title: Risk management

text: Modern project management school does recognize the importance of opportunities. Opportunities have been included in project management literature since the 1990s, e.g. in PMBoK, and became a significant part of project risk management in the years 2000s, when articles titled “opportunity management” also begin to appear in library searches. Opportunity management thus became an important part of risk management.


title: Risk management

text: Modern risk management theory deals with any type of external events, positive and negative. Positive risks are called "opportunities". Similarly to risks, opportunities have specific mitigation strategies: exploit, share, enhance, ignore.


title: Risk management

text: In practice, risks are considered “usually negative”. Risk-related research and practice focus significantly more on threats than on opportunities. This can lead to negative phenomena such as target fixation


title: Risk management

text: For the most part, these methods consist of the following elements, performed, more or less, in the following order:


title: Risk management

text: The Risk management knowledge area, as defined by the Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBoK, consists of the following processes:


title: Risk management

text: The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) identifies the following principles of risk management:


title: Risk management

text: Benoit Mandelbrot distinguished between "mild" and "wild" risk and argued that risk assessment and management must be fundamentally different for the two types of risk. Mild risk follows normal or near-normal probability distributions, is subject to regression to the mean and the law of large numbers, and is therefore relatively predictable. Wild risk follows fat-tailed distributions, e.g., Pareto or power-law distributions, is subject to regression to the tail (infinite mean or variance, rendering the law of large numbers invalid or ineffective), and is therefore difficult or impossible to predict. A common error in risk assessment and management is to underestimate the wildness of risk, assuming risk to be mild when in fact it is wild, which must be avoided if risk assessment and management are to be valid and reliable, according to Mandelbrot.


title: Risk management

text: According to the standard ISO 31000 - "Risk management – Principles and guidelines on implementation," the process of risk management consists of several steps as follows:


title: Risk management

text: After establishing the context, the next step in the process of managing risk is to identify potential risks. Risks are about events that, when triggered, cause problems or benefits. Hence, risk identification can start with the source of problems and those of competitors (benefit), or with the problem's consequences.


title: Risk management

text: Some examples of risk sources are: stakeholders of a project, employees of a company or the weather over an airport.


title: Risk management

text: When either source or problem is known, the events that a source may trigger or the events that can lead to a problem can be investigated. For example: stakeholders withdrawing during a project may endanger funding of the project; confidential information may be stolen by employees even within a closed network; lightning striking an aircraft during takeoff may make all people on board immediate casualties.


title: Risk management

text: The chosen method of identifying risks may depend on culture, industry practice and compliance. The identification methods are formed by templates or the development of templates for identifying source, problem or event. Common risk identification methods are:


title: Risk management

text: Once risks have been identified, they must then be assessed as to their potential severity of impact (generally a negative impact, such as damage or loss) and to the probability of occurrence. These quantities can be either simple to measure, in the case of the value of a lost building, or impossible to know for sure in the case of an unlikely event, the probability of occurrence of which is unknown. Therefore, in the assessment process it is critical to make the best educated decisions in order to properly prioritize the implementation of the risk management plan.


title: Risk management

text: Even a short-term positive improvement can have long-term negative impacts. Take the "turnpike" example. A highway is widened to allow more traffic. More traffic capacity leads to greater development in the areas surrounding the improved traffic capacity. Over time, traffic thereby increases to fill available capacity. Turnpikes thereby need to be expanded in a seemingly endless cycles. There are many other engineering examples where expanded capacity (to do any function) is soon filled by increased demand. Since expansion comes at a cost, the resulting growth could become unsustainable without forecasting and management.


title: Risk management

text: The fundamental difficulty in risk assessment is determining the rate of occurrence since statistical information is not available on all kinds of past incidents and is particularly scanty in the case of catastrophic events, simply because of their infrequency. Furthermore, evaluating the severity of the consequences (impact) is often quite difficult for intangible assets. Asset valuation is another question that needs to be addressed. Thus, best educated opinions and available statistics are the primary sources of information. Nevertheless, risk assessment should produce such information for senior executives of the organization that the primary risks are easy to understand and that the risk management decisions may be prioritized within overall company goals. Thus, there have been several theories and attempts to quantify risks. Numerous different risk formulae exist, but perhaps the most widely accepted formula for risk quantification is: "Rate (or probability) of occurrence multiplied by the impact of the event equals risk magnitude."


title: Risk management

text: Risk mitigation measures are usually formulated according to one or more of the following major risk options, which are:


title: Risk management

text: Later research has shown that the financial benefits of risk management are less dependent on the formula used but are more dependent on the frequency and how risk assessment is performed.


title: Risk management

text: In business it is imperative to be able to present the findings of risk assessments in financial, market, or schedule terms. Robert Courtney Jr. (IBM, 1970) proposed a formula for presenting risks in financial terms. The Courtney formula was accepted as the official risk analysis method for the US governmental agencies. The formula proposes calculation of ALE (annualized loss expectancy) and compares the expected loss value to the security control implementation costs (cost-benefit analysis).


title: Risk management

text: Once risks have been identified and assessed, all techniques to manage the risk fall into one or more of these four major categories:


title: Risk management

text: Ideal use of these risk control strategies may not be possible. Some of them may involve trade-offs that are not acceptable to the organization or person making the risk management decisions. Another source, from the US Department of Defense (see link), Defense Acquisition University, calls these categories ACAT, for Avoid, Control, Accept, or Transfer. This use of the ACAT acronym is reminiscent of another ACAT (for Acquisition Category) used in US Defense industry procurements, in which Risk Management figures prominently in decision making and planning.


title: Risk management

text: Similarly to risks, opportunities have specific mitigation strategies: exploit, share, enhance, ignore.


title: Risk management

text: This includes not performing an activity that could present risk. Refusing to purchase a property or business to avoid legal liability is one such example. Avoiding airplane flights for fear of hijacking. Avoidance may seem like the answer to all risks, but avoiding risks also means losing out on the potential gain that accepting (retaining) the risk may have allowed. Not entering a business to avoid the risk of loss also avoids the possibility of earning profits. Increasing risk regulation in hospitals has led to avoidance of treating higher risk conditions, in favor of patients presenting with lower risk.


title: Risk management

text: Risk reduction or "optimization" involves reducing the severity of the loss or the likelihood of the loss from occurring. For example, sprinklers are designed to put out a fire to reduce the risk of loss by fire. This method may cause a greater loss by water damage and therefore may not be suitable. Halon fire suppression systems may mitigate that risk, but the cost may be prohibitive as a strategy.


title: Risk management

text: Acknowledging that risks can be positive or negative, optimizing risks means finding a balance between negative risk and the benefit of the operation or activity; and between risk reduction and effort applied. By effectively applying Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) management standards, organizations can achieve tolerable levels of residual risk.


title: Risk management

text: Modern software development methodologies reduce risk by developing and delivering software incrementally. Early methodologies suffered from the fact that they only delivered software in the final phase of development; any problems encountered in earlier phases meant costly rework and often jeopardized the whole project. By developing in iterations, software projects can limit effort wasted to a single iteration.


title: Risk management

text: Outsourcing could be an example of risk sharing strategy if the outsourcer can demonstrate higher capability at managing or reducing risks. For example, a company may outsource only its software development, the manufacturing of hard goods, or customer support needs to another company, while handling the business management itself. This way, the company can concentrate more on business development without having to worry as much about the manufacturing process, managing the development team, or finding a physical location for a center. Also, implanting controls can also be an option in reducing risk. Controls that either detect causes of unwanted events prior to the consequences occurring during use of the product, or detection of the root causes of unwanted failures that the team can then avoid. Controls may focus on management or decision-making processes. All these may help to make better decisions concerning risk.


title: Risk management

text: Briefly defined as "sharing with another party the burden of loss or the benefit of gain, from a risk, and the measures to reduce a risk."


title: Risk management

text: The term 'risk transfer' is often used in place of risk-sharing in the mistaken belief that you can transfer a risk to a third party through insurance or outsourcing. In practice, if the insurance company or contractor go bankrupt or end up in court, the original risk is likely to still revert to the first party. As such, in the terminology of practitioners and scholars alike, the purchase of an insurance contract is often described as a "transfer of risk." However, technically speaking, the buyer of the contract generally retains legal responsibility for the losses "transferred", meaning that insurance may be described more accurately as a post-event compensatory mechanism. For example, a personal injuries insurance policy does not transfer the risk of a car accident to the insurance company. The risk still lies with the policyholder namely the person who has been in the accident. The insurance policy simply provides that if an accident (the event) occurs involving the policyholder then some compensation may be payable to the policyholder that is commensurate with the suffering/damage.


title: Risk management

text: Methods of managing risk fall into multiple categories. Risk-retention pools are technically retaining the risk for the group, but spreading it over the whole group involves transfer among individual members of the group. This is different from traditional insurance, in that no premium is exchanged between members of the group upfront, but instead, losses are assessed to all members of the group.


title: Risk management

text: Risk retention involves accepting the loss, or benefit of gain, from a risk when the incident occurs. True self-insurance falls in this category. Risk retention is a viable strategy for small risks where the cost of insuring against the risk would be greater over time than the total losses sustained. All risks that are not avoided or transferred are retained by default. This includes risks that are so large or catastrophic that either they cannot be insured against or the premiums would be infeasible. War is an example since most property and risks are not insured against war, so the loss attributed to war is retained by the insured. Also any amounts of potential loss (risk) over the amount insured is retained risk. This may also be acceptable if the chance of a very large loss is small or if the cost to insure for greater coverage amounts is so great that it would hinder the goals of the organization too much.


title: Risk management

text: Select appropriate controls or countermeasures to mitigate each risk. Risk mitigation needs to be approved by the appropriate level of management. For instance, a risk concerning the image of the organization should have top management decision behind it whereas IT management would have the authority to decide on computer virus risks.


title: Risk management

text: The risk management plan should propose applicable and effective security controls for managing the risks. For example, an observed high risk of computer viruses could be mitigated by acquiring and implementing antivirus software. A good risk management plan should contain a schedule for control implementation and responsible persons for those actions. There are four basic steps of risk management plan, which are threat assessment, vulnerability assessment, impact assessment and risk mitigation strategy development.


title: Risk management

text: According to ISO/IEC 27001, the stage immediately after completion of the risk assessment phase consists of preparing a Risk Treatment Plan, which should document the decisions about how each of the identified risks should be handled. Mitigation of risks often means selection of security controls, which should be documented in a Statement of Applicability, which identifies which particular control objectives and controls from the


title: Risk management

text: Implementation follows all of the planned methods for mitigating the effect of the risks. Purchase insurance policies for the risks that it has been decided to transferred to an insurer, avoid all risks that can be avoided without sacrificing the entity's goals, reduce others, and retain the rest.


title: Risk management

text: Initial risk management plans will never be perfect. Practice, experience, and actual loss results will necessitate changes in the plan and contribute information to allow possible different decisions to be made in dealing with the risks being faced.


title: Risk management

text: Risk analysis results and management plans should be updated periodically. There are two primary reasons for this:


title: Risk management

text: Prioritizing the "risk management processes" too highly could keep an organization from ever completing a project or even getting started. This is especially true if other work is suspended until the risk management process is considered complete.


title: Risk management

text: It is also important to keep in mind the distinction between risk and uncertainty. Risk can be measured by impacts × probability.


title: Risk management

text: If risks are improperly assessed and prioritized, time can be wasted in dealing with risk of losses that are not likely to occur. Spending too much time assessing and managing unlikely risks is to be avoided. Unlikely events do occur but if the risk is unlikely enough to occur it may be better to simply retain the risk and deal with the result if the loss does in fact occur. Qualitative risk assessment is subjective and lacks consistency. The primary justification for a formal risk assessment process is legal and bureaucratic.


title: Risk management

text: As applied to finance, risk management concerns the techniques and practices for measuring, monitoring and controlling the market risk, credit risk, and operational risk on a firm's balance sheet, on a bank's trading book, or re a fund manager's portfolio value.


title: Risk management

text: In information technology, risk management includes "Incident Handling", an action plan for dealing with intrusions, cyber-theft, denial of service, fire, floods, and other security-related events. According to the SANS Institute, it is a six step process: Preparation, Identification, Containment, Eradication, Recovery, and Lessons Learned.


title: Risk management

text: The concept of "contractual risk management" emphasises the use of risk management techniques in contract deployment, i.e. managing the risks which are accepted through entry into a contract. Norwegian academic Petri Keskitalo defines "contractual risk management" as "a practical, proactive and systematical contracting method that uses contract planning and governance to manage risks connected to business activities". In an article by Samuel Greengard published in 2010, two US legal cases are mentioned which emphasise the importance of having a strategy for dealing with risk:


title: Risk management

text: Greengard recommends using industry-standard contract language as much as possible to reduce risk as much as possible and rely on clauses which have been in use and subject to established court interpretation over a number of years.


title: Risk management

text: In enterprise risk management, a risk is defined as a possible event or circumstance that can have negative influences on the enterprise in question. Its impact can be on the very existence, the resources (human and capital), the products and services, or the customers of the enterprise, as well as external impacts on society, markets, or the environment. In a financial institution, enterprise risk management is normally thought of as the combination of credit risk, interest rate risk or asset liability management, liquidity risk, market risk, and operational risk.


title: Risk management

text: In the more general case, every probable risk can have a pre-formulated plan to deal with its possible consequences (to ensure "contingency" if the risk becomes a "liability").


title: Risk management

text: From the information above and the average cost per employee over time, or cost accrual ratio, a project manager can estimate:


title: Risk management

text: Risk in a project or process can be due either to Special Cause Variation or Common Cause Variation and requires appropriate treatment. That is to re-iterate the concern about extremal cases not being equivalent in the list immediately above.


title: Risk management

text: ESRM is a security program management approach that links security activities to an enterprise's mission and business goals through risk management methods. The security leader's role in ESRM is to manage risks of harm to enterprise assets in partnership with the business leaders whose assets are exposed to those risks. ESRM involves educating business leaders on the realistic impacts of identified risks, presenting potential strategies to mitigate those impacts, then enacting the option chosen by the business in line with accepted levels of business risk tolerance


title: Risk management

text: For medical devices, risk management is a process for identifying, evaluating and mitigating risks associated with harm to people and damage to property or the environment. Risk management is an integral part of medical device design and development, production processes and evaluation of field experience, and is applicable to all types of medical devices. The evidence of its application is required by most regulatory bodies such as the US FDA. The management of risks for medical devices is described by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) in ISO 14971:2019, Medical Devices—The application of risk management to medical devices, a product safety standard. The standard provides a process framework and associated requirements for management responsibilities, risk analysis and evaluation, risk controls and lifecycle risk management. Guidance on the application of the standard is available via ISO/TR 24971:2020.


title: Risk management

text: The European version of the risk management standard was updated in 2009 and again in 2012 to refer to the Medical Devices Directive (MDD) and Active Implantable Medical Device Directive (AIMDD) revision in 2007, as well as the In Vitro Medical Device Directive (IVDD). The requirements of EN 14971:2012 are nearly identical to ISO 14971:2007. The differences include three "(informative)" Z Annexes that refer to the new MDD, AIMDD, and IVDD. These annexes indicate content deviations that include the requirement for risks to be reduced "as far as possible", and the requirement that risks be mitigated by design and not by labeling on the medical device (i.e., labeling can no longer be used to mitigate risk).


title: Risk management

text: Typical risk analysis and evaluation techniques adopted by the medical device industry include hazard analysis, fault tree analysis (FTA), failure mode and effects analysis (FMEA), hazard and operability study (HAZOP), and risk traceability analysis for ensuring risk controls are implemented and effective (i.e. tracking risks identified to product requirements, design specifications, verification and validation results etc.). FTA analysis requires diagramming software. FMEA analysis can be done using a spreadsheet program. There are also integrated medical device risk management solutions.


title: Risk management

text: Through a draft guidance, the FDA has introduced another method named "Safety Assurance Case" for medical device safety assurance analysis. The safety assurance case is structured argument reasoning about systems appropriate for scientists and engineers, supported by a body of evidence, that provides a compelling, comprehensible and valid case that a system is safe for a given application in a given environment. With the guidance, a safety assurance case is expected for safety critical devices (e.g. infusion devices) as part of the pre-market clearance submission, e.g. 510(k). In 2013, the FDA introduced another draft guidance expecting medical device manufacturers to submit cybersecurity risk analysis information.


title: Risk management

text: Project risk management must be considered at the different phases of acquisition. In the beginning of a project, the advancement of technical developments, or threats presented by a competitor's projects, may cause a risk or threat assessment and subsequent evaluation of alternatives (see Analysis of Alternatives). Once a decision is made, and the project begun, more familiar project management applications can be used:


title: Risk management

text: Megaprojects (sometimes also called "major programs") are large-scale investment projects, typically costing more than $1 billion per project. Megaprojects include major bridges, tunnels, highways, railways, airports, seaports, power plants, dams, wastewater projects, coastal flood protection schemes, oil and natural gas extraction projects, public buildings, information technology systems, aerospace projects, and defense systems. Megaprojects have been shown to be particularly risky in terms of finance, safety, and social and environmental impacts. Risk management is therefore particularly pertinent for megaprojects and special methods and special education have been developed for such risk management.


title: Risk management

text: It is important to assess risk in regard to natural disasters like floods, earthquakes, and so on. Outcomes of natural disaster risk assessment are valuable when considering future repair costs, business interruption losses and other downtime, effects on the environment, insurance costs, and the proposed costs of reducing the risk. The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction is a 2015 international accord that has set goals and targets for disaster risk reduction in response to natural disasters. There are regular International Disaster and Risk Conferences in Davos to deal with integral risk management.


title: Risk management

text: Several tools can be used to assess risk and risk management of natural disasters and other climate events, including geospatial modeling, a key component of land change science. This modeling requires an understanding of geographic distributions of people as well as an ability to calculate the likelihood of a natural disaster occurring.


title: Risk management

text: The management of risks to persons and property in wilderness and remote natural areas has developed with increases in outdoor recreation participation and decreased social tolerance for loss. Organizations providing commercial wilderness experiences can now align with national and international consensus standards for training and equipment such as ANSI/NASBLA 101-2017 (boating), UIAA 152 (ice climbing tools), and European Norm 13089:2015 + A1:2015 (mountaineering equipment). The Association for Experiential Education offers accreditation for wilderness adventure programs. The Wilderness Risk Management Conference provides access to best practices, and specialist organizations provide wilderness risk management consulting and training.


title: Risk management

text: The text Outdoor Safety - Risk Management for Outdoor Leaders, published by the New Zealand Mountain Safety Council, provides a view of wilderness risk management from the New Zealand perspective, recognizing the value of national outdoor safety legislation and devoting considerable attention to the roles of judgment and decision-making processes in wilderness risk management.


title: Risk management

text: One popular models for risk assessment is the Risk Assessment and Safety Management (RASM) Model developed by Rick Curtis, author of The Backpacker's Field Manual. The formula for the RASM Model is: Risk = Probability of Accident × Severity of Consequences. The RASM Model weighs negative risk—the potential for loss, against positive risk—the potential for growth.


title: Risk management

text: IT risk is a risk related to information technology. This is a relatively new term due to an increasing awareness that information security is simply one facet of a multitude of risks that are relevant to IT and the real world processes it supports. "Cybersecurity is tied closely to the advancement of technology. It lags only long enough for incentives like black markets to evolve and new exploits to be discovered. There is no end in sight for the advancement of technology, so we can expect the same from cybersecurity."


title: Risk management

text: Duty of Care Risk Analysis (DoCRA) evaluates risks and their safeguards and considers the interests of all parties potentially affected by those risks.


title: Risk management

text: For the offshore oil and gas industry, operational risk management is regulated by the safety case regime in many countries. Hazard identification and risk assessment tools and techniques are described in the international standard ISO 17776:2000, and organisations such as the IADC (International Association of Drilling Contractors) publish guidelines for Health, Safety and Environment (HSE) Case development which are based on the ISO standard. Further, diagrammatic representations of hazardous events are often expected by governmental regulators as part of risk management in safety case submissions; these are known as bow-tie diagrams (see Network theory in risk assessment). The technique is also used by organisations and regulators in mining, aviation, health, defence, industrial and finance.


title: Risk management

text: The principles and tools for quality risk management are increasingly being applied to different aspects of pharmaceutical quality systems. These aspects include development, manufacturing, distribution, inspection, and submission/review processes throughout the lifecycle of drug substances, drug products, biological and biotechnological products (including the use of raw materials, solvents, excipients, packaging and labeling materials in drug products, biological and biotechnological products). Risk management is also applied to the assessment of microbiological contamination in relation to pharmaceutical products and cleanroom manufacturing environments.


title: Judy Davis

text: Judith Davis (born 23 April 1955) is an Australian actress in film, television, and on stage. With a career spanning over 40 years, she has been commended for her versatility and regarded as one of the finest actresses of her generation. Frequent collaborator Woody Allen described her as, "one of the most exciting actresses in the world". She is the most awarded recipient for the AACTA Award with nine accolades and has received numerous accolades, including three Primetime Emmy Awards, two British Academy Film Awards, and two Golden Globe Awards, and two nominations for Academy Awards.


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis is a 1977 graduate of the National Institute of Dramatic Art, where she starred opposite Mel Gibson in "Romeo and Juliet". Most of Davis's stage work has been in Australia, including "Visions" (1979), "Piaf" (1980), "Miss Julie" (1983), "King Lear" (1984), "Hedda Gabler" (1986), "Victory" (2004) and "The Seagull" (2011), but she also starred in the 1982 London production of "Insignificance", for which she was nominated for the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress, and the 1989 Los Angeles production of "Hapgood". She returned to the National Institute of Dramatic Art in 2017 to direct the play "Love and Money".


title: Judy Davis

text: She has won British Academy Film Awards for both Best Actress and Most Promising Newcomer for the film "My Brilliant Career" (1979), two Australian Film Institute Awards as Best Actress for "Winter of Our Dreams" (1981) and Supporting Actress for "Hoodwink" (1981), and later received Academy Award nominations for "A Passage to India" (1984) and "Husbands and Wives" (1992). This made her the first Australian to receive nominations in both categories and the fourth Australian actress to receive an Academy Award nomination. Her other film roles include "High Rolling" (1977), "Who Dares Wins" (1982), "Heatwave" (1983), "High Tide" (1987), "Georgia" (1988), "Alice" (1990), George Sand in "Impromptu" (1991), "Barton Fink" (1991), "Dark Blood" (1993), "Absolute Power" (1997), "Deconstructing Harry" (1997), "Celebrity" (1998), "The Man Who Sued God" (2001), "The Break-up" (2006), Anne d'Arpajon in "Marie Antoinette" (2006), "The Eye of the Storm" (2011), "To Rome with Love" (2012), "The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet" (2013), and "The Dressmaker" (2015).


title: Judy Davis

text: For her work on television, Davis won Primetime Emmy Awards for "" (1995), for playing Judy Garland in "" (2001) and "The Starter Wife" (2007) and the Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for "Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows" and "One Against the Wind" (1991). Other television roles include "Water Under the Bridge" (1980), "A Woman Called Golda" (1982), "A Cooler Climate" (1999), Nancy Reagan in "The Reagans" (2003), "Coast to Coast" (2003), Sante Kimes in "A Little Thing Called Murder" (2006), "Page Eight" (2011), Hedda Hopper in "Feud: Bette and Joan" (2017), "Mystery Road" (2018), and "Ratched" (2020).


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis was born in Perth, Western Australia in the suburb of Floreat Park and had a strict Catholic upbringing. She was educated at Loreto Convent and the Western Australian Institute of Technology and graduated from the National Institute of Dramatic Art (NIDA), Sydney, Australia in 1977.


title: Judy Davis

text: She has been married to actor and fellow NIDA graduate Colin Friels since 1984; they have two children, son Jack and daughter Charlotte. Their relationship was briefly in the media when an argument led to a domestic violence court order against Friels – however, they remained together. They live in the Sydney suburb of Birchgrove, New South Wales.


title: Judy Davis

text: After making her feature film debut in the buddy comedy "High Rolling" (1977), Davis first came to prominence for her role as Sybylla Melvyn in the coming-of-age saga "My Brilliant Career" (1979), for which she won BAFTA Awards for Best Actress and Best Newcomer. Davis was particularly praised for her performance; Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" admired her for bringing "an unconventional vigor to every scene she's in, even in a film that's as consistently animated as this one", while Luke Buckmaster, writing for "The Guardian" in 2014, commented that Davis gave "a rousing performance as bull-headed protagonist Sybylla Melvyn. The term "once in a lifetime" tends to be slapped around like a bumper sticker, but this meaty role lives up to the accolade." Her success continued with lead roles in the Australian New Wave films "Winter of Our Dreams" (1981), as a waif-like heroin addict; the drama "Heatwave" (1982), as a radical Sydney tenant organizer; and the thriller "Hoodwink" (1981), as a sexually-repressed clergyman's wife. Of her performance in "Winter of Our Dreams", Roger Ebert wrote that: "Davis brought a kind of wiry, feisty intelligence to "My Brilliant Career", playing an Australian farm woman who rather felt she would do things her own way. She's wonderful again this time, in a completely different role as an insecure, distrustful, skinny street waif. [She] performs her movement magnificently.


title: Judy Davis

text: Her international film career began when she played the younger version of Ingrid Bergman's Golda Meir in the television docudrama "A Woman Called Golda" (1981), for which she received a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress – Miniseries or a Movie nomination. She then played a terrorist in the British film "Who Dares Wins" (1982).


title: Judy Davis

text: She was cast as Adela Quested in David Lean's final film "A Passage to India" (1984), an adaptation of E. M. Forster's novel, and was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress. "Variety" praised Davis for having "the rare gift of being able to look very plain (as the role calls for) at one moment and uncommonly beautiful at another. Likewise, "The Washington Post" wrote, "With makeup the color of smudged ivory, her pallor enhanced by the off-white linens she wears, Davis is daringly unattractive for a leading lady; that plainness is emphasized in the book. Davis' neuroticism, her way of twitching and thrusting her jaw and looking up hungrily beneath the brim of her straw hat, brings to life the ravenous sexuality beneath Miss Quested's decorous exterior."


title: Judy Davis

text: She returned to Australian cinema for her next two films, "Kangaroo" (1987), as a German-born writer's wife, and "High Tide" (also 1987), as a foot-loose mother attempting to reunite with her teenage daughter who is being raised by the paternal grandmother. Her performance in the latter won her glowing praise. Pauline Kael called Davis "a genius at moods" and wrote, "As one of three backup singers for a touring Elvis imitator, Judy Davis is contemptuous of the cruddy act, contemptuous of herself. The film's emotional suggestiveness makes it almost a primal woman's picture: Judy Davis has been compared with Jeanne Moreau, and that's apt, but she's Moreau without the cultural swank, the high-fashion gloss. She speaks to us more directly." She won additional Australian Film Institute Awards for both roles, and a National Society of Film Critics award for "High Tide"s brief American theatrical run. Her final film of the decade, the Australian thriller "Georgia" (1988), saw her play dual roles, a mother, Georgia, and her daughter Nina. For her performance, Davis earned another Australian Film Institute nomination for Best Actress.


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis had a cameo in Woody Allen's "Alice" (1990), her first appearance in an Allen-directed film. The following year, she was featured in Joel Coen's "Barton Fink", which won the "Palme d'Or" at the Cannes Film Festival, and in David Cronenberg's adaptation of the hallucinogenic novel "Naked Lunch". She returned to E. M. Forster territory in "Where Angels Fear to Tread" and won an Independent Spirit Award for her work as mannish woman author George Sand in "Impromptu", a romantic period drama with Hugh Grant as her consumptive lover, Frédéric Chopin. Davis was especially lauded for her performance as Sand, and Hal Hinson of "The Washington Post" wrote, "Judy Davis makes her entrances as if she were straddling a cyclone. She doesn't just walk in, she blows in on a torrent of extravagant self-assurance and wild temperament. Sand, who's the locus of this blissfully high-spirited romp about the circle of writers and musicians in 1830s Paris, never does anything halfway; her life is an experiment in full-throttle, passionate immersion, and that's why Davis is the ideal actress for the part. She's the most atmospheric of actors, perhaps the only one around capable of streaking the screen with lightning." She earned an Emmy nomination and her first Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film for her portrayal of a real-life Second World War heroine Mary Lindell in the CBS Hallmark Hall of Fame presentation "One Against the Wind." Adrian Turner of "Radio Times" noted of her, "Judy Davis, one of the greatest and least "starry" actresses around, plays Lindell and shows the same sensitivity that she brought to her role in "A Passage to India.""


title: Judy Davis

text: Cast in Woody Allen's "Husbands and Wives" (1992), Davis performed the major role of Sally Simmons, one half of a divorcing couple. "Husbands and Wives" was well received, and Davis's performance drew high praise. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote, "Sally must be one of the most endearingly impossible characters Mr. Allen has ever written, and Ms. Davis nearly purloins the film" and Todd McCarthy of "Variety" thought Davis had revealed "a whole new side to her personality that has never surfaced onscreen before." For this performance, she earned both Oscar and Golden Globe nominations for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Judy Davis

text: She next co-starred with Kevin Spacey in the comedy film "The Ref" (1994), portraying a married couple whose relationship is on the rocks, with Denis Leary playing a thief who counsels their marriage. Roger Ebert called Davis "naturally verbal" and praised her for being able to "develop a manic counterpoint" in her arguments with Spacey "that elevates them to a sort of art form." Similarly, "Rolling Stone" magazine's Peter Travers found Davis "combustibly funny, finding nuance even in nonsense." Considered "one of the fiercest film actors around", Davis's other roles have included the mysterious, schizophrenic mother of a teenager in boarding school in "On My Own" (1993), the lifelong Australian Communist Party member reacting to the downfall of the Soviet Union in "Children of the Revolution" (1996), two more Allen films, "Deconstructing Harry" (1997) and "Celebrity" (1998) and a highly-strung White House chief of staff in "Absolute Power" (1997). After appearing in "Celebrity", "The Guardian" newspaper wrote that Davis "in recent years has succeeded Diane Keaton and Mia Farrow as Allen's misfit muse."


title: Judy Davis

text: Much of her work in the late nineties was for television, gaining a collection of Emmy Award nominations. She won her first Emmy for portraying the woman who gently coaxes a rigid military woman, Glenn Close, out of the closet in "", with subsequent nominations for her repressed Australian outback mother in "The Echo of Thunder" (1998), her portrayal of Lillian Hellman in "Dash and Lilly" (1999) and her frigid society matron in "A Cooler Climate" (1999).


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis earned a second Emmy for her portrayal of Judy Garland in the television biographical film "" (2001). In 2003, she earned another Emmy nomination for her interpretation of Nancy Reagan in the controversial biopic "The Reagans". In 2004 she co-starred with Richard Dreyfus in Coast to Coast. In July 2006, she received her ninth Emmy nomination for her performance in the television film "A Little Thing Called Murder". Her tenth nomination came in 2007 for Outstanding Supporting Actress in the U.S. miniseries "The Starter Wife" for which she was awarded the Emmy. In August 2007, she appeared opposite Sam Waterston in an episode of ABC's anthology series "Masters of Science Fiction". She appeared on the TV mini-series "Diamonds" from 2008–2009.


title: Judy Davis

text: In film, she continued to earn good notices for her supporting roles in "Swimming Upstream" (2003), as a working-class mother, and in the films "The Break-Up" (2006) and "Marie-Antoinette". Davis appeared as Jill Tankard in a television drama film, "Page Eight" (2011), for which she was nominated for an Emmy. She played Dorothy de Lascabanes in "The Eye of the Storm" (2011), an adaptation of Patrick White's novel of the same title, for which she won the Australian Film Institute Award for Best Actress in a Leading Role. She also had a major role as Woody Allen's psychiatrist wife in his "To Rome with Love".


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis co-starred with Helena Bonham Carter and Callum Keith Rennie in "The Young and Prodigious T.S. Spivet" (2013). She reprised her role of Jill Tankard in "Salting the Battlefield" (2014) and costarred with Kate Winslet in "The Dressmaker" (2015), for which she won an AACTA Award for Best Supporting Actress. Although the film received mixed reviews, Davis's supporting performance was lauded by critics: Richard Ouzounian of the "Toronto Star" called her "sublime" and Justin Chang of "Variety" wrote, "Davis, whose performance here as a booze-swilling, dementia-addled and infernally sharp-tongued old matriarch is enough of a hoot to make one further wonder what she might have done with the role of Violet Weston in "", onscreen or onstage."


title: Judy Davis

text: In 2017, Davis received a Primetime Emmy nomination for her supporting performance as gossip columnist Hedda Hopper in Ryan Murphy's anthology television series "Feud". The following year, Davis co-starred with Aaron Pederson in the six-part ABC TV Series, "Mystery Road". Davis's performance as the local police sergeant was praised, and "The New York Times" wrote, "The thing that really sets "Mystery Road" apart is the actress who signed on to play the outback sergeant Emma James: the great Judy Davis, playing a police officer for the first time in her career and starring in an Australian TV series for the first time in nearly 40 years. Ms. Davis is so firmly identified in the American mind with intense, often neurotic city-dwelling characters that it takes an episode or two to get used to her climbing in and out of a police car in the dusty, empty landscapes, wearing a baggy blue uniform that swallows her tiny frame. It seems at first as if she might not be right for the part, but eventually you see that she's perfect. James is a formidable woman stuck in the middle of nowhere because of the bonds of family and history, and Ms. Davis's preternatural intelligence and tightly capped energy serve her well."


title: Judy Davis

text: Davis's stage work has been mostly confined to Australia. Early in her career, she played Juliet opposite Mel Gibson's Romeo. In 1978, she appeared in "Visions" by Louis Nowra at the Paris Theatre Company in Sydney. In 1980, she portrayed French chanteuse Edith Piaf in Stephen Barry's production of the Pam Gems play "Piaf" at the Perth Playhouse. She played both Cordelia and the Fool in a 1984 staging of "King Lear" by the Nimrod Theatre Company, and also starred in its productions of Strindberg's "Miss Julie", Chekhov's "The Bear", Louis Nowra's "Inside The Island" and, in 1986, the title role of Ibsen's "Hedda Gabler" for the Sydney Theatre Company.


title: Judy Davis

text: In 2004, she starred in and co-directed Howard Barker's play "Victory", as a Puritan woman determined to locate her husband's dismembered corpse. Other stage directorial efforts include Sheridan's "The School For Scandal" and "Barrymore" by William Luce (all three for the Sydney Theatre Company). She created the role of The Actress in Terry Johnson's "Insignificance" at the Royal Court in London, receiving an Olivier Award nomination, and appeared in a brief 1989 Los Angeles production of Tom Stoppard's "Hapgood". Writing for "Philadelphia" magazine, David Fox found her "marvelous in the title role, as charismatic and commanding on stage as she is in film."


title: Judy Davis

text: In 2011, she portrayed the role of fading actress Irina Arkadina in Anton Chekhov's "The Seagull" at Sydney's Belvoir St Theatre. Paul Chai of ""Variety"" praised her performance as Irina, writing, "Davis manages to instill Irina with not only a diva's haughty air and crafty manipulation but also with the right hint of fragility, as evidenced in her concern about being upstaged by the youthful and beautiful Nina."


title: James Brady

text: James Scott Brady (August 29, 1940 – August 4, 2014) was an American public official who served as assistant to the U.S. president and the seventeenth White House Press Secretary, serving under President Ronald Reagan. In 1981, Brady became permanently disabled from a gunshot wound during the attempted assassination of Ronald Reagan, just two months and 10 days after Reagan's inauguration.


title: James Brady

text: Brady's death in 2014 was eventually ruled a homicide, caused by the gunshot wound he received 33 years earlier.


title: James Brady

text: Brady began his career in public service as a staff member in the office of Illinois senator Everett Dirksen (R-IL). In 1964, he was the campaign manager for congressional candidate Wayne Jones in the race for Illinois' 23rd District. In 1970, Brady directed a campaign in the same district for Phyllis Schlafly.


title: James Brady

text: Brady served in various positions in both the private sector and government, including service as special assistant to Secretary of Housing and Urban Development James Thomas Lynn; special assistant to the director of the Office of Management and Budget; assistant to the Secretary of Defense; and staff member of Senator William V. Roth, Jr. (R-DE). He also served as press secretary in 1979 to presidential candidate John Connally.


title: James Brady

text: After Connally withdrew his candidacy, Brady became the director of public affairs and research for the Reagan–Bush Committee, then spokesperson for the Office of the President-elect. After Reagan took office, Brady became White House press secretary.


title: James Brady

text: On March 30, 1981, 69 days into his presidency, Ronald Reagan and his cabinet members and staff, including Brady, were leaving the Washington Hilton hotel when a gunman opened fire. The first of six bullets hit Brady. The gunman was 25-year-old John Hinckley Jr., who thought that killing the President would impress actress Jodie Foster, with whom Hinckley had an unhealthy obsession.


title: James Brady

text: Secret Service and police officers forced Hinckley to the ground and arrested him. He had fired six shots from a .22 caliber Röhm RG-14 revolver. The bullet hit Brady in the head above his left eye, passing underneath his brain and shattering his brain cavity, exploding on impact. President Reagan, Secret Service agent Timothy McCarthy, and District of Columbia police officer Thomas Delahanty were also injured in the shooting. Brady, Reagan and McCarthy were taken to George Washington University Hospital in Washington, D.C.


title: James Brady

text: During the confusion that ensued from the shooting, all major media outlets reported that Brady had died. At the time, he was 40 years old. When ABC News anchorman Frank Reynolds, a personal friend of Brady, was later forced to retract the report, he angrily said on-air to his staff, "C'mon, let's get it nailed down!", as a result of the miscommunication.


title: James Brady

text: During the hours-long operation on Brady at the George Washington University Hospital, surgeon Arthur Kobrine was informed of the media's announcement of Brady's death, to which he said, "No one has told me and the patient."


title: James Brady

text: Although Brady survived, the wound left him with slurred speech and partial paralysis that required full-time use of a wheelchair. Kobrine, his neurosurgeon, described him as having difficulty controlling his emotions while speaking after the shooting, saying "he would kind of cry-talk for a while", and having deficits in memory and thinking, such as failing to recognize people.


title: James Brady

text: Brady was unable to work as White House press secretary but remained in the position until the end of the Reagan administration with Larry Speakes and Marlin Fitzwater performing the job on an "acting" or "deputy" basis.


title: James Brady

text: With his wife Sarah Brady, who served as chair of the Brady Campaign to Prevent Gun Violence, Brady subsequently lobbied for stricter handgun control and assault weapon restrictions. The Brady Handgun Violence Prevention Act, also known as "the Brady Bill", was named in his honor.


title: James Brady

text: Brady received an honorary degree of Doctor of Laws from McKendree College, Lebanon, Illinois, in 1982. Sarah and James Brady were each awarded a doctorate degree (of Humane Letters) by Drexel University in 1993. In 1994, James and Sarah received the S. Roger Horchow Award for Greatest Public Service by a Private Citizen, an award given out annually by the Jefferson Awards Foundation. In 1994, James and Sarah received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement. In 1996, Brady received the Presidential Medal of Freedom from President Bill Clinton, the highest civilian award in the United States.


title: James Brady

text: Brady married Sue Beh in 1960. The marriage ended in divorce in 1967. In 1972, Brady married Sarah Jane Kemp and they joined an Episcopal Church.


title: James Brady

text: In 2000, the White House press briefing room was renamed the James S. Brady Press Briefing Room in his honor.


title: James Brady

text: Brady died on August 4, 2014, in Alexandria, Virginia. Four days later, the medical examiner ruled that his death was a homicide, caused by the gunshot wound which he sustained in 1981. Hinckley did not face any charges for Brady's death because he had been found not guilty by reason of insanity.


title: James Brady

text: Brady's recovery after the shooting was dramatized in the 1991 HBO film "", with Brady portrayed by Beau Bridges. Brady was also portrayed by John Connolly in the 2001 Showtime film "The Day Reagan Was Shot". Michael H. Cole portrayed him in the 2016 television film "Killing Reagan".


title: James Brady

text: Season 1, Episode 4, "In Control" of the television series "The Americans" takes place on the day of Reagan's assassination attempt as the main characters try to figure out what is happening. The episode depicts the media misreporting Brady having died before issuing the correction that he is still alive.


title: Final Space

text: Final Space is an adult animated space opera comedy drama television series created by Olan Rogers and developed by Rogers and David Sacks. The series involves an astronaut named Gary Goodspeed and his immensely powerful alien friend Mooncake, and focuses on their intergalactic adventures as they try to save the universe from certain doom.


title: Final Space

text: The series aired on TBS on February 26, 2018. It then moved to Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim, started with the second season on June 24, 2019, followed by the third and final season on March 20, 2021.


title: Final Space

text: On September 10, 2021, Rogers announced that Adult Swim cancelled the series after three seasons due to the proposed merger of WarnerMedia and Discovery announced that year. In September 2022, Rogers claimed on Twitter that the series would be written off as a loss for tax purposes by Warner Bros. Discovery once it completes its international run on Netflix.


title: Final Space

text: Gary Goodspeed is an energetic yet dim-witted astronaut who, in the midst of working off the last few days of his five-year sentence aboard the prison spacecraft "Galaxy One", encounters a mysterious planet-destroying alien. He befriends the alien, naming him Mooncake, and then discovers that they are being pursued by the sinister, telekinetic Lord Commander. Together, Gary and Mooncake embark on a quest to save the universe, with help from the artificial intelligence HUE and a growing crew of shipmates, each with their own personal troublesall while trying to uncover the secrets surrounding Final Space, a bizarre realm where the universe ends.


title: Final Space

text: The idea for the show originated in mid-2010. Olan Rogers uploaded the first episode of a planned ten-part animated web-series titled "Gary Space" to his personal Facebook channel. The project went on hiatus three episodes in, and Rogers eventually explained on Facebook that both he and the series' artist, Dan Brown, were tending to separate projects at the time, but were in talks of continuing. On April 30, 2013, Rogers confirmed that he was rebooting and producing a season of "Gary Space" episodes to release at once. Over two years later, Rogers revealed that a new short for the reboot for "Gary Space" was planned to be pitched to Cartoon Network, in addition to premiering the episode at Buffer Festival if nothing came from the pitch.


title: Final Space

text: In early 2016, Rogers announced that his project had been retitled "Final Space"to avoid similarities with "Steven Universe"and revealed screenshots of the short via a vlog on his YouTube channel. The pilot for "Final Space" was posted on Rogers' YouTube channel with voices by himself and a friend of his, Coty Galloway; Galloway had collaborated with Rogers in a "Star Wars" fan film called "The Scarlet Lance". The video caught the attention of Conan O'Brien, who invited him to Los Angeles to pitch "Final Space" to TBS as a full series and also joined production as an executive producer alongside Rogers and "3rd Rock from the Sun" writer and producer David Sacks. Other members of O'Brien's company, Conaco (David Kissinger, Larry Sullivan and Jeff Ross), and members of New Form who executive produced the pilot short (Kathleen Grace, Melissa Schneider and Matt Hoklotubbe) joined as executive producers as well. To balance out Rogers' inexperience in the industry, Conaco brought in Sacks to also serve as the showrunner for the series. After two weeks of working with Sacks and Jake Sidwell ( of the series alongside Shelby Merry) on the pitch, Rogers and Sacks pitched the show to TBS; as well as Comedy Central, Fox, FX, YouTube, and Fullscreen; all six companies wanted the series and resulted in a bidding war between the studios over the series, with TBS acquiring the series.


title: Final Space

text: Rogers announced in December 2016 that he voices the main characters, Gary and Mooncake. In July 2017, an additional cast list of Fred Armisen, Conan O'Brien, Keith David, Coty Galloway (reprising from the pilot), Tom Kenny, Caleb McLaughlin, John DiMaggio, Ron Perlman, Shannon Purser, Andy Richter, David Tennant, and Steven Yeun was revealed.


title: Final Space

text: Animation for the series is handled by ShadowMachine in Los Angeles and outsourced to Canadian studio Jam Filled using the Toon Boom Harmony software. The show uses NASA space imagery for the space backgrounds.


title: Final Space

text: When asked on Twitter about the series' longevity, Olan Rogers had stated that he had at least six seasons worth of material thought up for the show including an ending for "Final Space" in case the series gets cancelled in the future.


title: Final Space

text: On September 10, 2021, Rogers posted a video to his YouTube account stating that season 3 would be the show's last season.


title: Final Space

text: On April 10, 2022, Rogers revealed on his Twitter that there is a chance that the show could be brought back in the future for an hour-long special to wrap up the story. On May 11, Rogers stated that he was still trying to put an end to the series. On June 15, after being unable to reach a deal to conclude the series in any medium, Rogers launched a Kickstarter for a short film titled "Godspeed", spawned from unused ideas related to the series. At the end of the campaign, the crowdfund raised $464,438 in total.


title: Final Space

text: When responding to a question on Twitter, Olan Rogers revealed that "Final Space" would be showcased by TBS at San Diego Comic-Con and VidCon in 2017. Unlike other creators, Rogers runs the social media accounts for the show, including the official Twitter account, calling it a "good opportunity" to connect with fans.


title: Final Space

text: "Final Space" premiered on Reddit on February 15, 2018, followed by an AMA with Rogers. This would mark a first for a TV network to premiere a series on the site. Later that day, the first two episodes became available on TBS's website and app. TBS's sister network TNT aired a sneak peek premiere of the show on February 17, 2018, right after the 2018 NBA All-Star Weekend. After its official premiere on TBS on February 26, 2018, the pilot aired two hours later on sibling network Adult Swim; the rest of the season also aired on the network in a similar fashion. On February 20, 2018, the first two episodes were released on iTunes. Netflix handles the international distribution to the show and debuted the series on July 20.


title: Final Space

text: On April 7, 2019, Rogers revealed that the show would move first-run airings to Adult Swim and be simulcast on TBS; a reversal of the airing pattern from the first season. The news would be confirmed in June of that year, with the second season premiering on June 24. TBS would air an encore the following week.


title: Final Space

text: The first 2 seasons became available to stream on HBO Max on March 1, 2021, ahead of Season 3's premiere. Season 3 was released on HBO Max on November 13, 2021. On July 1, 2022, the series was removed from HBO Max, as well as all content related to the series from Adult Swim's official website and YouTube channel. Some episodes remain available for purchase on Amazon Prime Video and YouTube in the United States and the series is still available on Netflix in international regions until December 16, 2023.


title: Final Space

text: A Blu-ray and a soundtrack were released on August 11, 2020. The Blu-ray was released by Warner Archive Collection, while the soundtrack was released by WaterTower Music.


title: Final Space

text: The first season of "Final Space" received positive reviews, with critics praising the show's cast (especially David Tennant's voice performance as the Lord Commander). On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the first season has an approval rating of 70% based on 10 reviews, with an average rating of 6.4/10. The site's critics' consensus reads: ""Final Space" doesn't always hit its mark, but for those looking for a bite-sized intergalactic comedy it may prove an amusing diversion." On Metacritic season 1 has a score of 60 of 100 based on reviews from 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Final Space

text: Impressions about the first episodes were also mixed, with criticism focused on Gary's humor. Collider's Dave Trumbore gave the series four out of five stars, praising the cast, the series' uniqueness and its originality. "The Hollywood Reporter" said "the new animated series from TBS misses the mark, and will likely float off into space". "The A.V. Club" gave the series a C+ grade. Reviewing the first two episodes, "Den of Geek" gave them a score of 3.5 out of 5 stars. IndieWire gave a B+ grade. "The Daily Beast" received the series favorably, comparing its potential with "Adventure Time" and "BoJack Horseman". Robert Lloyd of the "Los Angeles Times" praised the show for the space backgrounds and Gary's relationship with Mooncake, but criticized for being "not as clever as "Futurama" or "The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy" or "Galaxy Quest", series with which it shares certain features" and for the comedy which "leans toward things adolescent boys find funny." "Screen Rant" wrote favorably of the series, praising TBS' decision to release the first two episodes 11 days before the series premiere, and describing it as a "very silly comedy," comparing protagonist Gary to Homer Simpson and Philip J. Fry.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Renaissance Technologies LLC, also known as RenTech or RenTec, is an American hedge fund based in East Setauket, New York, on Long Island, which specializes in systematic trading using quantitative models derived from mathematical and statistical analysis. Their signature Medallion fund is famed for the best record in investing history. Renaissance was founded in 1982 by James Simons, a mathematician who formerly worked as a code breaker during the Cold War.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In 1988, the firm established its most profitable portfolio, the Medallion Fund, which used an improved and expanded form of Leonard Baum's mathematical models, improved by algebraist James Ax, to explore correlations from which they could profit. Elwyn Berlekamp was instrumental in evolving trading to shorter-dated, pure systems driven decision-making. The hedge fund was named Medallion in honor of the math awards that Simons and Ax had won.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Renaissance's flagship Medallion fund, which is run mostly for fund employees, is famed for the best track record on Wall Street, returning more than 66 percent annualized before fees and 39 percent after fees over a 30-year span from 1988 to 2018. Renaissance offers two portfolios to outside investors—Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF) and Renaissance Institutional Diversified Alpha (RIDA).


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Because of the success of Renaissance in general and Medallion in particular, Simons has been described as the "best money manager on earth".


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Simons ran Renaissance until his retirement in late 2009. Simons stepped down as Chairman in 2021. The company is now run by Peter Brown (after Robert Mercer resigned). Both of them were computer scientists specializing in computational linguistics who joined Renaissance in 1993 from IBM Research. Simons continued to play a role at the firm as non-executive chairman (he stepped down in 2021) and remains invested in its funds, particularly the Medallion fund. The fund has $165 billion in discretionary assets under management (including leverage) as of April 2021.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: James Simons founded Renaissance Technologies following a decade as the Chair of the Department of Mathematics at Stony Brook University. Simons in 1976 was a recipient of the Oswald Veblen Prize of the American Mathematical Society, which is geometry's highest honor. He is known in the scientific community for co-developing the Chern–Simons theory, which is used in modern theoretical physics.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: The firm uses quantitative trading, where staff tap data in its petabyte-scale data warehouse to assess statistical probabilities for the direction of securities prices in any given market. Staff attribute the breadth of data on events peripheral to financial and economic phenomena that Renaissance takes into account, and the firm's ability to manipulate large amounts of data by deploying scalable technological architectures for computation and execution. In many ways, Renaissance Technologies, along with a few other firms, has been synthesizing terabytes of data daily and extracting information signals from petabytes of data for almost two decades now, well before big data and data analytics caught the imagination of mainstream technology.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: For more than twenty years, the firm's Renaissance Technologies hedge fund has employed mathematical models to analyze and execute trades, many of them automated. The firm uses computer-based models to predict price changes in easily traded financial instruments. These models are based on analyzing as much data as can be gathered, then looking for non-random movements to make predictions. Some also attribute the firm's performance to employing financial signal processing techniques such as pattern recognition. The book "The Quants" describes the hiring of speech recognition experts, many from IBM, including the current leaders of the firm.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Renaissance employs specialists with non-financial backgrounds, including computer scientists, mathematicians, physicists, signal processing experts and statisticians. The firm's latest fund is the Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF). RIEF has historically trailed the firm's better-known Medallion fund, a separate fund that contains only the personal money of the firm's executives.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In a 2013 article in "The Daily Telegraph", journalist Sarfraz Manzoor described Renaissance staff as math geniuses running Wall Street.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Renaissance is a firm run by and for scientists, employing preferably those with non-financial backgrounds for quantitative finance research like mathematicians, statisticians, theoretical and experimental physicists, astronomers, and computer scientists. Wall Street experience is frowned on and a flair for science is prized. It is a widely held belief within Renaissance that the herdlike mentality among business school graduates is to blame for poor investor returns. Renaissance engages roughly 150 researchers and computer programmers, half of whom have PhDs in scientific disciplines, at its 50-acre East Setauket campus in Long Island, New York, which is near the State University of New York at Stony Brook. Mathematician Isadore Singer referred to Renaissance's East Setauket office as the best physics and mathematics department in the world.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: The firm's administrative and back-office functions are handled from its Manhattan office in New York City. The firm is secretive about the workings of its business and very little is known about them. The firm is known for its ability to recruit and retain scientific types, for having a personnel turnover that is nearly non-existent, and for requiring its researchers to agree to intellectual property obligations by signing non-compete and non-disclosure agreements.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In 1978, Simons left academia and started a hedge fund management firm called Monemetrics in a Long Island strip mall. The firm primarily traded currencies at the start. It did not occur to Simons at first to apply mathematics to his business, but he gradually realized that it should be possible to make mathematical models of the data he was collecting.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Monemetrics’ name was changed to Renaissance Technologies in 1982. Simons started recruiting some of the mathematicians and data-modeling types from his days at the Institute for Defense Analysis (IDA) and Stony Brook University. His first recruit was Leonard Baum, a cryptanalyst from IDA who was also the co-author of the Baum–Welch algorithm. When Baum abandoned the idea of trading with mathematical models and took to fundamental trading, Simons brought in algebraist James Ax from Cornell University. Ax expanded Baum's models for trading currencies to cover any commodity future and subsequently Simons set up Ax with his own trading account, Axcom Ltd., which eventually gave birth to the profitable fund — Medallion. During the 1980s, Ax and his researchers improved on Baum's models and used them to explore correlations from which they could profit.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In 1988, Renaissance established its most profitable fund, the Medallion fund (previously the Limroy Colombian fund), which used an expanded form of Leonard Baum's mathematical models improved by algebraist James Ax to explore correlations from which they could profit. Simons and Ax, who were classmates at the University of California, Berkeley, started Medallion, which they named after their awards in mathematics. The initial success of the company's models led Simons to base the fund's trades entirely on the models.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: By April 1989, however, peak-to-trough losses had mounted to about 30%. Ax claimed to have accounted for such a decline in his models and insisted on continuing to trade. Simons wanted to pause and reevaluate; Simons, as majority owner, prevailed, and Ax departed. Simons then asked Berkeley professor Elwyn Berlekamp to run Medallion. A consultant for Axcom whom Simons had first met at the IDA, Berlekamp had acquired most of Ax's stake in Axcom and became its CEO. He worked with Sandor Straus, Jim Simons and another consultant, Henry Laufer, to overhaul Medallion's trading system over the course of six months. In 1990, Berlekamp led Medallion to a 55.9% gain, net of fees, and then returned to teaching math at Berkeley after selling out to Simons at six times the price for which he had bought his Axcom interests sixteen months earlier. Straus then took Berlekamp's place, running Medallion's revamped trading system, which returned 39.4% in 1991, 34% in 1992 and 39.1% in 1993, according to Medallion annual reports.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: The Medallion fund is considered to be one of the most successful hedge funds ever. From 1994 through mid-2014, it averaged a 71.8% annual return, before fees. The fund has been closed to outside investors since 1993 and is available only to current and past employees and their families. The firm bought out the last investor in the Medallion fund in 2005 and the investor community has not seen its returns since then. About 100 of Renaissance's some 275 employees are "qualified purchasers", meaning they generally have at least $5 million in assets to invest. The remaining are "accredited investors", generally worth at least $1 million.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: By 2000, the computer-driven Medallion fund had an average annual return of 34% after fees from its 1988 inception. Simons ran Renaissance until his retirement in late 2009. Between January 1993 and April 2005, Medallion only had 17 losing months and out of 49 quarters over the same period, Medallion had only three losing quarters. Between 1989-2005 Medallion had only one year showing a loss: 1989.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Renaissance Technologies terminated its 401(k) retirement plan in 2010 and employees account balances were put into Individual Retirement Accounts. Contributions could be made to a standard Individual Retirement Accounts and then converted to a Roth IRA regardless of income. By 2012, Renaissance was granted a special exemption by the United States Labor Department allowing employees to invest their retirement money in Medallion arguing that Medallion had consistently outperformed their old 401(k) plan. In 2013, Renaissance's IRA plans had 259 participants whose $86.6 million contribution grew to $153 million that year without fees or annual taxes. Renaissance set up a new 401(k) plan, and in November 2014 the Labor Department allowed that plan to be invested in Medallion as well.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In 2005, Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund (RIEF) was created. RIEF has historically trailed the firm's better-known Medallion fund, a separate fund that only contains the personal money of the firm's executives. In April 2020, Institutional Investor reported that the disparity between Renaissance's Medallion fund and other funds, including RIEF, was approximately 17-19%. Renaissance also offers two Renaissance Institutional Diversified Alpha (RIDA) to outsiders. Simons ran Renaissance until his retirement in late 2009. Renaissance Institutional Equities Fund had difficulty with the higher volatility environment that persisted throughout the end of the summer of 2007. According to an article in "Bloomberg" in August 2007,


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: RIEF once again struggled in the high volatility environment of 2020. According to an article in "Bloomberg" in November 2020,


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: From December 1st 2020 to February 1st 2021, according to "Bloomberg", clients (LPs) had withdrawn $5 billion from the fund.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: On 25 September 2008, Renaissance wrote a comment letter to the Securities and Exchange Commission, discouraging them from implementing a rule change that would have permitted the public to access information regarding institutional investors' short positions, as they can currently do with long positions. The company cited a number of reasons for this, including the fact that "institutional investors may alter their trading activity to avoid public disclosure".


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In July 2014, Renaissance Technologies was included in a larger investigation undertaken by Carl Levin and the Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations on tax evasion by wealthy individuals. The focus of the tax avoidance investigation was Renaissance's trading strategy — which involved transactions with banks such as Barclays Plc and Deutsche Bank AG — through which profits converted from rapid trading were converted into lower-taxed, long-term capital gains. The strategy was also questioned by the Internal Revenue Service (IRS). The higher rates for the five years under investigation would have been 44.4 percent, as compared to 35 percent, whereas the lower rate was 15 percent, as compared to 23.8 percent.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: In September 2021, Simons, Mercer, and other Renaissance executives agreed to pay up to $7 billion in taxes and penalties to settle the dispute with the Internal Revenue Service. The settlement was among the largest in history.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: According to OpenSecrets, Renaissance is the top financial firm contributing to federal campaigns in the 2016 election cycle, donating $33,108,000 by July. By comparison, over that same period sixth ranked Soros Fund Management has contributed $13,238,551. Renaissance's managers were also active in the 2016 cycle, contributing nearly $30 million by June, with Mercer ranking as the #1 individual federal donor, largely to Republicans, and Simons ranked #5, largely to Democrats. They were top donors to the presidential campaigns of Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: During the 2016 campaign cycle, Simons contributed $26,277,450, ranking as the 5th largest individual contributor. Simons directed all but $25,000 of his funds towards liberal candidates. Robert Mercer contributed $25,059,300, ranking as the 7th largest individual contributor. Robert Mercer directed all funds contributed towards conservative candidates.


title: Renaissance Technologies

text: Between 1990 and 2016, Renaissance has contributed $59,081,152 to federal campaigns and since 2001 has spent $3,730,000 on lobbying.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Over the Hedge is a 2006 American computer-animated comedy film produced by DreamWorks Animation SKG and distributed by Paramount Pictures (marking Paramount's first collaboration with DreamWorks). It is loosely based on the comic strip of the same name by Michael Fry and T. Lewis. Directed by Tim Johnson and Karey Kirkpatrick (in the latter's feature directorial debut) from a screenplay by Len Blum, Lorne Cameron, David Hoselton, and Kirkpatrick, the film stars an ensemble cast featuring the voices of Bruce Willis, Garry Shandling, Steve Carell, William Shatner, Wanda Sykes, and Nick Nolte. The film's plot follows a raccoon named RJ who must reclaim food for a bear, ultimately manipulating a group of animals that had recently awakened from hibernation in order to speed up the process.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: "Over the Hedge" was released in the United States on May 19, 2006. It received generally positive reviews from critics, and grossed $340 million on an $80 million budget.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: One night, in Indiana, RJ the raccoon tries to steal food from Vincent, a bear that has stockpiled for his hibernation. However, Vincent wakes up and catches RJ, and the food is destroyed in the ensuing confrontation. Angry, Vincent gives RJ an ultimatum: he will hunt down and eat RJ if the food is not replaced in one week. RJ agrees and realizes he needs help to pay Vincent back.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The next morning, a family of woodland animals, consisting of ornate box turtle and leader Verne, hyperactive American red squirrel Hammy, striped skunk Stella, North American porcupine parents Lou and Penny, and children Spike, Bucky and Quillo, and Virginia opossum father and daughter Ozzie and Heather, awaken from their hibernation on the first day of spring. They find that much of the forest they lived in has been turned into a housing development, which is separated from the little forest remaining by a giant hedge. The animals wonder how they will forage for enough food for the following winter. RJ meets them and encourages them to traverse the hedge and steal food from the humans. Despite Verne's concerns, the animals join RJ in stealing and stockpiling human food, not knowing he intends to pay off his debt. Gladys Sharp, the neighborhood Home Owners Association president, takes notice of the animal problem and hires exterminator Dwayne LaFontant to get rid of them.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Verne tries to return the food to avoid Dwayne. RJ tries to stop him, but the food ends up destroyed due to an encounter with the excitable dog Nugent. Verne tries to convince the family to not listen to RJ, but inadvertently insults their intelligence in the process, angering them and causing them to leave him in favor of RJ. That night, Gladys has Dwayne cover her yard in animal traps, including an illegal contraband device called the De-Pelter Turbo which turns the entire yard into a death trap when activated.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Verne apologizes to RJ for his actions and reconciles with the other animals. On the night before the moon is full, RJ sees that Gladys has bought a massive stockpile of food and enlists the help of the animals to invade her home and steal it. Hammy successfully disables the De-Pelter Turbo while Stella steals the collar of Gladys' Persian cat Tiger, which enables entry into the house's pet door, by posing as a cat and seducing him. The animals stockpile another wagon full of food, but right as they are about to leave at sunrise, RJ sees a can of chips called Spuddies and becomes determined to get them, as Vincent specifically requested them. While trying to justify his effort to get the chips, RJ lets slip his true intention for the food. At the same time, Gladys comes downstairs and finds the animals. Stella sprays the entire house and alerts Dwayne. RJ manages to escape with the food, while the others are caught by Dwayne, who takes them away in his truck to euthanize them.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: RJ gives the food to Vincent as promised, but as he sees the exterminator truck driving off, he feels remorse for his actions. Determined to save them, RJ sends the food wagon careening into the car, knocking out Dwayne and freeing the animals, but enraging Vincent. Spike, Bucky, and Quillo take control of the car and drive it back home, and RJ rejoins the family after Verne convinces the others to forgive him. They crash the truck into Gladys' home and return to the hedge, but are attacked from both sides of it by Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne. RJ manages to come up with a plan. He gives Hammy an energy drink, making the squirrel hyperactive enough to move at warp speed, which he uses to go and reactivate the De-Pelter Turbo, and RJ lures Vincent into leaping over the hedge to get him. But he puts on Verne's shell, protecting him from Vincent's jaws, and Verne pulls him out with a fishing line. Vincent, Gladys, and Dwayne are caught in the De-Pelter Turbo, resulting in them being blasted with a massive dose of radiation (which somehow manages to be seen in the observable universe) and trapped in a cage left in the ensuing crater.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Vincent is captured by animal control and shipped off to the Rocky Mountains, while Gladys is arrested for possessing the Turbo, and Dwayne is chased by Nugent while attempting to escape. RJ joins the woodland creatures' family permanently as well as Tiger, who remains in love with Stella even after learning she is a skunk, as he cannot smell. The animals' food storage is quickly replenished by Hammy, who finally finds the nuts he stored before the previous winter.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The film was originally set up at 20th Century Fox through its 20th Century Fox Animation division; The idea of the film was conceived when Don Bluth and Gary Goldman showed the comic strip to its head Chris Meledandri, who was impressed by its humour and acquired rights to the strip. He asked the screenwriting duo of Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman to write the screenplay for the project for Bluth and Goldman's Fox Animation Studios; however, in February 2001, due to the disappointing performance of its recent film "Titan A.E." and its closure in 2000, it was later picked up by DreamWorks Animation under the leadership of its CEO Jeffrey Katzenberg when Fox put the film in turnaround. In July 2002, Jim Carrey was announced to co-star with Garry Shandling in the film. However, in October 2004, he dropped out, and was replaced with Bruce Willis.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on May 16, 2006, by Epic Records. Rupert Gregson-Williams composed the original score, while Hans Zimmer served as an executive music producer and Ben Folds contributed three original songs, along with a rewrite of his song "Rockin' the Suburbs" and a cover of The Clash's "Lost in the Supermarket."


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The film was originally going to be released in November 2005; however, in December 2004, the date was changed to May 2006. In 2006, distributor Paramount Pictures' parent company, Viacom, had purchased the rights to DreamWorks Pictures (and subsidiaries, including DreamWorks Animation).


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The film was screened as a "work-in-progress" on April 29, 2006, at the Indianapolis International Film Festival (according to the scene in which the Depelter Turbo destroys a satellite, this film took place in suburban Indianapolis) and it premiered on April 30, 2006, in Los Angeles. Nolte, Willis, Lavigne, Shandling, Sykes, O'Hara and Steve Carell attended the premiere. The film was theatrically released in the United States on May 19, 2006. In select New York and Los Angeles theatres, it was accompanied by a DreamWorks Animation's animated short film "First Flight". The film was also screened out of competition on May 21, 2006, at the Cannes Film Festival.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: "Over the Hedge" was released on DVD by DreamWorks Animation's newly formed home entertainment division and Paramount Home Entertainment on October 17, 2006. A short film based on "Over the Hedge", titled "Hammy's Boomerang Adventure", was released with the DVD. The film was released on Blu-ray on February 5, 2019, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment as a Walmart exclusive, and was subsequently given a wider release on June 4.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: On opening weekend, the film was in second place to "The Da Vinci Code", but its gross of $38,457,003 did not quite live up to DreamWorks Animation's other titles released over the past few years. The film had a per-theater average of $9,474 from 4,059 theaters. In its second weekend, the film dropped 30% to $27,063,774 for a $6,612 average from an expanded 4,093 theaters and finishing third, behind "" and "The Da Vinci Code". Since it was Memorial Day Weekend, the film grossed a total of $35,322,115 over the four-day weekend, resulting in only an 8% slide. In its third weekend, the film held well with a 24% drop to $20,647,284 and once again placing in third behind "The Break-Up" and "X-Men: The Last Stand", for a $5,170 average from 3,993 theaters. The film closed on September 4, 2006, after 112 days of release, grossing $155,019,340 in the United States and Canada, along with $180,983,656 internationally for a worldwide total of $336,002,996, against a production budget of $80 million.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average of . The site's consensus states: "Even if it's not an animation classic, "Over the Hedge" is clever and fun, and the jokes cater to family members of all ages." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100 based on 31 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Ken Fox of "TVGuide.com" called it "a sly satire of American 'enough is never enough' consumerism and blind progress at the expense of the environment. It's also very funny, and the little woodland critters that make up the cast are a kiddie-pleasing bunch". Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" give the film a three out of four stars, and called it "Not at the level of "Finding Nemo" or "Shrek", but is a lot of fun, awfully nice to look at, and filled with energy and smiles." Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" gave the film a two out of five stars, writing "The spoilt and wasteful American consumer is satirised in this patchy animated comedy from DreamWorks."


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: A video game based on the film was released on May 9, 2006. Developed by Edge of Reality, Beenox and Vicarious Visions, it was published by Activision for PlayStation 2, Microsoft Windows, Xbox, GameCube, Nintendo DS and Game Boy Advance. Shane Baumel, Sami Kirkpatrick, and Madison Davenport were the only ones to reprise their roles for the video game while everyone else was voiced by different voice actors.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Three different versions of "" were released by Activision in the fall of 2006: a miniature golf game for Game Boy Advance, an action adventure game for Nintendo DS, and a platform game for PlayStation Portable.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: Scholastic published a series of picture books to tie-in with the film. "Over the Hedge: Meet the Neighbors" and "Over the Hedge: Movie Storybook" were both authored by Sarah Durkee and illustrated by Michael Koelsch.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: "Hammy's Boomerang Adventure" is a 2006 American computer-animated short comedy film based on the film "Over the Hedge", which in turn was based on the comic strip of the same name. It can be found on the film's DVD and Blu-ray releases, as well as the "Madly Madagascar" DVD as a bonus feature. It features Steve Carell, Bruce Willis, Madison Davenport, Shane Baumel, Sami Kirkpatrick, and Garry Shandling reprising their roles from the film.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The camera switches off. Spike, Bucky and Quillo, Lou and Penny's three baby porcupines with filming RJ who holds a piece of cardboard which has the words, "RJ's Wild World of Nature", a made-up nature show. Their subject is Hammy when he discovers a boomerang. RJ and the kids hide in the hedge and watch Hammy as he first sees the boomerang and "calls dibs." He tries to eat it but hates the taste and throws it away. The boomerang hits him in this order:


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: RJ then asks the audience if they should tell him that the kids actually had a lot of boomerangs in a box. Verne then appears and figures out what they are doing and throws the camera away and informs them that humans do the same thing. Hammy finds the camera in the meantime and claims it. RJ and the kids then inform Verne they will not do it again.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: The crew (joined by Hammy) later perform another so-called "Unrated Version" episode which shows Verne bathing without his shell on. He then finds out what they are doing and chases RJ away through the hedge. The screaming Hammy calls dibs on Verne's shell before one of the baby porcupines shortly runs and switches off the camera.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: "Hammy's Boomerang Adventure" was released on the DVD for "Over the Hedge" on October 17, 2006, by Paramount Home Entertainment. It was later released with "Madly Madagascar" on January 29, 2013, this time distributed by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment along with "First Flight". It was later released on the "Over the Hedge" Blu-ray on February 5, 2019, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. It can also be streamed on Universal parent company's, NBCUniversal, streaming service Peacock.


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: In May 2007, DreamWorks Animation CEO, Jeffrey Katzenberg, said that despite the company exceeding Wall Street's expectations during the second consecutive quarter of 2007, the film would not get a sequel due to the box office performance of the film, saying "It was close. An almost."


title: Over the Hedge (film)

text: In October 2010, an article was posted on the official "Over the Hedge" blog, explaining what would happen if a sequel was made, saying that if the sequel did not perform as well as the first one, then DreamWorks could lose money, and that a sequel probably would not happen until DreamWorks Animation was bought by a large studio, which eventually happened in 2016 when NBCUniversal bought DreamWorks Animation.


title: É

text: É, é (e-acute) is a letter of the Latin alphabet. In English, it is used for loanwords (such as French "résumé"), romanization (Japanese "Pokémon") or occasionally as a pronunciation aid in poetry.


title: É

text: Languages may use "é" to indicate a certain sound (French), stress pattern (Spanish), length (Czech) or tone (Vietnamese), as well as to write loanwords or distinguish identical-sounding words (Dutch). Certain romanization systems such as pinyin (Standard Chinese) also use "é" for tone. Some languages use the letter only in specific contexts, such as in Indonesian dictionaries.


title: É

text: In Afrikaans, é is used to differentiate meaning and word types. For example: in a sentence that repeats a word (that contains the vowel e) with different meaning or specificity, the e in one of the occurrences could be replaced with é to indicate the different meaning or specificity. Furthermore, é is respected when writing foreign words, mainly from French; and it is used to add visual stress on words in the same way English might use italics.


title: É

text: É is the 9th letter of the Czech alphabet and the 12th letter of the Slovak alphabet and represents .


title: É

text: In Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish, the letter "é" is used to indicate that a terminal syllable with the vowel "e" is stressed, and it is often used only when it changes the meaning. See Acute accent for a more detailed description. In addition, Danish uses é in some loanwords to represent /i/.


title: É

text: Like in English, é is respected when writing foreign words, mainly from French. It is also used to differentiate the article "een," equivalent to either "a" or "an" in English, and "één", the number one. It is also used to add visual stress on words in the same way English might use italics. In Dutch, some people use "hé" as a greeting, like "hey" or "hi".


title: É

text: In Emilian, é is used to represent [e], e.g. "récc" [rekː] "rich". In Romagnol the same letter is used to represent [eː], e.g. "lédar" [ˈleːdar] "thieves".


title: É

text: In English, the e-acute has some uses, mostly in words of French origin, such as née, résumé, fiancée, sauté and coupé and names such as Beyoncé, Breneé, JonBenét, and Théo. Pokémon, the media franchise owned by Japanese corporation Nintendo, uses [k]é to signify the proper pronunciation of the katakana ケ.


title: É

text: "É" is a variant of "E" carrying an acute accent; it represents an carrying the tonic accent. It is used only if it is the last letter of the word except in dictionaries or when a different pronunciation may affect the meaning of a word: "perché" ("why"/"because", ) and "pésca" ("fishing", ), to be compared with "caffè" ("coffee", ) and "pèsca" ("peach", ), which have a grave accent.


title: É

text: É is the 8th letter of the Kashubian alphabet and represents . It also represents in some dialects and represents in area between Puck and Kartuzy.


title: É

text: In Polish, "é" was historically used for a vowel called "e pochylone" or "e ścieśnione", sounded as [e], [ɨ] or [i] depending on the dialect. Since 1891, "é" is no longer used in standard Polish and is replaced by the simple "e". It is, however, retained in editions of poetry where the rhyme suggests pronouncing it as "i" or "y".


title: É

text: In Portuguese, é is used to mark a stressed in words whose stressed syllable is in unpredictable within the word, as in (very bad). If the location of the stressed syllable is predictable, the acute accent is not used. É contrasts with ê . ("is") is also the third-person singular present indicative of ("to be").


title: É

text: É was once used in Scottish Gaelic, but has now been largely superseded by "è". It can still be seen, but it is no longer used in the standard orthography.


title: É

text: In Spanish, é is an accented letter and is pronounced just like "e" /e/. The accent indicates the stressed syllable in words with irregular stress, as in "éxtasis" or "bebé". See Diacritic and Acute accent for more details.


title: É

text: "É" or "é" is used for with a rising tone ([ɤ̌]) in Pinyin, a romanization system for Standard Chinese.


title: É

text: ⟨É⟩ is used in Sundanese for the close-mid front unrounded vowel /e/ since 1975 with the publishing of "Kamus Umum Basa Sunda" (General Sundanese Dictionary), replacing the regular ⟨e⟩ used before to represent the vowel. ⟨E⟩ is now used for the mid central vowel /ə/, previously written as ⟨ê⟩.


title: É

text: In Tuareg Berber, spoken in southern Algeria, southwestern Libya, northern Mali and northern Niger, "é" is one of the seven major vowels.


title: É

text: In Vietnamese, the letter "é" indicates the rising tone. It can also be combined with "ê" to form "ế".


title: É

text: In Welsh, word stress usually falls on the penultimate syllable, but one way of indicating stress on a final (short) vowel is through the use of the acute accent, often found on "e" in borrowed words: "personél" "personnel", "sigarét" "cigarette", "ymbarél" "umbrella".


title: É

text: The pronunciation of words in Yorùbá language is tonal; where a different pitch conveys a different word meaning or grammatical distinction.


title: É

text: This means that pronouncing words in Yorùbá is based on what is called Àmì ohùn – Tone Marks. These marks are applied to the top of the vowel within each syllable of a word or phrase.


title: É

text: Understanding the use of tone marks is key to properly reading, writing and speaking the Yorùbá language. This is because some words have similar spellings but at the addition of tone marks, these words could have very different meanings.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: On 9 December 2019 Whakaari / White Island, an active stratovolcano island in New Zealand's northeastern Bay of Plenty region explosively erupted. The island was a popular tourist destination, known for its volcanic activity, and 47 people were on the island at the time. Twenty-two people died, either in the explosion or from injuries sustained, including two whose bodies were never found and were later declared dead. A further 25 people suffered injuries, with the majority needing intensive care for severe burns. The ongoing seismic and volcanic activity in the area as well as heavy rainfall, low visibility and toxic gases hampered recovery efforts over the week following the incident.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: Experts identified the event as a phreatic eruption: a release of steam and volcanic gases that caused an explosion, launching rock and ash into the air.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: Following the eruption, investigations resulted in WorkSafe New Zealand charging multiple tour operators, government and scientific agencies under the Health and Safety at Work Act for failing to ensure the health and safety of workers and others. The latest hearing was held in June 2021.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: Whakaari / White Island is an active andesite stratovolcano, situated off the north-northeast coast of the North Island of New Zealand in the Bay of Plenty. The volcano has erupted many times in recent history, including several times in the 1980s. A major eruption formed a new crater in 2000, and small eruptions occurred in 2012, 2013, and 2016.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: The volcano had been showing signs of unrest for several weeks before the 2019 eruption. In October 2019, volcanic tremors and sulphur dioxide gas were at their highest levels since 2016, indicating that an eruption was more likely to occur, and on 18 November, the volcano was rated at Volcanic Alert Level 2, indicating "moderate to heightened volcanic unrest", due to increased activity.


title: 2019 Whakaari / White Island eruption

text: On 24 November, two weeks prior to the eruption, a moment magnitude () 5.9 earthquake lasting approximately one minute with an epicentre located northeast of White Island occurred, and was felt by people throughout New Zealand as far south as Christchurch. Seismic activity can be a contributing factor to hydrothermic eruptions, due to a reduction of pressure within the geothermal system.