title: Arithmetic

text: Multiplication is commutative and associative; further, it is distributive over addition and subtraction. The multiplicative identity is 1, since multiplying any number by 1 yields that same number. The multiplicative inverse for any number except  is the reciprocal of this number, because multiplying the reciprocal of any number by the number itself yields the multiplicative identity .  is the only number without a multiplicative inverse, and the result of multiplying any number and is again One says that is not contained in the multiplicative group of the numbers.


title: Arithmetic

text: The product of "a" and "b" is written as or . It can also written by simple juxtaposition: "ab". In computer programming languages and software packages (in which one can only use characters normally found on a keyboard), it is often written with an asterisk: codice_1.


title: Arithmetic

text: Algorithms implementing the operation of multiplication for various representations of numbers are by far more costly and laborious than those for addition. Those accessible for manual computation either rely on breaking down the factors to single place values and applying repeated addition, or on employing tables or slide rules, thereby mapping multiplication to addition and vice versa. These methods are outdated and are gradually replaced by mobile devices. Computers use diverse sophisticated and highly optimized algorithms, to implement multiplication and division for the various number formats supported in their system.


title: Arithmetic

text: Division, denoted by the symbols formula_5 or formula_6, is essentially the inverse operation to multiplication. Division finds the "quotient" of two numbers, the "dividend" divided by the "divisor". Under common rules, dividend divided by zero is undefined. For distinct positive numbers, if the dividend is larger than the divisor, the quotient is greater than 1, otherwise it is less than or equal to 1 (a similar rule applies for negative numbers). The quotient multiplied by the divisor always yields the dividend.


title: Arithmetic

text: Division is neither commutative nor associative. So as explained in , the construction of the division in modern algebra is discarded in favor of constructing the inverse elements with respect to multiplication, as introduced in . Hence division is the multiplication of the dividend with the reciprocal of the divisor as factors, that is,


title: Arithmetic

text: Within the natural numbers, there is also a different but related notion called Euclidean division, which outputs two numbers after "dividing" a natural (numerator) by a natural (denominator): first a natural (quotient), and second a natural (remainder) such that and


title: Arithmetic

text: In some contexts, including computer programming and advanced arithmetic, division is extended with another output for the remainder. This is often treated as a separate operation, the Modulo operation, denoted by the symbol formula_7 or the word formula_8, though sometimes a second output for one "divmod" operation. In either case, Modular arithmetic has a variety of use cases. Different implementations of division (floored, truncated, Euclidean, etc.) correspond with different implementations of modulus.


title: Arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic states that any integer greater than 1 has a unique prime factorization (a representation of a number as the product of prime factors), excluding the order of the factors. For example, 252 only has one prime factorization:


title: Arithmetic

text: Euclid's "Elements" first introduced this theorem, and gave a partial proof (which is called Euclid's lemma). The fundamental theorem of arithmetic was first proven by Carl Friedrich Gauss.


title: Arithmetic

text: The fundamental theorem of arithmetic is one of the reasons why 1 is not considered a prime number. Other reasons include the sieve of Eratosthenes, and the definition of a prime number itself (a natural number greater than 1 that cannot be formed by multiplying two smaller natural numbers.).


title: Arithmetic

text: refers exclusively, in common use, to the written numeral system employing arabic numerals as the digits for a radix 10 ("decimal") positional notation; however, any numeral system based on powers of 10, e.g., Greek, Cyrillic, Roman, or Chinese numerals may conceptually be described as "decimal notation" or "decimal representation".


title: Arithmetic

text: Modern methods for four fundamental operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) were first devised by Brahmagupta of India. This was known during medieval Europe as "Modus Indorum" or Method of the Indians. Positional notation (also known as "place-value notation") refers to the representation or encoding of numbers using the same symbol for the different orders of magnitude (e.g., the "ones place", "tens place", "hundreds place") and, with a radix point, using those same symbols to represent fractions (e.g., the "tenths place", "hundredths place"). For example, 507.36 denotes 5 hundreds (10), plus 0 tens (10), plus 7 units (10), plus 3 tenths (10) plus 6 hundredths (10).


title: Arithmetic

text: The concept of 0 as a number comparable to the other basic digits is essential to this notation, as is the concept of 0's use as a placeholder, and as is the definition of multiplication and addition with 0. The use of 0 as a placeholder and, therefore, the use of a positional notation is first attested to in the Jain text from India entitled the "Lokavibhâga", dated 458 AD and it was only in the early 13th century that these concepts, transmitted via the scholarship of the Arabic world, were introduced into Europe by Fibonacci using the Hindu–Arabic numeral system.


title: Arithmetic

text: Algorism comprises all of the rules for performing arithmetic computations using this type of written numeral. For example, addition produces the sum of two arbitrary numbers. The result is calculated by the repeated addition of single digits from each number that occupies the same position, proceeding from right to left. An addition table with ten rows and ten columns displays all possible values for each sum. If an individual sum exceeds the value 9, the result is represented with two digits. The rightmost digit is the value for the current position, and the result for the subsequent addition of the digits to the left increases by the value of the second (leftmost) digit, which is always one (if not zero). This adjustment is termed a "carry" of the value 1.


title: Arithmetic

text: The process for multiplying two arbitrary numbers is similar to the process for addition. A multiplication table with ten rows and ten columns lists the results for each pair of digits. If an individual product of a pair of digits exceeds 9, the "carry" adjustment increases the result of any subsequent multiplication from digits to the left by a value equal to the second (leftmost) digit, which is any value from (). Additional steps define the final result.


title: Arithmetic

text: The creation of a correct process for multiplication relies on the relationship between values of adjacent digits. The value for any single digit in a numeral depends on its position. Also, each position to the left represents a value ten times larger than the position to the right. In mathematical terms, the exponent for the radix (base) of 10 increases by 1 (to the left) or decreases by 1 (to the right). Therefore, the value for any arbitrary digit is multiplied by a value of the form 10 with integer "n". The list of values corresponding to all possible positions for a single digit is written


title: Arithmetic

text: Repeated multiplication of any value in this list by 10 produces another value in the list. In mathematical terminology, this characteristic is defined as closure, and the previous list is described as . It is the basis for correctly finding the results of multiplication using the previous technique. This outcome is one example of the uses of number theory.


title: Arithmetic

text: Compound unit arithmetic is the application of arithmetic operations to mixed radix quantities such as feet and inches; gallons and pints; pounds, shillings and pence; and so on. Before decimal-based systems of money and units of measure, compound unit arithmetic was widely used in commerce and industry.


title: Arithmetic

text: The techniques used in compound unit arithmetic were developed over many centuries and are well documented in many textbooks in many different languages. In addition to the basic arithmetic functions encountered in decimal arithmetic, compound unit arithmetic employs three more functions:


title: Arithmetic

text: Knowledge of the relationship between the various units of measure, their multiples and their submultiples forms an essential part of compound unit arithmetic.


title: Arithmetic

text: The addition operation is carried out from right to left; in this case, pence are processed first, then shillings followed by pounds. The numbers below the "answer line" are intermediate results.


title: Arithmetic

text: The total in the pence column is 25. Since there are 12 pennies in a shilling, 25 is divided by 12 to give 2 with a remainder of 1. The value "1" is then written to the answer row and the value "2" carried forward to the shillings column. This operation is repeated using the values in the shillings column, with the additional step of adding the value that was carried forward from the pennies column. The intermediate total is divided by 20 as there are 20 shillings in a pound. The pound column is then processed, but as pounds are the largest unit that is being considered, no values are carried forward from the pounds column.


title: Arithmetic

text: During the 19th and 20th centuries various aids were developed to aid the manipulation of compound units, particularly in commercial applications. The most common aids were mechanical tills which were adapted in countries such as the United Kingdom to accommodate pounds, shillings, pence and farthings, and ready reckoners, which are books aimed at traders that catalogued the results of various routine calculations such as the percentages or multiples of various sums of money. One typical booklet that ran to 150 pages tabulated multiples "from one to ten thousand at the various prices from one farthing to one pound".


title: Arithmetic

text: The cumbersome nature of compound unit arithmetic has been recognized for many years—in 1586, the Flemish mathematician Simon Stevin published a small pamphlet called "De Thiende" ("the tenth") in which he declared the universal introduction of decimal coinage, measures, and weights to be merely a question of time. In the modern era, many conversion programs, such as that included in the Microsoft Windows 7 operating system calculator, display compound units in a reduced decimal format rather than using an expanded format (e.g., "2.5 ft" is displayed rather than ).


title: Arithmetic

text: Until the 19th century, "number theory" was a synonym of "arithmetic". The addressed problems were directly related to the basic operations and concerned primality, divisibility, and the solution of equations in integers, such as Fermat's Last Theorem. It appeared that most of these problems, although very elementary to state, are very difficult and may not be solved without very deep mathematics involving concepts and methods from many other branches of mathematics. This led to new branches of number theory such as analytic number theory, algebraic number theory, Diophantine geometry and arithmetic algebraic geometry. Wiles' proof of Fermat's Last Theorem is a typical example of the necessity of sophisticated methods, which go far beyond the classical methods of arithmetic, for solving problems that can be stated in elementary arithmetic.


title: Arithmetic

text: Primary education in mathematics often places a strong focus on algorithms for the arithmetic of natural numbers, integers, fractions, and decimals (using the decimal place-value system). This study is sometimes known as algorism.


title: Arithmetic

text: The difficulty and unmotivated appearance of these algorithms has long led educators to question this curriculum, advocating the early teaching of more central and intuitive mathematical ideas. One notable movement in this direction was the New Math of the 1960s and 1970s, which attempted to teach arithmetic in the spirit of axiomatic development from set theory, an echo of the prevailing trend in higher mathematics.


title: Arithmetic

text: Also, arithmetic was used by Islamic Scholars in order to teach application of the rulings related to Zakat and Irth. This was done in a book entitled "The Best of Arithmetic" by Abd-al-Fattah-al-Dumyati. The book begins with the foundations of mathematics and proceeds to its application in the later chapters.


title: Flagellation

text: Flagellation (Latin , 'whip'), flogging or whipping is the act of beating the human body with special implements such as whips, rods, switches, the cat o' nine tails, the sjambok, the knout, etc. Typically, flogging has been imposed on an unwilling subject as a punishment; however, it can also be submitted to willingly and even done by oneself in sadomasochistic or religious contexts.


title: Flagellation

text: The strokes are typically aimed at the unclothed back of a person, though they can be administered to other areas of the body. For a moderated subform of flagellation, described as "bastinado", the soles of a person's bare feet are used as a target for beating (see foot whipping).


title: Flagellation

text: In some circumstances the word "flogging" is used loosely to include any sort of corporal punishment, including birching and caning. However, in British legal terminology, a distinction was drawn (and still is, in one or two colonial territories) between "flogging" (with a cat o' nine tails) and "whipping" (formerly with a whip, but since the early 19th century with a birch). In Britain these were both abolished in 1948.


title: Flagellation

text: Officially abolished in most countries, flogging or whipping, including foot whipping in some countries, is still a common punishment in some parts of the world, particularly in countries using Islamic law and in some territories which were former British colonies. Medically supervised caning is routinely ordered by the courts as a penalty for some categories of crime in Singapore, Brunei, Malaysia, Indonesia, Tanzania, Zimbabwe and elsewhere.


title: Flagellation

text: According to the Torah (Deuteronomy 25:1-3) and Rabbinic law lashes may be given for offenses that do not merit capital punishment, and may not exceed 40. However, in the absence of a Sanhedrin, corporal punishment is not practiced in Jewish law. Halakha specifies the lashes must be given in sets of three, so the total number cannot exceed 39. Also, the person whipped is first judged whether they can withstand the punishment, if not, the number of whips is decreased. Jewish law limited flagellation to forty strokes, and in practice delivered thirty-nine, so as to avoid any possibility of breaking this law due to a miscount.


title: Flagellation

text: In the Roman Empire, flagellation was often used as a prelude to crucifixion, and in this context is sometimes referred to as "scourging". Most famously according to the gospel accounts, this occurred prior to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ.


title: Flagellation

text: Whips with small pieces of metal or bone at the tips were commonly used. Such a device could easily cause disfigurement and serious trauma, such as ripping pieces of flesh from the body or loss of an eye. In addition to causing severe pain, the victim would approach a state of hypovolemic shock due to loss of blood.


title: Flagellation

text: The Romans reserved this treatment for non-citizens, as stated in the and , dating from 195 and 123 BC. The poet Horace refers to the (horrible whip) in his "Satires". Typically, the one to be punished was stripped naked and bound to a low pillar so that he could bend over it, or chained to an upright pillar so as to be stretched out. Two lictors (some reports indicate scourgings with four or six lictors) alternated blows from the bare shoulders down the body to the soles of the feet. There was no limit to the number of blows inflicted—this was left to the lictors to decide, though they were normally not supposed to kill the victim. Nonetheless, Livy, Suetonius and Josephus report cases of flagellation where victims died while still bound to the post. Flagellation was referred to as "half death" by some authors, as many victims died shortly thereafter. Cicero reports in , """" ("taken away for a dead man, shortly thereafter he was dead").


title: Flagellation

text: The Whipping Act was passed in England in 1530. Under this legislation, vagrants were to be taken to a nearby populated area "and there tied to the end of a cart naked and beaten with whips throughout such market town till the body shall be bloody".


title: Flagellation

text: In England, offenders (mostly those convicted of theft) were usually sentenced to be flogged "at a cart's tail" along a length of public street, usually near the scene of the crime, "until his [or her] back be bloody". In the late seventeenth century, however, the courts occasionally ordered that the flogging should be carried out in prison or a house of correction rather than on the streets. From the 1720s courts began explicitly to differentiate between private whipping and public whipping. Over the course of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries the proportion of whippings carried out in public declined, but the number of private whippings increased. The public whipping of women was abolished in 1817 (after having been in decline since the 1770s) and that of men ended in the early 1830s, though not formally abolished until 1862. Private whipping of men in prison continued and was not abolished until 1948. The 1948 abolition did not affect the ability of a prison's visiting justices (in England and Wales, but not in Scotland, except at Peterhead) to order the birch or cat for prisoners committing serious assaults on prison staff. This power was not abolished until 1967, having been last used in 1962.


title: Flagellation

text: Whipping occurred during the French Revolution, though not as official punishment. On 31 May 1793, the Jacobin women seized a revolutionary leader, Anne Josephe Theroigne de Mericourt, stripped her naked, and flogged her on the bare bottom in the public garden of the Tuileries. After this humiliation, she refused to wear any clothes, in memory of the outrage she had suffered. She went mad and ended her days in an asylum after the public whipping.


title: Flagellation

text: In the Russian Empire, knouts were used to flog criminals and political offenders. Sentences of a hundred lashes would usually result in death. Whipping was used as a punishment for Russian serfs.


title: Flagellation

text: In April 2020, Saudi Arabia said it would replace flogging with prison sentences or fines, according to a government document.


title: Flagellation

text: Whipping has been used as a form of discipline on slaves. It was frequently carried out during the period of slavery in the United States, by slave owners and their slaves. The power was also given to slave "patrolers," mostly poor whites authorized to whip any slave who violated the slave codes.


title: Flagellation

text: In the 18th and 19th centuries, European armies administered floggings to common soldiers who committed breaches of the military code.


title: Flagellation

text: During the American Revolutionary War, the American Congress raised the legal limit on lashes from 39 to 100 for soldiers who were convicted by courts-martial. Generally, officers were not flogged. However, in 1745, a cashiered British officer's sword could be broken over his head, among other indignities inflicted on him.


title: Flagellation

text: As critics of flogging aboard the ships and vessels of the United States Navy became more vocal, the Department of the Navy began in 1846 to require annual reports of discipline including flogging, and limited the maximum number of lashes to 12. These annual reports were required from the captain of each naval vessel. See thumbnail for the 1847 disciplinary report of the USS John Adams (1799). The individual reports were then compiled so the Secretary of the Navy could report to the United States Congress how pervasive flogging had become and to what extent it was utilized. In total for the years 1846–1847, flogging had been administered a reported 5,036 times on sixty naval vessels. At the urging of New Hampshire Senator John P. Hale, the United States Congress banned flogging on all U.S. ships in September 1850, as part of a then-controversial amendment to a naval appropriations bill. Hale was inspired by Herman Melville's "vivid description of flogging, a brutal staple of 19th century naval discipline" in Melville's "novelized memoir" "White Jacket". Melville also included a vivid depiction of flogging, and the circumstances surrounding it, in his more famous work, "Moby-Dick".


title: Flagellation

text: Flagellation was so common in England as punishment that caning (and spanking and whipping) are called "the English vice".


title: Flagellation

text: Flogging was a common disciplinary measure in the Royal Navy that became associated with a seaman's manly disregard for pain. Aboard ships, knittles or the cat o' nine tails was used for severe formal punishment, while a "rope's end" or "starter" was used to administer informal, on-the-spot discipline. In severe cases a person could be "flogged around the fleet": a significant number of lashes (up to 600) was divided among the ships on a station and the person was taken to all ships to be flogged on each, or--when in harbour--bound in a ship's boat which was then rowed among the ships, with the ships' companies called to attention to observe the punishment.


title: Flagellation

text: In June 1879 a motion to abolish flogging in the Royal Navy was debated in the House of Commons. John O'Connor Power, the member for Mayo, asked the First Lord of the Admiralty to bring the navy cat o' nine tails to the Commons Library so that the members might see what they were voting about. It was the Great "Cat" Contention, "Mr Speaker, since the Government has let the cat out of the bag, there is nothing to be done but to take the bull by the horns." Poet Laureate Ted Hughes celebrates the occasion in his poem, "Wilfred Owen's Photographs": "A witty profound Irishman calls/For a 'cat' into the House, and sits to watch/The gentry fingering its stained tails./Whereupon ...Quietly, unopposed,/The motion was passed."


title: Flagellation

text: In the Napoleonic Wars, the maximum number of lashes that could be inflicted on soldiers in the British Army reached 1,200. This many lashes could permanently disable or kill a man. Charles Oman, historian of the Peninsular War, noted that the maximum sentence was inflicted "nine or ten times by general court-martial during the whole six years of the war" and that 1,000 lashes were administered about 50 times. Other sentences were for 900, 700, 500 and 300 lashes. One soldier was sentenced to 700 lashes for stealing a beehive. Another man was let off after only 175 of 400 lashes, but spent three weeks in the hospital. Later in the war, the more draconian punishments were abandoned and the offenders shipped to New South Wales instead, where more whippings often awaited them. (See Australian penal colonies section.) Oman later wrote:


title: Flagellation

text: The 3rd battalion's Royal Anglian Regiment nickname of "The Steelbacks" is taken from one of its former regiments, the 48th (Northamptonshire) Regiment of Foot who earned the nickname for their stoicism when being flogged with the cat o' nine tails ("Not a whimper under the lash"), a routine method of administering punishment in the Army in the 18th and early 19th centuries.


title: Flagellation

text: Shortly after the establishment of Northern Ireland the Special Powers Act of 1922 was enacted by the Parliament of Northern Ireland. This Act enabled the government to 'take all such steps and issue all such orders as may be necessary for preserving the peace and maintaining order'. The Home Affairs Minister was empowered to make any regulation felt necessary to preserve law and order. Breaking those regulations could bring a sentenced of up to a year in prison with hard labour, and in the case of some crimes, whipping. This Act was in place until 1973 when it was replaced with the Northern Ireland (Emergency Provisions) Act 1973.


title: Flagellation

text: Meanwhile, during the French Revolutionary Wars the French Army stopped floggings altogether. The King's German Legion (KGL), which were German units in British pay, did not flog. In one case, a British soldier on detached duty with the KGL was sentenced to be flogged, but the German commander refused to carry out the punishment. When the British 73rd Foot flogged a man in occupied France in 1814, disgusted French citizens protested against it.


title: Flagellation

text: Once common in the British Army and British Royal Navy as a means of discipline, flagellation also featured prominently in the British penal colonies in early colonial Australia. Given that convicts in Australia were already "imprisoned", punishments for offenses committed there could not usually result in imprisonment and thus usually consisted of corporal punishment such as hard labour or flagellation. Unlike Roman times, British law explicitly forbade the combination of corporal and capital punishment; thus, a convict was either flogged or hanged but never both.


title: Flagellation

text: Flagellation took place either with a single whip or, more notoriously, with the cat o' nine tails. Typically, the offender's upper half was bared and he was suspended by the wrists beneath a tripod of wooden beams (known as 'the triangle'). In many cases, the offender's feet barely touched ground, which helped to stretch the skin taut and increase the damage inflicted by the whip. It also centered the offender's weight in his shoulders, further ensuring a painful experience.


title: Flagellation

text: With the prisoner thus stripped and bound, either one or two floggers administered the prescribed number of strokes, or "lashes," to the victim's back. During the flogging, a doctor or other medical worker was consulted at regular intervals as to the condition of the prisoner. In many cases, however, the physician merely observed the offender to determine whether he was conscious. If the prisoner passed out, the physician would order a halt until the prisoner was revived, and then the whipping would continue.


title: Flagellation

text: Female convicts were also subject to flogging as punishment, both on the convict ships and in the penal colonies. Although they were generally given fewer lashes than males (usually limited to 40 in each flogging), there was no other difference between the manner in which males and females were flogged.


title: Flagellation

text: Floggings of both male and female convicts were public, administered before the whole colony's company, assembled especially for the purpose. In addition to the infliction of pain, one of the principal purposes of the flogging was to humiliate the offender in front of his mates and to demonstrate, in a forceful way, that he had been required to submit to authority.


title: Flagellation

text: At the conclusion of the whipping, the prisoner's lacerated back was normally rinsed with brine, which served as a crude and painful disinfectant.


title: Flagellation

text: Flogging still continued for years after independence. The last person flogged in Australia was William John O'Meally in 1958 in Melbourne's Pentridge Prison.


title: Flagellation

text: In Syria where torture of political dissidents, POWs and civilians is extremely common, flagellation has become one of the most common forms of torture. Flagellation is used by both the Free Syrian Army and the Syrian Arab Army, but is not practiced by the Syrian Democratic Forces. ISIS most commonly used flagellation in which people would be tied to a ceiling and whipped. It was extremely common in Raqqa Stadium, a makeshift prison where prisoners were tortured. It was also common for those who did not follow ISIS strict laws to be publicly flogged.


title: Flagellation

text: During the Ancient Roman festival of Lupercalia, young men ran through the streets with thongs cut from the hide of goats which had just been sacrificed, whipping people with the thongs as they ran. According to Plutarch, women would put themselves in their way to receive blows on the hands, believing that this would help them to conceive or grant them an easy delivery. The eunuch priests of the goddess Cybele, the "galli", flogged themselves until they bled during the annual festival called Dies Sanguinis. The initiation ceremonies of Greco-Roman mystery religions also sometimes involved ritual flagellation, as did the Spartan cult of Artemis Orthia.


title: Flagellation

text: "The Flagellation", in a Christian context, refers to an episode in the Passion of Christ prior to Jesus' crucifixion. The practice of mortification of the flesh for religious purposes has been utilised by members of various Christian denominations since the time of the Great Schism in 1054. Nowadays the


title: Flagellation

text: instrument of penance is called a discipline, a cattail whip usually made of knotted cords, which is flung over the shoulders repeatedly during private prayer.


title: Flagellation

text: In the 13th century, a group of Roman Catholics, known as the Flagellants, took self-mortification to extremes. These people would travel to towns and publicly beat and whip each other while preaching repentance. The nature of these demonstrations being quite morbid and disorderly, they were during periods of time suppressed by the authorities. They continued to reemerge at different times up until the 16th century. Flagellation was also practised during the Black Plague as a means to purify oneself of sin and thus prevent contracting the disease. Pope Clement VI is known to have permitted it for this purpose in 1348.


title: Flagellation

text: Martin Luther, the Protestant Reformer, regularly practiced self-flagellation as a means of mortification of the flesh before leaving the Roman Catholic Church. Likewise, the Congregationalist writer Sarah Osborn (1714-1796) also practiced self-flagellation in order "to remind her of her continued sin, depravity, and vileness in the eyes of God". It became "quite common" for members of the Tractarian movement (see Oxford Movement, 1830s onwards) within the Anglican Communion to practice self-flagellation using the discipline. St. Thérèse of Lisieux, a late 19th-century French Discalced Carmelite nun considered in Catholicism to be a Doctor of the Church, is an influential example of a saint who questioned prevailing attitudes toward physical penance. Her view was that loving acceptance of the many sufferings of daily life was pleasing to God, and fostered loving relationships with other people, more than taking upon oneself extraneous sufferings through instruments of penance. As a Carmelite nun, Saint Thérèse practiced voluntary corporal mortification.


title: Flagellation

text: Some members of strict monastic orders, and some members of the Catholic lay organization Opus Dei, practice mild self-flagellation using the discipline. Pope John Paul II took the discipline regularly. Self-flagellation remains common in Colombia, the Philippines, Mexico, Spain and one convent in Peru.


title: Flagellation

text: As suffering and cutting the body with knives or chains ("matam") have been prohibited by Shi'a marjas like Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader of Iran, some Shi'a observe mourning with blood donation which is called "Qame Zani" and flailing. Yet some Shi'ite men and boys continue to slash themselves with chains ("zanjeer") or swords (talwar) and allow their blood to run freely.


title: Flagellation

text: Certain rituals like the traditional flagellation ritual called Talwar zani ("talwar ka matam" or sometimes "tatbir") using a sword or "zanjeer zani" or "zanjeer matam", involving the use of a "zanjeer" (a chain with blades) are also performed. These are religious customs that show solidarity with Husayn and his family. People mourn the fact that they were not present at the battle to fight and save Husayn and his family. In some western cities, Shi'a communities have organized blood donation drives with organizations like the Red Cross on Ashura as a positive replacement for self-flagellation rituals like "Tatbir" and "Qame Zani".


title: Flagellation

text: Flagellation is also used as a sexual practice in the context of BDSM. The intensity of the beating is usually far less than used for punishment.


title: Flagellation

text: There are anecdotal reports of people willingly being bound or whipped, as a prelude to or substitute for sex, during the 14th century. Flagellation practiced within an erotic setting has been recorded from at least the 1590s evidenced by a John Davies epigram, and references to "flogging schools" in Thomas Shadwell's "The Virtuoso" (1676) and Tim Tell-Troth's "Knavery of Astrology" (1680). Visual evidence such as mezzotints and print media in the 1600s is also identified revealing scenes of flagellation, such as in the late seventeenth-century English mezzotint "The Cully Flaug'd" from the British Museum collection.


title: Flagellation

text: John Cleland's novel "Fanny Hill", published in 1749, incorporates a flagellation scene between the character's protagonist Fanny Hill and Mr Barville. A large number of flagellation publications followed, including "" (c1761), promoting the names of ladies offering the service in a lecture room with rods and cat o' nine tails.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther is an American comedic glam metal band from Los Angeles, California. They are known for their profane and humorous lyrics as well as their exaggerated onstage pastiche of the stereotypical glam metal lifestyle.


title: Steel Panther

text: The quartet began to gain popularity on the Sunset Strip during the early 2000s under the name Metal Shop (soon changed into Metal Skool, then into Steel Panther). Their lineup consisted of vocalist Ralph Saenz ("Michael Starr"), drummer Darren Leader ("Stix Zadinia"), bassist Travis Haley ("Lexxi Foxx"), and guitarist Russ Parrish ("Satchel"). The band did weekly shows on Monday nights at the Viper Room, and subsequently the Key Club, playing covers of hair metal hits while sharing their passion for the bands that made the songs famous. Despite the name changes and Saenz and Parrish putting in time in the Van Halen tribute band Atomic Punks, they finally managed to gain some success. In 2003 they released "Hole Patrol", their self-produced debut extended play. The band appeared in a Discover Card advertisement as Danger Kitty and in the sitcom "Drew Carey Show" as themselves. Also in 2003, their song "Death to All But Metal" was included in a compilation CD called "Hey, That's What I Call Sludge! Vol. 1" put out by the Metal Sludge web site. Their cover of the song "Fantasy" by Aldo Nova was used as the opening musical theme for the MTV program "Rob Dyrdek's Fantasy Factory". On November 27, 2007 Metal Skool played original songs as well as covers of KISS songs at the Gene Simmons roast; they can be seen in the background of Gene Simmons' reality show "Gene Simmons Family Jewels". That year, they also appeared as themselves on "Las Vegas" in the episode "The High Price of Gas".


title: Steel Panther

text: In April 2008 the band decided to change their name from Metal Skool to Steel Panther, making a new debut at The Rockin' Saddle Club in Redlands, California. In an interview with Michael Starr, he states that the band's name wasn't inspired by Steel Dragon, the band with Zakk Wylde and Mark Wahlberg in the movie "Rock Star" (in which Starr makes a cameo appearance). In May 2008, the band signed a contract with Republic Records (owned by record label Universal Records) announcing plans for a new studio album.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther released "Feel the Steel" on June 8, 2009 in the United Kingdom and on October 6, 2009 in North America through Universal Republic, making it their major record label debut. "Feel the Steel" debuted at No. 1 on the "Billboard" Comedy chart, No. 123 on the "Billboard" 200 chart and would eventually peak at No. 98 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The record features hit singles, "Community Property" and "Death to All but Metal" as well as notable guest vocal performances from Corey Taylor, Justin Hawkins, and M. Shadows. The track "Eyes of a Panther" is featured on the soundtrack for the video game "Skate 3". Sometime collaborator Dean Cameron, also credited with co-writing "Supersonic Sex Machine" on the band's next album "Balls Out", directed and co-wrote a pilot presentation in an attempt to land Steel Panther their own television program.


title: Steel Panther

text: The record's success also caught the attention of the Grammys, making it onto the "Best Comedy Album" ballot in October 2010, yet failing to reach a nomination.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther released their second album "Balls Out" on October 31, 2011 in the UK and on November 1, 2011 in North America also through Universal Republic. "Balls Out" continued their revival of the heavy metal genre and debuted at No. 1 on the UK iTunes Rock chart surpassing Megadeth's "TH1RT3EN" and Lou Reed's and Metallica's" Lulu". "Balls Out" also debuted at No. 4 on the US iTunes Rock chart, No. 40 on the Billboard 200 chart and at No. 1 on the Billboard Comedy chart with first-week sales of 12,000 copies in the US.


title: Steel Panther

text: Due to their growing popularity, Steel Panther were invited by Def Leppard to join them and co-headliners Mötley Crüe as "Special Guests" on the Mirrorball Tour in December 2011. Exactly one week after ending the UK arena tour in London with Def Leppard and Mötley Crüe, Steel Panther opened for Guns N' Roses at the Forum in Los Angeles, CA on December 21, 2011.


title: Steel Panther

text: On December 6, 2011, Steel Panther announced their second solo UK tour in support of their newest album "Balls Out". Tickets for the shows went on sale on December 9, 2011, with many ticket providers selling out their allocations within a month. Brazzers sponsored the Australian tour of Steel Panther in early October 2012, which sold out in Brisbane, Sydney (two shows), Melbourne, and Adelaide. Another headline UK tour took place in November 2012. In late 2012, Steel Panther's European tour was crowned a huge success. They played sold-out shows, particularly in Germany.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther released their first Live DVD "British Invasion" in September 2012. The DVD was released worldwide on October 22, 2012. The DVD was filmed at Brixton Academy in London and features a two-hour concert/documentary based on the band's sold-out British tour.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther played on the main stage at Download Festival in June 2012, during which they were joined on stage by Corey Taylor of Slipknot to play "Death to All But Metal". Taylor wore wellies on stage. They played in front of a crowd of over 100,000 people. Steel Panther toured Australia in December 2013, supported by Buckcherry and Fozzy. Shows were sold out in Brisbane, Sydney, Melbourne, Adelaide and Perth between December 6 and 12.:


title: Steel Panther

text: In late 2013, Steel Panther announced a new tour in the year 2014, titled the "Spreading the Disease (S.T.D.) Tour". They toured Europe throughout February and March 2014. In support of their latest album, Steel Panther began touring North America in May 2014, their first headlining tour of America. In June, they moved the tour to Europe and continued to tour through August 2014.


title: Steel Panther

text: The band released their third studio album "All You Can Eat" on April 1, 2014 on the independent label Open E Music, via Kobalt Label Services. The album was officially announced in September 2013. The first single from the album is "Party Like Tomorrow Is the End of the World". The second single, "The Burden of Being Wonderful", was released January 21, 2014.


title: Steel Panther

text: The third single, "Gloryhole", was released in April 2014 on Steel Panther's VEVO channel. On March 26, 2014 the album was leaked online and available for downloading on various websites, most likely after being streamed by the German tabloid Bild. The online stream was approved by Steel Panther.


title: Steel Panther

text: In June 2014, the band announced a short UK Tour with 4 dates scheduled for March 2015, supported by Skindred and The Lounge Kittens. The band sold out almost every venue on the tour, which included Wembley Arena, London. In April 2015, the group had a cameo in the music video for the Ninja Sex Party song "Road Trip" to tell of their sexual exploits that year. Michael Starr contributes vocals to "6969" on NSP's third album "Attitude City" as the head Dick Elder.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther started a YouTube series called Steel Panther TV in Fall 2014 with segments like Science Panther, Love on the Rocks, Cineminute, World of Music, and Demolicious.


title: Steel Panther

text: Steel Panther's acoustic album "Live from Lexxi's Mom's Garage" became available for pre-order on January 7, 2016, with the new song "That's When You Came In" preceding the album's release on February 26. The band went on the Adult Swim call-in show "FishCenter Live" to promote the album on January 22, 2016.


title: Steel Panther

text: In September of the same year, Steel Panther released a cover of Cheap Trick's "She's Tight" with the announcement that their fourth studio album "Lower the Bar" would be released on March 24, 2017. Robin Zander and Bobbie Brown made cameo appearances in the music video for "She's Tight".


title: Steel Panther

text: Their fifth album "Heavy Metal Rules" was announced in July 2019, and scheduled for a September 27, 2019 release. The music video for the first single from the album, "All I Wanna Do Is Fuck (Myself Tonight)", debuted on July 8, 2019. The second single titled, "Always Gonna Be a Ho", was released on August 9, 2019. The third single "Gods of Pussy" was released on September 6, 2019. Music videos for the title track, Fuck Everybody, and Let's Get High Tonight were also released on the band's YouTube channel though were not released as singles. In December 2020, they released "Fuck 2020" as a non-album single and music video. The song is an alternative version of "Fuck Everybody" from "Heavy Metal Rules" with new lyrics reflecting the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, they released covers of the Van Halen classics "Beautiful Girls" and "D.O.A." as a non-album single. A video was released for the songs where they are in a video meeting setup reminiscent of Zoom.


title: Steel Panther

text: In December 2018, the band announced that bassist Lexxi Foxx would be missing the upcoming tour to go to "sex rehab." Foxx's stand-in was Joe "Spyder" Lester, the band's tour manager, as well as Starr's and Satchel's former bandmate from The Atomic Punks. Lexxi returned to the band for the next tour, but still missed some dates, where he was filled in for by both Spyder and Tanner "T.K." Keegan.


title: Steel Panther

text: In July 2021, it was revealed that long-time bassist Lexxi Foxx had left the band. The band cited it was a mutual decision, jokingly stating that Foxx was pursuing his own business "Sexxy Lexxi's Prettiest Pets." In August, the band opened up virtual auditions for a new bass player. The band introduced new touring bassist Rikki Dazzle in October 2021, though Michael Starr revealed the band were still looking for a permanent member. In December, the band launched the "Road to the Road" promotion, featuring a bracket of 32 selected auditions to narrow down to a field of 10 finalists. The pre-selected finalists included Dazzle and Rikki Thrash, who would both tour with the band in November and December. Spyder was selected as the new full-time bassist for the band in September 2022.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Hanabiko "Koko" (July 4, 1971 – June 19, 2018) was a female western lowland gorilla. Koko was born in San Francisco Zoo, and lived most of her life at The Gorilla Foundation's preserve in the Santa Cruz Mountains. The name , , is of Japanese origin and is a reference to her date of birth, the Fourth of July. Koko gained public attention upon a report of her having adopted a kitten as a pet and naming him "All Ball", which the public perceived as her ability to rhyme.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Her instructor and caregiver, Francine Patterson, reported that Koko had an active vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs of what Patterson calls "Gorilla Sign Language" (GSL). This puts Koko's vocabulary at the same level as a three-year-old human. In contrast to other experiments attempting to teach sign language to non-human primates, Patterson simultaneously exposed Koko to spoken English from an early age. It was reported that Koko understood approximately 2,000 words of spoken English, in addition to the signs. Koko's life and learning process has been described by Patterson and various collaborators in books, peer-reviewed scientific articles, and on a website.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: As with other great-ape language experiments, the extent to which Koko mastered and demonstrated language through the use of these signs is debated. The linguist Geoffrey K. Pullum has called Koko's claimed abilities "mythical", writing that she never did more than "flailing around producing signs at random", and criticized much press coverage of Patterson's claims as "sentimental nonsense". Koko is said to have understood nouns, verbs, and adjectives, including abstract concepts like "good" and "fake", and was able to ask simple questions. It is generally accepted that she did not use syntax or grammar, and that her use of language did not exceed that of a young human child. However, she scored between 70 and 90 on various infant IQ scales, and some experts, including Mary Lee Jensvold, claim that Koko "[used] language the same way people do".


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Koko was born on July 4, 1971, at the San Francisco Zoo to her biological mother Jacqueline and father Bwana. Koko was the 50th gorilla born in captivity and one of the first gorillas accepted by her mother in captivity. Koko remained with her mother until the age of one when Koko was taken to the zoo's hospital to be treated for a life-threatening illness. Patterson along with Charles Pasternak originally cared for Koko at the San Francisco Zoo as part of their doctoral research at Stanford University after Koko came to the zoo's hospital. Koko was loaned to Patterson and Pasternak under the condition that they would spend at least four years with her. Eventually, Koko remained with Patterson, supported by The Gorilla Foundation, which Patterson founded to support gorilla research and conservation.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: In 1978, Koko gained worldwide attention as she was pictured on the cover of "National Geographic" magazine. The cover picture was an image of Koko taking her own picture in the mirror. Koko was later featured on the cover of "National Geographic" in 1985 with a picture of her and her kitten, All Ball. At the preserve, Koko also met and interacted with a variety of celebrities including Robin Williams, Fred Rogers, Betty White, William Shatner, Flea, Leonardo DiCaprio, Peter Gabriel, and Sting.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Patterson reported that Koko's use of signs indicated that she mastered the use of sign language. Koko's training began at the age of 1 and she had a working vocabulary of more than 1,000 signs, which she was able to combine in complex ways. Despite her dexterity and literacy, she was never taught how to write.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Patterson reported that Koko made several complex uses of signs that suggested a more developed degree of cognition than is usually attributed to non-human primates and their use of communication; for example, Koko was reported to use displacement (the ability to communicate about objects that are not currently present). At age 19, Koko was able to pass the mirror test of self-recognition, which most other gorillas fail. She had been reported to relay personal memories. Koko was reported to use meta-language, being able to use language reflexively to speak about language itself, signing "good sign" to another gorilla who successfully used signing. Koko was reported to use language deceptively, and to use counterfactual statements for humorous effects, suggesting an underlying theory of other minds.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Patterson reported that she documented Koko inventing new signs to communicate novel thoughts; for example, she said that nobody taught Koko the word for "ring", but to refer to it, Koko combined the words "finger" and "bracelet", hence "finger-bracelet".


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Criticism from some scientists centered on the fact that while publications often appeared in the popular press about Koko, scientific publications with substantial data were fewer in number. Other researchers argued that Koko did not understand the meaning behind what she was doing and learned to complete the signs simply because the researchers rewarded her for doing so (indicating that her actions were the product of operant conditioning). Another concern that has been raised about Koko's ability to express coherent thoughts through signs is that interpretation of the gorilla's conversation was left to the handler, who may have seen improbable concatenations of signs as meaningful; for example, when Koko signed "sad" there was no way to tell whether she meant it with the connotation of "How sad". Following Patterson's initial publications in 1978, a series of critical evaluations of her reports of signing behavior in great apes argued that video evidence suggested that Koko was simply being prompted by her trainers' unconscious cues to display specific signs, in what is commonly called the Clever Hans effect.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Between 1972 and 1977, Koko was administered several infant IQ tests, including the Cattell Infant Intelligence Scale and form B of the Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test. She achieved scores in the 70–90 range, which is comparable to a human infant that is slow but not intellectually impaired. According to Francine Patterson, however, it is specious to compare her IQ directly with that of a human infant because gorillas develop locomotor abilities earlier than humans and many IQ tests for infants require mostly motor responses. Gorillas and humans also mature at different rates, so using a gorilla's chronological age to compute their IQ results in a score that is not very useful for comparative purposes.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Researchers at The Gorilla Foundation said that Koko asked for a cat for Christmas in 1983. Ron Cohn, a biologist with the foundation, explained to the "Los Angeles Times" that when she was given a lifelike stuffed animal, she was less than satisfied. She did not play with it and continued to sign "sad". So on her birthday in July 1984, she was able to choose a kitten from a litter of abandoned kittens. Koko selected a gray male Manx and named him "All Ball". Penny Patterson, who had custody of Koko and who had organized The Gorilla Foundation, wrote that Koko cared for the kitten as if he were a baby gorilla. Researchers said that she tried to nurse All Ball and was very gentle and loving. They believed that Koko's nurturing of the kitten and the skills she gained through playing with dolls would be helpful in Koko's learning how to nurture an offspring.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: In December 1984, All Ball escaped from Koko's cage and was killed by a car. Later, Patterson said that when she signed to Koko that All Ball had been killed, Koko signed "Bad, sad, bad" and "Frown, cry, frown, sad, trouble". Patterson also reported later hearing Koko making a sound similar to human weeping.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: In 1985, Koko was allowed to pick out two new kittens from a litter to be her companions. The animals she chose, which she named "Lips" and "Smoky", were also Manxes. Koko picked the name after seeing the tiny orange Manx for the first time. When her trainer asked the meaning of the name, Koko answered, "Lips lipstick".


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: The Gorilla Foundation also briefly played home to a male green-winged macaw of mysterious origin who had been found inhabiting the grounds and feeding on the loquat trees, though he was not a pet of Koko's in the same way her cats were. Initially frightened of the parrot, Koko named him "Devil Tooth", "devil" presumably coming from his being mostly red, and "tooth" for his fierce-looking white beak; the human staff adjusted the name to "Devil Beak", and ultimately to "DB".


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: To celebrate her birthday in July 2015, Koko was presented another litter of kittens. Picking two, she named them Miss Black and Miss Grey.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Koko was reported to have a preoccupation with both male and female human nipples, with several people saying that Koko requested to see their nipples. In 2005, three female staff members at The Gorilla Foundation, where Koko resided, filed lawsuits against the organization, alleging that they were pressured to reveal their nipples to Koko by the organization's executive director, Francine Patterson (Penny), among other violations of labor law. The lawsuit alleged that in response to signing from Koko, Patterson pressured Keller and Alperin (two of the female staff) to flash the ape. "Oh, yes, Koko, Nancy has nipples. Nancy can show you her nipples," Patterson reportedly said on one occasion. And on another: "Koko, you see my nipples all the time. You are probably bored with my nipples. You need to see new nipples. I will turn my back so Kendra can show you her nipples." Shortly thereafter, a third woman filed suit, alleging that upon being first introduced to Koko, Patterson told her that Koko was communicating that she wanted to see the woman's nipples, pressuring her to submit to Koko's demands and informing her that "everyone does it for her around here." When the woman briefly lifted her t-shirt, flashing her undergarments, Patterson admonished the woman and reiterated that Koko wanted to see her nipples. When the woman relented and showed her breasts to Koko, Patterson commented "Oh look, Koko, she has big nipples." On another occasion, one of the gorilla's handlers told the woman that Koko wanted to be alone with her. When the woman went to Koko's enclosure, Koko began signing "Let down your hair. Lie down on the floor. Show your breasts again. Close your eyes," before beginning to squat and breathe heavily. The lawsuits were settled out of court. Gorilla expert Kristen Lukas has said that other gorillas are not known to have had a similar nipple fixation.


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: After Patterson's research with Koko was completed, the gorilla moved to a reserve in Woodside, California. At the reserve, Koko lived with another gorilla, Michael, who also learned sign language, but he died in 2000. She then lived with another male gorilla, Ndume, until her death. Koko's weight of was higher than would be normal for a gorilla in the wild, where the average weight is approximately , but the foundation stated that Koko "is, like her mother, a larger frame Gorilla."


title: Koko (gorilla)

text: Koko died in her sleep during the morning of June 19, 2018, at the Gorilla Foundation's preserve in Woodside, California, at the age of 46. The Gorilla Foundation released a statement that "The impact has been profound and what she has taught us about the emotional capacity of gorillas and their cognitive abilities will continue to shape the world." Even though Koko was 46 years old when she died, her death took staff members of the Gorilla Foundation by surprise.


title: 2-D (character)

text: Stuart Harold "2-D" Pot is a fictional English singer, musician and member of the British virtual band Gorillaz. He provides the lead vocals and plays the keyboard for the band. 2-D's singing voice is provided by Blur frontman Damon Albarn on Gorillaz' recordings and performances; his speaking voice was provided by actor Nelson De Freitas in various Gorillaz direct-to-video projects such as "" and "". In 2017, Kevin Bishop was cast as the new speaking voice of 2-D. He was created by Albarn and Jamie Hewlett in 1998.


title: 2-D (character)

text: 2-D was loosely based on Chris Gentry from the Britpop band Menswear and a mutual friend of Jamie Hewlett and Damon Albarn named Stuart Lowbridge, who has worked as a stage engineer for Albarn since the early days of his career. Before co-creating Gorillaz, Hewlett originally had the idea of forming a cartoon band called "Sour Grapes" with Gentry and Graham Coxon of Albarn's other band Blur. 2-D has been described by Gorillaz' former drummer and writer Cass Browne as being a "composite of Chris, Damon, and lots of other rock frontmen". 2-D was originally created as a representation of the "classic stupid pretty boy singer" stereotype that Hewlett found to be in many bands at the time and was the first character that Hewlett and Albarn created for Gorillaz in 1998, making his first official appearance in Gorillaz' debut EP "Tomorrow Comes Today" in 2000. He has been described in the Tomorrow Comes Today EP's booklet as being "a sweetheart with a blank sheet of paper where a brain should be".


title: 2-D (character)

text: Albarn has stated that Gorillaz' sixth studio album "The Now Now" is "in the world of 2-D", mentioning that the idea behind the album was to make an album of songs from 2-D's perspective.


title: 2-D (character)

text: While 2-D's singing voice is provided by Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn, his speaking voice is provided by actor and comedian Kevin Bishop. Albarn has claimed that 2-D's singing voice was developed from a vocal effect produced by equipment in his studio that he has said is "not Auto-Tune, but it was an early form of synthetic voice". Gorillaz engineer Stephen Sedgewick says of the effect, "The main lo-fi telephone-like effect is the typical 2-D sound...I can't tell you what it is, but it's done with hardware. The plug-ins on the inserts are a Waves Renaissance De-esser and RVox, and the Waves Kramer PIE [compressor], which I use a lot on vocals." 2-D's main musical characteristic has been described by Albarn as being abstract and esoteric dystopian lyrics that are often recited through spoken word Sprechgesang.


title: 2-D (character)

text: In contrast to his singing voice, 2-D's speaking voice is high-pitched and squeaky, and at one point he had a speech impediment and a strong lisp due to his missing teeth. Although he is from the West Sussex region of England, 2-D speaks in a mockney accent rather than a Sussex dialect. In his first spoken appearances on the press release interview CD "The Apex Tapes", 2-D's speaking voice was originally portrayed as being lower and softer than the high-pitched, wheezy speaking voice that the character later developed. In Gorillaz' first American press interview (an interview with "Rolling Stone"), Albarn and Hewlett attempted to provide the speaking voices of 2-D and bandmate Murdoc Niccals, as they had not yet chosen proper voice actors for the characters, but Albarn gave up and the act was dropped after three questions. After this, Nelson De Freitas was chosen as the speaking voice of 2-D. In 2017, De Freitas was replaced by actor and comedian Kevin Bishop, who was suggested by Harry Enfield after declining an offer to voice the character.


title: 2-D (character)

text: Stuart Pot was born on 23 May 1978 to David and Rachel Pot. The original surname of Stuart's father was "Tusspot", but he legally changed it to "Pot", shortly before Stuart was born.


title: 2-D (character)

text: His father, David, works as a mechanic and as a fairgrounds worker, while his mother, Rachel, works as a nurse. He was born in Hertfordshire, England and grew up there until he and his family had to move to Crawley, West Sussex, England where he attended St Wilfrid's Catholic School after he broke his piano teacher's hand and caused a lawsuit. When he was 11 years old, Stuart was involved in an accident where he fell from a tree and hit his head. This caused all his natural brown hair to shed, until it eventually grew back in a deep azure blue color. The accident also caused him to experience frequent migraines, for which his mother supplied him with painkillers.


title: 2-D (character)

text: At age 19, Stuart was hit in the face by Murdoc Niccals when he crashed his Vauxhall Astra into Uncle Norm's Organ Emporium in an attempt to raid the store of its musical equipment. This caused Stuart to receive hyphema in his left eye and put him into a coma. Murdoc was then arrested and sentenced to 30,000 hours of community service, as well as to care for the now comatose Stuart for ten hours a week. Not long after, Murdoc injured Stuart again while pulling off 360 donuts to impress a small crowd of women. Stuart came crashing through the windshield of the car and fractured his other eye. After the incident, he woke up from his vegetative state and was given the nickname "2-D", which refers to the two dents in his head. He was then recruited by Murdoc and chosen to be the lead vocalist of a new band he was forming after his last band had broken up. Gorillaz call the day 2-D and Murdoc first crossed paths "D-Day".


title: 2-D (character)

text: In 1998, 2-D began dating a woman named Paula Cracker, who eventually also joined 2-D as a member of Gorillaz and began to take on the role of the lead guitarist after he and Murdoc moved into Kong Studios. Paula was quickly removed from the band's lineup after being caught having a sexual affair with Murdoc in the Kong Studios bathroom, and she was then eventually replaced on guitar by a child prodigy named Noodle. The band was ready to launch and played their very first gig in 1998 soon after. Following the release and worldwide success of "Gorillaz", 2-D and his bandmates soon moved to Los Angeles, California after being approached by a famous Hollywood director who was interested in making a Gorillaz movie. In a meeting between the band members regarding potential concepts for a Gorillaz film, 2-D was choked out by Murdoc, who was then punched in the face by Russel Hobbs in his defense. Gorillaz split up immediately after this event. After 2-D relocated back to England, he worked at his father's amusement park in Eastbourne and made friends with former Boyzone member Shane Lynch and Brian Setzer of Stray Cats. After Gorillaz had been off 2-D's mind for quite some time, he returned to Kong Studios after receiving a text from Noodle that informed him that she had started work on demos for a new Gorillaz album and needed him on vocals.


title: 2-D (character)

text: After the release of "Demon Days" proved to be a worldwide success and further catapulted Gorillaz' popularity, Noodle was then presumed dead in the aftermath of the music video for "El Mañana", which caused 2-D and Russel to spiral into a panic and depart from the band yet again. 2-D eventually moved on from Gorillaz and relocated to an apartment in Beirut, where Murdoc later tracked him down and kidnapped him against his will to bring to his newly built island to rejoin Gorillaz for the band's third album, "Plastic Beach". During Gorillaz' 2010 Escape to Plastic Beach World Tour, 2-D made a Gorillaz album himself called "The Fall". After the tour, Plastic Beach was shot down by pirates and the band again parted ways. In Gorillaz' 2016 interactive short story "The Book of 2-D", it was revealed that 2-D hid underwater following the pirate attack on Plastic Beach and was eventually swallowed alive by a whale that later died and was washed ashore, freeing 2-D soon afterwards on an island with no food except for the whale's blubber and the island's sand. After being stranded for months, 2-D sighted a plane flying above him. Moved to tears by this revelation, he set off on its direction, hoping to find a sign of civilization. After following the planes direction for 23 minutes, he soon realized he was actually in the middle of a beach rave on the island of Guadalupe off the west coast of Mexico. 2-D was soon flown back to Heathrow Airport in the United Kingdom, and upon arrival, a man offered him a ride to West London, where he reunited with Murdoc at Studio 13 and later be joined by Russel and Noodle to begin recording "Humanz", Gorillaz' first studio album since 2010.


title: 2-D (character)

text: After the success of "Humanz", Murdoc was revealed to be incarcerated at Wormwood Scrubs prison in an acceptance speech from the band during the 2018 Brit Awards. It was also revealed soon afterwards that Gorillaz had made an album called "The Now Now" without contributions from Murdoc, who was replaced by Ace from Cartoon Network's animated series "The Powerpuff Girls" while he was in prison. 2-D became the temporary leader of Gorillaz during the making of "The Now Now" and was in charge of the musical direction of the band for the album. Murdoc's incarceration led 2-D to gain a significant boost in self-esteem, to the point of appearing to be rude and developing an increasingly overinflated ego. Immediately after Murdoc's return, 2-D appears to have returned to his usual self.


title: 2-D (character)

text: On 24 September 2019, Gorillaz revealed through social media that 2-D had again been on vacation in Beirut and sent a postcard to his bandmates in which he makes a reference to parts he gathered for a machine that was later revealed to be the Song Machine, the latest audiovisual project from Gorillaz. In season one of "Song Machine", 2-D is oblivious to the various attempts made by Murdoc to distract him as he tries to gain access to portals in the newly relocated Kong Studios after he and the rest of the band leave him behind as they use it for a trip. 2-D is the host of all of the interviews in "Song Machine"s accompanying "Machine Bitez".


title: 2-D (character)

text: 2-D was created by Jamie Hewlett to represent the "stupid pretty boy singer" he identified as a part of many manufactured bands at the time. As such, 2-D is lacking significantly in intelligence and critical thinking skills as a result of various head injuries and brain damage that he's experienced throughout his life. Because of this, he can also come across as being very awkward at times. He has been described by his ex-girlfriend Paula Cracker in "Rise of the Ogre" as being "very sweet...[but] a bit thick though". He is often ridiculed by bandmate Murdoc for his perceived stupidity and ignorance. He was oblivious to Murdoc's frequent abuse and admired him regardless, looking up to him as a big brother figure and displaying symptoms of acute stockholm syndrome. His bandmate Russel has once stated that 2-D is "kind of like a pet. Obedient, eager to please. Eats a lot of dog food". 2-D is also absent-minded and daydreams frequently, often spacing out for no apparent reason. He is clumsy and accident-prone, having received many injuries throughout his life. His hyphema has resulted in a vision impairment which further affected his clumsiness. He has been a Buddhist since discovering the Tibetan independence movement and shares a zen-bond with bandmate Noodle.


title: 2-D (character)

text: 2-D's physique is tall and skinny; his hands and feet are large and he has long limbs, with his height standing at 6'2". The character has pale skin and spiky azure blue hair. Thereafter, he is also depicted with a notable lack of visible pupils in his eyes due to the blood leakage from his hyphema; while his eyes can range from black to white, they predominately remained black throughout the first four phases. However, since "The Now Now", 2-D's eyes have been almost exclusively white. Additionally, he is also shown to be missing a few front teeth, and has sometimes been shown wearing a golden tooth. As with the rest of the Gorillaz characters, 2-D has thick, bushy, rectangular eyebrows. In "Gorillaz" artwork, 2-D's hair was darker and the spikes on his hair were thicker and sharper than they would become in much of the artwork for "Demon Days" and "Plastic Beach", where his hair became messier and brighter and the spikes became thinner and looser, to the point where he now appears to have a mildly receding hairline in some artwork for "Humanz" and "The Now Now". He also has blue bags under his eyes. He has a pointy chin and head shape that looks similar to that of fellow band member Noodle.


title: 2-D (character)

text: Although primarily presented through 2D animation, 2-D and the rest of Gorillaz sometimes appear in the form of 3D animation, such as in the music videos for "Stylo", "Strobelite", and "Sleeping Powder", as well as several live visuals, such as the visual for their performance of "Dirty Harry" at the 2006 Brit Awards and in interludes and promotional content for the 2010 Escape to Plastic Beach Tour. The motion capture 3D models of 2-D from the "Humanz" album campaign typically show him wearing the same outfit he wore in the music video for "Saturnz Barz". On the "Humanz" album cover, 2-D appears in the form of a photorealistic 3D model along with the rest of the characters. He appears as an 8-bit character in the visualizer for "Garage Palace", and for the 8-bit icons of the characters that appear in the Humanz Tour, The Now Now Tour, and the Gorillaz documentary "Reject False Icons". The music video for "Tranz" occasionally portrays 2-D in the form of both a 3D model and stop motion claymation in certain sections of the video. 2-D and Murdoc appeared together as puppets made by The Jim Henson Company at Jim Henson's Creature Shop in Gorillaz' 2006 performance at the Apollo Theater in Harlem and for their appearance at the 2006 Webby Awards, played by The Muppets puppeteers Matt Vogel and Joey Mazzarino respectively.


title: 2-D (character)

text: 2-D and the other Gorillaz characters have been illustrated as aging progressively with each new Gorillaz release. 2-D was originally in his early 20s when "Gorillaz" was released, but has since gotten older and is in his early 40s as of 2018. Since "Humanz", 2-D has gained wrinkles and a receding hairline. He has also developed more defined wrinkles on his hands. His nose has also changed shape since "Humanz", appearing to be somewhat more pointed than it was before. Although he has aged somewhat over time, as the "pretty boy singer" of the group, 2-D generally has a youthful appearance with clear skin and little to no facial hair and few blemishes or wrinkles, even maintaining this look into his 40s.


title: 2-D (character)

text: Along with the other Gorillaz members, 2-D's wardrobe changes very frequently and he is rarely depicted wearing the same clothing twice. This was a conscious decision from Jamie Hewlett to make the characters feel more realistic and stand apart from most other cartoon characters, who rarely if ever change their clothes. His wardrobe typically consists of a wide range of T-shirts and skinny jeans with Converse Chuck Taylor All-Stars, although he is often depicted in a long-sleeved shirt, sweatshirt, or jacket and boots as well. In the "Gorillaz" era of the band, 2-D's T-shirts were typically graphic tees that featured a distinct printed graphic, an element that became less prominent starting in the "Demon Days" album campaign, where he typically wore plain short-sleeved T-shirts over long sleeved shirts. In the "Plastic Beach" era of the band, 2-D typically wore sleeveless shirts or a short-sleeved T-shirt and grey pants with a pair of boots, and he often wore a bandana and a clown mask or sea captain hat. In the "Humanz" era of Gorillaz, 2-D was most frequently depicted in wardrobe inspired by the Black Panther Party and the Sandinista National Liberation Front and "The Now Now"s artwork mostly showed 2-D in various sweatshirts and leather jackets.


title: 2-D (character)

text: As the frontman of Gorillaz, 2-D's main roles in the band entail serving as both the lead vocalist and keyboardist. While he can play other instruments (as can the other Gorillaz members), he generally focuses on his role as vocalist and keyboardist for most of the band's discography. Exceptions to this include the 2018 Gorillaz album "The Now Now", where 2-D is often depicted playing guitar, and 2010's "The Fall", which 2-D created largely by himself. In most cases, 2-D's singing voice sounds significantly different than his normal speaking voice. His vocal range is very wide, and he has sung everything from baritone to falsetto. Gorillaz co-creator Damon Albarn provides all of 2-D's singing voice in their music, including songs where he provides spoken-word and rapped verses. 2-D apparently has had some influence in the lyric-writing process (as evidenced by the credits on the insert of the titular debut album) even though his intelligence is reputedly negligible. Apparently, Murdoc has been said to have had Albarn occasionally help teach 2-D to sing better than he already could, and apparently even sing in some of their songs, as stated in an "NME" interview with Albarn.


title: 2-D (character)

text: While Murdoc is usually portrayed as the main director behind most Gorillaz albums (or so he claims), 2-D is depicted as the member behind Gorillaz albums such as 2010's "The Fall" and 2018's "The Now Now". 2-D also wrote and recorded Gorillaz' 2017 single "Sleeping Powder" by himself, with the music video for the song featuring him exclusively.


title: 2-D (character)

text: In 2003, 2-D was credited as a guest artist on the songs "Small Time Shot Away" by Massive Attack, and "FM" by Nathan Haines. He contributed additional guitar on several tracks on Spacemonkeyz' 2003 "Gorillaz" remix album "Laika Come Home", as well as an additional stylophone solo on the "Slow Country" remix "Strictly Rubbadub". He also recorded vocals for the album's "M1 A1" remix "Lil' Dub Chefin'". It has been claimed by Murdoc in the "Gorillaz Are Ten" Spotify radio show that the original demo version of the Gorillaz song "Dirty Harry" called "I Need A Gun" from Damon Albarn's 2003 solo EP "Democrazy" is a duet between 2-D and Albarn.


title: 2-D (character)

text: In 2001, 2-D became a spokesperson of the Free Tibet campaign after Gorillaz were asked by Adam Yauch of Beastie Boys to work with the organization, appearing in a short commercial for the campaign the same year. On 15 June 2012, an illustration of 2-D was designed by Jamie Hewlett in promotion of the Dalai Lama's visit to the United Kingdom. In 2017, 2-D appeared in an official advertisement campaign for the English professional football team Chelsea F.C. to launch their Chelsea F.C. Nike football kit with Chelsea player David Luiz. 2-D and the rest of Gorillaz appear on the back cover of Hewlett's 2017 art book, featured alongside characters from all of Hewlett's projects. On 23 October 2020, 2-D and Beck appeared on an episode of the online virtual talk show Animal Talking with Gary Whitta with Albarn and Hewlett as special guests as "Animal Crossing" avatars, in promotion of the "Song Machine" episode "The Valley of the Pagans".


title: 2-D (character)

text: 2-D and Murdoc appear as the puppet versions of themselves from Demon Days Live in the 2006 Webby Awards to accept their "Artist of the Year" award. On 23 July 2020, 2-D appeared in a virtual Comic-Con panel for a short interview about "Gorillaz Almanac". He performed a live duet with Albarn of the "Song Machine" song "Aries" for an episode of "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" on 20 May 2020.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In the United States Army, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force and U.S. Space Force, lieutenant colonel is a field-grade officer rank, just above the rank of major and just below the rank of colonel. It is equivalent to the naval rank of commander in the other uniformed services.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: The pay grade for the rank of lieutenant colonel is O-5. In the United States armed forces, the insignia for the rank are a silver oak leaf, with slight stylized differences between the version of the Army and the Air Force and that of the Navy and the Marine Corps.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: Promotion to lieutenant colonel is governed by Department of Defense policies derived from the Defense Officer Personnel Management Act (DOPMA) of 1980, for officers in the Active Component, and its companion Reserve Officer Personnel Management Act (ROPMA), for officers in the Reserve Component (e.g., Reserve and National Guard). DOPMA guidelines suggest that 70 percent of majors be promoted to lieutenant colonel after serving at least three years at their present rank and after 15–17 years of cumulative commissioned service.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: The U.S. Army uses the three letter abbreviation "LTC," while the Marine Corps and Air Force use the abbreviations of "LtCol" and "Lt Col" (note the space), respectively. These abbreviation formats are also outlined in "The Naval Institute Guide to Naval Writing" and in Air Force Handbook 33-337 (AFH 33-337), "The Tongue and Quill".


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: The United States Government Publishing Office recommends the abbreviation "LTC" for U.S. Army usage, "LtCol" for Marine Corps usage, and "Lt. Col." for the Air Force. The Associated Press Stylebook recommends the abbreviation "Lt. Col." for the Army, Marine Corps, and Air Force.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: Slang terms for the rank historically used by the U.S. military include "light colonel", "short colonel", "light bird", "half colonel", "walking colonel", "bottlecap colonel" (referring to the silver oak leaf insignia), and "telephone colonel" (from self-reference as "colonel" when using a telephone).


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: The rank of lieutenant colonel has existed in the British Army since at least the 16th century and was used in both American colonial militia and colonial regular regiments. The Continental Army continued the British and colonial use of the rank of lieutenant colonel, as the second-in-command to a colonel commanding a regiment. The lieutenant colonel was sometimes known as "lieutenant to the colonel."


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In British practice, regiments were actually commanded by their lieutenant colonels, as the colonel was a titular position (with the incumbent absent from the regiment serving as a senior staff officer, a general officer, or as a member of the nobility). Since the British colonel was not a "combat" officer, beginning in May 1778 to simplify prisoner of war exchanges, American regiments began to eliminate colonels by attrition and replace them with a lieutenant colonel commandant. The conversion was never completely effected and some regiments remained commanded by colonels throughout the war. From 1784 until 1791, there was only one lieutenant colonel in the US Army (Josiah Harmar), who acted as the army's commanding officer.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In the Continental Army aides to the Commander in Chief, viz., Lieutenant General George Washington, were lieutenant colonels. Additionally, certain officers serving under the Adjutant General, Inspector General, and Judge Advocate General, ranked as lieutenant colonels.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: During the 19th century, lieutenant colonel was often a terminal rank for many officers, since the rank of "full colonel" was considered extremely prestigious and reserved only for the most successful officers. Upon the outbreak of the Civil War, the rank of lieutenant colonel became much more common and was used as a "stepping stone" for officers who commanded small regiments or battalions and were expected, by default, to be promoted to full colonel once the manpower of a regiment grew in strength. Such was the case of Joshua Lawrence Chamberlain, who commanded a Maine regiment as both a lieutenant colonel and later as a colonel.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: After the Civil War ended, those officers remaining in the military found lieutenant colonel to again be a terminal rank, although many lieutenant colonels were raised to higher positions in a brevet status. Such was the case with George A. Custer, who was a lieutenant colonel in the regular army, but held the brevet rank of major general.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: The 20th century saw lieutenant colonel in its present-day status although, during the 1930s, many officers again found the rank to be terminal as the rank of colonel was reserved for only a select few officers.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In the United States Army and the United States Marine Corps (USMC), a lieutenant colonel typically commands a battalion- or squadron-sized unit (300 to 1,200 Soldiers or Marines), with a major as executive officer (XO) and a command sergeant major or sergeant major (USMC) as principal non-commissioned officer (NCO) or senior enlisted adviser (SEA). A lieutenant colonel may also serve as a brigade/brigade combat team, regiment/regimental combat team, Marine Aviation Group (MAG), Marine Expeditionary Unit (MEU), or battalion task force executive officer. Lieutenant colonels routinely serve as principal staff officers, under a colonel as chief of staff, on a general staff ("G" staff) of a division, Marine Expeditionary Brigade (MEB), Marine Aircraft Wing (MAW), or Marine Logistics Group (MLG). These staff positions include G-1 (administration and personnel), G-2 (intelligence), G-3 (operations), G-4 (logistics), G-5 (planning), G-6 (computers and communications), G-9 (Civil Affairs). "The G-"n"" may mean either a specific staff section or the staff officer leading a section. Lieutenant colonels may also be junior staff at a variety of higher echelons.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In the United States Air Force, a lieutenant colonel is generally a squadron commander in the operations group, mission support group, or maintenance groups, or a squadron commander or division chief in a medical group. The lieutenant colonel also may serve as a Director of Operations (DO) in a squadron in the operations group before assuming command of his or her own squadron (this is common for rated officers in flying units), or as a deputy commander of a squadron in the maintenance, mission-support, or medical group. Lieutenant colonels may serve also on general staffs and may be the heads of some wing staff departments. Air Force lieutenant colonels in the acquisition career fields can be selected to serve as "Materiel Leaders" (Program Managers or Branch Chiefs), similar to how other Air Force lieutenant colonels are selected to serve as squadron commanders. Senior lieutenant colonels occasionally serve as group commanders, most commonly in units of the Air Force Reserve Command and the Air National Guard.


title: Lieutenant colonel (United States)

text: In U.S. Army ROTC detachments, the commander is typically a lieutenant colonel, with several majors, captains, and non-commissioned officers serving as assistants. In the U.S. Air Force, Air Force ROTC detachments may be commanded by full colonels or lieutenant colonels, depending on the size of the detachment and the size of the associated college or university.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou is a 2004 American adventure comedy-drama film written by Wes Anderson and Noah Baumbach and directed by Anderson. It is Anderson's fourth feature-length film and was released in the United States on December 25, 2004.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The film stars Bill Murray as Steve Zissou, an eccentric oceanographer who sets out to exact revenge on the "jaguar shark" that ate his partner Esteban. Zissou is both a parody of and homage to French diving pioneer Jacques Cousteau, to whom the film is dedicated.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The film also features Owen Wilson, Cate Blanchett, Willem Dafoe, Michael Gambon, Jeff Goldblum, Anjelica Huston and Bud Cort. Seu Jorge has a minor part, but contributes heavily to the film's soundtrack. It was filmed in and around Naples, Ponza, and the Italian Riviera.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The film was released to mixed reviews and was a box office flop. In the decade following its release it has garnered a cult following, and is now viewed more positively by both critics and fans. It was also since remastered and re-released by The Criterion Collection in 2014.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: While oceanographer Steve Zissou is working on his latest documentary at sea, his best friend and chief diver, Esteban du Plantier, is devoured by a 10-meter-long, luminescently spotted creature Zissou describes as a "jaguar shark". For his next project, Zissou is determined to document the shark's destruction.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The crew aboard Zissou's aging research vessel "Belafonte" includes his estranged wife Eleanor, chief strategist and financial backer; Pelé dos Santos, a safety expert and Brazilian guitarist who sings David Bowie songs in Portuguese; and Klaus Daimler, the German first mate who views Zissou and Esteban as father figures. Minor crew members include Vikram Ray, cameraman; Bobby Ogata, frogman; Vladimir Wolodarsky, physicist and soundtrack composer; Renzo Pietro, sound man; and Anne-Marie Sakowitz, a script girl who is often seen topless. Also included is a recent group of unpaid interns from the University of North Alaska. However, the "Team Zissou" venture has hit a decline; they have not released a successful documentary in nine years.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Ned Plimpton is a longtime Zissou fan whose mother has recently died, and he believes that Zissou is his father. After they meet at Zissou's latest premiere, Ned takes annual leave from his job as an airline pilot in Kentucky to join his crew. As Oseary Drakoulias, Zissou's producer, cannot find anyone to finance their latest documentary, Ned offers his inheritance. Eleanor feels her husband is exploiting Ned and leaves. A pregnant reporter, Jane Winslett-Richardson, comes to chronicle the voyage. Both Ned and Zissou are attracted to Jane, and a competition develops between them. Klaus becomes jealous of the attention Zissou pays to Ned.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: On their mission to find the jaguar shark, the "Belafonte" steals tracking equipment from a remote station owned by currently more successful oceanographer (and Zissou's nemesis), Alistair Hennessey. They then sail into unprotected waters and are attacked by Filipino pirates, who steal Ned's money and kidnap Bill Ubell, a "bond company stooge" assigned to the project. They are then rescued by Hennessey and towed to Port-au-Patois. Sakowitz, along with all but one of the interns, jumps ship once they reach port.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Zissou persuades Eleanor to rejoin the "Belafonte", and then leads the crew on a rescue mission. They track Bill to an abandoned hotel on a remote island, saving him along with Hennessey, whom the pirates have also kidnapped. Ned and Zissou then make one last search for the shark in the ship's helicopter, but the aircraft malfunctions and they crash. Ned dies from his injuries and is buried at sea. Prior to Ned's death, Eleanor revealed to Jane that Zissou is sterile; therefore Ned could not have been his son.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Zissou finally tracks down the shark in a submersible but he decides not to kill it, both because of its beauty and not having any more dynamite. At the premiere of the finished documentary (which is dedicated to Ned who is acknowledged as Zissou's son), Zissou receives a standing ovation while waiting outside the theater for the premiere to finish. The crew returns triumphantly to the ship the next day.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Though the characters were inspired by such American novels as "The Great Gatsby" and "The Magnificent Ambersons", the plot has been compared to "Moby-Dick".


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Writing about the metaphorical aspects of the film's setting—somewhere in the Mediterranean—film critic Elena Past says that the underwater scenes, because they are central to the storyline, make "The Life Aquatic" similar in some ways to "Respiro". Both films set out a "Mediterranean state of being" where "having left the security of land, the characters in both films are suddenly confronted with the precarious nature of human existence, as the films that depict them tackle the challenges of representing the submarine world."


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: In addition to the luminescent-spotted jaguar shark, other fictional lifeforms (some stop-motion-animated) are cited and appear throughout the film, such as the rhinestone bluefin, crayon ponyfish, wild snow-mongoose, electric jellyfish, and sugar crabs. The animation work was done by Henry Selick.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The soundtrack to "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou" contains a style typical of other Wes Anderson films. Mark Mothersbaugh, a member of Devo, composed the score, as he has for many of Anderson's other films. The film also features many rock songs from the 1960s-1980s, and several instrumental pieces composed by Sven Libaek for the underwater documentary television series "Inner Space". Additionally, the film and soundtrack feature Seu Jorge performing David Bowie songs in Portuguese on the acoustic guitar. Jorge, who also plays the character of Pelé dos Santos, performs some of these cover songs live, in character during the film, mostly with modified lyrics reflecting Jorge's own experiences working on the film. The ending scene depicting the beauty of the shark features the song "Starálfur" by Sigur Rós.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The film grossed a total of $24,020,403 domestically after twelve weeks in release, less than half its $50 million production budget. It took in a further $10,788,000 internationally, bringing the total gross to $34,808,403.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Initial reviews of the film were mixed. The film has a 56% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 224 reviews, with an average rating of 6.10/10; the website's consensus states: "Much like the titular oceanographer, "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou"s overt irony may come off as smug and artificial – but for fans of Wes Anderson's unique brand of whimsy, it might be worth the dive." The film has a 62/100 weighted average score on Metacritic, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "D" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: Anthony Lane, a film reviewer for "The New Yorker", agreed with the conventional criticism of Anderson's deadpan style: that the underreaction of Anderson's characters used to be "hip" but has now become "frozen into a mannerism." He said that "some stretches of action" in the film are being "lightly held within quotation marks," with an "unmistakable air of playacting" in even the most violent scenes. He also criticized the film's deliberately "weird" set ups, which leave the viewer with "the impression of having nearly drowned in some secret and melancholy game."


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: In the years since its initial release it has developed a cult following, and it underwent a critical reevaluation. Many critics view it more favorably, and some, such as Mike D'Angelo of "The A.V. Club", consider the film to still be "undervalued" when compared to the rest of Anderson's filmography.


title: The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou

text: The DVD of the film was released by the Criterion Collection on May 10, 2005 as its 300th title, in both 1-disc version and a 2-disc versions. This is Anderson's third film to be released in the collection, after "Rushmore" and "The Royal Tenenbaums". The Criterion Blu-ray was released on May 27, 2014. It is also available on Disney+ outside the United States.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Dian Fossey (, January 16, 1932 – ) was an American primatologist and conservationist known for undertaking an extensive study of mountain gorilla groups from 1966 until her murder in 1985. She studied them daily in the mountain forests of Rwanda, initially encouraged to work there by paleoanthropologist Louis Leakey. "Gorillas in the Mist", a book published two years before her death, is Fossey's account of her scientific study of the gorillas at Karisoke Research Center and prior career. It was adapted into a 1988 film of the same name.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey was a leading primatologist, and a member of the "Trimates", a group of female scientists recruited by Leakey to study great apes in their natural environments, along with Jane Goodall who studies chimpanzees, and Biruté Galdikas, who studies orangutans.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey spent 20 years in Rwanda, where she supported conservation efforts, strongly opposed poaching and tourism in wildlife habitats, and made more people acknowledge the sapience of gorillas. Following the killing of a gorilla and subsequent tensions, she was murdered in her cabin at a remote camp in Rwanda in December 1985. Although Fossey's American research assistant was convicted "in absentia", there is no consensus as to who killed her.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey was born in San Francisco, California, the daughter of Hazel (née Kidd), a fashion model, and George Edward Fossey III, a real estate agent and business owner. Her parents divorced when she was six. Her mother remarried the following year, to businessman Richard Price. Her father tried to keep in contact, but her mother discouraged it, and all contact was subsequently lost. Fossey's stepfather, Richard Price, never treated her as his own child. He would not allow Fossey to sit at the dining room table with him or her mother during dinner. A man adhering to strict discipline, Richard Price offered Fossey little to no emotional support. Although, by 1950, Richard and Hazel would relocate with Dian to Marin County, the same county where her father George Fossey, now married to Mrs. Gladys Bove (née Kohler), resided. (George and Gladys would divorce by 1960. His third and final marriage would be to Kathryn Smith around 1959. Kathryn has mistakenly been cited as Dian's mother over the years.)


title: Dian Fossey

text: Struggling with personal insecurity, Fossey turned to animals as a way to gain acceptance. Her love for animals began with her first pet goldfish and continued throughout her entire life. At age six, she began riding horses, earning a letter from her school; by her graduation in 1954, Fossey had established herself as an equestrienne.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey attended Lowell High School. Following the guidance of her stepfather, she enrolled in a business course at the College of Marin in San Francisco. However, spending her summer on a ranch in Montana at age 19 rekindled her love of animals, and she enrolled in a pre-veterinary course in biology at the University of California, Davis. In defiance of her stepfather's wishes for her to attend a business school, Fossey decided to spend her professional life working with animals. Consequently, Fossey's parents failed to give her any substantial amount of financial support throughout her adult life. She supported herself by working as a clerk at a White Front department store, doing other clerking and laboratory work, and laboring as a machinist in a factory.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Although Fossey had always been an exemplary student, she had difficulties with basic sciences including chemistry and physics, and failed her second year of the program. She transferred to San Jose State College, where she became a member of Kappa Alpha Theta sorority, to study occupational therapy, receiving her bachelor's degree in 1954. Initially following her college major, Fossey began a career in occupational therapy. She interned at various hospitals in California and worked with tuberculosis patients. Fossey was originally a prizewinning equestrian, which drew her to Kentucky in 1955, and a year later took a job as an occupational therapist at the Kosair Crippled Children's Hospital in Louisville.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Her shy and reserved personality allowed her to work well with the children at the hospital. Fossey became close with her coworker Mary White "Gaynee" Henry, secretary to the hospital's chief administrator and the wife of one of the doctors, Michael J. Henry. The Henrys invited Fossey to join them on their family farm, where she worked with livestock on a daily basis and also experienced an inclusive family atmosphere that had been missing for most of her life. During her free time she would pursue her love of horses.


title: Dian Fossey

text: Fossey turned down an offer to join the Henrys on an African tour due to lack of finances, but in 1963 she borrowed $8,000 (one year's salary), took out her life savings and went on a seven-week visit to Africa. In September 1963, she arrived in Nairobi, Kenya. While there, she met actor William Holden, owner of Treetops Hotel, who introduced her to her safari guide, John Alexander. Alexander became her guide for the next seven weeks through Kenya, Tanzania, Democratic Republic of Congo, and Rhodesia, now Zimbabwe. Alexander's route included visits to Tsavo, Africa's largest national park; the saline lake of Manyara, famous for attracting giant flocks of flamingos; and the Ngorongoro Crater, well known for its abundant wildlife. The final two sites for her visit were Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania (the archeological site of Louis and Mary Leakey); and Mt. Mikeno in Congo, where, in 1959, American zoologist George Schaller had carried out a yearlong pioneering study of the mountain gorilla. At Olduvai Gorge, Fossey met the Leakeys while they were examining the area for hominid fossils. Leakey talked to Fossey about the work of English primatologist Jane Goodall and the importance of long-term research on the great apes.