title: Ketoconazole

text: Oral ketoconazole has been used clinically as a steroidogenesis inhibitor in men, women, and children at dosages of 200 to 1,200 mg/day. Numerous small studies have investigated the effects of oral ketoconazole on hormone levels in humans. It has been found in men to significantly decrease testosterone and estradiol levels and to significantly increase luteinizing hormone, progesterone, and 17α-hydroxyprogesterone levels, whereas levels of androstenedione, follicle-stimulating hormone, and prolactin were unaffected. The ratio of testosterone to estradiol is also decreased during oral ketoconazole therapy in men. Suppression of testosterone levels by ketoconazole is generally partial and has often been found to be transient. Better effects on suppression of testosterone levels have been observed in men when ketoconazole is combined with a GnRH agonist to suppress the hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axis, which prevents compensatory upregulation of luteinizing hormone secretion and consequent activation of gonadal testosterone production. In premenopausal women with polycystic ovary syndrome, ketoconazole has been found to significantly decrease levels of androstenedione and testosterone and significantly increase levels of 17α-hydroxyprogesterone and estradiol. Studies in postmenopausal women with breast cancer have found that ketoconazole significantly decreases androstenedione levels, slightly decreases estradiol levels, and does not affect estrone levels. This indicates minimal inhibition of aromatase by ketoconazole "in vivo" in humans. Ketoconazole has also been found to decrease levels of endogenous corticosteroids, such as cortisol, corticosterone, and aldosterone, as well as vitamin D.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Ketoconazole has been found to displace dihydrotestosterone and estradiol from sex hormone-binding globulin "in vitro", but this was not found to be relevant "in vivo".


title: Ketoconazole

text: When administered orally, ketoconazole is best absorbed at highly acidic levels, so antacids or other causes of decreased stomach acid levels will lower the drug's absorption. Absorption can be increased by taking it with an acidic beverage, such as cola. Ketoconazole is very lipophilic and tends to accumulate in fatty tissues.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Ketoconazole is a synthetic imidazole. It is a nonsteroidal compound. It is a racemic mixture of two enantiomers, levoketoconazole ((2"S",4"R")-(−)-ketoconazole) and dextroketoconazole ((2"R",4"S")-(+)-ketoconazole). Levoketoconazole is under development for potential clinical use as a steroidogenesis inhibitor with better tolerability and less toxicity than ketoconazole. Other steroidogenesis inhibitors besides ketoconazole and levoketoconazole include the nonsteroidal compound aminoglutethimide and the steroidal compound abiraterone acetate.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Ketoconazole was discovered in 1976 at Janssen Pharmaceuticals. It was patented in 1977, followed by introduction in the United States in July 1981. Following its introduction, ketoconazole was the only systemic antifungal available for almost a decade. Ketoconazole was introduced as the prototypical medication of the imidazole group of antifungals. Oral ketoconazole has been replaced with oral itraconazole for many mycoses.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Due to incidence of serious liver toxicity, the use of oral ketoconazole was suspended in France in July 2011 following review. This event triggered an evaluation of oral ketoconazole throughout the rest of the European Union as well. In 2013, oral ketoconazole was withdrawn in Europe and Australia, and strict restrictions were placed on the use of oral ketoconazole in the United States and Canada. Oral ketoconazole is now only indicated for use in these countries when the indication is a severe or life-threatening systemic infection and alternatives are unavailable. However, topical ketoconazole, which does not distribute systemically, is safe and widely used still.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Ketoconazole HRA was approved for use in the European Union for treatment of Cushing's syndrome in November 2013.


title: Ketoconazole

text: As of March 2019, oral levoketoconazole (developmental code name COR-003, tentative brand name Recorlev) is phase III clinical trials for the treatment of Cushing's syndrome. Oral levoketoconazole may have a lower risk of liver toxicity than oral ketoconazole.


title: Ketoconazole

text: In 2013, the European Medicines Agency's Committee on Medicinal Products for Human Use (CHMP) recommended that a ban be imposed on the use of oral ketoconazole for systemic use in humans throughout the European Union, after concluding that the risk of serious liver injury from systemic ketoconazole outweighs its benefits.


title: Ketoconazole

text: Ketoconazole is sometimes prescribed as an antifungal by veterinarians for use in pets, often as unflavored tablets that may need to be cut to smaller size for correct dosage.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: "Cotton-Eyed Joe" (also known as "Cotton-Eye Joe") is a traditional American country folk song popular at various times throughout the United States and Canada, although today it is most commonly associated with the American South. The song is also an instrumental banjo and bluegrass fiddle standard.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: "Cotton-Eyed Joe" has inspired both a partner dance and more than one line dance that is often danced at country dance venues in the United States and around the world. The 1980 film "Urban Cowboy" sparked a renewed interest in the dance. In 1985, The Moody Brothers' version of the song received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Country Instrumental Performance. Irish group The Chieftains received a Grammy nomination for Best Country Vocal Collaboration for their version of the song with lead vocals by Ricky Skaggs on their 1992 album "Another Country". In 1994 a version of the song recorded by the Swedish band Rednex as "Cotton Eye Joe" became popular worldwide.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: The origins of this song are unclear, although it pre-dates the 1861–1865 American Civil War. American folklorist Dorothy Scarborough (1878–1935) noted in her 1925 book "On the Trail of Negro Folk-songs" that several people remembered hearing the song before the war. Scarborough's account of the song came from her sister, Mrs. George Scarborough, who learned the song from "the Negroes on a plantation in Texas, and other parts from a man in Louisiana". The man in Louisiana knew the song from his earliest childhood and heard slaves singing it on plantations. Both the dance and the song had many variants.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: A number of possible meanings of the term "cotton-eyed" have been proposed. The phrase may refer to: being drunk on moonshine, or having been blinded by drinking wood alcohol, turning the eyes milky white; a black person with very light blue eyes; miners covered in dirt with the exception of their white eyes; someone whose eyes were milky white from bacterial infections of trachoma or syphilis, cataracts or glaucoma; or the contrast of dark skin tone around white eyeballs in black people. Another theory is that the phrase "cotton eyed" is the process of which a person is enucleated and the eyeball is replaced with a cotton ball due to lack of medical equipment and surgical professionals.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: American publishing house Harper and Brothers published the first printed version of the song in 1882. It was heard by author Louise Clarke Pyrnelle (born 1850) on the Alabama plantation of her father when she was a child. That 1882 version was republished as follows in 1910:


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: By 1884, the fiddle-based song was referred to as "an old, familiar air". In 1925, another version was recorded by folklorist Dorothy Scarborough and published.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: Scarborough noted that the song seemed to be well known in the South prior to the Civil War, and parts of it had been sent in by various persons.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: Over the years, many different versions of the song have been performed and/or recorded with many different versions of the lyrics (and many without lyrics).


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: "Cotton-Eyed Joe", on occasion referred to as "The South Texas National Anthem", was played for minstrel-type jigs, and it has long been popular as a square dance hoedown and a couple dance polka.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: A resident of Central Texas who learned the dance in Williamson County in the early 1880s described it as nothing but a heel and toe "poker" with fringes added. These fringes added to the heel and toe polka were clog steps which required skill and extraversion on the part of the dancer.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: During the first half of the 20th century, the song was a widely known folk song all over English-speaking North America. One discography lists 134 recorded versions released since 1950. In more recent decades, the song has waned in popularity in most regions except some parts of the American South, where it is still a popular folk song.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: Bob Wills and Adolph Hofner and his San Antonians both recorded the song, and according to music historian Bill C. Malone, Hofner's 1941 version was the one that did the most to popularize the song. A 1967 instrumental version of the song by Al Dean inspired a new round dance polka for couples.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: The dance remained popular in Texas in the 1970s. A circle dance called "Cotton-Eyed Joe" can be found in the 1975 edition of "Encyclopedia of Social Dance." The men stand on the inside of a circle facing out, and the women stand on the outside facing in; both circles follow a sequence of kick steps and struts.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: The spoke line version gained popularity not only in Texas, but also across the US and overseas. in the 1980s. A Western "craze" followed the 1980 release of "Urban Cowboy". In Merle Haggard's "Texas Fiddle Song" (1981), the final verse makes reference to the "Cotton-Eyed Joe" and features the melody of both the Bob Wills and Al Dean versions. "Cotton-Eyed Joe" and its continued popularity in Texas, were referred to in the lyrics to Alabama's 1984 song "If You're Gonna Play in Texas".


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: In August 1994, Swedish Eurodance group Rednex covered the song as "Cotton Eye Joe" for their album "Sex & Violins", combining their style with traditional American instruments, such as banjos, and fiddles. In 2002, "Cotton Eye Joe" was remixed in a dance version, and was released from Rednex's greatest hits album, "The Best of the West".


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: The Rednex version of the song (using "Eye" instead of "Eyed"), along with a dance-mix version, was very successful in Europe, where it remained at number one in Norway for 15 weeks, Switzerland for 13 weeks, Germany for 10 weeks, Sweden for 8 weeks, Austria for 7 weeks, 3 weeks on the UK Singles Chart and 2 weeks on the Dutch Top 40. In Oceania, it topped the New Zealand Singles Chart for 6 consecutive weeks. In Australia it peaked at number 8 in April 1995. In the US, it peaked at number 25 in March 1995.


title: Cotton-Eyed Joe

text: The Country and Irish singer Lee Matthews released his version of the song with new added lyrics. The single on his own independent label topped the Irish Country Singles Download Chart in January 2015.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: Venkat Kumar Gangai Amaren (born 7 November 1975), better known by his stage name Venkat Prabhu, is an Indian filmmaker, actor and playback singer in Tamil films. After completing his education, he began pursuing an acting career, with his first three ventures featuring him in a starring role, failing to release, following which he began appearing in character roles. He entered the spotlight for the first time when he turned director with the summer hit "Chennai 600028" (2007). He achieved further commercial successes with his subsequent directorials "Saroja" (2008), "Goa" (2010), "Mankatha" (2011), "Biriyani" (2013), "Masss" (2015) and "Maanaadu" (2021). His father Gangai Amaren is a film director and music director .


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: Following his return to India, Prabhu began singing for demos by his cousins, Yuvan Shankar Raja and Karthik Raja, and started his career as a playback singer in the film industry. In 1996, he, his brother Premgi Amaren and his childhood friend S. P. B. Charan set up a music band called Next Generation, which also featured Yugendran and Thaman as members, and did several stage performances. The following year, Prabhu played the lead role opposite Sangeetha in a film titled "Poonjolai" directed by his father Gangai Amaren, but the film was cancelled in mid-production and attempts to revive and release the film by the late-2000s were unsuccessful. Prabhu starred in two more ventures, alongside his friends S. P. B. Charan and Yugendran; "Wanted", directed by Premgi Amaren, and Agathiyan's "Kadhal Samrajyam", both failing to release as well. Venkat Prabhu was then approached to essay supporting roles, with "April Maadhathil" (2002) becoming his first release. He went on to play character roles in nearly ten films, the most notable ventures being N. Linguswamy's "Ji", starring Ajith Kumar, and the Perarasu-directed "Sivakasi", featuring Vijay in the lead role. In 2008, he worked in Seeman's "Vaazhthugal" alongside Madhavan in his last credited appearance to date. He also played lead roles in Samuthirakani's directorial debut "Unnai Charanadaindhen" and "Gnabagam Varuthey" (2007), both co-starring Charan.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: In 2007, Venkat Prabhu ventured into film directing with the sports comedy film "Chennai 600028", produced by S. P. B. Charan, that revolved around a street cricket team from a suburban area in Chennai, with its players being portrayed by 11 newcomers, including his brother Premgi. The film emerged as a sleeper hit, garnering high critical acclaim and becoming labelled a "cult classic" in the following years, which led to the lead cast growing in popularity. He next directed the comedy thriller film "Saroja" (2008), the title being derived from a hit number from "Chennai 600028", which also featured an ensemble cast including Charan and Premgi. The film followed the journey of four young men who, by taking a diversion off the main road, land into the hands of a kidnapper gang; it received positive response from critics and at the box office as well. He followed it up with "Goa" (2010), a full-length comedy film, which received mixed response and did fairly well at the box office. In 2011, he directed his biggest project to date, the action thriller "Mankatha", featuring Ajith Kumar in the lead role and was later a blockbuster.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: His next project, "Biriyani" (2013), starred Karthi and Hansika Motwani. After Venkat Prabhu directed "Massu Engira Masilamani", with Suriya and Nayanthara in the lead role.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: He directed "Chennai 600028 II", the sequel of the 2007 blockbuster "Chennai 600028", and it was released on 9 December 2016 to positive reviews.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: Venkat Prabhu is the son of director-turned-music-director Gangai Amaran and elder brother to actor, singer and music director Premgi Amaran. His uncle is the music director Ilayaraaja and his cousins are the music composers Yuvan Shankar Raja, Karthik Raja and singer Bhavatharini. S. P. B. Charan, producer of Prabhu's first directorial venture "Chennai 600028", is his very close friend and they both have worked together on several projects.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: He did his schooling at St. Bede's school in Chennai. On 10 September 2001, Venkat Prabhu married Rajalakshmi, the daughter of dance teacher K. J. Sarasa, and now has a daughter named Shivani. Shivani has already sung a song for the album "Thaaaii" when she was 5 years old.


title: Venkat Prabhu

text: Venkat Prabhu frequently works with the same actors and crew members, most prominently Premji, composer Yuvan and editor Praveen.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: The 2022 ICC Women's Cricket World Cup was the twelfth edition of the Women's Cricket World Cup, which was held in New Zealand in March and April 2022. It was originally scheduled for 6 February to 7 March 2021 but was postponed by one year due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 15 December 2021, the International Cricket Council (ICC) announced that the tournament would start on 4 March 2022, with the final scheduled for 3 April 2022.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: New Zealand qualified automatically as hosts, with all other qualification places determined by the ICC ODI Rankings. Originally, it was announced that three more teams would qualify from the 2017–2020 ICC Women's Championship, but in 2018 this was changed to four teams plus the hosts. It was intended that the remaining three places would be determined through the 2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier, which was postponed from 2020. However, the tournament was cancelled midway through and the remaining places allocated based on ODI rankings.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: Australia were the first team to qualify for the semi-finals after they won their first five matches of the tournament. South Africa became the second team to reach the semi-finals, winning four out of their first six group matches, and gaining a point for a no result against the West Indies. The remaining two semi-final places were decided by the results of the final two matches in the group stage of the tournament. In the first match, England beat Bangladesh by 100 runs to secure their place in the knockout phase. In the last match of the group stage, South Africa beat India by three wickets. The result meant that India were eliminated, with the West Indies taking the final spot in the semi-finals.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: Ahead of the first semi-final match, both teams were without key players in their squads. Australia's Ellyse Perry was ruled out of the match after suffering from back spasms, which had also forced her to miss Australia's last group match, against Bangladesh. For the West Indies, their leg spin bowler Afy Fletcher missed the match after testing positive for COVID-19. Australia won the match by 157 runs, with Alyssa Healy and Rachael Haynes scoring 216 runs for the first wicket, including a century from Healy. It was the seventh time that Australia had reached the final of the Women's Cricket World Cup. In the second semi-final, England beat South Africa by 137 runs, reaching their sixth World Cup final. Danni Wyatt scored a century and Sophie Ecclestone took a five-wicket haul to help the defending champions to reach the final.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: In the final of the tournament, Australia beat England by 71 runs to win their seventh World Cup. Australia's Alyssa Healy scored 170 runs in the match, the highest individual score made by any cricketer, male or female, in the World Cup Final. England's Nat Sciver also scored a century in the final, finishing with 148 not out. Alyssa Healy was the leading run-scorer in the competition, with 509, and was named the Player of the Tournament. England's Sophie Ecclestone was the leading wicket-taker in the tournament, with 21 dismissals.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 27 November 2021, the ICC announced that the 2021 Women's Cricket World Cup Qualifier had been called off due to concerns of a new COVID variant and travel restrictions. Per the ICC's playing conditions, the three remaining qualification slots were based on the team's rankings, therefore Bangladesh, Pakistan and the West Indies progressed to the 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 11 March 2020, the ICC announced the six venues for the 2022 Women's World Cup. Eden Park hosted the final. Five other venues, which were used for the league stage and semifinals, were the Hagley Oval, Seddon Park, Bay Oval, University Oval and Basin Reserve.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: Each team selected a squad of fifteen players for the World Cup, excluding reserves. On 6 January 2022, India became the first team to announce their squad. On 24 February 2022, the ICC updated its playing conditions for the tournament, allowing matches to go ahead if only nine players, in the event of a COVID-19 outbreak in a squad. Teams could use two female support staff substitutes, in non-batting and non-bowling roles, to play if needed.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 22 February 2022, the ICC appointed the officials for the tournament. Along with the twelve umpires, Gary Baxter, Shandre Fritz and G. S. Lakshmi were also named as the match referees. On 28 March 2022, the ICC confirmed the officials for the semi-final matches. On 1 April 2022, the ICC confirmed the officials for the final, with Lauren Agenbag and Kim Cotton named as the on-field umpires.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: A total of 31 matches including the semi-finals and a final were played, with all the matches being broadcast live. The opening match was originally planned to be played at the Bay Oval, Mount Maunganui, the two semi-finals at Seddon Park, Hamilton and Bay Oval, Mount Maunganui, with the final match played at Eden Park, Auckland. However on 15 December 2020, the ICC announced that the two semi-finals would be played at the Hagley Oval and the Basin Reserve.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: Before the World Cup, the participating nations competed in eight warm-up matches, which were played from 27 February to 2 March 2022. These matches did not have either Women's One Day International (WODI) status or List A status.


title: 2022 Women's Cricket World Cup

text: On 11 March 2020, it was announced that in the Group Stage, eight sides will participate in a single-league format with each side playing the other once. This format was last used in the 2017 tournament. The top four sides following the conclusion of the league matches progressed to the semi-finals with the winners meeting in the final. Therefore, a total of 31 matches were played during the tournament. In December 2020 the ICC announced the full match schedule for the tournament, with all the fixtures being confirmed in December 2021.


title: Irrational number

text: In mathematics, the irrational numbers (from in- prefix assimilated to ir- (negative prefix, privative) + rational) are all the real numbers that are not rational numbers. That is, irrational numbers cannot be expressed as the ratio of two integers. When the ratio of lengths of two line segments is an irrational number, the line segments are also described as being "incommensurable", meaning that they share no "measure" in common, that is, there is no length ("the measure"), no matter how short, that could be used to express the lengths of both of the two given segments as integer multiples of itself.


title: Irrational number

text: Among irrational numbers are the ratio of a circle's circumference to its diameter, Euler's number "e", the golden ratio "φ", and the square root of two. In fact, all square roots of natural numbers, other than of perfect squares, are irrational.


title: Irrational number

text: Like all real numbers, irrational numbers can be expressed in positional notation, notably as a decimal number. In the case of irrational numbers, the decimal expansion does not terminate, nor end with a repeating sequence. For example, the decimal representation of starts with 3.14159, but no finite number of digits can represent exactly, nor does it repeat. Conversely, a decimal expansion that terminates or repeats must be a rational number. These are provable properties of rational numbers and positional number systems, and are not used as definitions in mathematics.


title: Irrational number

text: As a consequence of Cantor's proof that the real numbers are uncountable and the rationals countable, it follows that almost all real numbers are irrational.


title: Irrational number

text: The first proof of the existence of irrational numbers is usually attributed to a Pythagorean (possibly Hippasus of Metapontum), who probably discovered them while identifying sides of the pentagram.


title: Irrational number

text: The then-current Pythagorean method would have claimed that there must be some sufficiently small, indivisible unit that could fit evenly into one of these lengths as well as the other. Hippasus, in the 5th century BC, however, was able to deduce that there was in fact no common unit of measure, and that the assertion of such an existence was in fact a contradiction. He did this by demonstrating that if the hypotenuse of an isosceles right triangle was indeed commensurable with a leg, then one of those lengths measured in that unit of measure must be both odd and even, which is impossible. His reasoning is as follows:


title: Irrational number

text: Greek mathematicians termed this ratio of incommensurable magnitudes "alogos", or inexpressible. Hippasus, however, was not lauded for his efforts: according to one legend, he made his discovery while out at sea, and was subsequently thrown overboard by his fellow Pythagoreans "... for having produced an element in the universe which denied the... doctrine that all phenomena in the universe can be reduced to whole numbers and their ratios." Another legend states that Hippasus was merely exiled for this revelation. Whatever the consequence to Hippasus himself, his discovery posed a very serious problem to Pythagorean mathematics, since it shattered the assumption that number and geometry were inseparable–a foundation of their theory.


title: Irrational number

text: The discovery of incommensurable ratios was indicative of another problem facing the Greeks: the relation of the discrete to the continuous. This was brought into light by Zeno of Elea, who questioned the conception that quantities are discrete and composed of a finite number of units of a given size. Past Greek conceptions dictated that they necessarily must be, for "whole numbers represent discrete objects, and a commensurable ratio represents a relation between two collections of discrete objects", but Zeno found that in fact "[quantities] in general are not discrete collections of units; this is why ratios of incommensurable [quantities] appear... .[Q]uantities are, in other words, continuous". What this means is that, contrary to the popular conception of the time, there cannot be an indivisible, smallest unit of measure for any quantity. That in fact, these divisions of quantity must necessarily be infinite. For example, consider a line segment: this segment can be split in half, that half split in half, the half of the half in half, and so on. This process can continue infinitely, for there is always another half to be split. The more times the segment is halved, the closer the unit of measure comes to zero, but it never reaches exactly zero. This is just what Zeno sought to prove. He sought to prove this by formulating four paradoxes, which demonstrated the contradictions inherent in the mathematical thought of the time. While Zeno's paradoxes accurately demonstrated the deficiencies of current mathematical conceptions, they were not regarded as proof of the alternative. In the minds of the Greeks, disproving the validity of one view did not necessarily prove the validity of another, and therefore further investigation had to occur.


title: Irrational number

text: The next step was taken by Eudoxus of Cnidus, who formalized a new theory of proportion that took into account commensurable as well as incommensurable quantities. Central to his idea was the distinction between magnitude and number. A magnitude "...was not a number but stood for entities such as line segments, angles, areas, volumes, and time which could vary, as we would say, continuously. Magnitudes were opposed to numbers, which jumped from one value to another, as from 4 to 5". Numbers are composed of some smallest, indivisible unit, whereas magnitudes are infinitely reducible. Because no quantitative values were assigned to magnitudes, Eudoxus was then able to account for both commensurable and incommensurable ratios by defining a ratio in terms of its magnitude, and proportion as an equality between two ratios. By taking quantitative values (numbers) out of the equation, he avoided the trap of having to express an irrational number as a number. "Eudoxus' theory enabled the Greek mathematicians to make tremendous progress in geometry by supplying the necessary logical foundation for incommensurable ratios". This incommensurability is dealt with in Euclid's Elements, Book X, Proposition 9. It was not until Eudoxus developed a theory of proportion that took into account irrational as well as rational ratios that a strong mathematical foundation of irrational numbers was created.


title: Irrational number

text: As a result of the distinction between number and magnitude, geometry became the only method that could take into account incommensurable ratios. Because previous numerical foundations were still incompatible with the concept of incommensurability, Greek focus shifted away from those numerical conceptions such as algebra and focused almost exclusively on geometry. In fact, in many cases algebraic conceptions were reformulated into geometric terms. This may account for why we still conceive of "x" and "x" as "x" squared and "x" cubed instead of "x" to the second power and "x" to the third power. Also crucial to Zeno’s work with incommensurable magnitudes was the fundamental focus on deductive reasoning that resulted from the foundational shattering of earlier Greek mathematics. The realization that some basic conception within the existing theory was at odds with reality necessitated a complete and thorough investigation of the axioms and assumptions that underlie that theory. Out of this necessity, Eudoxus developed his method of exhaustion, a kind of reductio ad absurdum that "...established the deductive organization on the basis of explicit axioms..." as well as "...reinforced the earlier decision to rely on deductive reasoning for proof". This method of exhaustion is the first step in the creation of calculus.


title: Irrational number

text: Theodorus of Cyrene proved the irrationality of the surds of whole numbers up to 17, but stopped there probably because the algebra he used could not be applied to the square root of 17.


title: Irrational number

text: Geometrical and mathematical problems involving irrational numbers such as square roots were addressed very early during the Vedic period in India. There are references to such calculations in the "Samhitas", "Brahmanas", and the "Shulba Sutras" (800 BC or earlier). (See Bag, Indian Journal of History of Science, 25(1-4), 1990).


title: Irrational number

text: It is suggested that the concept of irrationality was implicitly accepted by Indian mathematicians since the 7th century BC, when Manava (c. 750 – 690 BC) believed that the square roots of numbers such as 2 and 61 could not be exactly determined. Historian Carl Benjamin Boyer, however, writes that "such claims are not well substantiated and unlikely to be true".


title: Irrational number

text: It is also suggested that Aryabhata (5th century AD), in calculating a value of pi to 5 significant figures, used the word āsanna (approaching), to mean that not only is this an approximation but that the value is incommensurable (or irrational).


title: Irrational number

text: Later, in their treatises, Indian mathematicians wrote on the arithmetic of surds including addition, subtraction, multiplication, rationalization, as well as separation and extraction of square roots.


title: Irrational number

text: Mathematicians like Brahmagupta (in 628 AD) and Bhāskara I (in 629 AD) made contributions in this area as did other mathematicians who followed. In the 12th century Bhāskara II evaluated some of these formulas and critiqued them, identifying their limitations.


title: Irrational number

text: During the 14th to 16th centuries, Madhava of Sangamagrama and the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics discovered the infinite series for several irrational numbers such as "π" and certain irrational values of trigonometric functions. Jyeṣṭhadeva provided proofs for these infinite series in the "Yuktibhāṣā".


title: Irrational number

text: In the Middle ages, the development of algebra by Muslim mathematicians allowed irrational numbers to be treated as "algebraic objects". Middle Eastern mathematicians also merged the concepts of "number" and "magnitude" into a more general idea of real numbers, criticized Euclid's idea of ratios, developed the theory of composite ratios, and extended the concept of number to ratios of continuous magnitude. In his commentary on Book 10 of the "Elements", the Persian mathematician Al-Mahani (d. 874/884) examined and classified quadratic irrationals and cubic irrationals. He provided definitions for rational and irrational magnitudes, which he treated as irrational numbers. He dealt with them freely but explains them in geometric terms as follows:


title: Irrational number

text: In contrast to Euclid's concept of magnitudes as lines, Al-Mahani considered integers and fractions as rational magnitudes, and square roots and cube roots as irrational magnitudes. He also introduced an arithmetical approach to the concept of irrationality, as he attributes the following to irrational magnitudes:


title: Irrational number

text: The Egyptian mathematician Abū Kāmil Shujā ibn Aslam (c. 850 – 930) was the first to accept irrational numbers as solutions to quadratic equations or as coefficients in an equation, often in the form of square roots, cube roots and fourth roots. In the 10th century, the Iraqi mathematician Al-Hashimi provided general proofs (rather than geometric demonstrations) for irrational numbers, as he considered multiplication, division, and other arithmetical functions. Iranian mathematician, Abū Ja'far al-Khāzin (900–971) provides a definition of rational and irrational magnitudes, stating that if a definite quantity is:


title: Irrational number

text: Many of these concepts were eventually accepted by European mathematicians sometime after the Latin translations of the 12th century. Al-Hassār, a Moroccan mathematician from Fez specializing in Islamic inheritance jurisprudence during the 12th century, first mentions the use of a fractional bar, where numerators and denominators are separated by a horizontal bar. In his discussion he writes, "..., for example, if you are told to write three-fifths and a third of a fifth, write thus, formula_1." This same fractional notation appears soon after in the work of Leonardo Fibonacci in the 13th century.


title: Irrational number

text: The 17th century saw imaginary numbers become a powerful tool in the hands of Abraham de Moivre, and especially of Leonhard Euler. The completion of the theory of complex numbers in the 19th century entailed the differentiation of irrationals into algebraic and transcendental numbers, the proof of the existence of transcendental numbers, and the resurgence of the scientific study of the theory of irrationals, largely ignored since Euclid. The year 1872 saw the publication of the theories of Karl Weierstrass (by his pupil Ernst Kossak), Eduard Heine ("Crelle's Journal", 74), Georg Cantor (Annalen, 5), and Richard Dedekind. Méray had taken in 1869 the same point of departure as Heine, but the theory is generally referred to the year 1872. Weierstrass's method has been completely set forth by Salvatore Pincherle in 1880, and Dedekind's has received additional prominence through the author's later work (1888) and the endorsement by Paul Tannery (1894). Weierstrass, Cantor, and Heine base their theories on infinite series, while Dedekind founds his on the idea of a cut (Schnitt) in the system of all rational numbers, separating them into two groups having certain characteristic properties. The subject has received later contributions at the hands of Weierstrass, Leopold Kronecker (Crelle, 101), and Charles Méray.


title: Irrational number

text: Continued fractions, closely related to irrational numbers (and due to Cataldi, 1613), received attention at the hands of Euler, and at the opening of the 19th century were brought into prominence through the writings of Joseph-Louis Lagrange. Dirichlet also added to the general theory, as have numerous contributors to the applications of the subject.


title: Irrational number

text: Johann Heinrich Lambert proved (1761) that π cannot be rational, and that "e" is irrational if "n" is rational (unless "n" = 0). While Lambert's proof is often called incomplete, modern assessments support it as satisfactory, and in fact for its time it is unusually rigorous. Adrien-Marie Legendre (1794), after introducing the Bessel–Clifford function, provided a proof to show that π is irrational, whence it follows immediately that π is irrational also. The existence of transcendental numbers was first established by Liouville (1844, 1851). Later, Georg Cantor (1873) proved their existence by a different method, which showed that every interval in the reals contains transcendental numbers. Charles Hermite (1873) first proved "e" transcendental, and Ferdinand von Lindemann (1882), starting from Hermite's conclusions, showed the same for π. Lindemann's proof was much simplified by Weierstrass (1885), still further by David Hilbert (1893), and was finally made elementary by Adolf Hurwitz and Paul Gordan.


title: Irrational number

text: The square root of 2 was likely the first number proved irrational. The golden ratio is another famous quadratic irrational number. The square roots of all natural numbers that are not perfect squares are irrational and a proof may be found in quadratic irrationals.


title: Irrational number

text: The proof above for the square root of two can be generalized using the fundamental theorem of arithmetic. This asserts that every integer has a unique factorization into primes. Using it we can show that if a rational number is not an integer then no integral power of it can be an integer, as in lowest terms there must be a prime in the denominator that does not divide into the numerator whatever power each is raised to. Therefore, if an integer is not an exact th power of another integer, then that first integer's th root is irrational.


title: Irrational number

text: Perhaps the numbers most easy to prove irrational are certain logarithms. Here is a proof by contradiction that log 3 is irrational (log 3 ≈ 1.58 > 0).


title: Irrational number

text: The number 2 raised to any positive integer power must be even (because it is divisible by 2) and the number 3 raised to any positive integer power must be odd (since none of its prime factors will be 2). Clearly, an integer cannot be both odd and even at the same time: we have a contradiction. The only assumption we made was that log 3 is rational (and so expressible as a quotient of integers "m"/"n" with "n" ≠ 0). The contradiction means that this assumption must be false, i.e. log 3 is irrational, and can never be expressed as a quotient of integers "m"/"n" with "n" ≠ 0.


title: Irrational number

text: Almost all irrational numbers are transcendental and all real transcendental numbers are irrational (there are also complex transcendental numbers): the article on transcendental numbers lists several examples. So "e" and π are irrational for all nonzero rational "r", and, e.g., "e" is irrational, too.


title: Irrational number

text: Irrational numbers can also be found within the countable set of real algebraic numbers (essentially defined as the real roots of polynomials with integer coefficients), i.e., as real solutions of polynomial equations


title: Irrational number

text: where the coefficients formula_7 are integers and formula_8. Any rational root of this polynomial equation must be of the form "r" /"s", where "r" is a divisor of "a" and "s" is a divisor of "a". If a real root formula_9 of a polynomial formula_10 is not among these finitely many possibilities, it must be an irrational algebraic number. An exemplary proof for the existence of such algebraic irrationals is by showing that "x"  = (2 + 1) is an irrational root of a polynomial with integer coefficients: it satisfies ("x" − 1) = 2 and hence "x" − 2"x" − 1 = 0, and this latter polynomial has no rational roots (the only candidates to check are ±1, and "x", being greater than 1, is neither of these), so "x" is an irrational algebraic number.


title: Irrational number

text: Because the algebraic numbers form a subfield of the real numbers, many irrational real numbers can be constructed by combining transcendental and algebraic numbers. For example, 3 + 2,  +  and "e" are irrational (and even transcendental).


title: Irrational number

text: The decimal expansion of an irrational number never repeats or terminates (the latter being equivalent to repeating zeroes), unlike any rational number. The same is true for binary, octal or hexadecimal expansions, and in general for expansions in every positional notation with natural bases.


title: Irrational number

text: To show this, suppose we divide integers "n" by "m" (where "m" is nonzero). When long division is applied to the division of "n" by "m", there can never be a remainder greater than or equal to "m". If 0 appears as a remainder, the decimal expansion terminates. If 0 never occurs, then the algorithm can run at most "m" − 1 steps without using any remainder more than once. After that, a remainder must recur, and then the decimal expansion repeats.


title: Irrational number

text: Conversely, suppose we are faced with a repeating decimal, we can prove that it is a fraction of two integers. For example, consider:


title: Irrational number

text: Here the repetend is 162 and the length of the repetend is 3. First, we multiply by an appropriate power of 10 to move the decimal point to the right so that it is just in front of a repetend. In this example we would multiply by 10 to obtain:


title: Irrational number

text: Now we multiply this equation by 10 where "r" is the length of the repetend. This has the effect of moving the decimal point to be in front of the "next" repetend. In our example, multiply by 10:


title: Irrational number

text: The result of the two multiplications gives two different expressions with exactly the same "decimal portion", that is, the tail end of 10,000"A" matches the tail end of 10"A" exactly. Here, both 10,000"A" and 10"A" have after the decimal point.


title: Irrational number

text: Therefore, when we subtract the 10"A" equation from the 10,000"A" equation, the tail end of 10"A" cancels out the tail end of 10,000"A" leaving us with:


title: Irrational number

text: Dov Jarden gave a simple non-constructive proof that there exist two irrational numbers "a" and "b", such that "a" is rational:


title: Irrational number

text: Consider ; if this is rational, then take "a" = "b" = . Otherwise, take "a" to be the irrational number and "b" = . Then "a" = () = = = 2, which is rational.


title: Irrational number

text: Although the above argument does not decide between the two cases, the Gelfond–Schneider theorem shows that is transcendental, hence irrational. This theorem states that if "a" and "b" are both algebraic numbers, and "a" is not equal to 0 or 1, and "b" is not a rational number, then any value of "a" is a transcendental number (there can be more than one value if complex number exponentiation is used).


title: Irrational number

text: The base of the left side is irrational and the right side is rational, so one must prove that the exponent on the left side, formula_17, is irrational. This is so because, by the formula relating logarithms with different bases,


title: Irrational number

text: which we can assume, for the sake of establishing a contradiction, equals a ratio "m/n" of positive integers. Then formula_19 hence formula_20 hence formula_21 hence formula_22, which is a contradictory pair of prime factorizations and hence violates the fundamental theorem of arithmetic (unique prime factorization).


title: Irrational number

text: A stronger result is the following: Every rational number in the interval formula_23 can be written either as "a" for some irrational number "a" or as "n" for some natural number "n". Similarly, every positive rational number can be written either as formula_24 for some irrational number "a" or as formula_25 for some natural number "n".


title: Irrational number

text: It is not known if formula_26 (or formula_27) is irrational. In fact, there is no pair of non-zero integers formula_28 for which it is known whether formula_29 is irrational. Moreover, it is not known if the set formula_30 is algebraically independent over formula_31.


title: Irrational number

text: It is not known if formula_32 Catalan's constant, or the Euler–Mascheroni constant formula_33 are irrational. It is not known if either of the tetrations formula_34 or formula_35 is rational for some integer formula_36


title: Irrational number

text: In constructive mathematics, excluded middle is not valid, so it is not true that every real number is rational or irrational. Thus, the notion of an irrational number bifurcates into multiple distinct notions. One could take the traditional definition of an irrational number as a real number that is not rational. However, there is a second definition of an irrational number used in constructive mathematics, that a real number formula_37 is an irrational number if it is apart from every rational number, or equivalently, if the distance formula_38 between formula_37 and every rational number formula_40 is positive. This definition is stronger than the traditional definition of an irrational number. This second definition is used in Errett Bishop's proof that the square root of 2 is irrational.


title: Irrational number

text: Under the usual (Euclidean) distance function formula_41, the real numbers are a metric space and hence also a topological space. Restricting the Euclidean distance function gives the irrationals the structure of a metric space. Since the subspace of irrationals is not closed,


title: Irrational number

text: the induced metric is not complete. Being a G-delta set—i.e., a countable intersection of open subsets—in a complete metric space, the space of irrationals is completely metrizable: that is, there is a metric on the irrationals inducing the same topology as the restriction of the Euclidean metric, but with respect to which the irrationals are complete. One can see this without knowing the aforementioned fact about G-delta sets: the continued fraction expansion of an irrational number defines a homeomorphism from the space of irrationals to the space of all sequences of positive integers, which is easily seen to be completely metrizable.


title: Irrational number

text: Furthermore, the set of all irrationals is a disconnected metrizable space. In fact, the irrationals equipped with the subspace topology have a basis of clopen sets so the space is zero-dimensional.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The Spectacular Spider-Man is an American superhero animated television series based on the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man, developed for television by Greg Weisman and Victor Cook. In terms of overall tone and style, the series is based principally on the Stan Lee, Steve Ditko and John Romita Sr. era of "The Amazing Spider-Man" comic books, with a similar balance of action, drama and comedy as well as a high school setting. However, it also tends to blend material from all eras of the comic's run up to that point in addition to other sources such as the "Ultimate Spider-Man" comics by Brian Michael Bendis and Mark Bagley, as well as Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man" film series.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: "The Spectacular Spider-Man" was jointly produced by Adelaide Productions and Marvel Entertainment. It premiered on March 8, 2008, during the Kids' WB programming block of The CW. The series aired its second season on Marvel's sister network Disney XD in the United States and ended its run on November 18, 2009. The entire series was broadcast in Canada on Teletoon. Although a total of five seasons was initially intended in addition to various direct-to-video films connecting each season, the series was canceled before production could begin on the planned third season, due to legal problems between Disney (who had entered an agreement to acquire Marvel during the show's run) and Sony Pictures Television (the series' distributor and parent of Adelaide Productions), who had relinquished the rights to produce television content under 45 minutes using Spider-Man and associated characters ahead of their acquisition, while retaining all production and distribution rights to the series.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series received widespread acclaim from both critics and fans, with praise being aimed at the exploration of surprisingly mature themes, the faithful portrayal of the titular protagonist (along with the supporting characters and villains), the vocal performances from the cast, the unique character designs and art style, and the use of clever writing while paying homage to classic stories from the comics. IGN named "The Spectacular Spider-Man" #30th in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows in January 2009. The series was also awarded Best Animated Series in both 2008 and 2009 with the series' version of the main character being named TV's Best Hero in 2008. Subsequently, it was placed second in the Top 25 Comic Book TV Shows in 2011 (behind ""). TV Guide listed the series as one of the sixty greatest animated series of all time. The series' iteration of Spider-Man will return in the 2023 film "".


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Each season of the series takes place over a semester of Peter's high school years, with season one running from September to November and season two from December to March.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Producer Greg Weisman has stated that the series' theme is "The Education of Peter Parker." In keeping with this theme, each of the show's arcs is named after a course of study: season one's arcs are Biology 101, Economics 101, Chemistry 101, and Psychology 101; and season two's arcs are Engineering 101, Human Development 101, Criminology 101, and Drama 101.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The first season opens with Peter Parker entering his junior year at Midtown Manhattan Magnet High School, having only been bitten by a genetically-enhanced spider and acquired his powers in recent months. Peter struggles to balance his responsibilities as the costumed hero Spider-Man with the problems of his personal life. In addition to fighting crime, he must navigate his romantic affections for Gwen Stacy and Mary Jane Watson; maintain his friendships with Harry Osborn and Eddie Brock; deal with being bullied by football star Flash Thompson at school; keep his internship position as a lab assistant to Dr. Curt Connors at Empire State University; and help to support his Aunt May after the death of his Uncle Ben by working as a freelance photographer at the Daily Bugle. The Bugle is owned by loudmouth publisher J. Jonah Jameson, who often uses Peter's pictures of his alter-ego to discredit and carry out a smear campaign against Spider-Man.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Spider-Man's fight against crime attracts the attention of Tombstone, the "Big Man of Crime" in New York City. With the help of corrupt businessman Norman Osborn, timid scientist Dr. Otto Octavius, and mob enforcer Hammerhead, Tombstone orchestrates the creation of various super-criminals to distract Spider-Man from interfering with his empire. Among the "supervillains" that Spider-Man is forced to contend with are the Vulture, Electro, the Lizard, Shocker, Sandman, Rhino, Doctor Octopus, Chameleon, and Black Cat. Tombstone's plans are complicated when the mysterious Green Goblin surfaces and attempts to take control of the city's criminal underworld. After the Green Goblin is seemingly vanquished, Spider-Man must overcome an alien symbiote slowly taking control of his body, which ultimately leads to Eddie Brock's transformation into Venom.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The second season finds Peter Parker's life becoming significantly more complicated when he finds himself torn between Gwen Stacy and Liz Allan, both of whom have confessed their feelings for him; Mary Jane Watson endeavors to help Gwen win Peter's affections. While Harry Osborn returns to school after a leave of absence, his father Norman Osborn takes on the role of Peter's mentor, helping Peter to reacquire his internship position as Dr. Curt Connors' lab assistant.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Spider-Man faces new villains such as Mysterio, Kraven the Hunter, the Tinkerer, Silver Sable, and Molten Man. Several of the web-slinger's old enemies also return, including Venom who attempts to expose Spider-Man's secret identity and remove his powers. An all-out gang war later erupts between Tombstone's established order, the Master Planner's supervillain forces, and the old guard of the Silvermane crime family. Once all of these major threats have been dealt with, Spider-Man must have a final confrontation with the Green Goblin, who masterminded the gang war to eliminate his opposition, take control of New York City, and destroy the wall-crawler once and for all.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series concludes with loose ends due to the show's cancellation before a third season could be produced. Other new characters introduced, who were intended to have more prominent roles in future seasons, include , Dr. Miles Warren, Calypso, Cletus Kasady, Morris Bench, and Roderick Kingsley. Mac Gargan is also briefly mentioned.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The vast timeline of the "Spider-Man" comics has been condensed and reconfigured to include classic and important characters within the same timeframe. Gwen Stacy, Harry Osborn and Mary Jane Watson are depicted not as direct equivalents to their counterparts, but rather as characters who will eventually evolve into their established roles from the comics. The series sports a wide supporting cast where every named character who is featured, in however minor a capacity, is based on a character who has appeared in either the main continuity of the comics, the "Ultimate Spider-Man" comics (such as Kenny Kong), or Sam Raimi's film series (such as Bernard Houseman). The series incorporates numerous villains from different eras of the "Spider-Man" mythology, almost all of whom are introduced as regular characters before they adopt their established villain identities in later episodes (such as Eddie Brock, who is introduced in the pilot but only becomes Venom at the end of season one).


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: A new "Spider-Man" animated series was announced in August 2006 along with Sony Pictures TV's new direct-to-DVD division, Culver Entertainment, that would produce it with 13 half hour episodes. The series was planned for a 2007 release on DVD while international distributing to TV channels including Sony's. The DVD format was to be four discs with three episodes each. Greg Weisman and Victor Cook developed the show.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: "The Spectacular Spider-Man" was announced by Kids' WB Senior Vice President and General Manager Betsy McGowen on June 18, 2007 as being picked up and slated for an early 2008 premiere by the Kids' WB! on The CW. Weisman and Cook were assigned to the series at the time as supervising producer and producer/supervising director, respectively. The art style of the series is more simplified than in previous incarnations but retain their iconic elements. This choice was made to ensure Spider-Man would move as he should and replicate the fluidity from Sam Raimi's movie incarnation.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series was produced by its television animation studio, Adelaide Productions (due to Sony's complete control over the "Spider-Man" entertainment license at the time) with Hanho Heung-Up Co., Ltd., Dong Woo Animation and MOI Animation, Inc. contributed some of the animation for this series. The title sequence for the show was directed by Victor Cook with the theme song written and performed by The Tender Box.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Weisman has explained that in adapting the comics for the show, the producers "tried to follow what [they] came to call "The Five Cs": Contemporary, Cohesive, Coherent, Classic and iConic." "The advantage of hindsight" allowed the show to be "more coherent and cohesive than the original" comic continuity, which contains "considerable duplication, a false start here and there, [and] conflicting interpretations." Weisman studied all of the characters to find their "core essence," and the show often combined characters and storylines when necessary for the sake of coherence. For example, Flash Thompson was found to be "a bully, who deep down is actually an honorable guy," while Shocker was found to be an "iconic costume" with no character, so he was combined with Montana.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: "The Spectacular Spider-Man" debuted on March 8, 2008 with back-to-back episodes, "Survival of the Fittest" and "Interactions", under the banner "Spectacular Saturday". The series debuted under a cloud as The CW had just indicated that the network would end its kid's block for a brokered outsourced block. While Culver had already started producing the second season.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Greg Weisman was hoping for the series to reach 5 seasons consisting of 65 episodes in total. Only 2 seasons and 26 episodes of "The Spectacular Spider-Man" were produced.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series stopped production with a renewal dependent upon the ratings for season 2 on the U.S. Disney XD channel and the sales of the DVDs. On September 1, 2009, it was announced that the television rights for Spider-Man were returned to Marvel by Sony. At the time, President of Marvel Animation Eric Rollman further stated that "no decisions have been made either way" regarding the fate of the series. On April 13, 2010, Newsarama reported that the series' cancellation occurred just after The Walt Disney Company acquired Marvel Entertainment in December 2009.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: On that same day, Marvel announced that a new series loosely based on the "Ultimate Spider-Man" comic book storyline would air on Disney XD in the fall of 2011, which actually aired on April 1, 2012. Weisman told "IGN":


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: "I've heard nothing directly from Marvel, but I think the "Ultimate Spider-Man" announcement makes it fairly clear that "The Spectacular Spider-Man" is over." Marvel Animation and Sony also commented on this to Marvel Animation Age, confirming that the series had ceased production.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Weisman would later write that in summer 2009, in exchange for concessions on the movie rights, Sony had relinquished to Marvel its license to produce television works that used "Spider-Man" and associated characters, but had retained ownership of "The Spectacular Spider-Man" series and all of the production elements created specifically for it, such as character designs and storylines. Weisman claimed that Sony's decision to return the license to Marvel had occurred just prior to that year's San Diego Comic-Con, and that he and supervising director Victor Cook were only made aware of this development just as The Walt Disney Company announced their intentions to buy Marvel Entertainment in its entirety, thereby receiving the license to produce "Spider-Man" content for television. Therefore, neither Sony nor Marvel could continue production of the series, as each lacked some of the essential rights to do so. Disney would eventually finalize their acquisition of Marvel and all related assets in December 2009, just after the second season concluded airing on Disney XD, Marvel's new sister network.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Due to the show's cancellation, many storylines were abandoned. In season 3, Curt would have moved to Florida and begun working on a cure for Electro and a planned DVD Spring Break movie would have also been set in Florida between season 2 and 3, with movies between seasons 3 and 4, and between seasons 4 and 5 to follow. Scorpion, Hydro-Man, and Hobgoblin were confirmed to be major villains for season 3, in addition to Carnage, Mister Negative and Morbius, the Living Vampire. Emily Osborn was also planned to appear as a major supporting character in the third season after making non-speaking cameo appearances throughout season 2, with Marina Sirtis intended to be cast in the role, after previously collaborating with Greg Weisman on the series "Gargoyles" (1994–97). Weisman also indicated that the creative team had long-term plans regarding the introduction of Miles Warren, a character who eventually becomes the Jackal in the comics, as well as Stan Carter and Jean DeWolff, who are both pivotal to the origin of the former becoming the vigilante Sin-Eater. There were also plans to eventually seed more elements of the "Spider-Man" mythos from the comics in the show beyond season 2, including the introduction of the Spider-Mobile and Spider-tracers, as well as a future episode exploring how Peter developed his web-shooters. Season 3 was also meant to introduce a new storyline involving Eddie Brock being placed in the Ravencroft Institute, as well as reveal that the gene cleanser Peter used on the Venom symbiote in season 2 didn't actually affect it. Weisman also expressed his wish to use other characters from the wider Marvel Universe that weren't solely associated with Spider-Man as the series had done up to that point, such as Beast, Cyclops, Professor X, Captain America, the Hulk, and Johnny Storm. Weisman elaborated by stating he hoped the introduction of said characters into the continuity of "The Spectacular Spider-Man" would've eventually resulted in spin-off shows focusing on the superhero teams these characters are associated with, the X-Men, Avengers and Fantastic Four, respectively. Furthermore, plans for a musical-themed episode and an episode adapting issue #8 of "The Amazing Spider-Man", involving an after-school boxing match between Peter and Flash Thompson, were also abandoned.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: After the initial 65 episode series plan and movies, which would've covered the characters' entire duration in high school, Weisman had wished to produce DVD sequels covering Peter's college years and his eventual marriage to Mary Jane.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: In early 2010, shortly after the series concluded airing in the U.S., Josh Keaton was tapped to reprise the role of Peter Parker / Spider-Man in the Disney-produced animated series, "" (2010–2012), appearing in the season 2 episodes "Along Came a Spider", "Yellowjacket", "New Avengers" and the series finale, "Avengers Assemble". Keaton would've appeared in the series alongside two of his co-stars from "The Spectacular Spider-Man:" Grey DeLisle, reprising her voice work as Betty Brant, and Daran Norris, who voiced J. Jonah Jameson on the series and appeared as a policeman in "Earth's Mightiest Heroes". However, upon the airing of his first planned episode in Australia ahead of its debut in the U.S., it was discovered and reported by Jesse Betteridge of the Facebook page "Keep "Spectacular Spider-Man Alive"", that Keaton's voice had appeared to have been replaced by Drake Bell, who succeeded him as the voice of Spider-Man in the following series, "Ultimate Spider-Man". Keaton would later confirm his replacement, additionally surmising that Marvel had dubbed Bell's vocals over Keaton's original performance, despite the fact he had recorded all of his voice work for Spider-Man's respective appearances on the series. Series creator Christopher Yost would later address Keaton's involvement, revealing that Spider-Man in "Earth's Mightiest Heroes" was intended to share continuity with the iteration featured in "The Spectacular Spider-Man", and that his debut episode was written to emulate the tone of the prior series. Despite the implicit connections, Greg Weisman himself would dismiss the proposition, affirming that "The Spectacular Spider-Man" was set in its own distinct universe, that would've been expanded upon to feature its own interpretation of numerous non-"Spider-Man" Marvel characters had the series continued.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Despite the legal troubles between Sony and Marvel, fans have continued to voice their support for the series more than a decade after its cancellation, in the hopes for more episodes to be produced someday. An online petition on Change.org requesting for a possible third season has managed to gather more than 22,000 signatures. On January 9, 2021 at 4:00pm, the hashtags #SaveSpectacularSpiderMan and #SpectacularSpiderMan were trending on Twitter (with the former temporarily trending between #13 and #9 within the site), after users created a "tweet storm" requesting for the series to return and finish being produced. Josh Keaton, who voices Peter Parker in the show, also responded to the trending hashtags while wearing a Spider-Man mask and staying in-character, saying, "I just wanted to shout out some support to everyone tweeting today with #SaveSpectacularSpiderMan. This much support after over a decade? Aw, you guys really know how to make a Webhead feel special!" While promoting his DC Comics animated short film "" (2022), Greg Weisman also responded to the ongoing fan campaign calling for "The Spectacular Spider-Man"'s revival, ultimately expressing doubt as to the likelihood of the series returning, but concluding that he would "love to do it again".


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: On December 20, 2022, Christopher Miller confirmed that the iteration of Spider-Man from the show would appear in the 2023 film "".


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series was initially developed so that each three to four episode arc could be edited together into a feature-length home video release. The first DVD for the show, entitled "Attack of the Lizard", followed this plan with the first three episodes edited together to form a stand-alone story with additional footage. The region 1 version was released on September 9, 2008.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: This release strategy changed with the region 1 release of the second and third DVDs of the series on March 17, 2009. Originally promoted with the titles "Rise of the Supervillains" and "The Goblin Strikes" respectively, these releases were revised to feature the televised versions of the episodes and were ultimately released as numbered volumes. Since then, retailer stores have stopped releasing "Attack of the Lizard", and have replaced it with volume 1. Volume 4 was released in region 1 on April 28, 2009, in the same format.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: ""The Spectacular Spider-Man: The Complete First Season"" DVD was released in region 1 on July 28, 2009.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: DVD volume 5 was released in region 1 on November 17, 2009. DVD volumes 6 and 7 were released on February 16, 2010. DVD volume 8 was released on April 27, 2010.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The first 4 volumes that comprise season 1 for region 2 have been released with volumes 3 and 4 having been released on August 23, 2010.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: To coincide with the theatrical release of "The Amazing Spider-Man 2", Sony Pictures Home Entertainment re-released "The Spectacular Spider-Man: The Complete Series" on Blu-ray on April 25, 2014.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: On July 9th, 2022, the entire series was made available to stream on Netflix but was later removed on December 16th, 2022. The series was additionally added to Disney+ on October 19, 2022.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: "The Spectacular Spider-Man" was released to widespread acclaim, with praise being aimed at the exploration of surprisingly mature themes, the faithful portrayal of the titular protagonist (along with the supporting characters and villains), the vocal performances from the cast, the unique character designs and art style, and the use of clever writing while paying homage to classic stories from the comics. Before the series premiere, Matt Sernaker of ComicsOnline interviewed some of the "Spectacular Spider-Man" development team at WonderCon 2008 after a preview screening and stated: "This new Spider-Man series truly is SPECTACULAR... surpasses all of the previous incarnations with ease. If you are a Spidey fan you will not want to miss this."


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Early in the series' run, Alan Kistler of ComicMix called the series "one of the best superhero adaptations I've ever seen (and trust me, I've watched more than anyone will probably consider reasonable). It's fun, it's smart, it's mature, it's witty and every episode leaves me wanting more."


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: In an article entitled "8 Reasons to Watch "Spectacular Spider-Man"", Reggie White, Jr. from Spiderfan wrote: "If you aren't watching "The Spectacular Spider-Man" on CW Kids' WB, you are missing out on what is quickly becoming one of the greatest Spidey cartoons of all-time."


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Stu from Marvel Animation Age writes in his review of the series: "At time of writing, "The Spectacular Spider-Man" stands as Marvel's finest animated effort and surpasses most of DC's finest efforts – the only shows in "Spectacular"'s league really, is "" itself. With more episodes, it may just surpass it."


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: IGN stated that Greg Weisman "has only cemented his reputation for quality television animation with his work on Spider-Man." IGN also named "The Spectacular Spider-Man" #30th in the Top 100 Best Animated TV Shows in January 2009. The series was also awarded Best Animated Series in both 2008 and 2009 with the series' version of the main character being named TV's Best Hero in 2008. Subsequently, it was placed second in the Top 25 Comic Book TV Shows in 2011 (behind "").


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: Outside of comic resources, "Variety" highlighted that "although seemingly conceived largely to push a new line of Hasbro toys... the soon-to-fadeout Kids' WB (on the CW!) delivers a credible new version of 'Spider-Man,' emphasizing his relatable headaches as a 16-year-old superhero."


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: TV Guide listed the series as one of the sixty greatest animated series of all time. In its 2022 rankings, aggregation website TreasureTV ranked "The Spectacular Spider-Man" as the 725th best TV series of all time.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: On June 14, 2013, Saban Brands announced that they had acquired the broadcast rights to air the series on Vortexx on The CW for the Fall 2013–14 season, marking its return to The CW since the conclusion of the first season aired on June 14, 2008.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: The series officially started airing on Vortexx on August 17, 2013 and it ended on September 27, 2014.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: McDonald's Happy Meals celebrated their 30th Anniversary with "The Spectacular Spider-Man" toys in February 2009.


title: The Spectacular Spider-Man (TV series)

text: In February 2010, Burger King included "The Spectacular Spider-Man" toys in its Kids' Meals toys range.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Asiana Airlines Flight 214 was a scheduled transpacific passenger flight originating from Incheon International Airport near Seoul, South Korea. On the morning of July 6, 2013, the Boeing 777-200ER operating the flight stalled and crashed on final approach into San Francisco International Airport in the United States. Of the 307 people on board, 3 died; another 187 were injured, 49 of them seriously. Among the seriously injured were four flight attendants who were thrown onto the runway while still strapped in their seats when the tail section broke off after striking the seawall short of the runway. It was the first fatal crash of a Boeing 777 since the aircraft type entered service in 1995.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The investigation by the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) concluded that the accident was caused by the flight crew's mismanagement of the airplane's final approach. Deficiencies in Boeing's documentation of complex flight control systems and in Asiana Airlines' pilot training were also cited as contributory factors.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The Boeing 777-200ER, registration HL7742, was powered by two Pratt and Whitney PW4090 engines. It was delivered new to Asiana Airlines on March 7, 2006, and at the time of the crash had accumulated 37,120 flight hours and 5,388 (takeoff-and-landing) cycles.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The Boeing 777 has a good reputation for safety. This was its first fatal accident, second crash (after British Airways Flight 38), and third hull loss since the 777 began operating commercially in 1995.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The aircrew consisted of three captains and one first officer. 49-year-old Captain Lee Jeong-min () in the right seat (first officer position), filled the dual role of a check/instructor captain and pilot in command, responsible for the safe operation of the flight. He had 12,387 hours of flying experience, of which 3,220 hours were in a 777. This was his first flight as an instructor.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: 45-year-old Captain Lee Kang-kuk () in the left seat (captain's position), was receiving his initial operating experience (IOE) training and was halfway through Asiana's IOE requirements. He had 9,793 hours of flying experience, of which 43 were in a 777 over nine flights, and was operating the controls under the supervision of the instructor in the right seat.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: At the time of the crash, 40-year-old relief first officer Bong Dong-won () was observing from the cockpit jump seat. 52-year-old Relief Captain Lee Jong-joo () occupied a business-class seat in the passenger cabin. Bong Dong-won received medical treatment for a cracked rib; none of the other pilots needed hospital care.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Four flight attendants seated at the rear were ejected from the aircraft when the tail section broke off, but they survived.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Twelve flight attendants were on board, ten South Korean and two Thai. Six flight attendants received physical and emotional treatment. The other six returned to South Korea.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Wang Linjia and Ye Mengyuan, with Chinese passports, were found dead outside the aircraft soon after the crash after having been thrown out of the plane during the accident. Neither victim had been wearing their seatbelts. It is likely that these passengers would have remained in the cabin and survived had they been wearing their seatbelts. On July 19, 2013, the San Mateo County Coroner's office determined that Mengyuan was still alive before being run over by a rescue vehicle, and was killed by blunt force trauma. On January 28, 2014, the San Francisco city attorney's office announced its conclusion that the girl was already dead when she was run over.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: A third passenger, Liu Yipeng, died of her Injuries at San Francisco General Hospital six days after the accident. She had been wearing her seatbelt and was seated in seat 42A, which is in the last row of passenger seats on the left side of the aircraft, immediately forward of door 4L. During the crash, the back of Yipeng's seat rotated back and against the floor, leaving her exposed. Her injuries were likely the result of having been struck by door 4L, which separated during the airplane's final impact.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Ten people in critical condition were admitted to San Francisco General Hospital and a few to Stanford Medical Center. Nine hospitals in the area admitted a total of 182 injured people. San Francisco Fire Department Chief Joanne Hayes-White, after checking with two intake points at the airport, told reporters that all on board had been accounted for.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Of the passengers, 141 (almost half) were Chinese citizens. More than 90 of them had boarded Asiana Airlines Flight 362 from Shanghai Pudong International Airport, connecting to Flight 214 at Incheon.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Incheon serves as a major connecting point between China and North America. In July 2013, Asiana Airlines operated between Incheon (Seoul) and 21 cities in mainland China.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Seventy students and teachers traveling to the United States for summer camp were among the Chinese passengers. Thirty of the students and teachers were from Shanxi, and the others were from Zhejiang. Five of the teachers and 29 of the students were from Jiangshan High School in Zhejiang; they were traveling together. Thirty-five of the students were to attend a West Valley Christian School summer camp. The Shanxi students originated from Taiyuan, with 22 students and teachers from the Taiyuan Number Five Secondary School and 14 students and teachers from the Taiyuan Foreign Language School. The three passengers who died were in the Jiangshan High School group to West Valley camp.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: On July 6, 2013, Flight OZ214 took off from Incheon International Airport (ICN) at 5:04 p.m. KST (08:04 UTC), 34 minutes after its scheduled departure time. It was scheduled to land at San Francisco International Airport (SFO) at 11:04 a.m. PDT (18:04 UTC).


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The instrument landing system's vertical guidance (glide slope) on Runway 28L was unavailable, as it had been taken out of service on June 1 and a notice to air missions to that effect had been issued. Therefore, a precision ILS approach to the runway was not possible.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The flight was cleared for a visual approach to Runway 28L at 11:21 a.m. PDT, and told to maintain a speed of until the aircraft was from the runway. At 11:26 a.m., Northern California TRACON ("NorCal Approach") handed the flight off to San Francisco tower. A tower controller acknowledged the second call from the crew at 11:27 a.m. when the plane was away, and gave clearance to land.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The weather was very good; the latest METAR reported light wind, visibility (the maximum it can report), no precipitation, and no forecast or reports of wind shear. The pilots performed a visual approach assisted by the runway's precision approach path indicator (PAPI).


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Preliminary analysis indicated that the plane's approach was too slow and too low. Eighty-two seconds before impact, at an altitude of about , the autopilot was turned off, the throttles were set to idle, and the plane was operated manually during final descent. NTSB chairman Deborah Hersman stated the pilots did not "set the aircraft for an auto-land situation ... They had been cleared for a visual approach and they were hand-flying the airplane," adding: "During the approach there were statements made in the cockpit first about being above the glide path, then about being on the glide path, then later reporting about being below the glide path. All of these statements were made as they were on the approach to San Francisco..." Based on preliminary data from the flight data recorder (FDR), the NTSB found that the plane's airspeed on final approach had fallen well below its target approach speed. A preliminary review of FAA radar return data did not show an abnormally steep descent curve, although the crew did recognize that they began high on the final approach.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: At a height of , eight seconds before impact, the airspeed had dropped to . According to initial reports from the cockpit crew, the plane's autothrottle was set for the correct reference speed, but until the runway's precision approach path indicator (PAPI) showed them significantly below the glide path, the pilots were unaware that the autothrottle was failing to maintain that speed. The instructor pilot stated that the PAPI indicated a deviation below the glide path at approximately above ground level, and he attempted to correct it at that time. Between , the instructor pilot also reported a lateral deviation that the crew attempted to correct. Seven seconds before impact, one pilot called for an increase in speed. The FDR showed the throttles were advanced from idle at that time. The instructor pilot reported that he had called for an increase in speed, but that the pilot flying had already advanced the throttles by the time that he reached for the throttles. The sound of the stick shaker (warning of imminent stall) could be heard four seconds before impact on the cockpit voice recorder. Airspeed reached a minimum of (34 knots below the target speed) three seconds before impact, with engines at 50% power and increasing. The co-pilot called for a go-around 1.5 seconds before impact. At impact, airspeed had increased to .


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: At 11:28 a.m., HL7742 crashed short of Runway 28L's threshold. The landing gear and then the tail struck the seawall that projects into San Francisco Bay. The left engine and the tail section separated from the aircraft. The NTSB noted that the main landing gear, the first part of the aircraft to hit the seawall, "separated cleanly from [the] aircraft as designed" to protect the wing fuel tank structure. The vertical and both horizontal stabilizers fell on the runway before the threshold.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The remainder of the fuselage and wings rotated counter-clockwise approximately 330 degrees as the plane slid westward. Video showed it pivoting about the wing and the nose while sharply inclined to the ground. It came to rest to the left of the runway, from the initial point of impact at the seawall.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: After a minute or so, a dark plume of smoke was observed rising from the wreckage. The fire was traced to a ruptured oil tank above the right engine. The leaking oil fell onto the hot engine and ignited. The fire was not fed by jet fuel. All three fire handles were extended; these operate safety equipment intended to extinguish fires on the aircraft (a handle for each engine and the auxiliary power unit). The speedbrake lever was down, showing that it was not being used.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Two evacuation slides were deployed on the left side of the airliner and used for evacuation. Despite damage to the aircraft, "many ... were able to walk away on their own." The slides for the first and second doors on the right side of the aircraft (doors 1R and 2R) deployed inside the aircraft during the crash, pinning the flight attendants seated nearby.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: According to NBC reports in September 2013, the U.S. government had been concerned about the reliability of evacuation slides for decades: "Federal safety reports and government databases reveal that the NTSB has recommended multiple improvements to escape slides and that the Federal Aviation Administration has collected thousands of complaints about them." Two months before the accident at SFO, the FAA issued an airworthiness directive ordering inspection of the slide-release mechanism on certain Boeing 777 aircraft in order to detect and correct corrosion that might interfere with slide deployment.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Several passengers recalled noticing the plane's unusual proximity to the water on final approach, which caused water to thrust upward as the engines were spooling up in the final seconds before impact.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: In the initial moments after the crash, the cockpit crew told flight attendants to delay evacuating the aircraft as they were communicating with the tower. A flight attendant seated at the second door on the left side (door 2L) observed fire outside the aircraft near row 10 and informed the cockpit crew, and the evacuation order was then given, approximately 90 seconds after the aircraft had come to rest. Flight attendants told NTSB investigators that there was no fire inside the cabin when the evacuation began.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The crew also helped several passengers who were unable to escape on their own, and a pilot carried out one passenger with an injured leg. One flight attendant said that many Chinese passengers who sat at the back of the plane near the third exit were not aware of the evacuation.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: During the evacuation, a pilot used an extinguisher on a fire that had penetrated from the exterior to the inside of the cabin.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: During the crash, two of the inflatable chutes deployed into the cabin. The first chute, which blocked the forward right exit, nearly suffocated a flight attendant and was deflated by a pilot with a crash axe from the cockpit. The second chute expanded toward the center of the aircraft near the fire. It trapped a second flight attendant until a co-pilot deflated it with a dinner knife.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Some passengers sitting at the rear of the aircraft escaped through the hole left by the missing tail section.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Eyewitnesses to the crash included the cockpit crew and many passengers on board United Airlines Flight 885 (UA 885), a Boeing 747-400 that was holding on Taxiway F, next to the runway. Others saw it from the terminal and near the airport. At least one person recorded it on video. Writing on the Professional Pilots Rumour Network internet forum, the first officer of UA 885 described what he saw:


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Passengers and others praised the flight attendants' conduct after the crash. Cabin manager Lee Yoon-hye was the last to leave the burning plane. San Francisco fire chief Hayes-White praised Lee's courage, saying, "She wanted to make sure that everyone was off. ... She was a hero."


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: A firefighter who entered the cabin said that the back of the plane had suffered structural damage, but that the seats near the front "were almost pristine" before the cabin fire.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) sent a team of 20 to the scene to investigate. On July 7, 2013, NTSB investigators recovered the flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder and transported them to Washington, D.C., for analysis. Additional parties to the investigation include the Federal Aviation Administration, airframe manufacturer Boeing, engine manufacturer Pratt & Whitney, and the Korean Aviation and Railway Accident Investigation Board (ARAIB). ARAIB's technical adviser is Asiana Airlines.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Hersman said that the NTSB conducted a four-hour interview with each pilot, adding that the pilots were open and cooperative. She said both pilots at the controls had ample rest before they left South Korea and during the flight when they were relieved by the backup crew. All three pilots told NTSB investigators that they were relying on the 777's automated devices for speed control during final descent. The relief first officer also stated to NTSB investigators that he had called out "sink rate" to call attention to the rate at which the plane was descending during the final approach. This "sink rate" warning was repeated several times during the last minute of the descent. ARAIB tested the pilots for drug use four weeks after the accident; the tests proved negative.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The NTSB's investigative team completed the examination of the airplane wreckage and runway. The wreckage was removed to a secure storage location at San Francisco International Airport. The Airplane Systems, Structures, Powerplants, Airplane Performance, and Air Traffic Control investigative groups completed their on-scene work. The Flight Data Recorder and Cockpit Voice Recorder groups completed their work in Washington. The Survival Factors/Airport group completed their interviews of the first responders. The next phase of the investigation included additional interviews, examination of the evacuation slides and other airplane components, and a more detailed analysis of the airplane's performance.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Based on a preliminary review of FDR data, the NTSB stated there was no anomalous behavior of the engines, the autopilot, the flight director, or the autothrottle. The autothrottle control was found to be in the "armed" position during documentation of cockpit levers and switches, differing from both the "on" and "off" positions. Furthermore, the pilot flying's flight director (Primary Flight Display) was "deactivated" whereas the instructor pilot's was "activated". (This may prove to be significant, as deactivating neither or both Flight Directors enables and "forces" an autothrottle "wake-up" whereas deactivating only one Flight Director "inhibits" an autothrottle "wake-up".)


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Hersman said: "In this flight, in the last 2.5 minutes of the flight, from data on the flight data recorder we see multiple autopilot modes and multiple autothrottle modes ... We need to understand what those modes were, if they were commanded by pilots, if they were activated inadvertently, if the pilots understood what the mode was doing." Hersman has repeatedly emphasized it is the pilot's responsibility to monitor and maintain correct approach speed and that the crew's actions in the cockpit are the primary focus of the investigation.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The final report into the crash was released on June 24, 2014. The NTSB found that the "Mismanagement of Approach and Inadequate Monitoring of Airspeed led to the Crash of Asiana flight 214". The NTSB determined that the flight crew mismanaged the initial approach and that the airplane was well above the desired glidepath. In response, the captain selected an inappropriate autopilot mode (FLCH, or Flight Level Change) that, without the captain's awareness, resulted in the autothrottle no longer controlling airspeed. The aircraft then descended below the desired glidepath with the crew unaware of the decreasing airspeed. The attempted go-around was conducted below 100 feet, by which time it was too late. Over-reliance on automation and lack of systems understanding by the pilots were cited as major factors contributing to the accident.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The NTSB further determined that the pilot's faulty mental model of the airplane's automation logic led to his inadvertent deactivation of automatic airspeed control. In addition, Asiana's automation policy emphasized the full use of all automation and did not encourage manual flight during line operations. The flight crew's mismanagement of the airplane's vertical profile during the initial approach led to a period of increased workload that reduced the monitoring pilot's awareness of the flying pilot's actions around the time of the unintended deactivation of automatic airspeed control. Insufficient flight crew monitoring of airspeed indications during the approach likely resulted from expectancy, increased workload, fatigue, and automation reliance. Lack of compliance with standard operating procedures and crew resource management were cited as additional factors.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Shortly after the accident, the US National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) used Twitter and YouTube to inform the public about the investigation and quickly publish quotes from press conferences. NTSB first tweeted about Asiana 214 less than one hour after the crash. One hour after that, the NTSB announced via Twitter that officials would hold a press conference at Reagan Airport Hangar 6 before departing for San Francisco. Less than 12 hours after the crash, the NTSB released a photo showing investigators conducting their first site assessment. On June 24, 2014, the NTSB published to YouTube a narrated accident sequence animation.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The South Korean government announced in a Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport (MOLIT) statement that it would investigate whether the crew followed procedures and how they were trained.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The airport was closed for five hours after the crash. Flights destined for San Francisco were diverted to Oakland, San Jose, Sacramento, Los Angeles, Portland (OR), and Seattle–Tacoma. By 3:30 p.m. PDT, runway 1L/19R and runway 1R/19L (both of which run perpendicular across the runway of the accident) were reopened; runway 10L/28R (parallel to the runway of the accident) remained closed for more than 24 hours. The accident runway, 10R/28L, reopened on July 12 after being repaired. In August 2013, Asiana renumbered its Seoul-San Francisco route with the flight OZ212, on a retimed scheduled departure of 8:40 pm, using an Airbus A350-900 aircraft; the July 6 accident OZ214 had a scheduled 4:40 pm departure using a Boeing 777-200ER.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: In the U.S., drug and alcohol tests are standard after air accidents, but this is not a requirement for pilots of foreign-registered aircraft, and the pilots were not tested immediately after the accident. The lack of alcohol testing received much public attention and was critically discussed by various media and politicians after the accident. Shortly after the accident, Congresswoman Jackie Speier stated that she would consider legislation to improve airline safety by requiring increased pilot training and mandatory drug and alcohol testing for international crews.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: The crash damaged Asiana's reputation and that of South Korea's aviation industry following years of apparent improvements after a series of aircraft disasters in the 1980s and early 1990s. Asiana shares fell by 5.8% on the first day of trading after the crash.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: In the hours after the accident, Asiana Airlines CEO Yoon Young-doo () said his airline had ruled out mechanical failure as the cause of the crash. Later, he defended the flight crew, calling them "very experienced and competent pilots". On July 9, Yoon apologized directly to the parents of the two victims, then flew aboard Flight 214 to San Francisco, the same route as the crashed aircraft, to meet with NTSB officials. Asiana gave flights to San Francisco to the families of the victims.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Asiana Airlines announced on July 29, 2013, that it would retire flight numbers 214 and 213 on August 12, 2013. Flights from Incheon to San Francisco and the return leg would thenceforth operate as OZ212 and OZ211, respectively.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Asiana Airlines officials said the airline would improve training for its pilots: in particular, for pilots learning to fly different types of aircraft, and in various skills such as making visual approaches and flying on autopilot. Asiana officials also said they would seek to improve communications skills among crew members, introduce a system to manage "fatigue risk", set up separate maintenance teams for Boeing and Airbus planes, and improve safety management systems.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: On August 12, 2013, Asiana Airlines announced initial payouts to crash survivors of US$10,000, stating the survivors "need money to go to hospital or for transportation so we are giving them the $10,000 first," Asiana spokeswoman Lee Hyo Min said in a telephone interview. "Even if they are not hurt or they don't go to hospital, we will still give them this money." "The carrier may pay more after the U.S. National Transportation Safety Board completes its investigation into the accident. The families of those who died were paid more than $10,000 as an initial compensation," Lee said, without providing a specific figure.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: South Korean transport ministry officials ordered Korean Air and Asiana to check engines and landing equipment on all 48 of their model 777 aircraft and announced that the government would conduct special inspections on the nation's eight carriers through August 25, 2013. "The measures could include [changing] rules on training flights if needed," Deputy Minister for Civil Aviation Choi Jeong-ho told reporters. The officials also said South Korea had no fatal air crashes between December 1999 and the July 2011 crash of an Asiana freighter.


title: Asiana Airlines Flight 214

text: Helmet-recorded images showed that firefighters on the scene saw two of the three victims still alive after being thrown from the plane. The driver of the fire engine ran over them. The firefighter is reported to have said "She got run over... I mean, shit happens, you know?" Afterward the incident was reported by the firefighter to San Francisco Fire Department Chief Joanne M. Hayes-White stating "Chief, there's a woman there who's been run over by one of our rigs." The chief asked if the victim had been crushed, to which the firefighter replied "like someone dropped a pumpkin."