title: James Watt

text: Watt continued to invent other things before and during his semi-retirement. Within his home in Handsworth, Staffordshire, Watt made use of a garret room as a workshop, and it was here that he worked on many of his inventions. Among other things, he invented and constructed machines for copying sculptures and medallions which worked very well, but which he never patented. One of the first sculptures he produced with the machine was a small head of his old professor friend Adam Smith. He maintained his interest in civil engineering and was a consultant on several significant projects. He proposed, for example, a method for constructing a flexible pipe to be used for pumping water under the River Clyde at Glasgow.


title: James Watt

text: He and his second wife travelled to France and Germany, and he purchased an estate in mid-Wales at Doldowlod House, one mile south of Llanwrthwl, which he much improved.


title: James Watt

text: In 1816, he took a trip on the paddle-steamer "Comet", a product of his inventions, to revisit his home town of Greenock.


title: James Watt

text: He died on 25 August 1819 at his home "Heathfield Hall" near Handsworth in Staffordshire (now part of Birmingham) at the age of 83. He was buried on 2 September in the graveyard of St Mary's Church, Handsworth. The church has since been extended and his grave is now inside the church.


title: James Watt

text: On 16 July 1764, Watt married his cousin Margaret Miller (d. 1773). They had two children, Margaret (1767–1796) and James (1769–1848). In 1791, their daughter married James Miller. In September 1773, while Watt was working in the Scottish Highlands, he learned that his wife, who was pregnant with their third child, was seriously ill. He immediately returned home but found that she had died and their child was stillborn.


title: James Watt

text: He was Initiated into Scottish Freemasonry in The Glasgow Royal Arch Lodge, No. 77, in 1763. The Lodge ceased to exist in 1810. A Masonic Lodge was named after him in his home town of Glasgow – Lodge James Watt, No. 1215.


title: James Watt

text: William Murdoch joined Boulton and Watt in 1777. At first, he worked in the pattern shop in Soho, but soon he was erecting engines in Cornwall. He became an important part of the firm and made many contributions to its success including important inventions of his own.


title: James Watt

text: John Griffiths, who wrote a biography of him in 1992, has argued that Watt's discouragement of Murdoch's work with high-pressure steam on his steam road locomotive experiments delayed its development: Watt rightly believed that boilers of the time would be unsafe at higher pressures.


title: James Watt

text: Watt patented the application of the sun and planet gear to steam in 1781 and a steam locomotive in 1784, both of which have strong claims to have been invented by Murdoch. The patent was never contested by Murdoch, however, and Boulton and Watt's firm continued to use the sun and planet gear in their rotative engines, even long after the patent for the crank expired in 1794. Murdoch was made a partner of the firm in 1810, where he remained until his retirement 20 years later at the age of 76.


title: James Watt

text: As one author states, James Watt's improvements to the steam engine "converted it from a prime mover of marginal efficiency into the mechanical workhorse of the Industrial Revolution".


title: James Watt

text: Watt was much honoured in his own time. In 1784, he was made a fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, and was elected as a member of the Batavian Society for Experimental Philosophy, of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, in 1787. In 1789, he was elected to the elite group, the Smeatonian Society of Civil Engineers. In 1806, he was conferred the honorary Doctor of Laws by the University of Glasgow. The French Academy elected him a Corresponding Member and he was made a Foreign Associate in 1814.


title: James Watt

text: The watt is named after James Watt for his contributions to the development of the steam engine, and was adopted by the Second Congress of the British Association for the Advancement of Science in 1889 and by the 11th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1960 as the unit of power incorporated in the International System of Units (or "SI").


title: James Watt

text: On 29 May 2009, the Bank of England announced that Boulton and Watt would appear on a new £50 note. The design is the first to feature a dual portrait on a Bank of England note, and presents the two industrialists side by side with images of Watt's steam engine and Boulton's Soho Manufactory. Quotes attributed to each of the men are inscribed on the note: "I sell here, sir, what all the world desires to have—POWER" (Boulton) and "I can think of nothing else but this machine" (Watt). The inclusion of Watt is the second time that a Scot has featured on a Bank of England note (the first was Adam Smith on the 2007 issue £20 note). In September 2011, it was announced that the notes would enter circulation on 2 November.


title: James Watt

text: Watt was buried in the grounds of St. Mary's Church, Handsworth, in Birmingham. Later expansion of the church, over his grave, means that his tomb is now buried "inside" the church.


title: James Watt

text: The garret room workshop that Watt used in his retirement was left, locked and untouched, until 1853, when it was first viewed by his biographer J. P. Muirhead. Thereafter, it was occasionally visited, but left untouched, as a kind of shrine. A proposal to have it transferred to the Patent Office came to nothing. When the house was due to be demolished in 1924, the room and all its contents were presented to the Science Museum, where it was recreated in its entirety. It remained on display for visitors for many years, but was walled-off when the gallery it was housed in closed. The workshop remained intact, and preserved, and in March 2011 was put on public display as part of a new permanent Science Museum exhibition, "James Watt and our world".


title: James Watt

text: The approximate location of James Watt's birth in Greenock is commemorated by a statue. Other memorials in Greenock include street names and the Watt Memorial Library, which was begun in 1816 with Watt's donation of scientific books, and developed as part of the Watt Institution by his son (which ultimately became the James Watt College). Taken over by the local authority in 1974, the library now also houses the local history collection and archives of Inverclyde, and is dominated by a large seated statue in the vestibule. Watt is additionally commemorated by statuary in George Square, Glasgow and Princes Street, Edinburgh, as well as others in Birmingham, where he is also remembered by the Moonstones and a school is named in his honour.


title: James Watt

text: The James Watt College has expanded from its original location to include campuses in Kilwinning (North Ayrshire), Finnart Street and The Waterfront in Greenock, and the Sports campus in Largs. Heriot-Watt University near Edinburgh was at one time the School of Arts of Edinburgh, founded in 1821 as the world's first Mechanics Institute, but to commemorate George Heriot, the 16th-century financier to King James VI and I, and James Watt, after Royal Charter the name was changed to Heriot-Watt University. Dozens of university and college buildings (chiefly of science and technology) are named after him. Matthew Boulton's home, Soho House, is now a museum, commemorating the work of both men. The University of Glasgow's Faculty of Engineering has its headquarters in the James Watt Building, which also houses the department of Mechanical Engineering and the department of Aerospace Engineering. The huge painting "James Watt contemplating the steam engine" by James Eckford Lauder is now owned by the National Gallery of Scotland.


title: James Watt

text: A colossal statue of Watt by Francis Legatt Chantrey was placed in Westminster Abbey, and later was moved to St. Paul's Cathedral. On the cenotaph, the inscription reads, in part, "JAMES WATT ... ENLARGED THE RESOURCES OF HIS COUNTRY, INCREASED THE POWER OF MAN, AND ROSE TO AN EMINENT PLACE AMONG THE MOST ILLUSTRIOUS FOLLOWERS OF SCIENCE AND THE REAL BENEFACTORS OF THE WORLD".


title: NewsRadio

text: NewsRadio is an American sitcom television series that aired on NBC from March 21, 1995 to May 4, 1999, focusing on the work lives of the staff of a New York City AM news radio station. It had an ensemble cast featuring Dave Foley, Stephen Root, Andy Dick, Maura Tierney, Vicki Lewis, Joe Rogan, Khandi Alexander, and Phil Hartman in his final regular role before his death in 1998; Jon Lovitz joined the show after Hartman's death.


title: NewsRadio

text: The series was created by executive producer Paul Simms and was filmed in front of a studio audience at CBS Studio Center and Sunset Gower Studios. The theme song was composed by Mike Post, who also scored the pilot.


title: NewsRadio

text: The series is set at WNYX, a fictional AM broadcasting all-news radio station in New York City, populated by an eccentric station owner and staff. The show begins with the arrival of a new news director, the everyman Dave Nelson (Dave Foley). While Dave turns out to be more experienced than his youthful appearance suggests, he never fully gains control of his co-workers.


title: NewsRadio

text: The fast-paced scripts and ensemble cast combined physical humor and visual gags with quick-witted dialogue and farcical storylines. Plots often involved satirical takes on historical events, news stories, and pop culture references. The third and fourth season finales took the surrealism to the extreme, setting the characters in outer space and aboard the "Titanic".


title: NewsRadio

text: There are a total of 97 episodes. Reruns continued in syndication for several years before disappearing in most markets, but the show has aired on A&E, Nick at Nite, and TBS network in the United States, and DTour and the Comedy Network in Canada. In the United States, the show occasionally airs as a filler on WGN America and runs regularly on Reelz and Antenna TV. For several years starting in July 2007, the program was syndicated through The Program Exchange.


title: NewsRadio

text: The only recurring character to appear in more than one production season is that of Jimmy's lawyer, Roger, played initially by Norm Macdonald, and later by "NewsRadio" writer Drake Sather, who did a vocal impersonation of Norm Macdonald.


title: NewsRadio

text: Several other actors appeared in multiple seasons playing different characters, notably Lovitz, David Cross, Toby Huss, Brian Posehn, David Anthony Higgins, Dave Allen, Wallace Langham, and Bob Odenkirk.


title: NewsRadio

text: Tone Lōc and Toby Huss played security guards Lorenzo and Junior in two episodes in season 2. The characters were based on the security guards at the studio where "NewsRadio" was shot. During the last season, Patrick Warburton had a recurring role as Johnny Johnson, Jimmy's nemesis and Lisa's love interest (and eventual husband).


title: NewsRadio

text: Lauren Graham had a four-episode run as Andrea, a manipulative efficiency expert who shakes up the office (firing Matthew, demoting Dave, and promoting Lisa). She is sometimes referred to as "Planbee" after Matthew misunderstands her being Jimmy's "Plan B" for the office. In a season 4 episode commentary track, Tierney gives the hiring of Graham as a possible explanation for Alexander's departure, which contradicts the idea that Alexander intended to leave before Graham appeared on the show (In Dave Foley's appearance on Joe Rogan's podcast, they talked about Alexander leaving because she was not given enough lines). All of the changes introduced during Graham's time on the show would be restored by mid-season to the way things were before her arrival.


title: NewsRadio

text: Brad Rowe had a four-episode run as Walt the intern, Jimmy's nephew who has a crush on Lisa, which causes more worry for Dave. He was originally intended as a regular for season five, but the character made no appearances after "Sinking Ship".


title: NewsRadio

text: The show entered off-network syndication three months after the 4th-season finale. In October 2000, A&E picked up the rights to the show and eventually moved to The Biography Channel in 2003. In 2006, the show began airing on Nick at Nite and TBS for a short period of time. In July 2010, the show began airing on the Reelz cable network. In July 2011, Antenna TV picked up the rights to the show to begin airing in October 2011. In August 2019, it was announced that "NewsRadio" would return to Antenna TV in January 2020. After an all-day New Year's marathon, "NewsRadio" aired six nights a week beginning January 2. The majority of "NewsRadio" episodes were available to users in the United States via the video on demand site Hulu but as of March 2012 they are no longer available. A number of episodes from the first four seasons are currently available on the free video on demand site Crackle.


title: NewsRadio

text: In Canada, the show aired on CTV Comedy Channel from 2011 to 2013. In October 2013, the show began airing on the Canadian TV channel M3. In the UK, the show aired on Comedy Central in the late 1990s, and has aired on Sony TV since April 2011.


title: NewsRadio

text: In Australia, "NewsRadio" was broadcast on Network 10 since 1997. From 2011, 7mate has been showing reruns of the series. It was also shown in New Zealand on TVNZ.


title: NewsRadio

text: Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released all 5 seasons of "NewsRadio" on DVD in Region 1 between 2005 and 2007. Each set includes multiple audio commentaries with creator Paul Simms, the writers and actors. The DVD sets also include special features such as gag reels and other featurettes. As of 2014, these releases have been discontinued and are out of print.


title: NewsRadio

text: On August 27, 2013, it was announced that Mill Creek Entertainment had acquired the rights to various television series from the Sony Pictures library including Newsradio. They subsequently re-released the first two seasons on DVD on April 1, 2014.


title: NewsRadio

text: On May 19, 2015, Mill Creek Entertainment re-released "NewsRadio - The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1.


title: NewsRadio

text: Though the series received critical acclaim, ratings were inconsistent, and the show never placed higher than 26th. During its run, "NewsRadio"s time slot changed 11 times.


title: NewsRadio

text: On its first two broadcasts the show received a 20 share, improving on its lead-in ("Wings") by a percentage point, and beating its competitors ("Under One Roof" and "Thunder Alley") in its share of the 18- to 49-year-old audience.


title: Miyuki Sawashiro

text: Miyuki Sawashiro was born on June 2, 1985. She has a younger brother named Chiharu Sawashiro who is also a voice actor.


title: Miyuki Sawashiro

text: She participated in voice actor auditions for "Di Gi Charat" on May 2, 1999, and won the Special Jury Prize. During her time in high school, she stayed in Pennsylvania, where she participated in a homestay program to learn English. She takes time off to practice English when she is not busy with voiceover work.


title: Miyuki Sawashiro

text: She voiced Puchiko in the English dubbed release of "Leave it to Piyoko", making her the first and one of the few Japanese voice actors to have reprised a role in English in addition to the original Japanese performance. She was not able to record for the English dub of the "Di Gi Charat" TV series because of a scheduling conflict.


title: Miyuki Sawashiro

text: She was affiliated with Mausu Promotion since the start of her voice acting career until August 2015 when she became affiliated with Aoni Production.


title: Miyuki Sawashiro

text: Sawashiro announced her marriage in 2014. In 2018, her fellow voice actress Mayumi Tanaka announced that Sawashiro had successfully given birth to her first child.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: The Music of the Spheres World Tour is the ongoing eighth concert tour currently being undertaken by British rock band Coldplay. It was announced on 14 October 2021 in support of their ninth studio album "Music of the Spheres" and marked a return to live performing after the COVID-19 pandemic. The band had not toured for their previous record, "Everyday Life" (2019), putting shows on hold until they could work out how to ensure it would be environmentally friendly. According to a plan they developed for over two years, emissions are meant to be reduced by 50% compared to A Head Full of Dreams Tour (2016–17).


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Similar to the Mylo Xyloto Tour (2011–12), the concert run features extensive use of pyrotechnic and confetti visuals. However, they were adapted to reduce emissions: the former has less explosive charge and uses new formulas to reduce harmful chemicals, while the latter is 100% biodegradable and require less compressed gas for ignition. Meanwhile, Xylobands were replaced by PixMob wristbands made from plant-based materials. Other efforts include the first ever mobile rechargeable show battery (developed with BMW) and a mobile application to interact with fans and help them to take environmentally conscious travel options.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Coldplay also partnered with One Tree Planted, ClientEarth, the Grantham Institute and numerous other organizations to ensure their endeavour's success. Additionally, the band pledged to plant a tree for every ticket sold through a reforestation agreement. They broke many records in Latin America and Europe as sales began, moving over one million tickets in both continents. The tour started in Costa Rica's Estadio Nacional on 18 March 2022 and was met with widespread acclaim from music critics, who praised their stage presence and joyful performance, concluding the shows were "triumphant", "immersive" and "intimate".


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: After releasing their eighth album "Everyday Life" (2019), Coldplay stated they would not be touring until they could ensure their concert runs are environmentally friendly, which led the record to be promoted with small shows for charity and a special performance at the Amman Citadel in Jordan, broadcast by YouTube. On 14 October 2021, a day before the release of "Music of the Spheres", the band posted on social media they would be returning to live shows after the COVID-19 pandemic. The announcement was accompanied by a detailed 12 steps plan, which was developed for two years with environmental experts and set out how Coldplay would reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 50% compared to A Head Full of Dreams Tour. To celebrate the album's release, they inaugurated the Climate Pledge Arena on 22 October 2021. The concert was broadcast by Amazon Prime Video and followed by a performance at Expo 2020's Programme for People and Planet, while the tour began in Costa Rica due to the country's renewable-energy-sourced power grid.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: A team of sustainability experts was commissioned to investigate Coldplay's carbon footprint and study how to reduce it. Along with BMW, the band also developed the first ever mobile rechargeable show battery, which was made from recyclable BMW i3 batteries and powered concerts by using renewable resources such as hydrotreated vegetable oil, solar power and kinetic energy. Unavoidable emissions were offset according to Oxford's principles. They claimed a tree would be planted for every ticket sold through a global reforestation agreement with One Tree Planted as well. For transportation, the tour was routed to reduce air travel, band members mostly used commercial flights, a surcharge to utilize Sustainable Aviation Fuel from Neste was paid whenever possible and ground freight was done with electric vehicles or biofuel. The stage was built using lightweight, re-usable materials (such as recycled steel) and upgraded to incorporate low-energy LED displays, lasers and lighting set-ups, along with a PA system that consumed 50% less power, thus reducing environmental noise outside the venues. Additionally, they used wind-turbine technology on delay towers and solar blankets on unused seats.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: For special effects, Coldplay used biodegradable confetti adapted to require less compressed gas for ignition, while pyrotechnics had new formulas to reduce or eliminate harmful chemicals and mitigate the explosive charge. The PixMob wristbands worn by the audience were made from 100% plant-based materials and the band pledged to decrease their production by collecting, sterilising and recharging them after every show. To minimize food waste, they had crew catering menus that offered plant-based and meat-free options as the standard, sourced products from suppliers adept to regenerative agriculture techniques, supported the development of synthetic, lab-grown cultured meals, donated surplus to local food banks and composted organic waste such as vegetable peelings and scraps. The band also worked with venues to establish recycling programs, replace single-use water bottles with alternatives such as the Ball aluminium cups, include refill stations, introduce aerated taps, lower flushing toilets and reduce water pressure.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Coldplay partnered with SAP to develop a free mobile application for the tour, which calculated the total carbon footprint generated by concert goers and encouraged them to take environmentally friendly travel options. Fans who committed to the effort were given a discount code on their merchandise store. Partners and vendors were carefully selected to provide high quality products made from natural fibres and re-usable elements, which were then packaged in recycled paper, card or compostable bags. Additionally, the band incorporated kinetic floors and stationary bicycles in venues to power the C-stage and further interact with attendees. They provided bass-delivering vests from SubPac and two sign language interpreters for concert goers with hearing loss as well, while guests who are blind or have low vision were offered a designated platform and touch tours before each show. In May 2022, the band announced Infinity Tickets, a limited set of $20 admissions for fans who could not afford standard prices.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: In May 2022, "The Times" revealed Coldplay donated over £2.1 million to environmental causes through J Van Mars Foundation during the previous year. Aside from teaming up with One Tree Planted, the band continued their partnership with ClientEarth, to which they have been patrons since 2011. Support to The Ocean Cleanup was declared as well, as they sponsored two watercrafts to collect plastic from polluted rivers before it reaches the sea in Malaysia. Other organizations endorsed by Coldplay include Global Citizen, The Food Forest Project, Sea Shepherd UK, Project Seagrass, Seafields, My Trees Trust, Farm Under The Radar, Project Quercus, Sustainable Food Trust, Global Tech Advocates, Knowledge Pele, Climeworks, Cleaner Seas Group, Conservation Collective and the Devon Environment Foundation, which have all assisted them to reach the tour's goal. Additionally, Imperial College London's Grantham Institute helped the band to study and publish their progress. In July 2022, DHL announced they would become Coldplay's freight partner due to the company's extensive "expertise and investment in sustainable logistics" and transport solutions.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: "Pitchfork" named the Music of the Spheres World Tour one of the most anticipated concert runs of 2022. Sales for the European leg were opened on 22 October 2021, with Coldplay selling over one million tickets throughout the day in the region according to "Billboard". Due to high demand, they added a fifth and a sixth date at Wembley Stadium. Four days later, extra shows were announced for King Baudouin Stadium and Stade de France, with Fnac reporting the band sold over 200,000 tickets in record time in the latter venue. General sales for Argentina opened on 9 December 2021, they further added three performances at Estadio River Plate in the following hours to support the demand, which included selling over 200,000 tickets in less than 17 hours. On the next day, media outlets across the country reported all shows were officially sold out. Coldplay later scheduled six more dates at the venue, which also sold out. On 22 August 2022, it was reported the tour already had sold over four million tickets around the world.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: According to "Manchester Evening News", over 400,000 people attempted to purchase tickets for their shows at Etihad Stadium. Similarly, more than 312,000 buyers were waiting in line for Principality Stadium admissions. The extremely high demand from both venues caused the British Ticketmaster website to crash. Coldplay later announced additional performances for both places. Sales at Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys were the fastest in Spain's history. A presale held during the previous day saw 80,000 customers trying to enter Spanish Ticketmaster's website at the same time, leading to another crash. Over 700,000 people attempted to buy admissions for the Johan Cruyff Arena shows, prompting a fourth date to be added. Parlophone later reported the band sold 1.4 million tickets in a single day for their second European leg, while total numbers surpassed 5.4 million. In December 2022, "Billboard" year-end boxscore charts attested that despite reporting data from only 40 out of 64 concerts performed, Coldplay achieved the most successful tour of the year by a group, ranking at fifth place overall.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: The tour was met with widespread acclaim from music critics. Andrew Chamings from the "San Francisco Chronicle" affirmed despite his "cynicism, Coldplay's show was a joyous, bright, cathartic post-pandemic triumph". Writing for "Houston Press", Marco Torres said the concert "felt like a beautiful dream, with balloons flying around, confetti bursting from air cannons and lasers shooting from the stage through the smoke" as the band played their hits, concluding it was one of the best live music performances he had ever experienced. Similarly, Mac Engel from "Fort Worth Star-Telegram" commented "Martin showed all of the skills that make him one of the top pop performers of his generation" by making Cotton Bowl "feel intimate with a powerful set".


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: "NJ.com" Katie Kausch stated the MetLife Stadium shows were "pure fun" and the special effects were not really necessary, given how the songs "are good enough to stand on their own", but "confetti and fireworks are fun, so why not use them?". In a review for "Chicago Sun-Times", Selena Fragassi wrote the band's "powerful mix of art and science set the bar for what arena tours of the future could – and should – look like". Christopher A. Daniel from "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" affirmed their melodic songs and ability to please a crowd will sustain them as a "must-see legendary act". Writing for "Tampa Bay Times", Carly Thompson praised Coldplay's stage presence and said the band "delivered what many seem to be looking for these days: an experience".


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: "Regioactive" Torsten Reitz said they were "full of energy and much more powerful than on record" in Frankfurt, mastering both "driving, pulsating beats" and "quiet moments" while proving "why they rightly belong to the biggest live bands of today". Writing for Virgin Radio about their Stade de France performances, Marine Pineau praised the band's sense of showmanship and stated they "lived up to [their] reputation" as a live act by "offering one of the most beautiful concerts of the year" while also "changing the rules of the game" with their sustainability efforts. In his five-star review for "The Guardian", Alexis Petridis commented the tour's Wembley Stadium run was "a genuinely immersive experience", adding its namesake album gained depth with Coldplay's inventive approach. Kate Solomon from "The Times" called it a "triumphant homecoming", as the band are "tight and lithe all at once" with "guitars slaloming around Martin's thundering piano and keening falsetto", rating the performances with 4/5 stars. "The Telegraph" Neil McCormick affirmed they are "modern masters of stadium entertainment", with their ability "to transmit joy through the power of song" being "the most special effect of all". Similarly, Hannah Mylrea wrote in her five-star review for "NME" that Coldplay managed to offer a "masterclass in how a massive pop show can be done" while maintaining things "intimate and political".


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Felipe Branco Cruz from "Veja" stated the band "reinvented the concept of arena rock" with their performance at Rock in Rio festival, turning fans into the show's protagonists instead of mere spectators and consequently carrying on the legacy of spectacles "which transcend music" that was established by groups such as Pink Floyd, Queen and U2. Writing for "UOL", Yolanda Reis commented it is undeniable they are "true showmen", adding the night was "unique and unforgettable". "Folha de São Paulo" Carlos Albuquerque affirmed Coldplay exhibited "nearly two hours of delicious escapism" and effortlessly took advantage of everything at their disposal on stage. Ana Raquel Lelles praised them for keeping the audience excited with a "masterful" repertory despite the heavy rain in her review for "Estado de Minas". Meanwhile, Julio Maria from "Estadão" said the band are in a "higher level of spectacle" and delivered the festival's greatest performance, highlighting "Paradise" as "the first great catharsis" in a curve which "continued to climb" throughout the show.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Writing for "El Comercio", Juan Carlos Fangacio Arakaki mentioned Coldplay were "impeccable" and succeeded in delivering a complete and diverse set list in a show which "never let down". CNN Chile's Pablo Figueroa stated the band showcased "confidence, strength and respect for their audience" and were "protagonists in one of the most emotional musical moments" of the country since the transition to democracy. Marcelo Fernández Bitar from "Clarín" said the secret behind their demand is Martin's charisma, his bandmates' solidity and how they established a connection with the public, concluding the performance reaffirmed the passion evoked by the band's songs. Similarly, an editorial published by "Infobae" praised Coldplay for being "versatile" and "synchronized" in a concert that ranged from "the most subtle" to "the most grand". In his review for "La Nación", Mauro Apicella affirmed they are "in the vanguard of stadium technology" and despite criticism, are a band with songs that "became classics".


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: In September 2022, the band announced they would be launching a global broadcast of their 28 October show at Estadio River Plate in partnership with Trafalgar Releasing, which was responsible for premiering "" in 2018. The event was directed by Paul Dugdale and repeat screenings were made available on the following day, becoming the first ever worldwide screening to be broadcast from Latin America. "Boxoffice Pro" later reported the concert was held in cinemas from 81 countries, the most in history for a live theatrical release. It also grossed $8.4 million worldwide, ranking at number-one in the box office charts of Argentina, Chile, Mexico and the Netherlands; number two in Brazil; number three in the United Kingdom; number six in Italy; and number 10 in Australia. If non-movies were included, the broadcast would have reached at number nine in the United States. During an interview for "IQ", Trafalgar Releasing CEO Marc Allenby said the company "look forward to continuing [their] partnership with the Coldplay team in 2023", prompting rumours that more screenings would be held during the tour.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: According to "Le Soir", the band proposed an "ecological plan that is unprecedented" in stadium tour levels. Similarly, "Impact" credited Coldplay with "redefining the rulebook" for eco-friendly touring, as their concert run "put environmental issues and climate change at the helm of international music news". Live Nation's sustainability director Lucy August-Perna commented their ideas helped to further build on the framework the company had been developing during the previous five years, adding she is "working with Coldplay to adopt their plans" and "standardize what they learn and best practices to provide sustainable touring options" for more people. "Vogue" Scandinavia affirmed the concert run "sets the bar for how every artist, and fans, can contribute to reducing their CO2 emissions", given its "transparency on the reality that no tour will be carbon negative in 2022", while also putting "efforts into creating the most sustainable show on the market", which "speaks louder than words". "Uproxx" and "Billboard" have noticed the band's impact on Billie Eilish's Happier Than Ever, The World Tour and Shawn Mendes' , respectively.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Their work with John Wiseman (from Worldwide Sales) and Frederic Opsomer (from PRG Projects) for the LED elements used in the stage resulted in the creation of products "that never existed before", such as inflatable three-dimensional orbs which "dramatically reduced the necessary space to store and transport" regular models. Opsomer also stated the custom technology developed for the tour will become "commonplace in a few years" in the live entertainment industry and that Coldplay were "valuable partners in the process", as they "took the chance and had the vision, spent the money and did it right". The band's unusually long stay in Mexico led multiple internet memes to go viral on social media, they consisted of Coldplay members taking part in the country's everyday life practices. All three shows held in Berlin caused microearthquakes during the performance of "A Sky Full of Stars", with the highest magnitude (1.5) being registered on 12 July 2022. Songs from their discography experienced a chart resurgence on streaming platforms as well, consequently debuting and reaching new peaks on "Billboard" Global 200. The government of Argentina created a separate US dollar exchange rate for live events which became known as the "Coldplay dollar", due to the band's 10 shows at Estadio River Plate.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: On the other hand, a spokesperson for the European Federation for Transport and Environment criticized their collaboration with Neste, claiming the company was "cynically using Coldplay to greenwash its reputation" and the partnership should be discontinued. Eoin Dubsky from SumOfUs additionally condemned the association with BMW. The band published a statement on their official website on the same day, reiterating that "When we announced this tour, we said that we would try our best to make it as sustainable and low carbon-impact as possible, but that it would be a work in progress. That remains true. We don't claim to have got it all right yet". Coldplay also mentioned BMW were the ones to offer help after contacting various electric car manufacturers to supply rechargeable batteries, adding they have "no connection to or influence on their corporate policies". Neste separately reported extensive investigations were conducted regarding their palm oil suppliers allegedly being linked to deforestation, but no evidence to support said violations were found, concluding "conventional palm oil or other virgin vegetable oils were not used as raw materials" for the aviation biofuels supplied to the band.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: This set list was taken from the band's 3 July 2022 concert in Frankfurt, Germany. It does not represent all shows throughout the tour.


title: Music of the Spheres World Tour

text: Credits taken from the band's official tour book, which was released "in loving memory of Ben Farrey and Steve Strange".


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The B83 is a variable-yield thermonuclear gravity bomb developed by the United States in the late 1970s that entered service in 1983. With a maximum yield of , it has been the most powerful nuclear weapon in the United States nuclear arsenal since October 25, 2011 after retirement of the B53. It was designed by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The B83 was based partly on the earlier B77 program, which was terminated because of cost overruns. The B77 was designed with an active altitude control and lifting parachute system for supersonic low-altitude delivery from the B-1A bomber. B77 nuclear component test firings were attributed to the Operation Anvil series in 1975 and 1976, specifically the "Cheese" test shots in Anvil:


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The B83 replaced several earlier weapons, including the B28, B43, and to some extent the ultra-high-yield B53. It was the first U.S. nuclear weapon designed from the start to avoid accidental detonation, with the use of "insensitive explosives" in the trigger lens system. Its layout is similar to that of the smaller B61, with the warhead mounted in the forward part of the weapon to make the bomb nose-heavy. It was intended for high-speed carriage (up to Mach 2.0) and delivery at high or low altitude. For the latter role, it is equipped with a parachute retardation system, with a Kevlar ribbon parachute capable of rapid deceleration. It can be employed in free-fall, retarded, contact, and laydown modes, for air-burst or ground-burst detonation. Security features include next-generation permissive action link (PAL) and a command disablement system (CDS), rendering the weapon tactically useless without a nuclear yield.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The B83 was test fired in the Grenadier Tierra nuclear weapon test on 15 December 1984, at a reduced yield of 80 kilotonnes due to the Threshold Test Ban Treaty.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: With the dismantling of the last B53 bomb in 2011, the B83 became the highest yield nuclear weapon in the U.S. arsenal. In 2022, Biden administration declared that they plan to retire B83.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The bomb is long, with a diameter of . The actual nuclear explosive package, judging from published drawings, occupies some in the forward part of the bomb case. The bomb weighs approximately . The location of the lifting lugs shows that the greater part of the total mass is contained in the nuclear explosive. It has a variable yield: the destructive power is adjustable from somewhere in the low kiloton range up to a maximum of . The weapon is protected by a Category "D" Permissive Action Link (PAL) that prevents the enabling or detonation of the weapon without proper authorization.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: About 650 B83s were built, and the weapon remains in service as part of the United States "Enduring Stockpile".


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: Nuclear capability has been removed from the B-1B, and the B-52 no longer carries gravity nuclear bombs.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The B83 is one of the weapons considered for use in the "Nuclear Bunker Buster" project, which for a time was known as the Robust Nuclear Earth Penetrator, or RNEP. While most efforts have focused on the smaller B61-11 nuclear bomb, Los Alamos National Laboratory was also analyzing the use of the B83 in this role.


title: B83 nuclear bomb

text: The physics package contained within the B83 has been studied for use in asteroid impact avoidance strategies against any seriously threatening near earth asteroids. Six such warheads, configured for the maximum , would be deployed by maneuvering space vehicles to "knock" an asteroid off course, should it pose a risk to the Earth.


title: Xian H-6

text: The Xian H-6 () is a twin-engine jet bomber of the Chinese People's Liberation Army Air Force (PLAAF). The H-6 is a license-built version of the Soviet Tupolev Tu-16 and remains the primary bomber aircraft of the People's Republic of China.


title: Xian H-6

text: Delivery of the Tu-16 to China began in 1958, and a license production agreement with the Soviets was signed in the late 1950s. By November 2020, the PLAAF had as many as 231.


title: Xian H-6

text: The latest variant of the H-6 is the H-6N, a heavily redesigned version capable of aerial refueling and carrying air-launched cruise missiles. According to the United States Department of Defense, this will give the PLAAF a long-range standoff offensive air capability with precision-guided munitions.


title: Xian H-6

text: Having entered service with the Soviet Union in April 1952, the Tupolev Tu-16 was one the Soviets' earliest effective jet bombers with over 1,500 produced through 1962. Early in 1956, the Soviet Union agreed to license production of the Tu-16 to the People's Republic of China. Signed in September 1957, the agreement granted China two production aircraft, a semi-knocked-down (SKD) kit, a complete knock-down (CKD) kit, a set of blanks, and various raw materials to jumpstart Chinese manufacture, all from Plant No. 22 in Kazan, Tartarastan in Soviet Russia. In 1959 a team of Soviet technicians were dispatched to China to assist in the start of Chinese production where they remained until fall 1960.


title: Xian H-6

text: The Chinese Bureau of Aircraft Industry selected the Harbin Aircraft Factory and a similar factory in Xi'an to produce the new Tu-16s, requiring major reconstruction and expansion. The aircraft and CKD were sent in May 1959 to Harbin Aircraft Factory and production began shortly after with the first Chinese-built Tu-16 assembled in only 67 days (from 28 June to 3 September 1959, using Soviet-provided CKD). Two weeks later, on 27 September the first Chinese Tu-16 completed its maiden flight and in December was transferred to the PLAAF. In 1961, the Bureau of Aircraft Industry opted to concentrate production at Xi'an and dedicate the Harbin factory to H-5 production. Having completed renovations of the Xi'an factory by 1958, production of the H-6 began in earnest with the first fully domestically produced H-6 bomber making its first flight on 24 December 1968, flown by Li Yuanyi and Xu Wenhong.


title: Xian H-6

text: The establishment of China's H-6 production system experienced significant delays and a loss of schematics during the chaos of the Cultural Revolution.


title: Xian H-6

text: The H-6 was used to drop nine nuclear devices at the Lop Nur test site. However, with the increased development in ballistic missile technology, the nuclear delivery capabilities that the H-6 offered diminished in importance. The CIA estimated in 1976 that the H-6 had moved over to a dual nuclear/conventional bombing role.


title: Xian H-6

text: Today, H-6 variants are used by the PLAAF (primarily H-6Ks) and PLANAF (primarily H-6Js). Originally PLAAF bombers were used by the eight bomber divisions of the total fifty PLAAF air divisions. At present, PLAAF bombers are found in three conventional bomber divisions assigned to the PLA's theater commands and the nuclear 106th and 23rd Air Brigades. The three conventional bomber divisions of the PLAAF are the 10th Air Division (Eastern Theater Command), 8th Air Division (Southern Theater Command), and 36th Air Division (Central Theater Command). The 10th Air Division is likely responsible for conflicts in the Taiwan Strait or East China Sea, the 8th for conflicts in the South China Sea, and the 36th may be used as a national reserve. H-6s are garrisoned at Anqing, Luhe, Shaodong, Leiyang, Lintong, Wugong, and Neixiang Air Bases.


title: Xian H-6

text: On 13 July 2017, the Japanese Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) scrambled jets from Okinawa, intercepted, and photographed six Chinese H-6K bombers conducting long-range drills over the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait through the Taiwanese, East China Sea, and Japanese Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ). A PLA spokesperson told Chinese news service CGTN that the aircraft were "testing actual battle capabilities over the sea" as part of "routine exercises". Two bombers were of the 8th Air Division and the remaining four of the Eastern Theater Command's 10th Air Division. Similarly, on 25 May 2018, the JASDF joined F-16 fighter jets of Taiwanese Air Force in intercepting and photographing two H-6K bombers looping around the Taiwan Island through the Bashi Channel and Miyako Strait. A photo released by the JASDF shows an H-6K of the 8th Air Division, tail number 10192.


title: Xian H-6

text: In a summer 2021 attempt to demonstrate British commitment to freedom of maritime navigation and challenging Beijing's territorial claims in the South China Sea, the HMS Queen Elizabeth Carrier Strike Group, despite warnings by Chinese Communist Party press, sailed through international waters in the South China Sea. Part of these warnings included China Central Television (CCTV) airing a segment featuring ground crews strapping four YJ-12 anti-ship cruise missiles to hardpoints under the wings of an H-6K of the 24th Air Regiment, 8th Air Division, tail number 11196.


title: Xian H-6

text: In 2022, at the annual China International Aviation & Aerospace Exhibition (colloquially known as the Zhuhai Airshow), an H-6K of the 8th Air Division's 24th Air Regiment (tail number 11097) was observed carrying what some western defense analysts suspect is the first air-launched model of the CM-401 anti-ship ballistic missile (ASBM).


title: Xian H-6

text: For years, H-6K bombers of the 10th Air Division's 28th Air Regiment (AR) have routinely joined other military aircraft of the PLAAF (including J-11s, J-16s, Y-8s, Su-30s, KJ-500s, and various UAVs) in unannounced incursions into the Taiwanese and sometimes Japanese Air Defense Identification Zones (ADIZ) carrying a variety of payload munitions. These incursions have gained international attention, especially in annual joint patrols between bombers of the Chinese 28th Air Regiment and Russian Tu-95MS strategic bombers including during meetings of the Quad.


title: Xian H-6

text: In the PLAAF, H-6 aircrews () consist of four personnel: the pilot in command ( or ) who sits in the left pilot seat, the co-pilot () who sits to his right, an electronic warfare and communications officer (), and a navigator () bombardier () who may also be referred to as a weapons control technician (). Both the electronic warfare and communications officer and the navigator/bombardier sit directly behind the two pilots. Within a larger bomber formation, pilots may serve the role of 'lead pilot' () with command over a multiple-bomber formation. When a pilot commands two multiple-bomber formations of the same type, he is referred to as the 'airborne commander' (). PLAAF pilots use the term to describe a wingman.


title: Xian H-6

text: New variants were produced in the 1990s: the H-6G was a control platform for ground-launched cruise missiles and the H-6H could carry two land-attack cruise missiles. In terms of the missiles carried, five immediate possibilities were considered by PLAAF: the indigenous HN-1, HN-2, HN-3, DH-10/CJ-10, and a variant of a Russian-designed cruise missile. The CJ-10 was apparently chosen as the main missile carried by the H-6H. Subsequently, the H-6M cruise missile carrier was also introduced, with four pylons for improved cruise missiles and a terrain-following navigation system. Apparently these variants did not include internal weapons bays, and the designs also omitted most or all of the previous defensive gun turrets.


title: Xian H-6

text: The H-6K, first flying on January 5, 2007, entered service in October 2009 during the celebrations of the 60th anniversary of the People's Republic of China, and is claimed to make China the third country with an active strategic bomber after United States and Russia. With a reinforced structure making use of composite materials, enlarged engine inlets for Russian Soloviev D-30 turbofan engines giving a claimed combat radius of , a glass cockpit with large size LCD multi-function display, and a reworked nose section eliminating the glazed navigator's station in favor of a more powerful radar, the H-6K is a significantly more modern aircraft than earlier versions. Six underwing hardpoints for CJ-10A cruise missiles are added. The rear 23 mm guns and gunner position are replaced by electronic components.


title: Xian H-6

text: The H-6K, known in Mainland China as "God of War" (), is designed for long-range attacks and stand-off attacks. It is capable of attacking US carrier battle groups and priority targets in Asia. This aircraft has nuclear strike capability. While previous models had limited missile capacity (the H-6G could only carry two YJ-12 anti-ship missiles and the H-6M two KD-20/CJ-10K/CJ-20 land attack cruise missiles), the H-6K can carry up to six YJ-12 and 6-7 ALCMs; a single regiment of 18 H-6Ks fully loaded out with YJ-12s can saturate enemy ships with over 100 supersonic missiles. Although the aircraft has a new nose radome housing a modern air-to-ground radar, it is not clear if the bomber or other Chinese assets yet have the capability to collect accurate targeting information for successful strikes against point targets in areas beyond the first island chain. An electro-optical targeting system is fitted under the nose.


title: Xian H-6

text: The WS-18 (or WS-18A) engine may be intended to re-engine the H-6K. The WS-18 - a copy or derivative of the D-30 - began development in 2007 and flight testing in 2015.


title: Xian H-6

text: A H-6K fitted with a refuelling probe may have first flown in December 2016. Besides extending range, a possible mission for the variant may be to launch satellites or ballistic missiles.


title: Xian H-6

text: Defense Intelligence Agency chief Ashley confirmed that China is developing two new air-launched ballistic missiles, (CH-AS-X-13) one of which can carry a nuclear warhead. The H-6K would be suited to launch such missiles.


title: Xian H-6

text: In January 2019, Norinco announced it had tested an analog of the American "Mother of all Bombs." The weapon is carried by an H-6K and takes up the whole of the bomb bay, making it roughly long and weighing 10 tons. Chinese media claimed it could be used for wiping out reinforced buildings and shelters as well as clearing obstacles to create an aircraft landing zone.


title: Xian H-6

text: In October 2022, Chinese media showcased the prospective concepts of H-6K carrying LJ-1 unmanned aerial system conducting drone swarm tactics. LJ-1 was originally designed as a target practice drone with a modular payload, which could be modified into a decoy or electronic warfare platform.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Brian Michael Daboll (; born April 14, 1975) is a Canadian-born American football coach who is the head coach of the New York Giants of the National Football League (NFL). He previously served as the offensive coordinator for the Cleveland Browns, Miami Dolphins, Kansas City Chiefs, Alabama Crimson Tide, and Buffalo Bills. Daboll has also served in various capacities as an assistant coach for the New England Patriots from 2000 to 2006 and again from 2013 to 2016.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Born in Welland, Ontario, Canada, Daboll was raised by his grandparents in nearby West Seneca, a suburb of Buffalo, New York. Daboll attended Saint Francis High School in Athol Springs, New York and was a letterman in football. He was teammates there with future coach Brian Polian and future NFL front office executive Dave Caldwell. He attended the University of Rochester and was a letterman and two-year starter in football. Daboll graduated with a degree in economics.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Daboll was hired as a restricted earnings coach by the College of William & Mary in 1997 before moving to Michigan State University as a graduate assistant from 1998 to 1999 under head coach Nick Saban.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Daboll began his NFL coaching career at the age of 24 with the New England Patriots as a defensive coaching assistant in 2000 under new head coach Bill Belichick. After personnel assistant Josh McDaniels was promoted to defensive assistant, Daboll was promoted to wide receivers coach for the Patriots in 2002. After the 2006 season, he left the Patriots to serve as the Jets' quarterbacks coach. The Patriots won three Super Bowls during Daboll's first stint with the Patriots.


title: Brian Daboll

text: In 2007, Daboll joined Eric Mangini's staff with the New York Jets as the quarterbacks' coach. Mangini and Daboll both served as assistants on the Patriots from 2000 to 2005. Daboll coached quarterbacks Chad Pennington, Kellen Clemens, and Brett Favre during his tenure in New York. The Jets fired coach Mangini on December 29, 2008, after the Jets finished 9–7 despite an 8–3 start to the season. Daboll was not retained under new head coach Rex Ryan.


title: Brian Daboll

text: In 2009, Daboll joined the Cleveland Browns as offensive coordinator, reuniting with new head coach Eric Mangini, whom he worked alongside in New England and on the New York Jets. Under Daboll the Browns had the NFL's 32nd ranked offense in 2009 and the 29th ranked offense in 2010.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Daboll was named Offensive Coordinator of the Miami Dolphins under head coach Tony Sparano in 2011, with his Dolphins improving from 30th in the league to 20th in overall offense. The Dolphins fired coach Sparano after the team started 4–9 on December 11, 2011 and Daboll was not retained under new head coach Joe Philbin.


title: Brian Daboll

text: On February 6, 2012, the Kansas City Chiefs announced the hiring of Daboll as offensive coordinator, replacing the retired Bill Muir. Daboll was reunited with new head coach Romeo Crennel, whom Daboll worked along with on the Patriots from 2001 to 2004. The 2012 Chiefs finished with a league-worst 2–14 record and fired Crennel after just one season as head coach of Kansas City. Daboll was not retained under new head coach Andy Reid.


title: Brian Daboll

text: On January 14, 2013, the New England Patriots announced that Daboll would be brought back in a coaching capacity for the remainder of the Patriots 2012–13 season. Six days later, the Patriots lost to the eventual Super Bowl champion Baltimore Ravens 13–28 in the AFC Championship Game. Daboll served as the Patriots tight ends' coach from 2013 to 2016, coaching Pro Bowl tight end Rob Gronkowski. The Patriots won two Super Bowls during Daboll's second stint in New England.


title: Brian Daboll

text: On February 18, 2017, Daboll returned to college football as offensive coordinator for the Alabama Crimson Tide, marking Daboll's first college football coaching stint in 18 years. Daboll was reunited with Alabama head coach Nick Saban, whom he worked for while Saban was the head coach of Michigan State. He helped Alabama reach the 2018 National Championship Game, where the Tide defeated the Georgia Bulldogs in overtime. He coached quarterbacks Jalen Hurts and Tua Tagovailoa during his lone season in Alabama.


title: Brian Daboll

text: On January 4, 2018, Daboll was named as the new offensive coordinator for his hometown team, the Buffalo Bills under head coach Sean McDermott. Daboll is credited in part with the development of quarterback Josh Allen, whom many scouts saw as a "project" coming out of college. In 2020, Daboll's 3rd season with the Bills, Allen set numerous passing records for the Bills, and the Bills offense as a whole improved significantly that year, finishing 2nd that year with 31.3 points per game. The team finished with 13 wins for the first time since 1991, won its first division title and playoff game since 1995, and made their first AFC Championship Game since 1993, in which they lost to the Kansas City Chiefs 24–38. For his work, Daboll won the Associated Press NFL Assistant Coach of the Year Award for the 2020 season.


title: Brian Daboll

text: Daboll was hired as the New York Giants' 20th head coach on January 28, 2022. Daboll's debut as head coach came in a 21–20 victory over the Tennessee Titans.


title: Neoplasm

text: A neoplasm () is a type of abnormal and excessive growth of tissue. The process that occurs to form or produce a neoplasm is called neoplasia. The growth of a neoplasm is uncoordinated with that of the normal surrounding tissue, and persists in growing abnormally, even if the original trigger is removed. This abnormal growth usually forms a mass, when it may be called a tumor.


title: Neoplasm

text: ICD-10 classifies neoplasms into four main groups: benign neoplasms, in situ neoplasms, malignant neoplasms, and neoplasms of uncertain or unknown behavior. Malignant neoplasms are also simply known as cancers and are the focus of oncology.


title: Neoplasm

text: Prior to the abnormal growth of tissue, as neoplasia, cells often undergo an abnormal pattern of growth, such as metaplasia or dysplasia. However, metaplasia or dysplasia does not always progress to neoplasia and can occur in other conditions as well. The word is from Ancient Greek 'new' and 'formation, creation'.


title: Neoplasm

text: Neoplastic tumors are often heterogeneous and contain more than one type of cell, but their initiation and continued growth is usually dependent on a single population of neoplastic cells. These cells are presumed to be monoclonal – that is, they are derived from the same cell, and all carry the same genetic or epigenetic anomaly – evident of clonality. For lymphoid neoplasms, e.g. lymphoma and leukemia, clonality is proven by the amplification of a single rearrangement of their immunoglobulin gene (for B cell lesions) or T cell receptor gene (for T cell lesions). The demonstration of clonality is now considered to be necessary to identify a lymphoid cell proliferation as neoplastic.


title: Neoplasm

text: It is tempting to define neoplasms as clonal cellular proliferations but the demonstration of clonality is not always possible. Therefore, clonality is not required in the definition of neoplasia.


title: Neoplasm

text: The word "tumor" or "tumour" comes from the Latin word for "swelling", which is one of the cardinal signs of inflammation. The word originally referred to any form of swelling, neoplastic or not. In modern English, "tumor" is used as a synonym for neoplasm (a solid or fluid-filled cystic lesion that may or may not be formed by an abnormal growth of neoplastic cells) that appears enlarged in size. Some neoplasms do not form a tumor - these include leukemia and most forms of carcinoma in situ. "Tumor" is also not synonymous with "cancer." While cancer is by definition malignant, a tumor can be benign, precancerous, or malignant.


title: Neoplasm

text: The terms "mass" and "nodule" are often used synonymously with "tumor". Generally speaking, however, the term "tumor" is used generically, without reference to the physical size of the lesion. More specifically, the term "mass" is often used when the lesion has a maximal diameter of at least 20 millimeters (mm) in greatest direction, while the term "nodule" is usually used when the size of the lesion is less than 20 mm in its greatest dimension (25.4 mm = 1 inch).


title: Neoplasm

text: Tumors in humans occur as a result of accumulated genetic and epigenetic alterations within single cells, which cause the cell to divide and expand uncontrollably. A neoplasm can be caused by an abnormal proliferation of tissues, which can be caused by genetic mutations. Not all types of neoplasms cause a tumorous overgrowth of tissue, however (such as leukemia or carcinoma in situ) and similarities between neoplasmic growths and regenerative processes, e.g., dedifferentiation and rapid cell proliferation, have been pointed out.


title: Neoplasm

text: Tumor growth has been studied using mathematics and continuum mechanics. Vascular tumors such as hemangiomas and lymphangiomas (formed from blood or lymph vessels) are thus looked at as being amalgams of a solid skeleton formed by sticky cells and an organic liquid filling the spaces in which cells can grow. Under this type of model, mechanical stresses and strains can be dealt with and their influence on the growth of the tumor and the surrounding tissue and vasculature elucidated. Recent findings from experiments that use this model show that active growth of the tumor is restricted to the outer edges of the tumor and that stiffening of the underlying normal tissue inhibits tumor growth as well.


title: Neoplasm

text: Benign conditions that are "not" associated with an abnormal proliferation of tissue (such as sebaceous cysts) can also present as tumors, however, but have no malignant potential. Breast cysts (as occur commonly during pregnancy and at other times) are another example, as are other encapsulated glandular swellings (thyroid, adrenal gland, pancreas).


title: Neoplasm

text: Encapsulated hematomas, encapsulated necrotic tissue (from an insect bite, foreign body, or other noxious mechanism), keloids (discrete overgrowths of scar tissue) and granulomas may also present as tumors.


title: Neoplasm

text: Discrete localized enlargements of normal structures (ureters, blood vessels, intrahepatic or extrahepatic biliary ducts, pulmonary inclusions, or gastrointestinal duplications) due to outflow obstructions or narrowings, or abnormal connections, may also present as a tumor. Examples are arteriovenous fistulae or aneurysms (with or without thrombosis), biliary fistulae or aneurysms, sclerosing cholangitis, cysticercosis or hydatid cysts, intestinal duplications, and pulmonary inclusions as seen with cystic fibrosis. It can be dangerous to biopsy a number of types of tumor in which the leakage of their contents would potentially be catastrophic. When such types of tumors are encountered, diagnostic modalities such as ultrasound, CT scans, MRI, angiograms, and nuclear medicine scans are employed prior to (or during) biopsy or surgical exploration/excision in an attempt to avoid such severe complications.


title: Neoplasm

text: DNA damage is considered to be the primary underlying cause of malignant neoplasms known as cancers. Its central role in progression to cancer is illustrated in the figure in this section, in the box near the top. (The central features of DNA damage, epigenetic alterations and deficient DNA repair in progression to cancer are shown in red.) DNA damage is very common. Naturally occurring DNA damages (mostly due to cellular metabolism and the properties of DNA in water at body temperatures) occur at a rate of more than 60,000 new damages, on average, per human cell, per day [also see article DNA damage (naturally occurring) ]. Additional DNA damages can arise from exposure to exogenous agents. Tobacco smoke causes increased exogenous DNA damage, and these DNA damages are the likely cause of lung cancer due to smoking. UV light from solar radiation causes DNA damage that is important in melanoma. "Helicobacter pylori" infection produces high levels of reactive oxygen species that damage DNA and contributes to gastric cancer. Bile acids, at high levels in the colons of humans eating a high fat diet, also cause DNA damage and contribute to colon cancer. Katsurano et al. indicated that macrophages and neutrophils in an inflamed colonic epithelium are the source of reactive oxygen species causing the DNA damages that initiate colonic tumorigenesis. Some sources of DNA damage are indicated in the boxes at the top of the figure in this section.


title: Neoplasm

text: Individuals with a germ line mutation causing deficiency in any of 34 DNA repair genes (see article DNA repair-deficiency disorder) are at increased risk of cancer. Some germ line mutations in DNA repair genes cause up to 100% lifetime chance of cancer (e.g., p53 mutations). These germ line mutations are indicated in a box at the left of the figure with an arrow indicating their contribution to DNA repair deficiency.


title: Neoplasm

text: About 70% of malignant neoplasms have no hereditary component and are called "sporadic cancers". Only a minority of sporadic cancers have a deficiency in DNA repair due to mutation in a DNA repair gene. However, a majority of sporadic cancers have deficiency in DNA repair due to epigenetic alterations that reduce or silence DNA repair gene expression. For example, of 113 sequential colorectal cancers, only four had a missense mutation in the DNA repair gene MGMT, while the majority had reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region (an epigenetic alteration). Five reports present evidence that between 40% and 90% of colorectal cancers have reduced MGMT expression due to methylation of the MGMT promoter region.


title: Neoplasm

text: Similarly, out of 119 cases of mismatch repair-deficient colorectal cancers that lacked DNA repair gene PMS2 expression, PMS2 was deficient in 6 due to mutations in the PMS2 gene, while in 103 cases PMS2 expression was deficient because its pairing partner MLH1 was repressed due to promoter methylation (PMS2 protein is unstable in the absence of MLH1). In the other 10 cases, loss of PMS2 expression was likely due to epigenetic overexpression of the microRNA, miR-155, which down-regulates MLH1.


title: Neoplasm

text: In further examples, epigenetic defects were found at frequencies of between 13%-100% for the DNA repair genes BRCA1, WRN, FANCB, FANCF, MGMT, MLH1, MSH2, MSH4, ERCC1, XPF, NEIL1 and ATM. These epigenetic defects occurred in various cancers (e.g. breast, ovarian, colorectal and head and neck). Two or three deficiencies in expression of ERCC1, XPF or PMS2 occur simultaneously in the majority of the 49 colon cancers evaluated by Facista et al. Epigenetic alterations causing reduced expression of DNA repair genes is shown in a central box at the third level from the top of the figure in this section, and the consequent DNA repair deficiency is shown at the fourth level.


title: Neoplasm

text: When expression of DNA repair genes is reduced, DNA damages accumulate in cells at a higher than normal level, and these excess damages cause increased frequencies of mutation or epimutation. Mutation rates strongly increase in cells defective in DNA mismatch repair or in homologous recombinational repair (HRR).


title: Neoplasm

text: During repair of DNA double strand breaks, or repair of other DNA damages, incompletely cleared sites of repair can cause epigenetic gene silencing. DNA repair deficiencies (level 4 in the figure) cause increased DNA damages (level 5 in the figure) which result in increased somatic mutations and epigenetic alterations (level 6 in the figure).


title: Neoplasm

text: Field defects, normal appearing tissue with multiple alterations (and discussed in the section below), are common precursors to development of the disordered and improperly proliferating clone of tissue in a malignant neoplasm. Such field defects (second level from bottom of figure) may have multiple mutations and epigenetic alterations.


title: Neoplasm

text: Once a cancer is formed, it usually has genome instability. This instability is likely due to reduced DNA repair or excessive DNA damage. Because of such instability, the cancer continues to evolve and to produce sub clones. For example, a renal cancer, sampled in 9 areas, had 40 ubiquitous mutations, demonstrating tumor heterogeneity (i.e. present in all areas of the cancer), 59 mutations shared by some (but not all areas), and 29 “private” mutations only present in one of the areas of the cancer.


title: Neoplasm

text: Various other terms have been used to describe this phenomenon, including "field effect", "field cancerization", and "field carcinogenesis". The term "field cancerization" was first used in 1953 to describe an area or "field" of epithelium that has been preconditioned by (at that time) largely unknown processes so as to predispose it towards development of cancer. Since then, the terms "field cancerization" and "field defect" have been used to describe pre-malignant tissue in which new cancers are likely to arise.


title: Neoplasm

text: Field defects are important in progression to cancer. However, in most cancer research, as pointed out by Rubin “The vast majority of studies in cancer research has been done on well-defined tumors in vivo, or on discrete neoplastic foci in vitro. Yet there is evidence that more than 80% of the somatic mutations found in mutator phenotype human colorectal tumors occur before the onset of terminal clonal expansion. Similarly, Vogelstein et al. point out that more than half of somatic mutations identified in tumors occurred in a pre-neoplastic phase (in a field defect), during growth of apparently normal cells. Likewise, epigenetic alterations present in tumors may have occurred in pre-neoplastic field defects.


title: Neoplasm

text: An expanded view of field effect has been termed "etiologic field effect", which encompasses not only molecular and pathologic changes in pre-neoplastic cells but also influences of exogenous environmental factors and molecular changes in the local microenvironment on neoplastic evolution from tumor initiation to patient death.


title: Neoplasm

text: In the colon, a field defect probably arises by natural selection of a mutant or epigenetically altered cell among the stem cells at the base of one of the intestinal crypts on the inside surface of the colon. A mutant or epigenetically altered stem cell may replace the other nearby stem cells by natural selection. Thus, a patch of abnormal tissue may arise. The figure in this section includes a photo of a freshly resected and lengthwise-opened segment of the colon showing a colon cancer and four polyps. Below the photo, there is a schematic diagram of how a large patch of mutant or epigenetically altered cells may have formed, shown by the large area in yellow in the diagram. Within this first large patch in the diagram (a large clone of cells), a second such mutation or epigenetic alteration may occur so that a given stem cell acquires an advantage compared to other stem cells within the patch, and this altered stem cell may expand clonally forming a secondary patch, or sub-clone, within the original patch. This is indicated in the diagram by four smaller patches of different colors within the large yellow original area. Within these new patches (sub-clones), the process may be repeated multiple times, indicated by the still smaller patches within the four secondary patches (with still different colors in the diagram) which clonally expand, until stem cells arise that generate either small polyps or else a malignant neoplasm (cancer).


title: Neoplasm

text: In the photo, an apparent field defect in this segment of a colon has generated four polyps (labeled with the size of the polyps, 6mm, 5mm, and two of 3mm, and a cancer about 3 cm across in its longest dimension). These neoplasms are also indicated, in the diagram below the photo, by 4 small tan circles (polyps) and a larger red area (cancer). The cancer in the photo occurred in the cecal area of the colon, where the colon joins the small intestine (labeled) and where the appendix occurs (labeled). The fat in the photo is external to the outer wall of the colon. In the segment of colon shown here, the colon was cut open lengthwise to expose the inner surface of the colon and to display the cancer and polyps occurring within the inner epithelial lining of the colon.


title: Neoplasm

text: If the general process by which sporadic colon cancers arise is the formation of a pre-neoplastic clone that spreads by natural selection, followed by formation of internal sub-clones within the initial clone, and sub-sub-clones inside those, then colon cancers generally should be associated with, and be preceded by, fields of increasing abnormality reflecting the succession of premalignant events. The most extensive region of abnormality (the outermost yellow irregular area in the diagram) would reflect the earliest event in formation of a malignant neoplasm.


title: Neoplasm

text: In experimental evaluation of specific DNA repair deficiencies in cancers, many specific DNA repair deficiencies were also shown to occur in the field defects surrounding those cancers. The Table, below, gives examples for which the DNA repair deficiency in a cancer was shown to be caused by an epigenetic alteration, and the somewhat lower frequencies with which the same epigenetically caused DNA repair deficiency was found in the surrounding field defect.


title: Neoplasm

text: Some of the small polyps in the field defect shown in the photo of the opened colon segment may be relatively benign neoplasms. Of polyps less than 10mm in size, found during colonoscopy and followed with repeat colonoscopies for 3 years, 25% were unchanged in size, 35% regressed or shrank in size while 40% grew in size.


title: Neoplasm

text: Cancers are known to exhibit genome instability or a mutator phenotype. The protein-coding DNA within the nucleus is about 1.5% of the total genomic DNA. Within this protein-coding DNA (called the exome), an average cancer of the breast or colon can have about 60 to 70 protein altering mutations, of which about 3 or 4 may be “driver” mutations, and the remaining ones may be “passenger” mutations. However, the average number of DNA sequence mutations in the entire genome (including non-protein-coding regions) within a breast cancer tissue sample is about 20,000. In an average melanoma tissue sample (where melanomas have a higher exome mutation frequency) the total number of DNA sequence mutations is about 80,000. This compares to the very low mutation frequency of about 70 new mutations in the entire genome between generations (parent to child) in humans.


title: Neoplasm

text: The high frequencies of mutations in the total nucleotide sequences within cancers suggest that often an early alteration in the field defects giving rise to a cancer (e.g. yellow area in the diagram in this section) is a deficiency in DNA repair. The large field defects surrounding colon cancers (extending to at about 10 cm on each side of a cancer) were shown by Facista et al. to frequently have epigenetic defects in 2 or 3 DNA repair proteins (ERCC1, XPF or PMS2) in the entire area of the field defect. Deficiencies in DNA repair cause increased mutation rates. A deficiency in DNA repair, itself, can allow DNA damages to accumulate, and error-prone translesion synthesis past some of those damages may give rise to mutations. In addition, faulty repair of these accumulated DNA damages may give rise to epimutations. These new mutations or epimutations may provide a proliferative advantage, generating a field defect. Although the mutations/epimutations in DNA repair genes do not, themselves, confer a selective advantage, they may be carried along as passengers in cells when the cells acquire additional mutations/epimutations that do provide a proliferative advantage.


title: Neoplasm

text: The term "neoplasm" is a synonym of "tumor". "Neoplasia" denotes the process of the formation of neoplasms/tumors, and the process is referred to as a "neoplastic" process. The word "neoplastic" itself comes from Greek 'new' and 'formed, molded'.


title: Neoplasm

text: The term "tumor" derives from the Latin noun 'a swelling', ultimately from the verb 'to swell'. In the British Commonwealth, the spelling "tumour" is commonly used, whereas in the U.S. the word is usually spelled "tumor".


title: Neoplasm

text: In its medical sense, "tumor" has traditionally meant an abnormal swelling of the flesh. The Roman medical encyclopedist Celsus ( 30 BC–38 AD) described the four cardinal signs of acute inflammation as , , , and (swelling, pain, increased heat, and redness). (His treatise, "De Medicina", was the first medical book printed in 1478 following the invention of the movable-type printing press.)


title: Neoplasm

text: In contemporary English, the word "tumor" is often used as a synonym for a cystic (liquid-filled) growth or solid neoplasm (cancerous or non-cancerous), with other forms of swelling often referred to as "swellings".


title: Neoplasm

text: Related terms occur commonly in the medical literature, where the nouns "tumefaction" and "tumescence" (derived from the adjective "tumescent") are current medical terms for non-neoplastic swelling. This type of swelling is most often caused by inflammation caused by trauma, infection, and other factors.


title: Neoplasm

text: Tumors may be caused by conditions other than an overgrowth of neoplastic cells, however. Cysts (such as sebaceous cysts) are also referred to as tumors, even though they have no neoplastic cells. This is standard in medical-billing terminology (especially when billing for a growth whose pathology has yet to be determined).


title: Pupusa

text: A pupusa is a thick griddle cake or flatbread from El Salvador and Honduras, made with cornmeal or rice flour, similar to the Colombian and Venezuelan arepa. In El Salvador, it has been declared the national dish and has a specific day to celebrate it. It is usually stuffed with one or more ingredients, which may include cheese (such as "quesillo" or cheese with "loroco" buds), "chicharrón", squash, or refried beans. It is typically accompanied by "curtido" (a spicy fermented cabbage slaw) and tomato salsa, and is traditionally eaten by hand.


title: Pupusa

text: There is no definite explanation for the origin of the word. The word for pupusa in one of El Salvador's native languages, Nawat, is . It is possible that the word stems from the verb "pupusawa" which means 'to puff up', but there is no known current or historical use of this word within the communities.


title: Pupusa

text: El Salvador and Honduras both claim to be the birthplace of the pupusa. Salvadoran archeologist Roberto Ordóñez attributed the creation of the pupusa to the Pipil people due to the name meaning 'swollen' in the Pipil language. Honduran etymologists say that since the Pipil language is so close to the Nahuatl language, the Nahuas of Honduras could have created the dish. However, no direct links have been made to the community.


title: Pupusa

text: The topic of the pupusa's origin also came up during the negotiation for the CAFTA-DR. Both nations wanted to make the pupusa an exclusive export. After two days, the Honduran delegation ceded the right to El Salvador.


title: Pupusa

text: A version of the pre-Columbian pupusa was vegetarian and half-moon shaped. In the late 1940s, pupusas were still not widespread across El Salvador and were mostly localized in the central towns. They were documented previously in Guatemala and Honduras. As the Salvadorian population began migrating to other areas in the 1960s, pupusa stands proliferated across the country. In Guatemala during the 1970s, pupusas had a half-moon shape. Pupusas served east of the Lempa River usually have a much larger diameter.


title: Pupusa

text: In the 1980s, the Salvadoran civil war forced a Salvadoran migration to other countries, mainly the United States, which made pupusas available elsewhere: Salvadoran immigrants brought the dish to most areas of the US, and they spread to Canada and Australia as well. By the 1990s, they were common in cities such as Los Angeles, New York, and San Francisco. Pupusas have been popular in Washington, D.C., since the 1980s and in 2019, November 6 was declared the day of the pupusa.


title: Pupusa

text: In April 2005, the Salvadoran Legislative Assembly declared pupusas as the national dish of El Salvador and every second Sunday of November would be National Pupusas Day. A fair is typically held on the day in the capital and a few big cities. On 10 November 2007, in celebration of National Pupusa Day, the Secretary of Culture organized a fair in the capital park in which they would make the world's biggest pupusa. The pupusa was in diameter and was made with of masa, of cheese, and 40 pounds of chicharrón. It fed 5,000 people. Five years later, the record was broken again with a pupusa in diameter. Guinness World Records lists the largest pupusa at , created in Olocuilta, El Salvador, on 8 November 2015.


title: Pupusa

text: Both at home and abroad, pupusas are traditionally served with "curtido" (a pickled cabbage relish, analogous to German "Sauerkraut" and Korean "kimchi" that comes in mild and spicy varieties) and tomato sauce, and are traditionally eaten by hand. Author Carlos Cordova reports an ancient pre-Hispanic belief that it was sinful to cut tortillas with a knife; they must be cut with fingers as corn was believed to be a divine grain. This might be the reason why generation after generation has adhered to the rule of eating pupusas with the hands.


title: Pupusa

text: A variant of the pupusa in El Salvador is the "pupusa de arroz", originally hailing from the town of Olocuilta in the east of San Salvador. Rice flour is used to make the dough and they are usually stuffed with chopped pork, cheese, beans, zucchini, and other vegetables. Another regional variation, found in Alegría, is the "pupusa de banano", which calls for the addition of plantain bananas to the pupusa.


title: Pupusa

text: Pupusas are also found in neighboring Central American countries. Honduran versions use the local "quesillo" type of cheese for the filling. In Costa Rica, both "Salvadoran pupusas" and "pupusas" are available, the latter being a local version. There, they are a staple of the food stalls at regional carnivals known as fiestas.


title: Pupusa

text: A similar Mexican dish is called a "gordita" (literally, "little fatty"), but gorditas are usually open at one end. In Colombia and Venezuela, they make "arepas". Colombian "arepas" are usually eaten without filling, or the filling is placed inside the dough before cooking. Venezuela has its own recipe for "arepas", but, unlike Colombian "arepas", the dough is cooked first, and then sliced in half and stuffed somewhat like a hamburger.


title: Pupusa

text: Pupusas made in the United States are typically made with Maseca (brand) commercial corn flour-masa mix, instead of fresh "masa". Some high-end "pupuserías" in the United States use rice flour and wheat flour versions. In Santa Fe, New Mexico, variations include using spinach, pepperoni, cheese, and green chile.


title: Pupusa

text: Taco Cabana, a Tex-Mex chain in Texas, created a dish called the pupusa that has no relation to the Salvadoran food.


title: Pupusa

text: In spite of their low market price, pupusas represent an important element in the economy of El Salvador. Rising ingredient costs in 2022 have led to concerns about rising pupusa prices.


title: Pupusa

text: In addition to whole pupusas, the individual ingredients are also exported; in 2005, for example, US$604,408 worth of loroco, sometimes used as a pupusa filling, was sold to the United States alone.


title: Pupusa

text: Frozen pupusas can be found in the refrigerated section of many Hispanic and international supermarkets in the United States, especially those located in highly concentrated areas of Salvadorans such as Washington, D.C., and Long Island, New York.


title: Pupusa

text: Pupusa sales play a significant role in the Salvadoran economy. According to the Salvadoran Ministry of Economy between the years of 2001–2003, pupuserias generated $22 million. The export of ingredients such as loroco has also helped boost the economy. As of 2005, 300,000 people made pupusas for a living, with a majority of them being women.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Éric Justin Léon Zemmour (; born 31 August 1958) is a French far-right politician, essayist, writer and former political journalist and pundit. He was an editor and panelist on "Face à l'Info", a daily show broadcast on CNews, from 2019 to 2021. He unsuccessfully ran in the 2022 French presidential election, in which he placed fourth in the first round.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Born in Montreuil, Zemmour studied at Sciences Po. He worked as a reporter for "Le Quotidien de Paris" from 1986 to 1996. He then joined "Le Figaro", where he worked until 2021. Zemmour appeared as a television personality on shows such as "On n'est pas couché" on France 2 (2006–2011) and "Ça se dispute" on I-Télé (2003–2014), as well as "Zemmour et Naulleau" (2011–2021), a weekly evening talk show on Paris Première, together with literary critic Éric Naulleau. Zemmour also worked for RTL from 2010 until 2019, first hosting the daily radio show "Z comme Zemmour", prior to joining Yves Calvi's morning news show as an analyst. His book "The French Suicide" ("Le Suicide français") sold more than 500,000 copies in 2014.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour is well known for his controversial views regarding immigration and Islam in France. He has extensively supported the idea of the "great replacement", a conspiracy theory contending that France's native population will be replaced by non-European people. Zemmour was fined for incitement to racial discrimination in 2011 and for incitement of hate against Muslims in 2018, although the latter conviction is pending review before the European Court of Human Rights. He was acquitted six times of similar charges, in 2008, 2014 (twice), 2016, 2017 and 2019. Convictions in 2015 and 2020 were overturned on appeal.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour announced his candidacy for the 2022 French presidential election on 30 November 2021. On 5 December 2021, he launched Reconquête, a new political party. In 2021, a "New York Times" article described Zemmour's views as "hard-line... on immigration, Islam's place in France and national identity", while he self-identifies as Gaullist and Bonapartist. During his presidential campaign, Zemmour advocated vast changes in France's political system. He endorsed Marine Le Pen for the second round.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: He was a candidate for a parliamentary seat in the Saint-Tropez-centred 4th constituency of the Var department in the 2022 French legislative election but was eliminated in the first round, placing third.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour was born on 31 August 1958 in Montreuil, at that time in the Seine department, now part of Seine-Saint-Denis. His parents were Berber Jews from Algeria, which was part of France at that time, and so they had French citizenship. They had moved to metropolitan France in 1952, before the Algerian War, alongside their parents and siblings. Upon their arrival in France, his paternal grandparents, born Liaou and Messouka, took the names Justin and Rachel, and his maternal grandmother, born Ourida, took her middle name Claire. Her husband was named Léon; this is the root of Zemmour's middle name.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: His parents were Roger Zemmour, a paramedic, and Lucette, a housewife. His father was often absent and so he was principally raised by his mother and grandmother; he has since said that this helped him to forge his character, and that it was his mother who instilled in him drive and ambition for excellence. He has one younger brother, Jean-Luc.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour grew up first in Drancy and later in the Paris Château Rouge quarter. He was brought up in the Jewish faith, and he speaks Hebrew. Although private about his faith, he follows the directions of the Halakha and attended synagogues frequently until the death of his father in 2013. He has stated that his Jewish name is "Moïse".


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour attended Jewish private schools, École Lucien-de-Hirsh and École Yabné. He graduated from the Institut d'études politiques de Paris in 1979. He subsequently failed twice (in 1980 and 1981) to gain admission to the École nationale d'administration (ÉNA). However, he later became member of the admissions committee of the school in 2006.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Since 1982, Éric Zemmour has been married to Mylène Chichportich, a lawyer of Tunisian Jewish descent who specialises in bankruptcy law. She maintains a low media profile and never comments on her husband's controversies. The couple have three children, two boys and a girl.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In 2021, Zemmour was alleged by French gossip magazines to have made his chief campaign advisor Sarah Knafo pregnant, although he recognised her as his partner in January 2022.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In a 2014 interview with "Le Point", Zemmour stated that although he does not believe in God, he keeps a kosher home and occasionally attends synagogue services on High Holy Days.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour began his career in 1986 on the politics desk at "Le Quotidien de Paris", under the editorship of Philippe Tesson. After the newspaper went out of business in 1994, he became a lead writer at "Info-Matin", where he stayed for a year. He joined "Le Figaro" in 1996 as a political journalist. During this period, Zemmour was also a freelancer for "Marianne" (1997) and for "Valeurs actuelles" (1999).


title: Éric Zemmour

text: According to "Libération", during the 1990s he called for a political union of the French right-wing parties, cultivating contacts with the founder and president of the National Front Jean-Marie Le Pen ("who Zemmour was unique amongst journalists in addressing as president") and his rival Bruno Mégret.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In 2009, he was moved by "Le Figaro" to "Le Figaro Magazine", allegedly after making controversial statements in other media, but in fact, due to his salary being considered too high for his modest weekly output. He was moved back to "Le Figaro" as a permanent journalist in 2013, where he wrote regularly, including literary reviews, until he took time off work in September 2021 to promote his new book.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: He was also a political columnist at "Le Spectacle du Monde," a monthly publication by the "Valeurs Actuelles" group, from 2013 until it ceased publication in July 2014.A


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour has written biographies of Prime Minister Édouard Balladur ("Balladur, immobile à grands pas", or "Balladur, Motionless With Great Strides") and President Jacques Chirac ("L'Homme qui ne s'aimait pas", or "The Man Who Did Not Like Himself") along with political essays. Notably, in 2006 he published "Le premier sexe" ("The First Sex"), a book on what he considers to be the feminisation of society. He worked on the screenplay for the film "Dans la peau de Jacques Chirac" by Michel Royer and Karl Zéro, although the latter stated that Zemmour's writing was only used to a limited extent. In 2008, he published "Petit Frère," in a limited run of 63,000 copies, in which he criticised "antiracist angelism". In March 2010, with "Mélancolie française" ("French Melancholy") which won the Prix du livre incorrect (), he considers alternate histories of France, if some events had not happened.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In 2014, Zemmour published "Le Suicide français" ("The French Suicide"), which sold over half a million copies and remains his best literary success to date. In it, he defends his thesis that the French nation-state has weakened since the 1970s, which he most notably attributes to the influence of the "May '68 generation".


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In "Destin français" ("French Destiny"), published in 2018, he put events from his own life story in the context of various historical events. He once again addressed the history of France, as well as discussing the influence of Islam in France, which he sees as growing generally in French society.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: His book "La France n'a pas dit son dernier mot" ("France Has Not Spoken Its Last Word"), released on 15 September 2021, made Zemmour an estimated €1.3 million in three weeks, according to "Le Parisien", selling over 80,000 copies in the first four days and 165,000 copies in the first 3 weeks.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Beginning in September 2003, he participated weekly on the show "Ça se dispute" on the 24-hour news channel i>Télé first alongside Christophe Barbier and later Nicolas Domenach. The channel decided to cancel the programme in December 2014, after Zemmour's comments on Islam in the Italian newspaper "Corriere della Sera". The channel was later ordered to pay Zemmour €50,000 for wrongful breach of contract.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour also appeared on "Vendredi pétantes" on Canal+ until June 2006, and starting September 2006, he rejoined France 2 to participate on the show "On n'est pas couché", hosted by Laurent Ruquier, accompanied by Michel Polac and then Éric Naulleau, where they were responsible for presenting honest criticism of films, books or most notably musical albums. During the show, their exchanges with cultural figures sometimes ended in clashes. On 27 May 2011, Ruquier announced in "Le Parisien" that he was replacing Zemmour and Naulleau with new contributors for the next season of "On n'est pas couché".


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Éric Zemmour was also a participant on the show "L'Hebdo" as an editorialist on Tempo, a channel for the overseas departments and territories; he was accompanied by, among others, sociologist Dominique Wolton. Finally, he was on the cable network "Histoire" on the show "Le grand débat", hosted by Michel Field. Since 4 January 2010, he has presented a short piece on RTL entitled "Z comme Zemmour" every Monday and Friday, during which he presents topical news analysis. Since September 2011, he has hosted "Zemmour et Naulleau" alongside Éric Naulleau, an evening talk show on Paris Première. In 2021, Zemmour's show was receiving about 900,000 nightly viewers, ten times higher than in 2019.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In 2015, following the "Charlie Hebdo" shooting, Zemmour was temporarily placed under armed police protection. On 30 April 2020, Zemmour was insulted and threatened in Paris as he was walking by himself carrying bags of groceries. The incident was recorded by the perpetrator himself who posted the video on social media, boasting about his act as Zemmour was filmed ignoring the man and trying to walk away. Shortly thereafter, Zemmour received a phone call from President Emmanuel Macron in which they discussed the incident. The perpetrator, who later also recorded himself saying Zemmour is "too good at debate, what do you want to do except insult him", received a suspended prison sentence of three months on 8 September 2020. On 27 September 2021, Zemmour was again threatened in Paris, when a man shouted a death threat in the name of Islam. Since October 2020, he has again been under permanent armed police protection.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: The suggestion that Zemmour might stand in the 2022 French presidential election was first made in 2019, when no natural candidate emerged from the traditional right-wing parties. Zemmour then announced that he was thinking about "a platform of ideas for the right". The media also took notice of the presence in his entourage of Sarah Knafo, a political campaigner.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In 2021, he engaged in a national tour of France to promote of his new book, "La France n'a pas dit son dernier mot." Appearing as a guest on France 2 on 11 September in Laurent Ruquier's "On est en direct" programme, Zemmour would not confirm whether he would announce his candidacy. He reiterated this position throughout September on RTL, BFMTV, CNews and LCI. On 28 September, "Le Parisien" revealed that Éric Zemmour already had at his disposal a large office space, in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, rented by the association "The Friends of Éric Zemmour".


title: Éric Zemmour

text: On 24 September, Zemmour engaged in a widely publicized two-hour-long televised debate with left-wing presidential candidate Jean-Luc Mélenchon, attracting over 3.8 million viewers. On 30 November Eric Zemmour declared himself a candidate for the 2022 presidential election. On 5 December, he revealed his political party would be called ""Reconquête"". On 9 December 2021, Zemmour debated Bruno Le Maire on "Elysée 2022", a presidential debate which was aired on France 2. During the debate, he said that the #MeToo is a movement of "eradication of men". Zemmour finished in fourth place during the first round of the 2022 election and was eliminated. He subsequently endorsed Marine Le Pen ahead of the second round.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: The popularity of his candidacy has been tested in several polls since June 2021. The first time he appeared in a poll, in June 2021, the Institut français d'opinion publique (IFOP) credited him with 5.5% of the vote. In August 2021, he was credited with 7% of voting intentions according to Ipsos. On 14 September he was credited by Harris Interactive with 10% of voting intentions.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: On 1 October 2021, with opinion polls showing him with 15% of voting intentions, putting him in third place overall, only 1 point behind National Rally candidate Marine Le Pen. Hence, he was in a potentially competitive position to reach the second round of the election. On 6 October, Zemmour reached 17% of voting intentions, in second place among all of the candidates for the first time, which, if realized, would have seen him reach the second voting round. Throughout October and November, before the confirmation of The Republicans' candidate, Le Pen and Zemmour were close in polls to come second behind Macron in the first round.


title: Éric Zemmour

text: In December 2021, polls credited him with 12–14% of the vote, placing him fourth in the race, behind Macron, Valérie Pécresse (who had won the primary for The Republicans on 4 December) and Le Pen. In mid-January 2022, BBC correspondent Hugh Schofield commented following Zemmour's hate speech conviction that "in the last few weeks, Zemmour's star, which shone so brightly in the autumn, has shown distinct signs of fading. This verdict will entrench some in their support for the man. But it may also convince others that he is indeed beyond the pale".


title: Éric Zemmour

text: Zemmour received notable endorsements from Philippe de Villiers, Jean-Marie Le Pen, Jacques Bompard, Jean-Frédéric Poisson, Jacline Mouraud, Paul-Marie Coûteaux, Jérôme Rivière, Guillaume Peltier, Joachim Son-Forget and Christine Boutin in the early stages of his campaign. In February 2022, Zemmour saw a resurgence in the polls, as he again rose to second place behind Macron.