title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was involved in secret peace negotiations between Prime Minister Rabin's government and Arafat's PLO organization. These negotiations were held over several months in 1992 and 1993. As part of the negotiations, Peres secretly flew to Oslo, Norway on 19 August 1993. The ultimate agreement outlined a peace process between Israel and Palestine, which would include the establishment of an interim Palestinian government within both the Gaza Strip and the West Bank. On 13 September 1993, Peres signed the initial Oslo I Accord on behalf of the Israeli government at in a ceremony at the United States' White House, with Rabin in attendance.


title: Shimon Peres

text: In 1994, in recognition of the Oslo Accords, Peres, Rabin and Arafat were jointly awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. This was the second (and most recent) instance in which an Israeli was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Then-Prime Minister Menachem Begin had previously jointly received the honor with Egyptian President Anwar Sadat in 1978. This was also the second time that the award had been given in recognition of middle east peacemaking efforts, with the 1978 award having been the previous instance of this. The awarding of the prize to the three has not been without controversy. After it was decided they would be given the award, Kåre Kristiansen resigned from the Nobel Peace Prize committee in protest of Arafat receiving the award, believing Arafat to be, "too tainted by violence, terror and torture". In 2002, a number of members of the Norwegian committee that awards the annual Nobel Peace Prize would state they regretted that Mr. Peres's prize could not be recalled. Because he had not acted to prevent Israel's re-occupation of Palestinian territory, he had not lived up to the ideals he expressed when he accepted the prize, and he was involved in human rights abuses.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Negotiations on further terms continued, with Peres continuing to be an integral player. On 28 September 1995, Rabin and Arafat jointly signed a second major agreement, which has popularly been referred to as "Oslo II".


title: Shimon Peres

text: While the Oslo peace policies, at the time, enjoyed the support of most Israelis, they also faced intense opposition from extreme members of Israel’s right-wing. In response to intense street protests by right-wing opponents of the Oslo peace process, a coalition of left-wing parties and peace groups organized a rally in support of the peace process in Tel Aviv's Kings Square on 4 November 1995, which both Prime Minister Rabin and Peres attended. While making his way from the stage to his car after concluding his speech to the gathered crowd of more than 100,000 people, Rabin was assassinated by Yigal Amir, a right-wing Israeli Jew who opposed the peace process.


title: Shimon Peres

text: After Rabin's assassination, Peres was made acting prime minister and acting defense minister of a provisional government. On 14 November 1995, the Labor Party confirmed Peres as its new leader, which thereby cleared the last formality before he could be invited by President Ezer Weizman to form a new government. On 15 November 1995, Peres was invited by to form a new government. On 21 November, Peres signed a coalition agreement between Labor, Meretz and Yiud (which had been members of Rabin's government), which was formally approved by the Knesset the next day, establishing a new government with Peres as prime minister.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres' second stint as prime minister (both acting and official) ultimately lasted a total of seven months. During this time, Peres attempted to maintain the momentum of the peace process.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 10 February 1996, Peres made the widely expected announcement that he would call early elections, moving the elections to late May, five months earlier than they otherwise were to be held. The election would be the first to use a new system in which the prime minister was directly elected in a vote coinciding with the Knesset election. Peres had hoped that early elections would deliver a mandate for his pursuit of a two-state solution. Peres had called the elections early because of promising polls. Peres was heavily leading in the polls for the prime minister vote at the time the election was called, with polls showing him to have between a twenty and twenty-five percent lead. Additionally, Labor was also leading in polls for the Knesset vote. Despite the promising polls, however, some in Labor had, even at this time, expressed concerns about the ability of Peres to win, given his failure to deliver an outright win for the Labor Party during his earlier stint as party leader. Peres' lead in the polls began to decrease after the Jaffa Road bus bombings on 25 February 1996. However, even in the last month before the election, Peres enjoyed a smaller lead of around five percent.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 11 April 1996, Prime Minister Peres initiated Operation Grapes of Wrath, which was triggered by Hezbollah Katyusha rockets fired into Israel in response to the killing of two Lebanese by an IDF missile. Israel conducted massive air raids and extensive shelling in southern Lebanon. 106 Lebanese civilians died in the shelling of Qana, when a UN compound was hit in an Israeli shelling.


title: Shimon Peres

text: In 1996, Peres founded the Peres Center for Peace, which has the aim of "promot[ing] lasting peace and advancement in the Middle East by fostering tolerance, economic and technological development, cooperation and well-being."


title: Shimon Peres

text: During his term, Peres promoted the use of the internet in Israel and created the first website of an Israeli prime minister.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was narrowly defeated by Benjamin Netanyahu in the 1996 Israeli prime ministerial election. Not included in the new government, Labor became an opposition party again, once again placing Peres in the then-unofficial role of Knesset opposition leader.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres did not seek re-election as Labor Party leader in 1997 and was replaced by Ehud Barak that year. Barak rebuffed Peres' attempt to secure the position of party president.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Ehud Barak was elected prime minister and formed a government in 1999. Barak appointed Peres (who was seen as a political rival of the new prime minister) to the minor post of minister of regional cooperation. The position was vaguely defined, being expected to be tasked with advancing economic and political ties between Israel and the Arab world. The position also did not come with any government funding. Peres accepted the relatively low-ranked position reluctantly.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 1 November 2000, amid the Second Intifada, Peres met in the Gaza Strip with Arafat on behalf of the Israeli government, and the two agreed to terms of a truce in the early hours of the next morning.


title: Shimon Peres

text: After the resignation of Ezer Weizman, Peres ran in the 2000 Israeli presidential election, seeking to be elected by members of the Knesset to a seven-year term as Israel's president, a ceremonial head of state position which usually authorizes the selection of Prime Minister. However, he lost to Likud candidate Moshe Katsav. Katsav's victory was attributed in part to evidence that Peres planned to use the position to support the increasingly unpopular peace processes of the government of Ehud Barak.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres' defeat was considered a significant upset, as he had been thought to be heavily favored to win the Knesset vote. The editorial board of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that his defeat appeared to be the end of Peres', "distinguished political career".


title: Shimon Peres

text: There was consideration given later that year to Peres potentially seeking the premiership again. On 20 November 2000, amid polls showing him to be in a virtual-tie with Ariel Sharon, an aide of Peres told the media that he would run in the 2001 direct election for prime minister. Peres himself told lawmakers that he intended to run. Despite this, Peres did not become a candidate. In January 2001, there was some talk among Cabinet members that it would be best for Peres to be the candidate of the left.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Following Ehud Barak's defeat by Ariel Sharon in the 2001 direct election for prime minister, Peres made yet another comeback. He led helped Labor into a grand coalition unity government with Sharon's Likud (the Twenty-ninth government of Israel) and secured the post of foreign minister. The formal leadership of the party passed to Binyamin Ben-Eliezer, and in 2002 to Mayor of Haifa Amram Mitzna. Peres was much criticized on the left for clinging to his position as foreign minister in a government that was not seen as advancing the peace process, despite his own dovish stance. He left this office only when Labor resigned from the government in advance of the 2003 Knesset election.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres left his post as foreign minister following Labor's 2002 exit from the unity government. Labor's departure from the unity government had placed Labor in the opposition.


title: Shimon Peres

text: After the Labor Party suffered a crushing defeat in the 2003 Knesset election while under the leadership of Mitzna, Peres was made interim leader of the party on 19 June 2003.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres led the Labor Party into a coalition with Sharon once more, reaching an agreement the end of 2004, and entering the party into the thirtieth government of Israel in January 2005. This came after the Sharon's support of "disengagement" from Gaza presented a diplomatic program that Labor could support. Sharon made Peres vice prime minister.


title: Shimon Peres

text: As interim party leader, Peres favored putting off the elections for as long as possible. He claimed that an early election would jeopardize both the September 2005 Gaza withdrawal plan and the standing of the party in a national unity government with Sharon. However, the majority pushed for an earlier date, as younger members of the party, among them Amir Peretz, Ophir Pines-Paz and Isaac Herzog, overtook established leaders such as Binyamin Ben-Eliezer and Haim Ramon in the party ballot to divide up government portfolios.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres lost a bid for permanent leadership of the Labor Party to Amir Peretz in the November 2005 leadership election, held in advance of the 2006 elections. Peres received 40% of the vote to Peretz's 42.4%.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Labor withdrew from the unity government on 23 November 2005. On 30 November 2005 Peres announced that he was leaving the Labor Party to support Ariel Sharon and his new Kadima party. In the immediate aftermath of Sharon's debilitating stroke days later (which left Sharon in a coma), there was speculation that Peres might take over as leader of the Kadima party; most senior Kadima leaders, however, were former members of Likud and indicated their support for Ehud Olmert as Sharon's successor. Labor reportedly tried to woo Peres to rejoin them. However, he announced that he supported Olmert and would remain with Kadima. Peres had previously announced his intention not to run in the March 2006 elections, but changed his mind.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres resigned from the Knesset on 15 January 2006 due both to Attorney General Menahem Mazuz issuing a decision that ruled Peres and several others could not be appointed to ministerial posts by Prime Minister Olmert and because of a law that, due to him having switched parties, would have prevented him from running for the next Knesset if he remained an incumbent member of the Knesset. By that time, he had served in the Knesset for more than forty-six consecutive years.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was soon elected back to the Knesset in the 2006 election, this time as a member of Kadima. After the new Kadima-led government was formed, Peres was given the role of vice prime minister and minister for the development of the Negev, Galilee and Regional Economy.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 13 June 2007, Peres was elected president of the State of Israel by the Knesset. 58 of 120 members of the Knesset voted for him in the first round (whereas 38 voted for Reuven Rivlin, and 21 for Colette Avital). His opponents then backed Peres in the second round and 86 members of the Knesset voted in his favor, while 23 objected. He resigned from his role as a member of the Knesset the same day, having been a member since November 1959 (except for a three-month period in early 2006), the longest serving in Israeli political history. Peres was sworn in as president on 15 July 2007.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 20 November 2008, Peres received an honorary knighthood, Knight Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George from Queen Elizabeth II in Buckingham Palace in London.


title: Shimon Peres

text: In June 2011, he was awarded the honorary title of "sheikh" by Bedouin dignitaries in Hura for his efforts to achieve Middle East peace. Peres thanks his hosts by saying "This visit has been a pleasure. I am deeply impressed by Hura. You have done more for yourselves than anyone else could have". He told the Mayor of Hura, Dr. Muhammad Al-Nabari, and members of Hura's governing council, that they were "part of the Negev. It cannot be developed without developing the Bedouin community, so that it may keep its traditions while joining the modern world."


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres announced in April 2013 that he would not seek to extend his tenure beyond 2014. His successor, Reuven Rivlin, was elected on 10 June 2014 and took office on 24 July 2014.


title: Shimon Peres

text: In July 2016, Peres founded the 'Israel innovation center' in the Arab neighbourhood of Ajami, Jaffa, aiming to encourage young people from around the world to be inspired by technology.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On 13 September 2016, Peres suffered a severe stroke and was hospitalized at Sheba Medical Center. His condition was reported to be very serious, as he had suffered a massive brain hemorrhage and significant bleeding. Two days later, he was reported as being in a serious but stable condition. However, on 26 September, an examination found irreversible damage to his brainstem, indicating that it was not possible for him to recover, and the following day, his medical condition deteriorated significantly. He died on 28 September at the age of 93.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On hearing of his death, tributes came from leaders across the world. The President of Russia, Vladimir Putin said: "I was extremely lucky to have met this extraordinary man many times. And every time I admired his courage, patriotism, wisdom, vision and ability." The President of China, Xi Jinping said: "His death is the loss of an old friend for China." The President of India, Pranab Mukherjee said: "Peres would be remembered as a steadfast friend of India." The President of the United States, Barack Obama said: "I will always be grateful that I was able to call Shimon my friend."


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was described by "The New York Times" as having done "more than anyone to build up his country's formidable military might, then [having] worked as hard to establish a lasting peace with Israel's Arab neighbors."


title: Shimon Peres

text: The funeral was held at Mount Herzl in Jerusalem on 30 September 2016, with his burial place in the Great Leaders of the Nation section between former Israeli Prime Ministers Yitzhak Rabin and Yitzhak Shamir.


title: Shimon Peres

text: About 4,000 mourners and world leaders from 75 countries attended the funeral, with President Barack Obama among those who gave a eulogy. Since the funeral for Nelson Mandela, this was only the second time Obama traveled overseas for the funeral of a foreign leader. Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu also spoke. Among the other delegates in attendance and speaking were former President Bill Clinton. Other delegates included PA President Mahmoud Abbas, President François Hollande of France, Prime Minister Justin Trudeau of Canada, German President Joachim Gauck, President Enrique Peña Nieto of Mexico and King Felipe VI of Spain. The UK delegation included Prince Charles, Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson, former Prime Ministers David Cameron, Gordon Brown, and Tony Blair, and Britain's chief Rabbi Ephraim Mirvis.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres described himself as a "Ben-Gurionist", after his mentor Ben-Gurion. He felt that Jewish sovereignty in the Land of Israel was a means to a progressive end in which the State of Israel both inspire the world and survive in a region of the world where it was unwelcome.


title: Shimon Peres

text: As a younger man, Peres was once considered a "hawk". He was a protégé of Ben-Gurion and Dayan and an early supporter of the West Bank settlers during the 1970s. However, after becoming the leader of his party his stance evolved. Subsequently, he was seen as a dove, and a strong supporter of peace through economic cooperation. While still opposed, like all mainstream Israeli leaders in the 1970s and early 1980s, to talks with the PLO, he distanced himself from settlers and spoke of the need for "territorial compromise" over the West Bank and Gaza. For a time he hoped that King Hussein of Jordan could be Israel's Arab negotiating partner rather than Yasser Arafat. Peres met secretly with Hussein in London in 1987 and reached a framework agreement with him, but this was rejected by Israel's then Prime Minister, Yitzhak Shamir. Shortly afterward the First Intifada erupted, and whatever plausibility King Hussein had as a potential Israeli partner in resolving the fate of the West Bank evaporated. Subsequently, Peres gradually moved closer to support for talks with the PLO, although he avoided making an outright commitment to this policy until 1993.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was perhaps more closely associated with the Oslo Accords than any other Israeli politician (Rabin included) with the possible exception of his own protégé, Yossi Beilin. He remained an adamant supporter of the Oslo Accords and the Palestinian Authority since their inception despite the First Intifada and the al-Aqsa Intifada (Second Intifada). However, Peres supported Ariel Sharon's military policy of operating the Israeli Defense Forces to thwart suicide bombings.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres's foreign policy outlook was markedly realist. To placate Turkey, Peres downplayed the Armenian genocide. Peres stated: "We reject attempts to create a similarity between the Holocaust and the Armenian allegations. Nothing similar to the Holocaust occurred. It is a tragedy what the Armenians went through but not a genocide." Although Peres himself did not retract the statement, the Israeli Foreign Ministry later issued a cable to its missions which stated that "The minister absolutely did not say, as the Turkish news agency alleged, 'What the Armenians underwent was a tragedy, not a genocide.'" However, according to Armenian news agencies, the statement released by the Israeli consulate in Los Angeles did not include any mention that Peres had not said that the events were not genocide.


title: Shimon Peres

text: On the issue of the nuclear program of Iran and the supposed existential threat this poses for Israel, Peres stated, "I am not in favor of a military attack on Iran, but we must quickly and decisively establish a strong, aggressive coalition of nations that will impose painful economic sanctions on Iran", adding "Iran's efforts to achieve nuclear weapons should keep the entire world from sleeping soundly." In the same speech, Peres compared Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his call to "wipe Israel off the map" to the genocidal threats to European Jewry made by Adolf Hitler in the years prior to the Holocaust. In an interview with Army Radio on 8 May 2006 he remarked that "the president of Iran should remember that Iran can also be wiped off the map." However, after his death it was revealed that Peres had said that he prevented a military strike on Iran's nuclear program that had been ordered by Benjamin Netanyahu and Ehud Barak in 2010.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres is regarded as one of the founders of Israel's technology sector. Through personal meetings with the French government, he established collaboration treaties with France's nuclear industry in 1954. In 1958, he founded the re-organized RAFAEL Armament Development Authority, under the MOD's jurisdiction. From his desk he would control all aspects of Israel's nuclear program (first as director general and after 1959 as deputy mnister). In the 1980s, he is credited with having laid the economic foundations for Israel's start-up economy. In later years, he developed an obsessive fascination with nanotechnology and brain research. He believed that brain research would be the key to a better and more peaceful future. He launched his own nanotechnology investment fund in 2003, raising $5 million in the first week. In 2016, he founded the 'Israel innovation center' in the Arab neighbourhood of Ajami, Jaffa. The center aims to encourage young people from around the world to be inspired by technology. Laying its foundation stone on 21 July 2016, Peres said: “We will prove that innovation has no limits and no barriers. Innovation enables dialogue between nations and between people. It will enable all young people – Jews, Muslims and Christians — to engage in science and technology equally."


title: Shimon Peres

text: In May 1945, Peres married Sonya Gelman, whom he had met in the Ben Shemen Youth Village, where her father served as a carpentry teacher. The couple married after Sonya finished her military service as a truck driver in the British Army during World War II. Through the years Sonya chose to stay away from the media and keep her privacy and the privacy of her family, despite her husband's extensive political career. Sonya Peres was unable to attend Shimon's 2007 presidential inauguration ceremony because of ill health. With the election of Peres for president, Sonya Peres, who had not wanted her husband to accept the position, announced that she would stay in the couple's apartment in Tel Aviv and not join her husband in Jerusalem. The couple thereafter lived separately. She died on 20 January 2011, aged 87, from heart failure at her apartment in Tel Aviv.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Shimon and Sonya Peres had three children. Their eldest child was a daughter, Dr. Tsvia ("Tsiki") Walden, who became a linguist and professor at Beit Berl Academic College. Their middle child was a son, Yoni, who became director of Village Veterinary Center, a veterinary hospital on the campus of Kfar Hayarok Agricultural School near Tel Aviv. He specializes in the treatment of guide dogs. Their youngest child, Nehemia ("Chemi"), became co-founder and managing general partner of Pitango Venture Capital, one of Israel's largest venture capital funds. Chemi Peres is a former helicopter pilot in the IAF.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was a cousin of actress Lauren Bacall (born Betty Joan Persky), although the two only discovered their relation to each other in the 1950s. Recalling this, Peres once remarked, "In 1952 or 1953 I came to New York... Lauren Bacall called me, said that she wanted to meet, and we did. We sat and talked about where our families came from, and discovered that we were from the same family".


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was a polyglot, speaking Polish, French, English, Russian, Yiddish, and Hebrew. He never lost his Polish accent when speaking in Hebrew.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres was a lifelong writer of poetry and songs. As a child in Vishnyeva, Poland he learned to play the mandolin. He wrote his first song when he was 8. He was inspired to write, including during cabinet meetings. Peres was noted to sometimes write stanzas during Cabinet meetings. As a result of his deep literary interests, he could quote from Hebrew prophets, French literature, and Chinese philosophy with equal ease. Many of his poems were turned into songs, with the proceedings of the albums going to charity. His songs have been performed by artists including Andrea Bocelli and Liel Kolet. The most recent of his songs was "Chinese Melody" (recorded in Mandarin with Chinese and Israeli musicians), released in February 2016, which he wrote to celebrate the Year of the Monkey (Music Video of 'Chinese Melody' on YouTube).


title: Shimon Peres

text: During his presidency (2007–2014), Shimon Peres was noted for his embrace of social media to communicate with the public, being described as "Israel's first social media president", which included producing comedic videos on his YouTube channel such as "Be my Friend for Peace" and "Former Israeli President Shimon Peres Goes Job Hunting". After retirement, he led a viral campaign to encourage children to study mathematics. In one video, he sends his answer to the teacher by throwing a paper plane (Video: Shimon Peres throws a paper airplane in the name of education on YouTube). According to "The Wall Street Journal", his presence on platforms such as Snapchat, allowed him to "pack more punch—and humor—into the causes he championed, especially peaceful coexistence with the Palestinians."


title: Shimon Peres

text: Following his death, it was announced that Israel's Negev nuclear reactor and atomic research center, that had been constructed in 1958, would be named after Peres. Netanyahu stated: "Shimon Peres worked hard to establish this important facility, a facility which has been very important for Israel's security for generations.."


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres twice officially served as prime minister (Israel's head of government). His first stint spanned from 13 September 1984 through 20 October 1986, leading the 21st government during the first half of the 11th Knesset. His second stint lasted from 4 November 1995 through 18 June 1996 (serving in an acting capacity from 4 November through 22 November 1995; and in permanent capacity thereafter), leading the 25th government as interim prime minister and the 26th government as permanent prime minister during the latter portion of the 13th Knesset. In addition to these two official stints as prime minister, Peres is also considered to have served as the de facto acting prime minister from 22 April through 21 June 1977 (with Yitzhak Rabin remaining the de jure prime minister). Peres served as president (Israel's head of state) from 15 July 2007 through 24 July 2014. Peres was a member of the Knesset (Israel's legislature), first from November 1959 through 15 January 2006 (a record 47-year tenure), and again from March 2006 through 13 June 2007. His overall Knesset tenure of 48 years is the longest tenure in the history of the Knesset.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres, four times, served as the leader of the Knesset's opposition. For his first three stints in this role, the opposition leader was an unofficial and honorary role. His final stint in the position came after Knesset formalized the role as an official position. Peres was the unofficial opposition leader from 20 June 1977 through 13 September 1984, during the entirety of the 9th and 10th Knessets. During this stint, he led the opposition to the Menachem Begin-led 18th and 19th governments and the Yitzhak Shamir-led 20th government of Israel. His second stint as opposition lasted from 15 March 1990 through 13 July 1992, when in lead the opposition to the Yitzhak Shamir-led 24th government during a portion of the 12th Knesset. Peres' third stint lasted from 18 June 1996 to 1 July 1997, and saw him lead the opposition to the Benjamin Netanyahu-led 24th government during a portion of the 14th Knesset. Peres' final stint as opposition leader lasted from 25 June 2003 through 10 January 2005, and saw him lead the opposition to the Ariel Sharon-led 30th government during a portion of the sixteenth Knesset.


title: Shimon Peres

text: Peres held numerous ministerial posts over the course of his Knesset tenure. He held major ministerial posts in twelve governments.


title: Shimon Peres

text: From 1952 through 1953, Peres was the deputy director general of the Israeli Ministry of Defense. From 1952 through 1959, he was the director general.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: A mezzo-soprano or mezzo (; ; meaning "half soprano") is a type of classical female singing voice whose vocal range lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. The mezzo-soprano's vocal range usually extends from the A below middle C to the A two octaves above (i.e. A–A in scientific pitch notation, where middle C = C; 220–880 Hz). In the lower and upper extremes, some mezzo-sopranos may extend down to the F below middle C (F, 175 Hz) and as high as "high C" (C, 1047 Hz).


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: The mezzo-soprano voice type is generally divided into the coloratura, lyric, and dramatic mezzo-soprano.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: While mezzo-sopranos typically sing secondary roles in operas, notable exceptions include the title role in Bizet's "Carmen", Angelina (Cinderella) in Rossini's "La Cenerentola", and Rosina in Rossini's "Barber of Seville" (all of which are also sung by sopranos and contraltos). Many 19th-century French-language operas give the leading female role to mezzos, including "Béatrice et Bénédict", "La damnation de Faust", "Don Quichotte", "La favorite", "Dom Sébastien", "Charles VI", "Mignon", "Samson et Dalila", "Les Troyens", and "Werther", as well as "Carmen".


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: Typical roles for mezzo-sopranos include the stereotypical triad associated with contraltos of "witches, bitches, and britches": witches, nurses, and wise women, such as Azucena in Verdi's "Il trovatore"; villains and seductresses such as Amneris in Verdi's "Aida"; and "breeches roles" or "trouser roles" (male characters played by female singers) such as Cherubino in Mozart's "Le nozze di Figaro". Mezzo-sopranos are well represented in baroque music, early music, and baroque opera. Some roles designated for lighter soubrette sopranos are sung by mezzo-sopranos, who often provide a fuller, more dramatic quality. Such roles include Despina in Mozart's "Così fan tutte" and Zerlina in his "Don Giovanni". Mezzos sometimes play dramatic soprano roles such as Santuzza in Mascagni's "Cavalleria rusticana", Lady Macbeth in Verdi's "Macbeth", and Kundry in Wagner's "Parsifal".


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: The vocal range of the mezzo-sopranos lies between the soprano and the contralto voice types. Mezzo-sopranos generally have a heavier, darker tone than sopranos. The mezzo-soprano voice resonates in a higher range than that of a contralto. The terms "Dugazon" and "Galli-Marié" are sometimes used to refer to light mezzo-sopranos, after the names of famous singers. Usually men singing within the female range are called countertenors since there is a lighter more breathy tonal (falsetto) quality difference. In current operatic practice, female singers with very low tessituras are often included among mezzo-sopranos, because singers in both ranges are able to cover the other, and true operatic contraltos are very rare.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: Within the mezzo-soprano voice type category are three generally recognized subcategories: coloratura mezzo-soprano, lyric mezzo-soprano, and dramatic mezzo-soprano.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: A coloratura mezzo-soprano has a warm lower register and an agile high register. The roles they sing often demand not only the use of the lower register but also leaps into the upper tessitura with highly ornamented, rapid passages. They have a range from approximately the G below middle C (G, 196 Hz) to the B two octaves above middle C (B, 988 Hz). Some coloratura mezzo-sopranos can sing up to high C (C, 1047 Hz) or high D (D, 1175 Hz), but this is very rare.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: What distinguishes these voices from being called sopranos is their extension into the lower register and warmer vocal quality. Although coloratura mezzo-sopranos have impressive and at times thrilling high notes, they are most comfortable singing in the middle of their range, rather than the top.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: Many of the hero roles in the operas of Handel and Monteverdi, originally sung by male castrati, can be successfully sung today by coloratura mezzo-sopranos. Rossini demanded similar qualities for his comic heroines, and Vivaldi wrote roles frequently for this voice as well. Coloratura mezzo-sopranos also often sing lyric-mezzo-soprano roles or soubrette roles.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: The lyric mezzo-soprano has a range from approximately the G below middle C (G, 196 Hz) to the A two octaves above middle C (A, 880 Hz). This voice has a very smooth, sensitive and at times lachrymose quality. Lyric mezzo-sopranos do not have the vocal agility of the coloratura mezzo-soprano or the size of the dramatic mezzo-soprano. The lyric mezzo-soprano is ideal for most trouser roles.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: A dramatic mezzo-soprano has a strong medium register, a warm high register and a voice that is broader and more powerful than the lyric and coloratura mezzo-sopranos. This voice has less vocal facility than the coloratura mezzo-soprano. The range of the dramatic mezzo-soprano is from approximately the F below middle C (F, 175 Hz) to the G two octaves above middle C (G, 784 Hz). The dramatic mezzo-soprano can sing over an orchestra and chorus with ease and was often used in the 19th century opera, to portray older women, mothers, witches and evil characters. Verdi wrote many roles for this voice in the Italian repertoire and there are also a few good roles in the French Literature. The majority of these roles, however, are within the German Romantic repertoire of composers like Wagner and Richard Strauss. Like coloratura mezzos, dramatic mezzos are also often cast in lyric mezzo-soprano roles.


title: Mezzo-soprano

text: All of Gilbert and Sullivan's Savoy operas have at least one mezzo-soprano character. Notable operetta roles are:


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: D.P. (an acronym for Deserter Pursuit) is a South Korean streaming television series directed by Han Jun-hee, from a screenplay by Kim Bo-tong and Han, based on the Lezhin webtoon "D.P Dog's Day" by Kim. The series stars Jung Hae-in, Koo Kyo-hwan, Kim Sung-kyun, and Son Suk-ku. It premiered in six parts on Netflix on August 27, 2021.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Set in 2014, "D.P." tells the story of a team of Korean military police with their mission to catch deserters.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: The series magnifies the undesirable nature of the military, especially within a South Korean context. The widespread bullying and hazing as well as the mindset for the "survival of the fittest" are rife, with those presumed the “weakest” thrown to the bottom of the pile and served horrifying experiences at the hands of their superiors and compatriots.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Private Ahn Joon-ho and Corporal Han Ho-yul both team up to find the deserters, and end up in an adventurous journey.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: In late June 2020, Lezhin Entertainment officially announced that Lezhin Studio and Homemade Film would co-produce a 6-part adaptation of the hit webtoon "D.P: Dog Days" by Kim Bo-tong, to be released exclusively through Netflix. The story is based on Kim's own experience during his mandatory military service.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Director and co-writer Han Jun-hee had wanted to work on the webtoon's adaptation "for five or six years [before he] finally got a chance" to do so. Though Ahn Joon-ho is a Corporal in the webtoon, Han wanted him to be a Private in the series so people could "resonate with the story and consider Joon-ho as a friend who just started his military service."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: On September 3, 2020, Jung Hae-in, Koo Kyo-hwan, Kim Sung-kyun and Son Suk-ku were confirmed to star in the series. Koo's character does not appear in the webtoon, which he found "hard but exciting to portray a character exclusive to the series." To prepare for his role, Koo received help from his road manager who was part of the D.P. team during his military service. As for Jung, he practiced boxing for three months before filming began, in order to do his own action scenes.


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Kim Bo-tong, who wrote the webtoon and co-wrote the series, commented that he "never dreamed of such a cast. They fit so perfectly into their roles that it seems like the roles were written for them."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: William Schwartz of "HanCinema" praised Jung Hae-in's acting, commenting that he "is sublime here, in a brooding cinematic role radically different from the romances he's better known for." He added that ""D.P." is worth watching, not just by people curious what South Korean mandatory military service is really like, but anyone from any country who's seriously thinking about joining up."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Pierce Conran of the "South China Morning Post" gave the series a 4.5/5 rating, noting that ""D.P." hits home with a story that spans the past and present, as it acknowledges that yesterday’s problems can still be today’s." He also praised the cinematography as well as Jung and Koo's "electric chemistry". Daniel Hart of "Ready Steady Cut" also rated the series 4.5 stars out of 5, describing it as "the finest K-Drama mini-series this year."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: Greg Wheeler of "The Review Geek" rated the series 4.3/5, noting that ""D.P." is a stunning Korean drama [which] takes an unflinching look at bullying, the effect it has on mental health and larger societal questions about the mandatory military service in Korea" and praising the series for its "impressive" cinematography and for the way it "explore[s] a very sensitive and prevalent topic in a raw, artistic and unflinching way."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: In a mixed review, Hidzir Junaini of "NME" gave the series a 3/5 rating, commenting that "Kim Bo-tong and Han Jun-hee must be given credit for how this series tackles such extraordinarily difficult and tragic subject matter with compassion and sensitivity", and praising the "uniformly excellent performances, splendid cinematography, addictive pacing, and intrepid commitment to shedding light on the appalling culture of bullying in the military", but criticizing the "weak characterization [of the] three main leads" as well as the "ludicrous escalation of events during its climax, which suddenly turns a fairly grounded show into a melodramatic action thriller."


title: D.P. (TV series)

text: On September 1, 2021, Jung Hae-in revealed during an interview that he is "looking forward to season 2, and the director and writer are already writing the script." On May 31, 2022, Netflix officially announced the production of the season 2 with all four main cast reprising their roles.


title: Amanda Redman

text: Amanda Jacqueline Redman, (born 12 August 1957) is an English actress, known for her roles as Detective Superintendent Sandra Pullman in the BBC One series "New Tricks" (2003–2013) and as Dr. Lydia Fonseca in "The Good Karma Hospital" (2017–2022). She gained BAFTA TV Award nominations for "At Home with the Braithwaites" (2000–2003) and "" (2014). Her film roles include "For Queen and Country" (1988), "Sexy Beast" (2000) and "" (2001).


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman was born in Brighton, Sussex. Her father, Ronald Jack Redman (1929–1980), was born in Camberwell, London to parents from the East End, and her mother, Joan Beryl Redman (née Herrington, 1927–2014), was born in India to William Herrington, a British Indian Army soldier. Redman's father died at the age of 51, when she was 23. Redman had one brother, who died of pneumonia in 2008.


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman is badly scarred on her left arm as a result of an accident when she was 18 months old. She was scalded with a pan of boiling-hot turkey-and-vegetable soup and suffered burns to 75% of her body. Her arm was the only part of her body permanently affected, but the trauma was so severe that she was pronounced clinically dead at the Queen Victoria Hospital in East Grinstead, Sussex.


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman trained at the Bristol Old Vic Theatre School. She was in the same class as Daniel Day-Lewis and Miranda Richardson.


title: Amanda Redman

text: In 1984, she appeared as Marina in the BBC Shakespeare production of "Pericles, Prince of Tyre" opposite Mike Gwilym. She also played Maxine in "Oxbridge Blues", a British television mini-series, produced by the BBC and first shown in 1984 written by Frederick Raphael. In 1985 she played Janet in the touring version of "The Rocky Horror Show".


title: Amanda Redman

text: In 1986, she played Miss Fairfax (Gwendolen) in the BBC Drama production of "The Importance of Being Earnest" by Oscar Wilde.


title: Amanda Redman

text: She played opposite Liv Ullmann in "Richard's Things" (1980), took over from Alfred Molina in the 1990s comedy drama "El C.I.D.", playing a new female lead in the series, and played Diana Dors in the TV film "The Blonde Bombshell" (1999). She presented an MTV show on satellite TV in the 1990s. She co-starred in the first two series of "Dangerfield" in 1995, playing Joanna Stevens, and played a role in "Taggart" the same year. In 2000 she played Deedee Dove in the feature film "Sexy Beast". From 2000 until 2003 she played Alison Braithwaite, a woman whose life is turned upside down after she wins the lottery, in ITV's "At Home with the Braithwaites".


title: Amanda Redman

text: From 2003 to 2013, Redman took the role of DSI Sandra Pullman in the BBC's "New Tricks". In July 2013, she announced her departure; Tamzin Outhwaite replaced her.


title: Amanda Redman

text: In June 2006, Redman performed in "Children's Party at the Palace" as Cruella DeVil for the Queen's 80th birthday, and was the subject of an episode of the BBC documentary series "Who Do You Think You Are?", a programme that explored her family history.


title: Amanda Redman

text: In 2015, Redman played the role of Jackie Rose in the three-part ITV drama "The Trials of Jimmy Rose", starring alongside Ray Winstone. From 2017, she played Lydia Fonseca in the ITV drama series "The Good Karma Hospital".


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman is the founder and principal of the Artists Theatre School. She directs an annual show which is performed at The Questors Theatre in Ealing.


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman married actor Robert Glenister in 1984; they had one child together, daughter Emily, before divorcing in 1992. Redman is credited with encouraging her then-brother-in-law, Philip Glenister, to go to drama school and pursue acting; he has played DCI Gene Hunt in both "Life on Mars" and "Ashes to Ashes".


title: Amanda Redman

text: Redman was appointed a Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2012 Birthday Honours for services to drama and charity.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Wandering Jew is a mythical immortal man whose legend began to spread in Europe in the 13th century. In the original legend, a Jew who taunted Jesus on the way to the Crucifixion was then cursed to walk the Earth until the Second Coming. The exact nature of the wanderer's indiscretion varies in different versions of the tale, as do aspects of his character; sometimes he is said to be a shoemaker or other tradesman, while sometimes he is the doorman at the estate of Pontius Pilate.


title: Wandering Jew

text: An early extant manuscript containing the Legend is the "Flores Historiarum" by Roger of Wendover, where it appears in the part for the year 1228, under the title "Of the Jew Joseph who is still alive awaiting the last coming of Christ". The central figure is named "Cartaphilus" before being baptized later by Ananias as "Joseph". The root of the name "Cartaphilus" can be divided into "kartos" and "philos", which can be translated roughly as "dearly" and "loved", connecting the Legend of the Wandering Jew to "the disciple whom Jesus loved".


title: Wandering Jew

text: At least from the 17th century, the name "Ahasver" has been given to the Wandering Jew, apparently adapted from Ahasuerus (Xerxes), the Persian king in the Book of Esther, who was not a Jew, and whose very name among medieval Jews was an "exemplum" of a fool. This name may have been chosen because the Book of Esther describes the Jews as a persecuted people, scattered across every province of Ahasuerus' vast empire, similar to the later Jewish diaspora in countries whose state and/or majority religions were forms of Christianity.


title: Wandering Jew

text: A variety of names have since been given to the Wandering Jew, including "Matathias", "Buttadeus" and "Isaac Laquedem" which is a name for him in France and the Low Countries, in popular legend as well as in a novel by Dumas. The name "Paul Marrane" (an anglicized version of Giovanni Paolo Marana, the alleged author of "Letters Writ by a Turkish Spy") was incorrectly attributed to the Wandering Jew by a 1911 "Encyclopædia Britannica" article, yet the mistake influenced popular culture. The name given to the Wandering Jew in the spy's Letters is "Michob Ader".


title: Wandering Jew

text: The name "Buttadeus" ("Botadeo" in Italian; "Boutedieu" in French) most likely has its origin in a combination of the Vulgar Latin version of "batuere" ("to beat or strike") with the word for God, "deus". Sometimes this name is misinterpreted as "Votadeo", meaning "devoted to God", drawing similarities to the etymology of the name "Cartaphilus".


title: Wandering Jew

text: Where German or Russian is spoken, the emphasis has been on the perpetual character of his punishment, and thus he is known there as "Ewiger Jude" and "vechny zhid" (вечный жид), the "Eternal Jew". In French and other Romance languages, the usage has been to refer to the wanderings, as in (French), (Spanish) or (Italian) and this has been followed in English from the Middle Ages, as the "Wandering Jew". In Finnish, he is known as "Jerusalemin suutari" ("Shoemaker of Jerusalem"), implying he was a cobbler by his trade. In Hungarian, he is known as the "bolygó zsidó" ("Wandering Jew" but with a connotation of aimlessness).


title: Wandering Jew

text: The origins of the legend are uncertain; perhaps one element is the story in Genesis of Cain, who is issued with a similar punishment—to wander the Earth, scavenging and never reaping, although without the related punishment of endlessness. According to Jehoshua Gilboa, many commentators have pointed to Hosea 9:17 as a statement of the notion of the "eternal/wandering Jew".


title: Wandering Jew

text: A belief that the disciple whom Jesus loved would not die was apparently popular enough in the early Christian world to be denounced in the Gospel of John:


title: Wandering Jew

text: Another passage in the Gospel of John speaks about a guard of the high priest who slaps Jesus (John 18:19-23). Earlier, the Gospel of John talks about Simon Peter striking the ear from Malchus, a servant of the high priest (John 18:10). Although this servant is probably not the same guard who struck Jesus, Malchus is nonetheless one of the many names given to the wandering Jew in later legend.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Extant manuscripts have shown that as early as the time of Tertullian (c. 200), some Christian proponents were likening the Jewish people to a "new Cain", asserting that they would be "fugitives and wanderers (upon) the earth".


title: Wandering Jew

text: Aurelius Prudentius Clemens (b. 348) writes in his "Apotheosis" (c. 400): "From place to place the homeless Jew wanders in ever-shifting exile, since the time when he was torn from the abode of his fathers and has been suffering the penalty for murder, and having stained his hands with the blood of Christ whom he denied, paying the price of sin."


title: Wandering Jew

text: A late 6th and early 7th century monk named Johannes Moschos records an important version of a Malchean figure. In his "Leimonarion", Moschos recounts meeting a monk named Isidor who had purportedly met a Malchus-type of figure who struck Christ and is therefore punished to wander in eternal suffering and lament:


title: Wandering Jew

text: Some scholars have identified components of the legend of the Eternal Jew in Teutonic legends of the Eternal Hunter, some features of which are derived from Odin mythology.


title: Wandering Jew

text: "In some areas the farmers arranged the rows in their fields in such a way that on Sundays the Eternal Jew might find a resting place. Elsewhere they assumed that he could rest only upon a plough or that he had to be on the go all year and was allowed a respite only on Christmas."


title: Wandering Jew

text: Most likely drawing on centuries of unwritten folklore, legendry, and oral tradition brought to the West as a product of the Crusades, a Latin chronicle from Bologna, "Ignoti Monachi Cisterciensis S. Mariae de Ferraria Chronica et Ryccardi de Sancto Germano Chronica priora", contains the first written articulation of the Wandering Jew. In the entry for the year 1223, the chronicle describes the report of a group of pilgrims who meet "a certain Jew in Armenia" ("quendam Iudaeum") who scolded Jesus on his way to be crucified and is therefore doomed to live until the Second Coming. Every hundred years the Jew returns to the age of 30.


title: Wandering Jew

text: A variant of the Wandering Jew legend is recorded in the "Flores Historiarum" by Roger of Wendover around the year 1228. An Armenian archbishop, then visiting England, was asked by the monks of St Albans Abbey about the celebrated Joseph of Arimathea, who had spoken to Jesus, and was reported to be still alive. The archbishop answered that he had himself seen such a man in Armenia, and that his name was Cartaphilus, a Jewish shoemaker, who, when Jesus stopped for a second to rest while carrying his cross, hit him, and told him "Go on quicker, Jesus! Go on quicker! Why dost Thou loiter?", to which Jesus, "with a stern countenance", is said to have replied: "I shall stand and rest, but thou shalt go on till the last day." The Armenian bishop also reported that Cartaphilus had since converted to Christianity and spent his wandering days proselytizing and leading a hermit's life.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Matthew Paris included this passage from Roger of Wendover in his own history; and other Armenians appeared in 1252 at the Abbey of St Albans, repeating the same story, which was regarded there as a great proof of the truth of the Christian religion. The same Armenian told the story at Tournai in 1243, according to the "Chronicles of Phillip Mouskes", (chapter ii. 491, Brussels, 1839). After that, Guido Bonatti writes people saw the Wandering Jew in Forlì (Italy), in the 13th century; other people saw him in Vienna and elsewhere.


title: Wandering Jew

text: There were claims of sightings of the Wandering Jew throughout Europe and later the Americas, since at least 1542 in Hamburg up to 1868 in Harts Corners, New Jersey. Joseph Jacobs, writing in the "11th edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica" (1911), commented "It is difficult to tell in any one of these cases how far the story is an entire fiction and how far some ingenious impostor took advantage of the existence of the myth". It has been alleged by an 1881 writer, who however cites no instances, that the supposed presence of the Wandering Jew has occasionally been used as a pretext for incursions by Gentiles into Jewish quarters during the late Middle Ages, when the legend was accepted as fact.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Another legend about Jews, the so-called "Red Jews", was similarly common in Central Europe in the Middle Ages.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The legend became more popular after it appeared in a 17th-century pamphlet of four leaves, (Short Description and Tale of a Jew with the Name Ahasuerus). "Here we are told that some fifty years before, a bishop met him in a church at Hamburg, repentant, ill-clothed and distracted at the thought of having to move on in a few weeks." As with urban legends, particularities lend verisimilitude: the bishop is specifically Paulus von Eitzen, General Superintendent of Schleswig. The legend spread quickly throughout Germany, no less than eight different editions appearing in 1602; altogether forty appeared in Germany before the end of the 18th century. Eight editions in Dutch and Flemish are known; and the story soon passed to France, the first French edition appearing in Bordeaux, 1609, and to England, where it appeared in the form of a parody in 1625. The pamphlet was translated also into Danish and Swedish; and the expression "eternal Jew" is current in Czech, Slovak, and German, ". Apparently the pamphlets of 1602 borrowed parts of the descriptions of the wanderer from reports (most notably by Balthasar Russow) about an itinerant preacher called Jürgen.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Britain a ballad with the title "The Wandering Jew" was included in Thomas Percy's "Reliques" published in 1765.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In England the Wandering Jew makes an appearance in one of the secondary plots in Matthew Lewis's Gothic novel "The Monk" (1796). The Wandering Jew is depicted as an exorcist whose origin remains unclear. The Wandering Jew also plays a role in "St. Leon" (1799) by William Godwin. The Wandering Jew also appears in two English broadside ballads of the 17th and 18th centuries, "The Wandering Jew", and "The Wandering Jew's Chronicle". The former recounts the biblical story of the Wandering Jew's encounter with Christ, while the latter tells, from the point of view of the titular character, the succession of English monarchs from William the Conqueror through either King Charles II (in the 17th-century text) or King George II and Queen Caroline (in the 18th-century version).


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1797 the operetta "The Wandering Jew, or Love's Masquerade" by Andrew Franklin was performed in London.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1810 Percy Bysshe Shelley wrote a poem in four cantos with the title "The Wandering Jew" but it remained unpublished until 1877. In two other works of Shelley, Ahasuerus appears, as a phantom in his first major poem "Queen Mab: A Philosophical Poem" (1813) and later as a hermit healer in his last major work, the verse drama Hellas.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Thomas Carlyle, in his "Sartor Resartus" (1833–34), compares its hero Diogenes Teufelsdröckh on several occasions to the Wandering Jew (also using the German wording "").


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Chapter 15 of "Great Expectations" (1861) by Charles Dickens, the journeyman Orlick is compared to the Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The minor Cornish poet James Dryden Hosken (1861–1953) concluded "A Monk's Love" (1894) with a long poem "Ahaseurus" which he later adapted into a dramatic monologue included in his heavily revised play "Marlowe" published in "Shores of Lyonesse" 1923.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Nathaniel Hawthorne's stories "A Virtuoso's Collection" and "Ethan Brand" feature the Wandering Jew serving as a guide to the stories' characters.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1873 a publisher in the United States (Philadelphia, Gebbie) produced "The Legend of the Wandering Jew, a series of twelve designs by Gustave Doré (Reproduced by Photographic Printing) with Explanatory Introduction." For each illustration there was a couplet, such as "Too late he feels, by look, and deed, and word, / How often he has crucified his Lord".


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1901 a New York publisher reprinted, under the title "Tarry Thou Till I Come", George Croly's "Salathiel", which treated the subject in an imaginative form. It had appeared anonymously in 1828.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Lew Wallace's novel "The Prince of India" (1893), the Wandering Jew is the protagonist. The book follows his adventures through the ages, as he takes part in the shaping of history. An American rabbi, H.M. Bien, turned the character into the "Wandering Gentile" in his novel "Ben-Beor: A Tale of the Anti-Messiah"; in the same year John L. McKeever wrote a novel, "The Wandering Jew: A Tale of the Lost Tribes of Israel".


title: Wandering Jew

text: A humorous account of the Wandering Jew appears in chapter 54 of Mark Twain's 1869 travel book "The Innocents Abroad".


title: Wandering Jew

text: The legend has been the subject of German poems by Schubart, Aloys Schreiber, Wilhelm Müller, Lenau, Chamisso, Schlegel, Julius Mosen (an epic, 1838), and Köhler; of novels by Franz Horn (1818), Oeklers, and Schücking; and of tragedies by Klingemann ("", 1827) and Zedlitz (1844). It is either the Ahasuerus of Klingemann or that of Ludwig Achim von Arnim in his play, "Halle and Jerusalem" to whom Richard Wagner refers in the final passage of his notorious essay "".


title: Wandering Jew

text: There are clear echoes of the Wandering Jew in Wagner's "The Flying Dutchman", whose plot line is adapted from a story by Heinrich Heine in which the Dutchman is referred to as "the Wandering Jew of the ocean", and his final opera ' features a woman called Kundry who is in some ways a female version of the Wandering Jew. It is alleged that she was formerly Herodias, and she admits that she laughed at Jesus on his route to the Crucifixion, and is now condemned to wander until she meets with him again (cf. Eugene Sue's version, below).


title: Wandering Jew

text: Robert Hamerling, in his ' (Vienna, 1866), identifies Nero with the Wandering Jew. Goethe had designed a poem on the subject, the plot of which he sketched in his '.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Hans Christian Andersen made his "Ahasuerus" the Angel of Doubt, and was imitated by Heller in a poem on "The Wandering of Ahasuerus", which he afterward developed into three cantos. Martin Andersen Nexø wrote a short story named "The Eternal Jew", in which he also refers to Ahasuerus as the spreading of the Jewish gene pool in Europe.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The story of the Wandering Jew is the basis of the essay "The Unhappiest One" in Søren Kierkegaard's "Either/Or" (published 1843 in Copenhagen). It is also discussed in an early portion of the book that focuses on Mozart's opera "Don Giovanni".


title: Wandering Jew

text: In the play "Genboerne" (The neighbors across the street), the Wandering Jew is a character (in this context called "Jerusalem's shoemaker") and his shoes will make you invisible when you wear them. The protagonist of the play borrows the shoes for a night and visits the house across the street as an invisible man.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The French writer Edgar Quinet published his prose epic on the legend in 1833, making the subject the judgment of the world; and wrote his ' in 1844, in which the author connects the story of Ahasuerus with that of Herodias. Grenier's 1857 poem on the subject may have been inspired by 's designs, which were published the preceding year. One should also note 's ' (1864), which combines several fictional Wandering Jews, both heroic and evil, and Alexandre Dumas' incomplete "" (1853), a sprawling historical saga. In Guy de Maupassant's short story 'Uncle Judas' the local people believe that the old man in the story is the Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Russia, the legend of the Wandering Jew appears in an incomplete epic poem by Vasily Zhukovsky, "Ahasuerus" (1857) and in another epic poem by Wilhelm Küchelbecker, "Ahasuerus, a Poem in Fragments", written between 1832 and 1846 but not published until 1878, long after the poet's death. Alexander Pushkin also began a long poem on Ahasuerus (1826) but later abandoned the project, completing under thirty lines.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Wandering Jew makes a notable appearance in the gothic masterpiece of the Polish writer Jan Potocki, "The Manuscript Found in Saragossa", written about 1797.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Brazilian writer and poet Machado de Assis often used Jewish themes in his writings. One of his short stories, ' ("To Live!"), is a dialog between the Wandering Jew (named as Ahasverus) and Prometheus at the end of time. It was published in 1896 as part of the book ' ("Several stories").


title: Wandering Jew

text: Castro Alves, another Brazilian poet, wrote a poem named "" ("Ahasverus and the genie"), in a reference to the Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Spanish military writer José Gómez de Arteche's novel "Un soldado español de veinte siglos" ("A Spanish soldier of twenty centuries") (1874–1886) depicts the Wandering Jew as serving in the Spanish military of different periods.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Mexican writer Mariano Azuela's 1920 novel set during the Mexican Revolution, "The Underdogs" (Spanish: "Los de abajo"), the character Venancio, a semi-educated barber, entertains the band of revolutionaries by recounting episodes from "The Wandering Jew", one of two books he had read.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Argentina, the topic of the Wandering Jew has appeared several times in the work of Enrique Anderson Imbert, particularly in his short-story " (The Grimoire), included in the eponymous book.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Chapter XXXVII, ", in the collection of short stories, "Misteriosa Buenos Aires", by the Argentine writer Manuel Mujica Láinez also centres round the wandering of the Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges named the main character and narrator of his short story "The Immortal" Joseph Cartaphilus (in the story he was a Roman military tribune who gained immortality after drinking from a magical river and dies in the 1920s).


title: Wandering Jew

text: In "Green Mansions", W.H. Hudson's protagonist Abel, references Ahasuerus, as an archetype of someone, like himself, who prays for redemption and peace; while condemned to walk the earth.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1967, the Wandering Jew appears as an unexplained magical realist townfolk legend in Gabriel García Márquez's "One Hundred Years of Solitude".


title: Wandering Jew

text: A Colombian writer, Prospero Morales Pradilla, in his novel "" ("The sins of Ines de Hinojosa") describes the famous Wandering Jew of Tunja that has been there since the 16th century. He talks about the wooden statue of the Wandering Jew that is in Santo Domingo church and every year during the holy week is carried around on the shoulders of the Easter penitents around the city. The main feature of the statue are his eyes; they can express the hatred and anger in front of Jesus carrying the cross.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In 1970, Polish-Brazilian writer Samuel Rawet published ", a short-story in which the main character, Ahasverus, or The Wandering Jew, is capable of transforming into various other figures.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Simone de Beauvoir: in her novel " (1946, "All Men are Mortal"), the leading figure Raymond Fosca undergoes a fate similar to the wandering Jew, who is being explicitly mentioned as a reference.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The German writer Stefan Heym in his novel "" (translated into English as "The Wandering Jew") maps a story of Ahasuerus and Lucifer ranging between ancient times, the Germany of Luther and socialist East Germany. In Heym's depiction, the Wandering Jew is a highly sympathetic character.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Mihai Eminescu, an influential Romanian writer, depicts in his romantic fantastic novella "" a variation. A student follows a surreal journey through the book of Zoroaster, a book seeming to give him God-like abilities. The book is given to him by Ruben, his Jewish master who is a philosopher. Dan is eventually tricked by Ruben and is sentenced by God to a life of insanity, which he can escape only by resurrection.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Similarly, Mircea Eliade presents in his novel "Dayan" (1979) a student's mystic and fantastic journey through time and space under the guidance of the Wandering Jew, in the search of a higher truth and of his own self.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Soviet satirists Ilya Ilf and Yevgeni Petrov had their hero Ostap Bender tell the story of the Wandering Jew's death at the hands of Ukrainian nationalists in "The Little Golden Calf". In Vsevolod Ivanov's story "Ahasver" a weird man comes to a Soviet writer in Moscow in 1944, introduces himself as "Ahasver the cosmopolite" and claims he is Paul von Eitzen, a theologian from Hamburg, who concocted the legend of Wandering Jew in the 16th century to become rich and famous but then turned himself into a real Ahasver against his will. The novel "Overburdened with Evil" (1988) by Arkady and Boris Strugatsky involves a character in modern setting who turns out to be Ahasuerus, identified at the same time in a subplot with John the Divine. In the novel "Going to the Light" ("", 1998) by Sergey Golosovsky, Ahasuerus turns out to be Apostle Paul, punished (together with Moses and Mohammed) for inventing false religion.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The 1979 Korean novel “Son of Man” by Yi Mun-yol (introduced and translated into English by Brother Anthony, 2015), is framed within a detective story. It describes the character of Ahasuerus as a defender of humanity against unreasonable laws of the Jewish god, Yahweh. This leads to his confrontations with Jesus and withholding of aid to Jesus on the way to Calvary. The unpublished manuscript of the novel was written by a disillusioned theology student, Min Yoseop, who has been murdered. The text of the manuscript provides clues to solving the murder. There are strong parallels between Min Yoseop and Ahasuerus, both of whom are consumed by their philosophical ideals.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Pär Lagerkvist's 1956 novel "The Sibyl", Ahasuerus and a woman who was once the Delphic Sibyl each tell their stories, describing how an interaction with the divine damaged their lives. Lagerkvist continued the story of Ahasuerus in "" ("The Death of Ahasuerus", 1960).


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Ukrainian legends, there is a character of Marko Pekelnyi (Marko of Hell, Marko the Infernal) or Marko the Accursed. This character is based on the archetype of Wandering Jew. The origin of Marko's image is also rooted in the legend of the traitor Mark, who struck Christ with an iron glove before his death on the cross, for which the Lord was punished by eternally walking underground around a pillar, not stopping even for a minute; he bangs his head against a pillar from time to time, disturbs even hell and its master with these sounds and complains that he cannot die. Another explanation for Mark's curse is that he fell in love with his own sister, then killed her along with his mother, for which he was punished by God


title: Wandering Jew

text: Ukrainian authors Oleksa Storozhenko, Lina Kostenko, Ivan Malkovych and others have written prose and poetry about Marko the Infernal. Also, Les Kurbas Theatre made a stage performance "Marko the Infernal, or the Easter Legend" based on the poetry of Vasyl Stus


title: Wandering Jew

text: Bernard Capes' story "The Accursed Cordonnier" (1900) depicts the Wandering Jew as a figure of menace.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Evelyn Waugh's "Helena", the Wandering Jew appears in a dream to the protagonist and shows her where to look for the Cross, the goal of her quest.


title: Wandering Jew

text: J. G. Ballard's short story "The Lost Leonardo", published in "The Terminal Beach" (1964), centres on a search for the Wandering Jew. The horror novel "Devil Daddy" (1972) by John Blackburn features the Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Wandering Jew appears as a sympathetic character in Diana Wynne Jones's young adult novel "The Homeward Bounders". His fate is tied in with larger plot themes regarding destiny, disobedience, and punishment.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In O. Henry's story "The Door of Unrest", a drunk shoemaker Mike O'Bader comes to a local newspaper editor and claims to be the Jerusalem shoemaker Michob Ader who did not let Christ rest upon his doorstep on the way to crucifixion and was condemned to live until the Second Coming. However, Mike O'Bader insists he is a Gentile, not a Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: An unidentified Jewish Wanderer appears in "A Canticle for Leibowitz", a post-apocalyptic science fiction novel by Walter M. Miller, Jr. first published in 1960; some children are heard saying of the old man, "What Jesus raises up STAYS raised up", implying that he is St. Lazarus of Bethany, whom Christ raised from the dead. Another possibility hinted at in the novel is that this character is also Isaac Edward Leibowitz, founder of the Albertian Order of St. Leibowitz (and who was martyred for trying to preserve books from burning by a savage mob). The character speaks and writes in Hebrew and English, and wanders around the desert, though he has a tent on a mesa overlooking the abbey founded by Leibowitz, which is the setting for almost all the novel's action. The character appears again in three subsequent novellas which take place hundreds of years apart, and in Miller's 1997 follow-up novel, "Saint Leibowitz and the Wild Horse Woman".


title: Wandering Jew

text: Ahasuerus must remain on Earth after space travel is developed in Lester del Rey's "Earthbound" (1963). The Wandering Jew also appears in Mary Elizabeth Counselman's story "A Handful of Silver" (1967). Barry Sadler has written a series of books featuring a character called Casca Rufio Longinus who is a combination of two characters from Christian folklore, Saint Longinus and the Wandering Jew. Jack L. Chalker wrote a five-book series called "The Well World Saga" in which it is mentioned many times that the creator of the universe, a man named Nathan Brazil, is known as the Wandering Jew. The 10th issue of DC Comics' "Secret Origins" (January 1987) gave The Phantom Stranger four possible origins. In one of these explanations, the Stranger confirms to a priest that he is the Wandering Jew. Angela Hunt's novel "The Immortal" (2000) features the Wandering Jew under the name of Asher Genzano.


title: Wandering Jew

text: George Sylvester Viereck and Paul Eldridge wrote a trilogy of novels "My First Two Thousand Years: an Autobiography of the Wandering Jew" (1928), in which Isaac Laquedem is a Roman soldier who, after being told by Jesus that he will "tarry until I return", goes on to influence many of the great events of history. He frequently encounters Solome (described as "The Wandering Jewess"), and travels with a companion, to whom he has passed on his immortality via a blood transfusion (another attempt to do this for a woman he loved ended in her death).


title: Wandering Jew

text: "Ahasver", a cult leader identified with the Wandering Jew, is a central figure in Anthony Boucher's classic mystery novel "Nine Times Nine" (originally published 1940 under the name H. Holmes). The Wandering Jew encounters a returned Christ in Deborah Grabien's 1990 novel "Plainsong".


title: Wandering Jew

text: In "Ilium" by Dan Simmons (2003), a woman who is addressed as the Wandering Jew plays a central role, though her real name is Savi.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The Wandering Jew is revealed to be Judas Iscariot in George R.R. Martin's distant-future science fiction parable of Christianity, the 1979 short story "The Way of Cross and Dragon".


title: Wandering Jew

text: "The Wandering Jew" is the title of a short poem by Edwin Arlington Robinson which appears in his book "The Three Taverns". In the poem, the speaker encounters a mysterious figure with eyes that "remembered everything". He recognizes him from "his image when I was a child" and finds him to be bitter, with "a ringing wealth of old anathemas"; a man for whom the "world around him was a gift of anguish". The speaker does not know what became of him, but believes that "somewhere among men to-day / Those old, unyielding eyes may flash / And flinch—and look the other way."


title: Wandering Jew

text: Although he does not appear in Robert A. Heinlein's novel "Time Enough for Love" [1973], the central character, Lazarus Long, claims to have encountered the Wandering Jew at least once, possibly multiple times, over the course of his long life. According to Lazarus, he was then using the name Sandy Macdougal and was operating as a con man. He is described as having red hair and being, in Lazarus' words, a "crashing bore".


title: Wandering Jew

text: Written by Isaac Asimov in October 1956, the short story "Does a Bee Care?" features a highly influential character named Kane who is stated to have spawned the legends of the Walking Jew and the Flying Dutchman in his thousands of years maturing on Earth, guiding humanity toward the creation of technology which would allow it to return to its far-distant home in another solar system. The story originally appeared in the June 1957 edition of "If: Worlds of Science Fiction" magazine and is collected in the anthology "Buy Jupiter and Other Stories" (Isaac Asimov, Doubleday Science Fiction, 1975).


title: Wandering Jew

text: Brazilian writer Glauco Ortolano in his 2000 novel "Domingos Vera Cruz: Memorias de um Antropofago Lisboense no Brasil" uses the theme of the Wandering Jew for its main character, Domingos Vera Cruz, who flees to Brazil in one of the first Portuguese expeditions to the New World after murdering his wife's lover in Portugal. In order to avoid eternal damnation, he must fully repent of his crime. The book of memoirs Domingos dictates in the 21st century to an anonymous transcriber narrates his own saga throughout 500 years of Brazilian history. At the end, Domingos indicates he is finally giving in as he senses the arrival of the Son of Man.


title: Wandering Jew

text: English writer Stephen Gallagher uses the Wandering Jew as a theme in his 2007 novel "The Kingdom of Bones." The Wandering Jew is a character, a theater manager and actor, who turned away from God and toward depravity in exchange for long life and prosperity. He must find another person to take on the persona of the wanderer before his life ends or risk eternal damnation. He eventually does find a substitute in his protégé, Louise. The novel revolves around another character's quest to find her and save her from her assumed damnation.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Sarah Perry's 2018 novel "Melmoth" is part-inspired by the Wandering Jew, and makes several references to the legend in discussing the origin of its titular character.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Uzbek writer Isajon Sulton published his novel "The Wandering Jew" in 2011. In this novel, the Jew does not characterize a symbol of curse; however, they appear as a human being, who is aware of God's presence, after being cursed by Him. Moreover, the novel captures the fortune of present-day wandering Jews, created by humans using high technologies.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Local history and legends have made reference to "The Wandering Jew" having haunted an abandoned water-mill on the edge of Dunleer town.


title: Wandering Jew

text: 19th-century works depicting the legendary figure as the Wandering (or Eternal) Jew or as Ahasuerus (Ahasver) include:


title: Wandering Jew

text: In another artwork, exhibited at Basel in 1901, the legendary figure with the name "Der ewige Jude", "The Eternal Jew", was shown redemptively bringing the Torah back to the Promised Land.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Among the paintings of Marc Chagall having a connection with the legend, one of 1923–1925 has the explicit title "Le Juif Errant" (1923–1925).


title: Wandering Jew

text: In his painting "The Wandering Jew" (1983) Michael Sgan-Cohen depicts a birdlike figure standing with a black hand pointed to the back of its head, as if it were holding a gun; another hand points down from heaven is using the motif of the Hand of God and suggesting the divine origin of the curse. The birdlike figure depicted is wearing a "Judenhut". The empty chair in the foreground of the painting is a symbol of how the figure cannot settle down and is forced to keep wandering.


title: Wandering Jew

text: By the beginning of the eighteenth century, the figure of the "Wandering Jew" as a legendary individual had begun to be identified with the fate of the Jewish people as a whole. After the ascendancy of Napoleon Bonaparte at the end of the century and the emancipating reforms in European countries connected with the policy of Napoleon and the Jews, the "Eternal Jew" became an increasingly "symbolic... and universal character" as the continuing struggle for Jewish emancipation in Prussia and elsewhere in Europe in the course of the nineteenth century gave rise to what came to be referred to as "the Jewish Question".


title: Wandering Jew

text: Before Kaulbach's mural replica of his painting "Titus destroying Jerusalem" had been commissioned by the King of Prussia in 1842 for the projected Neues Museum, Berlin, Gabriel Riesser's essay "Stellung der Bekenner des mosaischen Glaubens in Deutschland" ("On the Position of Confessors of the Mosaic Faith in Germany") had been published in 1831 and the journal "Der Jude, periodische Blätter für Religions und Gewissensfreiheit" ("The Jew, Periodical for Freedom of Religion and Thought") had been founded in 1832. In 1840 Kaulbach himself had published a booklet of Explanations identifying the main figures for his projected painting, including that of the Eternal Jew in flight as an outcast for having rejected Christ. In 1843 Bruno Bauer's book "The Jewish Question" was published, to which Karl Marx responded by an article with the title "On the Jewish Question".


title: Wandering Jew

text: A caricature which had first appeared in a French publication in 1852, depicting the legendary figure with "a red cross on his forehead, spindly legs and arms, huge nose and blowing hair, and staff in hand", was co-opted by anti-Semites. It was shown at the Nazi exhibition "Der ewige Jude" in Germany and Austria in 1937–1938. A reproduction of it was exhibited at Yad Vashem in 2007 (shown here).


title: Wandering Jew

text: The exhibition had been held at the Library of the German Museum in Munich from 8 November 1937 to 31 January 1938 showing works that the Nazis considered to be "degenerate art". A book containing images of these works was published under the title "The Eternal Jew". It had been preceded by other such exhibitions in Mannheim, Karlsruhe, Dresden, Berlin and Vienna. The works of art displayed at these exhibitions were generally executed by avant-garde artists who had become recognized and esteemed in the 1920s, but the objective of the exhibitions was not to present the works as worthy of admiration but to deride and condemn them.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Fromental Halévy's opera "Le Juif errant", based on the novel by Sue, was premiered at the Paris Opera (Salle Le Peletier) on 23 April 1852, and had 48 further performances over two seasons. The music was sufficiently popular to generate a "Wandering Jew Mazurka", a "Wandering Jew Waltz", and a "Wandering Jew Polka".


title: Wandering Jew

text: A Hebrew-language play titled "The Eternal Jew" premiered at the Moscow Habimah Theatre in 1919 and was performed at the Habima Theatre in New York in 1926.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Donald Wolfit made his debut as the Wandering Jew in a stage adaptation in London in 1924. The play "Spikenard" (1930) by C. E. Lawrence, has the Jew wander an uninhabited Earth along with Judas and the Impenitent thief. Glen Berger's 2001 play "Underneath the Lintel" is a monologue by a Dutch librarian who delves into the history of a book that is returned 113 years overdue and becomes convinced that the borrower was the Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Arak: Son of Thunder issue 8, the titular character encounters the Wandering Jew. Arak intervenes on behalf of a mysterious Jewish man who is about to be stoned by the people of a village. Later on, that same individual serves as a guide through the Catacombs of Rome as they seek out the lair of the Black Pope, who holds Arak's allies hostage. His name is given as Josephus and he tells Arak that he is condemned to wander the Earth after mocking Christ en route to the crucifixion.


title: Wandering Jew

text: The DC Comics character Phantom Stranger, a mysterious hero with paranormal abilities, was given four possible origins in an issue of "Secret Origins" with one of them identifying him as the Wandering Jew. He now dedicates his time to helping mankind, even declining a later offer from God to release him from his penance.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Deitch's "A Shroud for Waldo" serialized in weekly papers such as "New York Press" and released in book form by Fantagraphics, the hospital attendant who revives Waldo as a hulking demon so he can destroy the AntiChrist, is none other than the Wandering Jew. For carrying out this mission, he is awarded a normal life and, it is implied, marries the woman he just rescued. Waldo, having reverted to cartoon cat form, is also rewarded, finding it in a freight car.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Neil Gaiman's "The Sandman" comic series, the character Hob Gadling represents the archetypal Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Kore Yamazaki's manga "The Ancient Magus' Bride", the character Cartaphilus, also known as Joseph, is a mysterious being that looks like a young boy, but is much older. He is dubbed "The Wandering Jew" and is said to have been cursed with immortality for throwing a rock at the Son of God. It is later revealed that Joseph and Cartaphilus used to be two different people until Joseph fused with Cartaphilus in an attempt to remove his curse, only to become cursed himself.


title: Wandering Jew

text: In Katsuhisa Kigitsu's manga "Franken Fran" chapter 24 titled "Immortality" the main character Fran discovers a man who can't die. Once the man is allowed to write he reveals he is in fact The Wandering Jew.


title: Wandering Jew

text: Various types of plants are called by the common name "wandering Jew", apparently because of these plants' ability to spread over wide territories (see Wandering Jew (disambiguation)#Plants). Recently there have been efforts to change the common name of "Tradescantia" from "wandering Jew" to "wandering dude" to avoid antisemitism.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye (Clinton Francis "Clint" Barton) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Stan Lee and artist Don Heck, the character first appeared as a supervillain in "Tales of Suspense" #57 (September 1964) and later joined the Avengers as a superhero in "The Avengers" #16 (May 1965). He has since been a prominent member of several Avengers teams, founding the West Coast Avengers, briefly marrying and subsequently divorcing Bobbi Morse / Mockingbird, adopting the Ronin alias after his death and resurrection before mentoring Kate Bishop as his successor as Hawkeye. He was also ranked at #44 on IGN's Top 100 Comic Book Heroes list.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Jeremy Renner plays the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "Thor" (2011), "The Avengers" (2012), "" (2015), "" (2016), and "" (2019), the animated series "What If...?" (2021), and the television series "Hawkeye" (2021).


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye was introduced as a reluctant villain in "Tales of Suspense" #57 (Sept. 1964). After two more appearances as a villain in "Tales of Suspense" #60 and #64 (Dec. 1964 and April 1965), Hawkeye joined the ranks of the Avengers in "The Avengers" #16 (May 1965). When asked what inspired his creation of Hawkeye, Heck said the character "was almost like a Robin Hood-type character and I saw him as that."


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye became a perennial member of the team and has made numerous appearances in all five volumes ((vol. 1) (1963–1996), (vol. 2) (1997), (vol. 3) (1999–2004), (vol. 4) (2010–2013), and (vol. 5) (2013–present)), including special issues and "Annual"s, as well as in "The Ultimates". However, Hawkeye's presence in the Avengers—both the team and the series—was sporadic for nearly a decade starting in early 1973. Steve Englehart, the "Avengers" writer at the time of Hawkeye's departure, explained, "When I had Hawkeye quit the Avengers, I liked him, but I wanted to try a different approach, so his leaving fit in with what I was trying to do."


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye featured prominently in the limited series "West Coast Avengers" #1–4 (Sept. 1984–Dec. 1984) as founder and team leader, before appearing in the ongoing title of the same name, which ran for 102 issues (including eight "Annual"s) from Oct. 1985–Jan. 1994. The title was renamed "Avengers West Coast" from #46 (Aug. 1989). Hawkeye also starred concurrently in almost every issue of "Solo Avengers", which ran for 40 issues from Dec. 1987–Jan. 1991 (the title was renamed "Avengers Spotlight" from #21 (Aug. 1989)).


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: From 1998 to 2002, Hawkeye featured significantly as team leader in issues #20–75 and "Annual 2000" of the title "Thunderbolts", written by Kurt Busiek and Fabian Nicieza. He appeared as a supporting character in "Avengers Academy" from issue #21 (Jan. 2012) through its final issue, #39 (Jan. 2013) and as team leader in "Secret Avengers" from issue #22 (Feb. 2012) through its final issue, #37 (Feb. 2013). Hawkeye appeared in vol. 2 (2013) of "Secret Avengers" by Nick Spencer and Luke Ross. Hawkeye appeared as a regular character in the 2010-2013 "Secret Avengers" series, from issue #21.1 (March 2012) through its final issue, #37 (March 2013).


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye featured in the Marvel crossover event "House of M" (2005). He later appeared (as Ronin) in the "New Avengers" series from issues #26–64 (2007–2010) plus "The New Avengers" Annuals #2 (2008) and #3 (2010). Continuing as Ronin, the character played an important part in the crossover event "Secret Invasion" #1–8 (2008). The company-wide crossover event "Dark Reign" saw Hawkeye feature prominently in "New Avengers: The Reunion" #1–4 (2009) and "Dark Reign: The List - New Avengers" #1 (2009). He later went on to feature in the "Siege" #1–4 (2010) crossover event.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye has appeared in numerous solo adventures over the years. He appeared in "Hawkeye" #1–4 (1983), written by Mark Gruenwald (which was the character's first encounter with Mockingbird and the villain Crossfire). Hawkeye then appeared in "Hawkeye" (vol. 2) #1–4 (1994) and "Hawkeye: Earth's Mightiest Marksman" #1 (1998). In 2003, Hawkeye had a short-lived ongoing series, "Hawkeye" (vol. 3) #1–8, which was soon cancelled. Writer Jim McCann and artist David Lopez had another unsuccessful attempt at an ongoing series with "Hawkeye & Mockingbird" #1–6 (2010). The series did, however, turn into two limited series, beginning with "Widowmaker" #1–4 (2010–2011) and then "" #1–4 (2011).


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: A fourth volume of "Hawkeye" began in August 2012 by the creative team of writer Matt Fraction and artist David Aja, which features a partnership with his protege, Kate Bishop, which was met with critical acclaim. As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel relaunch, a new series entitled "All-New Hawkeye" began in March 2015, written by Jeff Lemire with art by Ramon Perez, which only lasted 5 issues, then a second volume which continued the previous story ended after 6 issues.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Over the years, Hawkeye has made guest appearances in numerous Marvel titles, the most notable being "Daredevil" #99 (1973), "Incredible Hulk" vol. 2 #166 (1973), "Marvel Team-Up" #22 (1974), "Ghost Rider" #27 (1977), "Marvel Team-Up" #92 (1980), "Marvel Fanfare" #3 (1982), "Captain America" #317 (1986), "Contest of Champions II" #3-5 (1999), "" #3 (2008), "War Machine" vol. 2 #8-10 (2009), "Young Avengers Presents" #6 (2008) and "" #3-6 (2009–2010).


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Post-"Civil War II", Hawkeye starred in a new solo series called "Occupy Avengers" written by David Walker and penciled by Carlos Pacheco. Kate Bishop starred in the fifth volume of "Hawkeye". However, the book was cancelled with its 16th and final issue in early 2018.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Clint Barton was born in Waverly, Iowa. At a young age he lost both of his parents in a car crash. After six years in an orphanage, Clint and his brother Barney Barton ran away to join the Carson Carnival of Traveling Wonders. Clint soon caught the eye of the Swordsman, who took the young boy on as his assistant. Along with the help of Trick Shot, the Swordsman trained Clint to become a master archer. Clint later found the Swordsman embezzling money from the carnival. Before he could turn his mentor over to the authorities, Clint was beaten and left for dead, allowing the Swordsman to escape town. Clint's relationship with his brother Barney and Trick Shot soon deteriorated as well.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Clint adapted his archery skills to become a star carnival attraction, a master archer called "Hawkeye", otherwise known as "The World's Greatest Marksman". He spent some time as a member of Tiboldt's Circus, before joining the Coney Island Circus. He witnessed Iron Man in action and was inspired to become a costumed hero. However, after a misunderstanding on his first outing, Hawkeye was accused of theft and believed to be a criminal. On the run, the naive Hawkeye met Black Widow, a spy for the Soviet Union, with whom he fell in love. Mindlessly following Black Widow, Hawkeye aided her attempts to steal technology developed by Tony Stark (Iron Man). In one of their battles with Iron Man, Black Widow was seriously injured. Hawkeye rescued her and fled the battle to save her life. But before Hawkeye could take her to a hospital, Black Widow disappeared. Hawkeye decided to be a "straight-shooter" from then on.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye later rescues Edwin Jarvis and his mother from a mugger. In gratitude, Jarvis invites Hawkeye to Avengers Mansion and stages a confrontation to allow the archer to clear his name and gain the trust of the Avengers. Hawkeye is then sponsored by his former enemy Iron Man, who sees that he is serious about becoming a hero. Led by Captain America, Hawkeye joins the team along with Quicksilver and the Scarlet Witch to form the second incarnation of the Avengers. Almost straight away, Hawkeye clashes with his fellow Avengers. His romantic intentions towards the Scarlet Witch are met with hostility from her brother, Quicksilver. Hawkeye rebels against Captain America's leadership (due to his past problems with authority figures), but over time comes to respect him as a mentor and a friend. When the Swordsman attempted to join the Avengers, Hawkeye warned them of his previous history with the villain.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye enjoys many adventures with the Avengers and proves himself a hero on numerous occasions. However, when his bow breaks during a crucial moment in a battle, Clint decides to adopt the Goliath costume and identity, succeeding Hank Pym. Barton (as Goliath) was later approached by his brother Barney Barton who was now a big-time racketeer. Barney had learned of Egghead's plans to construct an orbiting laser death-ray to extort money from the United States and came to the Avengers for help. The Avengers confronted Egghead's allies, the Mad Thinker and the Puppet Master. Tragically, Barney died in the ensuing battle; It was later revealed that Barney Barton was actually an undercover FBI agent. Soon after this encounter, Egghead hires the Swordsman to capture Goliath (thinking him to be Pym instead of Clint). Clint defeats and captures both criminals, finding justice for his brother at last. At the conclusion of the Kree-Skrull War Clint resumes the identity of Hawkeye with a new costume. After several adventures, Hawkeye quits the Avengers after a bitter rift with the Vision over the affections of the Scarlet Witch. Barton returns to his original Hawkeye costume and strikes out on his own.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: For a time, Hawkeye drifts from one adventure to the next. He attempts to return to the Black Widow and briefly battles her current love, Daredevil. Hawkeye later assists the Hulk against the monster Zzzax. He then follows the Hulk back to the mansion of Doctor Strange, where after a skirmish, Hawkeye joins the "non-team" the Defenders for a short period. He returns briefly to the Avengers to attend the wedding of the Vision and the Scarlet Witch. Together with the Two-Gun Kid and Ghost Rider, Hawkeye defeats the monster the Manticore.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye returns to the Avengers when the current members of the team begin to mysteriously disappear. The remaining Avengers discover it to be the work of the Collector of the Elders of the Universe. After his teammates were all defeated, Hawkeye single-handedly defeats the Collector, and joins the team for the final battle against Korvac. Afterwards, Hawkeye's victory is dashed when the Avengers' new government liaison Henry Peter Gyrich, limits the roster and replaces him with the Falcon, in an attempt to make the team more "politically acceptable". After initially failing to find work in his civilian identity, Hawkeye gains employment with Cross Technological Enterprises as the Head of Security. He defends the company against the Shi'ar villain Deathbird, Mister Fear, and sabotages a plot by C.T.E. employee Ambrose Connors. Hawkeye then returns to Avengers mansion several months later for a brief visit "induced" by the heroine Moondragon before rejoining for a sustained period. Hawkeye returns to Carson Carnival of Travelling Wonders to aid Marcella Carson, the owner's daughter, against the Taskmaster. He defeats the villain with the help of Ant-Man. Later, Hawkeye inadvertently avenges the death of his brother. The villain Egghead, having been exposed for framing Henry Pym, attempts to shoot Pym but Hawkeye jams the barrel of the weapon with an arrow. The weapon is an energy pistol and explodes, killing Egghead instantly.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Returning to work for Cross Technological Enterprises as Head of Security, Hawkeye meets the former S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Barbara "Bobbi" Morse, also known as the hero Mockingbird. Together, they discover that Crossfire, cousin of the company's original owner, was hatching a plot to destroy the superhero community via an aggression-inducing sonic weapon. Hawkeye and Mockingbird manage to defeat him (although Hawkeye is rendered 80% deaf when he uses a sonic arrow to counter Crossfire's weapon) and the two heroes get married shortly afterwards. At the direction of then-Avengers chair the Vision, Hawkeye (now using a hearing aid) and Mockingbird travel to Los Angeles to establish a west coast branch of the Avengers, known as the West Coast Avengers. While searching for a base of operations, Hawkeye and Mockingbird battle a vengeful Crossfire, who had recently broken out of prison. They manage to defeat the supervillain, aided by former actress Moira Brandon, who later allows her mansion to become the new Avengers Compound. On one of the West Coast Avengers adventures, when the team was lost in time, Mockingbird was kidnapped by an Old Western hero called Lincoln Slade, the Phantom Rider. The Phantom Rider drugs Mockingbird, convinces her that they are in love, and forces her to engage in a sexual relationship. Mockingbird soon regains her senses. In the resulting battle between the two, Mockingbird allows the Phantom Rider to fall to his death. Afterwards, when Mockingbird confesses what she did, Hawkeye is stunned that his wife would allow a man to die instead of facing justice. Their relationship becomes frayed as Mockingbird leaves the West Coast Avengers and separates from Hawkeye.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye is challenged to a duel to the death by his former mentor Trick Shot. Hawkeye reluctantly accepts the challenge and wins. Trick Shot reveals that he is dying of cancer and wants to die honorably in battle. Hawkeye, instead of granting his former mentor's wish, promises to fund his medical care. Later, when Crossfire places a bounty on Hawkeye's right arm, Trick Shot (whose cancer had gone into remission) returns to aid his former pupil. Along with Mockingbird, the two archers defeat an army of supervillains looking to lay claim to the bounty. After this altercation with Crossfire, Hawkeye tells Mockingbird that he was wrong to blame her for what happened with the Phantom Rider. The pair soon reconcile. After being shot while confronting criminals, Hawkeye adopts an armoured version of his costume to battle the gangs of Los Angeles.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: The West Coast Avengers are then caught in the middle of a supernatural battle between Mephisto and Satannish. The team are able to defeat the two demons and force them back to their own realms. However, Mephisto retaliates by firing energy blasts at the escaping West Coast Avengers. Mockingbird sacrifices herself to save Hawkeye and dies in her husband's arms. Embittered by Mockingbird's death, Hawkeye leaves the team, which is disbanded almost immediately afterwards. Hawkeye isolates himself in the Canadian Rockies to separate himself from the world. He is soon forced to battle the Secret Empire. He manages to defeat Viper, the leader of the Secret Empire, and her hired supervillains, Javelynn and his old mentor Trick Shot.


title: Hawkeye (Clint Barton)

text: Hawkeye returns to the Avengers just prior to the battle with the entity Onslaught, in which the Avengers (including Hawkeye) are apparently killed. Franklin Richards, however, transported them all to a pocket universe where the heroes led altered lives. The heroes eventually learned the truth and they were returned to their own universe. Hawkeye's hearing was fully restored because, when Franklin Richards recreated the heroes in the new universe, he based them on how he remembered them.