title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Before being switched to become the co-developers of "", Sledgehammer Games was already working on a "Call of Duty" game called "Call of Duty: Fog of War". "Fog of War" was announced before "Modern Warfare 3" and after "Black Ops". It was to be set during the events of the Vietnam War and was said to be an action-adventure third-person shooter video game. A "Call of Duty" massively multiplayer online game was also in development. Activision Publishing CEO Eric Hirshberg later stated that "Modern Warfare 3" was not the same title as Sledgehammer Games' action-adventure "Call of Duty" game. When asked if the action-adventure game was also in development, Hirshberg then stated that the Sledgehammer team was fully focused on "Modern Warfare 3" and that their own title had been put on hold.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Director Michael Condrey said that the majority of the engine has been built from scratch. He stated that although there are lines of the old code left, there are new rendering, animation, physics and audio systems. With the improved engine, the audio has been built from the ground up. According to Don Veca, who worked on "Advanced Warfare", the audio in the game is very advanced which gives the game a genuine and great feel. Saying that audio doesn't come last as it did in previous titles, Glen Schofield says "We make sure that audio is just as important as anything else and Don's in there from the start with us."


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Another objective that Sledgehammer accomplished with "Advanced Warfare" were the animations. The facial animating system and set is the same as James Cameron's upcoming "". According to Activision, the new three-year "Call of Duty" development cycle meant that "Advanced Warfare" developer Sledgehammer Games was able to create a 'near photorealistic' world unlike any "Call of Duty" before. Michael Condrey confirmed in a tweet that "Advanced Warfare" would be featuring female soldiers in multiplayer, as well.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: On June 6, 2014, in an issue of "MCVOnline Magazine", it was confirmed that High Moon Studios, the team behind the "Deadpool" video game and "Transformers" games, was working on the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 versions of "Advanced Warfare", while Sledgehammer Games was focusing on the PlayStation 4, Windows and Xbox One versions of the title. Activision also confirmed that the game would not be released on the Wii U, making "Advanced Warfare" the first main "Call of Duty" game to not see a release on a Nintendo platform since "" in 2009.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Harry Gregson-Williams, who composed the main title theme for "", returned for "Advanced Warfare" while audiomachine composed the overall score of the game.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: "Advanced Warfare" was released one day earlier to customers who purchased the "Day Zero Edition". This version featured double XP for the first day and two exclusive guns, as well as access to exclusive weapons and an Exo Skeleton suit.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: A 1-terabyte Xbox One console bundle with a Sentinel Task Force-inspired hardware design, and a digital copy of the "Day Zero Edition", was also released by Microsoft as a tie-in.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: In May 2014, the official "Call of Duty" website was updated with a scrambled image that was due to be revealed on May 4, 2014, but the trailer was leaked ahead of schedule on May 1 and then officially released soon after. The trailer revealed actor Kevin Spacey as portraying a character in the game who resents democracy. The trailer contained a variety of futuristic technologies, including cloaking aircraft, twin-rotor drones, hover bikes, "spider" tanks, specialized weapons, powered exoskeletons, threat-detection grenades and gloves that allow their wearer to climb up walls.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: On June 9, 2014, E3 2014 was opened with a new gameplay trailer for "Advanced Warfare" that showcased features such as swarms of drones resembling birds and infrared enemy identifiers. During the presentation, Xbox head Phil Spencer said that downloadable content for "Advanced Warfare" will be released first on Xbox Live in the same fashion as the previous games in the series.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: On July 29, 2014, Sledgehammer Games released a trailer showing a more in depth look into the main back story of the campaign side of the game. Within the last five seconds of the trailer a brief view of the multiplayer was shown, the first time multiplayer had been shown. Within it "score streaks" were visible which are returning from "Black Ops II". Also shown was the new HUD which usually changes from each title. The trailer also stated that there would be a worldwide full multiplayer reveal on August 11, 2014, during Gamescom 2014.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: On October 30, Taylor Kitsch and Emily Ratajkowski co-starred in the live action trailer in advance of the game's November 4 release directed by Peter Berg who previously worked with Kitsch in the films "Battleship" and "Lone Survivor".


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: A pre-order bonus was announced entitled 'Advanced Arsenal' which consists of a Custom Exoskeleton along with an EM1 Quantum & AK-12G weapon usable in multiplayer. An advertisement revealed that the collector's editions will include a bonus multiplayer map, "Atlas Gorge", which is a remake of the map "Pipeline" from ""; an Atlas Digital Content Pack, which includes two bonus weapons, a custom character helmet, a player card, five in-game "supply drops" and a single-player upgrade token. Also included is a season pass, granting players access to four post-release map packs. Additionally, all pre-orders would be upgraded to the "Day Zero Edition", which includes 24 hours early access to the game with double XP, additional weapons and in-game items.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: On November 3, 2014, Activision revealed 4 DLCs for "Advanced Warfare", namely "Havoc", "Ascendance", "Supremacy", and "Reckoning". A new co-op mode, Exo Zombies, was announced on November 27, 2014, and was released alongside the "Havoc" DLC on January 27, 2015, for the Xbox consoles, February 26, 2015, for the PlayStation consoles, and March 3, 2015, for Windows. The "Ascendance" DLC was released on March 31, 2015, for the Xbox consoles and April 30, 2015, for the PlayStation consoles and Windows. The DLC includes 4 new maps, the second Exo Zombies map and a new grappling hook feature playlist. The third DLC of the game, "Supremacy", was released on June 2, 2015, for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One. The DLC includes four new maps and act as a continuation to the Exo Zombies campaign. It was released for PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4 and Windows on July 2, 2015. The last DLC, "Reckoning", was released for the Xbox 360 and Xbox One on August 4, 2015. It was released for the remaining platforms on September 3, 2015. The release of "Reckoning" on these platforms marked the end of the exclusivity deal between Activision and Microsoft.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: "Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare" received "generally favorable reviews", according to review aggregator Metacritic. Josh Harmon from "Electronic Gaming Monthly" gave the game a 9/10. He praised the engaging combat mechanics, coherent story (which he described as "a welcome shift for "Call of Duty""), new mobility options, as well as in-depth specialization and the multiplayer, which he described as "The deepest, most enjoyable and the most skill-based "Call of Duty" multiplayer to date". He also praised the futuristic gadgetry which he described as "a feature that breathes new life into the franchise". However, he criticized the single-mission level design for being similar to the previous installments, as well as a predictable, disappointing plot twist, unimpressive co-operative mode and clumsy vehicle-involved single-player mission.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Brian Albert from IGN gave the game 9.1/10. He praised the iteration of the game set in the mid 21st century, calling it the biggest and most successful departure from what's expected in the "Call of Duty" series since the Modern Warfare trilogy brought the series into the 21st century. Albert gave praise to the campaign, singling out the performances of Troy Baker and Kevin Spacey in their roles as Mitchell and Jonathan Irons respectively, but criticized the campaign's hindrance of its characters' relationships and the exposition dialogue. He praised the creativity of the campaign levels, singling out certain missions that allow freedom to complete objectives. Albert gave praise to the Exo suit, while despite not having full use during the campaign, was a welcome addition for multiplayer which made it more intuitive and fun. He also mentions that the Exo suit allows him to have advantages in multiplayer that weren't possible in earlier "Call of Duty" titles, and mentioning that certain modes like Capture the Flag felt more intense than expected. He also praised the accelerated pace of rewards given to players who level up during multiplayer, citing supply drops of cosmetic items, new weapons and temporary perks like double experience points as examples. Albert also praised the Pick 13 System, an expansion of the Pick 10 System introduced in "", which allowed him more options and flexibility on which weapons, attachments, and score-streaks he wanted in his loadout. He also praised the addition of a firing range in the multiplayer lobby, which allowed him to test the strengths and weaknesses of his loadout.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Daniel Tack from Game Informer gave the game a 9/10, praising the unprecedented amount of fast movement, extensive multiplayer weapon customization, excellent visuals, well-executed single-player, varied multiplayer modes and distinct and interesting single-player levels, but criticizing the predictable plot conclusion and non-impactful weapon upgrades. He summarized the game as "a own special surge forward while maintaining the gunplay that makes the series fantastic."


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: PlayStation Lifestyle handed the game a 9/10 stating "Sledgehammer Games has given players a greater feeling of customization that goes beyond the cosmetic of an emblem and given way to random unlocks and a great number of modifications."


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Ludwig Kietzmann from Joystiq gave the game a 4/5. He praised the strong selection of dense, vertically challenging multiplayer maps, three-dimensional and liberating movement, coherent and fast-paced campaign, smart storytelling, exciting and dynamic gameplay, lifelike characters and movie-like presentation, but criticised the game for being a bit similar to the previous instalments as he stated that ""Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare" just doesn't have the power to break through the expectations of the brand".


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: Miguel Concepcion from GameSpot gave the game an 8/10, praising its content-rich multiplayer, futuristic combat system, entertaining Uplink mode (a new mode introduced in "Advanced Warfare"), but criticising the inconsistent narrative, which he stated that "has prevented the campaign from being fully engaging", as well as shallow difficulty curve, making the co-operative mode "tedious".


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: The game garnered mixed reception from USgamer, awarding it with a 3.5/5 and stating ""Advanced Warfare" executes the formula competently while adding a handful of bells and whistles like mechs, laser cannons, and double jumps; but Sledgehammer Games seems reluctant to really cut loose and push the setting to its fullest potential, making "Advanced Warfare" a solid but ultimately unexciting entry in the series."


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: One particular moment of the game that was singled out by reviewers and players alike was Will Irons' funeral service, where the player is prompted to press a button to approach the coffin; on the PC version, this particular prompt read "Press to Pay Respects." The mechanic was criticized and ridiculed for both being arbitrary and unnecessary, as well as being inappropriate to the tone of the funeral the game otherwise would like to convey. The phrase has since become detached from its source, becoming an Internet meme in its own right, sometimes used unironically: during the tribute stream for the Jacksonville Landing shooting, viewers posted a single letter "F" in the chat.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: It was reported in November 2014 that US retail sales of "Advanced Warfare" were 27% down on 2013's "Call of Duty: Ghosts". Despite the decline, "Advanced Warfare" was still the top-selling game at US retail for 2014.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: The PlayStation 3 version sold 79,586 copies within its first week on sale in Japan, making it the bestselling game of the week in the country. In the same week, the PlayStation 4 version sold 64,060 copies, and the Xbox One version sold 3,370 copies.


title: Call of Duty: Advanced Warfare

text: The game won the award for "Best Graphics - Technology", in IGN's Best of 2014 awards. At the 2014 NAVGTR Awards the game won two awards: "Performance in a Drama, Lead" (Kevin Spacey as "Jonathan Irons") and "Original Dramatic Score, Franchise", and received eight nominations: "Writing in a Drama" (Mark Boal), "Use of Sound(Franchise)", "Graphics(Technical)", "Game(Franchise Action)" (Glen Schofield, Michael Condrey), "Direction in a Game Cinema", "Character Design", "Art Direction(Contemporary)" and "Animation, Technical". It also won the award for "Outstanding Realtime Visuals in a videogame at the 2015 Visual Effects Society Awards. It received nominations at The Game Awards, the 2015 British Academy Games Awards, 2015 DICE Awards, and the 2015 Golden Joystick Awards. It was nominated for the eSports Game of the Year Award at The Game Awards 2015.


title: Charlie Carver

text: Charles Carver Martensen (born July 31, 1988) is an American actor and screenwriter. His best known roles include Porter Scavo on the ABC television series "Desperate Housewives", Ethan on the MTV television series "Teen Wolf", Scott Frost on the first season of the HBO television series "The Leftovers", and as Cowboy in both "The Boys in the Band" on Broadway and the subsequent 2020 film of the same name. His identical twin brother Max Carver has frequently portrayed the twin of his characters.


title: Charlie Carver

text: Carver was born in San Francisco, California, on July 31, 1988. His identical twin brother, Max, was born seven minutes later on August 1. Before he began acting professionally, he was known as Charlie Martensen. His father was a physician, historian, and author Robert Martensen, and his mother, Anne Carver (b. 1952), is a philanthropist and community activist. In 1992, Anne and her new husband Denis Sutro moved the family to Calistoga in Napa Valley. Carver attended high school at St. Paul’s School in Concord, New Hampshire, but left to attend Interlochen Arts Academy in Interlochen, Michigan his sophomore year. He graduated from the University of Southern California in 2012. He also studied acting at the American Conservatory Theater in San Francisco. He came out as gay on Instagram in 2016.


title: Charlie Carver

text: Carver made his acting debut as an eighth-grader when he played fairy trickster Puck in his school's production of Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream".


title: Charlie Carver

text: His screen debut was with his brother in the ABC television series, "Desperate Housewives"; they played Porter and Preston Scavo, sons to Lynette Scavo and Tom Scavo. The brothers also appeared together in season 3 of "Teen Wolf" on MTV as a pair of twin alpha werewolves – Charlie played Ethan Steiner, and Max played Aiden Steiner; Charlie also appeared in Season 6B of the show. They also appeared in the first season of HBO series "The Leftovers".


title: Charlie Carver

text: Carver has guest starred on several shows including "Hawaii Five-0", and "The League". His feature film roles have included "Underdogs", "Bad Asses", and "I Am Michael".


title: Charlie Carver

text: Carver appeared in the ABC miniseries "When We Rise" in 2017. The production traced the history of the LGBTQ rights movement, beginning with the Stonewall riots in 1969. Carver himself came out as gay in 2016. Carver made his Broadway debut as Cowboy in the 2018 revival of Mart Crowley's "The Boys in the Band" and reprised the role in the 2020 film of the same name, alongside fellow openly gay actors Jim Parsons, Zachary Quinto, Matt Bomer, Andrew Rannells, Robin de Jesús, Tuc Watkins and Michael Benjamin Washington.


title: Conditional probability

text: In probability theory, conditional probability is a measure of the probability of an event occurring, given that another event (by assumption, presumption, assertion or evidence) has already occurred. This particular method relies on event B occurring with some sort of relationship with another event A. In this event, the event B can be analyzed by a conditional probability with respect to A. If the event of interest is and the event is known or assumed to have occurred, "the conditional probability of given ", or "the probability of under the condition ", is usually written as or occasionally . This can also be understood as the fraction of probability B that intersects with A: formula_1.


title: Conditional probability

text: For example, the probability that any given person has a cough on any given day may be only 5%. But if we know or assume that the person is sick, then they are much more likely to be coughing. For example, the conditional probability that someone unwell (sick) is coughing might be 75%, in which case we would have that = 5% and = 75 %. Although there is a relationship between and in this example, such a relationship or dependence between and is not necessary, nor do they have to occur simultaneously.


title: Conditional probability

text: While conditional probabilities can provide extremely useful information, limited information is often supplied or at hand. Therefore, it can be useful to reverse or convert a conditional probability using Bayes' theorem: formula_2. Another option is to display conditional probabilities in conditional probability table to illuminate the relationship between events.


title: Conditional probability

text: Given two events and from the sigma-field of a probability space, with the unconditional probability of being greater than zero (i.e., , the conditional probability of given (formula_3) is the probability of "A" occurring if "B" has or is assumed to have happened. "A" is assumed to be the set of all possible outcomes of an experiment or random trial that has a restricted or reduced sample space. The conditional probability can be found by the quotient of the probability of the joint intersection of events and (formula_4)—the probability at which "A" and "B" occur together, although not necessarily occurring at the same time—and the probability of :


title: Conditional probability

text: For a sample space consisting of equal likelihood outcomes, the probability of the event "A" is understood as the fraction of the number of outcomes in "A" to the number of all outcomes in the sample space. Then, this equation is understood as the fraction of the set formula_6 to the set "B". Note that the above equation is a definition, not just a theoretical result. We denote the quantity formula_7 as formula_8 and call it the "conditional probability of given ."


title: Conditional probability

text: Some authors, such as de Finetti, prefer to introduce conditional probability as an axiom of probability:


title: Conditional probability

text: This equation for a conditional probability, although mathematically equivalent, may be intuitively easier to understand. It can be interpreted as "the probability of "B" occurring multiplied by the probability of "A" occurring, provided that "B" has occurred, is equal to the probability of the "A" and "B" occurrences together, although not necessarily occurring at the same time". Additionally, this may be preferred philosophically; under major probability interpretations, such as the subjective theory, conditional probability is considered a primitive entity. Moreover, this "multiplication rule" can be practically useful in computing the probability of formula_6 and introduces a symmetry with the summation axiom for Poincaré Formula:


title: Conditional probability

text: Conditional probability can be defined as the probability of a conditional event formula_14. The Goodman–Nguyen–Van Fraassen conditional event can be defined as:


title: Conditional probability

text: The case of greatest interest is that of a random variable , conditioned on a continuous random variable resulting in a particular outcome . The event formula_20 has probability zero and, as such, cannot be conditioned on.


title: Conditional probability

text: Instead of conditioning on being "exactly" , we could condition on it being closer than distance formula_21 away from . The event formula_22 will generally have nonzero probability and hence, can be conditioned on.


title: Conditional probability

text: For example, if two continuous random variables and have a joint density formula_24, then by L'Hôpital's rule and Leibniz integral rule, upon differentiation with respect to formula_21:


title: Conditional probability

text: The resulting limit is the conditional probability distribution of given and exists when the denominator, the probability density formula_27, is strictly positive.


title: Conditional probability

text: It is tempting to "define" the undefined probability formula_28 using this limit, but this cannot be done in a consistent manner. In particular, it is possible to find random variables and and values , such that the events formula_29 and formula_30 are identical but the resulting limits are not:


title: Conditional probability

text: Let be a discrete random variable and its possible outcomes denoted . For example, if represents the value of a rolled die then is the set formula_32. Let us assume for the sake of presentation that is a discrete random variable, so that each value in has a nonzero probability.


title: Conditional probability

text: For a fixed , we can form the random variable formula_35. It represents an outcome of formula_33 whenever a value of is observed.


title: Conditional probability

text: The conditional probability of given can thus be treated as a random variable with outcomes in the interval formula_37. From the law of total probability, its expected value is equal to the unconditional probability of .


title: Conditional probability

text: formula_41 (degree of belief, degree of experience) that might be different from 100%. Frequentistically, partial conditional probability makes sense, if the conditions are tested in experiment repetitions of appropriate length


title: Conditional probability

text: formula_42-bounded partial conditional probability can be defined as the conditionally expected average occurrence of event


title: Conditional probability

text: is a special case of partial conditional probability, in which the condition events must form a partition:


title: Conditional probability

text: Suppose that somebody secretly rolls two fair six-sided dice, and we wish to compute the probability that the face-up value of the first one is 2, given the information that their sum is no greater than 5.


title: Conditional probability

text: Table 1 shows the sample space of 36 combinations of rolled values of the two dice, each of which occurs with probability 1/36, with the numbers displayed in the red and dark gray cells being "D" + "D".


title: Conditional probability

text: Here, in the earlier notation for the definition of conditional probability, the conditioning event "B" is that "D" + "D" ≤ 5, and the event "A" is "D" = 2. We have formula_51 as seen in the table.


title: Conditional probability

text: In statistical inference, the conditional probability is an update of the probability of an event based on new information. The new information can be incorporated as follows:


title: Conditional probability

text: This approach results in a probability measure that is consistent with the original probability measure and satisfies all the Kolmogorov axioms. This conditional probability measure also could have resulted by assuming that the relative magnitude of the probability of "A" with respect to "X" will be preserved with respect to "B" (cf. a Formal Derivation below).


title: Conditional probability

text: The wording "evidence" or "information" is generally used in the Bayesian interpretation of probability. The conditioning event is interpreted as evidence for the conditioned event. That is, "P"("A") is the probability of "A" before accounting for evidence "E", and "P"("A"|"E") is the probability of "A" after having accounted for evidence "E" or after having updated "P"("A"). This is consistent with the frequentist interpretation, which is the first definition given above.


title: Conditional probability

text: When Morse code is transmitted, there is a certain probability that the "dot" or "dash" that was received is erroneous. This is often taken as interference in the transmission of a message. Therefore, it is important to consider when sending a "dot", for example, the probability that a "dot" was received. This is represented by: formula_55 In Morse code, the ratio of dots to dashes is 3:4 at the point of sending, so the probability of a "dot" and "dash" are formula_56. If it is assumed that the probability that a dot is transmitted as a dash is 1/10, and that the probability that a dash is transmitted as a dot is likewise 1/10, then Bayes's rule can be used to calculate formula_57.


title: Conditional probability

text: Events "A" and "B" are defined to be statistically independent if the probability of the intersection of A and B is equal to the product of the probabilities of A and B:


title: Conditional probability

text: is also equivalent. Although the derived forms may seem more intuitive, they are not the preferred definition as the conditional probabilities may be undefined, and the preferred definition is symmetrical in "A" and "B". Independence does not refer to a disjoint event.


title: Conditional probability

text: It should also be noted that given the independent event pair [A B] and an event C, the pair is defined to be conditionally independent if the product holds true:


title: Conditional probability

text: The concepts of mutually independent events and mutually exclusive events are separate and distinct. The following table contrasts results for the two cases (provided that the probability of the conditioning event is not zero).


title: Conditional probability

text: In fact, mutually exclusive events cannot be statistically independent (unless both of them are impossible), since knowing that one occurs gives information about the other (in particular, that the latter will certainly not occur).


title: Conditional probability

text: In general, it cannot be assumed that "P"("A"|"B") ≈ "P"("B"|"A"). This can be an insidious error, even for those who are highly conversant with statistics. The relationship between "P"("A"|"B") and "P"("B"|"A") is given by Bayes' theorem:


title: Conditional probability

text: That is, P("A"|"B") ≈ P("B"|"A") only if "P"("B")/"P"("A") ≈ 1, or equivalently, "P"("A") ≈ "P"("B").


title: Conditional probability

text: In general, it cannot be assumed that "P"("A") ≈ "P"("A"|"B"). These probabilities are linked through the law of total probability:


title: Conditional probability

text: This fallacy may arise through selection bias. For example, in the context of a medical claim, let "S" be the event that a sequela (chronic disease) "S" occurs as a consequence of circumstance (acute condition) "C". Let "H" be the event that an individual seeks medical help. Suppose that in most cases, "C" does not cause "S" (so that "P"("S") is low). Suppose also that medical attention is only sought if "S" has occurred due to "C". From experience of patients, a doctor may therefore erroneously conclude that "P"("S") is high. The actual probability observed by the doctor is "P"("S"|"H").


title: Conditional probability

text: Not taking prior probability into account partially or completely is called "base rate neglect". The reverse, insufficient adjustment from the prior probability is "conservatism".


title: Conditional probability

text: Formally, "P"("A" | "B") is defined as the probability of "A" according to a new probability function on the sample space, such that outcomes not in "B" have probability 0 and that it is consistent with all original probability measures.


title: Conditional probability

text: Let Ω be a discrete sample space with elementary events {"ω"}, and let "P" be the probability measure with respect to the σ-algebra of Ω. Suppose we are told that the event "B" ⊆ Ω has occurred. A new probability distribution (denoted by the conditional notation) is to be assigned on {"ω"} to reflect this. All events that are not in "B" will have null probability in the new distribution. For events in "B", two conditions must be met: the probability of "B" is one and the relative magnitudes of the probabilities must be preserved. The former is required by the axioms of probability, and the latter stems from the fact that the new probability measure has to be the analog of "P" in which the probability of "B" is one - and every event that is not in "B", therefore, has a null probability. Hence, for some scale factor "α", the new distribution must satisfy:


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The prime minister of Finland (; ) is the leader of the Finnish Government. The prime minister and their cabinet exercise executive authority in the state. The prime minister is formally ranked third in the protocol after the president of Finland and the speaker of the Parliament. Finland's first prime minister, Pehr Evind Svinhufvud (also later the 3rd president of the Finland), was appointed on 27 November 1917, just a few days before the country declared independence from Russia.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The incumbent prime minister is Sanna Marin of the Social Democratic Party. Marin was sworn in on 10 December 2019 and at 34, she became the world's youngest serving state leader and the youngest prime minister in Finland's history.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: In 1918, the Senate of Finland was transformed into the Government of Finland, and the position of vice-chairman of the Economic Division was transformed into that of the prime minister. Kesäranta, located in the westerly Meilahti subdivision of Helsinki, has been the official residence of the prime minister of Finland since 1919.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: Since its independence in 1917, Finland has had 72 cabinets. The longest lasting have been the two cabinets of prime minister Paavo Lipponen (Lipponen I and Lipponen II), both lasting the entire parliamentary term, or 1,464 days.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The prime minister's appointment follows the parliamentary election, which are scheduled to be held once every four years.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: Under the provisions of the Constitution of Finland, the president nominates a prime minister after the parties in the parliament have negotiated the distribution of seats in the new cabinet and the government's programme. The parliament must ratify the nominated prime minister with an absolute majority in a confidence vote without other candidates. If the nominee doesn't receive sufficient support, a new round of negotiations and a second nomination by the President follows. If the second nominee also fails to gain an absolute majority, a third vote is held, in which any member of parliament can nominate a candidate; in this round a plurality is sufficient for election.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The above procedure was first used to elect Anneli Jäätteenmäki to the premiership in 2003. Previously it was assumed that the president would nominate the candidate who, in a third round of voting, would have gained a relative majority, this usually being the leader of the party with the largest seat share in parliament. Before the 2000 constitution was enacted, full formal powers to appoint the prime minister and the rest of the government had been the privilege of the president, who was free to diverge from parliamentary principles, although the ministers appointed had to have the confidence of the parliament.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: Formally, the prime minister nominates the remaining members of the government, who are then, with the consent of Parliament, appointed by the president. In practice, the seats are divided between parties during the negotiations to form the government, so that the prime minister candidate must take into account the opinions of the participating parties and cannot nominate or remove whoever they wish.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The prime minister's salary is €12,173 per month. In addition, the prime minister receives half of the parliamentary salary. The full parliamentary salary is, as of 1 May 2011, at least €6,335 a month, so the Finnish prime minister receives at least €14,842 per month in total. The salary is subject to income tax.


title: Prime Minister of Finland

text: The prime minister is entitled to 30 vacation days during each calendar year. The maintenance, staff and services of "Kesäranta", the official residence, is paid for by the government. The prime minister's benefits do not include free meals or meal allowance.


title: Diomede Islands

text: The Diomede Islands (; ), also known in Russia as Gvozdev Islands (), consist of two rocky, mesa-like islands:


title: Diomede Islands

text: The Diomede Islands are located in the middle of the Bering Strait between mainland Alaska and Siberia. To the north is the Chukchi Sea and to the south is the Bering Sea. Fairway Rock, to the southeast, is also Alaskan, but generally not seen as part of the Diomede Islands. If marginal seas are considered, then they are the northernmost islands within the entire Pacific Ocean. Because they are separated by the International Date Line, Big Diomede is almost a day ahead of Little Diomede, but not completely; due to locally defined time zones, Big Diomede is only 21 hours ahead of Little Diomede (20 in summer). Because of this, the islands are sometimes called Tomorrow Island (Big Diomede) and Yesterday Island (Little Diomede).


title: Diomede Islands

text: The islands are named for the Greek Saint Diomedes; Danish navigator Vitus Bering sighted the Diomede Islands on 16 August (O.S., 27 August N.S.) 1728, the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the saint.


title: Diomede Islands

text: The islands are separated by an international border, which also defines the International Date Line in that area, about from each island, at 168°58'37"W. At their closest points, the two islands are about apart. The small habitation on Little Diomede Island is centered on the west side of the island at the village of Diomede.


title: Diomede Islands

text: The Diomede Islands are often mentioned as likely intermediate stops for the hypothetical bridge or tunnel (Bering Strait crossing) spanning the Bering Strait.


title: Diomede Islands

text: During winter, an ice bridge usually spans the distance between these two islands; therefore during such times it is theoretically possible (although not legal, since travel between the two islands is forbidden) to walk between the United States and Russia.


title: Diomede Islands

text: The first European to reach the Bering Strait was the Russian explorer Semyon Dezhnev in 1648. He reported two islands whose natives had bone lip ornaments, but it is not certain that these were the Diomedes. Danish navigator Vitus Bering re-discovered the Diomede Islands while leading a Russian expedition on 16 August (O.S., 26 August N.S.) 1728, the day when the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of the martyr St. Diomede (hence, the name of the islands). In 1732, a Russian geodesist, Mikhail Gvozdev, determined longitude and latitude for the two islands.


title: Diomede Islands

text: The text of the 1867 treaty between the United States and Russia which finalized the Alaska Purchase uses the islands to designate the boundary between the two nations: the border separates "equidistantly Krusenstern Island, or Ignaluk, from Ratmanov Island, or Nunarbuk, and heads northward infinitely until it disappears completely in the Arctic Ocean."


title: Diomede Islands

text: During the Cold War, that gap constituted the border between the United States and the Soviet Union, and became known as the "Ice Curtain". In 1987, however, Lynne Cox swam from one island to the other, and was congratulated by both Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan for her feat.


title: Diomede Islands

text: In summer 1995, British television actor and documentary presenter Michael Palin started his counterclockwise circumnavigation of the Pacific Rim, encompassing 18 countries, on Little Diomede Island, as part of the BBC series "Full Circle". He intended to set foot on it again at the end of his eight-month trek, but was unable to do so because of rough seas.


title: Diomede Islands

text: Big Diomede Island was traditionally the easternmost landmass before the International Date Line, and the first landmass to ring in a new year, if using local solar time. When using official time, however, a large area in eastern Russia and New Zealand also share the same time zone. New Zealand also has daylight saving time in effect during late December, but Russia does not (see time in New Zealand and time in Russia). This became moot in 1995, however, when the International Date Line was moved to the east of Kiribati and that country's easternmost time zone () is now the world's earliest.


title: Diomede Islands

text: After they established a military base there in 1948, the Soviet government relocated the indigenous population of Big Diomede Island to mainland Russia. The island is now inhabited only by military units. Little Diomede had an Inupiat population of 170, which had declined to 115 at the 2010 census, entirely in the village site on the west side of the island, though the island as a whole comprises the city of Diomede. This village has a school, a post office and a store. Some residents are famous for their ivory carving. When weather permits, commercial air contact is maintained with the island as part of the US Essential Air Service.


title: Mockumentary

text: A mockumentary (a blend of "mock" and "documentary"), fake documentary or docu-comedy is a type of film or television show depicting fictional events but presented as a documentary.


title: Mockumentary

text: These productions are often used to analyze or comment on current events and issues by using a fictional setting, or to parody the documentary form itself. While mockumentaries are usually comedic, pseudo-documentaries are their dramatic equivalents. However, pseudo-documentary should not be confused with docudrama, a fictional genre in which dramatic techniques are combined with documentary elements to depict real events. Also, docudrama is different from docufiction, a genre in which documentaries are contaminated with fictional elements.


title: Mockumentary

text: Mockumentaries are often presented as historical documentaries, with B roll and talking heads discussing past events, or as "cinéma vérité" pieces following people as they go through various events. Examples emerged during the 1950s when archival film footage became available. A very early example was a short piece on the "Swiss Spaghetti Harvest" that appeared as an April Fools' prank on the British television program "Panorama" in 1957.


title: Mockumentary

text: The term "mockumentary", which originated in the 1960s, was popularized in the mid-1980s when "This Is Spinal Tap" director Rob Reiner used it in interviews to describe that film.


title: Mockumentary

text: Early work, including Luis Buñuel's 1933 "Land Without Bread", Orson Welles's 1938 radio broadcast of "The War of the Worlds", various April Fools' Day news reports, and "vérité"-style film and television during the 1960s and 1970s, served as precursor to the genre. Early examples of mock-documentaries include various films by Peter Watkins, such as "The War Game" (1965), "Privilege" (1967), and the dystopic "Punishment Park" (1971).


title: Mockumentary

text: Further examples are "The Connection" (1961), "A Hard Day's Night" (1964), "David Holzman's Diary" (1967), "Pat Paulsen for President" (1968), "Take the Money and Run" (1969), "The Clowns" (1970), by Federico Fellini (a peculiar hybrid of documentary and fiction, a docufiction), "Smile" (1975), Carlos Mayolo's "Agarrando pueblo" (1977) and "All You Need Is Cash" (1978). Albert Brooks was also an early popularizer of the mockumentary style with his film "Real Life", 1979, a spoof of the 1973 reality television series "An American Family". Woody Allen's "Take the Money and Run" is presented in documentary-style with Allen playing a fictional criminal, Virgil Starkwell, whose crime exploits are "explored" throughout the film. Jackson Beck, who used to narrate documentaries in the 1940s, provides the voice-over narration. Fictional interviews are interspliced throughout, especially those of Starkwell's parents who wear Groucho Marx noses and mustaches. The style of this film was widely appropriated by others and revisited by Allen himself in films such as "" (1971), "Zelig" (1983) and "Sweet and Lowdown" (1999).


title: Mockumentary

text: Early use of the mockumentary format in television comedy may be seen in several sketches from "Monty Python's Flying Circus" (1969–1974), such as "Hell's Grannies", "Piranha Brothers", and "The Funniest Joke in the World". "The Hart and Lorne Terrific Hour" (1970–1971) also featured mockumentary pieces which interspersed both scripted and real-life man-in-the-street interviews, the most famous likely being "The Puck Crisis" in which hockey pucks were claimed to have become infected with a form of Dutch elm disease.


title: Mockumentary

text: "All You Need Is Cash", developed from an early series of sketches in the comedy series "Rutland Weekend Television", is a 1978 television film in mockumentary style about "The Rutles", a fictional band that parodies "The Beatles". The Beatles own 1964 feature film debut, "A Hard Day's Night", was itself filmed in mockumentary style: it ostensibly documents a few typical (and highly fictionalized) days in the life of the band as they travel from Liverpool to London for a television appearance.


title: Mockumentary

text: Since the beginning of the 1980s, the mockumentary format has gained considerable attention. The 1980 South African film "The Gods Must be Crazy" (along with its 1989 sequel) is presented in the manner of a nature documentary, with documentary narrator Paddy O'Byrne describing the events of the film in the manner of a biologist or anthropologist presenting scientific knowledge to viewers. In 1982, "The Atomic Cafe" is a Cold-War era American "mockumentary" film that made use of archival government footage from the 1950s. Woody Allen's 1983 film "Zelig" stars Allen as a curiously nondescript enigma who is discovered for his remarkable ability to transform himself to resemble anyone he is near, and Allen is edited into historical archive footage. In 1984, Christopher Guest co-wrote and starred in the mockumentary "This is Spinal Tap", directed by Rob Reiner. Guest went on to write and direct other mockumentaries including "Waiting for Guffman", "Best in Show", and "A Mighty Wind", all written with costar Eugene Levy.


title: Mockumentary

text: In Central Europe, the first time viewers were exposed to mockumentary was in 1988 when the Czechoslovakian short film "Oil Gobblers" was shown. For two weeks, TV viewers believed that the oil-eating animals really existed.


title: Mockumentary

text: Tim Robbins' 1992 film "Bob Roberts" was a mockumentary centered around the senatorial campaign of a right-wing stock trader and folksinger, and the unsavory connections and dirty tricks used to defeat a long-term liberal incumbent played by Gore Vidal. "Man Bites Dog" is a 1992 Belgian black comedy crime mockumentary written, produced, and directed by Rémy Belvaux, André Bonzel, and Benoît Poelvoorde. In 1995, Peter Jackson and Costa Botes directed "Forgotten Silver", which claimed New Zealand "director" Colin McKenzie was a pioneer in filmmaking. When the film was later revealed to be a mockumentary, Jackson received criticism for tricking viewers.


title: Mockumentary

text: "Borat! Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan" from 2006, and its 2020 sequel "Borat Subsequent Moviefilm", are two controversial yet successful films which use this style, as does "Brüno", a similar film from 2009 also starring Sacha Baron Cohen. Sony Pictures Animation released their second animated feature, "Surf's Up" in 2007, which was the first of its kind to incorporate the mockumentary style into animation. "REC", a 2007 Spanish film by Jaume Balagueró and Paco Plaza, uses journalism aesthetics to approach a horror universe set up in a real building in Barcelona. The film was remade in the United States as the 2008 film "Quarantine".


title: Mockumentary

text: Ivo Raza's 2020 mockumentary "Reboot Camp", is a comedy about a fake cult which uses an ensemble cast of celebrities from film (David Koechner, Eric Roberts, Chaz Bono, Ed Begley Jr.), performing arts (Ja Rule, Billy Morrison), and TV (Lindsey Shaw, Pierson Fode, Johnny Bananas) to play fictional versions of themselves.


title: Mockumentary

text: In television, the most notable mockumentaries in the 2000s have been ABC Australia's "The Games" (1998–2000), the Canadian series "Trailer Park Boys" (1999–present), the British shows "Marion and Geoff" (2000), "Twenty Twelve" (2011–2012) (which follows the fictional Olympic Deliverance Commission in the run-up to the 2012 Summer Olympics), and "W1A", which follows the main characters of Twenty Twelve as they start work at the BBC, as well as "The Office" (2001) and its many international offshoots, and "Come Fly with Me" (2010), which follows the activity at a fictional airport and its variety of staff and passengers. British comedy duo Jennifer Saunders and Dawn French often presented short mockumentaries as extended sketches in their TV show "French & Saunders". Discovery Channel opened its annual Shark Week on 4 Aug 2013 with "", a mockumentary about the survival of the megalodon. The Canadian series "Trailer Park Boys" and its films (1998–present) were one of the first mainstream examples of Canadian mockumentaries. Popular examples in the US include sitcoms "The Office" (2005-2013), "Parks and Recreation" (2009–2015), and "Modern Family" (2009–2020); the American improv comedy "Reno 911!" (2003–2009); "Derek" (2012–2014); the comedy series "The Muppets" (2015); "People Just Do Nothing" (2011–2018) and the Australian Chris Lilley shows "Angry Boys", "Summer Heights High", "", "", "Jonah from Tonga" and "Lunatics". Shows currently running in this format include "What We Do in the Shadows" (2019–present) and "Abbott Elementary" (2021–present).


title: Mockumentary

text: The series "Documentary Now!" (2015–present) on IFC, created by "Saturday Night Live" alumni Bill Hader, Fred Armisen, and Seth Meyers, spoofs celebrated documentary films by parodying the style and subject of each documentary. Hight argues that television is a natural medium for a mockumentary, as it provides "for extraordinarily rich sources of appropriation and commentary".


title: Mockumentary

text: The BBC series "People Like Us" was first produced for radio in 1995 before a television version was made in 1999. Kay Stonham's "Audio Diaries" was a similarly short-lived radio mockumentary that premiered the year after "People Like Us"'s run on Radio 4 ended.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair is an affluent area in the West End of London towards the eastern edge of Hyde Park, in the City of Westminster, between Oxford Street, Regent Street, Piccadilly and Park Lane. It is one of the most expensive districts in the world.


title: Mayfair

text: The area was originally part of the manor of Eia and remained largely rural until the early 18th century. It became well known for the annual "May Fair" that took place from 1686 to 1764 in what is now Shepherd Market. Over the years, the fair grew increasingly downmarket and unpleasant, and it became a public nuisance. The Grosvenor family (who became Dukes of Westminster) acquired the land through marriage and began to develop it under the direction of Thomas Barlow. The work included Hanover Square, Berkeley Square and Grosvenor Square, which were surrounded by high-quality houses, and St George's Hanover Square Church.


title: Mayfair

text: By the end of the 18th century, most of Mayfair was built on with upper-class housing; unlike some nearby areas of London, it has never lost its affluent status. The decline of the British aristocracy in the early 20th century led to the area becoming more commercial, with many houses converted into offices for corporate headquarters and various embassies. Mayfair retains a substantial quantity of high-end residential property, upmarket shops and restaurants, and luxury hotels along Piccadilly and Park Lane. Its prestigious status has been commemorated by being the most expensive property square on the London "Monopoly" board.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair is in the City of Westminster, and mainly consists of the historical Grosvenor estate and the Albemarle, Berkeley, Burlington, and Curzon estates. It is bordered on the west by Park Lane, north by Oxford Street, east by Regent Street, and the south by Piccadilly. Beyond the bounding roads, to the north is Marylebone, to the east Soho, and to the southwest Knightsbridge and Belgravia.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair is surrounded by parkland; Hyde Park and Green Park run along its boundary. The Grosvenor Square is roughly in the centre of Mayfair, and its centrepiece, containing numerous expensive and desirable properties.


title: Mayfair

text: Following analysis of the alignment of Roman roads, it has been speculated that the Romans settled in the area before establishing Londinium. "Whitaker's Almanack" suggested that Aulus Plautius built a fort here during the Roman conquest of Britain in AD 43 while waiting for Claudius. The theory was developed in 1993, with a proposal that a town grew outside the fort but was later abandoned as being too far from the Thames. The proposal has been disputed because of lack of archaeological evidence. If there was a fort, it is believed the perimeter would have been where the modern Green Street, North Audley Street, Upper Grosvenor Street and Park Lane now are, and that Park Street would have been the main road through the centre. This area was the manor of Eia in the Domesday Book, and owned by Geoffrey de Mandeville after the Norman Conquest. It was subsequently given to the Abbey of Westminster, who owned it until 1536 when it was taken over by Henry VIII.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair was mainly open fields until development began in the Shepherd Market area around 1686–88 to accommodate the May Fair that had moved from Haymarket in St James's because of overcrowding. There were some buildings before 1686 – a cottage in Stanhope Row, dating from 1618 was destroyed in the Blitz in late 1940. A 17th-century English Civil War fortification established in what is now Mount Street was known as Oliver's Mount by the 18th century.


title: Mayfair

text: The May Fair was held every year at Great Brookfield (which is now part of Curzon Street and Shepherd Market) from 1–14 May. It was established during the reign of Edward I in open fields beyond St. James. The fair was recorded as "Saint James's fayer by Westminster" in 1560. It was postponed in 1603 because of plague, but otherwise continued throughout the 17th century. In 1686, the fair moved to what is now Mayfair. By the 18th century, it had attracted showmen, jugglers and fencers and numerous fairground attractions. Popular attractions included bare-knuckle fighting, semolina eating contests and women's foot racing.


title: Mayfair

text: By the reign of George I, the May Fair had fallen into disrepute and was regarded as a public scandal. The 6th Earl of Coventry, who lived on Piccadilly, considered the fair to be a nuisance and, with local residents, led a public campaign against it. It was abolished in 1764. One reason for Mayfair's subsequent boom in property development was it was able to keep out lower class activities.


title: Mayfair

text: Building on Mayfair began in the 1660s on the corner of Piccadilly, and progressed along the north side of that street. Burlington House was started between 1664 and 1665 by John Denham and sold two years later to Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of Burlington who asked Hugh May to complete it. The house was extensively modified through the 18th century, and is the only one of this era to survive into the 21st century.


title: Mayfair

text: The origins of major development began when Sir Thomas Grosvenor, 3rd Baronet married Mary Davis, heiress to part of the Manor of Ebury, in 1677. The Grosvenor family gained of land, of which around lay south of Oxford Street and east of Park Lane. The land was referred to as "The Hundred Acres" in early deeds.


title: Mayfair

text: In 1721, the "London Journal" reported "the ground upon which the May Fair formerly was held is marked out for a large square, and several fine streets and houses are to be built upon it". Sir Richard Grosvenor, 4th Baronet asked the surveyor Thomas Barlow to design the street layout which has survived mostly intact to the present day despite most of the properties being rebuilt. Barlow proposed a grid of wide, straight streets, with a large park (now Grosvenor Square) as a centrepiece.


title: Mayfair

text: Buildings were constructed in quick succession, and by the mid-18th century the area was covered in houses. Much of the land was owned by seven estates – Burlington, Millfield, Conduit Mead, Albemarle Ground, the Berkeley, the Curzon and, most importantly, the Grosvenor. Of the original properties constructed in Mayfair, only the Grosvenor estate survives intact and owned by the same family, who became the Dukes of Westminster in 1874. Chesterfield Street is one of the few streets that has 18th-century properties on both sides, with a single exception, and is probably the least altered road in the area.


title: Mayfair

text: Hanover Square was the first of three great squares to be constructed. It was named after King George I, the Elector of Hanover, soon after his ascension to the throne in 1714. The original houses were inhabited by "persons of distinction" such as retired generals. Although most have been demolished, a small number have survived to the present day. The Hanover Square Rooms became a popular place for classical music concerts, including Johann Christian Bach, Joseph Haydn, Niccolò Paganini and Franz Liszt. A large statue of William Pitt the Younger is sited at the southern end of the square.


title: Mayfair

text: In 1725, Mayfair became part of the new parish of St George Hanover Square, which stretched as far east as Bond Street and to Regent Street north of Conduit Street. It ran as far north as Oxford Street and south near to Piccadilly. The parish continued into Hyde Park to the west and extended southwest to St George's Hospital. Most of the area belonged to (and continues to be owned by) the Grosvenor family, though the freehold of some parts belongs to the Crown Estate.


title: Mayfair

text: A water supply to the area was built by the Chelsea Water Works, and a royal warrant was issued in 1725 for a reservoir in Hyde Park that could supply water at what is now Grosvenor Gate. In 1835, the reservoir was decorated with an ornamental basin and a fountain in its centre. In 1963, following the widening of Park Lane, it was rebuilt as the Joy of Life Fountain.


title: Mayfair

text: Grosvenor Square was planned as the centrepiece of the Mayfair estate. It was laid out around 1725–31 with 51 individual plots for development. It is the second-largest square in London (after Lincoln's Inn Fields) and housed numerous members of the aristocracy until the mid-20th century. By the end of the 19th century, the Grosvenor family were described as "the wealthiest family in Europe" and annual rents for their Mayfair properties reached around £135,000 (now £). The square has never declined in popularity and continues to be a prestigious London address into the 21st century. Only two original houses have survived; No. 9, once the home of John Adams, and No. 38 which is now the Indonesian Embassy.


title: Mayfair

text: Berkeley House on Piccadilly was named after John Berkeley, 1st Baron Berkeley of Stratton who had purchased its land, and that surrounding it, shortly after the Restoration of the Monarchy in 1660. In 1696, the Berkeley family sold the house and grounds to the 1st Duke of Devonshire (who renamed it Devonshire House) on condition that the view from the rear of the house should not be spoiled. Berkeley Square was laid out to the rear of the house in the 1730s; because of the conditions of sale, houses were only built on the east and west sides. The west side still has various mid-18th-century buildings and the east side now contains offices including Berkeley Square House.


title: Mayfair

text: The expansion of Mayfair moved upper class Londoners away from areas such as Covent Garden and Soho, which were already in decline by the 18th century. Part of its success was its proximity to the Court of St James and the parks, and the well-designed layout. This led to it sustaining its popularity into the 21st century. The requirements of the aristocracy led to stables, coach houses and servants' accommodation being established along the mews running parallel to the streets. Some of the stables have since been converted into garages and offices.


title: Mayfair

text: The Rothschild family owned several Mayfair properties in the 19th century. Alfred de Rothschild lived at No. 1 Seamore Place and held numerous "adoration dinners" where the only guest was a female companion. The marriage of his brother Leopold to Marie Perugia took place here in 1881. The house was demolished after World War I when Curzon Street was extended through the site to meet Park Lane. The future Prime Minister Archibald Primrose, 5th Earl of Rosebery was born in Charles Street, Mayfair in 1847, and grew up in the area.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair has had a long association with the United States. Pocahontas is believed to have visited in the early 17th century. In 1786, John Adams established the US Embassy on Grosvenor Square. Theodore Roosevelt was married in Hanover Square and Franklin D. Roosevelt honeymooned in Berkeley Square. A small memorial park in Mount Street Gardens has benches engraved with the names of former American residents and visitors to Mayfair.


title: Mayfair

text: The death of Hugh Grosvenor, 1st Duke of Westminster in 1899 was a pivotal point in the development of Mayfair, following which all redevelopment schemes not already in operation were cancelled. In the following years, Government budget proposals such as David Lloyd George's establishment of the welfare state in 1909, greatly reduced the power of the Lords. Land value fell around Mayfair, and some leases were not renewed.


title: Mayfair

text: Following World War I, the British upper class was in decline as the reduced workforce meant servants were less in supply and demanded higher salaries. The grandest houses in Mayfair became more expensive to service and consequently many were converted to foreign embassies. The 2nd Duke of Westminster decided to demolish Grosvenor House and build Bourdon House in its place. Mayfair attracted commercial development after much of the City of London was destroyed during the Blitz, and many corporate headquarters were established in the area. Several historically important houses were demolished, including Aldford House, Londonderry House and Chesterfield House.


title: Mayfair

text: The Canadian High Commission was established at Macdonald House at No. 1 Grosvenor Square in 1961. It is named after the first Canadian Prime Minister John A. Macdonald. The Italian Embassy is at No. 4 Grosvenor Square.


title: Mayfair

text: The district has become increasingly commercial, with many offices in converted houses and new buildings, though the trend has been reverted in places. The United States embassy announced in 2008 it would move from its long established location at Grosvenor Square to Nine Elms, Wandsworth owing to security concerns, despite constructing an £8m security upgrading after the September 11 attacks including high blast walls. Since the 1990s, residential properties have become available again, though the rents are among the highest in London. Mayfair remains one of the most expensive places to live in London and the world and there remains some exclusive shopping and London's largest concentration of luxury hotels and many restaurants, particularly around Park Lane and Grosvenor Square.


title: Mayfair

text: The Al-Thani family, the ruling family of Qatar, and their relatives and associates owned a quarter of the 279 acres of Mayfair by 2006. The north-western part of Mayfair has subsequently been nicknamed 'Little Doha'. The area has also been called a "Qatari quarter" and 'Qataropolis'. Prominent properties owned in Mayfair by Qataris include Dudley House on Park Lane and Lombard House on Curzon Street. Family members also own The Connaught and Claridge's hotels in Mayfair through the Maybourne Hotel Group.


title: Mayfair

text: St George's, Hanover Square, constructed between 1721 and 1724 by John James, was one of 50 churches built following the Commission for Building Fifty New Churches Act in 1711. Emma, Lady Hamilton in 1791, poet Percy Bysshe Shelley in 1814, and Prime Ministers Benjamin Disraeli and H. H. Asquith in 1839 and 1894 respectively were all married in the church. The porch houses two cast-iron dogs rescued from a shop in Conduit Street that was bombed during the Blitz.


title: Mayfair

text: Grosvenor Chapel on South Audley Street was built by Benjamin Timbrell in 1730 for the Grosvenor Estate. It was used by American armed forces during World War II. The parents of Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington are buried in the churchyard.


title: Mayfair

text: The Mayfair Chapel on Curzon Street was a popular place for illegal marriages, including over 700 in 1742. James Hamilton, 6th Duke of Hamilton married Elizabeth Gunning here in 1752. The Marriage Act 1753 stopped the practice of unlicensed marriages. The chapel was demolished in 1899.


title: Mayfair

text: Having opened in 1837, Brown's is considered one of London's oldest hotels. Straddling Albemarle and Dover Streets, it is thought to have been a popular tea location for Queen Victoria, and it was from the hotel that in 1876 Alexander Graham Bell made the first successful telephone call in Britain. Writers including Agatha Christie and Rudyard Kipling were known to have stayed frequently, with novels "At Bertram's Hotel" and "The Jungle Book" both having been partially written during stays at Brown's. Theodore Roosevelt enjoyed staying at the hotel and married his partner with a reception there in 1886. Now part of Rocco Forte Hotels, the Hotel maintains its popular tea room and has expanded to occupy 11 townhouses.


title: Mayfair

text: Claridge's was founded in 1812 as Mivart's Hotel on Brook Street. It was acquired by William Claridge in 1855, who gave it its current name. The hotel was bought by the Savoy Company in 1895 and rebuilt in red brick. It was extended again in 1931. Several European royal families in exile stayed at the hotel during World War II. Alexander, Crown Prince of Yugoslavia was born there on 17 July 1945; the Prime Minister Winston Churchill is said to have declared the suite he was born in to be Yugoslav territory.


title: Mayfair

text: Flemings Mayfair on Half Moon Street was opened in 1851 by Robert Fleming, who worked for Henry Paget, 2nd Marquess of Anglesey. It is the second oldest independent hotel in London.


title: Mayfair

text: The London Marriott Hotel Grosvenor Square on the corner of Grosvenor Square and Duke Street was the first Marriott Hotel in Britain. It opened as the Europa Hotel in 1961 and was bought by Marriott in 1985. It was a popular place for visitors to the American Embassy.


title: Mayfair

text: The Grosvenor House Hotel on Park Lane is on the former site of Grosvenor House, the home of Robert Grosvenor, 2nd Earl Grosvenor (later Robert Grosvenor, 1st Marquess of Westminster). It was built by Arthur Octavius Edwards in the 1920s and has over 450 bedrooms, with 150 luxury flats in the south wing. It was the first London hotel to have a swimming pool.


title: Mayfair

text: The Dorchester is named after Joseph Damer, 1st Earl of Dorchester. The first building here was erected by Joseph Damer in 1751, and renamed Dorchester House following the Earl's succession in 1792. The property was purchased by Sir Robert McAlpine and Sons and Gordon Hotels Ltd in 1928 to be converted into a hotel, which opened on 18 April 1931. It was General Dwight Eisenhower's London headquarters in World War II. The Duke of Edinburgh held his stag night at the hotel prior to his marriage to Princess Elizabeth.


title: Mayfair

text: The May Fair Hotel opened in 1927 on the site of Devonshire House in Stratton Street. It also accommodates the May Fair Theatre, which opened in 1963.


title: Mayfair

text: The Ritz opened on Piccadilly on 24 May 1906. It was the first steel-framed building to be constructed in London, and it is one of the most prestigious and best-known hotels in the world.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair has had a range of exclusive shops, hotels, restaurants and clubs since the 19th century. The quarter—especially the Bond Street area—is also the home of numerous commercial art galleries and international auction houses such as Bonhams, Christie's and Sotheby's.


title: Mayfair

text: Gunter's Tea Shop was established in 1757 at Nos. 7–8 Berkeley Square by the Italian Domenico Negri. Robert Gunter took co-ownership of the shop in 1777, and full ownership in 1799. During the 19th century it became a fashionable place to buy cakes and ice cream, and was well known for its range of multi-tiered wedding cakes. The shop moved to Curzon Street in 1936 when the eastern side of Berkley Square was demolished, until closing in 1956. The business as a whole survived until the late 1970s.


title: Mayfair

text: Mount Street has been a popular shopping street since Mayfair was developed in the 18th century. It was largely rebuilt between 1880 and 1900 under the direction of the 1st Duke of Westminster, when the nearby workhouse was relocated to Pimlico. It now houses a number of shops dealing with luxury trades.


title: Mayfair

text: Shepherd Market has been called the "village centre" of Mayfair. The current buildings date from around 1860 and house food and antique shops, pubs and restaurants. The market had a reputation for high-class prostitution. In the 1980s, Jeffrey Archer was alleged to frequent the area and was accused of visiting Monica Coghlan, a call girl in Shepherd Market, which eventually led to a libel trial and his imprisonment for perverting the course of justice.


title: Mayfair

text: Alongside Burlington House is one of London's most luxurious shopping areas, the Burlington Arcade. It was designed by Samuel Ware for George Cavendish, 1st Earl of Burlington in 1819. The arcade was designed with tall walls on either side to stop passers by throwing litter into the Earl's garden. Ownership of the arcade passed to the Chesham family. In 1911, another storey was added by Beresford Pite, who also added the Chesham arms. The family sold the arcade to the Prudential Assurance Company for £333,000 (now £) in 1926. It was bombed during World War II and subsequently restored.


title: Mayfair

text: Allens of Mayfair, one of the best-known butchers in London, was founded in a shop on Mount Street in 1830. It held a Royal warrant of appointment to supply meat to the Queen, as well as supplying several high-profile restaurants. After accruing spiralling debts, it was sold to Rare Butchers of Distinction in 2006. The Mayfair premises closed in 2015, but the company retains an online presence.


title: Mayfair

text: Scott's restaurant moved from Coventry Street to Nos. 20–22 Mount Street in 1967. In 1975, the Provisional Irish Republican Army (IRA) bombed the restaurant twice, killing one and injuring 15 people.


title: Mayfair

text: South Audley Street is a major shopping street in Mayfair running from north to south from Grosvenor Square to Curzon Street. Originally a residential street, it was redeveloped between 1875 and 1900. Retailers include china and silverware specialists Thomas Goode and gunsmiths James Purdey & Sons.


title: Mayfair

text: Numerous galleries have given Mayfair a reputation as an international art hub. The Royal Academy of Arts based in Burlington House, was founded in 1768 by George III and is the oldest fine arts society in the world. Its founding president was Sir Joshua Reynolds. The academy holds classes and exhibitions, and students have included John Constable and J. M. W. Turner. It moved from Somerset House to Trafalgar Square in 1837, sharing with the National Gallery, before moving to Burlington House in 1868. The academy hosts an annual Summer Exhibition, showing over 1,000 contemporary works of art that can be submitted by anyone.


title: Mayfair

text: The Fine Art Society gallery was established at No. 148 New Bond Street in 1876. Other galleries in Mayfair include Maddox Gallery on Maddox Street and the Halcyon Gallery.


title: Mayfair

text: The Handel House Museum at No. 25 Brook Street opened in 2001. George Frideric Handel was the first resident from 1723 until his death in 1759. Most of his major works, including "Messiah", and "Music for the Royal Fireworks" were composed here. The museum held an exhibition of Jimi Hendrix, who lived in an upper-floor flat in neighbouring No. 23 Brook Street in 1968–69.


title: Mayfair

text: The Faraday Museum in Albemarle Street occupies a basement laboratory used by Michael Faraday for his experiments with electromagnetic rotation and motors at the Royal Institution. It opened in 1973 and exhibits include the first electric generator designed by Faraday, along with various notes and medals.


title: Mayfair

text: Cadbury's head office was formerly at No. 25 Berkeley Square in Mayfair. In 2007, Cadbury Schweppes announced that it was moving to Uxbridge in order to cut costs.


title: Mayfair

text: Bourdon House, one of the oldest properties in Mayfair was constructed by Thomas Barlow between 1723 and 1725 as part of the original development. An additional storey was added around 1864–5. In 1909, the 2nd Duke of Westminster ordered major refurbishments and the expansion of a three-storey wing. He moved out of Grosvenor House in 1916 into this, where he stayed until his death in 1953.


title: Mayfair

text: Crewe House was built in the late 18th century on the site of a house on Curzon Street owned by Edward Shepherd, a key builder and architect around Mayfair. It was bought by James Stuart-Wortley, 1st Baron Wharncliffe in 1818 and became known as Wharncliffe House. In 1899, it was purchased by Robert Crewe-Milnes, Earl Crewe, giving it its current name. The house is part of the Saudi Arabian Embassy.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair has many blue plaques on buildings for its prominent residents. Standing at the corner of Chesterfield Street and Charles Street, one can see plaques for William, Duke of Clarence and St Andrews (later King William IV), Prime Minister Lord Rosebery, the writer Somerset Maughan and Regency-era fashion icon Beau Brummell.


title: Mayfair

text: While there are no London Underground stations inside Mayfair, there are several on the boundaries. The Central Line stops at Marble Arch, Bond Street and Oxford Circus along Oxford Street along the northern edge, and Piccadilly Circus and Green Park are along the Piccadilly line on the southern side, along with Hyde Park Corner close by in Knightsbridge.


title: Mayfair

text: Down Street tube station opened in 1907 as "Down Street (Mayfair)". It closed in 1932 but was used during the Second World War by the Emergency Railway Committee, and briefly by Churchill and the war cabinet while waiting for the War Rooms to be ready. While there is only one bus route in Mayfair itself, the 24-hour route C2, there are many bus routes along the perimeter roads.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair (spelled "May Fair") is the home of Sir Brian in Thackeray's "The Newcomes", and otherwise features as the most desirable part of London.


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair has featured in a number of novels, including P. G. Wodehouse's "The Mating Season" (1949) and Evelyn Waugh's "A Handful of Dust," (1934). It is a partial setting for Jane Austen's "Sense and Sensibility" (1811) and Michael Arlen's "The Green Hat" (1924). Oscar Wilde lived in Grosvenor Square between 1883 and 1884 and referred to it in his works. He regularly socialised in the artistic quarter along Half Moon Street, which is mentioned in both "The Importance of Being Earnest" and "The Picture of Dorian Gray".


title: Mayfair

text: Mayfair is the most expensive property on the standard British "Monopoly" board at £400, and is part of the dark blue set with Park Lane. It commands the highest rents of all properties; landing on Mayfair with a hotel costs £2,000. The price is a reference to the property values in the area, which have remained consistently high, with real-life rent as much as £36,000 per week. At the time the board was being designed in the 1930s, Mayfair still had a significant upper-class residential population.


title: Mayfair

text: The department store Debenhams became one of the first companies in Britain to have a dedicated business telephone number, Mayfair 1, in 1903.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Dassault Mirage F1 is a French fighter and attack aircraft designed and manufactured by Dassault Aviation. It was developed as a successor to the popular Mirage III family.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: During the 1960s, Dassault commenced development of what would become the Mirage F1 as a private venture, alongside the larger Mirage F2. Work on the F1 eventually took precedence over the costlier F2, which was cancelled during the late 1960s. The French Air Force ("Armée de l'Air") took interest in the fledgling fighter to meet its requirement for an all-weather interceptor aircraft. Accordingly, initial production units were equipped with the Thomson-CSF Cyrano IV monopulse radar. During the latter half of 1974, the Mirage F1 entered service in the French Air Force. Shortly thereafter, the type was deployed as the main interceptor of the French Air Force, a capacity which it continued to serve in until the arrival of the Mirage 2000. It later transitioned to an aerial reconnaissance role. In July 2014, the last French Mirage F1s were retired from service.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Powered by a single SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojet engine, which provided about of thrust, and armed with an array of French and American-sourced armaments, the Mirage F1 has been operated as a light multipurpose fighter and has been exported to around a dozen nations. The type has seen action in a large number of armed conflicts involving several of its operators, including the Western Sahara War, the Paquisha War, the Cenepa War, the Iran–Iraq War, the Gulf War, the South African Border War, the War in Afghanistan, the Chadian–Libyan conflict, the 2011 military intervention in Libya, and the Northern Mali conflict. More than 720 Mirage F1s were manufactured between 1966 and 1992. It was succeeded in production by the Dassault Mirage 2000.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Mirage F1 emerged from a series of design studies performed by French aircraft manufacturer Dassault Aviation. Having originally sought to develop a larger swept wing derivative of the Mirage III, which became the Mirage F2, to serve as a vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) propulsion testbed akin to the Dassault Mirage IIIV, however, it was soon recognized that the emerging design could function as the basis for a competent fighter as well. Both the Mirage F2 and a smaller derivative, referred to the Mirage F3, received substantial attention from both Dassault and the French Air Force, the latter being interested in its adoption as a long-range fighter bomber as a stopgap measure prior to the adoption of the envisioned Anglo-French Variable Geometry (AFVG) strike aircraft.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Parallel with the Mirage F3 study, which was intended to serve as an interceptor aircraft, Dassault decided to study a single-seat derivative which featured the all-French SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojet engine. As a result of the cancellation of two major projects, the company's design team found themselves with a decreased workload. Accordingly, in mid-1964, Dassault decided to commence design work on the smaller aircraft, subsequently designated as the "Mirage F1", with the intention of producing a successor to its Mirage III and Mirage 5 fighters; This work was performed under a government contract in anticipation of a potential French Air Force specification for an all-weather interceptor to succeed its fleet of Mirage IIIC aircraft.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Mirage F1 was of similar size to the delta-winged Mirage III and Mirage 5, and was powered by the same SNECMA Atar engine as had been used on the larger Dassault Mirage IV; however, unlike its predecessors, it shared the layout of a swept wing mounted high on the fuselage and a conventional tail surface as used by the F2. Although it has a smaller wingspan than the Mirage III, the Mirage F1 nevertheless proved to be superior to its predecessor, carrying more fuel while possessing a shorter take-off run and superior maneuverability.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: On 23 December 1966, the first prototype conducted its maiden flight. The first flight had been delayed due to a funding shortage affecting the overall program. During its fourth flight, the prototype was recorded as having attained a top speed in excess of Mach 2. On 18 May 1967, the first prototype was lost in an accident at DGA Essais en vol, Istres; the crash had resulted from a loss of control after encountering flutter, killing its pilot. Despite this misfortune, during late 1966, the Mirage F1 programme was officially adopted by the French Air Force. Following a redesign period, on 20 March 1967, the second prototype performed its first flight.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: On 26 May 1967, an order for three Mirage F1 prototypes was placed, while the larger and more expensive Mirage F2 was formally abandoned. These three pre-service aircraft, along with a static structural test airframe, soon joined the test programme. By late 1971, the construction of an initial batch of 85 production standard Mirage F1 had been authorised.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In order to comply with the French Air Force's requirement for an all-weather interceptor, the first production "Mirage F1C" was equipped with a Thomson-CSF Cyrano IV radar system. The later Cyrano IV-1 version added a limited look-down capability. However, Mirage F1 pilots reported that the radar was prone to overheating, which reduced its efficiency. During May 1973, the first deliveries to the French Air Force took place; the type entered squadron service with EC 2/30 "Normandie-Niemen" in December of that year.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: By October 1971, the Mirage F1 was under production at both Dassault's Bordeaux facility and at SABCA's own plant in Belgium, work at the latter having been performed under an industrial arrangement associated to Belgium's order for 106 Mirage 5 aircraft. The 79 aircraft of the next production run were delivered during the period March 1977 to December 1983. These were of the "Mirage F1C-200" version, which featured a fixed refuelling probe, which required an extension of the fuselage by 7 cm.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Dassault Mirage F1 was a single-engine fighter aircraft, designed to function as both an interceptor aircraft and a ground attack platform. While officially developed for the French Air Force as an air defense aircraft, Dassault had placed considerable emphasis on developing the Mirage F1 for ground attack duties as a secondary role during its early design. Developed by the company to function as a successor to the successful Mirage III and Mirage 5 families, it drew heavily upon its predecessors as well, sharing the same fuselage as the Mirage III, while adopting a considerably different wing configuration.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Mirage F1 used a shoulder-mounted swept wing, instead of the Delta wing of the Mirage III, which resulted in a more than 50% reduction in required runway lengths and increased internal fuel tankage for 40% greater combat range. The approach speed prior to landing is 25% less than the preceding Mirage IIIE. According to Dassault, the negative performance impact associated with the increased thickness of the Mirage F1's wing over the Mirage III's counterpart had been offset by improvements made to the propulsion system. The wing is fitted with both double-slotted trailing edge flaps and full-span leading edge slats, the latter being automatically operated to reduce the aircraft's turn radius during combat.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: A key area of advancement on the Mirage F1 over its predecessors was in its onboard avionics. The Thomson-CSF Cyrano IV monopulse radar system, developed from the Cyrano II unit installed on the Mirage IIIE, serves as the main sensor; it operates in three different modes: air-target acquisition and tracking, ground mapping, and terrain avoidance. The later Cyrano IV-1 model also provided for a limited look-down capability. According to aerospace publication Flight International, the Cyrano IV radar was capable of detecting aerial targets at double the range of earlier models. The standard production Mirage F1 was furnished with an Instrument Landing System (ILS), radar altimeter, UHF/VHF radio sets, Tactical Air Navigation system (TACAN) and a ground data link. Other avionics include an autopilot and yaw damper.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Mirage F1 was powered by a single SNECMA Atar 9K-50 turbojet engine, which was capable of providing roughly of thrust, giving the aircraft a maximum speed of 1,453 MPH and an altitude ceiling of 65,615 feet. Flight International described the Atar engine as being "unexpectedly simple", despite the adoption of an afterburner. An improved engine, initially known as the "Super Atar" and later as the Snecma M53, was intended to be eventually adopted on production Mirage F1 aircraft, as well as for successor aircraft.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The initial armament of the Mirage F1 was a pair of internal 30 mm cannons, and a single Matra R530 medium-range air-to-air missile, which was carried under the fuselage. It could carry a total combined payload of 13,889lb of bombs and missiles, all of which would be carried externally. After 1979, the medium-range R530 was replaced by the improved Matra Super 530 F missile as the latter came into service in quantity with the French Air Force. In 1977, the R550 Magic was released, which the Mirage F1 mounted on wingtip rails. Around the same time, the American AIM-9 Sidewinder was also introduced to the Mirage F1's armament; both the Spanish and Hellenic Air Forces had requested the integration of the Sidewinder upon their own Mirage F1CE and Mirage F1CG fighters.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: During 1984, the first operational deployment to be performed by French Air Force Mirage F1s was conducted during Operation Manta, the French intervention in Chad to counteract the growing Libyan encroachment in the region. A force of four Mirage F1C-200s provided air cover for a further group of four Jaguar strike aircraft; they also participated in a number of skirmishes against pro-Libyan Transitional Government of National Unity (GUNT) rebels.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In 1986, French Mirage F1s were redeployed to Chad as part of Operation Epervier. A flight of four F1C-200s provided fighter cover for a strike package of eight Jaguars during the air raid against the Libyan airbase at Ouadi Doum, on 16 February. A pair of F1CRs also conducted pre and post-strike reconnaissance missions.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In response to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait, France performed two deployments of Mirage F1s to the Persian Gulf. In October 1990, 12 Mirage F1Cs were dispatched to Doha, Qatar in order to boost air defences, while a further four Mirage F1CRs of ER 33 were deployed to Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Daguet in September 1990. To avoid the risk of being mistaken for hostile Iraqi Mirage F1s, all of the French F1CRs were grounded during the first few days of the Allied air attacks, flying their first combat mission on 26 January 1991; an additional reason for their initial grounding was the lack of compatible night vision equipment. They were used in the fighter bomber role, using their more capable navigation systems to lead formations of French Jaguar fighter bombers, as well as to fly reconnaissance missions; in this capacity, 114 sorties had been flown by the end of hostilities. Following the end of the Gulf War, France deployed a number of Mirage F1CRs to bases in neighbouring Turkey as part of Operation Provide Comfort to protect Kurds from Iraqi aggression.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In October 2007, three Mirage 2000s and three Mirage F1s were deployed at Kandahar Air Force Base, where they flew close air support and tactical reconnaissance missions in support of international forces in Southern Afghanistan.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The last French unit to be equipped with the Mirage F1 was the Escadron de Reconnaissance 2/33 "Savoie", home-based at Mont-de-Marsan, which flew the latest version of the F1CR. The unit's primary mission was tactical reconnaissance, with a secondary mission of ground-attack; because of the unique missions of the 2/33, their unofficial motto among the pilots had become, "Find; Identify; and Photograph or Destroy." In accordance with a bilateral defense agreement between France and Chad, a pair of 2/33 F1CRs, along with 3 pilots, a photo interpreter, an intelligence officer and ground crews were always deployed to N'Djamena, Chad. The two 2/33 F1CRs operated with three Mirage 2000Ds, also based on rotation from France to Chad.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: During March 2011, 2/33 Mirage F1CRs were deployed to Solenzara Air Base, Corsica and conducted reconnaissance missions over Libya (also a Mirage F1 operator) as part of Opération Harmattan. In 2013 2/33 F1CRs also participated in Operation Serval in Mali. On 10 January, launching from their base in N'Djamena in Chad, the first French air intervention mission against Islamist rebels in Mali, was undertaken by F1CRs and Mirage 2000Ds, supported by a French Air Force C-135 tanker. The 2/33 F1CRs provided valuable photo information for strike aircraft flying the next day from France. Later on 16 January, two 2/33 F1CRs, were deployed from Chad to Bamako, Mali. Both aircraft were fitted with extra long range 2,200 liter ventral tanks; and when operating over Mali also carried two 250 kg unguided bombs, plus their internal 30mm cannons, in case they were called on for close air support missions.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In order to replace the elderly F1CRs of ER 2/33, a number of Rafales were outfitted with an advanced reconnaissance pod. The Rafale's range, maneuverability and combat load is far superior to the F1CR that it replaces, as well as its reconnaissance capabilities: after the Rafale's pod has taken photographs, these can be almost instantly transmitted back to its base or where the imagery would be required if provisioned with compatible down link equipment. The French Air Force's last Mirage F1 fighters were retired from operational service on 13 June 2014. The last units in service, these being 11 single-seat Mirage F1CRs and three two-seat F1Bs were transferred to storage; six aircraft performed a final appearance in a flypast during Bastille Day celebrations over Paris prior to their disposal.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Between 1979 and 1980, Ecuador received 16 F1JAs (a variant of the F1E) and a pair of F1JEs. The Ecuadorian Air Force's (FAE) squadron of Mirage F1JAs ("Escuadrón de Caza 2112") went into action in January–February 1981 during the brief Paquisha War between Ecuador and Peru, less than two years after the aircraft had been delivered to the FAE. At that time, the Ecuadorians decided against directly challenging the Peruvian Air Force (abbreviated FAP), whose Mirage 5Ps and Sukhoi Su-22 were providing air cover to Peruvian heliborne operations within the combat zone. Instead, the Mirages were kept at a distance, performing combat air patrols (CAPs) on the fringes of the combat area, in case the border clashes escalated into wider hostilities. During one incident, a Peruvian Sukhoi Su-22 was intercepted and a single air-to-air R.550 missile was launched; however, it failed to strike the Peruvian aircraft.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In 1995, during the Cenepa War, the Ecuadorian Mirages went back into action against Peru. This time, while the bulk of the squadron was kept back at Taura AFB, a small detachment of Mirage F1s and Kfir C.2s was deployed to undisclosed forward air bases to dissuade Peruvian attack aircraft from entering the combat zone. By this time, the planes had been upgraded with Israeli electronics and Python Mk.III air-to-air missiles, usually mounted on the outer underwing pylons, and Matra R550 Magic AAMs on wing-tip launch rails.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: On 10 February 1995, a pair of Mirage F1JAs, piloted by Maj. Raúl Banderas and Capt. Carlos Uzcátegui, were directed over five targets approaching the combat zone in the Cenepa valley. After making visual contact, the Mirages fired their missiles, claiming two Peruvian Su-22Ms shot down, while a Kfir claimed a further A-37B Dragonfly. Sources in Peru, however, deny the claim that the Sukhois Su-22Ms were shot down by Ecuadorian aircraft, stating that one was shot down by Ecuadorian anti-aircraft artillery fire during a low flying ground-attack mission, while the second was lost because of an engine fire. Banderas served as Commander of the Ecuadorian Air Force between May 2014 and February 2016, while Uzcátegui died in a training accident in 2002 at Salinas air base, in the Santa Elena Province.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In 2011, all of the remaining Ecuadorian Mirage F1s still in service were retired after having flown more than 33,000 flight hours during their 32 years in active service; they were replaced by a squadron of Atlas Cheetah fighters bought from South Africa.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Greece operated 40 Dassault Mirage F1CG single-seat fighters. The F1CG was first ordered in 1974 and entered service with the Hellenic Air Force in 1975 The aircraft were used by 334 Squadron and 342 Squadron. Mirage F1CGs were armed with the AIM-9P missile, rather than the more commonly used R.550 Magic, and could carry four AIM-9Ps, rather than just two.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: The Hellenic Air Force retired the remaining 27 Mirage F1CGs on 30 June 2003 after 28 years of service and 160,000 flying hours. A number of F1CG aircraft have been preserved, permanently grounded, for display. At least four are preserved in Tanagra (LGTG), Greece (115, 124, 129 and 140). One more (134) is preserved at the HAF History Department, Delta Falirou.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Starting in 1977 and continuing through the 1980s, Iraq placed several orders for Mirage F1s. Although the first version, designated as the Mirage F1EQ, was quite similar to the original French Mirage F1C, those developed subsequently were increasingly modified with custom-tailored equipment (notably in the field of electronic warfare), according to the Iraqis' wishes. During this period, France was a major supplier of military equipment to the nation; in 1983, the former loaned five Super Étendards to Iraq while the latter was awaiting the delivery of the Exocet-capable Mirage F1EQ-5, which wouldn't be available until September 1984. The Super Étendard had been strongly advocated for by Dassault, who had feared the potential cancellation of the sizable Mirage F1 order by Iraq if the request was not granted.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: From 1983 onwards, Iraqi Mirage F1s were also used for ground attack. In this role, the Mirage F1 was used to replace Iraq's aging fleet of Hawker Hunters. In September 1985, an agreement was signed between Dassault and Iraq for the delivery of a further 24 aircraft, consisting of 18 Mirage F1EQ-6 fighters and 6 F1BQ trainers.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: During the Iran–Iraq War, Iraq's Mirage F1EQs were used intensively for interception, ground attack and anti-shipping missions. The Mirage F1EQ allowed for Iraqi strikes to be conducted over a greater combat radius into Iran than had been previously possible. In November 1981, an Iraqi Mirage F1 accounted for the first Iranian F-14 Tomcat to be shot down, followed by several more in the following months, giving the previously timid Iraqi Air Force new confidence in air-to-air combat engagements with the Iranians. According to research by journalist Tom Cooper, during the war 33 Iraqi Mirage F1s were shot down by Iranian F-14s and two were downed by Iranian F-4 Phantom II units. Iraqi F1EQs claimed at least 35 Iranian aircraft, mostly F-4s and Northrop F-5E Tiger IIs, but also several F-14 Tomcats.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: On 14 September 1983, a pair of Turkish Air Force F-100F Super Sabre fighter jets of 182 Filo “Atmaca” penetrated Iraqi airspace. A Mirage F1EQ of the Iraqi Air Force intercepted the flight and fired a Super 530F-1 missile at them. One of the Turkish fighter jets (s/n 56-3903) was shot down and crashed in Zakho valley near the Turkish-Iraqi border. The plane's pilots reportedly survived the crash and were returned to Turkey. The incident was not made public by either side, although some details surfaced in later years. The incident was revealed in 2012 by Turkish Defence Minister İsmet Yılmaz, in response to a parliamentary question by Republican People's Party (CHP) MP Metin Lütfi Baydar in the aftermath of the downing of a Turkish F-4 Phantom II in Syria, in 2012.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: On 17 May 1987, an Iraqi Mirage F1 fired a pair of Exocet missiles at the United States Navy (USN) warship USS Stark as it patrolled the Persian Gulf, causing extensive damage to the ship, killing 37 and wounding 21 members of Stark's crew. The exact motive and orders of the pilot remain unclear, although Iraq later apologized for the attack, referring to the incident as "a mistake" and blaming Iran.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Prior to the outbreak of the 1991 Gulf War, the Mirage F1EQ was the second most numerous type operated by the Iraqi Air Force (the most numerous being the MiG-21). On 17 January 1991, during the opening minutes of the conflict, an unarmed, United States Air Force (USAF) EF-111, crewed by Captain James A. Denton and Captain Brent D. Brandon scored a kill against an Iraqi Mirage F1EQ, which they managed to maneuver into the ground, making it the only F-111 to achieve an aerial victory over another aircraft. Later in the war, an Iraqi Mirage piloted by Capt. Nafie Al-Jubouri successfully downed an American EF-111 Raven through aerial maneuvering as it crashed while attempting to avoid a missile fired by Al-Jubouri.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: Coalition forces shot down several Iraqi F1s during the Gulf War, such as six F1EQs that were shot down by USAF F-15 Eagles. A pair of F1EQs, which were preparing to carry out an attack on Saudi oil facilities were shot down by a Royal Saudi Air Force (RSAF) F-15C. Of a pre-conflict force of 88 Mirage F1EQs, 23 were destroyed in the war, a further six were damaged, 24 were flown to Iran and interned; only 23 aircraft remained in service by the end of the Gulf War. Of the 23 destroyed Iraqi Mirage F1EQs, 9 were claimed to have been destroyed in aerial combat.


title: Dassault Mirage F1

text: In December 1975, Morocco ordered 25 Mirage F1CH interceptors. In March 1977, an additional contract was signed, stipulating the delivery of five additional Mirage F1CHs, as well as 20 Mirage F1EHs (including six aircraft equipped with in-flight refuelling probes). The first deliveries to the Royal Moroccan Air Force (RMAF) took place in 1978. Moroccan Mirage F1s flew with three squadrons: Assad and Atlas, which were multi-role (interceptor and fighter-bomber) units, and Iguider, a specialised reconnaissance squadron. Comprising over a third of its fighter force, the Mirage F1 served as the primary air defence fighter of the RMAF for the next two decades.