title: Nursing

text: Midwifery training is similar in length and structure, but is sufficiently different that it is not considered a branch of nursing. There are shortened (18-month) programs to allow nurses already qualified in the adult branch to hold dual registration as a nurse and a midwife. Shortened courses lasting 2 years also exist for graduates of other disciplines to train as nurses. This is achieved by more intense study and a shortening of the common foundation program.


title: Nursing

text: Before Project 2000, nurse education was the responsibility of hospitals and was not based in universities; hence many nurses who qualified prior to these reforms do not hold an academic award.


title: Nursing

text: After the point of initial registration, there is an expectation that all qualified nurses will continue to update their skills and knowledge. The Nursing and Midwifery Council insists on a minimum of 35 hours of education every three years, as part of its post registration education and practice (PREP) requirements.<ref name="http://www.nmc-uk.org/Nurses-and-midwives/Advice-by-topic/A/Advice/Post-Registration-Education-and-Practice-Prep-requirements-for-midwives/2"></ref>


title: Nursing

text: There are also opportunities for many nurses to gain additional clinical skills after qualification. Cannulation, venipuncture, intravenous drug therapy and male catheterization are the most common, although there are many others (such as advanced life support), which some nurses undertake.


title: Nursing

text: Many nurses who qualified with a diploma choose to upgrade their qualification to a degree by studying part-time. Many nurses prefer this option to gaining a degree initially, as there is often an opportunity to study in a specialist field as a part of this upgrading. Financially, in England, it was also much more lucrative, as diploma students get the full bursary during their initial training, and employers often pay for the degree course as well as the nurse's salary.


title: Nursing

text: To become specialist nurses (such as nurse consultants, nurse practitioners etc.) or nurse educators, some nurses undertake further training above bachelor's degree level. Master's degrees exist in various healthcare related topics, and some nurses choose to study for PhDs or other higher academic awards. District nurses and health visitors are also considered specialist nurses, and to become such they must undertake specialist training. This is a one-year full-time degree.


title: Nursing

text: All newly qualifying district nurses and health visitors are trained to prescribe from the Nurse Prescribers' Formulary, a list of medications and dressings typically useful to those carrying out these roles. Many of these (and other) nurses will also undertake training in independent and supplementary prescribing, which allows them (as of 1 May 2006) to prescribe almost any drug in the British National Formulary. This has been the cause of a great deal of debate in both medical and nursing circles.


title: Nursing

text: In the European Union, the profession of nurse is regulated. A profession is said to be regulated when access and exercise is subject to the possession of a specific professional qualification. The regulated professions database contains a list of regulated professions for nurse in the European Union (EU) member states, European Economic Area (EEA) countries, and Switzerland. This list is covered by the Directive 2005/36/EC.


title: Nursing

text: Nursing education is governed in India by the central body Indian Nursing Council and its norms are implemented through respective State Nursing councils. The list of state nursing councils are available in the official web page of Indian Nursing Council. First formal education in nursing was offered in Madras Medical college, in Madras presidency.


title: Nursing

text: Indian Nursing Council Act, 1947. Act Year Number: Act No. 19 of December enactment Date of enactment: [31 December 19act] Act Objective: An Act to constitute the Nursing Council of India. To establish uniform standards of training for nurses, midwives, and health visitors. It is implemented with 17 sections and each section indicates the specific legislative role of the council.


title: Nursing

text: The nursing profession was dominated by females in the British colonial period, but in Madras Presidency, men were actively engaged in the profession.


title: Nursing

text: Nurses in Israel have a wide variety of responsibilities, including hospital care, patient education, wound care, prenatal and other monitoring, midwifery, and well-baby clinics.


title: Nursing

text: Nursing in Israeli Jewish culture traces its origins to Shifra and Puah, two Hebrew midwives depicted in the Book of Exodus helping women in ancient Egypt give birth and keep their infants safe.


title: Nursing

text: Modern-day nursing was established by nurses sent to Mandatory Palestine and later Israel by the Hadassah organization, as well as a nursing school founded by Henrietta Szold in 1918. During those times, the United Kingdom regulated midwifery in Mandatory Palestine, but the nurses were not mentioned in the regulation decree.


title: Nursing

text: Nursing was not an established part of Japan's healthcare system until 1899 with the Midwives Ordinance. From there the Registered Nurse Ordinance came into play in 1915. This established a legal substantiation to registered nurses all over Japan. A new law geared towards nurses was created during World War II: the "Public Health Nurse, Midwife and Nurse Law", established in 1948. It established educational requirements, standards and licensure. There has been a continued effort to improve nursing in Japan. In 1992 the Nursing Human Resource Law was passed. This law created the development of new university programs for nurses. Those programs were designed to raise the education level of the nurses so that they could be better suited for taking care of the public.


title: Nursing

text: Japan only recognizes four types of nursing and they are Public Health Nursing, Midwifery, Registered Nursing and Assistant Nursing.


title: Nursing

text: This type of nursing is designed to help the public and is also driven by the public's needs. The goals of public health nurses are to monitor the spread of disease, keep vigilant watch for environmental hazards, educate the community on how to care for and treat themselves, and train for community disasters.


title: Nursing

text: Nurses that are involved with midwifery are independent of any organization. A midwife takes care of a pregnant woman during labour and postpartum. They assist with things like breastfeeding and caring for the child.


title: Nursing

text: Nursing assistants, also known as nurse assistants or CNAs (Certified Nursing Assistants), assist patients with basic daily tasks. Individuals who are assistant nurses follow orders from a registered nurse. They report back to the licensed nurse about a patient's condition. Assistant nurses are always supervised by a licensed registered nurse.


title: Nursing

text: In 1952 Japan established the first nursing university in the country. An associate degree was the only level of certification for years. Soon people began to want nursing degrees at a higher level of education. Soon the Bachelor's Degree in Nursing (BSN) was established. Currently, Japan offers doctorate-level degrees of nursing in a good number of its universities.


title: Nursing

text: There are three ways that an individual could become a registered nurse in Japan. After obtaining a high school degree the person could go to a nursing university for four years and earn a bachelor's degree, go to a junior nursing college for three years or go to a nursing school for three years. Regardless of where the individual attends school they must take the national exam. Those who attended a nursing university have a bit of an advantage over those who went to a nursing school. They can take the national exam to be a registered nurse, public health nurse or midwife. In the cases of becoming a midwife or a public health nurse, the student must take a one-year course in their desired field after attending a nursing university and passing the national exam to become a registered nurse. The nursing universities are the best route for someone who wants to become a nurse in Japan. They offer a wider range of general education classes and they also allow for a more rigid teaching style of nursing. These nursing universities train their students to be able to make critical and educated decisions when they are out in the field. Physicians are the ones who are teaching the potential nurses because there are not enough available nurses to teach students. This increases the dominance that physicians have over nurses.


title: Nursing

text: Students that attend a nursing college or just a nursing school receive the same degree as one who graduated from a nursing university would, but they do not have the same educational background. The classes offered at nursing colleges and nursing schools are focused on more practical aspects of nursing. These institutions do not offer many general education classes, so students who attend these schools will solely be focusing on their nursing educations while they are in school. Students who attend a nursing college or school do have the opportunity to become a midwife or a public health nurse. They have to go through a training institute for their desired field after graduating from the nursing school or college. Japanese nurses never have to renew their licenses. Once they have passed their exam, they have their license for life.


title: Nursing

text: Like the United States, Japan is in need of more nurses. The driving force behind this need is the fact that country is aging and needs more medical care for its people. However, the number of available nurses does not seem to be increasing. Nurses face poor working conditions and low social status, and there is a cultural idea that married women quit their jobs for family responsibilities. On average, Japanese nurses make around 280,000 yen a month, and it is one of the higher paying jobs. However, physicians make twice as much as nurses. Similar to other cultures, the Japanese people view nurses as subservient to physicians. According to the American Nurses Association article on Japan, "nursing work has been described using negative terminology such as 'hard, dirty, dangerous, low salary, few holidays, minimal chance of marriage and family, and poor image.'"


title: Nursing

text: There are organizations that unite Japanese nurses like the Japanese Nursing Association (JNA); the JNA is a professional organization and not a union. Members of the JNA lobby politicians and produces publications about nursing. According to the American Nurses Association's article on Japan, the JNA "works toward the improvement in nursing practice through many activities including the development of a policy research group to influence policy development, a code of ethics for nurses, and standards of nursing practice." The JNA also provides certification for specialists in mental health, oncology and community health. There are other organizations, including some that categorize nurses by specialty, like emergency nursing or disaster nursing. One of the older unions that relates to nursing is the Japanese Federation of Medical Workers Union, which was created in 1957. It is a union that includes physicians as well as nurses. This organization was involved with the Nursing Human Resource Law.


title: Nursing

text: Philippines is well known for migrant nurses working in other countries especially in the west like the United States of America. It accounts a quarter of overseas nurses in the world. Every year, around 20,000 nurses leave the Philippines to work in more developed countries looking for better pay. Nurses in the Philippines must be licenced by the Professional Regulatory Commission.


title: Nursing

text: In Taiwan, the Ministry of Health and Welfare is in charge of the regulation of nursing. The Taiwan Union of Nurses Association (TUNA) is the union unit in Taiwan, fighting for nurses on payment and working time issues.


title: Nursing

text: Catholic religious institutes were influential in the development of Australian nursing, founding many of Australia's hospitals – the Irish Sisters of Charity were first to arrive in 1838 and established St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney in 1857 as a free hospital for the poor. They and other orders like the Sisters of Mercy, and in aged care the Sisters of the Little Company of Mary and Little Sisters of the Poor founded hospitals, hospices, research institutes and aged care facilities around Australia.


title: Nursing

text: A census in the 1800s found several hundred nurses working in Western Australia during the colonial period of history, this included Aboriginal female servants who cared for the infirm.


title: Nursing

text: The state nursing licensing bodies amalgamated in Australia in 2011 under the federal body AHPRA (Australian Health Practitioner Registration Authority). Several divisions of nursing license is available and recognized around the country.


title: Nursing

text: Australia enjoys the luxury of a national curriculum for vocational nurses, trained at Technical and Further Education (TAFE) colleges or private Registered Training Organization (RTO). Enrolled and registered nurses are identified by the department of immigration as an occupational area of need, although registered nurses are always in shorter supply, and this increases in proportion with specialization.


title: Nursing

text: In 1986 there were a number of rolling industrial actions around the country, culminating when five thousand Victorian nurses went on strike for eighteen days. The hospitals were able to function by hiring casual staff from each other's striking members, but the increased cost forced a decision in the nurses' favor.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). The two operations are inverses of each other apart from a constant value which depends on where one starts to compute area.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The first part of the theorem, the first fundamental theorem of calculus, states that for a function , an antiderivative or indefinite integral may be obtained as the integral of over an interval with a variable upper bound. This implies the existence of antiderivatives for continuous functions.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Conversely, the second part of the theorem, the second fundamental theorem of calculus, states that the integral of a function over a fixed interval is equal to the change of any antiderivative between the ends of the interval. This greatly simplifies the calculation of a definite integral provided an antiderivative can be found by symbolic integration, thus avoiding numerical integration.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The fundamental theorem of calculus relates differentiation and integration, showing that these two operations are essentially inverses of one another. Before the discovery of this theorem, it was not recognized that these two operations were related. Ancient Greek mathematicians knew how to compute area via infinitesimals, an operation that we would now call integration. The origins of differentiation likewise predate the fundamental theorem of calculus by hundreds of years; for example, in the fourteenth century the notions of "continuity" of functions and "motion" were studied by the Oxford Calculators and other scholars. The historical relevance of the fundamental theorem of calculus is not the ability to calculate these operations, but the realization that the two seemingly distinct operations (calculation of geometric areas, and calculation of gradients) are actually closely related.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: From the conjecture and the proof of the fundamental theorem of calculus, calculus as an unified theory of integration and differentiation is started. The first published statement and proof of a rudimentary form of the fundamental theorem, strongly geometric in character, was by James Gregory (1638–1675). Isaac Barrow (1630–1677) proved a more generalized version of the theorem, while his student Isaac Newton (1642–1727) completed the development of the surrounding mathematical theory. Gottfried Leibniz (1646–1716) systematized the knowledge into a calculus for infinitesimal quantities and introduced the notation used today.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The first fundamental theorem may be interpreted as follows. For a continuous function whose graph is plotted as a curve, each value of has a corresponding area function , representing the area beneath the curve between and . The area may not be easily computable, but it is assumed to be well-defined.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The area under the curve between and could be computed by finding the area between and , then subtracting the area between and . In other words, the area of this "strip" would be .


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: There is another way to "estimate" the area of this same strip. As shown in the accompanying figure, is multiplied by to find the area of a rectangle that is approximately the same size as this strip. So:


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: In fact, this estimate becomes a perfect equality if we add the red "Excess" area in the diagram. So:


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: As approaches in the limit, the last fraction must go to zero. To see this, note that the excess region is inside the tiny black-bordered rectangle, giving an upper bound for the excess area:formula_4where formula_5 and formula_6 are points where reaches its maximum and its minimum, respectively, in the interval .


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: formula_7By the continuity of , the right-hand expression tends to zero as does. Therefore, the left-hand side also tends to zero, and:


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: That is, the derivative of the area function exists and is equal to the original function , so the area function is an antiderivative of the original function.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Thus, the derivative of the integral of a function (the area) is the original function, so that derivative and integral are inverse operations which reverse each other. This is the essence of the Fundamental Theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Intuitively, the fundamental theorem states that "integration" and "differentiation" are essentially inverse operations which reverse each other.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The second fundamental theorem says that the sum of infinitesimal changes in a quantity over time (the integral of the derivative of the quantity) adds up to the net change in the quantity. To visualize this, imagine traveling in a car and wanting to know the distance traveled (the net change in position along the highway). You can see the velocity on the speedometer but cannot look out to see your location. Each second, you can find how far the car has traveled using , multiplying the current speed (in kilometers or miles per hour) by the time interval (1 second = formula_9 hour). Summing up all these small steps, you can calculate the "total" distance traveled, without ever looking outside the car:formula_10As formula_11 becomes infinitesimally small, the summing up corresponds to integration. Thus, the integral of the velocity function (the derivative of position) computes how far the car has traveled (the net change in position).


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The first fundamental theorem says that any quantity is the rate of change (the derivative) of the integral of the quantity from a fixed time up to a variable time. Continuing the above example, if you imagine a velocity function, you can integrate it from the starting time up to any given time to obtain a distance function whose derivative is the given velocity. (To obtain the highway-marker position, you need to add your starting position to this integral.)


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: There are two parts to the theorem. The first part deals with the derivative of an antiderivative, while the second part deals with the relationship between antiderivatives and definite integrals.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Let be a continuous real-valued function defined on a closed interval . Let be the function defined, for all in , by


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The fundamental theorem is often employed to compute the definite integral of a function formula_14 for which an antiderivative formula_15 is known. Specifically, if formula_14 is a real-valued continuous function on formula_17 and formula_15 is an antiderivative of formula_14 in formula_17 then


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The corollary assumes continuity on the whole interval. This result is strengthened slightly in the following part of the theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: This part is sometimes referred to as the "second fundamental theorem of calculus" or the Newton–Leibniz axiom.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Let formula_14 be a real-valued function on a closed interval formula_17 and formula_15 a continuous function on formula_17 which is an antiderivative of formula_14 in formula_27:


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The second part is somewhat stronger than the corollary because it does not assume that formula_14 is continuous.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: When an antiderivative formula_15 of formula_14 exists, then there are infinitely many antiderivatives for formula_14, obtained by adding an arbitrary constant to formula_15. Also, by the first part of the theorem, antiderivatives of formula_14 always exist when formula_14 is continuous.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The sum of the areas of two adjacent regions is equal to the area of both regions combined, thus: formula_42


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: To keep the notation simple, we write just formula_46, but one should keep in mind that, for a given function formula_14, the value of formula_46 depends on formula_49 and on formula_50 but is always confined to the interval formula_51.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: By the "first part" of the theorem, we know is also an antiderivative of . Since the mean value theorem implies that is a constant function, that is, there is a number such that for all in . Letting , we have


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: To begin, we recall the mean value theorem. Stated briefly, if is continuous on the closed interval and differentiable on the open interval , then there exists some in such that


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Let be (Riemann) integrable on the interval , and let admit an antiderivative on such that is continuous on . Begin with the quantity . Let there be numbers such that


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The function is differentiable on the interval and continuous on the closed interval ; therefore, it is also differentiable on each interval and continuous on each interval . According to the mean value theorem (above), for each there exists a formula_69 in such that


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The assumption implies formula_72 Also, formula_73 can be expressed as formula_53 of partition formula_75.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: We are describing the area of a rectangle, with the width times the height, and we are adding the areas together. Each rectangle, by virtue of the mean value theorem, describes an approximation of the curve section it is drawn over. Also formula_76 need not be the same for all values of , or in other words that the width of the rectangles can differ. What we have to do is approximate the curve with rectangles. Now, as the size of the partitions get smaller and increases, resulting in more partitions to cover the space, we get closer and closer to the actual area of the curve.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: By taking the limit of the expression as the norm of the partitions approaches zero, we arrive at the Riemann integral. We know that this limit exists because was assumed to be integrable. That is, we take the limit as the largest of the partitions approaches zero in size, so that all other partitions are smaller and the number of partitions approaches infinity.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The expression on the right side of the equation defines the integral over from to . Therefore, we obtain


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Similarly, it almost looks like the first part of the theorem follows directly from the second. That is, suppose is an antiderivative of . Then by the second theorem, formula_81. Now, suppose formula_82. Then has the same derivative as , and therefore . This argument only works, however, if we already know that has an antiderivative, and the only way we know that all continuous functions have antiderivatives is by the first part of the Fundamental Theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: and there is no simpler expression for this function. It is therefore important not to interpret the second part of the theorem as the definition of the integral. Indeed, there are many functions that are integrable but lack elementary antiderivatives, and discontinuous functions can be integrable but lack any antiderivatives at all. Conversely, many functions that have antiderivatives are not Riemann integrable (see Volterra's function).


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Note that this can also be checked using the second part of the theorem. Specifically, formula_91 is an antiderivative of formula_92, so


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Then formula_95 is not continuous at zero. Moreover, this is not just a matter of how formula_14 is defined at zero, since the limit as formula_97 of formula_95 does not exist. Therefore, the corollary cannot be used to compute


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Notice that formula_101 is continuous on formula_102 (including at zero by the squeeze theorem), and formula_101 is differentiable on formula_104 with formula_105 Therefore, part two of the theorem applies, and


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The function does not have to be continuous over the whole interval. Part I of the theorem then says: if is any Lebesgue integrable function on and is a number in such that is continuous at , then


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: is differentiable for with . We can relax the conditions on still further and suppose that it is merely locally integrable. In that case, we can conclude that the function is differentiable almost everywhere and almost everywhere. On the real line this statement is equivalent to Lebesgue's differentiation theorem. These results remain true for the Henstock–Kurzweil integral, which allows a larger class of integrable functions.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: In higher dimensions Lebesgue's differentiation theorem generalizes the Fundamental theorem of calculus by stating that for almost every , the average value of a function over a ball of radius centered at tends to as tends to 0.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: Part II of the theorem is true for any Lebesgue integrable function , which has an antiderivative (not all integrable functions do, though). In other words, if a real function on admits a derivative at "every" point of and if this derivative is Lebesgue integrable on , then


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: This result may fail for continuous functions that admit a derivative at almost every point , as the example of the Cantor function shows. However, if is absolutely continuous, it admits a derivative at almost every point , and moreover is integrable, with equal to the integral of on . Conversely, if is any integrable function, then as given in the first formula will be absolutely continuous with almost everywhere.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The conditions of this theorem may again be relaxed by considering the integrals involved as Henstock–Kurzweil integrals. Specifically, if a continuous function admits a derivative at all but countably many points, then is Henstock–Kurzweil integrable and is equal to the integral of on . The difference here is that the integrability of does not need to be assumed.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The version of Taylor's theorem, which expresses the error term as an integral, can be seen as a generalization of the fundamental theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: There is a version of the theorem for complex functions: suppose is an open set in and is a function that has a holomorphic antiderivative on . Then for every curve , the curve integral can be computed as


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The fundamental theorem can be generalized to curve and surface integrals in higher dimensions and on manifolds. One such generalization offered by the calculus of moving surfaces is the time evolution of integrals. The most familiar extensions of the fundamental theorem of calculus in higher dimensions are the divergence theorem and the gradient theorem.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: One of the most powerful generalizations in this direction is Stokes' theorem (sometimes known as the fundamental theorem of multivariable calculus): Let be an oriented piecewise smooth manifold of dimension and let formula_113 be a smooth compactly supported -form on . If denotes the boundary of given its induced orientation, then


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The theorem is often used in situations where is an embedded oriented submanifold of some bigger manifold (e.g. ) on which the form formula_113 is defined.


title: Fundamental theorem of calculus

text: The fundamental theorem of calculus allows us to pose a definite integral as a first-order ordinary differential equation.


title: .NET

text: .NET (pronounced as ""dot net""; previously named .NET Core) is a free and open-source, managed computer software framework for Windows, Linux, and macOS operating systems. It is a cross-platform successor to .NET Framework. The project is primarily developed by Microsoft employees by way of the .NET Foundation, and released under the MIT License.


title: .NET

text: .NET MAUI also supports Android and iOS (also with .NET 6), i.e. ".NET Multi-platform App UI (.NET MAUI) is a cross-platform framework for creating native mobile and desktop apps with C# and XAML."


title: .NET

text: On November 12, 2014, Microsoft announced .NET Core, in an effort to include cross-platform support for .NET, including Linux and macOS, source for the .NET Core CoreCLR implementation, source for the "entire [...] library stack" for .NET Core, and the adoption of a conventional ("bazaar"-like) open-source development model under the stewardship of the .NET Foundation. Miguel de Icaza describes .NET Core as a "redesigned version of .NET that is based on the simplified version of the class libraries", and Microsoft's Immo Landwerth explained that .NET Core would be "the foundation of all future .NET platforms". At the time of the announcement, the initial release of the .NET Core project had been seeded with a subset of the libraries' source code and coincided with the relicensing of Microsoft's existing .NET reference source away from the restrictions of the Ms-RSL. Landwerth acknowledged the disadvantages of the formerly selected shared license, explaining that it made codename Rotor "a non-starter" as a community-developed open source project because it did not meet the criteria of an Open Source Initiative (OSI) approved license.


title: .NET

text: .NET Core 2.0 was released on August 14, 2017, along with Visual Studio 2017 15.3, ASP.NET Core 2.0, and Entity Framework Core 2.0. 2.1 was released on May 30, 2018. NET Core 2.2 was released on December 4, 2018.


title: .NET

text: .NET Core 3 was released on September 23, 2019. .NET Core 3 adds support for Windows desktop application development and significant performance improvements throughout the base library.


title: .NET

text: In November 2020, Microsoft released .NET 5.0. The "Core" branding was removed and version 4.0 was skipped to avoid conflation with .NET Framework, which remains the Windows-specific product. It addresses the patent concerns related to the .NET Framework.


title: .NET

text: In November 2021, Microsoft released .NET 6.0, and in November 2022 released .NET 7.0, but only the former is a long-term support (LTS) release.


title: .NET

text: As of .NET 5, Windows Arm64 is natively supported. Previously, .NET on ARM was applications compiled for the x86 architecture, thereby meaning the applications were using the ARM emulation layer.


title: .NET

text: .NET fully supports C# and F# (and C++/CLI as of 3.1; only enabled on Windows) and supports Visual Basic .NET (for version 15.5 in .NET Core 5.0.100-preview.4, and some old versions supported in old .NET Core).


title: .NET

text: VB.NET compiles and runs on .NET, but as of .NET Core 3.1, the separate Visual Basic Runtime is not implemented. Microsoft initially announced that .NET Core 3 would include the Visual Basic Runtime, but after two years the timeline for such support was updated to .NET 5.


title: .NET

text: .NET supports four cross-platform scenarios: ASP.NET Core web apps; command-line/console apps; libraries; and Universal Windows Platform apps. Prior to .NET Core 3.0, it did not implement Windows Forms or Windows Presentation Foundation (WPF), which render the standard GUI for desktop software on Windows. Now, however, .NET Core 3 supports desktop technologies Windows Forms, WPF, and Universal Windows Platform (UWP). It is also possible to write cross-platform graphical applications using .NET with the GTK# language-binding for the GTK widget toolkit.


title: .NET

text: .NET supports use of NuGet packages. Unlike .NET Framework, which is serviced using Windows Update, .NET relies on its package manager to receive updates. Starting in December 2020, however, .NET updates started being delivered via Windows Update as well.


title: .NET

text: The two main components of .NET are CoreCLR and CoreFX, which are comparable to the Common Language Runtime (CLR) and the Framework Class Library (FCL) of the .NET Framework's Common Language Infrastructure (CLI) implementation.


title: .NET

text: As a CLI implementation of Virtual Execution System (VES), CoreCLR is a complete runtime and virtual machine for managed execution of CLI programs and includes a just-in-time compiler called RyuJIT. also contains CoreRT, the runtime optimized to be integrated into AOT compiled native binaries.


title: .NET

text: As a CLI implementation of the foundational Standard Libraries, CoreFX shares a subset of APIs, however, it also comes with its own APIs that are not part of the . A variant of the .NET library is used for UWP.


title: .NET

text: The .NET command-line interface offers an execution entry point for operating systems and provides developer services like compilation and package management.


title: .NET

text: The official community mascot of .NET is the .NET Bot (stylized as "dotnet bot" or "dotnet-bot"). The dotnet bot served as the placeholder developer for the initial check-in of the .NET source code when it was open-sourced. It has since been used as the official mascot.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: Another Life is an American science fiction drama television series created by Aaron Martin, which premiered on Netflix on July 25, 2019. The series stars Katee Sackhoff, Selma Blair, Justin Chatwin, Samuel Anderson, Elizabeth Ludlow, Blu Hunt, A.J. Rivera, Alexander Eling, Alex Ozerov, Jake Abel, JayR Tinaco, Lina Renna, Jessica Camacho, Barbara Williams, Parveen Dosanjh, Greg Hovanessian, Chanelle Peloso and Tyler Hoechlin. In October 2019, the series was renewed for a second season, which was released on October 14, 2021. Netflix announced it had canceled the series in February 2022.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: An unidentified flying object shaped like a large Möbius strip lands on Earth and grows a crystalline tower above it. Erik Wallace, a scientist employed by the United States Interstellar Command (USIC), attempts to communicate with the alien structure.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: Meanwhile, Wallace's wife, veteran Captain Niko Breckinridge, takes the spaceship "Salvare" (meaning 'to save' in Latin) and its young crew to determine the origin of the artifact and establish contact with the aliens who sent it. The "Salvare" is capable of faster-than-light (FTL) travel, and carries most of its crew asleep in hibernation pods ("soma" on the show), to be awakened when needed.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: On April 26, 2018, Netflix announced that it had given the production a series order for a ten-episode first season. The series is created by Aaron Martin who is also credited as an executive producer alongside Noreen Halpern and Chris Regina. On June 19, 2019, it was confirmed that the series would premiere on July 25, 2019. On October 29, 2019, Netflix renewed the series for a second season which was released on October 14, 2021. Sackhoff revealed in February 2022 the series was canceled.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: On April 26, 2018, it was announced that Katee Sackhoff had been cast as a series regular. On August 21, 2018, it was reported that Selma Blair had joined the cast in a recurring role. On August 28, 2018, it was announced that Tyler Hoechlin, Justin Chatwin, Samuel Anderson, and Elizabeth Ludlow had joined the cast. The following day, Blu Hunt joined the cast. In September 2018, the rest of the main cast was revealed. On June 23, 2020, Tongayi Chirisa was cast as a series regular while Dillon Casey, Shannon Chan-Kent, and Kurt Yaeger joined the cast in recurring roles for the second season. In December 2020, it was announced that Carlena Britch had been cast in the recurring role of Paula Carbone for the second season.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: Filming for the first season took place on location in Vancouver, British Columbia, from August 20, 2018, to November 20, 2018. Filming for the second season was expected to begin on March 2, 2020, and conclude on June 9, 2020, but was put on hold due to COVID-19 pandemic. Filming for the second season resumed on August 28, 2020, and was scheduled to conclude on November 24, 2020. Filming was delayed once again and instead concluded in December of that year.


title: Another Life (2019 TV series)

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports that 6% of 18 critic ratings are positive for the series, with an average rating of 4.54/10. The website's consensus reads, "A hodgepodge of science fiction homage, "Another Life" lacks the distinctive spark necessary to set it apart from the array of stories it aspires to be". Metacritic calculated an average score of 33 out of 100, based on 8 reviews, citing "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion Francis DiMucci (born July 18, 1939), better known simply as Dion, is an American singer, songwriter and guitarist. His music has incorporated elements of doo-wop, pop, rock, R&B, folk and blues. Initially as the lead singer of Dion and the Belmonts, and then during his solo career, Dion was one of the most popular American rock and roll performers of the pre-British Invasion era. He had 39 Top 40 hits in the late 1950s and early 1960s as a solo performer, or with the Belmonts and the Del-Satins. He is best remembered for the singles "Runaround Sue", "The Wanderer", "Ruby Baby" and "Lovers Who Wander", among other hits.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion's commercial popularity waned in the mid-1960s, and toward the end of the decade he shifted his style with more mature and contemplative songs, such as "Abraham, Martin and John". He remained popular in the late 1960s until the mid-1970s, and continued making music. During the 1980s, Dion produced several Christian albums, winning a GMA Dove Award in 1984 for the album "I Put Away My Idols". He returned to secular music in the late 1980s with "Yo Frankie" (1989). Between the mid-2000s and 2021, Dion released six chart-topping blues albums. Critics who had dismissed his early work, labeling him as a teen idol, praised his later work and noted the influence he has had on other musicians.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: A Grammy-nominated artist, Dion has released over 40 albums, and scored eleven Top 10 hits (including with the Belmonts) on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart. He was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1989. In 2002, Dion was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for "Runaround Sue". Recent album awards include: Favorite Blues Album for "New York is My Home" (2016), Favorite Compilations and Reissues for "Kickin Child: Lost Columbia Album 1965" (2017) and Favorite Blues Album for "Blues with Friends" (2020).


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion was born to an Italian-American family in the Bronx, New York. He accompanied his father, Pasquale DiMucci (a vaudeville entertainer), on tour as a child. He developed a love of country music, particularly the work of Hank Williams. He was also fond of blues and doo-wop musicians he heard performing in local bars, and on the radio. His singing was honed on the street corners and local clubs of the Bronx, where he and other neighborhood singers created a cappella riffs.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In early 1957, Dion auditioned for Bob and Gene Schwartz, for their short-lived Mohawk Records label. They asked Dion to sing a song which had been arranged by Hugo Montenegro, and recorded featuring Vic Damone doing vocals. At first Dion refused, stating the song would sound like something his old fashioned parents would listen to, but the Schwartzes convinced him to give it a try. The backing vocals were by a group called "the Timberlanes", whom Dion had never met. The resulting single, "The Chosen Few", was released under the name "Dion and the Timberlanes", and became a minor regional hit. In a 2019 interview at "Crashing the Party" (a radio program related to Norton Records in Brooklyn, New York), Dion stated that "The Chosen Few" hit the Top Ten locally in Boston, which enabled him to perform this song on "American Bandstand". The kids at the show started screaming during his performance, and gave Dion his first impression of being a record star. In his autobiography, "The Wanderer", Dion explained that he didn't even know who the Timberlanes were. "The vocal group was so white bread, I went back to my neighborhood and I recruited a bunch of guys – three guys – and we called ourselves Dion and the Belmonts".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Bob and Gene Schwartz signed Dion's friends, the Belmonts: Carlo Mastrangelo, Fred Milano and Angelo D'Aleo. The vocal group was named for the Belmont, Bronx neighborhood. They teamed them up, with Dion singing as lead. The new group's breakthrough came in early 1958, when "I Wonder Why" (on their newly formed Laurie Records) made No. 22 on the U.S. charts. Dion said of the Belmonts:


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Their initial hit was followed by "No One Knows" and "Don't Pity Me", which also charted the "Billboard" Top 100. This success won a place for Dion and the Belmonts on the ill-fated "The Winter Dance Party" tour with Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, the Big Bopper (J.P. Richardson), Frankie Sardo and other performers. On February 3, 1959 (after a concert stop in Clear Lake, Iowa), Holly and others decided to charter a flight to the next venue rather than travel on the tour bus. Dion was invited to accompany the group but decided that he did not want to spend $36 for the flight, as it was the same monthly rent his parents paid for his childhood apartment and he could not justify the indulgence. The plane crashed, killing all on board: Holly, Valens, Richardson and the pilot Roger Peterson. Dion and the Belmonts continued on the tour, along with Frankie Sardo, while Bobby Vee (then an unknown artist) performed in Holly's place at the very next concert. Jimmy Clanton, Frankie Avalon and Fabian were later added to replace the other now-deceased headliners.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion and the Belmonts' next single, "A Teenager in Love", was released in March 1959. It eventually reached No. 5 on the U.S. pop charts and No. 28 in the UK. The group's biggest hit, "Where or When", was released in November of that year, and reached No. 3 on the U.S. charts. However, in early 1960, Dion checked into a hospital for heroin addiction, a condition he battled since his mid-teens. Further single releases for the group that year were less successful. With musical, personal and financial differences between Dion and members of the Belmonts, Dion left the group for a solo career in October 1960. By the time of their breakup, all eight Laurie releases had charted on the Hot 100.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: By the end of 1960, Dion produced his first solo album on Laurie Records, "Alone with Dion", released in 1961. The single "Lonely Teenager" rose to No. 12 in the US charts. The name on his solo releases was simply "Dion". Follow-ups "Havin' Fun" and "Kissin' Game" had less success, and the signs were that Dion would drift onto the cabaret circuit. However, he then recorded an up-tempo number co-written with Ernie Maresca with a new vocal group, the Del-Satins. The record, "Runaround Sue", stormed up the U.S. charts, reaching No. 1 in October 1961, and No. 11 in the UK, where he also toured. "Runaround Sue" sold over a million copies, achieving gold disc status.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: For the next single, Laurie promoted the A-side, "The Majestic", but it was the B-side, Maresca's "The Wanderer", which received more radio play and climbed swiftly up the charts to reach No. 2 in the U.S. in February 1962 and No. 10 in the UK. The 1976 re-release made the UK Top 20.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: By the end of 1961, Dion had become a major star, touring worldwide and making an appearance in the Columbia Pictures musical film "Twist Around the Clock". In 1962, he followed with a string of singles he wrote or co-wrote including "Lovers Who Wander" (No. 3), "Little Diane" (No. 8), "Love Came to Me" (No. 10). He also had successful albums with "Runaround Sue" and "Lovers Who Wander".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: At the end of 1962, Dion moved from Laurie to Columbia Records. He was the first rock and roll artist signed to the label, which was an anomaly considering that Mitch Miller (its then-A&R director), loathed that particular genre of music. The first Columbia single, Jerry Leiber and Mike Stoller's "Ruby Baby" (originally a hit for the Drifters) reached No. 2, while "Donna the Prima Donna" and "Drip Drop" (another remake of a Drifters hit) both reached No. 6 in late 1963. Dion also recorded an Italian version of "Donna the Prima Donna" using the identical backup vocals. His other Columbia releases were less successful, and problems with his drug addiction and changing public tastes, especially the British Invasion, saw a period of commercial decline.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Following a European tour, Dion returned to the U.S. and was introduced to classic blues by Columbia's John Hammond. To the consternation of his management, he began recording more blues-oriented material, including Willie Dixon's "Hoochie Coochie Man" and "Spoonful". These releases, some produced by Tom Wilson with Al Kooper on keyboards, were not commercially successful. Still with Columbia, Dion formed a new group to back him in 1965. The Wanderers were composed of John Falbo on guitar, Pete Baron (Pete Falciglia) on bass, and Carlo Mastrangelo of the Belmonts on drums. They made national appearances on Dick Clark's "Where The Action Is", and on "The Lloyd Thaxton Show". A number of self-penned tracks were recorded and released unsuccessfully as singles, and did not appear in album format until years later. In June 1965, he recorded fellow Columbia Records's contemporary Bob Dylan's composition "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue", a half-year before Them (featuring Van Morrison)'s hit version.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1966–67, Dion briefly reunited with the Belmonts, recording the LP "Together Again" for ABC Records. The album was unsuccessful, despite one classic self-penned song, "My Girl the Month of May". Two singles were released from the LP. While neither charted in the United States, they fared better in the UK. "My Girl The Month of May" entered the Radio London "Fab 40" at No. 9 the week of December 25, 1966. A 'turntable' hit at London underground clubs like Middle Earth, the disc received a lot of play from pirate radio DJ's John Peel and Kenny Everett. The follow up, "Movin' Man", reached No. 17 on the "Radio London" charts on Easter Sunday, March 26, 1967. "My Girl The Month of May" was later covered by English artists Alan Bown in 1967, and Island Records artists The Bunch (featuring Sandy Denny and other members of Fairport Convention) in April 1972. During their brief mid-60's reunion, Dion and the Belmonts appeared on the popular "Clay Cole Show" performing "Berimbau" and "My Girl The Month of May", and occasionally performed at local New York City clubs such as "The Mardi Gras" on Staten Island (April 29, 1967) before disbanding. While Dion's career appeared to be nearing an end, he still retained enough credibility to be, along with Bob Dylan, one of only two rock artists featured on the album cover of the Beatles' "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" in 1967.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In April 1968, Dion experienced what he identified as a powerful religious transformation. After getting clean once again from his heroin habit, an experience he documented in his 1970 song "Your Own Backyard", he approached Laurie Records for a new contract. They agreed on the condition that he record the song "Abraham, Martin and John", written by Dick Holler (also the writer of the Royal Guardsmen's "Snoopy Vs. The Red Baron") in response to the assassinations of John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther King Jr. and Robert F. Kennedy. The success of this song (released by Dion in August 1968 and later recorded by many others including Marvin Gaye) which reached No. 4 in the US charts and No. 1 in Canada, resuscitated Dion's career. It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: For the next few years, Dion's music became radically different, moving to more contemplative and mature material. He released several albums essentially as a singer-songwriter, to moderate sales, moving to the Warner Brothers label in 1969.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: A live reunion show with the Belmonts at Madison Square Garden was recorded on June 2, 1972. It was released as a live album by Warner, titled "Reunion: Live At Madison Square Garden", the following year. In 1973, Dion and the original Belmonts performed together again, doing a sold-out concert at the Nassau Coliseum in Long Island, New York. However, no recording of the 1973 reunion was released. This was followed in 1975 by the album "Born to Be with You" produced by Phil Spector. The album was a commercial failure, but was praised by artists such as Jason Pierce of Spiritualized and Pete Townshend of The Who, with the track "Only You Know" being sampled by Pulp front man Jarvis Cocker for his single "Don't Let Him Waste Your Time" (from his 2006 solo album "Jarvis").


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1978, Dion released an album drawing on many of his teenage influences, "Return of the Wanderer", another commercial failure.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In December 1979, there was a radical spiritual change in Dion, who had become a born again Christian. Thereafter, his recordings for several years were in a contemporary Christian vein, in which he released five albums on the DaySpring Records label, a division of Word Records in Waco, Texas. These albums reflecting his evangelical Christian convictions were "Inside Job" (1980), "Only Jesus" (1981), "I Put Away My Idols" (1983) which charted at No. 37, "Seasons" (1984), "Kingdom in the Streets" (1985) and "Velvet & Steel" (1986). Several singles were successfully released to Christian radio, notably "Still in the Spirit" from "Kingdom in the Streets".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1984, Dion was nominated for a GMA Dove Award (Christian Music Award) for the album "I Put Away My Idols". He was also nominated for Grammy Award for Best Gospel Vocal Performance, Male for the same album.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1987, Dion agreed to do a concert of his old hits at Radio City Music Hall in New York. The two disc CD of this concert was released in 2005, featuring concert photos by Dion's friend, Michael J. Friedman. This concert helped free him to celebrate both his past and his future, and led to a series of special appearances, including a fundraiser for homeless medical relief. There he shared the stage with fans such as Bruce Springsteen, Paul Simon and Lou Reed, all of whom cited Dion as one of their prime influences.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion's autobiography, "The Wanderer: Dion's Story", was co-authored by Davin Seay and published in the late-1980s.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1989, DiMucci returned to rock music with the contemporary album "Yo Frankie", which included appearances by Simon ("Written on the Subway Wall"/"Little Star"), Reed, k.d. lang, Patty Smyth and Bryan Adams. Produced by Dave Edmunds (who also played guitar on the album), ""Yo Frankie" has a sharp sound while never losing sight of Dion's soulful, doo-wop voice." Overall, "the relevant and nostalgic statement from an artist who helped forge rock & roll's first wave" found his way back on radio and in music videos during this period (both on VH1 and MTV), as well as touring.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1989, Dion was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame (RRHOF), with an introduction by Reed. Controversially, when Dion's solo induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame occurred, the other original members of the Belmonts (Carlo Mastrangelo, Fred Milano and Angelo D'Aleo) were not inducted. In a "Billboard" magazine article dated January 3, 2012, it stated: "There was strife between DiMucci and Belmonts members, who were not pleased when DiMucci was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame without them in 1989."


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 1996, DiMucci joined Scott Kempner and Frank Funaro of the Del-Lords, and Mike Mesaros of the Smithereens, in a short-lived band called Little Kings. A live album was released in 2001, but not widely circulated or promoted.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion has released several albums with contemporary rock artists. His "Déjà Nu" album in 2000 had him covering Bruce Springsteen, a lifelong fan of Dion. In 2002, he joined Springsteen onstage in Miami, for a performance of "If I Should Fall Behind" from "Dream on Fire".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 2002, Dion was inducted into the Grammy Hall of Fame for "Runaround Sue". He continued to perform songs from his albums live, including a concert in 2004 being recorded for release on DVD.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 2005, Dion released "Under the Influence". In January 2006, Dion released "Bronx in Blue", an album of blues and country standards, which was nominated for a Grammy Award. It peaked at No. 2 on the Top Blues Albums chart.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In November 2007, Dion issued a follow-up album titled "Son of Skip James", which peaked at No. 4 on the Top Blues Albums chart.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In October 2008, DiMucci released "Heroes: Giants of Early Guitar Rock", an album of his covers of early rock and roll songs he considers seminal to the genre. The album includes versions of songs originally recorded by Buddy Holly, Ritchie Valens, Ricky Nelson, Johnny Cash, and many other early rock guitarists.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In October 2009, Dion performed "The Wanderer" with Paul Simon at the 25th Anniversary Rock and Roll Hall of Fame Concert.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: An audiobook and paperback by Dion and Mike Aquilina, titled "Dion: The Wanderer Talks Truth (Stories, Humor & Music)", was published in April 2011. DiMucci shares stories about The Bronx in the 1950s, how he ended up on the cover of "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", and his travels with Sam Cooke in the Jim Crow South.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion released "Tank Full of Blues" on January 24, 2012. It peaked at No. 3 on the Top Blues Albums chart.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: While touring, Dion performed "Donna the Prima Donna" live in Las Vegas, on April 5, 2015. On July 11, 2015, he held a concert in Westbury, New York.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In 2015, Dion released the single "New York Is My Home", again with Simon. The single was followed by the album "New York Is My Home", released February 12, 2016. The album peaked at No. 3 on the Top Blues Album chart. It was also awarded Favorite Blues Albums.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion planned four concerts in the U.S. during early 2016, and was invited as a keynote speaker for the 2016 SXSW in Texas. He spoke on the topic "A Conversation with Dion: Rock's Enduring Voice" on March 17, 2016.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In May 2017, Dion released "Kickin' Child: The Lost Album 1965" from Norton Records, containing songs recorded in 1965 when he was with Columbia Records (but were not previously released). The album was awarded Favorite Compilations and Reissues.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Also in May 2017, Richard Barone's "Sorrows & Promises: Greenwich Village in the 1960s" was released, which included Dion performing a duet of his 1964 song "The Road I'm On (Gloria)" with Barone. The album is a celebration of the New York City scene, which Dion was part of during that pivotal era.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In June 2020, Dion released "Blues with Friends" via Keeping the Blues Alive Records (KTBA), an independent record label created by Joe Bonamassa and Roy Weisman for Dion and other blues musicians to showcase their talents. The album features Van Morrison, Jeff Beck, Paul Simon, Bruce Springsteen and others (including liner notes by Bob Dylan). A digital album (and a double vinyl record set), Dion released a music video for every song from the album on his website and social media platforms, such as Facebook and YouTube. The album reached No. 1 on the "Billboard" Blues Albums chart (9 weeks at No. 1 and 59 weeks total), and No. 4 on iTunes. It also charted in United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, Canada and Australia.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: "American Songwriter" magazine honored Dion's "Song for Sam Cooke (Here in America)" as the "Greatest of the Great 2020 Songs".


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion also released two Christmas songs in 2020: "Hello Christmas" (featuring Amy Grant) and "You Know It's Christmas" (featuring Bonamassa). Both songs were co-written with Mike Aquilina. Music videos were produced for both songs.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion's song "Blues Comin' On" (with Bonamassa) from "Blues with Friends" was nominated for a 2021 Blues Music Award. The album was also awarded Favorite Blues Album.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In November 2021, Dion released "Stomping Ground" (with music videos), which includes extensive liner notes written by Pete Townshend. Except for a cover of "Red House", the songs were written by Dion and Aquilina. Multiple guest artists participated on the album, including Springsteen and Patti Scialfa on "Angels in the Alleyways". The album became Dion's second No. 1 blues album.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In October 2011, an industry-only reading of a new play about Dion's life was performed in New York City.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In a December 2011 article from "The New York Times", Dion and his collaborator (writer and director Charles Messina) discussed details about the project – titled "The Wanderer: The Life and Music of Dion" – which would focus on the years between 1957 until the late-1960s. It was planned to feature more than twenty songs from that era, as well as new original music. In the article, Dion gave his perspective on the story: "You know, I always saw my story as a young "Sopranos" with great music and a Rocky Graziano "Somebody Up There Likes Me" ending. It's a story of redemption. A rock and roll redemption story!"


title: Dion DiMucci

text: DiMucci revealed that Michael Wartella would be starring in "The Wanderer" on December 16, 2017. There was a reading of the musical in November 2017, while working on the play continued (with Dion posting about the musical via his Instagram account @diondimucciofficial). In December 2019, it was announced that New Kids on the Block member Joey McIntyre would star as Johnny, Michael Wartella as Dion and Christy Altomare as wife Susan. The first performance at the Paper Mill Playhouse was scheduled to start on May 28, 2020. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the opening performance was rescheduled to March 24, 2022.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In April 2022, Dion appeared in an interview on EWTN's "The World Over" with Raymond Arroyo. They discussed his career, his recent blues albums and "The Wanderer" musical.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: Dion has been married to Susan Butterfield since March 25, 1963. Their first daughter, Tane DiMucci, was born in 1966. Originally from New York City, they moved to Boca Raton, Florida in 1968. Dion and Susan DiMucci's second daughter, Lark, was born circa 1969. Their youngest daughter, August, was born circa 1974. His three daughters made him a grandparent.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: In the late 1990s, Dion visited his old Bronx parish, Our Lady of Mount Carmel, and returned to Catholicism. Sparking Dion's reversion to Catholicism was "a chance viewing of "The Journey Home" program on EWTN." As a practicing Roman Catholic and having struggled with a heroin addiction during his youth, Dion has been involved in prison religion, reaching out to men going through drug recovery.


title: Dion DiMucci

text: DiMucci was a member of the American board of directors for Renewal Ministries in 2004. Dion appeared on "The Journey Home" and discussed his wanderings from Catholicism to Protestantism and back again on May 1, 2006.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun is a recoil-operated machine gun invented in 1884 by Hiram Stevens Maxim. It was the first fully automatic machine gun in the world.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun has been called "the weapon most associated with imperial conquest" by historian Martin Gilbert, and was heavily used by colonial powers during the "Scramble for Africa". Afterwards, Maxim guns also saw extensive usage by different armies during the Russo-Japanese War, the First and Second World Wars, as well as by insurgent groups in contemporary conflicts.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun was greatly influential in the development of machine guns, and it has multiple variants and derivatives.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun featured one of the earliest recoil-operated firing systems in history. Energy from recoil acting on the breech block is used to eject each spent cartridge and insert the next one. Maxim's earliest designs used a 360-degree rotating cam to reverse the movement of the block, but this was later simplified to a toggle lock. This made it vastly more efficient and less labor-intensive than previous rapid-firing guns, such as the manually cranked Mitrailleuse, Gatling, Gardner, or Nordenfelt.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun was water cooled, allowing it to sustain its rate of fire far longer than air-cooled guns. The extra weight and complexity this added, however, made it heavier and less flexible in use.


title: Maxim gun

text: Trials demonstrated that the Maxim could fire 600 rounds per minute. Compared to modern machine guns, the Maxim was heavy, bulky, and awkward. A lone soldier could fire the weapon, but it was usually operated by a team of men, usually 4 to 6. Apart from the gunner, other crew were needed to speed reload, spot targets, and carry and ready ammunition and water. Several men were needed to move or mount the heavy weapon.


title: Maxim gun

text: Maxim established the Maxim Gun Company with financing from , son of steel entrepreneur Edward Vickers. A blue plaque on the Factory where Maxim invented and produced the gun is to be found in Hatton Garden at the junction with Clerkenwell Road in London.


title: Maxim gun

text: Albert Vickers became the company's chairman, and it later joined hands with a Swedish competitor, Nordenfelt, to become Maxim Nordenfelt Guns and Ammunition Company. "The Post Office Directory of trades in London" of 1895 lists its office at 32 Victoria Street SW (London) on page 1579.


title: Maxim gun

text: Finally, the company was absorbed into the mother Vickers company, leading first to the Maxim-Vickers gun and then, after Vickers' redesign, the Vickers machine gun.


title: Maxim gun

text: Maxim's first British patents relating to the development of the Maxim gun were granted in June and July 1883. The first prototype was demonstrated to invited guests in October 1884.


title: Maxim gun

text: A prototype of the Maxim gun was given by Hiram Maxim to the Emin Pasha Relief Expedition in 1886–1890, under the leadership of Henry Morton Stanley. More a publicity stunt than a serious military contribution, in view of the main financier of the expedition, William Mackinnon, "merely exhibiting" the gun was likely to "prove a great peace-preserver". The weapon was used on several occasions, especially during the expedition's retreat from central Africa, not because of its devastating effects, but as an effective means to scare off attackers. One of the first uses of the Maxim gun by British Forces was in the 1887 Yoni Expedition. The same prototype used by Stanley was brought back to central Africa by Frederick Lugard, where it played an instrumental role in the establishment of the Uganda Protectorate.


title: Maxim gun

text: The first unit in the world to receive the Maxim was the expeditionary force led by Hermann Wissmann which was sent in 1888 by the German Imperial government to its colonies in East Africa to suppress the Abushiri Revolt. Wissmann was issued one of the first Maxim guns which had reached Germany and used it successfully in his capture of Pangani.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Singapore Volunteer Corps received a Maxim gun in 1889, but it was never used. This was a civilian volunteer defence unit on the British colony.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim gun was first used extensively in an African conflict during the First Matabele War in Rhodesia. During the Battle of the Shangani, 700 soldiers fought off 5,000 Matabele warriors with just five Maxim guns. It played an important role in the "Scramble for Africa" in the late 19th century. The extreme lethality was employed to devastating effect against obsolete charging tactics, when African opponents could be lured into pitched battles in open terrain. As it was put by Hilaire Belloc, in the words of the figure "Blood" in his poem "The Modern Traveller":


title: Maxim gun

text: However, the destructive power of the Maxim gun in colonial warfare has often been embellished by popular myth. Modern historical accounts suggest that, while it was effective in pitched battles, as in the Matabele wars or the Battle of Omdurman, its significance owed much to its psychological impact.


title: Maxim gun

text: A larger-calibre version of the Maxim, firing a one-pound shell, was built by Maxim-Nordenfeldt. This was known in the Second Boer War (in South Africa) as the Pom-Pom from its sound. The Boers' "one-pounder" Maxim-Nordenfeldt was a large caliber, belt-fed, water-cooled "auto cannon" that fired explosive rounds (smokeless ammunition) at 450 rounds per minute.


title: Maxim gun

text: National and military authorities were reluctant to adopt the weapon, and Maxim's company initially had some trouble convincing European governments of the weapon's efficiency. Soldiers generally held a great mistrust of machine guns due to their tendency to jam. In the 1906 version of his book "Small Wars", Charles Callwell says of machine guns: "The older forms are not suitable as a rule... they jammed at Ulundi, they jammed at Dogali, they jammed at Abu Klea and Tofrek, in some cases with unfortunate results." However, the Maxim was far more reliable than its contemporaries. A more immediate problem was that, initially, its position was easily given away by the clouds of smoke that the gun produced (although the same was true of artillery pieces and units of troops that the machine gun was intended to replace or supplement, so this wasn't viewed as a particular drawback by the early users). The advent of smokeless powder (developed by, among others, Hiram's brother Hudson Maxim), helped to change this.


title: Maxim gun

text: The weapon was adopted by the British Army under the guidance of Sir Garnet Wolseley, who had been appointed Commander-in-Chief of the British Army in 1888. In October that year, he placed an order of 120 rifle-calibre Maxims using the same .577/450 ammunition as the Martini–Henry rifles. Wolseley had previously led military expeditions in Africa (the Ashanti war and the Gordon Relief Expedition in 1884–85) and had a reputation for being a strong subscriber to military innovation and reform, which he demonstrated in Africa. There he used machine guns, explored other unconventional ideas, and founded an Egyptian camel corps.


title: Maxim gun

text: In 1895, the Imperial Japanese Army purchased a number of Maxims but later decided to standardize on the Hotchkiss machine gun. The Imperial Russian Army likewise purchased 58 Maxim machine guns in 1899 and contracted with Vickers in 1902 to manufacture the design in Russia, although manufacturing did not start until 1910. During the Russo-Japanese War of 1904–1905, the Russian Army employed the Maxim in combat and placed a rush order for another 450 units from overseas suppliers, which were mostly delivered to front-line troops before the end of the war.


title: Maxim gun

text: By World War I, many armies had moved on to improved machine guns. The British Vickers machine gun was an improved and redesigned Maxim, introduced into the British Army in 1912 and remaining in service until 1968. Production took place at Erith in Kent, and some models were fitted to early biplanes also fabricated there. The German Army's Maschinengewehr 08 and the Russian Pulemyot Maxim were both more or less direct copies of the Maxim.


title: Maxim gun

text: It also saw use during the Russian Civil War, which followed the Revolution in 1917. A picture of the period depicts a Maxim gun mounted on a tachanka, a horse-drawn carriage, along with the gunner, firing backwards at a pursuing White Army regiment. Anarchists attribute this mobile setup to Nestor Makhno.


title: Maxim gun

text: The United States Army had shown interest in the Maxim machine gun since 1887. Model 1889 and Model 1900 Maxims were used for testing, which lasted for years but not continuously. The gun was finally adopted in 1904 as the Maxim Machine Gun, Caliber .30, Model of 1904 as the first rifle-caliber heavy machine gun for standard service in the U.S. Army. The design was characteristic for its visually distinctive cage-like muzzle recoil booster.


title: Maxim gun

text: The first 50 guns and tripods were made by Vickers, Sons & Maxim in the U.K. chambered for .30-03. Colt's Manufacturing Company was selected to produce it domestically, but challenges with schematics and specifications delayed its introduction. By the time Colt began production in 1908 (which was also the last year orders were placed for the guns), a total of 90 M1904s were made by Vickers. Colt made their machine guns for the new .30-06 caliber, and the ones made by Vickers were re-chambered for the new round. A total of 287 M1904 Maxims were manufactured. The U.S. procured other machine guns after M1904 production ended, including the M1909 Benét–Mercié, the Colt–Vickers M1915, and the Browning M1917.


title: Maxim gun

text: M1904 Maxims were issued to infantry companies and cavalry. Each company had four guns with associated tripods, ammunition, and 20 mules to transport the heavy guns. The M1904 was deployed in operations in the Philippines, Hawaii, Mexico, and Central and South America, but never saw much combat use. During World War I, it remained in the U.S. for training.


title: Maxim gun

text: The Maxim, in the form of the PM M1910, saw use by both sides during the 2022 Russo-Ukrainian War, introducing modifications to the century-old machine gun that redefined its intended use. These changes included its inclusion on Technicals and the introduction of Red dot sights.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: In classical antiquity, writers such as Herodotus, Plato, Xenophon, Athenaeus and many others explored aspects of homosexuality in Greek society. The most widespread and socially significant form of same-sex sexual relations in ancient Greece amongst elite circles was between adult men and pubescent or adolescent boys, known as pederasty (marriages in Ancient Greece between men and women were also age structured, with men in their thirties commonly taking wives in their early teens). Nevertheless, homosexuality and its practices were still wide-spread as certain city-states allowed it while others were ambiguous or prohibited it. Though sexual relationships between adult men did exist, it is possible at least one member of each of these relationships flouted social conventions by assuming a passive sexual role according to Kenneth Dover, though this has been questioned by recent scholars. It is unclear how such relations between same-sex partners were regarded in the general society, especially for women, but examples do exist as far back as the time of Sappho.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The ancient Greeks did not conceive of sexual orientation as a social identifier as modern Western societies have done. Greek society did not distinguish sexual desire or behavior by the gender of the participants, but rather by the role that each participant played in the sex act, that of active penetrator or passive penetrated.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Within the traditions of pederasty, active/passive polarization corresponded with dominant and submissive social roles: the active (penetrative) role was associated with masculinity, higher social status, and adulthood, while the passive role was associated with femininity, lower social status, and youth.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The most common form of same-sex relationships between elite males in Greece was "paiderastia" (pederasty), meaning "boy love". It was a relationship between an older male and an adolescent youth. A boy was considered a "boy" until he was able to grow a full beard. In Athens the older man was called "erastes". He was to educate, protect, love, and provide a role model for his "eromenos", whose reward for him lay in his beauty, youth, and promise. Such a concept is backed up by archeological evidence experts have found throughout the years, such as a bronze plaque of an older man carrying a bow an arrow while grabbing a younger man by the arms- who is carrying a goat. Furthermore, the boy’s genitals are exposed in the plaque, thus experts interpret this, and more evidence comparative to this, as the practice of pederasty.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The roots of Greek pederasty lie in the tribal past of Greece, before the rise of the city-state as a unit of political organization. These tribal communities were organized according to age groups. When it came time for a boy to embrace the age group of the adult and to "become a man," he would leave the tribe in the company of an older man for a period of time that constituted a rite of passage. This older man would educate the youth in the ways of Greek life and the responsibilities of adulthood.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The rite of passage undergone by Greek youths in the tribal prehistory of Greece evolved into the commonly known form of Greek pederasty after the rise of the city-state, or "polis". Greek boys no longer left the confines of the community, but rather paired up with older men within the confines of the city. These men, like their earlier counterparts, played an educational and instructive role in the lives of their young companions; likewise, just as in earlier times, they shared a sexual relationship with their boys. Penetrative sex, however, was seen as demeaning for the passive partner, and outside the socially accepted norm. In ancient Greece, sex was generally understood in terms of penetration, pleasure, and dominance, rather than a matter of the sexes of the participants. According to Dover, pederasty was not considered to be a homosexual act, given that the ‘man’ would be taking on a dominant role, and his disciple would be taking on a passive one. When intercourse occurred between two people of the same gender, it still was not entirely regarded as a homosexual union, given that one partner would have to take on a passive role, and would therefore no longer be considered a ‘man’ in terms of the sexual union. Hubbard and James Davidson argue however that there is insufficient evidence that a man was considered effeminate for being passive in sex alone. For example, the lowborn protagonist of Aristophanes' play "The Knights" openly admits to having been a passive partner.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: An elaborate social code governed the mechanics of Greek pederasty. It was the duty of the adult man to court the boy who struck his fancy, and it was viewed as socially appropriate for the younger man to withhold for a while before capitulating to his mentor's desires. At first, both "erastes and eromenos", show constraint and restraint their pursuit. Soon after, the younger man gives in to his new mentor—"erastes"—and receives guidance from him. Nevertheless, it is not certain that those in submission will enjoy such “trainings” from his mentor- including sexual favors. However, it is important to note that not all pederastic relationships were sexual- many were simply forms of friendship and guidance.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The age limit for pederasty in ancient Greece seems to encompass, at the minimum end, boys of twelve years of age. To love a boy below the age of twelve was considered inappropriate, but no evidence exists of any legal penalties attached to this sort of practice. Traditionally, a pederastic relationship could continue until the widespread growth of the boy's body hair, when he is considered a man. Therefore, though relationships such as this were more temporary, it had longer, lasting effects on those involved. In ancient Spartan weddings, the bride had her hair cropped short and was dressed as a man. It was suggested by George Devereux that this was to make the husband's transition from homosexual to heterosexual relationships easier. This marks these pederasty relationships as temporary, developmental ones, not one of sexual and intimate connection like with a woman. During these times, homosexuality was seen as normal and necessary due to the power dynamic at play between an older, dominant man, and a younger, submissive one. Yet, when two men of similar age shared a similar relationship, it was deemed taboo and, in fact, perverse.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The ancient Greeks, in the context of the pederastic city-states, were the first to describe, study, systematize, and establish pederasty as a social and educational institution. It was an important element in civil life, the military, philosophy and the arts. There is some debate among scholars about whether pederasty was widespread in all social classes, or largely limited to the aristocracy.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The Sacred Band of Thebes, a separate military unit made up of pairs of male lovers, is usually considered the prime example of how the ancient Greeks used love between soldiers in a troop to boost their fighting spirit. The Thebans attributed to the Sacred Band the power of Thebes for the generation before its fall to Philip II of Macedon, who, when he surveyed the dead after the Battle of Chaeronea (338 BC) and saw the bodies of the Sacred Band strewn on the battlefield, delivered this harsh criticism of the Spartan views of the band:


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Homer's Nestor was not well skilled in ordering an army when he advised the Greeks to rank tribe and tribe...he should have joined lovers and their beloved. For men of the same tribe little value one another when dangers press; but a band cemented by friendship grounded upon love is never to be broken.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: These bonds, reflected in episodes from Greek mythology, such as the heroic relationship between Achilles and Patroclus in the "Iliad", were thought to boost morale as well as bravery due to the desire to impress and protect their lover. Such relationships were documented by many Greek historians and in philosophical discourses, as well as in offhand remarks such as Philip II of Macedon's recorded by Plutarch demonstrates:


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: It is not only the most warlike peoples, the Boeotians, Spartans, and Cretans, who are the most susceptible to this kind of love but also the greatest heroes of old: Meleager, Achilles, Aristomenes, Cimon, and Epaminondas.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: During the Lelantine War between the Eretrians and the Chalcidians, before a decisive battle the Chalcidians called for the aid of a warrior named Cleomachus (glorious warrior). He answered their request, bringing his lover to watch. Leading the charge against the Eretrians he brought the Chalcidians to victory at the cost of his own life. The Chalcidians erected a tomb for him in the marketplace in gratitude.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: According to the opinion of the classicist Kenneth Dover who published "Greek Homosexuality" in 1978, given the importance in Greek society of cultivating the masculinity of the adult male and the perceived feminizing effect of being the passive partner, relations between adult men of comparable social status were considered highly problematic, and usually associated with social stigma. This stigma, however, was reserved for only the passive partner in the relationship. According to Dover and his supporters, Greek males who engaged in passive anal sex after reaching the age of manhood – at which point they were expected to take the reverse role in pederastic relationships and become the active and dominant member – thereby were feminized or "made a woman" of themselves. Dover refers to insults used in the plays of Aristophanes as evidence 'passive' men were ridiculed.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: More recent work published by James Davidson and Hubbard have challenged this model, arguing that it is reductionist and have provided evidence to the contrary.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The legislator Philolaus of Corinth, lover of the stadion race winner Diocles of Corinth at the Ancient Olympic Games of 728 BC, crafted laws for the Thebans in the 8th century BCE that gave special support to male unions, contributing to the development of Theban pederasty in which, unlike other places in ancient Greece, it favored the continuity of the union of male couples even after the younger man reached adulthood, the most famous example being the Sacred Band of Thebes, composed of elite soldiers in pairs of male lovers in the 4th century BCE, as was also the case with him and Diocles, who lived together in Thebes until the end of their lives.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The romance between Pausanias and Agathon in Athens, made famous by their appearance in Plato's "Symposium", also continued from the pederastic phase into adulthood as a stable and long-lasting relationship.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The first recorded appearance of a deep emotional bond between adult men in ancient Greek culture was in the "Iliad" (800 BC). Homer does not depict the relationship between Achilles and Patroclus as sexual. The ancient Athenians emphasised the supposed age difference between the two by portraying Patroclus with a beard in paintings and pottery, while Achilles is clean-shaven, although Achilles was an almost godlike figure in Greek society. This led to a disagreement about which to perceive as "erastes" and which "eromenos" among elites such as Aeschylus and Pausanias, since Homeric tradition made Patroclus out to be older but Achilles stronger. It has been noted, however, that the depictions of characters on pottery do not represent reality and may cater to the beauty standards of ancient Athens. Other ancients such as Xenophon held that Achilles and Patroclus were simply close friends.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Aeschylus in the tragedy "Myrmidons" made Achilles the "erastes" since he had avenged his lover's death even though the gods told him it would cost his own life. However, the character of Phaedrus in Plato's "Symposium" asserts that Homer emphasized the beauty of Achilles, which would qualify him, not Patroclus, as "eromenos".


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Theseus and Pirithous are another famous pair of close adult male best friends of the same age whose strong bond has homoerotic connotations according to some ancient authors.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Pirithous had heard stories of Theseus's courage and strength in battle but wanted proof so he rustled Theseus's herd of cattle and drove it from Marathon and Theseus set out in pursuit. Pirithous took up his arms and the pair met to do battle but were so impressed with each other's gracefulness, beauty and courage they took an oath of friendship.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: According to Ovid, Phaedra, Theseus' wife, felt left out by her husband's love for Pirithous and she used this as an excuse to try to convince her stepson, Hippolytus, to accept being her lover, as Theseus also neglected his son because he preferred to spend long periods with his companion.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Orestes and Pylades, similarly to Achilles and Patroclus, are cousins who grew up together from childhood to adulthood. Their relationship is stronger and more intimate than any of their relationships with other people.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The relationship between them has been interpreted by some authors from Roman times onwards as romantic or homoerotic. The dialogue "Erotes" ("Affairs of the Heart"), attributed to Lucian, compares the merits and advantages of heteroeroticism and homoeroticism, and Orestes and Pylades are presented as the principal representatives of a loving friendship.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: In 1734, George Frederic Handel's opera "Oreste" (based on Giangualberto Barlocci's Roman libretto of 1723), was premiered in London's Covent Garden. The fame of Lucian's works in the 18th century, as well as the generally well-known tradition of Greco-Roman heroic homoeroticism, made it natural for theatre audiences of that period to have recognized an intense, romantic, if not positively homoerotic quality, to the relationship between Orestes and Pylades.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Alexander the Great had a close emotional attachment to his companion, cavalry commander ("hipparchus") and childhood friend, Hephaestion. He was "by far the dearest of all the king's friends; he had been brought up with Alexander and shared all his secrets." This relationship lasted throughout their lives, and was compared, by others as well as themselves, to that of Achilles and Patroclus.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Hephaestion studied with Alexander, as did a handful of other children of Ancient Macedonian aristocracy, under the tutelage of Aristotle. Hephaestion makes his appearance in history at the point when Alexander reaches Troy. There they made sacrifices at the shrines of the two heroes Achilles and Patroclus; Alexander honoring Achilles, and Hephaestion honoring Patroclus.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: According to Robin Lane Fox, Alexander and Hephaestion were possible lovers. After Hephaestion's death in Oct 324 BC, Alexander mourned him greatly and did not eat for days. Alexander held an elaborate funeral for Hephaestion at Babylon, and sent a note to the shrine of Ammon, which had previously acknowledged Alexander as a god, asking them to grant Hephaestion divine honours. The priests declined, but did offer him the status of divine hero. Alexander died soon after receiving this letter; Mary Renault suggests that his grief over Hephaestion's death had led him to be careless with his health.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Alexander was overwhelmed by his grief for Hephaestion, so much that Arrian records that Alexander "flung himself on the body of his friend and lay there nearly all day long in tears, and refused to be parted from him until he was dragged away by force by his Companions". Some have suggested that they shared a homosexual relationship together, however historians have challenged that claim, stating instead that Hephaestion was “his closest and dearest friend”.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Sappho, a poet from the island of Lesbos, wrote many love poems addressed to women and girls. The love in these poems is sometimes requited, and sometimes not. Sappho is thought to have written close to 12,000 lines of poetry on her love for other women. Of these, only about 600 lines have survived. As a result of her fame in antiquity, she and her land have become emblematic of love between women.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Pedagogic erotic relationships are also documented for Sparta, together with athletic nudity for women. During the year 610 B.C., a group of teenage girls was documented singing classic hymns about their Gods and Goddesses, as well as ties to them, while involved in ploughing rituals in a mountain range. Nevertheless, such hymns would further in content as the girls flirt with and tease one another with hints of sexual energy. Plato's "Symposium" mentions women who "do not care for men, but have female attachments". In general, however, the historical record of love and sexual relations between women is sparse.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: After a long hiatus marked by censorship of homosexual themes, modern historians picked up the threads, starting with Erich Bethe in 1907 and continuing with K. J. Dover and many others. These scholars have shown that same-sex relations were openly practised, largely with official sanction, in many areas of life from the 7th century BC until the Roman era.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Some scholars believe that same-sex relationships, especially pederasty, were common only among the aristocracy, and that such relationships were not widely practised by the common people ("demos"). One such scholar is Bruce Thornton, who argues that insults directed at pederastic males in the comedies of Aristophanes show the common people's dislike for the practice. Other scholars, such as , emphasize that in Athens, same-sex desire was part of the "sexual ideology of the democracy," shared by the elite and the "demos", as exemplified by the tyrant-slayers, Harmodius and Aristogeiton. Even those who argue that pederasty was limited to the upper classes generally concede that it was "part of the social structure of the "polis"".


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: Considerable controversy has engaged the scholarly world concerning the nature of same-sex relationships among the ancient Greeks described by Thomas Hubbard in the Introduction to Homosexuality in Greece and Rome, A Source Book of Basic Documents, 2007, p. 2: "The field of Gay Studies has, virtually since its inception, been divided between 'essentialists' those who believe in an archetypical pattern of same gender attraction that is universal, transhistorical, and transcultural, and "social constructionists," those who hold that patterns of sexual preference manifest themselves with different significance in different societies and that no essential identity exists between practitioners of same-gender love in, for instance, ancient Greece and post industrial Western society. Some social constructionists have even gone so far as to deny that sexual preference was a significant category for the ancients or that any kind of subculture based on sexual object-choice existed in the ancient world," p. 2 (he cites Halperin and Foucault in the social constructionist camp and Boswell and Thorp in the essentialist; cf. E. Stein for a collection of essays, "Forms of Desire: Sexual Orientation and the Social Constructionist Controversy", 1992). Hubbard states that "Close examination of a range of ancient texts suggests, however, that some forms of sexual preference were, in fact, considered a distinguishing characteristic of individuals. Many texts even see such preferences as inborn qualities and as "essential aspects of human identity..." ibid. Hubbard utilizes both schools of thought when these seem pertinent to the ancient texts, pp. 2–20.


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: During Plato's time there were some people who were of the opinion that homosexual sex was shameful in any circumstances. Indeed, Plato himself eventually came to hold this view. At one time he had written that same-sex lovers were far more blessed than ordinary mortals. He even gave them a headstart in the great race to get back to heaven, their mutual love refeathering their mottled wings. Later he seemed to contradict himself. In his ideal city, he says in his last, posthumously published work known as "The Laws", homosexual sex will be treated the same way as incest. It is something contrary to nature, he insists, calling it "utterly unholy, odious-to-the-gods and ugliest of ugly things".


title: Homosexuality in ancient Greece

text: The subject has caused controversy in modern Greece. In 2002, a conference on Alexander the Great was stormed as a paper about his homosexuality was about to be presented. When the film "Alexander", which depicted Alexander as romantically involved with both men and women, was released in 2004, 25 Greek lawyers threatened to sue the film's makers, but relented after attending an advance screening of the film.


title: USA Network

text: USA Network (simply USA) is an American basic cable television channel owned by the NBCUniversal Television and Streaming division of Comcast's NBCUniversal through NBCUniversal Cable Entertainment. It was originally launched in 1977 as Madison Square Garden Sports Network, one of the first national sports cable television channels, before being relaunched under its current name on April 9, 1980. Since then, USA steadily gained popularity through its original programming, a long-established partnership with WWE and, for many years, limited sports programming that increased significantly in 2022 after the shutdown of NBCSN.


title: USA Network

text: As of September 2018, USA Network is commercially available to about 90.4 million households (98% of households with pay television) in the US.


title: USA Network

text: USA Network originally launched on September 22, 1977, as the Madison Square Garden Sports Network (not to be confused with the New York City-area regional sports network of the same name now simply known as the MSG Network). The network was founded by cable provider UA-Columbia Cablevision and the Madison Square Garden Corp. From its beginning (and for the next two decades) the network was run by chairwoman and CEO Kay Koplovitz. The channel was one of the first national cable television channels, utilizing satellite delivery as opposed to the then-industry standard microwave relay to distribute its programming to cable systems. Unlike other cable networks at the time, it also was the first to rely greatly on advertising revenue. At launch the network mostly broadcast sporting events from Madison Square Garden to a national audience (sharing programming with the aforementioned MSG Network). The network quickly added a mix of college and less well-known professional sports held at other venues, similar to those found during the early years of ESPN. In 1978, children's programming was also added to the lineup.


title: USA Network

text: On April 9, 1980, the channel changed its name to USA Network. It also added a children's program called "Calliope" to its schedule and some talk shows in an effort to appeal to women. The new network also offered a programming block from Black Entertainment Television (which would eventually launch as its own network) and carried C-SPAN during the day.


title: USA Network

text: In 1981, ownership of the network changed. First, Time Inc. agreed to buy UA-Columbia's share of the network contingent upon Madison Square Garden owner Gulf + Western transferring its share of the network to its Paramount Pictures division. Shortly thereafter MCA Inc. also bought into the network with the three companies all owning equal shares. The three partners had a non-compete clause that would prevent them from owning other basic cable networks independently from the USA joint venture; however, it was acknowledged that Time also owned powerful USA Network rival Home Box Office. The said clause would cause Time Inc. to drop out of the venture in 1987, as the company attempted (but failed) to buy CNN from Ted Turner and run it independently from USA. MCA and Paramount subsequently became the sole owners of the channel (with each company owning a 50% interest).