title: Robbie Fowler

text: In association with long-term friend Steve McManaman, Fowler has invested in several racehorses through their company The Macca and Growler Partnership, most notably 2003 Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother Celebration Chase runner-up Seebald. In 2005, Fowler was listed as one of the 1,000 wealthiest Britons by the "Sunday Times Rich List", with the paper estimating he has a property portfolio of more than 80, while his "Robbie Fowler Sports Promotions" company has been reported to have net assets of £1.58 million. Other business interests including a large property portfolio have resulted in Fowler's net wealth totaling £28 million. This gave rise to the affectionate Manchester City Football Club chant, "We all live in a Robbie Fowler house", sung to the tune of "Yellow Submarine".


title: Robbie Fowler

text: On 2 September 2005, Fowler released a book called "Fowler: My Autobiography", about his time as a footballer and the issues surrounding him. Since his transfer to Liverpool, he has updated it and included a section about his return to Anfield. Excerpts published in newspapers included criticism of the England management.


title: Robbie Fowler

text: In June 2008, Fowler participated alongside McManaman in Steve Nash and Claudio Reyna's Showdown in Chinatown, an 8-on-8 charity football game at Sara D. Roosevelt Park in Manhattan with McManaman making five of the goals, including one for Fowler.


title: Robbie Fowler

text: In 2011, Fowler and McManaman participated in an exhibition match in Grozny between a World XI and a team made up of Chechen and Russian players captained by Chechen leader Ramzan Kadyrov. Miriam Elder described it as "one of the most bizarre matches in footballing history". Writing in "The Guardian", Barney Ronay described the match as "[f]ootball's In Bed With Kadyrov moment".


title: Robbie Fowler

text: In 2019, Fowler featured in the first season of ITV show Harry's Heroes, which featured former football manager Harry Redknapp attempting get a squad of former England international footballers back fit and healthy for a game against Germany legends.


title: Robbie Fowler

text: In 2021 Fowler competed in the Legends Tour Celebrity Series of golf tournaments for charity. He won the Celebrity Series event at Formby near his native Liverpool in 2021 and competed at the Celebrity Series Grand Final in Mauritius in 2022, finishing second and winning a total of £17,250 for charity over the 2021 season. He has previously held charity golf days to raise money for charities including The Ichthyosis Support Group. Fowler's godson suffers from the rare genetic skin condition ichthyosis, for which there is no cure.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbons () are apes in the family Hylobatidae (). The family historically contained one genus, but now is split into four extant genera and 20 species. Gibbons live in subtropical and tropical rainforest from eastern Bangladesh to Northeast India to southern China and Indonesia (including the islands of Sumatra, Borneo and Java).


title: Gibbon

text: Also called the lesser apes, gibbons differ from great apes (bonobos, chimpanzees, gorillas, orangutans and humans) in being smaller, exhibiting low sexual dimorphism, and not making nests. Like all apes, gibbons are tailless. Unlike most of the great apes, gibbons frequently form long-term pair bonds. Their primary mode of locomotion, brachiation, involves swinging from branch to branch for distances up to , at speeds as fast as . They can also make leaps up to , and walk bipedally with their arms raised for balance. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals.


title: Gibbon

text: Depending on the species and sex, gibbons' fur coloration varies from dark- to light-brown shades, and any shade between black and white, though a completely "white" gibbon is rare.


title: Gibbon

text: The English word "gibbon" is a reborrowing from French and may originally derive from an Orang Asli word.


title: Gibbon

text: Whole genome molecular dating analyses indicate that the gibbon lineage diverged from that of great apes around 16.8 million years ago (Mya) (95% confidence interval: 15.9–17.6 Mya; given a divergence of 29 Mya from Old World monkeys). Adaptive divergence associated with chromosomal rearrangements led to rapid radiation of the four genera 5–7 Mya. Each genus comprises a distinct, well-delineated lineage, but the sequence and timing of divergences among these genera has been hard to resolve, even with whole genome data, due to radiative speciations and extensive incomplete lineage sorting. An analysis based on morphology suggests that the four genera are ordered as ("Symphalangus", ("Nomascus", ("Hoolock", "Hylobates"))).


title: Gibbon

text: A coalescent-based species tree analysis of genome-scale datasets suggests a phylogeny for the four genera ordered as ("Hylobates", ("Nomascus", ("Hoolock", "Symphalangus"))).


title: Gibbon

text: At the species level, estimates from mitochondrial DNA genome analyses suggest that "Hylobates pileatus" diverged from "H. lar" and "H. agilis" around 3.9 Mya, and "H. lar" and "H. agilis" separated around 3.3 Mya. Whole genome analysis suggests divergence of "H. pileatus" from "H. moloch" 1.5–3.0 Mya. The extinct "Bunopithecus sericus" is a gibbon or gibbon-like ape, which until recently, was thought to be closely related to the hoolock gibbons.


title: Gibbon

text: The family is divided into four genera based on their diploid chromosome number: "Hylobates" (44), "Hoolock" (38), "Nomascus" (52), and "Symphalangus" (50). Also, three extinct genera currently are recognised: "Bunopithecus", "Junzi", and "Yuanmoupithecus".


title: Gibbon

text: Many gibbons are hard to identify based on fur coloration, so are identified either by song or genetics. These morphological ambiguities have led to hybrids in zoos. Zoos often receive gibbons of unknown origin, so they rely on morphological variation or labels that are impossible to verify to assign species and subspecies names, so separate species of gibbons commonly are misidentified and housed together. Interspecific hybrids, within a genus, are also suspected to occur in wild gibbons where their ranges overlap. No records exist, however, of fertile hybrids between different gibbon genera, either in the wild or in captivity.


title: Gibbon

text: One unique aspect of a gibbon's anatomy is the wrist, which functions something like a ball-and-socket joint, allowing for biaxial movement. This greatly reduces the amount of energy needed in the upper arm and torso, while also reducing stress on the shoulder joint. Gibbons also have long hands and feet, with a deep cleft between the first and second digits of their hands. Their fur is usually black, gray, or brownish, often with white markings on hands, feet and face. Some species such as the siamang have an enlarged throat sac, which inflates and serves as a resonating chamber when the animals call. This structure can become quite large in some species, sometimes equaling the size of the animal's head. Their voices are much more powerful than that of any human singer, although they are at best half a human's height.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbon skulls and teeth resemble those of the great apes, and their noses are similar to those of all catarrhine primates. The dental formula is . The siamang, which is the largest of the 18 species, is distinguished by having two fingers on each foot stuck together, hence the generic and species names "Symphalangus" and "syndactylus".


title: Gibbon

text: Like all primates, gibbons are social animals. They are strongly territorial, and defend their boundaries with vigorous visual and vocal displays. The vocal element, which can often be heard for distances up to , consists of a duet between a mated pair, with their young sometimes joining in. In most species, males and some females sing solos to attract mates, as well as advertise their territories. The song can be used to identify not only which species of gibbon is singing, but also the area from which it comes.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbons often retain the same mate for life, although they do not always remain sexually monogamous. In addition to extra-pair copulations, pair-bonded gibbons occasionally "divorce".


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbons are among nature's best brachiators. Their ball-and-socket wrist joints allow them unmatched speed and accuracy when swinging through trees. Nonetheless, their mode of transportation can lead to hazards when a branch breaks or a hand slips, and researchers estimate that the majority of gibbons suffer bone fractures one or more times during their lifetimes. They are the fastest of all tree-dwelling, nonflying mammals. On the ground, gibbons tend to walk bipedally, and their Achilles tendon morphology is more similar to that of humans than that of any other ape.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbons' diets are about 60% fruit-based, but they also consume twigs, leaves, insects, flowers, and occasionally birds' eggs.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbons were the first apes to diverge from the common ancestor of humans and apes about 16.8 Mya. With a genome that has a 96% similarity to humans, the gibbon has a role as a bridge between Old World monkeys, such as macaques, and the great apes. According to a study that mapped synteny (genes occurring on the same chromosome) disruptions in the gibbon and human genome, humans and great apes are part of the same superfamily (Hominoidea) with gibbons. The karyotype of gibbons, however, diverged in a much more rapid fashion from the common hominoid ancestor than other apes.


title: Gibbon

text: The common ancestor of hominoids is shown to have a minimum of 24 major chromosomal rearrangements from the presumed gibbon ancestor's karyotype. Reaching the common gibbon ancestor's karyotype from today's various living species of gibbons will require up to 28 additional rearrangements. Adding up, this implies that at least 52 major chromosomal rearrangements are needed to compare the common hominoid ancestor to today's gibbons. No common specific sequence element in the independent rearrangements was found, while 46% of the gibbon-human synteny breakpoints occur in segmental duplication regions. This is an indication that these major differences in humans and gibbons could have had a common source of plasticity or change. Researchers view this unusually high rate of chromosomal rearrangement that is specific in small apes such as gibbons could potentially be due to factors that increase the rate of chromosomal breakage or factors that allow derivative chromosomes to be fixed in a homozygous state while mostly lost in other mammals.


title: Gibbon

text: The whole genome of the gibbons in Southeast Asia was first sequenced in 2014 by the German Primate Center, including Christian Roos, Markus Brameier, and Lutz Walter, along with other international researchers. One of the gibbons that had its genome sequenced is a white-cheeked gibbon ("Nomascus leucogenys", NLE) named Asia. The team found that a jumping DNA element named LAVA transposon (also called gibbon-specific retrotransposon) is unique to the gibbon genome apart from humans and the great apes. The LAVA transposon increases mutation rate, thus is supposed to have contributed to the rapid and greater change in gibbons in comparison to their close relatives, which is critical for evolutionary development. The very high rate of chromosomal disorder and rearrangements (such as duplications, deletions or inversions of large stretches of DNA) due to the moving of this large DNA segment is one of the key features that are unique to the gibbon genome.


title: Gibbon

text: A special feature of the LAVA transposon is that it positioned itself precisely between genes that are involved in chromosome segregation and distribution during cell division, which results in a premature termination state leading to an alteration in transcription. This incorporation of the jumping gene near genes involved in chromosome replication is thought to make the rearrangement in the genome even more likely, leading to a greater diversity within the gibbon genera.


title: Gibbon

text: In addition, some characteristic genes in the gibbon genome had gone through a positive selection and are suggested to give rise to specific anatomical features for gibbons to adapt to their new environment. One of them is "TBX5", which is a gene that is required for the development of the front extremities or forelimbs such as long arms. The other is "COL1A1", which is responsible for the development of collagen, a protein that is directly involved with the forming of connective tissues, bone, and cartilage. This gene is thought to have a role in gibbons' stronger muscles.


title: Gibbon

text: Researchers have found a coincidence between major environmental changes in Southeast Asia about 5 Mya that caused a cyclical dynamic of expansions and contractions of their forest habitat, an instance of radiation experienced by the gibbon genera. This may have led to the development of a suite of physical characteristics, distinct from their great ape relatives, to adapt to their habitat of dense, canopy forest.


title: Gibbon

text: These crucial findings in genetics have contributed to the use of gibbons as a genetic model for chromosome breakage and fusion, which is a type of translocation mutation. The unusually high number of structural changes in the DNA and chromosomal rearrangements could lead to problematic consequences in some species. Gibbons, however, not only seemed to be free from problems but let the change help them effectively adapt to their environment. Thus, gibbons are organisms on which genetics research could be focused to broaden the implications to human diseases related to chromosomal changes, such as cancer, including chronic myeloid leukemia.


title: Gibbon

text: Most species are either endangered or critically endangered (the sole exception being "H. leuconedys", which is vulnerable), primarily due to degradation or loss of their forest habitats. On the island of Phuket in Thailand, a volunteer-based Gibbon Rehabilitation Center rescues gibbons that were kept in captivity, and are being released back into the wild. The Kalaweit Project also has gibbon rehabilitation centers on Borneo and Sumatra.


title: Gibbon

text: The IUCN Species Survival Commission Primate Specialist Group announced 2015 to be the Year of the Gibbon and initiated events to be held around the world in zoos to promote awareness of the status of gibbons.


title: Gibbon

text: Sinologist Robert van Gulik concluded gibbons were widespread in central and southern China until at least the Song dynasty, and furthermore, based on an analysis of references to primates in Chinese poetry and other literature and their portrayal in Chinese paintings, the Chinese word "yuán" (猿) referred specifically to gibbons until they were extirpated throughout most of the country due to habitat destruction (around the 14th century). In modern usage, however, "yuán" is a generic word for ape. Early Chinese writers viewed the "noble" gibbons, gracefully moving high in the treetops, as the "gentlemen" ("jūnzǐ", 君子) of the forest, in contrast to the greedy macaques, attracted by human food. The Taoists ascribed occult properties to gibbons, believing them to be able to live for several hundred years and to turn into humans.


title: Gibbon

text: Gibbon figurines as old as from the fourth to third centuries BCE (the Zhou dynasty) have been found in China. Later on, gibbons became a popular subject for Chinese painters, especially during the Song dynasty and early Yuan dynasty, when Yì Yuánjí and Mùqī Fǎcháng excelled in painting these apes. From Chinese cultural influence, the Zen motif of the "gibbon grasping at the reflection of the moon in the water" became popular in Japanese art, as well, though gibbons have never occurred naturally in Japan.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Eugenie "Genie" Bouchard (; , ; born February 25, 1994) is a Canadian tennis player. At the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, she became the first Canadian-born player representing Canada to reach the final of a Grand Slam tournament in singles, finishing runner-up to Petra Kvitová. Bouchard also reached the semifinals of the 2014 Australian Open and 2014 French Open. Having won the 2012 Wimbledon girls' title, she was named WTA Newcomer of the Year at the end of the 2013 WTA Tour. Finally, Bouchard received the WTA Most Improved Player award for the 2014 season and reached a career-high ranking of No. 5, becoming the first Canadian tennis player to be ranked in the top 5 in singles format.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Eugenie Bouchard was born as one of twins to Michel Bouchard, an investment banker, and Julie Leclair in Montreal.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard started playing tennis at the age of five and was a member of Tennis Canada's National Training Centre in Montreal. She grew up in Westmount, where she attended elementary school at The Study, a private girls’ school, and lived on the same street as former prime minister Brian Mulroney. At age 12, she moved to Florida with her family. The four children attended a private school in Fort Lauderdale. Eugenie was coached by Nick Saviano, where she met one of her best childhood friends, tennis player Laura Robson. From that time on, she was nicknamed "the chosen one" by her siblings. At 15, Bouchard returned to Montreal for training.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Her father established a limited partnership called "Tennis Mania" to support Eugenie's career. He and two investors contributed money to the partnership in exchange for ten percent of Bouchard's future earnings when she would become a professional tennis player. In August 2013, a court ruled that the partnership has no legal claims as Eugenie, then a nine-year-old, could not have reasonably agreed to giving away parts of her future earnings. Her father had argued that the money he had put into the partnership before Eugenie turned pro was a business loss which would have meant a tax benefit for himself.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In 2005, Bouchard participated at the tournament Open Super 12 in Auray, France. She captured the ITF singles and doubles titles in Costa Rica and also the All Canadian ITF singles title in Burlington, Ontario in 2008. In 2009 and at only 15, she won the Canadian Under-18 Indoor Championship in Toronto. At this event, Bouchard overpowered fellow Quebecer Marianne Jodoin to become, at 15 years and a month, one of the youngest winners of the indoor event. Later that year, she won her first professional main-draw match at Caserta, Italy, defeating No. 798 Frederica Grazioso. Also in that year, she won the Pan American Closed ITF Championships.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Australian Open, she lost in the semifinals of the singles junior event against fifth seed Monica Puig. A week later, she won her first professional title at the $25k Burnie International, where she defeated fellow 16-year-old qualifier Zheng Saisai in the final. She won her second professional title in April at the $10k in Šibenik, Croatia, where she defeated qualifier Jessica Ginier in the final. She missed the French Open due to an injury. At Wimbledon, Bouchard lost in the quarterfinals of the singles junior event to No. 3 seed Irina Khromacheva but won the doubles junior event with her partner Grace Min. She also reached a week later her first professional doubles final with Megan Moulton-Levy at the $50k tournament in Waterloo, where she lost. At the end of July, she beat the 114th ranked player Alison Riske at the Citi Open in College Park. It was her first WTA Tour main-draw win. With that win, she had the chance to meet No. 2 seed Nadia Petrova in the second round, but lost the match.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard reached the semifinals of the junior Australian Open for the second straight year, but lost to Yulia Putintseva. Bouchard won her first professional doubles title at the $50k tournament in Dothan, Alabama with partner Jessica Pegula. She defeated fellow Canadians Sharon Fichman and Marie-Ève Pelletier in the final. In May, Bouchard won her third professional singles title at the $10k in Båstad with a win in the final over Katharina Lehnert. She won the next week her second straight ITF title in Båstad, when she defeated Milana Špremo in the final. Bouchard won the junior singles title at Wimbledon with a victory over third seed Elina Svitolina. She became the first Canadian ever, junior or pro, to win a Grand Slam in singles. She also won the doubles title for the second straight year, this time with American Taylor Townsend, beating Belinda Bencic and Ana Konjuh in the final.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the end of July, Bouchard won her second $25k tournament and fifth singles title of her career at the Challenger de Granby. She defeated fellow Canadian and defending champion, Stéphanie Dubois, in the final. She played a week later at the Washington Open where she was awarded a wildcard for the main draw. Bouchard made it to the first WTA quarterfinal of her career, where she was defeated by Sloane Stephens. At the Rogers Cup, she upset former world No. 11, Shahar Pe'er, in the first round. She then lost in the next round to 2011 French Open champion Li Na. Bouchard reached her first $50k final at the Saguenay Challenger, but lost to Madison Keys. The following week, she won her first 50k at the Toronto Challenger. She reached the doubles final as well. At her last tournament of the season, Bouchard lost to Jacqueline Cako and Natalie Pluskota in the doubles final of a $75k in Phoenix.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: For the 2013 season Bouchard enlisted Nathalie Tauziat to coach and travel with her part-time, and Bouchard transformed her defensive, retrieving tactics from junior level into a game of aggression. Tauziat was let go after the season and Saviano committed to a more present role alongside Bouchard.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the start of the season, Bouchard attempted to qualify for the main draw at the Sydney International, but lost to Storm Sanders in the first round of the qualifiers. She played the qualifiers for the Australian Open and was eliminated by Daria Gavrilova in the second round. Bouchard played in the main draw of the Copa Bionaire in Colombia. She beat Laura Thorpe in the opening round but lost to Alexandra Panova in the next round. At the Copa Colsanitas, she had to play the qualifying rounds again. She beat Richèl Hogenkamp in the opening round but lost to Arantxa Parra Santonja in the second. Bouchard played in the main draw of the Mexican Open in Acapulco where she beat Eva Birnerová in the first round, and then was defeated by defending champion and top seed Sara Errani. She received a wildcard entry to the Miami Open and beat Shahar Pe'er in her opening match and was defeated in the second round by world No. 2, Maria Sharapova.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Family Circle Cup, she successfully qualified for the main draw, and drew fellow qualifier Nastassja Burnett which she won in straight sets. She also defeated world No. 42, Laura Robson, in three sets in the second round, her first top-50 win. Bouchard won her third-round clash against former US Open champion Samantha Stosur after the Australian retired, booking a spot in the quarterfinals of the Premier tournament. It was the first top-10 victory of her young career. Although she lost to Jelena Janković, the quarterfinal appearance assured her a spot in the top-100 for the first time. Bouchard went on to play a French Open warm-up tournament, the Internationaux de Strasbourg, where she had one of her most impressive runs on the WTA Tour to date. She made it to the semifinals by defeating Sílvia Soler Espinosa, Camila Giorgi and Anna Tatishvili all in straight sets, but lost to Alizé Cornet. Bouchard made her first Grand Slam main-draw appearance at the French Open, where she defeated Tsvetana Pironkova in straight sets. Her next opponent was the defending champion and world No. 2, Maria Sharapova, who defeated her.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At Wimbledon, Bouchard beat qualifier Galina Voskoboeva in her opening match in three tough sets. In the second round, she had one of the biggest wins of her career when she beat world No. 12 and former No. 1, Ana Ivanovic, on Centre Court in straight sets. But she was eliminated in the third round by Carla Suárez Navarro. At the beginning of August, Bouchard reached the doubles final at the tournament in Washington D.C. which was the first WTA final of her career. She was defeated, with partner Taylor Townsend, by Shuko Aoyama and Vera Dushevina in the final. The next week, she made it to the second round for the second straight year at the Rogers Cup and was ultimately defeated by defending champion, Petra Kvitová. At the last WTA Premier 5 before the US Open, Bouchard reached the second round of the Western & Southern Open as a qualifier, but lost in three sets to world No. 1, Serena Williams. At the US Open, she was stopped by world No. 9, Angelique Kerber, in the second round. Bouchard made it to the second WTA semifinal of her career at the Challenge Bell in mid-September, but was eliminated by Lucie Šafářová.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Premier 5 Pan Pacific Open, Bouchard had a remarkable run. She defeated Monica Puig in the first round and the No. 9 seed, Sloane Stephens, in three tight sets in the second. In the third round, she beat the former world No. 1 and sixth seed, Jelena Janković, her second win over a member of the top 10, in straight sets to reach her first WTA Premier-5 quarterfinal and fourth WTA quarterfinal of her career. She was defeated by Venus Williams in the next round in over three hours of play. The next week, Bouchard lost to Sloane Stephens in the second round of the WTA Premier Mandatory China Open. At Osaka, she made it to the first WTA singles final of her career and became the first Canadian to reach a WTA singles final since Rebecca Marino in 2011 in Memphis. She ultimately lost to Sam Stosur in the final. At the Luxembourg Open, the last tournament of her season, Bouchard was defeated by Andrea Petkovic in the first round. Bouchard was named the Newcomer of the Year after her breakthrough season, the first Canadian since Carling Bassett-Seguso in 1983 to win the WTA award.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard started the new season at the Hopman Cup, where she represented Canada with Milos Raonic, followed by a first-round exit at Sydney to Bethanie Mattek-Sands. The next week, Bouchard won her opening match at the Australian Open over wildcard Tang Haochen, followed by wins over Virginie Razzano, Lauren Davis, and Casey Dellacqua to advance to the quarterfinals. In the quarterfinals, Bouchard defeated Ana Ivanovic. She was eliminated in the semifinals by world No. 4, Li Na, but guaranteed herself a spot in the world's top 20 for the first time. Two weeks later, she won both of her singles matches in the Fed Cup World Group II first round against Serbia, helping Canada reach the World Group playoffs for the first time since 2004.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Indian Wells Open, Bouchard defeated Peng Shuai in the second round and scored her third win over a member of the top 10 with a victory over Sara Errani in the third round. Her run was stopped by world No. 7, Simona Halep, in the fourth round. Bouchard reached the quarterfinals of the Family Circle Cup for the second straight year with wins over Alla Kudryavtseva and Venus Williams in the second and third rounds, respectively. She then advanced to the semifinals for the first time after defeating world No. 8, Jelena Janković, her fourth win over a top-10 player, but lost to Andrea Petkovic. At the Fed Cup World Group Play-offs two weeks later, Bouchard helped Canada get its place in the World Group I, the first time for the country since the introduction of the new World Group format in 1995, by winning her two singles matches. At the Nürnberger Versicherungscup, a French Open warm-up tournament, Bouchard won the first WTA singles title of her career with a victory over Karolína Plíšková in the final. She is the first Canadian to win a WTA singles title since Aleksandra Wozniak at the Stanford Classic in 2008 and the sixth in history.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the French Open, Bouchard defeated Shahar Pe'er, Julia Görges, and Johanna Larsson in the first three rounds to set up a clash with world No. 9, Angelique Kerber, in the round of 16. She won the match in straight sets in only 52 minutes, her fifth victory over a member of the top 10, to reach the quarterfinals. She then defeated Carla Suárez Navarro in three sets, coming back from 2–5 down and 1–4 down in the first and deciding set respectively, to make it to her second consecutive Grand Slam semifinal. In the semifinals, she was eliminated by world No. 8 and eventual tournament winner, Maria Sharapova, in three sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard suffered an opening-round exit at the Rosmalen Open as the third seed, where she lost to Vania King in three sets. At Wimbledon, Bouchard defeated Daniela Hantuchová, Sílvia Soler Espinosa, Andrea Petkovic, Alizé Cornet, and Angelique Kerber, all in straight sets, to make it to her third straight Grand Slam semifinal. In doing so, she became the first WTA player to make the semifinals of the first three majors of the season since Dinara Safina in 2009, and guaranteed her first top-10 ranking following the tournament. She then defeated world No. 3, Simona Halep, in straight sets to become the first Canadian-born player representing Canada to make it into a Grand Slam singles final, ultimately falling to Wimbledon 2011 champion Petra Kvitová in straight sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard was scheduled to start her US Open Series campaign at the Washington Open; however, she withdrew from the tournament citing a right knee injury. She played her first tournament since Wimbledon at the Rogers Cup in her hometown of Montreal. Seeded fifth, she received a first-round bye and faced Shelby Rogers in her opener. Bouchard suffered a shocking three-set loss. Bouchard was the seventh seed at the Cincinnati Open and lost again in three sets in the second round, this time to Svetlana Kuznetsova. At the US Open, she was defeated by Ekaterina Makarova in the fourth round. Bouchard received a main-draw wildcard (after forgetting to enter) to participate in the Hong Kong Open, but pulled out of the tournament due to heat stroke suffered at the US Open. She had been the image of promotion for the tournament and promoted widely. Her last-minute withdrawal sparked criticism, as she had allegedly agreed to appearance fees and signed contracts, to which the WTA responded by fining the tournament official. At the inaugural Wuhan Open, Bouchard reached her first WTA Premier-5 final with wins over Mona Barthel, Alison Riske, Alizé Cornet and No. 7, Caroline Wozniacki. She was defeated by Petra Kvitová in the final, in a rematch of the Wimbledon final.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In October, Bouchard qualified for the 2014 WTA Finals, hosted in Singapore, and was joined by top players Serena Williams, Maria Sharapova, Petra Kvitová, Simona Halep, Agnieszka Radwańska, Ana Ivanovic, and Caroline Wozniacki, but she was eliminated in the round-robin stage.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the end of the 2014 season, she was named the Most Improved Player by the WTA. On November 24, 2014, it was announced that Saviano and Bouchard were parting ways. Bouchard finished the season ranked No. 7 in the world.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard started her season at the Hopman Cup, representing Canada alongside Vasek Pospisil. She lost her first match against the Czech Republic's Lucie Šafářová, and Canada went on to lose the tie. Then, in the tie against the U.S. team, Bouchard beat Serena Williams, while Pospisil beat John Isner to give Canada the win. They defeated Italy in the last tie, but despite the win, they finished second in the group and were eliminated. At the Australian Open, Bouchard lost in the quarterfinals to Maria Sharapova in straight sets. On 5 February 2015, Bouchard began working with Sam Sumyk, who had previously coached Victoria Azarenka to Grand Slam success.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard, the top seed at Diamond Games at Antwerp, was eliminated in the second round by Mona Barthel after a first-round bye. At Indian Wells, Bouchard was eliminated in the fourth round by qualifier Lesia Tsurenko. A week later in Miami, after a first-round bye, Bouchard was defeated in the second round by yet another qualifier, Tatjana Maria in straight sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard began her clay-court season at the Family Circle Cup. After receiving a bye in the first round, she lost in the second round to unseeded Lauren Davis in straight sets. Bouchard then participated in Fed Cup, representing team Canada. She went on to lose both of her singles matches to Romanians Alexandra Dulgheru and Andreea Mitu. Canada was hence relegated to the World Group II division.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard lost her first-round match against Barbora Strýcová at the Madrid Open, after winning the first set and up with a break in the second, which put her losing streak at the time at six matches. The next week at the Italian Open, she won her first match since March defeating Zarina Diyas in the second round, but lost in the next round to eventual finalist Carla Suárez Navarro. At the French Open, Bouchard was eliminated in the first round, losing to Kristina Mladenovic.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Her losing streak continued when she lost in the first round to Yaroslava Shvedova at the Rosmalen Open as a wildcard entry and top seed, then in the second round of the Birmingham Classic yet again to Mladenovic after getting bagelled in the third set, having received a first-round bye. Bouchard won her first match on grass defeating Alison Riske in the second round in Eastbourne. However, she was forced to retire against eventual champion, Belinda Bencic, in round three with an abdominal injury. Bouchard next headed to Wimbledon as the defending finalist and the 12th seed. She was taken down in straight sets by qualifier Duan Yingying in the opening round, her second consecutive first-round loss at a Grand Slam event. This loss would push her down to No. 26, her first time out of the top 20 since her semifinal appearance at the 2014 Australian Open. After just six months, Sumyk was fired by Bouchard as coach.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Rogers Cup in August, her first tournament in more than a month and her home event, Bouchard was again defeated by eventual champion, Belinda Bencic, in the first round. Ana Ivanovic said about that: "I went through that and it's not easy," "And every person or player goes through it differently because of their character. And (Bouchard) is very young. I think it's important to go back to her basics and what works for her and to work hard and actually listen to herself. (Do) what she needs to do rather than being too much influenced by outside people. "Surround herself with the right people and then stick with it". At the Western & Southern Open the next week, she progressed to the second round over Kateryna Bondarenko in two tie-breaks, her first match win since June, but was immediately eliminated by eventual semifinalist Elina Svitolina. In New Haven, Bouchard was defeated easily in the first round by Roberta Vinci.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the US Open, Bouchard defeated Alison Riske and Polona Hercog in the first and second round, respectively, which became her first back-to-back wins since March at the Indian Wells Open. In the third round, Bouchard defeated Dominika Cibulková in three-sets to reach the second week at the US Open for the second straight year. The tournament was seen as Bouchard's return to form, as she was also advancing in the doubles and mixed doubles. Bouchard was scheduled to play Roberta Vinci in the fourth round, but was forced to withdraw due to a concussion, an injury she suffered after slipping and falling in the locker-room. A subsequent lawsuit was filed against the United States Tennis Association (USTA) on her behalf, with the parties reaching settlement in 2018. The injury forced Bouchard to withdraw from other tournaments and she played only one match in the remainder of 2015, against Andrea Petkovic at the China Open, a match she had to retire from in the second set after suffering from dizziness. Bouchard ended 2015 as world No. 48 in the WTA rankings.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: After over three months since her last match, Bouchard started the new season at the Shenzhen Open, winning in the first two rounds over Donna Vekić and Nicole Gibbs, respectively. She was defeated by Tímea Babos in the quarterfinals. The following week at the Hobart International, she had her most decisive victory in almost a year, beating Bethanie Mattek-Sands with the loss of just three games, followed by a tough straight-set win over Alison Van Uytvanck to bring her into her second straight quarterfinal of the year. She then defeated Camila Giorgi and Dominika Cibulková to reach her first final since the 2014 Wuhan Open; however, she lost in straight sets to Alizé Cornet.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard next played the Australian Open, where she was unseeded at a Grand Slam for the first time since 2013. She won her opening match against Aleksandra Krunić, before falling to world No. 4, Agnieszka Radwańska, in the second round. In February, she reached the third round of the Qatar Open before falling to Zheng Saisai in straight sets. In March at the Malaysian Open, Bouchard advanced to her second final of the season where she was defeated by Elina Svitolina in three sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At Indian Wells, she lost in the third round to Timea Bacsinszky. After mutually parting ways with Thomas Högstedt, Bouchard re-hired Saviano as coach prior to the clay-court season. At the French Open, she advanced to the second round but lost to Bacsinszky again, despite leading 4–1 in the first set. After the match, Bouchard publicly admitted that her struggles on the court the previous year had led to her struggling to eat properly. This sparked rumours that she had developed an eating disorder, which she soon denied.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Grass-court season began for Bouchard with a loss to qualifier Elise Mertens at the Rosmalen Open in which she won just two games. She went on to be eliminated at the second round of the Mallorca Open by Anastasija Sevastova and then reached the third round at Eastbourne, losing again to Radwanska. At Wimbledon, she beat Magdaléna Rybáriková in straight sets, in a match that began on the outside courts but was finished under the closed roof of Centre Court due to an extremely long rain delay. Less than 24 hours later, she was back on Centre Court and won back-to-back matches in a Grand Slam for the first time this year, defeating Johanna Konta in three sets. In the third round, she lost in straight sets to Dominika Cibulkova.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At her home tournament, the Rogers Cup, Bouchard advanced to the third round with wins over Lucie Šafářová and world No. 10, Dominika Cibulková. Her run was stopped by qualifier Kristína Kučová. She next competed at the Summer Olympics in Rio, and won her opening-match over Sloane Stephens, but was defeated by world No. 2, Angelique Kerber, in the next round. She also reached the second round in doubles with Gabriela Dabrowski. At the US Open, Bouchard lost to Kateřina Siniaková in the first round. Post-US Open, she lost in two more first rounds, and a second round, in her last three tournaments of the year, and ended the year ranked No. 46.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard started the year by playing at the Brisbane International. She was defeated in the first round by Shelby Rogers. At the Sydney International, Bouchard defeated world No. 23, Zhang Shuai, in the first round. She then defeated world No. 6, Dominika Cibulková, in straight sets, to set up a quarterfinal meeting with world No. 27, Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, whom she defeated to reach her first semifinal since February 2016. She lost to world No. 10, Johanna Konta. At the Australian Open, Bouchard defeated Louisa Chirico and Peng Shuai in her first two matches, but lost to CoCo Vandeweghe in three sets in the third round. She lost in the first round of her next four tournaments, the Mexican Open, Indian Wells Masters, Miami Open and Monterrey Open respectively.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard made a return to the ITF Circuit for the first time in nearly four years at the $80k event in Indian Harbour Beach, but was defeated by Victoria Duval in the quarterfinals. Two weeks later, she lost in the opening round of the İstanbul Cup to Jana Čepelová. In May at the Premier Mandatory Madrid Open, she won her first tour-level match since the Australian Open in January with a victory over Alizé Cornet. She then managed to defeat Maria Sharapova in the second round, her first win in five meetings, to set up a match with world No. 2, Angelique Kerber, in the third round. Bouchard won the first set and was up 5–0 in the second before Kerber had to retire with a left thigh injury. Her run was ended by world No. 9, Svetlana Kuznetsova, in the quarterfinals. At the French Open, she won her first-round match over Risa Ozaki but was defeated by Anastasija Sevastova in the second. Bouchard lost in the opening round of the Wimbledon Championships to Carla Suárez Navarro. At the Washington Open in August, she reached her second WTA doubles final but lost to Shuko Aoyama and Renata Voráčová with partner Sloane Stephens. In October, at her last tournament of the season, the Luxembourg Open, she and partner Kirsten Flipkens advanced to the doubles final but were defeated by Lesley Kerkhove and Lidziya Marozava.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In December, it was announced that trial for Bouchard's lawsuit against the USTA (regarding the alleged head injury caused to Bouchard by the slippery surface in a physiotherapy room at the 2015 US Open) would take place in late February 2018, and was expected to last around ten days. Bouchard finished the 2017 season as world number 81, continuing her slide down the WTA rankings.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: After parting company with coach Thomas Högstedt towards the end of 2017, Bouchard began working with Harold Solomon. She teamed up with Vasek Pospisil to compete at the Hopman Cup for Canada, but failed to win a single match in the competition, losing all three of her singles games in straight sets, and picking up a buttock injury during her last match against Elise Mertens. Bouchard's losing streak continued at the Hobart International when she was beaten again in straight sets by Aryna Sabalenka, a result that meant Bouchard fell out of the WTA top 100 for the first time since 2013.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Australian Open, she defeated Océane Dodin in the opening round before losing to world No. 1, Simona Halep, in the second. Following several poor results at the front-end of the season, including failure to qualify at the French Open, Bouchard's world ranking plummeted to 194 in early June, her lowest ranking in six years. She slowly improved her ranking over the coming months, starting with qualifying into main draw of Wimbledon, where she lost in the second round to Ashleigh Barty. Bouchard followed this up with a semifinal appearance at the Ladies Championship Gstaad to bring her ranking back to No. 123 in the world.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the US Open, she showed glimpses of the player she once was, dropping just seven games in three qualifying matches in front of packed crowds. In the main draw, she continued her dominance from qualifying, dispatching French wildcard Harmony Tan, 6–3, 6–1. Bouchard was then ousted from the tournament in the second round, falling to Markéta Vondroušová in straight sets. This also marked the first time since her 2015 concussion that she won a match at the US Open.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard again struggled following the US Open, failing to win a main-draw match at her next four tournaments. Her luck turned at the Luxembourg Open, where she almost reached her first WTA final since the 2016 Malaysian Open. Bouchard won through three qualifying matches and then defeated Tímea Babos, Carla Suárez Navarro and Andrea Petkovic to set up a semifinal clash with top seed Julia Görges. Despite serving for the match at 5–3 in the second set, Bouchard ultimately lost 7–6, 5–7, 1–6. The result, however, moved her inside the top 100 and saw her end 2018 as world No. 87.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard began the season at the Auckland Open in New Zealand, where she made the quarterfinals before losing to top seed Julia Görges. Bouchard also played doubles at the event, partnering American Sofia Kenin. The pair would go on to win the tournament, earning Bouchard her first doubles title on the WTA Tour.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Australian Open, Bouchard made short work of Peng Shuai in the opening round before falling to Serena Williams in the second round. With an early exit at the Australian Open, she opted to compete on the WTA Challenger Tour at the Newport Beach Challenger. Seeded third, she progressed to the quarterfinals, where she was defeated by compatriot and eventual champion Bianca Andreescu.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In February, Bouchard was awarded a wildcard into the Premier 5 tournament in Dubai. She defeated Vera Lapko in the first round before losing to third seed Simona Halep in the second round. The loss to Halep would begin a huge losing streak for Bouchard and some of the worst form since her initial slump in 2015. Bouchard failed to win a match at Indian Wells, Miami, French Open, Eastbourne, Wimbledon, Lausanne, Washington, Rogers Cup, Vancouver and the Bronx to extend her losing streak to 11 matches across WTA main tour, qualifying and ITF Circuit matches. At the US Open, Bouchard's losing streak extended to 12 matches with a straight sets defeat to 12th seed Anastasija Sevastova. Bouchard's ranking fell outside the world's top 150 following her loss at the US Open.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: She returned in late September at the Central Coast Open on the ITF Circuit. Seeded third, Bouchard crashed out of the tournament in the opening round to world No. 272, Gabriela Talaba, a little known Romanian player with zero top-200 wins prior to the tournament. The loss extended her losing streak to 13 matches. Following her continued poor results, Bouchard's ranking slumped to 224 in the world. Bouchard returned to the singles circuit at the 125k Houston Challenger. At the event, Bouchard ended her 13-match losing streak and won her first match at any level in nine months, defeating Valentini Grammatikopoulou, in straight sets. She also won through her second-round match against eighth seed Francesca Di Lorenzo. Di Lorenzo retired a break down in the second set, but exited the tournament after retiring three games into her third-round match against Mandy Minella following a foot injury.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the Auckland Open, for which she was granted a wildcard, Bouchard showed some signs of a return to form. She defeated Kirsten Flipkens and eighth seed Caroline Garcia in straight sets before losing a hard-fought match to Amanda Anisimova in the quarterfinals. Bouchard entered the Australian Open qualifying unseeded, where she won her first two matches against You Xiaodi and Maddison Inglis before slumping to a disappointing straight sets loss in the final qualifying round against Martina Trevisan. After the hiatus from tennis due to the COVID-19 pandemic, she returned to tennis at the Prague Open where she showed more signs of a return to form by upsetting eighth seed Veronika Kudermetova in the first round. She then defeated Tamara Zidanšek in three sets to make her second WTA quarterfinal of 2020. However, she was defeated in three sets by the eventual runner-up and third seed, Elise Mertens.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the İstanbul Cup, she qualified into the top half, eventually upsetting top seed Svetlana Kuznetsova, and getting her way to the final, to then play Patricia Maria Țig to whom she lost.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the delayed 2020 French Open, Bouchard made it to the third round before losing to eventual champion Iga Świątek, her best major showing since making it to the third round at the 2017 Australian Open.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard started her 2021 season at the Australian Open but fell to Yuan Yue in straight sets, in the second round of qualifying. Bouchard was then beaten in straight sets by Belarusian Aliaksandra Sasnovich in the first round of Lyon. She received a wildcard for the Abierto Zapopan and defeated qualifier Caroline Dolehide in three sets in the first round before recording straight-set wins over eighth seed Kaja Juvan, Caty McNally and qualifier Elisabetta Cocciaretto to reach her second WTA final in six months; she lost to Sara Sorribes Tormo, in straight sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In August, while rehabbing from shoulder surgery, Bouchard began working as a color commentator for The Tennis Channel.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: In June, Bouchard announced her comeback to the tour at the Wimbledon Championships for the first time since 2021 Monterrey Open. After receiving entry through her protected ranking for Wimbledon, however, she decided to skip The Championships with no WTA rankings points to offer. She made her comeback at the Vancouver Open.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: At the US Open, Bouchard won her first match in straight sets during the qualifying rounds against Japan’s Yuki Naito, but was knocked out in the second round by Czech player Linda Nosková, 6–2, 6–3.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard received a wildcard for Chennai Open, where she reached the quarterfinals after recording two straight sets win over Joanne Züger and Karman Thandi. She then narrowly lost to Nadia Podoroska in three sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard then entered the Korea Open in Seoul, where she lost out to seventh-seeded Tatjana Maria in two tie-break sets. Bouchard then comfortably qualified for the WTA 500 in Ostrava. In the tournament's main draw, she lost in three close sets to Belinda Bencic, the number six seed in the first round.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard then played in Cluj-Napoca where she retired in the first round against second-seeded Anhelina Kalinina due to injury.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Next, Bouchard played at the WTA 1000 event in Guadalajara where she beat American qualifier Kayla Day, then lost to Jelena Ostapenko the number twelve seed, in three sets.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard's final tournaments for the season were in Tampico and Midland where she lost in the first round of both. Bouchard finished the year ranked 327 in the world.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard has played four seasons with World TeamTennis starting in 2009 when she debuted in the league with the Kansas City Explorers, followed by a season with the Texas Wild in 2013, the New York Empire in 2017, and the Orange County Breakers in 2019. It was announced that she will be joining the Chicago Smash for their debut season, during the 2020 WTT season set to begin July 12 at The Greenbrier.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard was dominant for the Smash in women's doubles with Bethanie Mattek-Sands during the 2020 season, finishing the season with an 11–5 record, helping the Smash to earn a No. 2 seed in WTT Play-offs. The Smash defeated the Orlando Storm in the semifinals before falling to the New York Empire in a super-tiebreaker for the championship.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard employs a high-risk, aggressive playing style, focused on her powerful groundstrokes, that is played from the baseline. During her 2014 breakout season, Bouchard was noted for her ability to hit the ball hard, flat, and early on the rise, allowing her to defeat multiple top 10 players and run deep into Grand Slams. Her two-handed backhand is her strongest groundstoke, and can penetrate deep into the court, allowing her to push her opponents behind the baseline. Her forehand is notable for its condensed swing, allowing her to generate considerable power, and is especially effective when utilised to redirect power down the line. However, the condensed forehand swing also reduces the level of control Bouchard has over her forehand, which can result in the accumulation of unforced errors when employing this shot. Her first serve is powerful, averaging 103 mph (165 km/h), and having been recorded as high as 111 mph (178 km/h), allowing her to serve aces. Her second serve typically averages 84 mph (135 km/h). Due to her aggressive playing style, she rarely incorporates drop shots, lobs, or sliced backhands into points. Due to her doubles experience, Bouchard is able to volley efficiently, although she rarely approaches the net when she plays singles matches. She has been noted for her fighting attitude and determination.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Following her breakout grand slam final appearance at the 2014 Wimbledon Championships, Bouchard signed a three-year endorsement deal with Coca-Cola, following earlier agreements with Rogers Communications and equipment sponsors Nike and Babolat. The following summer in June 2015, Bouchard signed a multi-year partnership with Aviva Canada. Bouchard has used numerous racquets throughout the years - as a junior, Bouchard used various iterations of the Wilson Blade. As a professional player, she typically used the Babolat Pure Aero, doing so between 2013 and 2018, switching briefly to the Babolat Pure Drive in 2017; she also used the Head Graphene Radical between 2017 and 2018. After her contract with Babolat expired in 2018, Bouchard briefly used the Wilson Ultra 100. Bouchard currently uses Yonex racquets, having endorsed the Yonex VCORE 100 racquet since late 2018. Bouchard's contract with Nike for clothing and footwear expired in 2020, and was not renewed; for the 2021 season, Bouchard is endorsed by New Balance.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard was ranked No. 1 by SportsPro in their "World's 50 Most Marketable Athletes 2015 list", toppling the likes of Neymar, Steph Curry and Usain Bolt.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: Bouchard has a twin sister, Beatrice, who is six minutes older. She also has two younger siblings, sister Charlotte (born 1995) and brother William (born 1999). She and her twin sister are named after Prince Andrew's daughters, Princess Eugenie and Princess Beatrice of York. Her sister Charlotte is named after Charlotte Casiraghi, the daughter of Monégasque Princess Caroline and her then husband Stefano Casiraghi, and William is named after William, Prince of Wales.


title: Eugenie Bouchard

text: A proficient student in mathematics and science, she once considered a career as a physician. She is fluent in both French and English. Her favourite tennis player is Roger Federer, whom she met in 2012 at the Wimbledon Ball. She described talking with Federer as a highlight of her life.


HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I is the ninth studio album by the American singer Michael Jackson, released on June 20, 1995. It was Jackson's fifth album released through Epic Records, and the first on his label MJJ Productions. It comprises two discs: "HIStory Begins", a greatest hits compilation, and "HIStory Continues", comprising new material written and produced by Jackson and collaborators. The album includes appearances by Janet Jackson, Shaquille O'Neal, Slash, and the Notorious B.I.G. The genres span R&B, pop, and hip hop, with elements of hard rock and funk rock. The themes include environmental awareness, isolation, greed, suicide, injustice, and Jackson's conflicts and common-ground with the media.


title: HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I

text: Starting in the late 1980s, Jackson and the tabloid press had a difficult relationship. In 1993, the relationship between Jackson and the press collapsed when he was accused of child sexual abuse. Although he was not charged, Jackson was subject to intense media scrutiny while the criminal investigation took place. Several of the album's 15 new songs pertain to the child sexual abuse allegations made against him in 1993 and Jackson's perceived mistreatment by the media, mainly the tabloids. Because of this, "HIStory" has been described as Jackson's most "personal" album.


text: "HIStory" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 albums chart in the United States, and in nineteen other countries. Six singles were released, including the protest songs "Earth Song" and "They Don't Care About Us". "Scream", a duet between Jackson and his sister Janet, became the first song to debut in the top five of the US "Billboard" Hot 100, reaching number five. "You Are Not Alone" was the first song in history to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100; it was Jackson's final number-one single on that chart. Though the album received generally positive reviews, the lyrics of "They Don't Care About Us" drew accusations of antisemitism; Jackson said they had been misinterpreted and replaced them on later pressings of the album.


text: Jackson later embarked on the HIStory World Tour, which grossed $165 million (equivalent to $268 million in 2019), making it the highest-grossing solo concert tour of the 1990s. It was Jackson's third and final concert tour as a solo artist. The album has sold over 20 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling albums of all time, and one of the best-selling multi-disc albums of all time. In August 2018, it was certified 8× Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was nominated for five Grammy Awards at the 1996 Grammy Awards, including Album of the Year, winning Best Music Video – Short Form for "Scream". Jackson won an American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Male Artist at the 1996 American Music Awards.


text: Starting in the late 1980s, Jackson and the tabloid press had a difficult relationship. In 1986, tabloids claimed that Jackson slept in a hyperbaric oxygen chamber and had offered to buy the bones of Joseph Merrick (the "Elephant Man"), both of which Jackson denied. These stories inspired the derogatory nickname "Wacko Jacko", which Jackson despised. He stopped leaking untruths to the press, and the media began creating their own stories. In 1989, Jackson released "Leave Me Alone", a song about the victimization he felt by the press.


text: In 1993, the relationship between Jackson and the press collapsed when he was accused of child sexual abuse. Although he was not charged, Jackson was subject to intense media scrutiny while the criminal investigation took place. Complaints about the coverage and media included misleading and sensational headlines; paying for stories of Jackson's alleged criminal activity and confidential material from the police investigation; using unflattering pictures of Jackson; and using headlines that strongly implied Jackson's guilt. In 1994, Jackson said of the media coverage: "I am particularly upset by the handling of the matter by the incredible, terrible mass media. At every opportunity, the media has dissected and manipulated these allegations to reach their own conclusions."


text: Jackson began taking painkillers, Valium, Xanax and Ativan to deal with the stress of the allegations. A few months after the allegations became news, Jackson stopped eating. Soon after, Jackson's health deteriorated to the extent that he canceled the remainder of his Dangerous World Tour and went into rehabilitation. Jackson booked the whole fourth floor of a clinic and was put on Valium IV to wean him from painkillers. The media showed Jackson little sympathy. In 1993, the "Daily Mirror" held a "Spot the Jacko" contest, offering readers a trip to Disney World if they could correctly predict where Jackson would appear next. The same year, a "Daily Express" headline read "Drug Treatment Star Faces Life on the Run", while a "News of the World" headline accused Jackson of being a fugitive; these tabloids also falsely alleged that Jackson had traveled to Europe to have cosmetic surgery that would make him unrecognizable on his return. In early November 1993, talk show host Geraldo Rivera set up a mock trial with a jury of audience members, though Jackson had not been charged with a crime.


text: "HIStory" was Jackson's first studio album since his 1991 album "Dangerous" nearly four years prior, and his first new material to be released since being accused of child sexual abuse in 1993. The album is a two-disc album: Disc one ("HIStory Begins") contains previously released material from Jackson's four previous post-Motown studio albums, "Off the Wall" (1979), "Thriller" (1982), "Bad" (1987) and "Dangerous" (1991), and the second disc ("HIStory Continues") comprises new material recorded from September 1994 to March 1995. Jackson co-wrote and co-produced a majority of the new songs; other writers include Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, Dallas Austin, the Notorious B.I.G., Bruce Swedien, R. Kelly and René Moore, and other producers include David Foster and Bill Bottrell.


text: Similarly to Jackson's previous studio albums "Thriller" and "Bad", "HIStory" contains lyrics that deal with paranoia. The majority of the new songs were written by Jackson. Several of the album's 15 new songs pertain to the child sexual abuse allegations made against him in 1993 and Jackson's perceived mistreatment by the media, mainly the tabloids. Because of this, the album has been described as being Jackson's most "personal". Two of the album's new tracks are covers. The genres of the songs on the album span R&B, pop, hip hop, elements of hard rock ("D.S.") and funk rock ("Scream"), and ballads. The lyrics pertain to isolation, greed, environmental concerns, injustice. "Scream" is a duet with Jackson's sister Janet; with "spitting" lyrics about injustice.


text: The lyrics for the R&B ballad "You Are Not Alone", written by R. Kelly, pertain to isolation. Two Belgian songwriters, brothers Eddy and Danny Van Passel, claimed to have written the melody in 1993. In September 2007, a Belgian judge ruled the song had been plagiarized from the Van Passel brothers, and it was banned from radio play in Belgium. "D.S.", a hard rock song, has lyrics about a "cold man" named "Dom S. Sheldon". Critics interpreted it as an attack on Thomas Sneddon, who had led the prosecution in Jackson's trial.


text: "Money" was interpreted as being directed at Evan Chandler, the father of the boy who accused Jackson of child sexual abuse. The lyrics of "Childhood" pertain to Jackson's childhood. Similar to "Scream", the lyrics to "They Don't Care About Us" pertain to injustice, as well as racism. In "This Time Around", Jackson asserts himself as having been "falsely accused". The song includes a guest rap by the Notorious B.I.G. (aka Biggie Smalls). "Earth Song" was described as a "slow blues-operatic", and its lyrics pertain to environmental concerns. On "HIStory", Jackson covered Charlie Chaplin's "Smile" and the Beatles' "Come Together".


text: "2 Bad" was influenced by hip-hop, with a sample of Run–D.M.C.'s “King of Rock” and another guest rap verse by Shaquille O'Neal. The similarity in lyrics and name have led to some seeing it as a spiritual successor to Jackson's 1987 track, "Bad". "Stranger in Moscow" is a pop ballad that is interspersed with sounds of rain, in which Jackson references a "swift and sudden fall from grace". "Tabloid Junkie" is a hard funk song with lyrics instructing listeners to not believe everything they read in the media and tabloids. The album's title track, "HIStory" contained multiple samples, including Martin Luther King Jr.'s "I Have a Dream" speech. "HIStory" was not released as a single from "HIStory", but its remix was from "" in 1997.


text: As an introduction for "Little Susie", Jackson used his own variation of Pie Jesu from Maurice Duruflé's Requiem. Some speculate, the inspiration behind the song likely came from an artist called Gottfried Helnwein. An urban legend states that Little Susie was written about a girl called Susie Condry who was murdered in 1972. However no evidence of this event can be found. Jackson admired Helnwein's work and had purchased some of his paintings. One of them, "Beautiful Victim", inspired the song. Helnwein later painted a portrait of Michael. There appears to be a similarity between the "Beautiful Victim" painting and the artwork included for the song in HIStory.


text: On June 15, 1995, "The New York Times" said that "They Don't Care About Us" contained antisemitic slurs in the lines "Jew me, sue me, everybody do me / Kick me, kike me, don't you black or white me". In a statement, Jackson responded:


text: Jackson's manager and record label said the lyrics opposed prejudice and had been taken out of context. The following day, David A. Lehrer and Rabbi Marvin Hier, leaders of two Jewish organizations, stated that Jackson's attempt to make a song critical of discrimination had backfired. They felt the lyrics might be ambiguous and were unsuitable for young audiences because they might not understand the song's context. They acknowledged that Jackson meant well and suggested that he write an explanation in the album booklet. In his review of "HIStory", Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that the song "gives the lie to his entire catalogue of brotherhood anthems with a burst of anti-Semitism".


text: On June 17, Jackson promised that future copies of the album would include an apology, and concluded: "I just want you all to know how strongly I am committed to tolerance, peace and love, and I apologize to anyone who might have been hurt." On June 23, Jackson announced that "Jew me" and "kike me" would be replaced with "do me" and "strike me" on future copies of the album. He reiterated his acceptance that the song was offensive to some. Spike Lee, who would direct the music videos for "They Don't Care About Us", said that he felt there was a double standard in the music industry, and that the word "nigger" in music does not cause controversy. Rapper Notorious B.I.G. used the word "nigga" on another song on the album, "This Time Around", but it did not attract media attention.


text: "HIStory"s music videos displayed different themes and elements, while some of them encouraged awareness of poverty and had a positive effect on their shooting locations. The promo for "They Don't Care About Us" was directed by Spike Lee; Jackson said that Lee chose to direct the video because the song "has an edge, and Spike Lee had approached me. It's a public awareness song and that's what he is all about. It's a protest kind of song... and I think he was perfect for it." Jackson also collaborated with 200 members of the cultural group Olodum, who played music in the video. The resulting media interest exposed Olodum to 140 countries, bringing them worldwide fame and increasing their status in Brazil. Lúcia Nagib, of "The New Brazilian Cinema", said of the music video:


text: In 2009, "Billboard" described the area as "now a model for social development" and stated that Jackson's influence was partially responsible for this improvement. For the first time in Jackson's career, he made a second music video for a single. This second version was filmed in a prison with cellmates; the video shows Jackson handcuffed and contains real footage of police attacking African Americans, the Ku Klux Klan, genocide, execution, and other human rights abuses. Jackson's music video for "Earth Song" received praise for its environmental recognition. In 1995, the video received a Genesis Award for Doris Day Music Award, given each year for animal sensitivity. In 2008, a writer for the Nigeria Exchange said that "'Earth Song' drew the world's attention to the degradation and bastardization of the earth as a fall out of various human activities".


text: Two other music videos from "HIStory" have been influential. Jackson's "Stranger In Moscow" music video influenced the advertising campaign for International Cricket Council Champions Trophy 2004, which featured "a series of smart outdoor ads and a classy TV spot". The television commercial was inspired by "Stranger In Moscow"s video where "the maiden in black splash about in the rain, with kids playing cricket for company". "Scream" was a creative influence on other music videos such as "No Scrubs" (1999) by TLC. This influence was also present on the 2008 release of "Shawty Get Loose" by rapper Lil Mama.


text: Sony Music spent $30 million to promote the album. The music press were anticipating how well it would sell. One analyst for SoundScan expressed the opinion that the press was out of touch with the public when it came to Jackson; the public liked him, while the press did not. He believed that "naysayers" in the media would be left surprised with the commercial reception.


text: Also, during this period of time, Jackson did a series of personal appearances, becoming the first time that he faced the public eye following the allegations. On June 14, 1995, Jackson did the interview TV special "Primetime Live" along with his then wife Lisa Marie Presley and the interviewer Diane Sawyer. The special was watched by an audience 60 million in the United States and 500 millions worldwide. However, it received mixed reviews by critics. On September 7, 1995, he opened the MTV Video Music Awards with a 15 minutes medley.


text: "Smile", "This Time Around" and "D.S." were released as promotional singles in 1995 and December 1997. Due to lack of radio airplay, "Smile" and "D.S." did not chart on any music charts worldwide. "This Time Around", was released as a radio-only single in the United States in December 1995. The song peaked at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B Singles chart and at number 18 on the "Billboard" Hot Dance Music/Club Play chart solely off radio airplay.


text: To promote the album, Jackson embarked on the HIStory World Tour, which grossed $165 million (equivalent to $268 million in 2019). It was Jackson's third and final concert tour as a solo artist. The tour, beginning in Prague, Czech Republic on September 7, 1996, attracted more than 4.5 million fans from 58 cities in 35 countries around the world. The average concert attendance was 54,878 and the tour lasted 82 tour dates. Jackson performed no concerts in the United States, besides two concerts in January 1997 in Hawaii at the Aloha Stadium, to a crowd of 35,000 each; he was the first artist to sell out the stadium. VIP seats cost, on average, $200 per person. Each concert lasted an estimated two hours and ten minutes. The tour concluded in Durban, South Africa on October 15, 1997.


text: The album cover depicts a 10-foot sculpture of Jackson in a "warrior-like" pose, created in 1994 by Diana Walczak. To promote the tour, Epic placed ten 30-foot replicas of the statue in locations around the world, including the River Thames in London, Alexanderplatz in Berlin, Eindhoven in the Netherlands, and the pedestal of the destroyed Stalin Monument in Prague. The statues were built over three months by a team of 30, made from steel and fiberglass, and weighed around 20,000 pounds each. Another statue, built from wood and plaster, was placed at the Los Angeles Tower Records store. In 2016, the original statue was installed at the Mandalay Bay casino in Las Vegas.


text: Six singles were released from "HIStory". "Scream"/"Childhood" was the first single released in May 1995. "Scream" was sung and performed by Jackson and his sister Janet Jackson. The single had the best ever debut at number five - where it peaked, on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song received a Grammy nomination for "Best Pop Collaboration With Vocals". The music video for "Scream" is one of Jackson's most critically acclaimed songs and music videos, receiving numerous awards. With a US$9 million music video production budget, "Scream" is the most expensive music video ever made as of 2015.


text: "You Are Not Alone" was the second single released from "HIStory". Having debuted at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on September 2, 1995, it became the first song to debut at number one on the chart, succeeding the record previously held from Jackson's "Scream" single. "You Are Not Alone" was released in August 1995, and it topped the charts in various international markets, including the United Kingdom, France, and Spain. The song was seen as a major artistic and commercial success.


text: "Earth Song" was the third single released in November 1995. "Earth Song" did not chart on "Billboard" 100. Internationally, the song topped four countries' charts, as well as charting within the top-ten in nine other nations. The song topped the UK Singles Chart for six weeks over Christmas in 1995 and sold one million copies there, making it his most successful United Kingdom single, surpassing the success of his single "Billie Jean".


text: "This Time Around" was released as the album's fourth single on December 26, 1995, with a guest rap by the Notorious B.I.G. It was the album's first promotional single, and was released in the United States only. Tag lines for a December 1995 HBO special were heavily marketed on the copies of this single, but the special was canceled after Jackson had fallen ill.


text: "They Don't Care About Us" was the fifth single. "They Don't Care About Us" peaked at number thirty on the "Billboard" 100, and it charted within the top-ten of "Billboard"s Hot Dance Music and Hot R&B Singles Charts. The song charted better in other countries compared to the United States, managing to chart within the top-ten in fourteen countries. "They Don't Care About Us" topped the German Singles chart for three weeks, while peaking at number two in Spain, number three in Austria, Sweden, and Switzerland, as well as charting at number four in France, the United Kingdom and the Netherlands.


text: "Stranger in Moscow" was released as the sixth and final single in November 1996. The song was well received by critics. In the United States, the song peaked at number ninety one on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Outside of the United States, the song was a success, topping in Spain and Italy, while peaking within the top-ten in the United Kingdom, Switzerland, and New Zealand, among others.


text: "Smile" was originally intended to be the album's seventh and final single, and was to be released in CD and 12" format on January 20, 1998. However, the release was canceled due to unknown reasons, and most of the copies were subsequently destroyed. Only a few copies were sent out for airplay.


text: "HIStory" debuted at number one on the "Billboard" 200 and Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums charts selling over 391,000 copies in its first week. In its second week, the album stayed at the top with 263,000 copies sold, a decline of 33%. In its third week, it slipped to number 2 with 142,000 copies sold, a 46% decline. However, the album spent just six weeks at the top 10, selling over one million copies in total. By the end of 1995, the album had sold more than 1.9 million units. According to SoundScan, the set fell short of many observers' expectations. Eventually, as of 2009, the album had sold 2.5 million copies in the United States (5 million units in total). The album has further sold 730,000 copies through BMG music club as of February 2003. The album was certified eight times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on August 23, 2018, in the United States. Because "HIStory" is a double disc album, its CDs are therefore counted separately for certification purposes, meaning the album achieved platinum status in the United States after 500,000 copies were shipped, not one million.


text: However, the album was a massive success in other countries. In Europe, before it was released, three million copies were shipped, breaking records as the most shipped album ever. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry certified "HIStory" six times platinum, denoting six million shipments within the continent, including 1.5 million in Germany and 1.2 million shipments in the United Kingdom.


text: In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number one and sold 100,000 copies in just two days. It was certified 4× platinum by the BPI. Eventually, it sold 1.6 million copies.


text: In Australia, an advance order of 130,000 copies was the largest initial shipment in Sony Australia's history. In Spain, "HIStory" was the 20th best selling album of 1995 and the 12th best selling album by a foreign artist. In Chile, the album topped the charts and broke all sales records in the country when it sold 25,000 units within 72 hours of its release on June 16.


text: "HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I" has sold over 20 million copies worldwide, making it simultaneously one of the best-selling multiple-disc releases and one of the best-selling albums of all time The greatest hits disc was reissued as a single disc on November 13, 2001, under the title "Greatest Hits: HIStory, Volume I" and had sold four million copies worldwide by 2010. The second disc was released separately in some European countries in 2011.


text: "HIStory" received generally positive reviews. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" wrote that "It has been a long time since Michael Jackson was simply a performer. He's the main asset of his own corporation, which is a profitable subsidiary of Sony." Some reviewers commented on the unusual format of a new studio album being accompanied by a "greatest hits" collection, with "Q" magazine saying "from the new songs' point of view, it's like taking your dad with you into a fight." Fred Shuster of the "Daily News of Los Angeles" described "This Time Around", "Money" and "D.S." as "superb slices of organic funk that will fuel many of the summer's busiest dance floors".


text: James Hunter of "Rolling Stone" gave "HIStory" four-out-of-five stars and found that it "unfolds in Jackson's outraged response to everything he has encountered in the last year or so." Hunter felt it was an "odd, charmless second chapter" compared to Jackson's earlier hits. However, he described "This Time Around" as a "dynamite jam" that was "ripe for remixes", and "Scream" and "Tabloid Junkie" as "adventurous". He said "Earth Song" had "noble sentiments" and sounded "primarily like a showpiece". Jim Farber of the "New York Daily News" gave the album a mixed review and commented that he would give the first disc on its own. Jon Pareles of "The New York Times" believed that Jackson "muttered" lyrics such as "They thought they really had control of me". Chris Willman of the "Los Angeles Times" said of "This Time Around", "a tough, rhythm-guitar-driven track co-written and co-produced by hit-maker Dallas Austin that sports one of the album's better grooves".


text: Stephen Thomas Erlewine of Allmusic gave "HIStory" three-out-of-five stars, but commented that it was a "monumental achievement" of Jackson's ego. Erlewine remarked that on the "HIStory Begins" CD, it contains "some of the greatest music in pop history" but that it leaves some hits out, citing "Say Say Say" and "Dirty Diana" — commenting that "yet it's filled with enough prime material to be thoroughly intoxicating". Erlewine noted that "HIStory Continues" is "easily the most personal album Jackson has recorded" and that its songs' lyrics referencing the molestation accusations create a "thick atmosphere of paranoia". He cited "You Are Not Alone" and "Scream" as being "well-crafted pop that ranks with his best material", but concludes that "nevertheless, "HIStory Continues" stands as his weakest album since the mid-'70s." David Browne of "Entertainment Weekly", gave "HIStory Begins" an "A−" grade but the album's new material a "C−", which "winds up a B" for the entire album. Browne commented that the music "rarely seems to transport him (and thereby us) to a higher plane."


text: Controversy with the album came with Jackson having to rerecord some lyrics in "They Don't Care About Us" after he was accused of antisemitism, and contributor R. Kelly was accused of having plagiarized one of the album's songs, "You Are Not Alone", leading to its banning on Belgian radio.


text: "HIStory" was nominated for six Grammy Awards at the 1996 and 1997 ceremonies respectively, winning one award. "You Are Not Alone" was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Performance – Male and for Song of the Year. "Scream" was nominated for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals and "Scream" won Best Music Video - Short Form and "Earth Song" was nominated for the same award the following year. The album itself was nominated for Album of the Year. At the 1995 MTV Video Music Awards, "Scream" received ten nominations, winning in three categories. In 1998, the album was ranked at number 96 in BBC's Music of the Millennium, a list of 100 albums chosen by Channel 4 viewers, "The Guardian" readers and HMV customers as the best of the millennium.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus (; ; 1493 – 24 September 1541), born Theophrastus von Hohenheim (full name Philippus Aureolus Theophrastus Bombastus von Hohenheim), was a Swiss physician, alchemist, lay theologian, and philosopher of the German Renaissance.


title: Paracelsus

text: He was a pioneer in several aspects of the "medical revolution" of the Renaissance, emphasizing the value of observation in combination with received wisdom. He is credited as the "father of toxicology". Paracelsus also had a substantial influence as a prophet or diviner, his "Prognostications" being studied by Rosicrucians in the 1600s. Paracelsianism is the early modern medical movement inspired by the study of his works.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus was born in Egg an der Sihl, a village close to the Etzel Pass in Einsiedeln, Schwyz. He was born in a house right next to a bridge across the Sihl river (known as "Teufelsbrücke"). The historical house, dated to the 14th century, was destroyed in 1814. The "Restaurant Krone" now stands in its place. His father Wilhelm (d. 1534) was a chemist and physician, an illegitimate descendant of the Swabian noble Georg Bombast von Hohenheim (1453–1499), commander of the Order of Saint John in Rohrdorf.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus' mother was probably a native of the Einsiedeln region and a bonds-woman of Einsiedeln Abbey, who before her marriage worked as superintendent in the abbey's hospital. Paracelsus in his writings repeatedly made references to his rustic origins and occasionally used "Eremita" (from the name of Einsiedeln, meaning "hermitage") as part of his name.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus' mother probably died in 1502, after which Paracelsus's father moved to Villach, Carinthia, where he worked as a physician, attending to the medical needs of the pilgrims and inhabitants of the cloister. Paracelsus was educated by his father in botany, medicine, mineralogy, mining, and natural philosophy. He also received a profound humanistic and theological education from local clerics and the convent school of St. Paul's Abbey in the Lavanttal. It is likely that Paracelsus received his early education mainly from his father. Some biographers have claimed that he received tutoring from four bishops and Johannes Trithemius, abbot of Sponheim. However, there is no record of Trithemius spending much time at Einsiedeln, nor of Paracelsus visiting Sponheim or Würzburg before Trithemius's death in 1516. All things considered, Paracelsus almost certainly received instructions from their writings, and not from direct teaching in person. At the age of 16 he started studying medicine at the University of Basel, later moving to Vienna. He gained his medical doctorate from the University of Ferrara in 1515 or 1516.


title: Paracelsus

text: "Paracelsus sought a universal knowledge that was not found in books or faculties" thus, between 1517 and 1524, he embarked on a series of extensive travels around Europe. His wanderings led him from Italy, France, to Spain, Portugal, to England, Germany, Scandinavia, Poland, Russia, Hungary, Croatia, to Rhodes, Constantinople, and possibly even Egypt. During this period of travel, Paracelsus enlisted as an army surgeon and was involved in the wars waged by Venice, Holland, Denmark, and the Tartars. Then Paracelsus returned home from his travels in 1524.


title: Paracelsus

text: "After visiting his father at Villach and finding no local opportunity to practice, he settled in Salzburg", as a physician, in 1524 and remained there until 1527. "Since 1519/20 he had been working on his first medical writings, and he now completed Elf Traktat and Volumen medicinae Paramirum, which describe eleven common maladies and their treatment, and his early medical principles". During his return to Villach and working on his first medical writings, "he contemplated many fundamental issues such as the meaning of life and death, health, the causes of disease (internal imbalances or external forces), the place of humans in the world and in the universe, and the relationship between humans (including himself) and God".


title: Paracelsus

text: In 1526, he bought the rights of citizenship in Strasbourg to establish his own practice. But soon after he was called to Basel to the sickbed of printer Johann Frobenius, reportedly curing him. During that time, the Dutch Renaissance humanist Erasmus of Rotterdam, also at the University of Basel, witnessed the medical skills of Paracelsus, and the two scholars initiated a letter dialogue on medical and theological subjects.


title: Paracelsus

text: In 1527, Paracelsus was a licensed physician in Basel with the privilege of lecturing at the University of Basel. Basel at the time was a centre of Renaissance humanism, and Paracelsus here came into contact with Erasmus of Rotterdam, Wolfgang Lachner, and Johannes Oekolampad.


title: Paracelsus

text: As Erasmus fell ill when he left Basel, he wrote to Paracelsus, who was then city physician and Professor of Medicine at Basel University:


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus's lectures at Basel university unusually were held in German, not Latin. He stated that he wanted his lectures to be available to everyone. He also published harsh criticism of the Basel physicians and apothecaries, creating political turmoil to the point of his life being threatened. In a display of his contempt for conventional medicine, Paracelsus publicly burned editions of the works of Galen and Avicenna. On 23 June 1527 he burnt a copy of Avicenna's "Canon of Medicine", an enormous tome that was a pillar of academic study, in market square. He was prone to many outbursts of abusive language, abhorred untested theory, and ridiculed anybody who placed more importance on titles than practice ('if disease put us to the test, all our splendour, title, ring, and name will be as much help as a horse's tail'). During his time as a professor at the University of Basel, he invited barber-surgeons, alchemists, apothecaries, and others lacking academic background to serve as examples of his belief that only those who practised an art knew it: 'The patients are your textbook, the sickbed is your study.' Paracelsus was compared with Martin Luther because of his openly defiant acts against the existing authorities in medicine. Paracelsus rejected that comparison. Famously Paracelsus said, "I leave it to Luther to defend what he says and I will be responsible for what I say. That which you wish to Luther, you wish also to me: You wish us both in the fire." A companion during the Basel years expressed a quite unflattering opinion on Paracelsus: "The two years I passed in his company he spent in drinking and gluttony, day and night. He could not be found sober an hour or two together, in particular after his departure from Basle". Being threatened with an unwinnable lawsuit, he left Basel for Alsace in February 1528.


title: Paracelsus

text: In Alsace, Paracelsus took up the life of an itinerant physician once again. After staying in Colmar with , and briefly in Esslingen, he moved to Nuremberg in 1529. His reputation went before him, and the medical professionals excluded him from practising.


title: Paracelsus

text: The name "Paracelsus" is first attested in this year, used as a pseudonym for the publication of a "Practica" of political-astrological character in Nuremberg. Pagel (1982) supposes that the name was intended for use as the author of non-medical works, while his real name "Theophrastus von Hohenheim" was used for medical publications. The first use of "Doctor Paracelsus" in a medical publication was in 1536, as the author of the "Grosse Wundartznei". The name is usually interpreted as either a Latinization of "Hohenheim" (based on "celsus" "high, tall") or as the claim of "surpassing Celsus". It has been argued that the name was not the invention of Paracelsus himself, who would have been opposed to the humanistic fashion of Latinized names, but was given to him by his circle of friends in Colmar in 1528. It is difficult to interpret but does appear to express the "paradoxical" character of the man, the prefix "para" suggestively being echoed in the titles of Paracelsus's main philosophical works, "Paragranum" and "Paramirum" (as it were "beyond the grain" and "beyond wonder"); a "paramiric" treatise having been announced by Paracelsus as early as 1520.


title: Paracelsus

text: The great medical problem of this period was syphilis, possibly recently imported from the West Indies, and running rampant as a pandemic completely untreated. Paracelsus vigorously attacked the treatment with guaiac wood as useless, a scam perpetrated by the Fugger of Augsburg as the main importers of the wood in two publications on the topic. When his further stay in Nuremberg had become impossible, he retired to Beratzhausen, hoping to return to Nuremberg and publish an extended treatise on the "French sickness", but its publication was prohibited by a decree of the Leipzig faculty of medicine, represented by Heinrich Stromer, a close friend and associate of the Fugger family.


title: Paracelsus

text: In Beratzhausen, Paracelsus prepared "Paragranum", his main work on medical philosophy, completed 1530. Moving on to St. Gall, he then completed his "Opus Paramirum" in 1531, which he dedicated to Joachim Vadian. From St. Gall, he moved on to the land of Appenzell, where he was active as lay preacher and healer among the peasantry. In the same year, he also visited the mines in Schwaz and Hall in Tyrol, working on his book on miners' diseases. He moved on to Innsbruck, where he was once again barred from practising. He passed Sterzing in 1534, moving on to Meran, Veltlin, and St. Moritz, which he praised for its healing springs. In Meran, he also came in contact with the socio-religious programs of the anabaptists. He visited Pfäfers Abbey, dedicating a separate pamphlet to its baths (1535). He passed Kempten, Memmingen, Ulm, and Augsburg in 1536. He finally managed to publish his "Die grosse Wundartznei" ("The Great Surgery Book"), printed in Ulm, Augsburg, and Frankfurt in this year.


title: Paracelsus

text: His "Astronomia magna" (also known as "Philosophia sagax") was completed in 1537, but published only in 1571. It is a treatise on hermeticism, astrology, divination, theology, and demonology, and it laid the basis of Paracelsus's later fame as a "prophet". His motto "Alterius non sit qui suus esse potest" ("Let no man belong to another who can belong to himself") is inscribed on a 1538 portrait by Augustin Hirschvogel.


title: Paracelsus

text: In 1541, Paracelsus moved to Salzburg, probably on the invitation of Ernest of Bavaria, where he died on 24 September. He was buried in St Sebastian's cemetery in Salzburg. His remains were relocated inside St Sebastian's church in 1752.


title: Paracelsus

text: After his death, the movement of Paracelsianism was seized upon by many wishing to subvert the traditional Galenic physics, and his therapies became more widely known and used. His autographs have been lost, but many of his works which remained unpublished during his lifetime were edited by Johannes Huser of Basel during 1589–1591. His works were frequently reprinted and widely read during the late 16th to early 17th century, and although his "occult" reputation remained controversial, his medical contributions were universally recognized, with e.g. a 1618 "pharmacopeia" by the Royal College of Physicians in London including "Paracelsian" remedies.


title: Paracelsus

text: The late 16th century also saw substantial production of Pseudo-Paracelsian writing, especially letters attributed to Paracelsus, to the point where biographers find it impossible to draw a clear line between genuine tradition and legend.


title: Paracelsus

text: As a physician of the early 16th century, Paracelsus held a natural affinity with the Hermetic, Neoplatonic, and Pythagorean philosophies central to the Renaissance, a world-view exemplified by Marsilio Ficino and Pico della Mirandola. Astrology was a very important part of Paracelsus's medicine and he was a practising astrologer – as were many of the university-trained physicians working at that time in Europe. Paracelsus devoted several sections in his writings to the construction of astrological talismans for curing disease. He largely rejected the philosophies of Aristotle and Galen, as well as the theory of humours. Although he did accept the concept of the four elements as water, air, fire, and earth, he saw them merely as a foundation for other properties on which to build.


title: Paracelsus

text: He often viewed fire as the Firmament that sat between air and water in the heavens. Paracelsus often uses an egg to help describe the elements. In his early model, he claimed that air surrounded the world like an egg shell. The egg white below the shell is like fire because it has a type of chaos to it that allows it to hold up earth and water. The earth and water make up a globe which, in terms of the egg, is the yolk. In "De Meteoris", Paracelsus claims the firmament is the heavens.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus's approach to science was heavily influenced by his religious beliefs. He believed that science and religion were inseparable, and scientific discoveries were direct messages from God. Thus, he believed it was mankind's divine duty to uncover and understand all of His message. Paracelsus also believed that the virtues that make up natural objects are not natural, but supernatural, and existed in God before the creation of the universe. Because of this, when the Earth and the Heavens eventually dissipate, the virtues of all natural objects will continue to exist and simply return to God. His philosophy about the true nature of the virtues is reminiscent of Aristotle's idea of the natural place of elements. To Paracelsus, the purpose of science is not only to learn more about the world around us, but also to search for divine signs and potentially understand the nature of God. If a person who doesn't believe in God became a physician, they would not have a better standing in God's eyes and will not succeed in their work because they don't practice in his name. Becoming an effective physician requires faith in God. Paracelsus saw medicine as more than just a perfunctory practice. To him, medicine was a divine mission and good character combined with devotion to God was more important than personal skill. He encouraged physicians to practice self-improvement and humility along with studying philosophy to gain new experiences.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus was one of the first medical professors to recognize that physicians required a solid academic knowledge in the natural sciences, especially chemistry. Paracelsus pioneered the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. From his study of the elements, Paracelsus adopted the idea of tripartite alternatives to explain the nature of medicines, which he thought to be composed of the ('three primes'): a combustible element (sulphur), a fluid and changeable element (mercury), and a solid, permanent element (salt). The first mention of the mercury-sulphur-salt model was in the "Opus paramirum" dating to about 1530. Paracelsus believed that the principles sulphur, mercury, and salt contained the poisons contributing to all diseases. He saw each disease as having three separate cures depending on how it was afflicted, either being caused by the poisoning of sulphur, mercury, or salt. Paracelsus drew the importance of sulphur, salt, and mercury from medieval alchemy, where they all occupied a prominent place. He demonstrated his theory by burning a piece of wood. The fire was the work of sulphur, the smoke was mercury, and the residual ash was salt. Paracelsus also believed that mercury, sulphur, and salt provided a good explanation for the nature of medicine because each of these properties existed in many physical forms. The "tria prima" also defined the human identity. Salt represented the body; mercury represented the spirit (imagination, moral judgment, and the higher mental faculties); sulphur represented the soul (the emotions and desires). By understanding the chemical nature of the "tria prima", a physician could discover the means of curing disease. With every disease, the symptoms depended on which of the three principals caused the ailment. Paracelsus theorized that materials which are poisonous in large doses may be curative in small doses; he demonstrated this with the examples of magnetism and static electricity, wherein a small magnet can attract much larger metals.


title: Paracelsus

text: He was probably the first to give the element "zinc" ("zincum") its modern name, in about 1526, likely based on the sharp pointed appearance of its crystals after smelting ("zinke" translating to "pointed" in German). Paracelsus invented chemical therapy, chemical urinalysis, and suggested a biochemical theory of digestion. Paracelsus used chemistry and chemical analogies in his teachings to medical students and to the medical establishment, many of whom found them objectionable.


title: Paracelsus

text: Paracelsus in the beginning of the sixteenth century had unknowingly observed hydrogen as he noted that in reaction when acids attack metals, gas was a by-product. Later, Théodore de Mayerne repeated Paracelsus's experiment in 1650 and found that the gas was flammable. However neither Paracelsus nor de Mayerne proposed that hydrogen could be a new element.