crna. There are numerous isoglosses between these dialectal variations, with structural differences in phonetics, prosody (accentuation), morphology and syntax. The Western group of dialects can be subdivided into smaller dialectal territories, the largest group of which includes the central dialects. The linguistic territory where Macedonian dialects were spoken also span outside the country and within the region of Macedonia, including Pirin Macedonia into Bulgaria and Aegean Macedonia into Greece.


title: Macedonian language

text: Variations in consonant pronunciation occur between the two groups, with most Western regions losing the /x/ and the /v/ in intervocalic position ("глава" (head): /ɡlava/ = /ɡla/: "глави" (heads): /ɡlavi/ = /ɡlaj/) while Eastern dialects preserve it. Stress in the Western dialects is generally fixed and falls on the antepenultimate syllable while Eastern dialects have non-fixed stress systems that can fall on any syllable of the word, that is also reminiscent of Bulgarian dialects. Additionally, Eastern dialects are distinguishable by their fast tonality, elision of sounds and the suffixes for definiteness. The Northern dialectal group is close to South Serbian and Torlakian dialects and is characterized by 46–47 phonetic and grammatical isoglosses.


title: Macedonian language

text: In addition, a more detailed classification can be based on the modern reflexes of the Proto-Slavic reduced vowels (yers), vocalic sonorants, and the back nasal *ǫ. That classification distinguishes between the following 6 groups:


title: Macedonian language

text: The phonological system of Standard Macedonian is based on the Prilep-Bitola dialect. Macedonian possesses five vowels, one semivowel, three liquid consonants, three nasal stops, three pairs of fricatives, two pairs of affricates, a non-paired voiceless fricative, nine pairs of voiced and unvoiced consonants and four pairs of stops. Out of all the Slavic languages, Macedonian has the most frequent occurrence of vowels relative to consonants with a typical Macedonian sentence having on average 1.18 consonants for every one vowel.


title: Macedonian language

text: The Macedonian language contains 5 vowels which are /a/, /ɛ/, /ɪ/, /o/, and /u/. For the pronunciation of the middle vowels /"е"/ and /"о"/ by native Macedonian speakers, various vowel sounds can be produced ranging from [ɛ] to [ẹ] and from [o] to [ọ]. Unstressed vowels are not reduced, although they are pronounced more weakly and shortly than stressed ones, especially if they are found in a stressed syllable. The five vowels and the letter "р" (/r/) which acts as a semivowel when found between two consonants (e.g. "црква", "church"), can be syllable-forming.


title: Macedonian language

text: The schwa is phonemic in many dialects (varying in closeness to or ) but its use in the standard language is marginal. When writing a dialectal word and keeping the schwa for aesthetic effect, an apostrophe is used; for example, , , etc. When spelling words letter-by-letters, each consonant is followed by the schwa sound. The individual letters of acronyms are pronounced with the schwa in the same way: (). The lexicalized acronyms () and () (a brand of cigarettes), are among the few exceptions. Vowel length is not phonemic. Vowels in stressed open syllables in disyllabic words with stress on the penultimate can be realized as long, e.g. 'Veles'. The sequence is often realized phonetically as ; e.g. "'colloq." hour', - snakes. In other words, two vowels appearing next to each other can also be pronounced twice separately (e.g. "пооди" - to walk).


title: Macedonian language

text: The consonant inventory of the Macedonian language consists of 26 letters and distinguishes three groups of consonants ("согласки"): voiced ("звучни"), voiceless ("безвучни") and sonorant consonants ("сонорни"). Typical features and rules that apply to consonants in the Macedonian language include assimilation of voiced and voiceless consonants when next to each other, devoicing of vocal consonants when at the end of a word, double consonants and elision. At morpheme boundaries (represented in spelling) and at the end of a word (not represented in spelling), voicing opposition is neutralized.


title: Macedonian language

text: Similar to the Macedonian alphabet, Macedonian orthography was officially codified on 7 June 1945 at an ASNOM meeting. Rules about the orthography and orthoepy (correct pronunciation of words) were first collected and outlined in the book "Правопис на македонскиот литературен јазик" ("Orthography of the Macedonian standard language") published in 1945. Updated versions have subsequently appeared with the most recent one published in 2016. Macedonian orthography is consistent and phonemic in practice, an approximation of the principle of one grapheme per phoneme. This one-to-one correspondence is often simply described by the principle, "write as you speak and read as it is written". There is only one exception to this rule with the letter /"л"/ which is pronounced as /l/ before front vowels (e.g. "лист" (leaf); pronounced as [list]) and /j/ (e.g. "полјанка" (meadow); pronounced as [poljanka]) but velar /ł/ elsewhere (e.g. "бела" (white) pronounced as [beła]). Another sound that is not represented in the written form but is pronounced in words is the schwa.


title: Macedonian language

text: Politicians and scholars from North Macedonia, Bulgaria and Greece have opposing views about the existence and distinctiveness of the Macedonian language. Through history Macedonian has been referred mainly to as a variant of Bulgarian, but especially during the first half of the 20th century also as Serbian, and as a distinct language of its own. Historically, after its codification, the use of the language has been a subject of different views and internal policies in Serbia, Bulgaria and Greece. Some international scholars also maintain Macedo-Bulgarian was a single pluricentric language until the 20th century and argue that the idea of linguistic separatism emerged in the late 19th century with the advent of Macedonian nationalism and the need for a separate Macedonian standard language subsequently appeared in the early 20th century. Different linguists have argued that during its codification, the Macedonian standard language was Serbianized with regards to its orthography and vocabulary.