title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Justice is the sixth studio album by Canadian singer Justin Bieber. It was released on March 19, 2021, by Def Jam Recordings. The album features guest appearances from Khalid, Chance the Rapper, the Kid Laroi, Dominic Fike, Daniel Caesar, Giveon, Beam, Burna Boy, and Benny Blanco. The "Triple Chucks" deluxe edition of the album was released on March 26, 2021, exactly a week after the standard version. It features additional guest appearances from Lil Uzi Vert, Jaden, Quavo, DaBaby, and Tori Kelly. The complete edition was released on October 8, 2021, and includes the tracks on store versions of the album that did not make the regular album. It features additional guest appearances from TroyBoi and Poo Bear. The album serves as the follow-up to Bieber's previous album, "Changes" (2020). The album includes production from Benny Blanco, Virtual Riot, Andrew Watt, Skrillex, Finneas, Jon Bellion, the Monsters & Strangerz, and numerous others.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The album was supported by six singles, all of which charted in the top-20 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100. "Holy", which features Chance the Rapper, was released as the lead single on September 18, 2020. "Lonely", which is a joint track alongside Benny Blanco, was released as the second single on October 16, 2020. "Anyone" was released as the third single on January 1, 2021. "Hold On", was released as the fourth single on March 5, 2021. "Peaches", which features Daniel Caesar and Giveon, was released as the fifth single with the album on March 19, 2021. "Ghost" was released as the sixth single on September 10, 2021.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: "Justice" debuted atop the charts of ten countries, including the US "Billboard" 200 and the Canadian Albums Chart. Single "Peaches" simultaneously debuted atop the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and the Canadian Hot 100. In the United States, the peak of the album marked Bieber's eighth chart-topper, and made him the youngest solo artist to achieve as many number-one albums at 27 years old. "Justice" and "Peaches" both held the number-one spots on the respective charts simultaneously in the same week, making Bieber the first solo male artist and the third act overall to achieve this feat. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Upon release, the album received generally favourable reviews from music critics, most of whom complimented its production and vocal delivery, but deprecated its lyrics and "confusing" concept surrounding justice.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The album contains elements of pop rock, synth-pop, and new wave. Bieber promoted the album with live performances on various television shows, such as "Saturday Night Live", "The Voice", "The Late Late Show with James Corden", and "Good Morning America". To further promote "Justice" and "Changes", Bieber will embark on his fourth concert tour, titled Justice World Tour, across North America in 2022. At the 64th Grammy Awards, the album and its singles received a total of eight nominations including Album, Song and Record of the Year; the latter two for "Peaches".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: After releasing his fifth studio album, "Changes" (2020), Bieber was interviewed by Apple Music DJ Zane Lowe. Bieber said he was looking forward to making music that would reflect the things that he had learned about commitment and building trust.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: On February 26, 2021, when Bieber announced the album, he stated: "There's so much deeper levels I'm excited to go to, which is fun. It gives me something to look forward to".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Before the release of lead single "Holy", on September 18, 2020, Bieber and featured artist Chance the Rapper discussed Bieber's follow-up to "Changes" on a YouTube livestream, in which Chance said that it reminded him of Michael Jackson's fifth studio album, "Off the Wall" (1979), and said that the album is "some of the best music I've ever heard" and that it is "groundbreaking music".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Early in the COVID-19 pandemic, when the singer was in quarantine at his house in Toronto, Bieber was sent a plethora of demos submitted to his management team by songwriters, managers, publishers and producers. Bieber recorded the songs he liked in his home studio and sent them back to his inner circle. Bieber revealed on April 10, 2020, during an Instagram Live that he had recorded a song called "Anyone", which would later be released as the album's third single. On April 18, 2020, on Instagram Stories, Bieber remarked his new album was sounding "crazy-good" in his opinion.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The recording of "Justice" intensified once Bieber got back to Los Angeles a couple of months later. While his latest record "Changes" was R&B oriented, for this record nothing was off limits. While hanging out at Andrew Watt's house with Shawn Mendes, Bieber started to write the hook of the song "Peaches". Watt showed Bieber around his home studio and said to him to "go play the drums" and after having recorded a drum beat, Bieber sat down at the piano and played some chords which they also recorded and looped. Then Watt recorded some bass and guitar and Bieber started free-styling and "just talking words back and forth for fun". After this session, Bieber asked Watt to send him the demo so he could work on it some more by himself. Bieber posted a snippet of the song on his Instagram account on September 7, 2020. Record producer Shndo later listened to it and decided to further produce the song. He screen-recorded the Instagram video, recorded some drums over it in the music software Ableton and decided to speed up the song. Shndo collaborated with music producer Harv, who added some more instruments to the song. They presented the song to Bieber who loved it and later re-recorded the hook and wrote a verse before sending it back to them to work on it some more. On the same day, Bieber contacted Giveon who accepted to be a part of the song while Daniel Caesar was later also asked to be a part of the track.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Initially, Bieber's team was not planning on releasing an album so soon and Bieber realised that they had an album's worth of material in December 2020. On January 22, 2021, Bieber shared an update on the new album on Instagram Stories. He wrote: "Finishing this album. Stay tuned." He also shared a picture of him singing in the studio. On January 26, 2021, Bieber wrote on Twitter that he was going over the track listing for the album.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: According to Craig Jenkins from "Vulture", "the album zips through synth-pop, Soulection-esque funk, dancehall-tinged electronic dance music, and rock-infused Afrobeats".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: According to allmusic "Justice is a decent addition to Bieber's catalog. It's distinguished by a variety of pop modes that includes vaporous Synth-rock and strumming acoustic ballads, Hip hop Gospel and bedroom EDM, and sun-dazed R&B and contemporary Afrobeat."


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: After Bieber ventured into a more R&B-oriented sound for "Changes", "Justice" sees him return to his pop roots. "Justice" starts with the minimal dream pop track "2 Much" which contains Bieber's favourite line: "I don't wanna fall asleep, I'd rather fall in love". The second track, "Deserve You", has been described by "Billboard" and Bieber himself as a song that sounds like Phil Collins' work, and "striking 1980s power-ballad gold" funkand disco. "Off My Face" has been described as an acoustic ode to love which is stylistically comparable to his 2015 song "Love Yourself". The song serving soft-rock stylings and drunk-in-love double entendres. "Holy" was described as a "gospel-brunch rave-up". "Unstable" combines elements of piano ballads and 2000s country songs. The eighth track, "Die for You" featuring Dominic Fike, is an "MTV-friendly" new wave, funk, dance-pop, dream pop, glam rock and disco song. And ventures into pop-rock territory, a completely novel mode for Bieber. "Hold On" is a synth-pop song that was compared to Kim Carnes' "Bette Davis Eyes". Also “Hold On” and “Somebody” revisit new wave’s metamorphosis into sophisticated adult contemporary pop.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The sound of Skrillex-produced 80s rock "Somebody" was described as "a hyper-pop experiment" that is driven by a "snappy baseline". "Ghost", the eleventh track is a pop-rock song with shimmering electronic synthesizers. The twelfth track, "Peaches" featuring Daniel Caesar and Giveon, is a pop-R&B song that has been compared to Bruno Mars' work. And on the breathless dance-pop track "Love You Different" featuring Beam, the thirteenth track, is influenced by tropical house and Afrobeat, and has been compared to Bieber's 2015 single "Sorry".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: the afropop-leaning and dancehall influenced "Loved by You", featuring the Nigerian singer Burna Boy.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: For "Justice", Bieber's management team tried out a new multi-single release strategy, which was to release multiple singles, which would later lead into a new album. Bieber's manager, Scooter Braun, came up with the idea in June 2020.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The lead single of the album "Holy", which features American rapper Chance the Rapper, was released on September 18, 2020. It debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 making it Bieber's 20th top 10 in the United States. Its music video was released on the same day and features Bieber as a laid-off oil worker and his partner being helped by a charitable soldier. It was directed by Colin Tilley and stars Wilmer Valderrama and Ryan Destiny.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The second single, "Lonely", a collaboration with American record producer Benny Blanco, was released on October 16, 2020. The track debuted at number 14 and peaked at number 12 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. Its music video premiered alongside the single. It was directed by American music video director Jake Schreier and stars Jacob Tremblay, who plays a younger version of Bieber. Bieber praised Jacob Tremblay for his talent, adding that he became emotional when he saw Tremblay play himself, while he acts as a spectator "from the outside looking in". In a livestream on Bieber's YouTube channel after the song's release, both Bieber and Blanco called Tremblay one of the best child actors they have ever seen. "The first time I watched him go through the segment... I legitimately lost it," Bieber said of witnessing Tremblay on set. "I was tearing up, like completely."


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The third single, "Anyone", released on January 1, 2021. The track debuted and peaked at number six on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. The music video premiered alongside the single. It was directed by Colin Tilley and stars American actress Zoey Deutch who plays Bieber's love interest in the video. Bieber portrays a 1960s boxer whose powerful love for his other half inspires him to train, fight, and eventually overcome a potential K.O. on his journey to becoming a champion. For the music video, Bieber covered up all of his tattoos.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The fourth single, "Hold On", was released on March 5, 2021. The track debuted at number 26 and later peaked at number 20 on the Hot 100 chart. Its music video was released alongside the single and was directed by Colin Tilley. It stars Taiwanese actress Christine Ko who plays Bieber's love interest in the video. The video opens with Bieber on the run from the police, before suffering a gunshot wound. However, as the video flashes back, the viewer learns why Bieber is running from the police in the first place.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The fifth single, "Peaches", which features Canadian singer-songwriter Daniel Caesar and American singer-songwriter Giveon, was released alongside the album on March 19, 2021. The song debuted atop the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and became Bieber's seventh number one in the United States. Bieber also became the first solo male artist to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Billboard" 200 charts simultaneously. The song's music video premiered alongside the song and album. It was directed by Colin Tilley and sees the three artists cruising the Las Vegas Strip.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The sixth single, "Ghost", was sent to French radio stations on September 10, 2021. The song debuted at number 66 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart following the release of "Justice" and later peaked at number five after being released as a single. The music video, directed by Colin Tilley, premiered on October 8, 2021. Actress Diane Keaton stars as Bieber's grandmother in the video. The video sees Bieber and Keaton mourn the death of his grandfather at an ocean-side funeral. After two years, Bieber sees that Keaton is still struggling from her husband's passing, so he buys her expensive things and the two partake in activities together. The video ends with Bieber finding Keaton a new man who resembles her widower on a dating app called Slide and taking her to meet him, setting her up on a date with him.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: To promote the album and its singles, Bieber performed on several TV shows including "Saturday Night Live", "The Late Late Show with James Corden", and "Good Morning America". Bieber debuted his singles "Holy" and "Lonely" during the third episode of the 46th season of "Saturday Night Live", on October 18, 2020. The single "Anyone" was performed live for the first time during Bieber's New Year's Eve concert on January 1, 2021. On March 13, 2021, Bieber performed "Hold On" for the first time on the 2021' Kids Choice Awards. The fifth single "Peaches" was performed live for the first time two days before its official release, on March 17, 2021, during Bieber's first Tiny Desk concert.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Bieber performed a 15-minute livestream concert from the rooftop of a Paris hotel. The concert premiered on Bieber's YouTube channel on April 13, 2021. Directed by David Ctiborsky, the concert revealed Bieber and his live band performing on a roof at sunset, with landmarks like the Eiffel Tower visible in the background, and later in the halls of the hotel. During the concert the singer played several tracks from his "Justice" album, including "Hold On," "Somebody" and "Off My Face." The final track, "2 Much," brought Bieber back to the roof after night falls, with the Eiffel Tower glowing behind him.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The documentary "Next Chapter", directed by Michael D. Ratner, premiered on YouTube on October 30, 2020. It provided an intimate look at Bieber's life in quarantine and while recording "Justice". While talking about the documentary, Bieber said: "I'm excited to catch up with [the fans] and to share the progress I'm making, the new music I'm working on, and what I'm excited about for the future."


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: After the release of his lead single "Yummy" from his fifth studio album "Changes" on January 3, 2020, Bieber announced the first round of dates for his new tour titled Changes Tour, on January 13, 2020. The tour was scheduled to begin on May 14, 2020, in Seattle at CenturyLink Field, but on April 1, 2020, it was announced that the tour would be postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On July 23, 2020, Bieber announced rescheduled dates for the then called "Justin Bieber World Tour" slated for 2021, starting on June 2, 2021, in San Diego at Pechanga Arena. On May 6, 2021, Bieber announced rescheduled dates for the tour, now called "Justice World Tour". Bieber will hit the road on February 18, 2022 at Pechanga Arena in San Diego and the tour will run through Las Vegas, Los Angeles, Salt Lake City, Denver, Atlanta, Montreal, Tampa, Austin and more. The 52-date trek will close out June 24 at American Family Insurance Amphitheater in Milwaukee. Bieber said this about the tour in a press release: “We’re working hard to make this tour the best one yet. I'm excited to get out there and engage with my fans again.”


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: On January 14, 2021, Rory Kramer snapped 3,500 photos of Bieber across three Los Angeles locations. The cover was taken within the night's final 100 frames. In the definitive photo, Bieber is crouched in Downtown Los Angeles' 2nd Street Tunnel. His hand covers his left eye, while his right eye is introspectively closed. Bieber chose the picture to be the album cover in mid-January at his home in Los Angeles. In an interview with "The Indianapolis Star", Kramer stated: "You saw how certain he was, he saw that vision. It was cool to witness, someone so excited about his project. It's cool to have the artist be super passionate about your photo. It's the ultimate compliment".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: On February 26, 2021, when the album cover was revealed, the team of the French group Justice reacted to the album logo. According to Pedro Winter, founder and owner of French record label Ed Banger Records, the logo of the album, conceived by Bieber himself, is similar to the logo of Justice, who is signed to the label. On March 1, 2021, Winter reacted on Instagram by taking a screenshot of the logo drawn by Bieber and saying, ironically; "Ed Banger Records appoints Mr Justin Drew Bieber as Art Director. We would like to thank Mr So Me [the current artistic director of Ed Banger] for all his work since 2003". On March 18, "Rolling Stone" reported that Justice sent a cease and desist letter to Bieber over the album, citing willful trademark infringement over the Cross logo.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Bieber announced the release of the album on February 26, 2021. Along with the announcement, an EP titled "JB6" was released for digital download and streaming. The EP includes the original versions of three of the already-released singles "Holy" (featuring Chance the Rapper), "Lonely" (with Benny Blanco) and "Anyone", as well as acoustic versions of the former two. Target and Walmart-exclusive CD versions of "Justice" were released alongside the original on March 19, 2021, and both include one additional song. Bieber revealed the track listing of the album on March 10, 2021. On March 16, 2021, "Good Morning America" announced that Bieber would debut a new music video on March 19. On March 19, 2021, "Justice" was released alongside a music video for the fifth single, "Peaches", which was directed by Colin Tilley. The video sees Bieber, Daniel Caesar and Giveon cruising the Las Vegas Strip. "Justice (Triple Chucks Deluxe)" with six new tracks was released on March 26, 2021 and features guest appearances from Jaden, Tori Kelly, Lil Uzi Vert and DaBaby.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: "Justice" received generally mixed to positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 62, based on 16 reviews, indicating "generally favourable reviews".


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Louise Bruton from "The Irish Times" described "Justice" as "undeniably good" and the singer's "poppiest yet", having Bieber "loosen up" musically. Roisin O'Connor, writing for "The Independent", dubbed "Justice" the best album of Bieber's career, praised the evolution from his fifth studio album, "Changes", and adored the musicianship of its tracks. In agreement, Will Lavin of "NME" felt that the album is an improvement from "Changes". He asserted "Justice" is not a protest album, but contains "messages of hope, morality and standing for truth" nevertheless, where Bieber produces "powerful results" via personal experiences. "Billboard" writer Jason Lipshutz felt that Bieber "gains more artistic clarity" on "Justice", as he attempts to "express a complex emotional state over the course of an album instead of jamming it into three minutes". He named it Bieber's "strongest front-to-back listen to date". "PopMatters" writer Ana Clara Ribeiro wrote that "Justice" evinces Bieber as a "pop music force", and contains traces of its predecessors, especially "Purpose" (2015).


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Other reviews were more mixed. Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" felt that none of the tracks "have touched the heady heights" of "Purpose" singles like "Sorry" and "Where Are Ü Now", but thought "Justice" is full of "Husband Bops" and "respectable numbers". "Evening Standard"s David Smyth complimented the musical direction of the album but noted that Bieber "still doesn't have a great deal to say" lyrically. Reviewing for "Clash", Robin Murray stated that "Justice" explores "hip hop to slick "Billboard" pop and beyond", however, its 16 tracks "can become a repetitive experience". Branding it "an earnest pop album", "Pitchfork"s Rawiya Kameir complimented Bieber's smooth and controlled vocals but deprecated the "rote" production and "spiritless" songwriting. She saw "Justice" exuding the same "charisma and agility" that drove Bieber to stardom, however, denounced justice as the album's theme, expressing uncertainty about "whether Bieber is singing about his wife or his god". Rosemary Akpan of "Exclaim!" dubbed "Justice" a "decent" album about his "wholesome" marital life, nonetheless regarded the album title "reeking performative activism". Craig Jenkins of "Vulture" wrote that "Bieber sounds better adjusted than ever, but the music he's made this time feels a little reserved". Jenkins opined that "the more chances "Justice" takes, the better the payoffs," but dismissed the collaborations with Khalid and The Kid Laroi. Jon Caramanica of "The New York Times" named the album one that is "disorganized, only sporadically strong" but complimented the collaborations "Unstable" and "Peaches". Writing for The "Los Angeles Times", Mikael Wood opined that the album "feels out of sync with the rest of modern pop". He highlighted "Peaches," "Ghost," and "Die For You" as the record's best tracks, but felt that, the album. as a whole, "short-changes the hard-won storytelling talent that Bieber has cultivated."


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: Many critics found the placement of speeches by Martin Luther King Jr. in the album irrelevant in context. "Variety"s Chris Willman appreciated the album's production and Bieber's vocals, calling it an "unabashed, good pop album", but wondered "why anyone thought it was a good idea to conflate civil-right martyrdom with the thought of succumbing to a hot woman". "The Guardian" critic Alexis Petridis described the album as a set of love songs about Bieber's wife, contradicting the singer's description of the album—"justice for humanity". Questioning the lack of relation between the album's songs and King's speeches, Ali Shutler of "The Daily Telegraph" opined that the "loved-up" lyricism "almost exclusively" focuses on Bieber himself. Shutler dismissed the guest appearances from Khalid and Chance the Rapper as unexciting. Keith Harris of "Rolling Stone" termed "Justice" as "professionally crafted pop" with many "chart-validated" tracks. He compared the inclusion of King's speeches to the "hollow, non-committal feel of a brand-sponsored Black History Month tweet, a gesture best left unmade", and remarked that they "co-opt and trivialize the message of the man they profess to honor". In a negative review, Kitty Empire of "The Observer" criticized Bieber for "putting one of the greatest orators who ever lived on [the] album as a tone-deaf wheeze", and deemed the album "a new low" for the singer.


title: Justice (Justin Bieber album)

text: The album debuted atop the "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 154,000 equivalent album units in the United States in its first week and becoming Bieber's eight number one album on the chart. 27-year-old at that time, Bieber became the youngest soloist with eight number one albums in the United States. On March 29, 2021, "Justice" was certified gold by the RIAA. The fifth single "Peaches", also debuted at number one in the same week, making Bieber the first solo male artist to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Billboard" 200 charts simultaneously. The album returned to the top on its third week, becoming his second album to spend multiple weeks at number one. The International Federation of the Phonographic Industry (IFPI) reported that Bieber was the world's eighth best-selling artist of 2021, bolstered by "Justice".


title: TOP500

text: The TOP500 project ranks and details the 500 most powerful non-distributed computer systems in the world. The project was started in 1993 and publishes an updated list of the supercomputers twice a year. The first of these updates always coincides with the International Supercomputing Conference in June, and the second is presented at the ACM/IEEE Supercomputing Conference in November. The project aims to provide a reliable basis for tracking and detecting trends in high-performance computing and bases rankings on HPL, a portable implementation of the high-performance LINPACK benchmark written in Fortran for distributed-memory computers.


title: TOP500

text: The 60th TOP500 was published in November 2022. Since June 2022, USA's Frontier is the most powerful supercomputer on TOP500, reaching 1102 petaFlops (1.102 exaFlops) on the LINPACK benchmarks. The United States has by far the highest share of total computing power on the list (nearly 50%), while China currently leads the list in number of systems with 173 supercomputers, with the USA not far behind in second place.


title: TOP500

text: The TOP500 list is compiled by Jack Dongarra of the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Erich Strohmaier and Horst Simon of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC) and Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL), and, until his death in 2014, Hans Meuer of the University of Mannheim, Germany.


title: TOP500

text: The TOP500 project also includes lists such as Green500 (measuring energy efficiency) and HPCG (measuring I/O bandwidth).


title: TOP500

text: In the early 1990s, a new definition of "supercomputer" was needed to produce meaningful statistics. After experimenting with metrics based on processor count in 1992, the idea arose at the University of Mannheim to use a detailed listing of installed systems as the basis. In early 1993, Jack Dongarra was persuaded to join the project with his LINPACK benchmarks. A first test version was produced in May 1993, partly based on data available on the Internet, including the following sources:


title: TOP500

text: The information from those sources was used for the first two lists. Since June 1993, the TOP500 is produced bi-annually based on site and vendor submissions only.


title: TOP500

text: Since 1993, performance of the ranked position has grown steadily in accordance with Moore's law, doubling roughly every 14 months. In June 2018, "Summit" was fastest with an Rpeak of 187.6593 PFLOPS. For comparison, this is over 1,432,513 times faster than the Connection Machine CM-5/1024 (1,024 cores), which was the fastest system in November 1993 (twenty-five years prior) with an Rpeak of 131.0 GFLOPS.


title: TOP500

text: , all supercomputers on TOP500 are 64-bit, mostly based on CPUs using the x86-64 instruction set architecture (of which 384 are Intel EMT64-based and 101 are AMD AMD64-based, including the top 1 and most systems on top 10, with only one Intel-based on top 10, the 9th). The few exceptions are all based on RISC architectures. Six supercomputers are based on ARM64, seven are based on the Power ISA used by IBM Power microprocessors, no longer any SPARC-based, but previously the list had three supercomputers based on Fujitsu-designed SPARC64 chips. One computer uses another non-US design, the Japanese PEZY-SC (based, in part, on the British 32-bit ARM) as an accelerator paired with Intel's Xeon.


title: TOP500

text: In recent years heterogeneous computing, mostly using Nvidia's graphics processing units (GPUs) or Intel's x86-based Xeon Phi as coprocessors, has dominated the TOP500 because of better performance per watt ratios and higher absolute performance, while AMD GPUs have taken the top 1 and displaced Nvidia in top 10 part of the list. The recent exceptions include the aforementioned Fugaku, Sunway TaihuLight, and K computer. Tianhe-2A is also an interesting exception, as US sanctions prevented use of Xeon Phi; instead, it was upgraded to use the Chinese-designed Matrix-2000 accelerators.


title: TOP500

text: Two computers which first appeared on the list in 2018 are based on architectures new to the TOP500. One was a new x86-64 microarchitecture from Chinese manufacturer Sugon, using Hygon Dhyana CPUs (these resulted from a collaboration with AMD, and are a minor variant of Zen-based AMD EPYC) and was ranked 38th, now 117th, and the other was the first ARM-based computer on the list using Cavium ThunderX2 CPUs. Before the ascendancy of 32-bit x86 and later 64-bit x86-64 in the early 2000s, a variety of RISC processor families made up most TOP500 supercomputers, including SPARC, MIPS, PA-RISC, and Alpha.


title: TOP500

text: All the fastest supercomputers since the Earth Simulator supercomputer have used operating systems based on Linux. , all the listed supercomputers use an operating system based on the Linux kernel.


title: TOP500

text: Since November 2015, no computer on the list runs Windows (while Microsoft reappeared on the list in 2021 with Ubuntu based on Linux). In November 2014, Windows Azure cloud computer was no longer on the list of fastest supercomputers (its best rank was 165th in 2012), leaving the Shanghai Supercomputer Center's "Magic Cube" as the only Windows-based supercomputer on the list, until it also dropped off the list. It was ranked 436th in its last appearance on the list released in June 2015, while its best rank was 11th in 2008. There are no longer any Mac OS computers on the list. It had at most five such systems at a time, one more than the Windows systems that came later, while the total performance share for Windows was higher. Their relative performance share of the whole list was however similar, and never high for either. In 2004 System X supercomputer based on Mac OS X (Xserve, with 2,200 PowerPC 970 processors) once ranked 7th place.


title: TOP500

text: It has been well over a decade since MIPS systems dropped entirely off the list though the Gyoukou supercomputer that jumped to 4th place in November 2017 had a MIPS-based design as a small part of the coprocessors. Use of 2,048-core coprocessors (plus 8× 6-core MIPS, for each, that "no longer require to rely on an external Intel Xeon E5 host processor") made the supercomputer much more energy efficient than the other top 10 (i.e. it was 5th on Green500 and other such "ZettaScaler-2.2"-based systems take first three spots). At 19.86 million cores, it was by far the largest system by core-count, with almost double that of the then-best manycore system, the Chinese Sunway TaihuLight.


title: TOP500

text: From the 52nd list (November 2018) to the 53rd list (June 2019), the Xeon Platinum-based Frontera is the only new top-10 supercomputer, then 5th fastest and the upgraded POWER9-based Lassen moved from 11th to 10th. Sequoia became the last Blue Gene/Q model to drop completely off the list; it had been ranked 10th on the 52nd list (and 1st on the June 2012, 41st list, after an upgrade).


title: TOP500

text: , the new number one supercomputer, Frontier, is also the number 2 system on the Green500 list with the number one system on the Green 500 being the test system for Frontier. The top 4 systems on the June 2022 Green 500 list are systems that use both AMD CPUs and AMD accelerators. Microsoft is back on the list with five Microsoft Azure instances (that use Ubuntu, so all the supercomputers are still Linux-based), with CPUs and GPUs from same vendors, the fastest one was previously ranked 10th. And Amazon with one AWS instance previously ranked 40th. The number of ARM-based supercomputers is up to 6, all but one based on the same Fujitsu CPU as in the number 2 system, with the next one previously ranked 13th, now 20th.


title: TOP500

text: As of June 2022, AMD has 5 systems on the top 10 with IBM having 2 systems along Fujitsu, Intel, and Sunway each having one system on the top 10. The June 2022 list is also the first time that an AMD designed accelerator makes it on to the top 10, where in previous lists Nvidia was the primary accelerator maker if the supercomputer had accelerators.


title: TOP500

text: Numbers below represent the number of computers in the TOP500 that are in each of the listed countries or territories. As of 2022, China has the most supercomputers on the list, with 162 machines. The United States has the highest aggregate computational power at 2,024 Petaflops Rmax with Japan second (595 Pflop/s) and China third (490 Pflop/s).


title: TOP500

text: Note: All operating systems of the TOP500 systems are Linux-family based, but Linux above is "generic" Linux.


title: TOP500

text: Sunway TaihuLight is the system with the most CPU cores (10,649,600). Tianhe-2 has the most GPU/accelerator cores (4,554,752). Fugaku is the system with the greatest power consumption with 29,900 kilowatts.


title: TOP500

text: In November 2014, it was announced that the United States was developing two new supercomputers to exceed China's Tianhe-2 in its place as world's fastest supercomputer. The two computers, Sierra and Summit, will each exceed Tianhe-2's 55 peak petaflops. Summit, the more powerful of the two, will deliver 150–300 peak petaflops. On 10 April 2015, US government agencies banned selling chips, from Nvidia to supercomputing centers in China as "acting contrary to the national security ... interests of the United States"; and Intel Corporation from providing Xeon chips to China due to their use, according to the US, in researching nuclear weaponsresearch to which US export control law bans US companies from contributing"The Department of Commerce refused, saying it was concerned about nuclear research being done with the machine."


title: TOP500

text: On 29 July 2015, President Obama signed an executive order creating a National Strategic Computing Initiative calling for the accelerated development of an exascale (1000 petaflop) system and funding research into post-semiconductor computing.


title: TOP500

text: In June 2016, Japanese firm Fujitsu announced at the International Supercomputing Conference that its future exascale supercomputer will feature processors of its own design that implement the ARMv8 architecture. The Flagship2020 program, by Fujitsu for RIKEN plans to break the exaflops barrier by 2020 through the Fugaku supercomputer, (and "it looks like China and France have a chance to do so and that the United States is contentfor the moment at leastto wait until 2023 to break through the exaflops barrier.") These processors will also implement extensions to the ARMv8 architecture equivalent to HPC-ACE2 that Fujitsu is developing with Arm.


title: TOP500

text: In June 2016, Sunway TaihuLight became the No. 1 system with 93 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s) on the Linpack benchmark.


title: TOP500

text: In November 2016, Piz Daint was upgraded, moving it from 8th to 3rd, leaving the US with no systems under the TOP3 for only the 2nd time ever.


title: TOP500

text: Inspur has been one of the largest HPC system manufacturer based out of Jinan, China. , Inspur has become the third manufacturer to have manufactured 64-way systema record which has been previously mastered by IBM and HP. The company has registered over $10B in revenues and have successfully provided a number of HPC systems to countries outside China such as Sudan, Zimbabwe, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela. Inspur was also a major technology partner behind both the supercomputers from China, namely Tianhe-2 and Taihu which lead the top 2 positions of TOP500 supercomputer list up to November 2017. Inspur and Supermicro released a few platforms aimed at HPC using GPU such as SR-AI and AGX-2 in May 2017.


title: TOP500

text: In November 2017, for the second time in a row there were no system from the USA under the TOP3. #1 and #2 were installed in China, a system in Switzerland at #3, and a new system in Japan was #4 pushing the top US system to #5.


title: TOP500

text: In June 2018, Summit, an IBM-built system at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory (ORNL) in Tennessee, USA, took the #1 spot with a performance of 122.3 petaflop/s (PFLOP/s), and Sierra, a very similar system at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, CA, USA took #3. These two system took also the first two spots on the HPCG benchmark. Due to Summit and Sierra, the USA took back the lead as consumer of HPC performance with 38.2% of the overall installed performance while China was second with 29.1% of the overall installed performance. For the first time ever, the leading HPC manufacturer is not a US company. Lenovo took the lead with 23.8% of systems installed. It is followed by HPE with 15.8%, Inspur with 13.6%, Cray with 11.2%, and Sugon with 11%.


title: TOP500

text: On 18 March 2019, the United States Department of Energy and Intel announced the first exaFLOP supercomputer would be operational at Argonne National Laboratory by the end of 2021. The computer, named Aurora, is to be delivered to Argonne by Intel and Cray.


title: TOP500

text: On 7 May 2019, The U.S. Department of Energy announced a contract with Cray to build the "Frontier" supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Frontier is anticipated to be operational in 2021 and, with a performance of greater than 1.5 exaflops, should then be the world's most powerful computer.


title: TOP500

text: Since June 2019, all TOP500 systems deliver a petaflop or more on the High Performance Linpack (HPL) benchmark, with the entry level to the list now at 1.022 petaflops.


title: TOP500

text: In May 2022, the Frontier supercomputer broke the exascale barrier, completing more than a quintillion calculations per second. Frontier clocked in at approximately 1.1 exaflops, beating out the previous record-holder, Fugaku.


title: TOP500

text: Some major systems are not on the list. A proiminent example is the NCSA's Blue Waters which publicly announced the decision not to participate in the list because they do not feel it accurately indicates the ability of any system to do useful work. Other organizations decide not to list systems for security and/or commercial competitiveness reasons. One such example is the National Supercomputing Center at Qingdao's OceanLight supercomputer, completed in March 2021, which was submitted for, and won, the Gordon Bell Prize. The computer is an exaflop computer, but was not submitted to the TOP500 list; the first exaflop machine submitted to the TOP500 list was Frontier. Analysts suspected that the reason the NSCQ did not submit what would otherwise have been the world's first exascale supercomputer was to avoid inflaming political sentiments and fears within the United States, in the context of the United States – China trade war. Additional purpose-built machines that are not capable or do not run the benchmark were not included, such as RIKEN MDGRAPE-3 and MDGRAPE-4. A Google Tensor Processing Unit v4 pod is capable of 1.1 exaflops of peak performance, however these units are highly specialized to run machine learning workloads and the TOP500 measures a specific benchmark algorithm using a specific numeric precision.


title: TOP500

text: IBM Roadrunner is no longer on the list (nor is any other using the Cell coprocessor, or PowerXCell).


title: TOP500

text: Similarly (non-SIMD-style) vector processors (NEC-based such as the Earth simulator that was fastest in 2002) have also fallen off the list. Also the Sun Starfire computers that occupied many spots in the past now no longer appear.


title: TOP500

text: The last non-Linux computers on the list the two AIX ones running on POWER7 (in July 2017 ranked 494th and 495th originally 86th and 85th), dropped off the list in November 2017.


title: Halestorm

text: Halestorm is an American rock band from Red Lion, Pennsylvania, consisting of lead vocalist and guitarist Lzzy Hale, her drummer brother Arejay Hale, guitarist Joe Hottinger, and bassist Josh Smith.


title: Halestorm

text: The group's self-titled debut album was released on April 28, 2009, through Atlantic Records. Their second album "The Strange Case Of..." was released on April 10, 2012. Its lead single "Love Bites (So Do I)" won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance on February 10, 2013. Their third album, "Into the Wild Life" (2015), peaked at number five on the "Billboard" 200. The band's fourth album, "Vicious" (2018), debuted at number eight on the chart, becoming their second top 10 record. Their most recent album, "Back from the Dead", was released in May 2022.


title: Halestorm

text: Halestorm is well known for their near non-stop touring, often performing as many as 250 shows a year. Since 2006 they have toured with many hard rock and heavy metal acts including Alice Cooper, Alter Bridge, Chevelle, Seether, Staind, Papa Roach, Trapt, Three Days Grace, Theory of a Deadman, Buckcherry, In This Moment, Disturbed, Shinedown, Avenged Sevenfold, Stone Sour, Skillet, Hellyeah, Heaven & Hell, Evanescence, the Pretty Reckless, Starset, Sevendust, Dorothy, Lita Ford, Godsmack, Bullet for My Valentine, New Years Day, Stitched Up Heart, Lilith Czar and The Warning. Halestorm appeared on the first annual Rockstar Energy Drink Uproar Festival, and in October 2010 the band traveled to Japan to participate in the Loud Park Festival. Halestorm also appeared on the 2010 Taste of Chaos tour.


title: Halestorm

text: Siblings Arejay (born Terrance Averell Cooper Hale) and Elizabeth "Lzzy" Hale have been actively writing and performing original music since 1997 when they were 10 and 13 years old. Lzzy started learning piano at the age of 5; she later progressed to a keytar, and Arejay the drums. She took guitar lessons at 16. The teen siblings released two EPs titled "Forecast for the Future" in 1997 and "(Don't Mess With The) Time Man" in 1999. In 2003, Joe Hottinger joined the band. In Halestorm's earlier days, Lzzy and Arejay's father, Roger Hale, played bass before Josh Smith joined the group in 2004.


title: Halestorm

text: The group signed a recording contract with Atlantic Records on June 28, 2005, and released a live EP titled "One and Done" on April 28, 2006. The EP, now out of print, featured an early live version of "It's Not You." Their self-titled debut album was released on April 28, 2009. The song "I Get Off" served as the album's lead single. Both the song and video for their second single, "It's Not You", were released in late November 2009. Singles and videos for "Love/Hate Heartbreak" and "Familiar Taste of Poison" were released in 2010.


title: Halestorm

text: On November 16, 2010 Halestorm released a live CD/DVD entitled "Live in Philly 2010", which was recorded at The TLA in Philadelphia in early 2010. On March 22, 2011, Halestorm released an EP called "" containing covers of songs of different genres.


title: Halestorm

text: On January 24, 2012, Halestorm released the EP "Hello, It's Mz. Hyde". Their second full-length album, "The Strange Case Of..." was released on April 10, 2012, in the US, April 9 in the UK, and April 17 in Italy. On October 29, 2012 they were announced as the support for Bullet for My Valentine on their UK tour in March 2013.


title: Halestorm

text: On December 5, 2012 during a show at the Majestic Theater in Madison, Wisconsin, before Lzzy could start her piano ballad "Break In", guitarist Joe Hottinger ran up to her from off stage and told her that the song "Love Bites...(So Do I)" was nominated for a Grammy in the Best Hard Rock/Metal Performance Category. Drummer Arejay Hale asked on his mic what happened and after Lzzy replied to the audience that they had just been nominated for a Grammy, the crowd erupted in celebration. The entire event was recorded by a fan and posted on YouTube. On February 10, 2013 Halestorm won the award, becoming the first female-fronted band to both be nominated and win in that category. In April 2013, Halestorm reached the top of the "Billboard" Hot Mainstream Rock Tracks chart for the first time with their single "Freak Like Me". On August 6, 2013, the band premiered their video for "Here's to Us". On October 15, Halestorm released their second covers album entitled "".


title: Halestorm

text: Halestorm covered the Dio song "Straight Through the Heart" on the tribute album "Ronnie James Dio – This Is Your Life", which was released on March 25, 2014. On March 28, 2014 Halestorm performed a brand new song called "The Heartbreaker" at the Cannery Ballroom in Nashville, Tennessee. In April, the band released a video on YouTube called "A Day in the Life Of Halestorm 2014 (Backstage, Interview & New Song "Mayhem")". The title of the new album was originally set to be released January 13, 2015, but was actually moved a day earlier to January 12. The band has posted letters of the album name allowing for fans to try and unscramble them, and on January 12, 2015, their third full studio album entitled "Into the Wild Life" was announced with release dates for the UK and US, April 13 and 14 respectively.


title: Halestorm

text: In May 2015 will be released the photo book "To Hale And Back" in collaboration with photographer Rob Fenn, which documents the career of Halestorm so far. On January 6, 2017, Halestorm released their third covers album "". On May 17, 2017, they released the official music video for the song "Dear Daughter".


title: Halestorm

text: In February 2018, the band announced that work on their next album had begun. By May of the same year, Halestorm announced the release of their next album, "Vicious" on July 27, 2018. The band released the first single from the album, "Uncomfortable" that same day. It was followed by "Black Vultures" on June 22 and "Do Not Disturb" on July 19. The album came out on July 27.


title: Halestorm

text: In May 2019, "Chemicals" was released as a B-side single. The song is an "homage to those we've lost and all of us struggling with mental illness".


title: Halestorm

text: After concerts were cancelled in 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Halestorm launched the #RoadieStrong campaign to raise financial support for live entertainment crews during the pandemic. Hale stated in an interview, "We feel for these guys and basically we ended up asking a bunch of our rock star friends and a bunch of our roadie friends to kind of help us create some awareness about this, and help give them all a direction of where to go." The effort was also supported by Avenged Sevenfold, Shinedown, and other artists.


title: Halestorm

text: On August 14, 2020, Halestorm released an EP called "Reimagined". It features six songs, with five reworked Halestorm songs, including "Break In", featuring Amy Lee of Evanescence, and a cover of Dolly Parton's "I Will Always Love You".


title: Halestorm

text: In January 2021, Hale announced that they had begun recording their next studio album, with a "socially distant" studio process. On August 17, 2021, the first song from the new album, "Back from the Dead", was released. The album "Back from the Dead" was released on May 6, 2022. A deluxe edition of the album with seven new songs was released in December 2022.


title: Halestorm

text: Halestorm was the featured artist on the cover of "Origivation" magazine in October 2006 and appeared on the cover of "Pennsylvania Musician" magazine three times (August 1999, March 2000, and February 2003). Lzzy Hale appeared on the cover of "Revolver" magazine along with Grace Perry from Landmine Marathon in their December 2009 edition of the "Hottest Chicks in Metal." Lzzy Hale has also been noted for her use of Gibson Guitars. Arejay Hale was featured in the June 2010 issue of "Modern Drummer" magazine.


title: Halestorm

text: In mid 2012, Halestorm made a special requested appearance in an episode of Bar Rescue, titled "Owner Ousted", where they performed at the grand opening of the Fairfield, Ohio bar America Live (formerly Win, Place or Show).


title: Halestorm

text: On January 29, 2013 Halestorm performed on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!". On February 22, Lzzy Hale sang the Guns N' Roses song "Out Ta Get Me" at Bandit Rock Awards in Stockholm Sweden, where Slash and his band were headlining. Hale's vocals are featured in a cover of "Close My Eyes Forever" and on the album of David Draiman's new project, Device.


title: Halestorm

text: In a recent interview, Lzzy Hale revealed that she keeps the Grammy on her mantelpiece next to her other favorite trophy from the Schuylkill County Fair in Pennsylvania when Halestorm won third place in a talent contest in 1997.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: An intracranial aneurysm, also known as a brain aneurysm, is a cerebrovascular disorder in which weakness in the wall of a cerebral artery or vein causes a localized dilation or ballooning of the blood vessel.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Aneurysms in the posterior circulation (basilar artery, vertebral arteries and posterior communicating artery) have a higher risk of rupture. Basilar artery aneurysms represent only 3–5% of all intracranial aneurysms but are the most common aneurysms in the posterior circulation.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Cerebral aneurysms are classified both by size and shape. Small aneurysms have a diameter of less than 15 mm. Larger aneurysms include those classified as large (15 to 25 mm), giant (25 to 50 mm), and super-giant (over 50 mm).


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Saccular aneurysms, also known as berry aneurysms, appear as a round outpouching and are the most common form of cerebral aneurysm. Causes include connective tissue disorders, polycystic kidney disease, arteriovenous malformations, untreated hypertension, tobacco smoking, cocaine, and amphetamines, intravenous drug abuse (can cause infectious mycotic aneurysms), alcoholism, heavy caffeine intake, head trauma, and infection in the arterial wall from bacteremia (mycotic aneurysms).


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Fusiform dolichoectatic aneurysms represent a widening of a segment of an artery around the entire blood vessel, rather than just arising from a side of an artery's wall. They have an estimated annual risk of rupture between 1.6 and 1.9 percent.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Microaneurysms, also known as Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms, typically occur in small blood vessels (less than 300 micrometre diameter), most often the lenticulostriate vessels of the basal ganglia, and are associated with chronic hypertension. Charcot–Bouchard aneurysms are a common cause of intracranial hemorrhage.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: A small, unchanging aneurysm will produce few, if any, symptoms. Before a larger aneurysm ruptures, the individual may experience such symptoms as a sudden and unusually severe headache, nausea, vision impairment, vomiting, and loss of consciousness, or no symptoms at all.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: If an aneurysm ruptures, blood leaks into the space around the brain. This is called a subarachnoid hemorrhage. Onset is usually sudden without prodrome, classically presenting as a "thunderclap headache" worse than previous headaches. Symptoms of a subarachnoid hemorrhage differ depending on the site and size of the aneurysm. Symptoms of a ruptured aneurysm can include:


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Almost all aneurysms rupture at their apex. This leads to hemorrhage in the subarachnoid space and sometimes in brain parenchyma. Minor leakage from aneurysm may precede rupture, causing warning headaches. About 60% of patients die immediately after rupture. Larger aneurysms have a greater tendency to rupture, though most ruptured aneurysms are less than 10 mm in diameter.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: A ruptured microaneurysm may cause an intracerebral hemorrhage, presenting as a focal neurological deficit.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Rebleeding, hydrocephalus (the excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid), vasospasm (spasm, or narrowing, of the blood vessels), or multiple aneurysms may also occur. The risk of rupture from a cerebral aneurysm varies according to the size of an aneurysm, with the risk rising as the aneurysm size increases.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Vasospasm, referring to blood vessel constriction, can occur secondary to subarachnoid hemorrhage following a ruptured aneurysm. This is most likely to occur within 21 days and is seen radiologically within 60% of such patients. The vasospasm is thought to be secondary to the apoptosis of inflammatory cells such as macrophages and neutrophils that become trapped in the subarachnoid space. These cells initially invade the subarachnoid space from the circulation in order to phagocytose the hemorrhaged red blood cells. Following apoptosis, it is thought there is a massive degranulation of vasoconstrictors, including endothelins and free radicals, that cause the vasospasm.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Intracranial aneurysms may result from diseases acquired during life, or from genetic conditions. Hypertension, smoking, alcoholism, and obesity are associated with the development of brain aneurysms. Cocaine use has also been associated with the development of intracranial aneurysms.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Coarctation of the aorta is also a known risk factor, as is arteriovenous malformation. Genetic conditions associated with connective tissue disease may also be associated with the development of aneurysms. This includes:


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Specific genes have also had reported association with the development of intracranial aneurysms, including perlecan, elastin, collagen type 1 A2, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, endothelin receptor A and cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor. Recently, several genetic loci have been identified as relevant to the development of intracranial aneurysms. These include 1p34–36, 2p14–15, 7q11, 11q25, and 19q13.1–13.3.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Aneurysm means an outpouching of a blood vessel wall that is filled with blood. Aneurysms occur at a point of weakness in the vessel wall. This can be because of acquired disease or hereditary factors. The repeated trauma of blood flow against the vessel wall presses against the point of weakness and causes the aneurysm to enlarge. As described by the law of Young-Laplace, the increasing area increases tension against the aneurysmal walls, leading to enlargement. In addition, a combination of computational fluid dynamics and morphological indices have been proposed as reliable predictors of cerebral aneurysm rupture.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Both high and low wall shear stress of flowing blood can cause aneurysm and rupture. However, the mechanism of action is still unknown. It is speculated that low shear stress causes growth and rupture of large aneurysms through inflammatory response while high shear stress causes growth and rupture of small aneurysm through mural response (response from the blood vessel wall). Other risk factors that contributes to the formation of aneurysm are: cigarette smoking, hypertension, female gender, family history of cerebral aneurysm, infection, and trauma. Damage to structural integrity of the arterial wall by shear stress causes an inflammatory response with the recruitment of T cells, macrophages, and mast cells. The inflammatory mediators are: interleukin 1 beta, interleukin 6, tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF alpha), MMP1, MMP2, MMP9, prostaglandin E2, complement system, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and angiotensin II. However, smooth muscle cells from the tunica media layer of the artery moved into the tunica intima, where the function of the smooth muscle cells changed from contractile function into pro-inflammatory function. This causes the fibrosis of the arterial wall, with reduction of number of smooth muscle cells, abnormal collagen synthesis, resulting in a thinning of the arterial wall and the formation of aneurysm and rupture. No specific gene loci has been identified to be associated with cerebral aneurysms.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Generally, aneurysms larger than 7 mm in diameter should be treated because they are prone for rupture. Meanwhile, aneurysms less than 7 mm arise from the anterior and posterior communicating artery and are more easily ruptured when compared to aneurysms arising from other locations.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Saccular aneurysms are almost always the result of hereditary weaknesses in blood vessels and typically occur within the arteries of the circle of Willis, in order of frequency affecting the following arteries:


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Saccular aneurysms tend to have a lack of tunica media and elastic lamina around their dilated locations (congenital), with a wall of sac made up of thickened hyalinized intima and adventitia. In addition, some parts of the brain vasculature are inherently weak—particularly areas along the circle of Willis, where small communicating vessels link the main cerebral vessels. These areas are particularly susceptible to saccular aneurysms. Approximately 25% of patients have multiple aneurysms, predominantly when there is a familial pattern.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Once suspected, intracranial aneurysms can be diagnosed radiologically using magnetic resonance or CT angiography. But these methods have limited sensitivity for diagnosis of small aneurysms, and often cannot be used to specifically distinguish them from infundibular dilations without performing a formal angiogram. The determination of whether an aneurysm is ruptured is critical to diagnosis. Lumbar puncture (LP) is the gold standard technique for determining aneurysm rupture (subarachnoid hemorrhage). Once an LP is performed, the CSF is evaluated for RBC count, and presence or absence of xanthochromia.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Emergency treatment for individuals with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm generally includes restoring deteriorating respiration and reducing intracranial pressure. Currently there are two treatment options for securing intracranial aneurysms: surgical clipping or endovascular coiling. If possible, either surgical clipping or endovascular coiling is typically performed within the first 24 hours after bleeding to occlude the ruptured aneurysm and reduce the risk of recurrent hemorrhage.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: While a large meta-analysis found the outcomes and risks of surgical clipping and endovascular coiling to be statistically similar, no consensus has been reached. In particular, the large randomised control trial International Subarachnoid Aneurysm Trial appears to indicate a higher rate of recurrence when intracerebral aneurysms are treated using endovascular coiling. Analysis of data from this trial has indicated a 7% lower eight-year mortality rate with coiling, a high rate of aneurysm recurrence in aneurysms treated with coiling—from 28.6 to 33.6% within a year, a 6.9 times greater rate of late retreatment for coiled aneurysms, and a rate of rebleeding 8 times higher than surgically clipped aneurysms.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Aneurysms can be treated by clipping the base of the aneurysm with a specially-designed clip. Whilst this is typically carried out by craniotomy, a new endoscopic endonasal approach is being trialled. Surgical clipping was introduced by Walter Dandy of the Johns Hopkins Hospital in 1937.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Endovascular coiling refers to the insertion of platinum coils into the aneurysm. A catheter is inserted into a blood vessel, typically the femoral artery, and passed through blood vessels into the cerebral circulation and the aneurysm. Coils are pushed into the aneurysm, or released into the blood stream ahead of the aneurysm. Upon depositing within the aneurysm, the coils expand and initiate a thrombotic reaction within the aneurysm. If successful, this prevents further bleeding from the aneurysm. In the case of broad-based aneurysms, a stent may be passed first into the parent artery to serve as a scaffold for the coils.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Cerebral bypass surgery was developed in the 1960s in Switzerland by Gazi Yasargil. When a patient has an aneurysm involving a blood vessel or a tumor at the base of the skull wrapping around a blood vessel, surgeons eliminate the problem vessel by replacing it with an artery from another part of the body.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Outcomes depend on the size of the aneurysm. Small aneurysms (less than 7 mm) have a low risk of rupture and increase in size slowly. The risk of rupture is less than one percent for aneurysms of this size.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: The prognosis for a ruptured cerebral aneurysm depends on the extent and location of the aneurysm, the person's age, general health, and neurological condition. Some individuals with a ruptured cerebral aneurysm die from the initial bleeding. Other individuals with cerebral aneurysm recover with little or no neurological deficit. The most significant factors in determining outcome are the Hunt and Hess grade, and age. Generally patients with Hunt and Hess grade I and II hemorrhage on admission to the emergency room and patients who are younger within the typical age range of vulnerability can anticipate a good outcome, without death or permanent disability. Older patients and those with poorer Hunt and Hess grades on admission have a poor prognosis. Generally, about two-thirds of patients have a poor outcome, death, or permanent disability.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: Increased availability and greater access to medical imaging has caused a rising number of asymptomatic, unruptured cerebral aneurysms to be discovered incidentally during medical imaging investigations. This may lead to surgery including endovascular, or simple monitoring. Recently, an increasing number of aneurysm features have been evaluated in their ability to predict aneurysm rupture status, including aneurysm height, aspect ratio, height-to-width ratio, inflow angle, deviations from ideal spherical or elliptical forms, and radiomics morphological features.


title: Intracranial aneurysm

text: The prevalence of intracranial aneurysm is about 1–5% (10 million to 12 million persons in the United States) and the incidence is 1 per 10,000 persons per year in the United States (approximately 27,000), with 30- to 60-year-olds being the age group most affected. Intracranial aneurysms occur more in women, by a ratio of 3 to 2, and are rarely seen in pediatric populations.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery is a 2022 American mystery film written and directed by Rian Johnson and produced by Johnson and Ram Bergman. It is the sequel to the 2019 film "Knives Out", with Daniel Craig reprising his role as master detective Benoit Blanc as he takes on a new case. The ensemble cast includes Edward Norton, Janelle Monáe, Kathryn Hahn, Leslie Odom Jr., Jessica Henwick, Madelyn Cline, Kate Hudson, and Dave Bautista.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Johnson had considered the idea of several films featuring the Benoit Blanc character prior to the first film's release. A sequel was greenlit by its original distributor Lionsgate in 2020, but in March 2021 Netflix bought the rights to two "Knives Out" sequels for $469 million. The cast signed on that May. Filming took place on the island of Spetses, Greece, in June and July 2021, and continued elsewhere until September.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Following its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022, "Glass Onion" began a one-week limited theatrical release on November 23, 2022, receiving the widest theatrical release ever for a Netflix film. Netflix will begin streaming it on December 23. "Glass Onion" received critical acclaim, with praise for its screenplay, direction, performances and score, and was named one of the best films of 2022 by the National Board of Review.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Detective Benoit Blanc is hired by Helen Brand to investigate the death of her sister, Cassandra "Andi" Brand. Andi was CEO of Alpha, a technology company she co-founded with Miles Bron. After refusing to consent to Miles releasing Klear, a potentially dangerous hydrogen-based alternative fuel, Miles manoeuvred Andi out of the company, winning a lawsuit she filed against him. Andi's case failed when she was unable to prove Alpha's founding ideas were hers, and also because of the testimonies of her and Miles' old friends: Alpha head scientist Lionel Toussaint, Connecticut Governor Claire Debella, fashion designer Birdie Jay and men's rights streamer Duke Cody. Helen suspects that one of the five killed Andi after she found the cocktail napkin where she had written down the idea for Alpha, which would discredit Miles and prove the perjury of all five during the lawsuit.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Miles is hosting a murder mystery weekend at his mansion, the Glass Onion, on his private island in Greece. As Andi was invited and news of her death has not been released, Blanc instructs Helen to pose as Andi for the weekend to help him investigate. They join Lionel, Claire, Birdie and Duke in travelling to the island. Birdie's assistant Peg and Duke's girlfriend Whiskey also accompany the group. Upon their arrival, Miles questions Blanc's presence, but allows him to stay, assuming that he was invited as a joke arranged by one of the other guests.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Helen searches for clues that could lead to Andi's killer, but only discovers motives for Lionel, Claire, Birdie, and Duke to kill Miles instead. Lionel and Claire have staked their professional reputations to support Klear, only to discover its potentially dangerous qualities afterwards; Birdie is being forced by Miles to take responsibility for hiring a sweatshop in Bangladesh to manufacture her clothing line, and Duke is attempting to coerce Miles into giving him a position at Alpha News by using Whiskey to seduce him. Blanc deliberately ruins Miles's planned "murder mystery" by solving it immediately, in order to allow Helen more time to focus on the guests. Later that night as the group parties, Duke suddenly collapses dead after accidentally drinking from Miles's glass. The group panics and suspects "Andi" to be the killer before discovering that Duke's pistol is missing. In the ensuing chaos, the group splits up. Blanc finds Helen, who has been searching for Andi's cocktail napkin, and instructs her to search Miles's office. An unknown assailant shoots Helen in the chest, but the bullet is blocked by Andi's journal in her jacket pocket.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: After helping fake Helen's death, Blanc gathers the rest of the group in Miles's art room and concludes that Miles committed both murders. After Miles learned of the napkin's existence from Lionel, he killed Andi to prevent her from revealing it to the public. Immediately after the murder, he was seen leaving the house by Duke, who deduced Miles's involvement with Andi's death once news of it was released on the internet during the party. Duke attempted to blackmail Miles, prompting Miles to poison Duke with pineapple juice, which Duke was allergic to, before using Duke's pistol to shoot Helen. Helen locates the napkin in Miles's office and reveals her true identity to the group. However, Miles burns the napkin and smugly brags there is no evidence against him. With the group unwilling to side with her, Helen destroys Miles's glass sculptures before triggering the Klear-powered mansion to explode. This destroys the Glass Onion and the "Mona Lisa", which Miles had on loan from the Louvre. With Miles's reputation ruined due to the painting's destruction and Klear being proven as dangerous, the group decides they will testify against him. Helen and Blanc sit on the beach as they watch the police arrive.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Additionally, Ethan Hawke briefly appears as Miles's assistant (credited as "Efficient Man"), Hugh Grant cameos as Phillip, Blanc's domestic partner, and Joseph Gordon-Levitt voices Miles's clock, the Hourly Dong. Several celebrities make cameo appearances as themselves, including Stephen Sondheim (in his final, posthumous role), Angela Lansbury (also in her final, posthumous role), Natasha Lyonne, Kareem Abdul-Jabbar, Yo-Yo Ma, Jake Tapper, and Serena Williams. Jared Leto and Jeremy Renner's likenesses appear on bottles of kombucha and hot sauce, respectively.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: The 2019 film "Knives Out" was a commercially successful production from MRC and Lionsgate Films. It grossed over $311 million on a budget of $40 million, making it the third-highest-grossing original movie of the year that was not based on existing intellectual property. Before its release, writer and director Rian Johnson had teased the possibility of a sequel revolving around the lead character, Detective Benoit Blanc. The sequel was officially greenlit by Lionsgate in early 2020. In March 2021, Netflix outbid Amazon and Apple at an auction to acquire the rights to the film and another sequel to "Knives Out" for $469 million, with Johnson returning as director, Daniel Craig set to reprise his role as Blanc, and a budget of at least $40 million for the first installment. Johnson, Craig, and the producer Ram Bergman reportedly earned more than $100 million for both productions. A losing bidder called it an inexplicable and "mind-boggling" deal.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Craig worked with a dialect coach to regain familiarity with Blanc's Southern accent. Johnson previously considered having Blanc speak with an inexplicably different accent in each film.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Johnson made it clear that "Glass Onion" was not a continuation of its predecessor but a standalone film featuring a new story and cast, similar to the Hercule Poirot novel series by Agatha Christie. In addition to Christie novels, he took inspiration from "tropical getaway murder mysteries" like "Evil Under the Sun" and especially "The Last of Sheila", saying: "It's structured around a group of friends, or frenemies, who all have a power dynamic with one of their successful friends. It begins with him sending an invitation for them to come and play this murder mystery game at this exotic locale. In "The Last of Sheila", it's on his yacht, and everything ends up going horribly wrong. That is essentially how "Glass Onion" begins." Johnson wanted the film's title to refer to something hidden in plain sight. He chose "glass" because it is clear, and searched his phone for songs with the word. He landed on "Glass Onion" by the Beatles and, as a fan of the band, picked it as the title. The song is featured in the end credits of the film.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: The character of Benoit Blanc was revealed to be gay in the film. When asked if it was always the plan to have Blanc be a queer character, Johnson said "I wasn’t really thinking about it but yeah, I would say so. It kind of made sense, to the point that when I started writing the second one, it didn’t feel like a big decision. When it was time to get a glimpse of his home life, it felt very natural."


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Johnson described casting the film as "throwing a dinner party". Dave Bautista said Johnson encouraged him to audition during an unprompted call, and Kathryn Hahn secured her role over several Zoom calls with Johnson.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Returning "Knives Out" crew members included cinematographer Steve Yedlin, editor Bob Ducsay, and composer Nathan Johnson. Filming began in Spetses, an island in Greece, on June 28, 2021. Johnson discovered the Aman Resorts' Villa 20 in Porto Heli and decided to use it as a major filming location. It also housed the cast and their families for the majority of the shoot, which Johnson described as "a summer vacation where we also made a movie". The shoot moved out of Greece on July 30, and wrapped officially on September 13, 2021.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Rian's cousin and frequent composer Nathan Johnson returned to score for "Glass Onion"; it marks their fifth collaboration working together after "Brick" (2006), "The Brothers Bloom" (2009), "Looper" (2012) and the predecessor, "Knives Out" (2019). The album was released by Netflix Music on November 25, 2022.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: "Glass Onion" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on September 10, 2022. It also screened at the Philadelphia Film Festival in October 2022, closed both the BFI London Film Festival on October 16, 2022, and Film Fest 919 on October 30, 2022 and screened the Miami International Film Festival as its opening night film on November 3, 2022. It will be released on Netflix on December 23, 2022.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Netflix was reportedly considering a new release model for films like "Glass Onion", which would give the film a 45-day window in theaters before being released on the streaming service. On October 6, 2022, Netflix announced that after signing deals with the three largest theater chains in the United States (AMC Theaters, Regal Cinemas, and Cinemark, the latter of whom Netflix had a pre-existing deal with), the film would see a very limited one-week theatrical release (billed as a "sneak preview" release) from November 23 to 29, 2022, in roughly 600 theaters in the largest markets across the United States as well in other international markets, marking the first time a Netflix-distributed film would be shown in all three major theater chains in the United States. After the release is over, Netflix would then pull the film from distribution until the Netflix release on December 23, at which point Netflix would allow theaters to show the film again. "Deadline Hollywood" later reported that Netflix agreed to take a lower amount of the rental revenue than usual from theaters (40% vs. 60-70%), as well as to kick in four times the average amount of money for exhibitor marketing. "Deadline" also reported that some smaller exhibitors that were interested in playing the film were shut out from the one-week limited release as Netflix preferred more popular theaters for "Glass Onion".


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: In the United States and Canada, "Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery" was released alongside "Strange World", "Devotion", and the wide expansions of "Bones and All" and "The Fabelmans", and was initially projected to gross around $6–8 million from 698 theaters over its five-day opening weekend. As with their other theatrical releases, Netflix did not release any box office numbers for the film. "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the film made an estimated $2–2.5 million on its first day, which led to estimates being raised to as much as $12.3 million. "The Hollywood Reporter" later reported that the film went on to debut with an estimated $13.1 million over the five-day weekend, which would be the best-performing theatrical release for Netflix, and third for the weekend had Netflix officially released box office numbers, behind "" and "Strange World".


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman praised the film as, "a bigger, showier, even more elaborately multi-faceted shell-game mystery" than the first film.


title: Glass Onion: A Knives Out Mystery

text: Netflix holds the film rights to at least one more "Knives Out" film. In September 2022, Johnson confirmed his intention to make more. Later that month, Craig and Johnson both separately stated that they will continue making additional films in the series, so long as they are both involved together. In November 2022, Johnson said that he was preparing to work on writing the third film.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: Guru is a 2007 Indian Hindi-language drama film directed and co-written by Mani Ratnam. It stars Mithun Chakraborty, Abhishek Bachchan, Aishwarya Rai, Madhavan, Vidya Balan and Roshan Seth. The score and soundtrack for the film was composed by A. R. Rahman. Incidentally, Mithun Chakraborty also previously acted in a 1989 film of the same name in Hindi, as well as a 2003 film of the same name in Bengali.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: The film was rumored to be a biopic of the industrial tycoon Dhirubhai Ambani, but Ratnam refuted the claims, clarifying it was a work of fiction. The film was released on 12 January 2007 with its première at the Elgin Theatre in Toronto, Canada, on Thursday, 11 January 2007 by Roger Nair, making it the first Indian film to have a mainstream international première in Canada. Roger Nair productions acquired the rights for Canada and held a premiere with most of the cast and crew flown to Toronto, Canada. The film was premiered in the Tous Les Cinemas du Monde (World Cinema) section of 2007 Cannes Film Festival. The film had also been dubbed and released in Tamil with the same title while in Telugu with the title "Gurukanth".


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: The beginning of the film is set in 1951 in a small village of Idar in Sabarkantha district, northern Gujarat, where a young man named Gurukant Desai dreams of making it big someday. His father Kantilal, the headmaster of the village school, tells him not to dream and that dreams never come true. Guru decides to go to Turkey and enter the spice trade, followed by a blue-collar job with Burmah Shell; later, he is promoted but refuses the job, as he wants to work for himself. Guru returns to his village, he marries Sujata, mainly because of the dowry she brings him. Along with Sujata and her brother Jignesh, Guru migrates to Bombay and starts trading in cloth. Gradually, he expands his business and sets up manufacturing units of his own, under the name "Shakti Corporation".


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: "Nanaji" Manik Dasgupta, who publishes a newspaper "Swatantra" ("The Independent"), treats Guru as his son. Guru likewise looks upon him as a father figure who supported him during his early days of struggle in Bombay. He also develops a strong friendship with Meenu, granddaughter of Nanaji. Meenu develops multiple sclerosis as she grows up, and begins using a wheelchair.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: As Guru's business grows into one of the largest in India, he ruthlessly pursues success. He smuggles machine parts for his polyester mills, illegally creates goods, and manipulates stocks to make a higher profit. But when Nanaji learns that Guru's means of success are not always honest, he, along with a reporter of his newspaper, Shyam Saxena, decides to expose Guru's increasingly corrupt ways.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: The stress of his battle with the newspaper causes Guru to have a stroke, and he is paralysed on his right side. Meanwhile, Meenu, who is now married to Shyam, is slowly weakening from her illness, and eventually dies. In the end, Guru is brought before a private government inquiry on 16 October 1980 to defend himself against the charges pressed against him, but tells the press in next day that he was an ordinary villager who didn't even understand the meaning of excise duty, customs, sales tax. All he knew was his business. But the corrupt system made sure that a villager doesn't become a rich businessman. As a result, he had to indulge in corrupt practices. This forces the government to clear him of 27 of the 29 charges against him. He is charged with a fine of ₹6.3 million (equivalent to ₹100 million or US$1.6 million in 2016) and ₹96,000 (equivalent to ₹1.6 million or US$24,000 in 2016) for the respective two charges, which are proved and is allowed to return to his company. The movie ends with Guru telling Shakti's shareholders that his father was proven wrong as he said dreams don't turn true, but they all are now a part of India's largest company. Guru asks them if they should stop. Shareholders refuse and resolve to be the largest company in the world instead.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: "Guru" was written and directed by Mani Ratnam, while Vijay Krishna Acharya wrote the Hindi dialogues. Filming took place in Mumbai, Turkey, Badami and Melkote (both in Karnataka), as well as in Chennai, Pollachi, Chettinad region Tamil Nadu, and Athirappilly in Kerala. Much of the film was shot on the Express Estates, the former home of "The Indian Express" and "Dinamani". The music is composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Gulzar. Cinematography for the film is handled by Rajiv Menon. Several scenes were deleted from the final theatrical version, including a scene in which Sujata first gives birth to a stillborn child and a scene in which Guru becomes angry with his wife for visiting Manik Dasgupta.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: "Guru" has others involved in the production as a film that is reflective of a man's desire for ambition and success, and how times have changed from the period immediately after the country's independence to the present. Some reports have speculated that this film is a biographical film of, one of India's biggest industrial tycoons, Dhirubhai Ambani. Like Guru, Ambani also had roots in Gujarat as the son of a schoolteacher, went abroad to work for the gas company Shell, and returned to India to import polyester. Ratnam has described "Guru" as inspired by stories both past and present.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: The less known fact is that, the role of Madhavan is based on Swaminathan Gurumurthy, who along with Ramnath Goenka worked to expose Reliance Industries. The title is speculated to be an acknowledgement of this fact, where in his name is playfully swapped with Ambani's character. In real life, Gurumurthy has twin daughters much like the Guru character in the movie.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: "Guru" opened well upon release, gaining momentum over time. In the United States, "Guru," opening on a limited release, registered good collections in its opening weekend, fetching during this period, with a high screen average. By its seventh week, the film had netted in India, collecting in the US and the UK. As of 23 February 2007, "Guru", having released 12 January, has grossed more than across the world and was declared a "hit" at the box office. In the United States, it was a blockbuster.


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: "Guru" has received positive reviews from critics. Abhishek Bachchan received widespread praise for his performance. The film has a rating of 83% at the review website "Rotten Tomatoes". "The New York Times" said of the film "You might think it would be difficult to fashion an entertaining account of the life of a polyester manufacturer, even a fictitious one. But director Mani Ratnam has done so with "Guru", an epic paean to can-do spirit and Mumbai capitalism." "The New York Post" gave it three out of four stars, and the "Los Angeles Weekly" called it the best Hindi film since "Lagaan" (2001)"." Richard Corliss of "Time" compared the film to Frank Capra's "It's a Wonderful Life" and said that one of the main highlights of the film was its climax. This Guru is more like a fine polyester. He further noted, "Ash's film eminence remains a mystery. No question she's pretty, but she's more an actress-model than a model-actress. In "Guru", she's mainly ornamentation". The Hindustan Times reviewer gave it a three and half stars and noted " Ratnam and Bachchan Jr have given you a film that’s as close to life as say, business is to politics. For the discerning viewer, satisfaction is guaranteed.. and some more. Rai is marvellous, handling complex scenes with grace and empathy. Above all, the enterprise belongs to Bachchan. He is astonishingly nuanced and unwaveringly forceful in his career-best performance after "Yuva" (2004)." Critic Taran Adarsh from "Bollywood Hungama" gave a four star rating and claimed in his review that ""Guru" ranks as one of Mani Ratnam's finest efforts and one of the best to come out of Hindi cinema," and praised actors performances writing "Reserve all the awards for Bachchan. No two opinions on that! His performance in "Guru" is world class and without doubt. From a sharp teenager in Turkey to the biggest entrepreneur of the country, Bachchan handles the various shades his character demands with adroitness."


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: Raja Sen from "Rediff" gave a three stars said that ""Guru" is fuelled by a slew of strong performances. Bachchan owns the movie, forcing audiences to sit up straight as it begins and making us laugh and applaud as he carries on. He's impressive in every frame, as he ebulliently takes over an alien room by hopping onto a chair, or when he's trying to be ever so slightly slimy, polishing his spectacles and showing off his smarminess". "Daily News and Analysis" reviewer gave a three star rating and cited ""Guru" is a film that enthralls you for most of its running time as it traces the life of the uncannily forward seeing bumpkin from Gujarat who turns every disadvantage into an advantage. With "Guru", Bachchan has finally learnt the nuances of the grammar of cinema, in what will very likely be his defining film". "Sify" gave its verdict as "Very Good" and stated "Mani Ratnam’s "Guru" is undoubtedly a gutsy and outstanding film. Outstanding performance is extracted from everyone in the cast." "The Hindu" cited that ""Guru" is vintage Mani Ratnam. It encapsulates his characteristic canniness about human nature, specifically relationships. This is considered Abhishek Bachchan's role of a lifetime." Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave four stars explaining "The beauty of Mani Ratnam's cinema is truly in its unpredictability. Few filmmakers can translate their personal vision onto screen the way Mani Ratnam can. So that's two thumbs up for Guru – it's a must-watch for all. Of the film's cast, Chakraborty playing the ruthless newspaper baron, deserves mention for the dignity which he brings to the part, one that's clearly inspired by "Indian Express" founder Ramnath Goenka. The actor in this film who truly blew my mind, is Rai. There is a silent grace, quiet nobility to her performance, which I have to admit I've never seen before. Of course, the film belongs to Bachchan, the protagonist, Guru himself. And in all honesty, Bachchan rises to the challenge like never before." "The Sunday Times" stated "It is certainly one of the best Bollywood movies you will see. Performances attract admiration: Bachchan does a De Niro, piling on the dosas to show the ageing and overweight Guru and he is, surprisingly, impressive. Rai sheds her usual doe-eyed expressions and is endearing as the supportive but fiery wife, who looks and dances like an angel. Chakraborty and Tamil superstar Madhavan shine equally brightly in underwritten supporting roles". "BBC" reviewer Jaspreet Pandohar gave it a three star rating and noted "Ratnam's absorbing screenplay ensures that Guru rises above the usual rags to riches story, by weaving in meaty subplots involving the protagonist's complex relationships with his loyal wife (Rai), friends and foes".


title: Guru (2007 film)

text: The soundtrack for this film is composed by A. R. Rahman. For his work in this film, A. R. Rahman received awards for Best Music Director and Best Background Score at the 53rd Filmfare Awards as well as the 9th IIFA awards. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 11,50,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's twelfth highest-selling.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: In finance, a derivative is a contract that "derives" its value from the performance of an underlying entity. This underlying entity can be an asset, index, or interest rate, and is often simply called the "underlying". Derivatives can be used for a number of purposes, including insuring against price movements (hedging), increasing exposure to price movements for speculation, or getting access to otherwise hard-to-trade assets or markets.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Some of the more common derivatives include forwards, futures, options, swaps, and variations of these such as synthetic collateralized debt obligations and credit default swaps. Most derivatives are traded over-the-counter (off-exchange) or on an exchange such as the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, while most insurance contracts have developed into a separate industry. In the United States, after the financial crisis of 2007–2009, there has been increased pressure to move derivatives to trade on exchanges.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives are one of the three main categories of financial instruments, the other two being equity (i.e., stocks or shares) and debt (i.e., bonds and mortgages). The oldest example of a derivative in history, attested to by Aristotle, is thought to be a contract transaction of olives, entered into by ancient Greek philosopher Thales, who made a profit in the exchange. Bucket shops, outlawed in 1936, are a more recent historical example.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives are contracts between two parties that specify conditions (especially the dates, resulting values and definitions of the underlying variables, the parties' contractual obligations, and the notional amount) under which payments are to be made between the parties. The assets include commodities, stocks, bonds, interest rates and currencies, but they can also be other derivatives, which adds another layer of complexity to proper valuation. The components of a firm's capital structure, e.g., bonds and stock, can also be considered derivatives, more precisely options, with the underlying being the firm's assets, but this is unusual outside of technical contexts.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: From the economic point of view, financial derivatives are cash flows that are conditioned stochastically and discounted to present value. The market risk inherent in the underlying asset is attached to the financial derivative through contractual agreements and hence can be traded separately. The underlying asset does not have to be acquired. Derivatives therefore allow the breakup of ownership and participation in the market value of an asset. This also provides a considerable amount of freedom regarding the contract design. That contractual freedom allows derivative designers to modify the participation in the performance of the underlying asset almost arbitrarily. Thus, the participation in the market value of the underlying can be effectively weaker, stronger (leverage effect), or implemented as inverse. Hence, specifically the market price risk of the underlying asset can be controlled in almost every situation.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: There are two groups of derivative contracts: the privately traded over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives such as swaps that do not go through an exchange or other intermediary, and exchange-traded derivatives (ETD) that are traded through specialized derivatives exchanges or other exchanges.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives are more common in the modern era, but their origins trace back several centuries. One of the oldest derivatives is rice futures, which have been traded on the Dojima Rice Exchange since the eighteenth century. Derivatives are broadly categorized by the relationship between the underlying asset and the derivative (such as forward, option, swap); the type of underlying asset (such as equity derivatives, foreign exchange derivatives, interest rate derivatives, commodity derivatives, or credit derivatives); the market in which they trade (such as exchange-traded or over-the-counter); and their pay-off profile.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives may broadly be categorized as "lock" or "option" products. Lock products (such as swaps, futures, or forwards) obligate the contractual parties to the terms over the life of the contract. Option products (such as interest rate swaps) provide the buyer the right, but not the obligation to enter the contract under the terms specified.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives can be used either for risk management (i.e. to "hedge" by providing offsetting compensation in case of an undesired event, a kind of "insurance") or for speculation (i.e. making a financial "bet"). This distinction is important because the former is a prudent aspect of operations and financial management for many firms across many industries; the latter offers managers and investors a risky opportunity to increase profit, which may not be properly disclosed to stakeholders.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Along with many other financial products and services, derivatives reform is an element of the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010. The Act delegated many rule-making details of regulatory oversight to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) and those details are not finalized nor fully implemented as of late 2012.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: To give an idea of the size of the derivative market, "The Economist" has reported that as of June 2011, the over-the-counter (OTC) derivatives market amounted to approximately $700 trillion, and the size of the market traded on exchanges totaled an additional $83 trillion. For the fourth quarter 2017 the European Securities Market Authority estimated the size of European derivatives market at a size of €660 trillion with 74 million outstanding contracts.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: However, these are "notional" values, and some economists say that these aggregated values greatly exaggerate the market value and the true credit risk faced by the parties involved. For example, in 2010, while the aggregate of OTC derivatives exceeded $600 trillion, the value of the market was estimated to be much lower, at $21 trillion. The credit-risk equivalent of the derivative contracts was estimated at $3.3 trillion.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Still, even these scaled-down figures represent huge amounts of money. For perspective, the budget for total expenditure of the United States government during 2012 was $3.5 trillion, and the total current value of the U.S. stock market is an estimated $23 trillion. Meanwhile, the world annual Gross Domestic Product is about $65 trillion.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: At least for one type of derivative, Credit Default Swaps (CDS), for which the inherent risk is considered high , the higher, nominal value remains relevant. It was this type of derivative that investment magnate Warren Buffett referred to in his famous 2002 speech in which he warned against "financial weapons of mass destruction". CDS notional value in early 2012 amounted to $25.5 trillion, down from $55 trillion in 2008.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Lock products are theoretically valued at zero at the time of execution and thus do not typically require an up-front exchange between the parties. Based upon movements in the underlying asset over time, however, the value of the contract will fluctuate, and the derivative may be either an asset (i.e., "in the money") or a liability (i.e., "out of the money") at different points throughout its life. Importantly, either party is therefore exposed to the credit quality of its counterparty and is interested in protecting itself in an event of default.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Option products have immediate value at the outset because they provide specified protection (intrinsic value) over a given time period (time value). One common form of option product familiar to many consumers is insurance for homes and automobiles. The insured would pay more for a policy with greater liability protections (intrinsic value) and one that extends for a year rather than six months (time value). Because of the immediate option value, the option purchaser typically pays an up front premium. Just like for lock products, movements in the underlying asset will cause the option's intrinsic value to change over time while its time value deteriorates steadily until the contract expires. An important difference between a lock product is that, after the initial exchange, the option purchaser has no further liability to its counterparty; upon maturity, the purchaser will execute the option if it has positive value (i.e., if it is "in the money") or expire at no cost (other than to the initial premium) (i.e., if the option is "out of the money").


title: Derivative (finance)

text: Derivatives allow risk related to the price of the underlying asset to be transferred from one party to another. For example, a wheat farmer and a miller could sign a futures contract to exchange a specified amount of cash for a specified amount of wheat in the future. Both parties have reduced a future risk: for the wheat farmer, the uncertainty of the price, and for the miller, the availability of wheat. However, there is still the risk that no wheat will be available because of events unspecified by the contract, such as the weather, or that one party will renege on the contract. Although a third party, called a clearing house, insures a futures contract, not all derivatives are insured against counter-party risk.


title: Derivative (finance)

text: From another perspective, the farmer and the miller both reduce a risk and acquire a risk when they sign the futures contract: the farmer reduces the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract and acquires the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract (thereby losing additional income that he could have earned). The miller, on the other hand, acquires the risk that the price of wheat will fall below the price specified in the contract (thereby paying more in the future than he otherwise would have) and reduces the risk that the price of wheat will rise above the price specified in the contract. In this sense, one party is the insurer (risk taker) for one type of risk, and the counter-party is the insurer (risk taker) for another type of risk.