title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 11 December, Chelsea were involved in another high-scoring match as they beat Leeds United 3–2 courtesy of two penalties from Jorginho, including one in second half stoppage time. Chelsea were twice drawn against Lille in the Champions League Round of 16, as the results of the initial draw were nullified after technical issues. Five days later, Chelsea returned to action at Stamford Bridge without Timo Werner, Romelu Lukaku, and Mateo Kovačić due to COVID-19 against an injury-struck Everton. Despite almost 80% possession, Chelsea could only manage a 1–1 draw, as Mason Mount's seventh goal of the season was followed by Jarrad Branthwaite's first ever strike in the Premier League. On 22 December, Chelsea played out a scoreless draw at Molineux Stadium against Wolverhampton Wanderers before beating Brentford 2–0 in the EFL Cup quarter-final three days later. Chelsea continued to be missing several key players due to COVID-19; in the match against Brentford, Tuchel handed debuts to academy players Harvey Vale, Jude Soonsup-Bell, and Xavier Simons.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On Boxing Day, Chelsea beat Aston Villa 3–1 courtesy of two penalties from Jorginho and a goal from Romelu Lukaku on his return to the squad. Three days later, Chelsea could only manage a draw against Brighton at Stamford Bridge. Lukaku opened the scoring but Chelsea were pegged back in stoppage time as Danny Welbeck equalised. The result meant that Chelsea had failed to win consecutive home games since October. Following the match, Tuchel admitted that Chelsea's hopes of winning the Premier League title were slim, in part due to the effects of COVID-19 within the squad, stating "How should we compete in a title race? It would be stupid. I simply don't know what I can expect from my players. Nobody knows it.” Chelsea ended the calendar year in second, eight points behind league leaders Manchester City and one point ahead of Liverpool, who had a game in hand.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 31 December, Sky Italia released an interview with Romelu Lukaku from earlier in the month in which the striker stated that he was unhappy with his lack of game time at Chelsea and eventually wished to return to former club Inter Milan. "I think the boss has decided to play a different formation but I have to stick at it and get on with it professionally" he stated. "I'm not happy with the situation but it's my job and I mustn't give up." He added, "I hope from the bottom of my heart to go back to Inter and not at the end of my career but when I'm still at a good enough level to win more trophies." In another portion of the interview, Lukaku stated "In my opinion, there are three absolute top teams in football — Real Madrid, Barcelona and Bayern Munich. Every player dreams of playing for one of these teams one day. So I thought if I ever had that possibility, I would sign a new contract with Inter and then go there...But it didn't happen, so I told myself that there is only one team where I could possibly see myself — Chelsea." The interview caused widespread anger among Chelsea fans.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's first game of the new year came on 2 January at Stamford Bridge. The match saw second-place Chelsea take on third-placed Liverpool, with both teams needing a win to keep pace with league leaders Manchester City. In the press conferences leading up to the match, Tuchel responded to questions about Lukaku's interview by stating "I don't like it because it brings noise that we don't need. It's just not helpful. On the other side, we don't want to make more out of it than it actually is. You know very well how it is - it's very easy to take lines out of context. It's very easy to shorten lines and make headlines, then later realise that it's not so bad and maybe not what he meant." He went on, "But let's be honest that we don't like it." Tuchel announced in the pre-match press conference that he decided to drop Lukaku despite the fact that the Belgian had scored in the in each of the previous two league matches, stating "the thing got too noisy so close to the match, so I decided to protect the preparation of the match, and that's why he's out." Tuchel replaced Lukaku with Kai Havertz playing as a false-nine. The match started at a high pace, with chances on both ends. However, Liverpool scored twice in the opening 26 minutes. Just before halftime, Mateo Kovačić struck a volley from outside the penalty area that rifled into the top corner of the net, halving the deficit. Chelsea attacked frenetically before the interval, and in first-half stoppage time, Christian Pulisic controlled N'Golo Kanté's lofted pass and finished powerfully to level the score line at 2 goals for each side. In the second half, both Édouard Mendy and Caoimhin Kelleher made crucial saves to keep the score level. The match ended 2–2, with both sides losing ground on Manchester City.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 3 January, Chelsea announced that Thiago Silva had extended his contract until 2023. The following day, Lukaku issued an official apology to Chelsea fans. "I am sorry for the upset I have caused," he stated. "You guys know the connection I have to the club and I totally understand you guys being upset." He went on, "I should have been much clearer in my message. The interview was about saying goodbye to the Inter fans and it wasn't about trying to disrespect the [Chelsea] fans, my teammates, the club and the manager." On 5 January, Chelsea took on Tottenham Hotspur in the League Cup semi-final first leg at Stamford Bridge, with Lukaku returning to the starting lineup. Chelsea won the match 2–0, courtesy of a goal from Kai Havertz and a Ben Davies own-goal, which occurred in bizarre fashion after Japhet Tanganga's clearance bounced back off the Welshman's face into the net. The following weekend, Chelsea beat National League side Chesterfield 5–1 in the FA Cup Third Round in a match that saw Lewis Hall make his senior debut. On 12 January, Chelsea beat Tottenham Hotspur 1–0 in the second leg of the Carabao Cup semi-final, booking a spot at Wembley for the final. Antonio Rüdiger, who still had not signed a contract extension, scored the game's only goal.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 16 January, Chelsea took on league leaders Manchester City. The Citizens dominated the game for long periods, with Kevin De Bruyne scoring the game's only goal. Chelsea only managed one shot on target during the entire game, and the result saw Manchester City move 13 points clear at the top of the Premier League table. Two days later, Chelsea drew 1–1 with Brighton. The result meant that Chelsea had only won three of their last ten Premier League matches. Following the match, Tuchel spoke about Chelsea's poor league form, saying "We were mentally tired and physically tired."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea returned to winning ways on 23 January with a 2–0 win against Tottenham Hotspur in the Premier League. Hakim Ziyech opened the scoring with a curling left-footed shot from outside of the penalty area that arched into the top corner of the net. The win meant that Chelsea had beaten Tottenham three times in the space of a month—the last Premier League team to achieve this feat was Aston Villa against Blackburn Rovers in January 2010. Ziyech's goal was nominated for Premier League Goal of the Month for January, but it was awarded to Mateo Kovačić for his volley against Liverpool.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began February with a 2–1 win after extra time against Plymouth Argyle in the FA Cup Fourth Round in a match led by assistant coach Arno Michels due to Tuchel's positive COVID-19 test. Marcos Alonso scored the match-winning goal in extra time and Kepa Arrizabalaga saved a late penalty to avoid a shootout. Chelsea then travelled to the United Arab Emirates for the 2021 Club World Cup. Chelsea faced Saudi side Al-Hilal in the semi-finals at the Mohammed bin Zayed Stadium in Abu Dhabi in a match they won 1–0 courtesy of a goal from Romelu Lukaku. In the final, Chelsea played Brazilian side Palmeiras who beat Al Ahly in the semi-finals. It was a tight contest, but Lukaku opened the scoring just after the second half began. However, Palmeiras equalised just nine minutes later from the penalty spot after Thiago Silva was penalised for a handball, sending the match into extra time. The score remained level until the 117th minute, when Chelsea were also awarded a penalty for a handball. César Azpilicueta picked up the ball and appeared to be set to take the decisive penalty, but after being mobbed by Palmeiras players, he passed it to Kai Havertz, who scored. After the match, Azpilicueta stated that "it was a tactic because I knew how they are, I knew they were coming for the penalty taker, so I took the ball." Chelsea won the match 2–1, winning the Club World Cup for the first time in their history, thus making them the second English side after Liverpool to win the international treble of the UEFA Champions League, UEFA Super Cup and FIFA Club World Cup. Thiago Silva was named the tournament's best player, and Chelsea won the Fair Play Award.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea returned to Premier League action on 19 February beating Crystal Palace 1–0 at Selhurst Park after Hakim Ziyech scored an 89th-minute winner. Three days later, Chelsea hosted their Champions League Round of 16 tie against Lille, winning 2–0 after goals from Kai Havertz, who replaced Lukaku in the starting lineup, and Christian Pulisic. On 26 February, Chelsea released a club statement in which owner Roman Abramovich announced that we was "giving trustees of Chelsea's charitable Foundation the stewardship and care of Chelsea FC." The move came two days after the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine and suggestions that the UK government should seize Abramovich's assets for his role in the Russian state.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 27 February, Chelsea played Liverpool in the 2022 EFL Cup Final. The match was played at a quick pace, with both teams creating a number of high-quality chances. Mason Mount and Christian Pulisic both had opportunities to score in the first half, while Édouard Mendy made a series of important saves including one at point-blank range against Sadio Mané. The match went to extra time after Joel Matip's close-range finish was ruled out for a foul. Chelsea also put the ball in the back of the net three times, but all were ruled offside. The final of these goals saw a Romelu Lukaku goal narrowly ruled out for offside, with the Belgian forward's bicep being used to determine the line for offside. Despite many opportunities, neither team could break the deadlock after 120 minutes, so the match went to a penalty shootout. Thomas Tuchel substituted goalkeeper Édouard Mendy for Kepa Arrizabalaga, as he had done in the Super Cup. Chelsea shot second, and after ten rounds of shots every player had scored leaving the two goalkeepers to shoot. Liverpool goalkeeper Caoimhin Kelleher dispatched his penalty before Arrizabalaga shot over the crossbar, meaning that Liverpool won the Carabao Cup 11–10 on penalties. It was the longest shootout in EFL Cup Final history. After the game, Trevoh Chalobah openly criticised referee Stuart Attwell for failing to penalise a challenge from Naby Keïta which required stitches.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 2 March, just hours before Chelsea took on Luton Town in the FA Cup Fifth Round, Roman Abramovich announced that he planned to sell the football club, stating "I have always taken decisions with the Club's best interest at heart. In the current situation, I have therefore taken the decision to sell the Club, as I believe this is in the best interest of the Club, the fans, the employees, as well as the Club's sponsors and partners." He also stated his intent to donate all proceeds of the sale to the victims of the war in Ukraine. Chelsea went on to beat Luton Town 3–2 with goals from Saúl, Timo Werner, and Romelu Lukaku. In the following days, numerous reports about interested buyers surfaced including Swiss billionaire Hansjörg Wyss, Los Angeles Dodgers and Lakers shareholder Todd Boehly, Pakistani businessman Javed Afridi, and other unnamed parties. On 9 March, it was reported that Abramovich had received multiple bids but none matched the £3 billion valuation. However, on 10 March, the British government froze all of Roman Abramovich's assets due to his close personal ties with Vladimir Putin, leaving Chelsea unable to sell tickets or merchandise, buy or sell players, and negotiate contracts. The UK government issued Chelsea a license that allowed the club to continue footballing activities, ensuring employees continued to be paid, and that season-ticket holders could continue to attend games. Subsequently, Three UK and Hyundai announced that they were terminating their sponsorship partnerships with Chelsea, which reportedly totaled up to £50 million per year. Sponsor Trivago and kit maker Nike, however, maintained their existing deals with the club. On 12 March, Chelsea's company credit cards were frozen, significantly limiting day-to-day spending but still allowing for matchday transportation costs lower than 20,000 per game. It was reported that this left Chelsea unable to buy fuel for the team's bus. Technical director Petr Čech stated, "We have many questions, we don't have many answers but we are determined to concentrate on things we can control" and noted that the club was running "day-to-day."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Meanwhile, Chelsea continued to fulfil their regular season matches, beating Norwich 3–1 away at Carrow Road and beating Burnley 4–0 at Turf Moor, headlined by a strike from Reece James that was nominated as March Premier League goal of the month. The Blues also won 1–0 against Newcastle at Stamford Bridge with a last minute winner from Kai Havertz that was also nominated for Premier League goal of the month. Prior to their trip to Lille for the second leg of the Champions League Round of 16, Thomas Tuchel noted that there were doubts about whether the team would be able to travel, stating "My last information is we are getting a plane. So we can go by plane and come back by plane. If not, we'll go by train. If not, we'll go by bus. If not, I'll drive a seven-seater. Honestly, I will do it. You can mark my words, I will do to arrive there." He went on, "of course, organization-wise, there are some negotiations going on and talks, but it doesn't influence me. That's what I mean, we have brilliant guys who organize the travel and we have, in every department, such committed people that at the moment things feel pretty normal."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea's off-the-pitch turmoil continued in the build-up to the FA Cup quarter-final against Middlesbrough, when the UK government rejected Chelsea's request to sell additional away tickets. As a result, Chelsea lodged a request to play the match behind closed doors, which was subsequently withdrawn after an official rebuke from Middlesbrough. Chelsea went on to win the match 2–0 after goals from Romelu Lukaku and Hakim Ziyech.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: The deadline for new ownership groups to submit applications was set on March 18 by Raine Group, an American bank overseeing the process of Chelsea's sale. In the following week, the Raine Group narrowed a shortlist to four bidders, eliminating bids led by Nick Candy, Woody Johnson, Saudi Media Group, Aethel Partners, and Centricus. The remaining bidders included groups led by the Ricketts family, Todd Boehly, Sir Martin Broughton, and Stephen Pagliuca. However, Islamophobic comments from Joe Ricketts surfaced on social media, which led many Chelsea fans to demand that the Ricketts family bid be removed from consideration. Chelsea Supporters' Trust released a statement on March 25 stating "our concerns about their [the Ricketts family] ability to run an inclusive, successful club on behalf of our diverse supporter base around the world have not been allayed."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Despite off-the-pitch turmoil, Trevoh Chalobah and Kai Havertz were nominated for the Premier League player of the month for March and Thomas Tuchel was nominated as Premier League manager of the month.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began the month of April with a 4–1 defeat at home to Brentford. Antonio Rüdiger opened the scoring in the 48th minute with a strike from 35 yards that was nominated for April's Premier League Goal of the Month award. However, Brentford rallied with three goals in ten minutes before scoring a fourth just before the full-time whistle. It was the first time that Brentford had won at Stamford Bridge since 1939. On 6 April, Chelsea took on Real Madrid in the first leg of the Champions League quarter-final at home. Karim Benzema scored two headers three minutes apart in the first half, putting Chelsea at an early disadvantage. However, Kai Havertz pulled a goal back just before half time to halve the deficit. Just after the break, Benzema completed his hat-trick after he picked off a loose pass by Édouard Mendy. Despite chances late in the match from substitute Romelu Lukaku, Chelsea went on to lose the match 3–1. Before the second leg, Chelsea travelled to St. Mary's Stadium to take on Southampton, where they won 6–0 courtesy of braces from Timo Werner and Mason Mount and goals from Kai Havertz and Marcos Alonso. The result was Chelsea's second largest win of the season. On 12 April, Chelsea travelled to the Santiago Bernabéu to take on Real Madrid. The match began with a high intensity from both sides, but it was Chelsea who scored first with a goal from Mason Mount in the 15th minute. Six minutes after half time, Antonio Rüdiger doubled Chelsea's lead with a powerful header off a corner kick, levelling the score on aggregate at 3–3. Chelsea then had a Marcos Alonso goal disallowed by VAR after he was adjudged to have handled the ball, but in the 75th minute, Timo Werner scored to make it 3–0 on the night and 4–3 on aggregate after dribbling past two Real Madrid defenders and calmly scoring past Thibaut Courtois. However, in the 80th minute, Real Madrid levelled on aggregate after Luka Modrić picked out Rodrygo. The match went on to extra time, where both sides had chances. However, the final goal of the match was scored by Karim Benzema, who capitalized on a series of defensive errors. The match ended in a 3–2 victory for Chelsea but a 5–4 defeat on aggregate. Following the match, Thomas Tuchel stated "Yes, it always [hurts to lose] but these are the kinds of defeats we can digest, because we left no regrets out there. We played how we wanted to play, we showed the quality and the character that this team has. We deserved to go through. It was not meant to be today, we were simply unlucky."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 15 April, it was announced that the Ricketts group had withdrawn their bid to takeover Chelsea, stating "The Ricketts-Griffin-Gilbert Group has decided, after careful consideration, not to submit a final bid for Chelsea FC. In the process of finalising their proposal, it became increasingly clear that certain issues could not be addressed given the unusual dynamics around the sales process. We have great admiration for Chelsea and its fans, and we wish the new owners well."


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea returned to winning ways against Crystal Palace in a 2–0 victory at Wembley in the FA Cup semi-final to book a spot in the final against Liverpool. They returned to Premier League action with a 4–2 defeat to Arsenal at home on 20 April, with several defensive errors proving costly as the Gunners won at Stamford Bridge for the second consecutive season. The result meant that Chelsea had conceded 11 goals in their last 3 home matches in all competitions, making it their leakiest home defense record in three matches since 1989. On 24 April, Chelsea beat West Ham 1–0 with a 90th-minute winner from Christian Pulisic and ended April four days later with a 1–1 draw against Manchester United, in which Cristiano Ronaldo equalized two minutes after Marcos Alonso opened the scoring. During this period, it was widely reported that Antonio Rüdiger had agreed to join Real Madrid when his contract expired in the summer and would be leaving the club at the end of the season.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea began the month of May with a 1–0 defeat to relegation-threatened Everton at Goodison Park, who were managed by former head coach and club legend Frank Lampard. On 4 May, it was reported that the sale of Chelsea was being stalled because Roman Abramovich wanted to restructure the sale to regain the £1.5 billion he had loaned to the club. One day later, however, Chelsea released an official statement clarifying that these reports were false and that all proceeds from the club's sale would be donated to charitable foundations. It was also reported that Sir Jim Ratcliffe submitted a late bid worth £4.25 billion to buy Chelsea but was rejected out of hand. The sale of Chelsea officially proceeded on 6 May, as an ownership group led by Todd Boehly, Clearlake Capital, Mark Walter, and Hansjörg Wyss acquired the club. The first match of the new era came on 7 May in a home match against Wolves. Chelsea led 2–0 after Romelu Lukaku scored a brace, but were pegged back as Wolves scored twice in the final 20 minutes of the match to level the score at 2–2. The result left Chelsea just one point ahead of Arsenal in fourth. Marcos Alonso was substituted from the match at half time, and it was reported that this was due to an altercation with Thomas Tuchel, who stated "Marcos was not injured, it was just a decision we made." It was rumored that Marcos Alonso wanted to push for a move to Barcelona in the summer and that teammates César Azpilicueta and Andreas Christensen could also move to Camp Nou on a free, as their contracts were set to expire in the summer.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea won for the first time in May by beating relegation-threatened Leeds 3–0 midweek before the FA Cup Final against Liverpool. The final took place on 14 May 2022 at Wembley and was a repeat of the Carabao Cup Final earlier in the season. Chelsea lined up in their away yellow uninform, possibly due to a superstitious belief that it would give them a better chance of winning. Liverpool dominated early proceedings, but Chelsea were able to keep the Reds at bay with Édouard Mendy called into action on several occasions. However, Chelsea grew into the game over the course of the first half, and Christian Pulisic and Marcos Alonso both had chances to score. In the second half, both sides continued to have chances, with Alonso hitting the crossbar and both Luis Díaz and Andrew Robertson hitting the post. The match finished scoreless at the end of ninety minutes, leading to an extra time which was bereft of major chances. Like the Carabao Cup Final, the match finished 0–0 and went to penalties. César Azpilicueta hit the post with an early penalty giving Liverpool the advantage. With the fifth kick of the shootout, Sadio Mané stepped up with a chance to score the decisive penalty but saw his shot saved by Mendy. However, in the seventh round of spot kicks, Alisson saved Mason Mount's penalty, and Kostas Tsimikas scored, winning the FA Cup Final for Liverpool. It was the second time of the season that Liverpool had beaten Chelsea in a cup final on penalties and was the third consecutive season in which Chelsea lost in the FA Cup Final.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Following the disappointment in the Cup Final, Chelsea were boosted by the fact that Arsenal lost back-to-back matches against Tottenham and Newcastle, guaranteeing them a top four finish and a spot in the 2022-23 UEFA Champions League. Chelsea then drew Leicester City 1–1 in their penultimate match of the season, which all but secured third place for the Blues due to their far superior goal difference to Tottenham. On the final day of the season, Chelsea beat Watford 2–1 after Ross Barkley scored a stoppage time winner, confirming their third-place finish with 74 points, 19 points behind champions Manchester City. Chelsea broke a new Premier League record by becoming the first side in the history of the competition to not be losing a match at half-time within a season.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On 28 May, the club announced that a "final and definitive agreement" was entered to sell the club to the consortium of Boehly and Clearlake Capital. On 30 May, the club announced that the acquisition of the club to the said consortium is completed. The sale of the club has been approved by the UK and Portuguese Governments, the European Union and Premier League. Several players also officially announced their departures from Chelsea, including Danny Drinkwater and Antonio Rüdiger.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: On July 14, Chelsea announced they would visit Championship side Bournemouth on 27 July for a pre-season friendly. Prior to this, they would face Peterborough United in a behind-closed-doors friendly at their Cobham Training Centre.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: "The Blues" were confirmed to take part in a first-of-its-kind Mind Series to support mental health in August 2021.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea were drawn at home to Chesterfield in the third round. In the fourth round, Chelsea were drawn at home to Plymouth Argyle. They were drawn away to Luton Town in the fifth round. In the quarter-finals, Chelsea were drawn away to Middlesbrough.


title: 2021–22 Chelsea F.C. season

text: Chelsea entered the competition in the third round, due to participation in UEFA competitions, and were drawn at home to Aston Villa. In the fourth round they were again drawn at home, against Southampton.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: The Legend of Zelda, originally released in Japan as is a 1986 action-adventure game developed and published by Nintendo. The first game of "The Legend of Zelda" series, it is set in the fantasy land of Hyrule and centers on an elf-like boy named Link, who aims to collect the eight fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom in order to rescue Princess Zelda from the antagonist Ganon. During the course of the game, the player controls Link from a top-down perspective and navigates throughout the overworld and dungeons, collecting weapons, defeating enemies and uncovering secrets along the way.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka, it was originally released in Japan as a launch title for the Family Computer Disk System in February 1986. More than a year later, North America and Europe received releases on the Nintendo Entertainment System in cartridge format, being the first home console game to include an internal battery in the US for saving data. This version was later released in Japan in 1994 under the title The game was ported to the GameCube and Game Boy Advance, and is available via the Virtual Console on the Wii, Nintendo 3DS and Wii U. It was also one of 30 games included in the NES Classic Edition system, and is available on the Nintendo Switch through the NES Switch Online service.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" was a critical and commercial success for Nintendo. The game sold over 6.5 million copies, launched a major franchise, and has been regularly featured in lists of the greatest video games of all time. A sequel, "", was first released in Japan for the Famicom Disk System less than a year after its predecessor, and numerous additional successors and spinoffs have been released in the decades since its debut.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" incorporates elements of action, adventure, and role-playing genres. The player controls Link from a flip-screen overhead perspective as he travels the overworld, a large outdoor map with various environments. Link begins the game equipped only with a small shield, but can enter a cave and receive a sword from an old man who advises, "" Throughout the adventure, Link finds and acquires various items that increase his abilities further, including Heart Containers which increase his life meter; magic rings which decrease the amount of damage Link takes from enemy attacks; and stronger swords which allow Link inflict more damage to enemies. These items are mainly found in caves scattered throughout the land. Some are easily accessible, while others are hidden beneath obstacles such as rocks, trees, and waterfalls. Defeated enemies sometimes drop items including hearts, which refill the life meter, and Rupees, the in-game currency. Rupees can also be found in hidden treasure caves and are used to buy equipment, information, and ability upgrades.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Hidden in the overworld are entrances to eight large dungeons housing the pieces of the Triforce of Wisdom. Each dungeon has a unique maze-like layout of rooms connected by doors and secret passages, often barred by monsters (which must be defeated) or by blocks (which must be moved to gain entrance). Dungeons also contain useful items Link can add to his inventory, such as a boomerang for stunning enemies and retrieving distant items, and a magical recorder that lets Link teleport to the entrance of any dungeon he has previously cleared. Once Link has collected all eight pieces of the Triforce of Wisdom from these dungeons, he gains access to a ninth and final dungeon in order to defeat Ganon and rescue Zelda. The game may be completed by traversing any given dungeon on the overworld and is largely flexible to players, although gameplay steadily increases in difficulty, and some rooms can only be passed by using items gained in previous locations. There are dungeons with secret entrances which must be uncovered while freely wandering the overworld after acquiring useful items. This freedom allows many ways of progressing through the game. It is possible to reach the final boss without receiving the normally vital sword at its outset. The game world contains 600 separate scenes, with the overworld consisting of over 97 scenes and the underworld consisting of nine multi-scene labyrinths.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: After initially completing the game, a player can begin a more-difficult version referred to as the , which alters many locations, secrets, and includes entirely distinct dungeons and stronger enemies. Although more difficult "replays" were not unique to "Zelda", few games offered completely different levels upon the second playthrough. By starting a new file with the name entered as "ZELDA", this mode can instead be accessed without needing to beat the game first.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Within the official "Zelda" Chronology, "The Legend of Zelda" takes place in an Era called "The Era of Decline", which exists within an alternative reality. In this era, Hyrule has been reduced to a small kingdom where the residents now live in caves, setting the background for "The Legend of Zelda".


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: The story of "The Legend of Zelda" is described in the instruction booklet and during the short prologue which plays after the title screen: A small kingdom in the land of Hyrule is engulfed by chaos when an army led by Ganon, the prince of darkness, invaded and stole the Triforce of Power, one part of a magical artifact which alone bestows great strength. In an attempt to prevent him from acquiring the Triforce of Wisdom, Princess Zelda splits it into eight fragments and hides them in secret underground dungeons. Before eventually being kidnapped by Ganon, she commands her nursemaid Impa to find someone courageous enough to save the kingdom. While wandering the land, the old woman is surrounded by Ganon's henchmen, when a young boy named Link appears and rescues her. Upon hearing Impa's plea, he resolves to save Zelda and sets out to reassemble the scattered fragments of the Triforce of Wisdom, with which Ganon can then be defeated.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: During the course of the tale, Link locates and braves the eight underworld labyrinths, and beyond their defeated guardian monsters retrieves each fragment. With the completed Triforce of Wisdom, he is able to infiltrate Ganon's hideout in Death Mountain, confronting the prince of darkness and destroying him with the Silver Arrow. Obtaining the Triforce of Power from Ganon's ashes, Link returns it and the restored Triforce of Wisdom to the rescued Princess Zelda, and peace returns to Hyrule.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" was directed and designed by Shigeru Miyamoto and Takashi Tezuka (credited as S. Miyahon and Ten Ten respectively in the closing credits). Miyamoto produced the game, and Tezuka wrote the story and script. Much of the programming was done by Toshihiko Nakago of Nintendo's partner SRD. Keiji Terui, a screenwriter who worked on anime shows such as "Dr. Slump" and "Dragon Ball", wrote the backstory for the manual, drawing inspiration from conflicts in medieval Europe. Development began in 1984, and the game was originally intended to be a launch game for the Famicom Disk System. The development team worked on "The Legend of Zelda" and "Super Mario Bros." concurrently, and tried to separate their ideas: "Super Mario Bros." was to be linear, where the action occurred in a strict sequence, whereas "The Legend of Zelda" would be the opposite. In "Mario", Miyamoto downplayed the importance of the high score in favor of simply completing the game. This concept was carried over to "The Legend of Zelda". Miyamoto was also in charge of deciding which concepts were ""Zelda" ideas" or ""Mario" ideas". Contrasting with "Mario", "Zelda" was made non-linear and forced the players to think about what they should do next. According to Miyamoto, those in Japan were confused and had trouble finding their way through the multi-path dungeons, and in initial game designs, the player would start with the sword already in their inventory. Rather than merely simplifying matters for players, Miyamoto forced the player to listen to the old man who gives the player their sword, and encouraged interaction among people to share their ideas with each other to find the various hidden secrets, a new form of gaming communication. Relatedly, this concept turned into the root of another series to be developed many years in the future: Miyamoto said that "Zelda" became the inspiration for "Animal Crossing", a game based solely on communication.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: With "The Legend of Zelda", Miyamoto wanted to flesh out the idea of a game "world" even further, giving players a "miniature garden that they can put inside their drawer". He drew his inspiration from his experiences as a boy around Kyoto, where he explored nearby fields, woods, and caves, always trying through "Zelda" games to impart players some sense of that limitless wonder he felt through unknown exploration. According to Miyamoto: "When I was a child, I went hiking and found a lake. It was quite a surprise for me to stumble upon it. When I traveled around the country without a map, trying to find my way, stumbling on amazing things as I went, I realized how it felt to go on an adventure like this". The memory of being lost amid the maze of sliding doors in his family's home in Sonobe was recreated in "Zelda"s labyrinthian dungeons. Tezuka wrote the setting to be a fairytale adventure, taking inspiration from fantasy books such as J. R. R. Tolkien's "The Lord of the Rings".


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: The hero "Link" was so named in part to connect players inserted into this world with their interactive role, as something of a blank slate represent and not their individuality or methods. Designed by Miyamoto as a coming of age motif to identify with, journeying as an ordinary boy strengthened by trials to triumph over great challenges and rise to meet evil. The name of the titular princess came from Zelda Fitzgerald. Miyamoto explained that "Zelda was the wife of famous novelist F. Scott Fitzgerald. She was a famous and beautiful woman from all accounts, and I liked the sound of her name. So I took the liberty of using [it] for the very first title". Early "Zelda" concepts involved technological elements, with microchips for the Triforce made of electronic circuits and a time-travelling protagonist, another factor of their name relating to the idea of a computer hyper-"link". While the final game and subsequent games in the series follow a more traditional medieval sword and sorcery setting, later entries have incorporated some technology based concepts.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Koji Kondo (credited as Konchan) composed the game's five music tracks. He had planned to use Maurice Ravel's "Boléro" as the title theme, but was forced to change it late in the development cycle after learning that the copyright for the orchestral piece had not yet expired. As a result, Kondo wrote a new arrangement of the overworld theme within one day, which has become an iconic motif echoing throughout continued entries of the series.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: In February 1986, Nintendo released "The Legend of Zelda" as the launch game for the Family Computer's new Disk System peripheral, joined by a re-release of "Super Mario Bros.", "Tennis", "Baseball", "Golf", "Soccer", and "Mahjong" as part of the system's introduction. It made full use of Disk Card media's advantages over traditional ROM cartridges, with an increased size of 128 kilobytes which would be expensive to produce on cartridge format. Due to the still-limited amount of disk space, all of the text used in game was from only a single syllabary known as katakana, which under normal circumstances primarily relates more to foreign words which supplement those of traditional Japanese origin as with hiragana and kanji characters. Rather than passwords, rewritable disks saved players' game progress, and the extra sound channel provided by the system was utilized for certain sound effects; most notably Link's sword beam at full health, roars and growls of dungeon bosses, and those of defeated enemies. Sound effects had to be altered for the eventual cartridge release version of Zelda which used the Famicom's PCM channel. The game also took advantage of that system's controller having a built-in microphone, a feature the NES model did not include. It was used to defeat the large-eared rabbit-like monster Pols Voice by blowing or shouting. The U.S. instruction manual still hints that this enemy "hates loud noise", confusing many into thinking the recorder item could be used to attack (in actuality, it has no effect). The cartridge version made use of the Memory Management Controller chip (specifically the MMC1 model), which could use bank-switching to allow for larger games than had previously been possible, and could also use battery-powered RAM letting players save their data for the first time on the NES.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: When Nintendo published the game in North America, the packaging design featured a small portion of the box cut away to reveal the unique gold-colored cartridge. In 1988, "The Legend of Zelda" sold two million copies. Nintendo of America sought to keep its strong base of fans; anyone who purchased a game and sent in a warranty card became a member of the Fun Club, whose members got a four-, eight- and eventually 32-page newsletter. Seven hundred copies of the first issue were sent out free of charge, but the number grew as the data bank of names got larger.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: From the success of magazines in Japan, Nintendo knew that game tips were a valued asset. Players enjoyed the bimonthly newsletter's crossword puzzles and jokes, but game secrets were most valued. The Fun Club drew kids in by offering tips for the more complicated games, especially "Zelda", with its hidden rooms, secret keys and passageways. The mailing list grew. By early 1988, there were over 1 million Fun Club members, which led then-Nintendo of America president Minoru Arakawa to start the "Nintendo Power" magazine.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Since Nintendo did not have many products, it made only a few commercials a year, meaning the quality had to be phenomenal. The budget for a single commercial could reach US$5 million, easily four or five times more than most companies spent. One of the first commercials made under Bill White, director of advertising and public relations, was the market introduction for the "Legend of Zelda", which received a great deal of attention in the ad industry. In it, a wiry-haired, nerdy guy (John Kassir) walks through the dark making goofy noises, yelling out the names of some enemies from the game, and screaming for Zelda.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" received highly positive reviews from critics and was a best-seller for Nintendo. Upon release in Japan, it sold copies on its first day of release, and sold a total of for the Famicom Disk System in Japan. In North America, the game was highly anticipated and topped the video game charts upon release. It became the first NES game to sell over cartridges in the United States during 1987, increasing to more than cartridges sold by 1988. It went on to sell cartridges in the United States by 1990, and eventually copies worldwide.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Critics lauded the graphics, Kondo's score, writing, and gameplay, hailing the latter as groundbreaking. In Japan, "Famicom Tsūshin" ("Famitsu") magazine gave it a full score of 5 out of 5 stars, while the first "Famitsu" Best Hit Game Awards gave "Zelda" the award for best background music and listed it as the third best Game of the Year (just below "Dragon Quest" and "Gradius"). Upon release in North America, "Computer Entertainer" called it an "excellent" adventure game that exceeded expectations and said it had "more to offer than the typical hack-and-slash" epics, with "monsters to fight, secret doors to discover, and plenty of frustration" rewarded with new treasures, weapons, experience, places and discoveries. The review also praised the "very appealing" and "beautiful, fairy-tale" quality, the battery backup save feature, the "charming graphics, superb original music, excellent animation, and smooth transitions in scrolling between locations". They called it "an incredibly rich, deep gaming experience that goes far beyond the typical cartridge game" with appeal "to both male and female players" of all ages, making it a "must-have" for every Nintendo owner. "Computer Gaming World" in 1988 named the game as the best adventure of the year, stating that "Zelda" had been a "sensational success" in bringing elements of computer action-adventures to consoles. In 1990, the magazine implied that the game was a killer app, causing computer RPG players who had dismissed consoles as "mere arcade toys" to buy the NES.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Upon release in Europe, Tony Takoushi reviewed the game in British magazine "Computer and Video Games" and called it a massive arcade adventure packed full of dragons, imprisoned princesses, traps and pitfalls. They said it has "an enormous country to examine" with "dozens of things to collect" along with hidden power-ups and bonuses, while praising the "supreme" playability and the "excellent" graphics and sound, but they criticized the "hefty" price tag of £39 or in the United Kingdom. "ACE" magazine reviewed the game in 1989, calling it a "role-playing epic" that proves "consoles can be just as good at role-playing games as they are for arcade entertainment" while listing it as one of the top four best games available for the NES (along with "Super Mario Bros.", "Mike Tyson's Punch-Out" and "Super Mario Bros. 2"). "Zelda" was reviewed in 1992 by "Total!" where it received a 78% rating due in great part to mediocre sub-scores for music and graphics. A 1993 review of the game was printed in American magazine "Dragon" #198 by Sandy Petersen in the "Eye of the Monitor" column, scoring the game 4 out of 5 stars.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: It was reissued in 1992 as part of Nintendo's "Classic Series" and featured a grey cartridge. The game placed first in the player's poll "Top 30" in "Nintendo Power"s first issue and continued to dominate the list into the early 1990s. "The Legend of Zelda" was also voted by "Nintendo Power" readers as the "Best Challenge" in the Nintendo Power Awards '88. The magazine also listed it as the best Nintendo Entertainment System video game ever created, stating that it was fun despite its age and innovated on the genre. GamesRadar ranked it the third best NES game ever made. The staff praised its "mix of complexity, open world design, and timeless graphics".


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" has received critical acclaim from modern critics and remains well regarded. It is often featured in lists of games considered the greatest or most influential. In 1995, Flux magazine ranked the game 2nd on its "Top 100 Video Games." It placed first in "Game Informer"s list of the "Top 100 Games of All Time" and "The Top 200 Games of All Time" (in 2001 and 2009 respectively), thirteenth in "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s 100th issue listing the "100 Best Games of All Time", fifth in "Electronic Gaming Monthly"s 200th issue listing "The Greatest 200 Videogames of Their Time", seventh in "Nintendo Power"s list of the 200 Best Nintendo Games Ever, 77th in Official Nintendo Magazine's 100 greatest Nintendo games of all time and 80th among IGN readers' "Top 99 Games". "Zelda" was inducted into GameSpy's Hall of Fame in August 2000 and voted by GameSpy's editors as the tenth best game of all time. Editors of the popular Japanese magazine "Weekly Famitsu" voted the game among the best on the Famicom. In 1997 "Next Generation" listed the North American release in their "Five Greatest Game Packages of All Time", citing the die-cut hole which revealed the gold cartridge, full color manual, and fold-out map. In 2016, The Strong National Museum of Play inducted "The Legend of Zelda" to its World Video Game Hall of Fame.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" is considered a spiritual forerunner of the modern action role-playing video game (RPG) genre. Though it is often not considered part of the genre since it lacked key RPG mechanics such as experience points, it had many features in common with RPGs and served as the template for the action role-playing game genre. The game's fantasy setting, musical style and action-adventure gameplay were adopted by many RPGs. Its commercial success helped lay the groundwork for involved, non-linear games in fantasy settings, such as those found in successful RPGs, including "Crystalis", "Soul Blazer", Square's "Seiken Densetsu" series, "Alundra", and "Brave Fencer Musashi". The popularity of the game also spawned several clones trying to emulate the game. Despite this, Miyamoto did not consider "Zelda" an RPG, but classified "Zelda" as "a real-time adventure game"; he said he was "not interested in systems where everything in the game is decided by stats and numbers" but what's "important to me is to preserve as much of that "live" feeling as possible" which he said "action games are better suited in conveying" to players.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" spawned a solitary , many prequels and spin-offs and is one of Nintendo's most popular series. It established important characters and environments of the "Zelda" universe, including Link, Princess Zelda, Ganon, Impa, and the Triforce as the power that binds Hyrule together. The overworld theme and distinctive "secret found" jingle have appeared in nearly every subsequent "Zelda" game. The theme has also appeared in various other games featuring references to the "Zelda" series.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: An arcade system board, called the Triforce, was developed jointly by Namco, Sega, and Nintendo, with the first games appearing in 2002. The name "Triforce" is a reference to Nintendo's "The Legend of Zelda" series of games, and symbolized the three companies' involvement in the project.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "GameSpot" featured "The Legend of Zelda" as one of the 15 most influential games of all time, for being an early example of open world, nonlinear gameplay, and for its introduction of battery backup saving worldwide, to laying the foundations for later action-adventure games like "Metroid" and role-playing video games like "Final Fantasy", while influencing most modern games in general. In 2009, "Game Informer" called "The Legend of Zelda" "no less than the greatest game of all time" on their list of "The Top 200 Games of All Time", saying that it was "ahead of its time by years if not decades".


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: In 2011, Nintendo celebrated the game's 25th anniversary in a similar vein to the "Super Mario Bros." 25th anniversary celebration the previous year. This celebration included a free mailout Club Nintendo offer of the "Ocarina of Time" soundtrack to owners of the 3DS version of that particular game, the first digital for Nintendo eShop release of "Link's Awakening DX", special posters that are mailed out as rewards through Club Nintendo, and a special stage inspired by the original "Legend of Zelda" in the video game "Super Mario 3D Land" for the Nintendo 3DS.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" was first re-released in cartridge format for the Famicom in 1994. The cartridge version slightly modified the title screen of the Disk Card version of the game, such that it displayed the number "1" at the end of the title. In 2001, the original game was re-released in the GameCube game "Animal Crossing". The only way to unlock the game is by using an Action Replay. An official re-release was included in 2003's "The Legend of Zelda: Collector's Edition" for the GameCube, and the game was again re-released on the Game Boy Advance in 2004 along with its sequel, "", as part of the Famicom Mini/Classic NES Series. In 2006, it was released on the Wii's Virtual Console, and a timed demo of the game was released for the 2008 Wii game "Super Smash Bros. Brawl", available in the Vault section.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: All re-releases of the game are virtually identical to the original, though the GameCube, Game Boy Advance, and Virtual Console versions have been altered slightly to correct several instances of incorrect spelling from the original, most notably in the intro story. A tech demo called "Classic Games" was shown for the Nintendo 3DS at E3 2010, showcasing more than a dozen classic games using 3D effects, including "The Legend of Zelda". Reggie Fils-Aimé, president of Nintendo of America, said that the games were slated for release on the 3DS, including "The Legend of Zelda", "Mega Man 2", and "", using of some of the 3DS's features, such as 3D effects, analog control, or camera support.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: "The Legend of Zelda" was released to the Nintendo 3DS Virtual Console on September 1, 2011, as a part of the Nintendo 3DS Ambassador program, and was later released to the Nintendo 3DS eShop on December 22 in Japan; in 2012, it was released in Europe on April 12 and on July 5 in North America. The version released to the Japanese 3DS Virtual Console was the cartridge version. The game was released for the Nintendo Switch as part of the "Nintendo Switch Online - Nintendo Entertainment System" service on September 18, 2018. A special "Living the life of luxury!" edition of the game, which grants players all equipment and extra items at the start of the game, was later added to the service on October 10. On November 21st, 2021, Nintendo released a Legend of Zelda edition Game and Watch, similar to the rereleased Super Mario Bros. Game and Watch. This version includes the original Legend of Zelda, as well as Zelda 2: Adventure of Link, and the Gameboy version of Links Awakening. The Zelda Game and Watch also includes a modified version of the Game and Watch original, Vermin, with Link replacing Mr. Game and Watch.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: There have also been a few substantially altered versions of the game that have been released as pseudo-sequels, and "ura"- or "gaiden"-versions. As part of a promotional advertisement campaign for their noodles, released a version of the original "The Legend of Zelda" in 1986, . It is one of the rarest video games available on the second-hand collector's market, and copies have sold for over .


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: From August 6 to September 2, 1995, Nintendo, in collaboration with the St.GIGA satellite radio network, began broadcasts of a substantially different version of the original "The Hyrule Fantasy: Legend of Zelda" for a Super Famicom peripheral, the Satellaview—a satellite modem add-on. The game, , was released for download in four episodic, weekly installments which were rebroadcast at least four times between the game's 1995 premiere and January 1997. "BS Zelda" was the first Satellaview game to feature a "SoundLink" soundtrack—a streaming audio track through which, every few minutes, players were cautioned to listen carefully as a voice actor narrator, broadcasting live from the St.GIGA studio, would give them plot and gameplay clues. In addition to the SoundLink elements, "BS Zelda" also featured updated 16-bit graphics, a smaller overworld, and different dungeons. Link was replaced by one of the two Satellaview avatars: a boy wearing a backward baseball cap or a girl with red hair.


title: The Legend of Zelda (video game)

text: Between December 30, 1995, and January 6, 1996, a second version of the game, , was broadcast to the Satellaview as the functional equivalent of the original "The Legend of Zelda"s Second Quest. "MAP 2" was rebroadcast only once, in March 1996.


title: Executive producer

text: Executive producer (EP) is one of the top positions in the making of a commercial entertainment product. Depending on the medium, the executive producer may be concerned with management accounting or associated with legal issues (like copyrights or royalties). In films, the executive producer generally contributes to the film's budget and their involvement depends on the project, with some simply securing funds and others being involved in the filmmaking process.


title: Executive producer

text: In films, executive producers may finance the film, participate in the creative effort, or work on set. Their responsibilities vary from funding or attracting investors into the movie project to legal, scripting, marketing, advisory and supervising capacities.


title: Executive producer

text: Executive producers vary in involvement, responsibility and power. Some executive producers have hands-on control over every aspect of production, some supervise the producers of a project, while others are involved in name only.


title: Executive producer

text: The crediting of executive producers in the film industry has risen over time. In the mid-to-late 1990s, there were an average of just under two executive producers per film. In 2000, the number jumped to 2.5 (more than the number of standard "film producers"). In 2013, there were an average of 4.4 executive producers per film. One reason for the increase in executive producers per film is the desire to spread risk, whether due to increasing cost of film making for larger budget films, often met by multiple studios banding together, or alternatively the need to attract multiple smaller investors for lower budget independent films.


title: Executive producer

text: In television, an executive producer usually supervises the creative content, plans and schedules the filming with the producer and team and may be involved in the financial budgeting of a production. Some writers, like Aaron Sorkin, Stephen J. Cannell, Tina Fey, and Ryan Murphy, have worked as both the creator and the producer of the same show. In the case of multiple executive producers on a television show, the one outranking the others on a day-to-day basis is called the showrunner, or the leading executive producer.


title: Executive producer

text: In recorded music, record labels distinguish between an executive producer and a record producer. The executive producer is responsible for business decisions and more recently, organizing the recordings along with the music producer, whereas the record producer makes the music. Sometimes the executive producer organizes the recording and selects recording-related crew, such as sound engineers and session musicians.


title: Executive producer

text: In the video game industry, the title "executive producer" is not well-defined. It may refer to an external producer working for the publisher, who works with the developers.


title: Executive producer

text: For example, in 2012, Jay-Z was announced as executive producer for "NBA 2K13". His role consisted of appearing in an introduction, picking songs for the game's soundtrack and contributing to the designs of its in-game menus "and other visual elements".


title: Executive producer

text: An executive radio producer helps create, develop, and implement strategies to improve product and ratings.


title: V (2020 film)

text: V is a 2020 Indian Telugu-language action thriller film written and directed by Mohana Krishna Indraganti and produced by Dil Raju under the banner of Sri Venkateswara Creations. The film stars Nani, Sudheer Babu, Nivetha Thomas and Aditi Rao Hydari along with Vennela Kishore and Tanikella Bharani in supporting roles. It marks Nani's 25th film as a lead actor, in which he plays an antihero for the first time in his career. In the film, a decorated police officer tries to hunt down a serial killer.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Principal photography began in May 2019, after the film's official announcement, and was shot predominantly across Hyderabad, Mumbai and Thailand, before the shooting wrapped in January 2020. The film's score is composed by S. Thaman, with the soundtrack album being composed by Amit Trivedi. The cinematography is handled by P. G. Vinda and editing done by Marthand K. Venkatesh.


title: V (2020 film)

text: After a scheduled theatrical release of 25 March 2020, coinciding with Ugadi, was postponed indefinitely due to COVID-19 pandemic, the film was released on Amazon Prime Video on 5 September 2020, thus becoming the first mainstream Telugu film to have a digital release. It received mixed reviews from critics, praising the principle cast performance, stylized action sequences, technical praise and direction but criticised its clichèd writing. However, it was the most watched Telugu film in a streaming platform in 2020. The film was re-released in theatres on 1 January 2021 following its digital release.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Babu, won the Critics Choice Award for Best Actor – Telugu, at the 10th South Indian International Movie Awards for his performance.


title: V (2020 film)

text: DCP Aditya handles a communal riot in Hyderabad. He is awarded a gallantry medal a year later, for solving various cases. The following night, Prasad, an Inspector, is grotesquely murdered by an unnamed killer who leaves a note challenging Aditya to catch him. Aditya suspects Apoorva, an aspiring crime novelist who he met the previous night, to have some link with the killer as she was in contact with Prasad. However, Apoorva only met Prasad for her research, during which she overhears Prasad telling a realtor named Mallik that their lives are under threat.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Meanwhile, the killer calls Aditya, challenging him to prevent four more murders, failing which he shall give up his medals and resign. Aditya accepts the challenge. On deducing that the killer's name starts with "V", Aditya arrests a person Vicky, based on the history between him and Prasad. Vicky tells Aditya about a man who enquired about Prasad and Mallik. On knowing Mallik could be the next target, Aditya rushes to save him, only to see that he is already killed. The killer, this time, leaves a clue hinting next location of the target. Aditya and Apoorva crack the clue, and Aditya heads to Mumbai.


title: V (2020 film)

text: The killer escapes narrowly, upon killing his target. He later sends Aditya an image of Aditya's school days, which makes Aditya suspect Vishnu, his fellow schoolmate, and a popular student-athlete. He learns from his school in Vizag that Vishnu is an ex-INA soldier with an impeccable record of eliminating terrorists. Aditya visits a colleague of Vishnu who tells their past.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Past: Vishnu loved and married Saheba, who he met when he was off-duty. However, when Saheba is pregnant, Vishnu, unable to get leave to visit her, was forced to attend his duty in Jammu and Kashmir. When Vishnu and his colleague are off to a mission, the bus they travel is bombed, falling into an adjacent river. Vishnu is last seen being washed away. Saheba, too is killed in the communal riots which Aditya handled, but there is no record of Saheba's death.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Present: Upon investigation, Aditya learns that Saheba was last seen going to a jewelry shop to buy a gift for Vishnu, who was supposed to return soon. Aditya tries to retrieve the shop's CCTV footage, but it's missing. Aditya suspects the manager and asks his team to follow him. And they trace out a lady who reveals to them the conspiracy behind the riot. The lady ran a girls Hostel, but she would pimp the girls, often by force. One night, a girl finds her friend being murdered and films the incident where she takes the video to a local don Sadik Hassan, whom she believes would help him. But Sadik Hassan finds an opportunity to blackmail the Home Minister, whose son Ranjith is also behind the murders. The minister conspired to kill Sadik Hassan and retrieve the video.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Aditya, who learns that people who are involved in the conspiracy are being killed, fails to protect the fourth target as well. The final target of the killer, the home minister's son, Ranjith, is in Thailand. Aditya travels to Thailand to save Ranjith, but Ranjith is beheaded by Vishnu, who leaves a note reading he shall meet soon. Later, Aditya resigns from his job, accepting his defeat. The police save their face by blaming and killing an innocent pickpocketer named Vamsi, and the case is closed. Days later, Vishnu and Aditya meet, where Aditya reveals that he indeed helped Vishnu by killing the guards of Ranjith, thus isolating him to be killed by Vishnu. He does so because his team is infiltrated on instruction to kill both Vishnu and Aditya.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Vishnu tells Aditya that Saheba, on the day of the riots, tried to save the girl with the video, only to be murdered by the goons. Vishnu, who was luckily saved after the accident, receives the video recorded and e-mailed by Saheba minutes before she was killed. He then decides to avenge her death. Vishnu initially believed that Aditya was also part of the conspiracy, but upon being impressed by his integrity, Vishnu hands over the video to Aditya, to expose the criminals. Aditya later releases it to the press and regains his job. Days later, Apoorva writes a novel about the events, titled "Saheba". Vishnu, who receives a copy, sees that it has been dedicated to "V".


title: V (2020 film)

text: Originally, Mohana Krishna Indraganti planned a sequel for his 2016 film "Gentleman", with Nani and Sharwanand in the lead roles. In December 2018, Dulquer Salmaan was approached to star in the film soon after Sharwanand's exit, but, however, he could not act in the film due to prior commitments. Sudheer Babu was later confirmed to play a lead role, marking his second collaboration with Indraganti after "Sammohanam" (2018). In March 2019, sources claimed that Nani's film is not a sequel to "Gentleman", but a neo-noir crime thriller with a fresh script. The actor was reported to play a character with negative shades, whereas Babu will be seen as a cop.


title: V (2020 film)

text: In March 2019, Aditi Rao Hydari signed to be a part of the lead cast. The film marked Hydari's second collaboration with Babu and Indraganti after "Sammohanam". Nivetha Thomas' presence was confirmed in April 2019. Bollywood composer Amit Trivedi signed in to score music for the film, the very same month, marking his second Telugu film after "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy" (2019). On 29 April 2019, the makers announced the titular poster of the film, being titled as "V", also marking Nani's 25th film, featuring him in a negative role for the first time.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Principal photography of began in April 2019 while its second schedule started on 12 June 2019 with Babu and other artists. Babu allotted a call sheet of 30 days, for the second schedule. Nani started shooting for the film on 11 August 2019. In September 2019, filming location changed to Thailand where major scenes were shot with Babu and Nani, with the former being hurt while filming an action sequence. The makers shot few action sequences at a forest located at Phuket, which was wrapped up in October 2019. The shooting of the film was wrapped up in January 2020.


title: V (2020 film)

text: The film score is composed by S. Thaman. The soundtrack album is composed by Amit Trivedi, in his third Telugu film after "Sye Raa Narasimha Reddy" (2019) and "That is Mahalakshmi" (2020), whereas the lyrics were written by Sirivennela Seetharama Sastry, Ramajogayya Sastry and Krishna Kanth. On 24 February 2020, coinciding with actor Nani's birthday, the first single "Manasu Maree" was released by Aditya Music. The second single "Vastunnaa Vachestunna" was released on 10 March 2020. The soundtrack album was released on 29 August 2020.


title: V (2020 film)

text: "123Telugu" reviewed "The album of V is quite modern and at the same time has a classical touch to it. The emotion and mood of the film are carried through the songs and Amit Trivedi has done a solid job with the songs. Manasu Maree and Vastunna Vacchestunna are already solid hits but the other songs are also good making this a foot-tapping album. You will like them, even more, when the film is out."


title: V (2020 film)

text: The film was initially scheduled to release on 25 March 2020 coinciding with Ugadi, but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India. In June 2020, Nani refuted rumours of a direct release, through over-the-top media services, and confirmed that the film is scheduled for a theatrical release. In August 2020, the makers decided to release the film directly on a streaming platform, after the uncertainty over the reopening of theatres, which were closed due to the COVID-19 lockdown.


title: V (2020 film)

text: On 20 August, the makers officially announced that the film would be released through Amazon Prime Video on 5 September 2020. The release date coincided with Nani's debut in the film industry, after his 2008 film "Ashta Chamma", which is also directed by Mohana Krishna Indraganti. The film became one of the first major Telugu films, to be released directly on a streaming platform.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Amazon Prime Video premiered the film eventually on 4 September, ahead of the scheduled release date, and it was dubbed in Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada, which had a release on the same day. The makers re-released the film in theatres on 1 January 2021, coinciding with New Year's Day. The Hindi dubbed version began streaming on Prime Video from 4 April 2021.


title: V (2020 film)

text: Sangeetha Devi Dundoo of "The Hindu", wrote that ""V" could have benefited with a far more engaging story. As it stands now, it’s a pale story that doesn’t make you root for its prime characters." Hemanth Kumar of the "Firstpost", who rated the film 2.5 out of five, also noted ""V" is a Telugu film, and if a top star is portrayed as an anti-hero, he cannot be a diabolical person at any cost." Haricharan Pudipeddi of "The Hindustan Times" reviewed ""V" is a major misfire from Indraganti, whose intent to go big fails gloriously. For Nani, who had bet a lot on this film, it will go down as a big disappointment. If only Nani took some inspiration in storytelling from his last production venture, HIT, a gripping investigative thriller, "V" could have been a far better film."


title: V (2020 film)

text: Manoj Kumar of "The Indian Express" granted the film 2.5 stars out of five and wrote, "Indraganti has gone the extra mile while writing scenes for Vishnu...However, Mohana doesn’t show an equal amount of love for other key characters", and gave a verdict ""V" is not the popcorn movie that we deserve but the one we need right now." Janaki K. of "India Today" who also rated 2.5 out of five, wrote that "Director Mohan Krishna Indraganti’s "V" had a solid premise that could have been made into a slick thriller. With shortcomings in the screenplay, "V" doesn’t excite you as it intended to. Nonetheless, certain moments will make it an interesting watch."


title: V (2020 film)

text: Neetishta Nyayapati of "The Times of India", gave 3 out of 5 and wrote, "Mohan Krishna Indraganti takes a gamble and tries to show that he can do more than make feel-good dramas. And the film he shows, despite the predictability, definitely has the potential to be more. If only it rose beyond the usual tropes. This is not an unwatchable film by any measure, because it definitely has its moments that will make you want to know what comes next." Gauthaman Bhaskaran of "News18" gave the film 1.5 out of 5 stating, "The film lacks a thoughtful approach on the director's part. In its runtime of 140-minutes, "V" hardly offers anything to look forward to." Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion" wrote "This super-predictable film, like "V"s cigarettes, is a hash. It’s a movie about murders that’s impossible to take seriously. It’s a comedy of terrors." "Sify" gave the film 3 out of 5 and stated ""V" is a revenge drama that has weak writing. Clichéd and predictable later portions have marred the mood."


title: V (2020 film)

text: On 2 March 2021, the Bombay High Court ordered Amazon Prime Video to take down all versions of the film until they removed the image of Mumbai-based actress Sakshi Malik used without her consent. On 4 March 2021, the court allowed the film's re-release after Malik confirmed that the deletion was satisfactory.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: A two-stroke (or two-stroke cycle) engine is a type of internal combustion engine that completes a power cycle with two strokes (up and down movements) of the piston during one power cycle, this power cycle being completed in one revolution of the crankshaft. A four-stroke engine requires four strokes of the piston to complete a power cycle during two crankshaft revolutions. In a two-stroke engine, the end of the combustion stroke and the beginning of the compression stroke happen simultaneously, with the intake and exhaust (or scavenging) functions occurring at the same time.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Two-stroke engines often have a high power-to-weight ratio, power being available in a narrow range of rotational speeds called the power band. Two-stroke engines have fewer moving parts than four-stroke engines.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The first commercial two-stroke engine involving cylinder compression is attributed to Scottish engineer Dugald Clerk, who patented his design in 1881. However, unlike most later two-stroke engines, his had a separate charging cylinder. The crankcase-scavenged engine, employing the area below the piston as a charging pump, is generally credited to Englishman Joseph Day. On 31 December 1879, German inventor Karl Benz produced a two-stroke gas engine, for which he received a patent in 1880 in Germany. The first truly practical two-stroke engine is attributed to Yorkshireman Alfred Angas Scott, who started producing twin-cylinder water-cooled motorcycles in 1908.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Two-stroke gasoline engines with electrical spark ignition are particularly useful in lightweight or portable applications such as chainsaws and motorcycles. However, when weight and size are not an issue, the cycle's potential for high thermodynamic efficiency makes it ideal for diesel compression ignition engines operating in large, weight-insensitive applications, such as marine propulsion, railway locomotives, and electricity generation. In a two-stroke engine, the exhaust gases transfer less heat to the cooling system than a four-stroke, which means more energy to drive the piston, and if present, a turbocharger.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Crankcase-compression two-stroke engines, such as common small gasoline-powered engines, are lubricated by a petroil mixture in a total-loss system. Oil is mixed in with their petrol fuel beforehand, in a fuel-to-oil ratio of around 32:1. This oil then forms emissions, either by being burned in the engine or as droplets in the exhaust, historically resulting in more exhaust emissions, particularly hydrocarbons, than four-stroke engines of comparable power output. The combined opening time of the intake and exhaust ports in some two-stroke designs can also allow some amount of unburned fuel vapors to exit in the exhaust stream. The high combustion temperatures of small, air-cooled engines may also produce NO emissions.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: However, with direct fuel injection and a sump-based lubrication system, a modern two-stroke engine can produce air pollution no worse than a four-stroke, and can achieve higher thermodynamic efficiency.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Two-stroke gasoline engines are preferred when mechanical simplicity, light weight, and high power-to-weight ratio are design priorities. By mixing oil with fuel, they can operate in any orientation as the oil reservoir does not depend on gravity.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: A number of mainstream automobile manufacturers have used two-stroke engines in the past, including the Swedish Saab and German manufacturers DKW, Auto-Union, VEB Sachsenring Automobilwerke Zwickau, VEB Automobilwerk Eisenach, and VEB Fahrzeug- und Jagdwaffenwerk „Ernst Thälmann. The Japanese manufacturers Suzuki and Subaru did the same in the 1970s. Production of two-stroke cars ended in the 1980s in the West, due to increasingly stringent regulation of air pollution. Eastern Bloc countries continued until around 1991, with the Trabant and Wartburg in East Germany.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Two-stroke engines are still found in a variety of small propulsion applications, such as outboard motors, small on- and off-road motorcycles, mopeds, scooters, tuk-tuks, snowmobiles, go-karts, ultralight and model airplanes. Particularly in developed countries, pollution regulations have meant that their use for many of these applications is being phased out. Honda, for instance, ceased selling two-stroke off-road motorcycles in the United States in 2007, after abandoning road-going models considerably earlier.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Due to their high power-to-weight ratio and ability to be used in any orientation, two-stroke engines are common in handheld outdoor power tools including leaf blowers, chainsaws, and string trimmers.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Two-stroke diesel engines are found mostly in large industrial and marine applications, as well as some trucks and heavy machinery.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Although the principles remain the same, the mechanical details of various two-stroke engines differ depending on the type. The design types vary according to the method of introducing the charge to the cylinder, the method of scavenging the cylinder (exchanging burnt exhaust for fresh mixture) and the method of exhausting the cylinder.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Piston port is the simplest of the designs and the most common in small two-stroke engines. All functions are controlled solely by the piston covering and uncovering the ports as it moves up and down in the cylinder. In the 1970s, Yamaha worked out some basic principles for this system. They found that, in general, widening an exhaust port increases the power by the same amount as raising the port, but the power band does not narrow as it does when the port is raised. However, a mechanical limit exists to the width of a single exhaust port, at about 62% of the bore diameter for reasonable piston ring life. Beyond this, the piston rings bulge into the exhaust port and wear quickly. A maximum 70% of bore width is possible in racing engines, where rings are changed every few races. Intake duration is between 120 and 160°. Transfer port time is set at a minimum of 26°. The strong, low-pressure pulse of a racing two-stroke expansion chamber can drop the pressure to -7 psi when the piston is at bottom dead center, and the transfer ports nearly wide open. One of the reasons for high fuel consumption in two-strokes is that some of the incoming pressurized fuel-air mixture is forced across the top of the piston, where it has a cooling action, and straight out the exhaust pipe. An expansion chamber with a strong reverse pulse stops this outgoing flow.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: A fundamental difference from typical four-stroke engines is that the two-stroke's crankcase is sealed and forms part of the induction process in gasoline and hot bulb engines. Diesel two-strokes often add a Roots blower or piston pump for scavenging.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The reed valve is a simple but highly effective form of check valve commonly fitted in the intake tract of the piston-controlled port. It allows asymmetric intake of the fuel charge, improving power and economy, while widening the power band. Such valves are widely used in motorcycle, ATV, and marine outboard engines.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The intake pathway is opened and closed by a rotating member. A familiar type sometimes seen on small motorcycles is a slotted disk attached to the crankshaft, which covers and uncovers an opening in the end of the crankcase, allowing charge to enter during one portion of the cycle (called a disc valve).


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Another form of rotary inlet valve used on two-stroke engines employs two cylindrical members with suitable cutouts arranged to rotate one within the other - the inlet pipe having passage to the crankcase only when the two cutouts coincide. The crankshaft itself may form one of the members, as in most glow-plug model engines. In another version, the crank disc is arranged to be a close-clearance fit in the crankcase, and is provided with a cutout that lines up with an inlet passage in the crankcase wall at the appropriate time, as in Vespa motor scooters.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The advantage of a rotary valve is that it enables the two-stroke engine's intake timing to be asymmetrical, which is not possible with piston-port type engines. The piston-port type engine's intake timing opens and closes before and after top dead center at the same crank angle, making it symmetrical, whereas the rotary valve allows the opening to begin and close earlier.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Rotary valve engines can be tailored to deliver power over a wider speed range or higher power over a narrower speed range than either a piston-port or reed-valve engine. Where a portion of the rotary valve is a portion of the crankcase itself, of particular importance, no wear should be allowed to take place.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: In a cross-flow engine, the transfer and exhaust ports are on opposite sides of the cylinder, and a deflector on the top of the piston directs the fresh intake charge into the upper part of the cylinder, pushing the residual exhaust gas down the other side of the deflector and out the exhaust port. The deflector increases the piston's weight and exposed surface area, and the fact that it makes piston cooling and achieving an effective combustion chamber shape more difficult is why this design has been largely superseded by uniflow scavenging after the 1960s, especially for motorcycles, but for smaller or slower engines using direct injection, the deflector piston can still be an acceptable approach.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: This method of scavenging uses carefully shaped and positioned transfer ports to direct the flow of fresh mixture toward the combustion chamber as it enters the cylinder. The fuel/air mixture strikes the cylinder head, then follows the curvature of the combustion chamber, and then is deflected downward.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: This not only prevents the fuel/air mixture from traveling directly out the exhaust port, but also creates a swirling turbulence which improves combustion efficiency, power, and economy.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Usually, a piston deflector is not required, so this approach has a distinct advantage over the cross-flow scheme (above).


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Often referred to as "Schnuerle" (or "Schnürle") loop scavenging after Adolf Schnürle, the German inventor of an early form in the mid-1920s, it became widely adopted in that country during the 1930s and spread further afield after World War II.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Loop scavenging is the most common type of fuel/air mixture transfer used on modern two-stroke engines. Suzuki was one of the first manufacturers outside of Europe to adopt loop-scavenged, two-stroke engines. This operational feature was used in conjunction with the expansion chamber exhaust developed by German motorcycle manufacturer, MZ, and Walter Kaaden.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Loop scavenging, disc valves, and expansion chambers worked in a highly coordinated way to significantly increase the power output of two-stroke engines, particularly from the Japanese manufacturers Suzuki, Yamaha, and Kawasaki. Suzuki and Yamaha enjoyed success in Grand Prix motorcycle racing in the 1960s due in no small way to the increased power afforded by loop scavenging.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: An additional benefit of loop scavenging was the piston could be made nearly flat or slightly domed, which allowed the piston to be appreciably lighter and stronger, and consequently to tolerate higher engine speeds. The "flat top" piston also has better thermal properties and is less prone to uneven heating, expansion, piston seizures, dimensional changes, and compression losses.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: SAAB built 750- and 850-cc three-cylinder engines based on a DKW design that proved reasonably successful employing loop charging. The original SAAB 92 had a two-cylinder engine of comparatively low efficiency. At cruising speed, reflected-wave, exhaust-port blocking occurred at too low a frequency. Using the asymmetrical three-port exhaust manifold employed in the identical DKW engine improved fuel economy.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The 750-cc standard engine produced 36 to 42 hp, depending on the model year. The Monte Carlo Rally variant, 750-cc (with a filled crankshaft for higher base compression), generated 65 hp. An 850-cc version was available in the 1966 SAAB Sport (a standard trim model in comparison to the deluxe trim of the Monte Carlo).


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Work published at SAE in 2012 points that loop scavenging is under every circumstance more efficient than cross-flow scavenging.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: In a uniflow engine, the mixture, or "charge air" in the case of a diesel, enters at one end of the cylinder controlled by the piston and the exhaust exits at the other end controlled by an exhaust valve or piston. The scavenging gas-flow is, therefore, in one direction only, hence the name uniflow. The valved arrangement is common in on-road, off-road, and stationary two-stroke engines (Detroit Diesel), certain small marine two-stroke engines (Gray Marine), certain railroad two-stroke diesel locomotives (Electro-Motive Diesel) and large marine two-stroke main propulsion engines (Wärtsilä). Ported types are represented by the opposed piston design in which two pistons are in each cylinder, working in opposite directions such as the Junkers Jumo 205 and Napier Deltic. The once-popular split-single design falls into this class, being effectively a folded uniflow. With advanced-angle exhaust timing, uniflow engines can be supercharged with a crankshaft-driven (piston or Roots) blower.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The piston of this engine is "top-hat"-shaped; the upper section forms the regular cylinder, and the lower section performs a scavenging function. The units run in pairs, with the lower half of one piston charging an adjacent combustion chamber.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: The upper section of the piston still relies on total-loss lubrication, but the other engine parts are sump lubricated with cleanliness and reliability benefits. The mass of the piston is only about 20% more than a loop-scavenged engine's piston because skirt thicknesses can be less.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Many modern two-stroke engines employ a power-valve system. The valves are normally in or around the exhaust ports. They work in one of two ways; either they alter the exhaust port by closing off the top part of the port, which alters port timing, such as Rotax R.A.V.E, Yamaha YPVS, Honda RC-Valve, Kawasaki K.I.P.S., Cagiva C.T.S., or Suzuki AETC systems, or by altering the volume of the exhaust, which changes the resonant frequency of the expansion chamber, such as the Suzuki SAEC and Honda V-TACS system. The result is an engine with better low-speed power without sacrificing high-speed power. However, as power valves are in the hot gas flow, they need regular maintenance to perform well.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Direct injection has considerable advantages in two-stroke engines. In carburetted two-strokes, a major problem is a portion of the fuel/air mixture going directly out, unburned, through the exhaust port, and direct injection effectively eliminates this problem. Two systems are in use, low-pressure air-assisted injection and high-pressure injection.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Diesel engines rely solely on the heat of compression for ignition. In the case of Schnuerle-ported and loop-scavenged engines, intake and exhaust happen via piston-controlled ports. A uniflow diesel engine takes in air via scavenge ports, and exhaust gases exit through an overhead poppet valve. Two-stroke diesels are all scavenged by forced induction. Some designs use a mechanically driven Roots blower, whilst marine diesel engines normally use exhaust-driven turbochargers, with electrically driven auxiliary blowers for low-speed operation when exhaust turbochargers are unable to deliver enough air.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Marine two-stroke diesel engines directly coupled to the propeller are able to start and run in either direction as required. The fuel injection and valve timing are mechanically readjusted by using a different set of cams on the camshaft. Thus, the engine can be run in reverse to move the vessel backwards.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Many two-stroke engines use their crankcase to pressurize the air-fuel mixture before transfer to the cylinder. Unlike four-stroke engines, they cannot be lubricated by oil contained in the crankcase and sump: lubricating oil would be swept up and burnt with the fuel. Fuels supplied to two-stroke engines are mixed with oil so that it can coat the cylinders and bearing surfaces along its path. The ratio of gasoline to oil ranges from 25:1 to 50:1 by volume.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Oil remaining in the mixture is burnt with the fuel and results in a familiar blue smoke and odor. Two-stroke oils, which became available in the 1970s, are specifically designed to mix with petrol and be burnt with minimal unburnt oil or ash. This led to a marked reduction in spark plug fouling, which had previously been a problem in two-stroke engines.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Other two-stroke engines might pump lubrication from a separate tank of two-stroke oil. The supply of this oil is controlled by the throttle position and engine speed. Examples are found in Yamaha's PW80 (Pee-wee), and many two-stroke snowmobiles. The technology is referred to as auto-lube. This is still a total-loss system with the oil being burnt the same as in the premix system. Given that the oil is not properly mixed with the fuel when burned in the combustion chamber, it provides slightly more efficient lubrication. This lubrication method eliminates the user's need to mix the gasoline at every refill, makes the motor much less susceptible to atmospheric conditions (ambient temperature, elevation), and ensures proper engine lubrication, with less oil at light loads (such as idle) and more oil at high loads (full throttle). Some companies, such as Bombardier, had some oil-pump designs have no oil injected at idle to reduce smoke levels, as the loading on the engine parts was light enough to not require additional lubrication beyond the low levels that the fuel provides. Ultimately, oil injection is still the same as premixed gasoline in that the oil is burnt in the combustion chamber (albeit not as completely as premix) and the gas is still mixed with the oil, although not as thoroughly as in premix. This method requires extra mechanical parts to pump the oil from the separate tank, to the carburetor or throttle body. In applications where performance, simplicity, and/or dry weight are significant considerations, the premix lubrication method is almost always used. For example, a two-stroke engine in a motocross bike pays major consideration to performance, simplicity, and weight. Chainsaws and brush cutters must be as lightweight as possible to reduce user fatigue and hazard.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Crankcase compression two-stroke engines suffer oil starvation if rotated at speed with the throttle closed. Motorcycles descending long hills and perhaps when decelerating gradually from high speed by changing down through the gears are examples. Two-stroke cars (such as those that were popular in Eastern Europe in the mid-20th century) were usually fitted with freewheel mechanisms in the powertrain, allowing the engine to idle when the throttle was closed and requiring using brakes to slow down.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Large two-stroke engines, including diesels, normally use a sump lubrication system similar to four-stroke engines. The cylinder must be pressurized, but this is not done from the crankcase, but by an ancillary Roots-type blower or a specialized turbocharger (usually a turbo-compressor system) which has a "locked" compressor for starting (and during which it is powered by the engine's crankshaft), but which is "unlocked" for running (and during which it is powered by the engine's exhaust gases flowing through the turbine).


title: Two-stroke engine

text: For the purpose of this discussion, it is convenient to think in motorcycle terms, where the exhaust pipe faces into the cooling air stream, and the crankshaft commonly spins in the same axis and direction as do the wheels i.e. "forward". Some of the considerations discussed here apply to four-stroke engines (which cannot reverse their direction of rotation without considerable modification), almost all of which spin forward, too. It is also useful to note that the "front" and "back" faces of the piston are - respectively - the exhaust port and intake port sides of it, and are not to do with the top or bottom of the piston.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Regular gasoline two-stroke engines can run backward for short periods and under light load with little problem, and this has been used to provide a reversing facility in microcars, such as the Messerschmitt KR200, that lacked reverse gearing. Where the vehicle has electric starting, the motor is turned off and restarted backward by turning the key in the opposite direction. Two-stroke golf carts have used a similar system. Traditional flywheel magnetos (using contact-breaker points, but no external coil) worked equally well in reverse because the cam controlling the points is symmetrical, breaking contact before top dead center equally well whether running forward or backward. Reed-valve engines run backward just as well as piston-controlled porting, though rotary valve engines have asymmetrical inlet timing and do not run very well.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Serious disadvantages exist for running many engines backward under load for any length of time, and some of these reasons are general, applying equally to both two-stroke and four-stroke engines. This disadvantage is accepted in most cases where cost, weight, and size are major considerations. The problem comes about because in "forward" running, the major thrust face of the piston is on the back face of the cylinder, which in a two-stroke particularly, is the coolest and best-lubricated part. The forward face of the piston in a trunk engine is less well-suited to be the major thrust face, since it covers and uncovers the exhaust port in the cylinder, the hottest part of the engine, where piston lubrication is at its most marginal. The front face of the piston is also more vulnerable since the exhaust port, the largest in the engine, is in the front wall of the cylinder. Piston skirts and rings risk being extruded into this port, so having them pressing hardest on the opposite wall (where there are only the transfer ports in a crossflow engine) is always best and support is good. In some engines, the small end is offset to reduce thrust in the intended rotational direction and the forward face of the piston has been made thinner and lighter to compensate, but when running backward, this weaker forward face suffers increased mechanical stress it was not designed to resist. This can be avoided by the use of crossheads and also using thrust bearings to isolate the engine from end loads.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Large two-stroke ship diesels are sometimes made to be reversible. Like four-stroke ship engines (some of which are also reversible), they use mechanically operated valves, so require additional camshaft mechanisms. These engines use crossheads to eliminate sidethrust on the piston and isolate the under-piston space from the crankcase.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: On top of other considerations, the oil pump of a modern two-stroke may not work in reverse, in which case the engine suffers oil starvation within a short time. Running a motorcycle engine backward is relatively easy to initiate, and in rare cases, can be triggered by a back-fire. It is not advisable.


title: Two-stroke engine

text: Model airplane engines with reed valves can be mounted in either tractor or pusher configuration without needing to change the propeller. These motors are compression ignition, so no ignition timing issues and little difference between running forward and running backward are seen.


title: Nataša Stanković

text: Nataša Stanković Pandya (, born 4 March 1992) is a Serbian dancer, model and actress based in Mumbai, India. She made her debut in Bollywood films with the political drama "Satyagraha" directed by Prakash Jha. In 2014, she participated in "Bigg Boss 8". She also participated in Nach Baliye 9.


title: Nataša Stanković

text: Stanković was born on 4 March 1992 in Požarevac, Republic of Serbia, SFR Yugoslavia to Goran Stanković and Radmila Stanković. She has a brother named Nenad Stanković.


title: Nataša Stanković

text: In 2012, Stanković moved to India to pursue a career in acting. She started her career as a model for brands Johnson & Johnson. In 2013, she made her Hindi film debut with the film "Satyagraha", directed by Prakash Jha, where she appeared in the dance number ""Aiyo Ji"" opposite Ajay Devgn. Later in 2014, she appeared in "Bigg Boss 8", where she stayed in the house for one month. She gained popularity when she appeared in the popular dance number ""DJ Waley Babu"" ()by Badshah and Aastha Gill.


title: Nataša Stanković

text: In 2016, she appeared in the film "7 Hours to Go", directed by Saurabh Varma. In the film, she played the role of a cop and performed in action scenes. In 2017, Stanković was featured in the popular dance number ""Mehbooba"" ()from the film "Fukrey Returns", for which she was praised.


title: Nataša Stanković

text: In 2018, she did a cameo in the film "Zero", directed by Aanand L. Rai, alongside Shah Rukh Khan, Anushka Sharma and Katrina Kaif. Stanković made her digital debut in 2019 with the web series "The Holiday" by Zoom Studios alongside Adah Sharma. She was seen in the dance reality television series "Nach Baliye 9" alongside Aly Goni.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In the New Testament, the Transfiguration of Jesus is an event where Jesus is transfigured and becomes radiant in glory upon a mountain. The Synoptic Gospels (, , ) describe it, and the Second Epistle of Peter also refers to it ().


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: In these accounts, Jesus and three of his apostles, Peter, James, and John, go to a mountain (later referred to as the Mount of Transfiguration) to pray. On the mountaintop, Jesus begins to shine with bright rays of light. Then the Old Testament figures Moses and Elijah appear next to him and he speaks with them. Both figures had eschatological roles: they symbolize the Law and the prophets, respectively. Jesus is then called "Son" by the voice of God the Father, as in the Baptism of Jesus.


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: Many Christian traditions, including the Eastern Orthodox, Catholic Church, Lutheran and Anglican churches, commemorate the event in the Feast of the Transfiguration, a major festival. In Greek Orthodoxy, the event is called the "metamorphosis".


title: Transfiguration of Jesus

text: The transfiguration is one of the miracles of Jesus in the Gospels. This miracle is unique among others that appear in the canonical gospels, in that the miracle happens to Jesus himself. Thomas Aquinas considered the transfiguration "the greatest miracle" in that it complemented baptism and showed the perfection of life in Heaven. The transfiguration is one of the five major milestones in the gospel narrative of the life of Jesus, the others being baptism, crucifixion, resurrection, and ascension. In 2002, Pope John Paul II introduced the Luminous Mysteries in the rosary, which includes the transfiguration.