title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In November 2016, the director of Astana Opera State Theatre, Toleubek Alpiyev, invited Dinmuhammed to work as an opera singer, stating that his voice would be "ideal for baroque opera", but he decided to pursue a career in contemporary music.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In early 2017, Dinmuhammed appeared in the fifth season of Hunan Television's "I Am a Singer" under the recommendation of director Hong Tao, and signed a contract with "Black Gold Talent" in Beijing. At 22, he was the youngest participant in the history of the show, and competed against professional and top-selling Chinese singers as a 'wildcard' competitor. Dinmuhammed's mother later said that he hoped to reach at least the middle stage of the competition.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He won Episodes 1, 2 and 6, with his performances of "S.O.S d'un terrien en détresse", "Opera 2", and "Adagio". He made it to the finals, and finished as runner-up to Hong Kong singer Sandy Lam.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In episode 1 of "Singer 2017" Dinmuhammed sang "SOS d'un terrien en détresse". After winning this episode, Dinmuhammed's name became prominent in social media and his success made headlines in China, Kazakhstan as well as French media and TV programs.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed also won episode 2 with his version of Vitas' "Opera 2", and came in third in Episode 3 with his rendition of Queen's "The Show Must Go On". Hunan TV and the Chinese media named him "a bridge for Kazakh-Chinese cultural cooperation". Between the recordings of episodes 3 and 4, Dinmuhammed performed at the 2017 Winter Universiade Opening Ceremony, singing Sarah Brightman's "A Question of Honor" with Zarina Altynbayeva. He performed his first ever Mandarin song "Late Autumn" () in Episode 4 and ranked 3rd. During the broadcast of episode 4, Dinmuhammed's meeting with Jackie Chan, his childhood idol, was shown. Dinmuhammed won episode 6 with his rendition of Lara Fabian's "Adagio" – a performance which was praised by Fabian.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: For episode 7 Dinmuhammed performed his rendition of the traditional Kazakh folk song "Daididau", accompanied by the Folk Instrumental Ensemble of Dinmuhammed's university, the Kazakh National University of Arts. Dinmuhammed and the instrumentalists performed wearing traditional Kazakh costumes (). He started the performance by playing a traditional piece named "Adai" () on the dombra, and then sang "Daididau". He came in third. His performance was received positively and sparked interest in Kazakh music and culture in China. Dinmuhammed later said in an interview that this gave him the opportunity to "make sure once again that music knows no boundaries". After the broadcast of episode 7, a documentary about Dinmuhammed aired on Hunan TV.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed sang his own song "Unforgettable Day" for episode 10, with a section of the lyrics translated into Mandarin. He came in third place. Within a few days "Unforgettable Day" reached the top of the Fresh Asia Music Charts. On 5 April, he released his first Chinese single "Eternal Memories" (), theme song of the movie "Battle of Memories" ().


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In episode 12 of Singer, the semi-final, Dinmuhammed sang Adriano Celentano's "Confessa" in Italian, followed by "The Diva Dance" from the movie "The Fifth Element". He placed second and was promoted to the final. On 12 April, he released his single "Go Go Power Rangers", theme song of the movie "Power Rangers" in China.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In the final of "Singer 2017", Dinmuhammed sang "A Tribute to MJ" in a duet with Laure Shang. He finished "Singer 2017" as runner-up. For the final episode of "Singer 2017", Episode 14, the gala episode, Dinmuhammed performed a new song in Kazakh, "Give Me Love" (; Makhabbat Ber Magan).


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: During "Singer", Dinmuhammed appeared on various Chinese TV programs, including ""Happy Camp"", "My Boyfriend's A Superstar/Fan Fan Boyfriend" and "Come Sing with Me" (where fans were selected to sing with their idol);and had many other performances in China, including at the "Chinese Top Ten Music Awards" in Shanghai, where he won his first Chinese Award, namely for "Best Asian Singer"; at the Top Chinese Music Awards in Shenzhen, China, which are considered to be the Asian equivalent to the Grammy Awards, where he performed "Unforgettable Day" accompanied by Ouyang Nana on the piano, and won the "Most Popular International Singer" Award; and at the "Meeting on the Silk Road" Gala, held by the Embassy of Kazakhstan and China's Department of Culture, in Beijing.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Upon returning to Kazakhstan after the completion of "Singer 2017", he was welcomed with a congratulatory event in Astana.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Following "Singer 2017," Dinmuhammed appeared and performed on numerous TV shows and public events in China, Kazakhstan and France.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: His performances in France included his performance of "SOS d'un terrien en détresse" in the popular France 2 TV show "Les Années Bonheur"; his charity performances at the "Global Gift Galas" in Paris and Cannes (to which he was invited by the foundation's Honorary Chair Eva Longoria); at the Cannes Film Festival. and at the "Ruhani Zhangyru" UNESCO Gala in Paris.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 27 June 2017 he held his first large-scale solo concert "Bastau" ("Beginning") in Astana, Kazakhstan. Most of the three-hour concert was accompanied by a live orchestra; guest singers included Terry Lin, Loreen, Sophie Ellis-Bextor and Marat Aitimov; and Dinmuhammed performed duets with Maira Mukhamedkyzy, Kristina Orbakaitė and with his parents, Svetlana Aitbayeva and Kanat Aitbayev. Along with popular pieces from "Singer 2017" and pre-"Singer", he also debuted his new songs "My Star" (), "Without You" (), "Last Word" (), and "Leyla" (). "Bastau" was well-received and sold out to a crowd of around 30,000 people.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In July, Dinmuhammed's new song "Ocean over Time" () was released in China as the theme song for the game "Moonlight Blade", that later won a Hollywood Music in Media Award. In the same month he sang at the Closing Ceremony of Slavic Bazaar in Vitebsk, Belarus, where his international career had started in 2015 and performed several songs for the audience of the 2017 Eurasia International Film Festival and its honorary guests Nicolas Cage and Adrien Brody.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 16 September, Dimash performed as the headliner at the Gakku Open-Air Festival in Almaty, to a crowd of 150,000 people. Prior to this event, his highest recorded note was G#7 in whistle register, on par with Mariah Carey. At the Gakku Festival, he surpassed himself by hitting D8 during "Unforgettable Day".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In 2017 the Kazakh figure skater Denis Ten, who was an Olympic medalist and friend of Dinmuhammed, began using his rendition of "SOS d'un terrien en détresse" for his skating programs.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In 2018, Dinmuhammed continued having numerous performances in China. To highlight a few: he performed "Flight of the Bumblebee" and "Auld Lang Syne" (in Mandarin), accompanied by pianists Wu Muye and Maksim Mrvica, at the CCTV Spring Festival Gala; "Jasmine" in a duet with the Grammy-winner Wu Tong at the Chinese New Year Gala; a rendition of Lionel Richie's "Hello" as a guest performer at "Singer 2018"; and "Daididau", accompanied by an orchestra, at the One Belt One Road Gala. He was invited as guest and performer at the "Choose Big Star" variety show; performed "You and Me" in a duet with Wáng Lì at the Chinese Mid Autumn Festival, and premiered his first English single "Screaming" at the "Idol Hits" show. In December he performed his own composition "Unforgettable Day" at the Miss World 2018 Final, and Celine Dion's "My Heart Will Go On" at the Hainan International Film Festival.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed also participated in the "PhantaCity" short video play, in which he starred as the main actor and performed "If I Never Breathe Again" and "When You Believe".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He held three solo concerts in 2018: two "D-Dynasty" concerts in Fuzhou, and Shenzhen; and a solo concert in London, within the scope of the "Kazakhstan Day of Culture".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In May, Dinmuhammed performed at the 71st Cannes Film Festival. In July, he appeared at the Slavic Bazaar 2018 in Vitebsk, Belarus, as a judge and guest performer, and sang "SOS d'un terrien en détresse". In September, he participated as a guest at the international contest for young pop singers New Wave in Sochi, Russia, where he performed "Sinful Passion" for the first time, and sang "Adagio" at the closing ceremony.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In November 2018 his collaboration with the renowned Russian composer Igor Krutoy started with their first single "Love of Tired Swans" (, ""Lyubov' ustavshikh lebedey""). Many performances in Russia followed and in December, at the annual "Pesnya Goda" Gala in Moscow, "Love of Tired Swans" was awarded one of the best songs of 2018.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In January, he joined the "Super Vocal" TV competition for classical singers in China as a member of the judges.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In early 2019, Dinmuhammed participated in the CBS talent competition "The World's Best", in which he was presented to the US audience as the "Six Octave Man" and "man with the world's widest vocal range". He performed "SOS d'un terrien en détresse" in the audition round and "All by Myself" in the battle round. Despite being listed as front-runner, Dinmuhammed withdrew from the competition in the champions round (semi-final), citing that he wished to leave the opportunity to younger performers, and after withdrawing he performed "Adagio" (the other two contestants of this round were the 13-year-old Indian pianist Lydian Nadhaswaram and the 12-year-old Kazakh singer Daneliya Tuleshova).


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 13 June 2019, he released his first album, "iD", in China. It reached platinum status within 37 seconds after release, and triple-platinum within the first hour.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He held his second large-scale solo concert, "Arnau", in the Astana Arena in Nur-Sultan, Kazakhstan, on 29 June 2019, and the sell-out performance attracted 40,000 people.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In 2019, he continued his collaboration with Igor Krutoy with the songs "Mademoiselle Hyde", "Love is Like a Dream" "("), "Know" "()", "Olimpico" "(also known as "Ogni Pietra")", "Where Love Lives" "()", "Passione", "Ulisse" (duet with Aida Garifullina) and "Ti Amo Così" (with Aida Garifullina and Lara Fabian), "Love of Tired Swans" "(") . In October and November, he joined Krutoy as a guest performer on the "Igor Krutoy Anniversary Tour", performing in New York City, Dubai, Minsk, and Düsseldorf.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 5 December 2019, Dinmuhammed was awarded "Best Vocalist in Classical Music" and won a Special Prize for "Discovery of the Year" at the Russian National Music Awards "Victoria" that are considered the Russian equivalent to the Grammy Awards.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed gave his first solo concert in the USA on 10 December 2019. The show was titled "Arnau Envoy" and took place at the Barclays Center in New York. The venue was sold out with 19,000 spectators from 63 countries.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Among Dinmuhammed's 2019 performances in Russia were his guest performances at the New Wave in Sochi, his headlining performance at the closing ceremony of the WorldSkills championships in Kazan, and the Igor Krutoy Anniversary Gala on Ice in Moscow.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He also had more performances in China, including a Queen medley that he performed with the "Super Vocal" finalists at "Singer 2019"; a headlining performance at the Mount Emei Music Festival; at the Asian Culture Carnival; at the Opening Ceremony of the Jackie Chan International Action Film Week; at the Closing and Award Ceremony of the Silk Road International Film Festival; and a guest performance at "Masked Singer China".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Other international performances included the premiere of his song "Olimpico" (also known as "Ogni Pietra") at the Opening Ceremony of the European Games in Minsk, Belarus; and he represented Kazakhstan at the 2019 ABU TV Song Festival in Tokyo, Japan, performing "SOS d'un terrien en détresse".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In early 2020, he appeared on two movie soundtracks, singing "Hāi pí yíxià" () for "Vanguard" and "Across Endless Dimensions", theme song of "".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In February his "Arnau" Europe Tour started, but was interrupted in March due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In May, he performed on live stream at Tokyo Jazz Festival (), and in June appeared on CCTV1's "Everlasting Classics" () singing Tang Dynasty poetry by Zhang Jiuling.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 18 June 2020, IPZUSA, a company based in New Jersey, officially announced on its website that a contract had been signed with Dinmuhammed, to provide family-focused management, representation and consulting.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 30 September 2020, it was announced that Dinmuhammed would debut a Kazakh language song, being the first artist from Kazakhstan to appear on the official YouTube channel of MTV USA.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: His songs continued to be ranked in the Top 5 by MTV USA Livestream for the next 10 weeks from 2 October to 18 December 2020.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Interviews were broadcast on MTV USA Youtube Livestream with Dinmuhammed and Host Kevan Kenney between December 2020 and February 2021.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In November 2020 Dinmuhammed was interviewed for Muz-TV, answering questions about his career and life.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 3 December 2020, it was announced that Dinmuhammed would be presenting his first online digital concert on a global streaming platform, Tixr.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: The online concert "Dimash Digital Show" was to be a charity event, with part of the proceeds donated to Project C.U.R.E.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In December 2020, Dinmuhammed released his new music video for "I Miss You" with the collaboration of the Russian director Evgeny Kuritsyn.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: His performance of "SOS d'un terrien en détresse", "War and Peace", along with 15 other songs, marked the artist's collaboration with Project C.U.R.E.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Later that week two special performances (on 17 January, "Samaltau", and on 20 January, "SOS d'un terrien en détresse") performed by Dinmuhammed were streamed by Sister Cities International for their 2021 Online Annual Gala Event, with the theme "All Roads Lead to Diplomacy".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 31 January 2021, the single "Golden" music video by Dinmuhammed made its official debut via the Tixr American streaming platform immediately following the encore of the "Dimash Digital Show" on the same day.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: From 15 January to 4 June 2021, Dinmuhammed continually received a Top 5 ranking from the MTV USA Friday Livestream.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: For 29 Weeks, from October 2020 to June 2021, there have been five top rated Dinmuhammed music videos streamed by MTV USA Friday Livestream to the North American market and around the world.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In March 2021 and May 2021 Dinmuhammed released videos of his singles for Kazakhstan celebrations, "Golden" for Nauryz, along with "Amanat" and "Kieli Meken", and "Qairan Elim" for the Unity Day.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In May 2021, he also released a new music video for "Across Endless Dimensions", the OST for the Italian movie "Creators: The Past".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In April 2021 Dinmuhammed released the single "Be With Me" and a new music video. The song originally premiered during his "Dimash Digital Show" on 16 January 2021.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In June 2021, Dinmuhammed released a new instrumental "River of Love" along with eminent Kazakh composer, Renat Gaissin.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In November 2021, Dimash Dinmuhammed's song "Fly Away" took 6th place on Billboard's Hot Trending Songs, making the track one of the top 10 most mentioned songs on Twitter.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Also in November 2021, he performed "Ikanaide" () or "Don't Go" by Kōji Tamaki for the 20th Tokyo Jazz Festival. It was his first song in Japanese.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dimash held his first solo live concert since the pandemic in Dubai, UAE on March 25, 2022 at the Coca-Cola Arena. Then resumed two of his Arnau tour in Düsseldorf on April 9, 2022, and Prague on April 16, 2022.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In July Dimash announced his new concert tour Stranger to be held in Almaty, Kazakhstan on September 23, 2022 at the Central Stadium in the city.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed is well-recognized for his extremely wide and developed vocal range. His sung range expands 6 octaves and 2 semitones, from C2 to C6 to F♯6 and, finally, D8. This sequence shows his lowest note sung in vocal fry and chest voice, his highest note hit with his full modal voice, his highest note hit using falsetto, and his highest overall note, hit using the whistle register.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In terms of full notes hit, Dimash has used growls and frys to hit spoken notes around and below C2, some of which may or may not be counted as part of his range. This includes an E♭2, an A1 and an F♯1, various other frys around E♭2 and D2, a G♯1 and a B♭1. Therefore, if counted, those notes make his range expand to 6 octaves and 8 semitones.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed sings in multiple musical genres. His main genre is classical crossover, but he also sings classical music (bel canto), pop, folk and world music. He uses musical elements, and vocal styles and techniques of many other genres, including jazz, rock (e.g. screams), RnB, musical theater, and rap.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed has been a model for fashion labels and for "Lifestyle" and "Fashion" magazines. He was on the magazine covers of "Men's Health", "Southern Metropolis", "Starbox", "Easy", "L’Officiel Hommes", "Ivyplume", "Chic", "Chic Teen", and "Elle". He was also featured in photo series of other magazines, including "Cosmopolitan" and "OnlyLady", and in fashion videos for e.g. "Elle Shop" and "Cosmopolitan".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed is the initiator in 2018 of the annual Kazah "Baqytty Bala" Children's Singing Contest. He also served as a jury member for "Bala Dausy", "Slavic Bazaar", "Super Vocal" and New Wave.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed calls his fans "Dears", which he explains in his own words as follows: "They are so devoted and give me so much support! So they are very dear to me. They are like family to me. Just as we love every member of the family, I love and cherish my fans and call them my dears."


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In November 2021, it was announced that a museum dedicated to Dimash Dinmuhammed will be established in the singer's home city, Aktobe, Kazakhstan.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In 2015, Dimash Dinmuhammed gave a charitable concert, named "From Heart to Heart", in Atyrau, Kazakhstan, to provide essential medical treatment for a 5-year-old girl. He was joined by the Kazakh pop singer Dosymzhan Tanatarov for the event.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed gave benefit performances at the Grand Charity Ball 2015, in the Kazakhstan cities of Shymkent, Kyzylorda and Uralsk. The events were organized by the Alpamys Sharimov Foundation, and the funds were donated to children with hearing and speech impairment.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In early 2016 he joined the Kazakh "Do Good" campaign that provides help for people with disabilities, illnesses and in financial need.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In 2016, he also gave a benefit performance at the "100 Grandmas and Grandpas" Charity Evening of the "Zaman Are We" Project in Astana, Kazakhstan. The elderly of the regional retirement homes were invited as honorary guests and the funds of the event were used for social, economic and medical help for elderly residents.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed donated all profits of his 2016 "Unforgettable Day" concert, held in his home town Aktobe, to a regional charity organization. With the funds of the concert, seven families in need were supplied with water, utilities, medical care and clothing. A wheelchair accessible ramp was also set up for a wheelchair-using resident.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He gave a benefit performance at the Grand Charity Ball 2016, in Uralsk, Kazakhstan. The teenage students of the local boarding school for visually impaired students were invited as honorary guests of the Ball. Several of these students performed a song on stage with him, and Dinmuhammed also danced, in the Waltz part of the event, with the visually impaired invited guests. The Grand Charity Ball was organized by the Alpamys Sharimov Foundation, and the funds were donated to children with visual impairments, to this boarding school and to the regional orphanage.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: At the Top Chinese Music Awards 2017, within the "Love Recycling" Campaign, he donated the suit from his first performance at Hunan Television's "Singer" 2017 competition. The suit was auctioned by the Jingdong Platform and all the proceeds were donated to the Care of Children Foundation for children with blood lead poisoning.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed gave charitable performances at the Global Gift Galas 2017 in Paris and Cannes. He was invited by Eva Longoria, Honorary Chair of the Global Gift Foundation. The Foundation provides social and economic help to children, families and women in situations of need.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed hosted a live broadcast for the Live Connection Challenge, a live stream charity campaign launched by Hongdou Live and Weibo Public Welfare. The campaign income was donated to the Audiology Development Foundation of China whose goal is to provide hearing and language rehabilitation for people with hearing impairment.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed donated an autographed dombra to an auction of the Smile Angel Foundation, a Chinese charity which aims to help children born with cleft lips and palates.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: A charitable performance was given at the Grand Charity Ball 2017 in Uralsk hosted by the Alpamys Sharimov Foundation. It was held under the motto "Love for All" and the profits were donated to seriously ill people in Kazakhstan.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed gave a charity performance at the "Chinese National Wind Charity Concert", in Beijing, that was held under the motto "Pray for the Year". It was hosted by the China Children's Fund and the China Youth Foundation. The funds from the concert were used to enable music classes in rural Chinese primary schools that could not afford them.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: He gave another charitable performance at the Villa International "Beauty Touching" charity event that was jointly hosted by the China Children and Teenagers Fund and "Bridge Culture" (supported by the China Intangible Cultural Heritage Protection Association).


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed became goodwill ambassador of the "Listen Project" by the Audiology Development Foundation of China Trust Fund that provides hearing aid devices and education to hearing-impaired children.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: A charitable performance was given at the Opening Gala of the Kazakh Snow Leopard Foundation whose goal is to save the endangered population and to preserve their natural habitat by creating protected areas.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 19 November 2018, Dinmuhammed gave a solo concert in London, UK, during the Great Britain's Days of Kazakhstan Culture. All proceeds went to promote young talent from Kazakhstan and sponsor youth participation in prestigious international contests.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Within the frame of the Shanghai Pet Adoption Day 2019, he became a supporter of the "Love is Home" initiative that aims to improve awareness and to increase adoptions of stray animals.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On his 25th birthday he visited a nursing home for the elderly and the physically impaired in his hometown Aktobe. As it is customary for him on his birthday since his school days, he brought gifts and spent time with the residents. He also performed for them a cappella.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: A few days before his "Arnau" Concert of 29 June 2019, in Astana, Kazakhstan, there were explosions near the Kazakhstan city of Arys that caused injuries and casualties. Dinmuhammed decided to donate funds from his concert to the victims.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: When he was in the Russian city of Kazan for his performance at the WorldSkills 2019, he visited the local children's hospice to see a seriously ill fan who couldn't attend Dinmuhammed's concert due to chemotherapy.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: When he was in Kyiv, Ukraine, for his Arnau Tour, he donated clothes and other belongings to an auction for the Ukrainian Okhmatdyt Center for Pedriatric Toxicology that aims to save the lives of children with acute poisoning, and also enables hemodialysis for children with low weight, heart problems and unstable blood pressure.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: During COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan, Dinmuhammed provided 102 needy families in Nur-Sultan and Aktobe with five tons of food.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 7 October 2020, Dinmuhammed announced his partnership with Michael Kors in support of the charity campaign "Food Is Love" with the United Nations World Food Programme (WFP).


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: Dinmuhammed and his fans actively participated in the PR campaign during October and November, to draw people's attention to the problem of world hunger through support for the WFP.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: In December 2020 a director of Project C.U.R.E., Melisa Espositi, announced Dinmuhammed as their new Global Ambassador and organized a ticket giveaway for the "Dimash Digital Show" charity concert.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 5 January 2021, it was announced that for the first time in the history of relations between the United States and Kazakhstan, a Kazakh artist, Dimash Dinmuhammed was to take part in the annual Sister Cities International (SCI) event, opening the week of celebrations for the inauguration of the newly elected President of the United States, and included award presentations for the 2020 "Eisenhower Peace Prize" and the "Distinguished Leadership".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 16 January 2021, with encore performances until 23 January, as well as on 31 January, the "Dimash Digital Show" charity concert streamed on Tixr with funds being donated to Project C.U.R.E.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On 10 March 2021, Dinmuhammed took part in Project C.U.R.E.'s International Women's Day with his video of "We Are One".


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: At that time, the president of Project C.U.R.E., Dr Douglas Jackson, confirmed that partial proceeds of the "Dimash Digital Show" had been donated to healthcare in Kazakhstan.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: On September 14, 2022, Dimash Dinmuhammed met with Pope Francis and received a commemorative medal from him about the pontiff's visit to the VII Congress of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions in Nur-Sultan.


title: Dimash Kudaibergen

text: During the 2022 Kazakh protests, Dinmuhammed published an Instagram post on 4 January 2022 calling for a peaceful solution to the issues raised by the protesters as well as internal stability and calmness. Dinmuhammed was one of the very few Kazakh celebrities to comment on the protests. On 5 January 2022, Dinmuhammed's account went offline without any explanation. He had over 3 million followers and was one of most followed Kazakh accounts on the platform. On 6 January, his producer and composer Igor Krutoy claimed in a comment on his own Instagram account that Dinmuhammed's account had been put offline following the events.


title: Original video animation

text: , abbreviated as OVA and sometimes as OAV (original animation video), are Japanese animated films and series made specially for release in home video formats without prior showings on television or in theaters, though the first part of an OVA series may be broadcast for promotional purposes. OVA titles were originally made available on VHS, later becoming more popular on LaserDisc and eventually DVD. Starting in 2008, the term OAD (original animation DVD) began to refer to DVD releases published bundled with their source-material manga.


title: Original video animation

text: Like anime made for television broadcast, OVAs are sub-divided into episodes. OVA media (tapes, laserdiscs or DVDs) usually contain just one episode each. Episode length varies from title to title: each episode may run from a few minutes to two hours or more. An episode length of 30 minutes occurs quite commonly, but no standard length exists. In some cases, the length of episodes in a specific OVA may vary greatly, for example in "GaoGaiGar FINAL", the first 7 episodes last around 30 minutes, while the last episode lasts 50 minutes; the OVA "Key the Metal Idol" consists of 15 separate episodes, ranging in length from 20 minutes to nearly two hours each; The OVA "Hellsing Ultimate" had released 10 episodes, ranging from 42 minutes to 56 minutes. An OVA series can run anywhere from a single episode (essentially a direct-to-video movie) to dozens of episodes in length. The longest OVA series ever made, "Legend of the Galactic Heroes", spanned 110 main episodes and 52 gaiden episodes.


title: Original video animation

text: Many popular series first appear animated as an OVA, and later grow to become television series or movies. "Tenchi Muyo!", for example, began as an OVA but went on to spawn several TV series, three movies, and numerous other spin-offs. Producers make other OVA releases as sequels, side stories, music-video collections, or bonus episodes that continue existing as television series or films, such as "Love Hina Again" and "Wolf's Rain".


title: Original video animation

text: OVA titles generally have a much higher budget per episode than in a television series; therefore the technical quality of animation can generally surpass that in television series; occasionally it even equals that of animated movies.


title: Original video animation

text: OVA titles have a reputation for detailed plots and character-development, which can result from the greater creative freedom offered to writers and directors relative to other formats. This also allows for animated adaptations of manga to reflect their source material more faithfully. Since OVA episodes and series have no fixed conventional length, OVA directors can use however much time they like to tell the story. Time becomes available to expand upon significant background, character, and plot development. This contrasts with television episodes (which must end somewhere between 22 and 26 minutes) and with films (which rarely last more than two hours). In the same way, no pressure exists to produce "filler content" to extend a short plot into a full television series. The producers of OVA titles generally target a specific audience, rather than the more mass-market audience of films and television series, or may feel less constrained by content-restrictions and censorship (such as for violence, nudity, and language) often placed on television series. For example, the "Kissxsis" OVA series generally contains more sexual themes than its television counterpart.


title: Original video animation

text: Much OVA-production aims at an audience of male anime enthusiasts. Bandai Visual stated in a 2004 news release (for their new OVAs aimed at women) that about 50% of the customers who had bought their anime DVDs in the past fell into the category of 25- to 40-year-old men, with only 13% of purchasers women, even with all ages included. These statistics cover Bandai Visual anime DVDs in general, not just OVAs, but they show the general tendency at this point. Nikkei Business Publications also stated in a news-release that mainly 25- to 40-year-old adults bought anime DVDs. Few OVAs specifically target female audiences, but "Earthian" exemplifies the exceptions.


title: Original video animation

text: Some OVAs based on television series (and especially those based on manga) may provide closure to the plot – closure not present in the original series. The "Rurouni Kenshin" OVAs, to name one series, exemplified numerous aspects of OVAs; they were slightly based on chapters of the author Nobuhiro Watsuki's manga that had not been adapted into the anime television series, had higher-quality animation, were much more violent, and were executed in a far more dark and realistic style than the TV episodes or the manga.


title: Original video animation

text: Dark realism featured in Masami Kurumada's famous manga "Saint Seiya". The anime adapted two of the three arcs in Kurumada's manga—the project to adapt the third arc to the anime never started. As Kurumada had completed his manga in 1991, its third act was finally adapted to anime, releasing the episodes as OVAs, starting in 2003 and finishing in 2008, at last adapting Kurumada's manga completely to anime.


title: Original video animation

text: Most OVA titles run for four to eight episodes, and some only have one. They tend to have a complex and continuous plot, best enjoyed if all episodes are viewed in sequence. This contrasts with television series, which generally have many short "mini-stories" that happen to be related somehow, rather than a unified plot. Many OVA titles can be thought of as "long films" that just happen to be released in parts. Release schedules vary: some series may progress as slowly as 1–2 episodes per year. Some OVA titles with a lengthy release-schedule ended up unfinished due to lack of fan support and sales.


title: Original video animation

text: Many one-episode OVAs exist as well. Typically, such an OVA provides a side-story to a popular TV series (such as "Detective Conan" OVAs). At an early stage in the history of the OVA (1980s) many one-episode OVAs appeared. Hundreds of manga that were popular but not enough to gain TV series were granted one-shot (or otherwise extremely short) OVA episodes. When these one-shot OVAs prove popular enough, a network can use the OVA as a pilot to an anime series.


title: Original video animation

text: OVAs originated during the early 1980s. As the VCR became a widespread fixture in Japanese homes, the Japanese anime industry grew to behemoth proportions. Demand for anime became massive, so much so that consumers would willingly go directly to video stores to buy new animation outright. While people in the United States use the phrase "direct-to-video" as a pejorative for works that could not make it onto television or movie screens, in Japan the demand was so great that direct-to-video became a necessity. Many popular and influential series such as "Bubblegum Crisis" (1987–1991) and "Tenchi Muyo!" (1992–2005) were released directly to video as OVAs.


title: Original video animation

text: The earliest known attempt to release an OVA involved Osamu Tezuka's "The Green Cat" (part of the Lion Books series) in 1983, although it cannot count as the first OVA: there is no evidence that the VHS tape became available immediately and the series remained incomplete. Therefore, the first official OVA release to be billed as such was 1983's "Dallos", directed by Mamoru Oshii and released by Bandai. Other famous early OVAs, premiering shortly thereafter, were "Fight! Iczer One" and the original "Megazone 23". Other companies were quick to pick up on the idea, and the mid-to-late 1980s saw the market flooded with OVAs. During this time, most OVA series were new, stand-alone titles.


title: Original video animation

text: In the 1980s during Japan's economic bubble, production companies were more than willing to spontaneously decide to make a one- or two-part OVA. They paid money to anime studios, who then haphazardly created an OVA to be released to rental shops. Judging from sales, should a longer series be deemed feasible, TV networks paid for most of the production costs of the entire series.


title: Original video animation

text: As the Japanese economy worsened in the 1990s, the flood of new OVA titles diminished to a trickle. Production of OVAs continued, but in smaller numbers. Many anime television series ran an economical 13 episodes rather than the traditional 26-episodes per season. New titles were often designed to be released to TV if they approached these lengths. In addition, the rising popularity of cable and satellite TV networks (with their typically less strict censorship rules) allowed the public to see direct broadcasts of many new titles—something that previously would have been impossible. Therefore, many violent, risque, and fan service series became regular TV series, when previously those titles would have been OVAs. During this time period most OVA content was limited to that related to existing and established titles.


title: Original video animation

text: However, in 2000 and later, a new OVA trend began. Producers released many TV series without normal broadcasts of all of the episodes—but releasing some episodes on the DVD release of the series. Examples of this include the DVD-only 25th episode of "Love Hina", while several episodes of the "Oh My Goddess" TV series are DVD-only. In addition, the final episode of "Excel Saga" was offered only as an OVA, mostly due to content issues that would have made TV broadcast impossible. In these cases the series as a whole cannot be called an OVA, though certain episodes are. This trend is becoming quite common, and furthermore, many recent OVA series pre-broadcast the episodes and release the DVD with unedited and better quality, along with revised animations—thus further blurring the boundary between TV and video anime.


title: Spaghetti

text: Spaghetti () is a long, thin, solid, cylindrical pasta. It is a staple food of traditional Italian cuisine. Like other pasta, spaghetti is made of milled wheat and water and sometimes enriched with vitamins and minerals. Italian spaghetti is typically made from durum wheat semolina. Usually the pasta is white because refined flour is used, but whole wheat flour may be added. "Spaghettoni" is a thicker form of spaghetti, while "spaghettini" is a thinner form. "Capellini" is a very thin spaghetti, sometimes known colloquially as "angel hair pasta".


title: Spaghetti

text: Originally, spaghetti was notably long, but shorter lengths gained in popularity during the latter half of the 20th century and now it is most commonly available in 25-30cm lengths. A variety of pasta dishes are based on it and it is frequently served with tomato sauce, meat or vegetables.


title: Spaghetti

text: "Spaghetti" is the plural form of the Italian word "spaghetto", which is a diminutive of "spago", meaning "thin string" or "twine".


title: Spaghetti

text: The first written record of pasta comes from the Talmud in the 5th century AD and refers to dried pasta that could be cooked through boiling, which was conveniently portable. Some historians think that Arabs introduced pasta to Europe during a conquest of Sicily. In the West, it may have first been worked into long, thin forms in Sicily around the 12th century, as the Tabula Rogeriana of Muhammad al-Idrisi attested, reporting some traditions about the Sicilian kingdom.


title: Spaghetti

text: The popularity of spaghetti spread throughout Italy after the establishment of spaghetti factories in the 19th century, enabling the mass production of spaghetti for the Italian market.


title: Spaghetti

text: In the United States around the end of the 19th century, spaghetti was offered in restaurants as "Spaghetti Italienne" (which likely consisted of noodles cooked past "al dente", and a mild tomato sauce flavored with easily found spices and vegetables such as cloves, bay leaves, and garlic) and it was not until decades later that it came to be commonly prepared with oregano or basil.


title: Spaghetti

text: Spaghetti is made from ground grain (flour) and water. Whole-wheat and multigrain spaghetti are also available.


title: Spaghetti

text: At its simplest, imitation spaghetti can be formed using no more than a rolling pin and a knife. A home pasta machine simplifies the rolling and makes the cutting more uniform. But of course cutting sheets produces pasta with a rectangular rather than a cylindrical cross-section and the result is a variant of fettuccine. Some pasta machines have a spaghetti attachment with circular holes that extrude spaghetti or shaped rollers that form cylindrical noodles.


title: Spaghetti

text: Spaghetti can be made by hand by manually rolling a ball of dough on a surface to make a long sausage shape. The ends of the sausage are pulled apart to make a long thin sausage. The ends are brought together and the loop pulled to make two long sausages. The process is repeated until the pasta is sufficiently thin. The pasta knobs at each end are cut off leaving many strands which may be hung up to dry.


title: Spaghetti

text: Fresh spaghetti would normally be cooked within hours of being formed. Commercial versions of fresh spaghetti are manufactured.


title: Spaghetti

text: The bulk of dried spaghetti is produced in factories using auger extruders. While essentially simple, the process requires attention to detail to ensure that the mixing and kneading of the ingredients produces a homogeneous mix, without air bubbles. The forming dies have to be water cooled to prevent spoiling of the pasta by overheating. Drying of the newly formed spaghetti has to be carefully controlled to prevent strands sticking together, and to leave it with sufficient moisture so that it is not too brittle. Packaging for protection and display has developed from paper wrapping to plastic bags and boxes.


title: Spaghetti

text: Fresh or dry spaghetti is cooked in a large pot of salted, boiling water and then drained in a colander ().


title: Spaghetti

text: In Italy, spaghetti is generally cooked "al dente" (Italian for "to the tooth"), fully cooked but still firm to the bite. It may also be cooked to a softer consistency.


title: Spaghetti

text: "Spaghettoni" is a thicker spaghetti which takes more time to cook. "Spaghettini" is a thinner form which takes less time to cook. "Capellini" is a very thin form of spaghetti (it is also called "angel hair spaghetti" or "angel hair pasta") which cooks very quickly.


title: Spaghetti

text: An emblem of Italian cuisine, spaghetti is frequently served with tomato sauce, which may contain various herbs (especially oregano and basil), olive oil, meat, or vegetables. Other spaghetti preparations include amatriciana or carbonara. Grated hard cheeses, such as Pecorino Romano, Parmesan and Grana Padano, are often sprinkled on top.


title: Spaghetti

text: In the United States, it is sometimes served with chili con carne. Unlike in Italy, in other countries spaghetti is often served with Bolognese sauce.


title: Spaghetti

text: In the Philippines, a popular variant is the Filipino spaghetti, which is distinctively sweet with the tomato sauce sweetened with banana ketchup or sugar. It typically uses a large amount of "giniling" (ground meat), sliced hotdogs, and cheese. The dish dates back to the period between the 1940s to the 1960s. During the American Commonwealth Period, a shortage of tomato supplies in the Second World War forced the development of the banana ketchup. Spaghetti was introduced by the Americans and was tweaked to suit the local Filipino predilection for sweet dishes.


title: Spaghetti

text: By 1955, annual consumption of spaghetti in Italy doubled from per person before World War II to . By that year, Italy produced 1,432,990 tons of spaghetti, of which 74,000 were exported, and had a production capacity of 3 million tons.


title: Spaghetti

text: Pasta provides carbohydrates, along with some protein, iron, dietary fiber, potassium and B vitamins. Pasta prepared with whole wheat grain provides more dietary fiber than that prepared with degermed flour.


title: Spaghetti

text: The world record for the largest bowl of spaghetti was set in March 2009 and reset in March 2010 when a Buca di Beppo restaurant in Garden Grove, California, filled a swimming pool with more than of pasta.


title: Spaghetti

text: The term Spaghetti Western was used by American critics and those in other countries because most of the Western movies made in Europe were produced and directed by Italians.


title: Spaghetti

text: The BBC television program "Panorama" featured a hoax program about the spaghetti harvest in Switzerland on April Fools' Day, 1957.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Nat Turner's Rebellion, historically known as the Southampton Insurrection, was a rebellion of enslaved Virginians that took place in Southampton County, Virginia, in August 1831. Led by Nat Turner, the rebels killed between 55 and 65 White people, making it the deadliest slave revolt in U.S. history." The rebellion was effectively suppressed within a few days, at Belmont Plantation on the morning of August 23, but Turner survived in hiding for more than two months afterward.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: There was widespread fear amongst the White population in the aftermath of the rebellion. Militia and mobs killed as many as 120 enslaved people and freed African Americans in retaliation. After trials, the Commonwealth of Virginia executed 56 enslaved people accused of participating in the rebellion, including Turner himself; many Black people who had not participated were also persecuted in the frenzy. Because Turner was educated and was a preacher, Southern state legislatures subsequently passed new laws prohibiting the education of enslaved people and free Black people, restricting rights of assembly and other civil liberties for free Black people, and requiring White ministers to be present at all worship services.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Lonnie Bunch, director of the National Museum of African American History and Culture, said, "The Nat Turner rebellion is probably the most significant uprising in American history."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Nat Turner (October 2, 1800 – November 11, 1831) was an enslaved African-American preacher who organized and led the four-day rebellion of enslaved and free Black people in Southampton County, Virginia, in 1831. Turner was born into slavery in Southampton County, a rural plantation area with more Black people than White. Turner knew little about the background of his father, who was believed to have escaped from slavery when Turner was a child.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Benjamin Turner, the man who enslaved Nat and his family, called the infant Nat in his records. He was known simply as Nat but after the 1831 rebellion he was widely referred to as Nat Turner. When Benjamin Turner died in 1810, his son Samuel Turner inherited Nat as property under the laws of the time, which made slavery legal.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner learned how to read and write at a young age. He was identified as having "natural intelligence and quickness of apprehension, surpassed by few." He grew up deeply religious and was often seen fasting, praying, or immersed in reading the stories of the Bible. He frequently had visions that he interpreted as messages from God, and which influenced his life.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: At age 21, he escaped from Samuel Turner. After becoming delirious from hunger and receiving a vision that told him to "return to the service of my earthly master", he returned a month later. Turner married an enslaved woman named Cherry and had children. However, the family was separated after Samuel Turner's death in 1823; Nat was sold to Thomas Moore, and his wife and children were sold to Giles Reese.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In 1824, he had a second vision while working in the fields for Moore. In it, "the Saviour was about to lay down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and the great day of judgment was at hand".


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner often conducted religious services, preaching the Bible to his fellow enslaved people who dubbed him "The Prophet". In addition to Blacks, Turner garnered White followers such as Etheldred T. Brantley, whom Turner was credited with having convinced to "cease from his wickedness".


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: By the spring of 1828, Turner was convinced that he "was ordained for some great purpose in the hands of the Almighty". He "heard a loud noise in the heavens" while working in Moore's fields on May 12 "and the Spirit instantly appeared to me and said the Serpent was loosened, and Christ had laid down the yoke he had borne for the sins of men, and that I should take it on and fight against the Serpent, for the time was fast approaching when the first should be last and the last should be first". Historian and theologian Joseph Dreis later wrote: "In connecting this vision to the motivation for his rebellion, Turner makes it clear that he sees himself as participating in the confrontation between God's Kingdom and the anti-Kingdom that characterized his social-historical context."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In 1830, Joseph Travis purchased Turner; Turner later recalled that he was "a kind master" who had "placed the greatest confidence" in him.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: After the rebellion, a reward notice described him as:5 feet 6 or 8 inches [168–173 cm] high, weighs between 150 and 160 pounds [68–73 kg], rather "bright" [light-colored] complexion, but not a mulatto, broad shoulders, larger flat nose, large eyes, broad flat feet, rather knockneed ["sic"], walks brisk and active, hair on the top of the head very thin, no beard, except on the upper lip and the top of the chin, a scar on one of his temples, also one on the back of his neck, a large knot on one of the bones of his right arm, near the wrist, produced by a blow.Turner spent his entire life in Southampton County.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner began communicating his plans to a small circle of trusted fellow slaves. "All his initial recruits were other slaves from his neighborhood". The neighborhood men had to find ways to communicate their intentions without revealing the plot. Songs may have tipped the neighborhood members to movements. "It is believed that one of the ways Turner summoned fellow conspirators to the woods was through the use of particular songs."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner eagerly anticipated God's signal to "slay my enemies with their own weapons". He began preparations for an uprising against the enslavers in Southampton County. Turner said, "I communicated the great work laid out to do, to four in whom I had the greatest confidence," fellow slaves Henry, Hark, Nelson, and Sam.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Beginning in February 1831, Turner saw certain atmospheric conditions as a sign to begin preparations for a rebellion of slaves against their enslavers. On February 12, 1831, an annular solar eclipse was visible in Virginia and much of the southeastern United States. He believed the eclipse to be a sign that it was time to revolt. Turner envisioned this as a Black man's hand reaching over the sun.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner originally planned to begin the rebellion on Independence Day, July 4, 1831, but he had fallen ill and used the delay for additional planning with his co-conspirators. On August 13, an atmospheric disturbance made the Virginia sun appear bluish-green, possibly the result of a volcanic plume produced by the eruption of Ferdinandea Island off the coast of Sicily. Turner took this, like the eclipse months earlier, as a divine signal, and he began his rebellion a week later, on August 21.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Starting with several trusted fellow slaves, he ultimately enlisted more than seventy enslaved and free Blacks, some of whom were on horseback. The rebels traveled from house to house, freeing enslaved people and killing many of the White people whom they encountered.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Muskets and firearms were too difficult to collect and would gather unwanted attention, so the rebels used knives, hatchets, axes, and blunt instruments. The rebellion did not discriminate by age or sex and the rebels killed White men, women, and children. Nat Turner confessed to killing only one person, Margaret Whitehead, whom he killed with a blow from a fence post.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Historian Stephen B. Oates states that Turner called on his group to "kill all the white people". A newspaper noted, "Turner declared that 'indiscriminate slaughter was not their intention after they attained a foothold, and was resorted to in the first instance to strike terror and alarm.'" The group spared a few homes "because Turner believed the poor White inhabitants 'thought no better of themselves than they did of negroes.'" The Black rebels killed approximately sixty people before they were defeated by the state militia. Eventually, the state militia infantry is able to defeat the insurrection with twice the manpower of the rebels, reinforced by three companies of artillery.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner thought that revolutionary violence would awaken the attitudes of Whites to the reality of the inherent brutality in slave-holding. Turner said he wanted to spread "terror and alarm" among Whites.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Within a day of the suppression of the rebellion, the local militia and three companies of artillery were joined by detachments of men from the and in Norfolk and militias from other counties in Virginia and North Carolina that bordered Southampton County.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In Southampton County, Blacks suspected of participating in the rebellion were beheaded by the militia and "their severed heads were mounted on poles at crossroads as a grisly form of intimidation". A local road (now Virginia State Route 658) was called as "Blackhead Signpost Road" in reference to these events.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Rumors quickly spread that the slave revolt was not limited to Southampton County and had spread as far south as Alabama. Fears led to reports in North Carolina that "armies" of enslaved people were seen on highways, and that they had burned and massacred the White inhabitants of Wilmington, North Carolina, and were marching on the state capital.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Such fear and alarm led to Whites attacking Blacks throughout the South with flimsy cause. The editor of the "Richmond Whig" described the scene as "the slaughter of many blacks without trial and under circumstances of great barbarity". White violence against Black people continued for two weeks after the rebellion had been suppressed. General Eppes ordered troops and White citizens to stop the killing:


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: He will not specify all the instances that he is bound to believe have occurred, but pass in silence what has happened, with the expression of his deepest sorrow, that any necessity should be supposed to have existed, to justify a single act of atrocity. But he feels himself bound to declare, and hereby announces to the troops and citizens, that no excuse will be allowed for any similar acts of violence, after the promulgation of this order.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Reverend G. W. Powell wrote a letter to the "New York Evening Post" stating that "many negroes are killed every day. The exact number will never be known." A company of militia from Hertford County, North Carolina, reportedly killed forty Blacks in one day and took $23 and a gold watch from the dead. Captain Solon Borland led a contingent from Murfreesboro, North Carolina, and he condemned the acts "because it was tantamount to theft from the White owners of the slaves".


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Modern historians concur that the militias and mobs killed as many as 120 Black people, most of whom were not involved with the rebellion.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Turner eluded capture for six weeks but remained in Southampton County. On October 30, a farmer named Benjamin Phipps discovered Turner hiding in a depression in the earth, created by a large, fallen tree covered with fence rails. This was referred to locally as Nat Turner's cave although it was not a natural cave.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: While awaiting trial, Turner confessed his knowledge of the rebellion to attorney Thomas Ruffin Gray.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In the aftermath of the rebellion, dozens of suspected rebels were tried in courts called specifically to hear the cases against the enslaved people. Turner was tried on November 5, 1831, for "conspiring to rebel and making insurrection", and was convicted and sentenced to death. Asked if he regretted what he had done, he responded, "Was Christ not crucified?" Turner was hanged on November 11, 1831, in the county seat of Jerusalem, Virginia (now Courtland). According to some sources, he was beheaded as an example to frighten other would-be rebels.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Most of the trials of Turner's alleged conspirators took place in Southampton County, but some were held in neighboring Sussex County or other nearby counties. During their trial, most enslaved people were found guilty; only fifteen were acquitted. Of the thirty convicted, eighteen were hanged, while twelve were sold out of state. Of the five free Blacks tried for participation in the insurrection, one was hanged while the others were acquitted.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: After his execution, Turner's body was dissected and flayed, with his skin being used to make souvenir purses. In October 1897, Virginia newspapers ran a story about Nat Turner's skeleton was being used a medical specimen by Dr. H. U. Stephenson of Toana, Virginia. Stephenson acquired the skeleton from a son of Dr. S. B. Kellar; Dr. Kellar claimed to have paid Turner $10 for his body while he was in jail. After the execution, Kellar had Turner's bone's scraped and hung as a medical specimen.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In 2002, a skull said to have been Turner's was given to Richard G. Hatcher, the former mayor of Gary, Indiana, for the collection of a civil rights museum he planned to build there. In 2016, Hatcher returned the skull to two of Turner's descendants. Since receiving the skull, the family has temporarily placed it with the Smithsonian Institution, where DNA testing will be done to determine whether it is the authentic remains of Nat Turner. If the test renders positive results, the family plans to bury his remains next to his descendants.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Another skull said to have been Turner's was contributed to the College of Wooster in Ohio upon its incorporation in 1866. When the school's only academic building burned down in 1901, the skull was saved by Dr. H. N. Mateer. Visitors who recalled seeing a certificate, signed by a physician in Southampton County in 1866, that attested to the authenticity of the skull. The skull was eventually misplaced.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: During the rebellion, Virginia legislators targeted free Blacks with a colonization bill, which allocated new funding to remove them to Africa, and a police bill that denied free Blacks trials by jury and made any free Blacks convicted of a crime subject to sale into slavery and relocation.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: At least seven enslavers sent legislative petitions to Virginia's General Assembly for compensation for the loss of their enslaved people without trials during or immediately after the insurrection. They were all rejected.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: The Virginia General Assembly debated the future of slavery the following spring. Some urged gradual emancipation, but the pro-slavery side prevailed after Virginia's leading intellectual, Thomas R. Dew, president of the College of William and Mary, published "a pamphlet defending the wisdom and benevolence of slavery, and the folly of its abolition". The General Assembly passed legislation making it unlawful to teach reading and writing to either enslaved or free Blacks and restricting all Blacks from holding religious meetings without the presence of a licensed White minister.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: Other slave-holding states in the South enacted similar laws restricting activities of both enslaved and free Blacks. Across Virginia and other Southern states, legislators made it against the law for either Whites or Blacks to possess abolitionist publications. South Carolina built a series of arsenals to ensure weapons would be available in the event of another slave rebellion.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: On September 3, 1831, William Lloyd Garrison published an article called "The Insurrection" in the abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator." On September 10, 1831, "The Liberator" published exerts from a letter to the editor saying that many people in the South believed the newspaper had a link to the revolt and that if Garrison were to go to the South, he "would not be permitted to live long...he would be taken away, and no one is the wiser for it...if Mr. Garrison were to go to the South, he would be dispatched immediately...[an] opinion expressed by persons at the South, repeatedly."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In November 1831, Thomas Gray published "The Confessions of Nat Turner". His work was derived partly from research Gray did while Turner was in hiding and partly from jailhouse conversations with Turner before trial. Gray's pamphlet sold 40,000 to 50,000 copies, making it a noted source on the rebellion at the time. However, a November 25, 1831, review of the publication by "The Richmond Enquirer" says:The pamphlet has one defect – we mean its style.  The confession of the culprit is given, as it were, from his own lips – (and when read to him, he admitted its statements to be correct) – but the language is far superior to what Nat Turner could have employed – Portions of it are even eloquently and classically expressed. – This is calculated to cast some shade of doubt over the authenticity of the narrative, and to give the Bandit a character for intelligence which he does not deserve, and ought not to have received. – In all other respects, the confession appears to be faithful and true.Gray's work is the primary historical document regarding Nat Turner but some modern historians, specifically David F. Allmendinger Jr., have also questioned the validity of his portrayal of Turner.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In the aftermath of the revolt, Whites did not try to interpret Turner's motives and ideas. Antebellum enslavers were shocked by the murders and had their fears of rebellions heightened; among them, Turner's name became "a symbol of terrorism and violent retribution." Northern states shared many of the fears show by Southerners; a proposal to create a college for African Americans in New Haven, Connecticut was overwhelmingly rejected in what is now referred to as the New Haven Excitement.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: The fear caused by Nat Turner's insurrection and the concerns raised in the emancipation debates that followed resulted in politicians and writers responding by defining slavery as a "positive good". Such authors included Thomas Roderick Dew, mentioned above. Other Southern writers began to promote a paternalistic ideal of improved Christian treatment of slaves, in part to avoid such rebellions. Dew and others believed that they were civilizing Black people (who by this stage were mostly American-born) through slavery. The writings were collected in (1853).


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: African Americans have generally regarded Turner as a hero of the resistance, who made enslavers pay for the hardships they had caused so many Africans and African Americans.


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: James H. Harris, who has written extensively about the history of the Black church, says that the revolt "marked the turning point in the black struggle for liberation." According to Harris, Turner believed that "only a cataclysmic act could convince the architects of a violent social order that violence begets violence."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In an 1843 speech at the National Negro Convention, Henry Highland Garnet, a formerly enslaved man and active abolitionist, described Nat Turner as "patriotic", saying that "future generations will remember him among the noble and brave."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In 1861, Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a Northern writer, praised Turner in a seminal article published in the "Atlantic Monthly". He described Turner as a man "who knew no book but the Bible, and that by heart who devoted himself soul and body to the cause of his race."


title: Nat Turner's slave rebellion

text: In 1988, Turner was selected for inclusion in the Black Americans of Achievement biography series for children, with the book "Nat Turner: Slave Revolt Leader" by Terry Bisson. The book's introduction was written by Coretta Scott King.


title: TotalEnergies

text: TotalEnergies SE is a French multinational integrated energy and petroleum company founded in 1924 and one of the seven supermajor oil companies. Its businesses cover the entire oil and gas chain, from crude oil and natural gas exploration and production to power generation, transportation, refining, petroleum product marketing, and international crude oil and product trading. TotalEnergies is also a large-scale chemicals manufacturer.


title: TotalEnergies

text: TotalEnergies has its head office in the Tour Total in La Défense district in Courbevoie, west of Paris. The company is a component of the Euro Stoxx 50 stock market index. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, it was ranked as the 29th-largest public company in the world, and additionally ranked as the 25th largest company of any type on the Fortune Global 500.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The company was founded after World War I, when petrol was seen as vital in case of a new war with Germany. The then French President Raymond Poincaré rejected the idea of forming a partnership with Royal Dutch Shell in favour of creating an entirely French oil company. At Poincaré's behest, Col. Ernest Mercier with the support of 90 banks and companies founded Total in 1924, as the Compagnie française des pétroles (CFP) (in English, the French Petroleum Company).


title: TotalEnergies

text: As per the agreement reached during the San Remo conference of 1920, the French state received the 25% share held by Deutsche Bank in the Turkish Petroleum Company (TPC) as part of the compensation for war damages caused by Germany during World War I. The French government's stake in TPC was transferred to CFP, and the Red Line agreement in 1928 rearranged the shareholding of CFP in TPC (later renamed the Iraq Petroleum Company in 1929) to 23.75%. The company from the start was regarded as a private sector company in view of its listing on the Paris Stock Exchange in 1929.


title: TotalEnergies

text: During the 1930, the company was engaged in exploration and production, primarily from the Middle East. Its first refinery began operating in Normandy in 1933. After World War II, CFP engaged in oil exploration in Venezuela, Canada, and Africa while pursuing energy sources within France. Exploration in Algeria, then a French colony, began in 1946, with Algeria becoming a leading source of oil in the 1950s.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 1954, CFP introduced its downstream product – Total brand of gasoline in the continent of Africa and Europe.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total entered the United States in 1971 by acquiring Leonard Petroleum of Alma, Michigan and several Standard Oil of Indiana stations in Metro Detroit.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 1980, Total Petroleum (North America) Ltd., a company controlled 50% by CFP, bought the American refining and marketing assets of Vickers Petroleum as part of a sell-off by Esmark of its energy holdings. This purchase gave Total refining capacity, transportation, and a network of 350 service stations in 20 states.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total's leadership had been aware of the deleterious effects of global warming since at least 1971; The company nevertheless openly denied the findings of climate science until the 1990s; Total also pursued a number of strategies to cover up the threat and contribution to the climate crisis.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The company renamed itself Total CFP in 1985, to build on the popularity of its gasoline brand. Later in 1991, the name was changed to Total, when it became a public company listed on the New York Stock Exchange. In 1991, the French government held more than 30 percent of the company's stock but by 1996 had reduced its stake to less than 1 percent. In the time period between 1990 and 1994, foreign ownership of the firm increased from 23 per cent to 44 per cent.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Meanwhile, Total continued to expand its retail presence in North America under several brand names. In 1989, Denver, Colorado–based Total Petroleum, Total CFP's North American unit, purchased 125 Road Runner retail locations from Texarkana, Texas–based Truman Arnold Companies. By 1993, Total Petroleum was operating 2,600 retail stores under the Vickers, Apco, Road Runner, and Total brands. That year, the company began remodeling and rebranding all of its North American gasoline and convenience stores to use the Total name. Only four years later, Total sold its North American refining and retail operations to Ultramar Diamond Shamrock for $400 million in stock and $414 million in assumed debt.


title: TotalEnergies

text: After Total's takeover of Petrofina of Belgium in 1999, it became known as Total Fina. Afterwards it also acquired Elf Aquitaine. First named TotalFinaElf after the merger in 2000, its name reverted to Total in 2003. During that rebranding, the globe logo was unveiled.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2003, Total signed for a 30% stake in the gas exploration venture in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) – South Rub' al-Khali joint venture along with Royal Dutch Shell and Saudi Aramco. The stake was later bought out by its partners.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2006, Saudi Aramco and Total signed a MOU to develop the Jubail Refinery and Petrochemical project in Saudi Arabia which targeted 400,000 barrels per day (bpd). Two years later, the two companies officially established a joint venture called SAUDI ARAMCO TOTAL Refining and Petrochemical Company (SATORP)- in which a 62.5% stake was held by Saudi Aramco and the balance 37.5% held by TOTAL.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total withdrew in 2006 from all Iranian development work because of United Nations concerns that resulted in sanctions over possible weaponization of the Nuclear program of Iran.


title: TotalEnergies

text: During the 2009–2010 Iraqi oil services contracts tender, a consortium led by CNPC (37.5%), which also included TOTAL (18.75%) and Petronas (18.75%) was awarded a production contract for the "Halfaya field" in the south of Iraq, which contains an estimated of oil.


title: TotalEnergies

text: As of 2010, Total had over 96,000 employees and operated in more than 130 countries. In 2010, Total announced plans to pull out of the forecourt market in the United Kingdom.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2012, Total announced it was selling its 20% stake and operating mandate in its Nigerian offshore project to a unit of China Petrochemical Corp for $2.5 billion.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2013, Total started the operation at Kashagan with North Caspian Operating Company. It is the biggest discovery of oil reserves since 1968. In 2013, Total increased its stake in Novatek to 16.96%. In 2013, Total and its joint venture partner agreed to buy Chevron Corporation's retail distribution business in Pakistan for an undisclosed amount.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In January 2014, Total became the first major oil and gas firm to acquire exploration rights for shale gas in the UK after it bought a 40 percent interest in two licences in the Gainsborough Trough area of northern England for $48 million. In July 2014, the company disclosed it was in exclusive talks to sell its LPG distribution business in France to Pennsylvania-based UGI Corporation for €450 million ($615 million).


title: TotalEnergies

text: On 20 October 2014, at 23:57 MST a Dassault Falcon 50 business jet heading to Paris caught fire and exploded during takeoff after colliding with a snow removal vehicle in Vnukovo International Airport, and killing four, including three crew members and CEO of Total S.A. Christophe de Margerie on board. Alcohol presence was confirmed in the blood of the driver of the vehicle on the ground. Patrick Pouyanne, who was Total's Refining Chief at that time, was appointed as CEO, and also as chairman of Total in 2015.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2015, Total unveiled plans to cut 180 jobs in the United Kingdom, reduce refinery capacity and slow spending on North Sea fields after it fell to a $5.7bn final-quarter loss. The company said it would also sell off $5bn worth of assets worldwide and cut exploration costs by 30%.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total signed a $224M deal to buy Lampiris, the third-largest Belgian supplier of gas and renewable energy to expand its gas and power distribution activities.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total agreed to buy French battery maker Saft Groupe S.A. in a $1.1bn deal, to boost its development in renewable energy and electricity businesses.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total agreed to acquire $2.2-billion in upstream and downstream assets from Petrobras as part of the firms' strategic alliance announced earlier that year. For Total, these new partnerships with Petrobras reinforce Total's position in Brazil through access to new fields in the Santos Basin while entering the gas value chain.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Between 2013 and 2017, Total organized the ARGOS Challenge, a robotic competition with the aim to develop robots for their oil and gas production sites. It was won by an Austrian-German team using a variant of the taurob tracker robot.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2017, Total signed a deal for a total amount of $4.8b with Iran for the development and production of South Pars, the world's largest gas field. The deal was the first foreign investment in Iran since in the 2015 sanctions over Iran's nuclear weaponisation were lifted by the JCPOA.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2017, Total announced the acquisition of Maersk Oil for $7.45 billion in a share and debt transaction. This deal positioned Total as the second operator in the North Sea.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2017, Total signed an agreement with EREN Renewable energy to acquire an interest of 23% in EREN RE for an amount of €237.5 million.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In November 2017, Total announced the launch on the French residential market of Total Spring, a natural gas and green power offering that is 10% cheaper than regulated tariffs. Total is thus pursuing its strategy of downstream integration in the gas and power value chain in Europe.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2018, Total officially withdrew from the Iranian South Pars gas field because of sanctions pressure from the US.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2019, Total announced sale of 30% stake in the Trapil pipeline network to crude oil storage operator Pisto SAS for €260 million. Later that year, Total signed deals to transfer 30% and 28.33% of its assets in Namibia's Block 2913B and Block 2912 respectively to QatarEnergy. The company will also transfer 40% of its existing 25% interests in the Orinduik and Kanuku blocks of Guyana and 25% interest in Blocks L11A, L11B, and L12 of Kenya to QatarEnergy.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2021, Total left the American Petroleum Institute lobby, due to differences on the common vision on how to tackle the fight against climate change.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2021, Total said that it had registered an income of $3 billion for the period of January–March, which is close to the levels registered before the pandemic.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2021, the company announced a name change to TotalEnergies as an intended illustration of its investments in the production of green electricity. At the Ordinary and Extraordinary Shareholders’ Meeting in May of that year, shareholders approved the name change to TotalEnergies.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2022, TotalEnergies announced it would end all operations in Myanmar, citing rampant human rights abuses and deteriorating rule of law since the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état and has also called for international sanctions targeting the oil and gas sector in the country, which is one of the main sources of revenue for Myanmar's government.


title: TotalEnergies

text: As of 11 March 2022, Total was one of the only Western oil companies to continue operating in Russia after the Russian Invasion of Ukraine.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total set up a new organization to achieve its ambition to become a responsible energy major. It is composed of the following segments:


title: TotalEnergies

text: namely People & Social Responsibility (Human Resources; Health, Safety & Environment; the Security Division; and a new Civil Society Engagement Division) and Strategy & Innovation (Strategy & Climate Division, responsible for ensuring that strategy incorporates the 2 °C global warming scenario, Public Affairs, Audit, Research & Development, the Chief Digital Officer and the Senior Vice President Technology).


title: TotalEnergies

text: , TotalEnergies had 903 subsidiaries consolidated into the group results, together with affiliate investments and joint ventures, mostly in LPG. In addition, Total had other equity holdings amounting to about 3bn euros, treated as investments, and was involved in a number of significant joint ventures, mostly relating to LPG and LNG exploration, production, and shipping.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The joint ventures which are treated as subsidiaries are listed in the consolidated subsidiary section.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The company's headquarters is in the Tour Total in the La Défense district in Courbevoie, France, near Paris. The building was originally constructed between 1983 and 1985 for Elf Aquitaine; Total SA acquired the building after its merger with Elf in 2000.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The present chairman and CEO of the company is Patrick Pouyanné (2014 to present). In 2015, Patricia Barbizet was named Lead Independent Director.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The role of this committee is to examine, analyze and pilot the Group's safety, financial and business results. In addition to the members of the executive committee, this committee is composed of the managers in charge of the main business units of the group, as well as a limited number of senior vice presidents of functions at group and branch levels. Since 2016, the committee has included:


title: TotalEnergies

text: The executive committee is Total's primary decision-making organization. Since 2020, members of Total's executive committee have been:


title: TotalEnergies

text: In May 2014, the company shelved its Joslyn North oil sands project in the Athabasca region of Alberta, Canada indefinitely, citing concerns about operating costs. An estimated $11 billion has been spent on the project, in which Total is the largest shareholder with 38.5%. Suncor Energy holds 36.75%, Occidental Petroleum owns 15% and Japan's Inpex has a 10% interest.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total is involved in 23 projects of exploration and production in Africa, Asia, Europe, North America, South America and Russia.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 1937, Iraq Petroleum Company (IPC), 23.75 percent owned by Total, signed an oil concession agreement with the Sultan of Muscat. IPC offered financial support to raise an armed force that would assist the Sultan in occupying the interior region of Oman, an area that geologists believed to be rich in oil. This led to the 1954 outbreak of Jebel Akhdar War in Oman that lasted for more than 5 years.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total has been a significant investor in the Iranian energy sector since 1990. In 2017, Total and the National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC) signed a contract for the development and production of South Pars, the world's largest gas field. The project will have a production capacity of 2 billion cubic feet per day. The produced gas will supply the Iranian domestic market starting in 2021.


title: TotalEnergies

text: During the European Union's sanctions against the military dictatorship Myanmar, Total is able to operate the Yadana natural gas pipeline from Burma to Thailand. Total is currently the subject of a lawsuit in French and Belgian courts for the condoning and use of the country's civilian slavery to construct the pipeline. The documentary 'Total Denial' shows the background of this project. The NGO Burma Campaign UK is currently campaigning against this project.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2011, Total agreed to buy 60% of photovoltaics company SunPower for US$1.38 billion. By the 2013 annual reporting date, Total owned 64.65%.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total signed a $224M deal to buy Lampiris, the third-largest Belgian supplier of gas and renewable energy to expand its gas and power distribution activities.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In December 2016, Total acquired about 23% of Tellurian for an amount of 207 million dollars, to develop an integrated gas project.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2017, Total announced it would buy Maersk Oil from A.P. Moller-Maersk in a deal expected to close in the first quarter of 2018.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2018, Total announced it was buying 74% of the French electricity and gas provider Direct Énergie from their main stockholders, for 1.4 billion euros.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2022, Total announced it had added 4GW to its renewable energy portfolio through the acquisition of the Austin-based company, Core Solar. The following month, Total entered an agreement with GIP to acquire a 50% stake in Clearway, one of the largest renewable energy owners in the United States. As part of the transaction, GIP took a 50% minus one share stake in SunPower.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2001, Total signed a contract for oil-reconnaissance in areas offshore Western Sahara (near Dakhla), with the "Moroccan Office National de Recherches et d’Exploitations Petrolières" (ONAREP). In 2002, Hans Corell (the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Legal Affairs) stated in a letter to the president of the Security Council that whenever the contracts are only for exploration they're not illegal, but if further exploration or exploitation are against the interests and wishes of the people of Western Sahara, they would be in violation of the principles of international law.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In a move to cope with the 2021-2022 global energy crisis, which started with the onset of the Covid-19 pandemic and aggravated with Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, France’s TotalEnergies and UAE’s ADNOC signed a strategic deal to partner on energy projects “for cooperation in the area of energy supplies”.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The deal was secured on the second day of the UAE leader Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al-Nahyan’s visit to Paris in 2022. The visit marked the UAE president’s first overseas state visit since assuming the post earlier that year.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The deal was aimed at identifying and targeting potential joint investment projects in the UAE, France, and elsewhere in the sectors of renewables, hydrogen, and nuclear energy, as told by the French government in one of its statements. According to French President Emmanuel Macron’s aides, France had been eager to secure diesel supply from the UAE.


title: TotalEnergies

text: The deal also received criticism from human rights groups that persisted Macron not to give the-then “crown prince a pass on the UAE’s atrocious human rights record”, as per the statement published by Human Rights Watch on its website.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 1998, the Total SA company was fined €375,000 for an oil spill that stretched 400 kilometers from La Rochelle to the western tip of Brittany. The company was only fined that amount because they were only partially liable because Total SA did not own the ship. The plaintiffs had sought more than $1.5 billion in damages. More than 100 groups and local governments joined in the suit. The Total company was fined just over $298,000. The majority of the money will go to the French government, several environmental groups, and various regional governments. The Total SA company was also fined $550,000 for the amount of marine pollution that came from it. After the oil spill they tried to restore their image and have opened a sea turtle conservation project in Masirah in recent years.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Prior to the verdict in which Total was found guilty one of the counterparts in the incident, Malta Maritime Authority (MMA), was not to be tried for having any hand in the incident. In 2005, Total submitted a report to the Paris courts which stated that Total had gathered a group of experts which stated the tanker was corroded and that Total was responsible for it. The courts sought a second expert reviewing this information, which was turned down. p


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2001, the AZF chemical plant exploded in Toulouse, France, while belonging to the Grande Paroisse branch of Total.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2008, Total was required to pay €192 million in compensation to victims of the pollution caused by the sinking of the ship Erika. This was in addition to the €200 million that Total spent to help clean up the spill. The company appealed twice against the verdict, losing both times.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total was ranked as the second-best of 92 oil, gas, and mining companies on indigenous rights in the Arctic. According to the CDP Carbon Majors Report 2017, the company was one of the top 100 companies producing carbon emissions globally, responsible for .9% of global emissions from 1998 to 2015. In 2021, Total was ranked as the 2nd most environmentally responsible company out of 120 oil, gas, and mining companies involved in resource extraction north of the Arctic Circle in the Arctic Environmental Responsibility Index (AERI).


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2021, Total failed to airlift local and ex patriat persons while under attack by militants in Palma, Mozambique.


title: TotalEnergies

text: According to a 2021 study, Total personnel were aware about the role that their products played in global warming as early as 1971, as well as throughout the 1980s. Despite this awareness, the company promoted doubt regarding the science of global warming by the late 1980s, and ultimately settled on a position in the late 1990s of publicly accepting climate science, while still promoting doubt and trying to delay climate action.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total is being implicated in a bribe commission scandal which is currently emerging in Malta. It has emerged that Total had told Maltese agents that it would not be interested in doing business with them unless their team included George Farrugia, who is under investigation in the procurement scandal. George Farrugia has recently been given a presidential pardon in exchange for information about this scandal. Enemalta, Malta's energy supplier, swiftly barred Total and its agents, Trafigura from bidding and tenders. An investigation is currently underway and three people have been arraigned


title: TotalEnergies

text: On 16 December 2008, the managing director of the Italian division of Total, Lionel Levha, and ten other executives were arrested by the public Prosecutor's office of Potenza, Italy, for a corruption charge of €15 million to undertake the oilfield in Basilicata on contract. Also arrested was the local deputy of Partito Democratico Salvatore Margiotta and an Italian entrepreneur.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2010, Total was accused of bribing Iraqi officials during former president Saddam Hussein's regime to secure oil supplies. A United Nations report later revealed that Iraqi officials had received bribes from oil companies to secure contracts worth over $10bn. On 26 February 2016, the Paris Court of Appeals considered Total guilty and ordered the company to pay a fine of €750,000 for corrupting Iraqi civil servants. The court's ruling overturns an earlier acquittal in the case.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2013, a case was settled that concerned charges that Total bribed an Iranian official with $60 million, which they documented as a "consulting charge," and which unfairly gave them access to Iran's Sirri A and Sirri E oil and gas fields. The bribery gave them a competitive advantage, earning them an estimated $150 million in profits. The Securities Exchange Commission and the Department of Justice settled the charges, expecting Total to pay $398 million.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Following the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine which began on February 24, many international, particularly Western companies pulled out of Russia. On March 1, TotalEnergies announced it "will no longer provide capital for new projects in Russia" but has retained ownership of its 19.4% stake in privately owned Novatek, 20% stake in the Yamal project and 10% stake in Arctic LNG 2. This has led to criticism as insufficient, particularly given complete divestment of other major Western energy companies, and the European Union announcement of becoming more energy independent from Russia.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Similarly in August 2022, an investigation by Global Witness showed that a Siberian gas field part-owned by TotalEnergies has been supplying a refinery, which is producing jet fuel for Russian warplanes. This contradicts Total´s claims that this was unrelated to Russian military operations in Ukraine.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In December 2022, the NGOs Friends of the Earth, Survie and four Ugandan NGOs sent the oil group Total to court and accused it of violating the law on the duty of vigilance of large French companies in terms of human rights and environment..


title: TotalEnergies

text: TotalEnergies is an official recommended fuel and lubricants for all prominent Renault–Nissan–Mitsubishi Alliance members, including Renault (shared with BP), Nissan (shared with ExxonMobil), Infiniti, Dacia, Alpine and Datsun, Kia Motors, three Stellantis marques (Citroën, Peugeot and DS), Honda (including Acura, shared with BP and ExxonMobil), Aston Martin, Mazda (shared with BP and its subsidiary Castrol), Sany and Tata Motors (shared with Petronas) for automobiles only as well as Peugeot Motocycles, Kawasaki (fuel only), Energica, and Honda for motorcycles only.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total has been a longtime partner of Citroën Sport in the World Rally Championship, Dakar Rally and World Touring Car Championship. Sébastien Loeb won nine WRC drivers titles, whereas Ari Vatanen and Pierre Lartigue won four editions of the Dakar Rally.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total has been a partner of Peugeot Sport in Formula One from 1995 to 2000, the British Touring Car Championship in 1995 and 1996 and since 2001 in the World Rally Championship, Intercontinental Rally Challenge, 24 Hours of Le Mans, Intercontinental Le Mans Cup, Dakar Rally and Pikes Peak International Hill Climb. Total is also a partner of Peugeot Sport for its customer racing TCR Touring Car programme.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total was a partner of Renault Sport in Formula One from 2009 to 2016. Their logo appeared on the Red Bull Racing cars between 2009 and 2016, the Renault F1 cars in 2009, 2010 and 2016, and the Lotus F1 cars from 2011 to 2014. Total also partnered Caterham F1 Team in 2011–2014, Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2014–2015 and Williams F1 Team in 2012–2013.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2017, Total was appointed by FIA and ACO as official fuel supplier of World Endurance Championship and 24 Hours of Le Mans from 2018–19 season onwards.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Total is one of the official sponsors for one of the most popular and influential Mexican football teams, Club America.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In terms of educational development, Total provides scholarships worth millions of euros annually to international students to study in France. These programs are mainly for master's degrees. Doctoral scholarships are also offered but in limited numbers. The students mainly come from Europe, Africa, Asia, and the Middle East where Total Operates. Students from Africa are mainly from Nigeria. The scholarship involves the payment of Tuition and a monthly allowance of 1400 Euros (2014 disbursement). The allowance is able to cater for feeding, transportation, and accommodation for the students. The drop in oil prices in 2015 has led to the reduction of the number of scholars.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2016, Total secured an eight-year sponsorship package from the Confederation of African Football (CAF) to support 10 of its principal competitions. Total will start with the Africa Cup of Nations to be held in Gabon, therefore, renaming it Total Africa Cup of Nations.


title: TotalEnergies

text: Following Total's purchase of Direct Énergie in the summer of 2018, the cycling team changed its name the following year to Total Direct Énergie ahead of that year's edition of Paris–Roubaix. In 2021 the team changed its name again to Team TotalEnergies in time for that year's Tour de France.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2019, the company's Chief Executive Officer, Patrick Pouyanne pledged that Total would make a €100 million contribution to the reconstruction of the Notre-Dame cathedral after it was extensively damaged in a fire.


title: TotalEnergies

text: In 2020, the company confirmed a two-year sponsorship deal with CR Flamengo, being the first time a partner of a Brazilian football team.


title: Ode to Joy

text: "Ode to Joy" (German: , literally "To [the] Joy") is an ode written in the summer of 1785 by German poet, playwright, and historian Friedrich Schiller and published the following year in "Thalia". A slightly revised version appeared in 1808, changing two lines of the first and omitting the last stanza.


title: Ode to Joy

text: "Ode to Joy" is best known for its use by Ludwig van Beethoven in the final (fourth) movement of his Ninth Symphony, completed in 1824. Beethoven's text is not based entirely on Schiller's poem, and it introduces a few new sections. His tune (but not Schiller's words) was adopted as the "Anthem of Europe" by the Council of Europe in 1972 and subsequently by the European Union. Rhodesia's national anthem from 1974 until 1979, "Rise, O Voices of Rhodesia", used the tune of "Ode to Joy".


title: Ode to Joy

text: Schiller wrote the first version of the poem in German when he was staying in Gohlis, Leipzig. In the year 1785, from the beginning of May till mid-September, he stayed with his publisher, Georg Joachim Göschen, in Leipzig and wrote "An die Freude" along with his play "Don Carlos".


title: Ode to Joy

text: Schiller later made some revisions to the poem, which was then republished posthumously in 1808, and it was this latter version that forms the basis for Beethoven's setting. Despite the lasting popularity of the ode, Schiller himself regarded it as a failure later in his life, going so far as to call it "detached from reality" and "of value maybe for us two, but not for the world, nor for the art of poetry" in an 1800 letter to his longtime friend and patron Christian Gottfried Körner (whose friendship had originally inspired him to write the ode).


title: Ode to Joy

text: Academic speculation remains as to whether Schiller originally wrote an ode "To Freedom" ("An die Freiheit") and changed it to "To Joy". Thayer wrote in his biography of Beethoven, "the thought lies near that it was the early form of the poem, when it was still an 'Ode to Freedom' (not 'to Joy'), which first aroused enthusiastic admiration for it in Beethoven's mind". The musicologist Alexander Rehding points out that even Bernstein, who used "Freiheit" in two performances in 1989, called it conjecture whether Schiller used "joy" as code for "freedom" and that scholarly consensus holds that there is no factual basis for this myth.


title: Prom

text: A promenade dance, commonly called a prom, is a dance party for high school students. It may be offered in semi-formal black tie or informal suit for boys, and evening gowns for girls. This event is typically held near the end of the school year. There may be individual junior (11th grade) and senior (12th grade) proms or they may be combined.


title: Prom

text: At a prom, a "prom king" and a "prom queen" may be revealed. These are honorary titles awarded to students elected in a school-wide vote prior to the prom. Other students may be honored with inclusion in a "prom court". The selection method for a prom court is similar to that of homecoming queen/princess, king/prince, and court. Inclusion in a prom court may be a reflection of popularity of those students elected and their level of participation in school activities, such as clubs or sports.


title: Prom

text: The prom queen and prom king may be given crowns to wear. Members of the prom court may be given sashes to wear and photographed together.