title: Abby Wambach

text: Wambach has done philanthropic work for the Epilepsy Foundation and Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation. She has participated in Mia Hamm's annual Celebrity Soccer Challenge which raises money for Children's Hospital Los Angeles and the Mia Hamm Foundation. In August 2011, Wambach joined teammates Alex Morgan and Hope Solo in a Bank of America charitable campaign at the Chicago Marathon. $5,000 was donated to the Juvenile Diabetes Association on her behalf. In 2013, she became an ambassador for Athlete Ally, a nonprofit organization that focuses on ending homophobia and transphobia in sports.


title: Abby Wambach

text: Wambach appeared in the HBO film, "". She has made appearances on the "Today Show", the "Late Show with David Letterman", "The Daily Show with Jon Stewart", and "Good Morning America". She was featured on ESPN's "In the Game with Robin Roberts" in June 2012.


title: Abby Wambach

text: In 2013, Wambach's biography was the focus of a one-hour ESPN documentary, "Abby Head On". The same year, she appeared in the ESPN documentary series, "Nine for IX". The "Nine for IX" documentary, "The 99ers", in which Wambach appeared focused on the success and legacy of the national team that won the 1999 FIFA Women's World Cup.


title: Abby Wambach

text: In April 2015, Wambach joined Alex Morgan on "American Idol" to announce that the show's season winner would record the official song for Fox's coverage of the 2015 FIFA Women's World Cup. In May of the same year, her likeness appeared on "The Simpsons" along with Alex Morgan and Christen Press. In December 2015, she starred in a commercial for Gatorade entitled "Forget Me".


title: Abby Wambach

text: In July 2021, Wambach began hosting "Abby's Places", the first new series in the expansion of the Peyton's Places franchise on ESPN+.


title: Abby Wambach

text: Wambach posed nude in "The Body Issue" of "ESPN The Magazine" in 2012. Of the experience, she said, "Bodies come in all different shapes. Bodies come in all different sizes. My body is very different than most other females. ... I want to show people that no matter who you are, no matter what shape you are, that's still beautiful."


title: Abby Wambach

text: "Time" magazine named her one of the 100 most influential people in the world in April 2015. The following month, she was featured on the cover of "ESPN The Magazine" with teammates Sydney Leroux and Alex Morgan. The same year, she appeared on multiple covers of "Sports Illustrated". Out Magazine named Wambach Athlete of the Year in November 2015.


title: Abby Wambach

text: Wambach was featured along with her national teammates in the EA Sports' FIFA video game series starting in "FIFA 16", the first time women players were included in the game. In September 2015, she was ranked by EA Sports as the No. 3 women's player in the game. In February 2016, Mattel unveiled a Barbie doll in her likeness.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: , known mononymously as Mina (; ), is a Japanese singer and dancer based in South Korea. She is one of the three Japanese members of the South Korean girl group Twice, formed by JYP Entertainment in 2015.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: Mina was born on March 24, 1997, in San Antonio, Texas, U.S, to Japanese parents Sachiko (née Terao) and Akira Myoi. She moved to Japan as a toddler and grew up in Nishinomiya, Hyōgo Prefecture, Japan. Her father is an orthopedic surgeon at Osaka University Hospital in Suita. She has one brother named Kai, who is five years older than her. Mina trained in ballet from a young age, having practiced it for eleven years before debuting with Twice. She attended in Takarazuka, Hyōgo.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: In 2017, it was reported that Mina held dual Japanese and American citizenship. However, as of 2019, she no longer holds U.S. citizenship, as confirmed by the "Quarterly Publication of Individuals Who Have Chosen to Expatriate" list published by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: Mina was shopping with her mother in Osaka when she was approached and offered an audition by a recruiter from JYP Entertainment. She moved to South Korea in 2014 to become a trainee at JYP Entertainment. In 2015, Mina participated in the South Korean reality television show "Sixteen", created by JYP Entertainment and co-produced by Mnet. As one of nine successful participants, she went on to join the newly formed girl group Twice.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: In October 2015, Mina officially debuted as a member of Twice with the release of their first extended play, "The Story Begins". Its lead single "Like Ooh-Ahh" was the first K-pop debut song to reach 100 million views on YouTube.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: On July 11, 2019, JYP Entertainment announced that Mina would sit out the remainder of the Twicelights World Tour due to her extreme anxiety and insecurity regarding onstage performances. She was later diagnosed with an anxiety disorder. In February 2020, it was reported that Mina's condition had improved and that she was ready to return to performing live with Twice.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: Since her debut, Mina has been recognized as one of Twice's strongest dancers in both South Korea and abroad. The "Chosun Ilbo" credits her popularity with helping improve relations between Japan and South Korea. In Gallup Korea's annual music poll of 2019, she was voted the 20th most popular idol in South Korea.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: In early 2022, Mina was announced as the new muse of the popular South Korean luxury fashion brand Metrocity. In March of the same year, she was announced as the global brand ambassador of SK-II, Japan's leading cosmetic brand.


title: Mina (Japanese singer)

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: Sunk cost

text: In economics and business decision-making, a sunk cost (also known as retrospective cost) is a cost that has already been incurred and cannot be recovered. Sunk costs are contrasted with "prospective costs", which are future costs that may be avoided if action is taken. In other words, a sunk cost is a sum paid in the past that is no longer relevant to decisions about the future. Even though economists argue that sunk costs are no longer relevant to future rational decision-making, people in everyday life often take previous expenditures in situations, such as repairing a car or house, into their future decisions regarding those properties.


title: Sunk cost

text: According to classical economics and standard microeconomic theory, only prospective (future) costs are relevant to a rational decision. At any moment in time, the best thing to do depends only on "current" alternatives. The only things that matter are the "future" consequences. Past mistakes are irrelevant. Any costs incurred prior to making the decision have already been incurred no matter what decision is made. They may be described as "water under the bridge", and making decisions on their basis may be described as "crying over spilt milk". In other words, people should not let sunk costs influence their decisions; sunk costs are irrelevant to rational decisions. Thus, if a new factory was originally projected to yield $100 million in value, and after $30 million is spent on it the value projection falls to $65 million, the company should abandon the project rather than spending an additional $70 million to complete it. Conversely, as a rational actor, if the value projection falls to $75 million the company should continue the project. This is known as the "bygones principle" or the "marginal principle".


title: Sunk cost

text: The bygones principle is grounded in the branch of normative decision theory known as "rational choice theory", particularly in expected utility hypothesis. Expected utility theory relies on a property known as "cancellation", which says that it is rational in decision-making to disregard (cancel) any state of the world that yields the same outcome regardless of one's choice. Past decisions—including sunk costs—meet that criterion.


title: Sunk cost

text: The bygones principle can also be formalised as the notion of “separability”. Separability requires agents to take decisions by comparing the available options in eventualities that can still occur, uninfluenced by how the current situation was reached or by eventualities that are precluded by that history. In the language of decision trees, it requires the agent’s choice at a particular choice node to be independent of unreachable parts of the tree. This formulation makes clear how central the principle is to standard economic theory by, for example, founding the folding-back algorithm for individual sequential decisions and game-theoretical concepts such as sub-game perfection.


title: Sunk cost

text: Until a decision-maker irreversibly commits resources, the prospective cost is an avoidable future cost and is properly included in any decision-making process. For instance, if someone is considering pre-ordering movie tickets, but has not actually purchased them yet, the cost remains avoidable.


title: Sunk cost

text: Both retrospective and prospective costs could be either fixed costs (continuous for as long as the business is operating and unaffected by output volume) or variable costs (dependent on volume). However, many economists consider it a mistake to classify sunk costs as "fixed" or "variable." For example, if a firm sinks $400 million on an enterprise software installation, that cost is "sunk" because it was a one-time expense and cannot be recovered once spent. A "fixed" cost would be monthly payments made as part of a service contract or licensing deal with the company that set up the software. The upfront irretrievable payment for the installation should "not" be deemed a "fixed" cost, with its cost spread out over time. Sunk costs should be kept separate. The "variable costs" for this project might include data centre power usage, for example.


title: Sunk cost

text: There are cases in which taking sunk costs into account in decision-making, violating the bygones principle, is rational. For example, for a manager who wishes to be perceived as persevering in the face of adversity, or to avoid blame for earlier mistakes, it may be rational to persist with a project for personal reasons even if it is not the benefit of their company. Or, if they hold private information about the undesirability of abandoning a project, it is fully rational to persist with a project that outsiders think displays the fallacy of sunk cost.


title: Sunk cost

text: The bygones principle does not always accord with real-world behavior. Sunk costs do, in fact, often influence people's decisions, with people believing that investments (i.e., sunk costs) justify further expenditures. People demonstrate "a greater tendency to continue an endeavor once an investment in money, effort, or time has been made." This is the sunk cost fallacy, and such behavior may be described as "throwing good money after bad", while refusing to succumb to what may be described as "cutting one's losses". For example, some people remain in failing relationships because they “have already invested too much to leave.” Still others are swayed by arguments that a war must continue because lives will have been sacrificed in vain unless victory is achieved. Likewise, individuals caught up in psychic scams will continue investing time, money and emotional energy into the project, despite doubts or suspicions that something is not right. These types of behaviour do not seem to accord with rational choice theory and are often classified as behavioural errors.


title: Sunk cost

text: Rego, Arantes, and Magalhães point out that the sunk cost effect exists in committed relationships, and they devised two experiments that showed that people in a relationship that invested money and effort were more likely to keep the relationship rather than end it, and in a relationship that had invested enough time relationship, they tend to devote more time to the relationship. It also means that people fall into the sunk cost fallacy. Although people should ignore sunk costs and make rational decisions when making decisions about the future, time, money, and effort often make people continue to maintain this relationship, which is equivalent to continuing to invest in failed projects.


title: Sunk cost

text: According to evidence reported by De Bondt and Makhija (1988), managers of many utility companies in the United States have been overly reluctant to terminate economically unviable nuclear plant projects. In the 1960s, the nuclear power industry promised “energy too cheap to meter.” But nuclear power later lost public support. In the 1970s and 1980s, public service commissions around the nation ordered prudency reviews. From these reviews, De Bondt and Makhija find evidence that the commissions denied many utility companies even partial recovery of nuclear construction costs on the grounds that they had been mismanaging the nuclear construction projects in ways consistent with throwing good money after bad.


title: Sunk cost

text: There is also evidence of government representatives failing to ignore sunk costs. The term "Concorde fallacy" derives from the fact that the British and French governments continued to fund the joint development of the costly Concorde supersonic airplane even after it became apparent that there was no longer an economic case for the aircraft. The British government privately regarded the project as a commercial disaster that should never have been started. However, political and legal issues made it impossible for either government to pull out.


title: Sunk cost

text: The idea of sunk costs is often employed when analyzing business decisions. A common example of a sunk cost for a business is the promotion of a brand name. This type of marketing incurs costs that cannot normally be recovered. It is not typically possible to later "demote" one's brand names in exchange for cash. A second example is research and development (R&D) costs. Once spent, such costs are sunk and should have no effect on future pricing decisions. So a pharmaceutical company's attempt to justify high prices because of the need to recoup R&D expenses would be fallacious. The company would charge a high price whether R&D cost one dollar or one million. R&D costs, however, and the ability to recoup those costs, are a factor in deciding whether to spend the money on R&D in the first place.


title: Sunk cost

text: Dijkstra and Hong proposed that part of a person's behavior is influenced by a person's current emotions. Their experiments showed that emotional responses benefit from the sunk cost fallacy. Negative influences lead to the sunk cost fallacy. For example, anxious people face the stress brought about by the sunk cost fallacy. When stressed, they are more motivated to invest in failed projects rather than take additional approaches. Their report shows that the sunk cost fallacy will have a greater impact on people under high load conditions, and people's psychological state and external environment will be the key influencing factors.


title: Sunk cost

text: The sunk cost effect may cause cost overrun. In business, an example of sunk costs may be an investment into a factory or research that now has a lower value or no value whatsoever. For example, $20 million has been spent on building a power plant; the value now is zero because it is incomplete (and no sale or recovery is feasible). The plant can be completed for an additional $10 million or abandoned and a different but equally valuable facility built for $5 million. Abandonment and construction of the alternative facility is the more rational decision, even though it represents a total loss of the original expenditure—the original sum invested is a sunk cost. If decision-makers are irrational or have the "wrong" (different) incentives, the completion of the project may be chosen. For example, politicians or managers may have more incentive to avoid the appearance of a total loss. In practice, there is considerable ambiguity and uncertainty in such cases, and decisions may in retrospect appear irrational that were, at the time, reasonable to the economic actors involved and in the context of their incentives. A decision-maker might make rational decisions according to their incentives, outside of efficiency or profitability. This is considered to be an "incentive problem" and is distinct from a sunk cost problem.


title: Sunk cost

text: Some research has also noted circumstances where the "sunk cost effect" is reversed; that is, where individuals appear irrationally eager to write off earlier investments in order to take up a new endeavor.


title: Sunk cost

text: A related phenomenon is plan continuation bias, which is recognised as a subtle cognitive bias that tends to force the continuation of an existing plan or course of action even in the face of changing conditions. In the field of aerospace it has been recognised as a significant causal factor in accidents, with a 2004 NASA study finding that in 9 out of the 19 accidents studied, aircrew exhibited this behavioural bias.


title: Sunk cost

text: This is a hazard for ships' captains or aircraft pilots who may stick to a planned course even when it is leading to fatal disaster and they should abort instead. A famous example is the Torrey Canyon oil spill in which a tanker ran aground when its captain persisted with a risky course rather than accepting a delay. It has been a factor in numerous air crashes and an analysis of 279 approach and landing accidents (ALAs) found that it was the fourth most common cause, occurring in 11% of cases. Another analysis of 76 accidents found that it was a contributory factor in 42% of cases.


title: Sunk cost

text: There are also two predominant factors that characterise the bias. The first is an overly optimistic estimate of probability of success, possibly to reduce cognitive dissonance having made a decision. The second is that of personal responsibility: when you are personally accountable, it is difficult for you to admit that you were wrong.


title: Sunk cost

text: Projects often suffer cost overruns and delays due to the planning fallacy and related factors including excessive optimism, an unwillingness to admit failure, groupthink and aversion to loss of sunk costs.


title: Sunk cost

text: Evidence from behavioral economics suggests that there are at least five specific psychological factors underlying the sunk cost effect:


title: Sunk cost

text: Taken together, these results suggest that the sunk cost effect may reflect non-standard measures of utility, which is ultimately subjective and unique to the individual.


title: Sunk cost

text: Experiments have shown that the sunk cost fallacy and loss aversion are common; hence economic rationality—as assumed by much of economics—is limited. This has enormous implications for finance, economics, and securities markets in particular. Daniel Kahneman, who collaborated in this area with Amos Tversky, won the Nobel Prize in Economics for his extensive work.


title: Sunk cost

text: Many people have strong misgivings about "wasting" resources (loss aversion) that may contribute to the sunk cost effect. However, David Gal and Derek Rucker argue that the sunk cost effect cannot be due to loss aversion because there is no comparison of a loss to a gain.


title: Sunk cost

text: According to the report by ketel, Linde, Oosterbeek and Klaauw, the sunk cost effect on tuition has no impact on student performance. They conducted an experiment in the Netherlands to subsidize college students who had signed up for tutoring. They tried to see if the sunk cost effect would reduce student effort. Although their experiment showed that students who received larger tuition discounts tended to have lower attendance, Low attendance does not imply poor student performance, perhaps test scores are not dominated by attendance, so they conclude that students' grades and performance are not affected by sunk cost effects.


title: Sunk cost

text: The framing effect which underlies the sunk cost effect builds upon the concept of extensionality where the outcome is the same regardless of how the information is framed. This is in contradiction to the concept of intentionality which is concerned with whether the presentation of information changes the situation in question.


title: Sunk cost

text: While these functions are framed differently, regardless of the input 'x', the outcome is analytically equivalent. Therefore, if a rational decision maker were to choose between these two functions, the likelihood of each function being chosen should be the same. However, a framing effect places unequal biases towards preferences that are otherwise equal.


title: Sunk cost

text: The most common type of framing effect was theorised in Kahneman & Tversky, 1979 in the form of valence framing effects. This form of framing signifies types of framing. The first type can be considered positive where the 'sure thing' option highlights the positivity whereas if it is negative, the 'sure thing' option highlights the negativity, while both being analytically identical. For example, saving 200 people from a sinking ship of 600 is equivalent to letting 400 people drown. The former framing type is positive and the latter is negative.


title: Sunk cost

text: Ellingsen, Johannesson, Mollerstrom and Munkammar have categorised framing effects in a social and economic orientation into three broad classes of theories. Firstly, the framing of options presented can affect internalised social norms or social preferences - this is called variable sociality hypothesis. Secondly, the social image hypothesis suggests that the frame in which the options are presented will affect the way the decision maker is viewed and will in turn affect their behaviour. Lastly, the frame may affect the expectations that people have about each other's behaviour and will in turn affect their own behaviour.


title: Sunk cost

text: In 1968, Knox and Inkster approached 141 horse bettors: 72 of the people had just finished placing a $2.00 bet within the past 30 seconds, and 69 people were about to place a $2.00 bet in the next 30 seconds. Their hypothesis was that people who had just committed themselves to a course of action (betting $2.00) would reduce post-decision dissonance by believing more strongly than ever that they had picked a winner. Knox and Inkster asked the bettors to rate their horse's chances of winning on a 7-point scale. What they found was that people who were about to place a bet rated the chance that their horse would win at an average of 3.48 which corresponded to a "fair chance of winning" whereas people who had just finished betting gave an average rating of 4.81 which corresponded to a "good chance of winning". Their hypothesis was confirmed: after making a $2.00 commitment, people became more confident their bet would pay off. Knox and Inkster performed an ancillary test on the patrons of the horses themselves and managed (after normalization) to repeat their finding almost identically. Other researchers have also found evidence of inflated probability estimations.


title: Sunk cost

text: In a study of 96 business students, Staw and Fox gave the subjects a choice between making an R&D investment either in an underperforming company department, or in other sections of the hypothetical company. Staw and Fox divided the participants into two groups: a low responsibility condition and a high responsibility condition. In the high responsibility condition, the participants were told that they, as manager, had made an earlier, disappointing R&D investment. In the low responsibility condition, subjects were told that a former manager had made a previous R&D investment in the underperforming division and were given the same profit data as the other group. In both cases subjects were then asked to make a new $20 million investment. There was a significant interaction between assumed responsibility and average investment, with the high responsibility condition averaging $12.97 million and the low condition averaging $9.43 million. Similar results have been obtained in other studies.


title: Sunk cost

text: A ticket buyer who purchases a ticket in advance to an event they eventually turn out not to enjoy makes a semi-public commitment to watching it. To leave early is to make this lapse of judgment manifest to strangers, an appearance they might otherwise choose to avoid. As well, the person may not want to leave the event, because they have already paid, so they may feel that leaving would waste their expenditure. Alternatively, they may take a sense of pride in having recognized the opportunity cost of the alternative use of time.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: The Pig War was a confrontation in 1859 between the United States and the United Kingdom over the British–U.S. border in the San Juan Islands, between Vancouver Island (present-day Canada) and the State of Washington. The Pig War, so called because it was triggered by the shooting of a pig, is also called the Pig Episode, the Pig and Potato War, the San Juan Boundary Dispute, and the Northwestern Boundary Dispute. Despite being referred to as a "war" there were no casualties on either side, aside from the pig.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: The Oregon Treaty of June 15, 1846, resolved the Oregon boundary dispute by dividing the Oregon Country/Columbia District between the United States and Britain "along the forty-ninth parallel of north latitude to the middle of the channel which separates the continent from Vancouver Island, and thence southerly through the middle of the said channel, and of the Strait of Juan de Fuca, to the Pacific Ocean."


title: Pig War (1859)

text: However, two straits could be called the middle of the channel: Haro Strait, along the west side of the San Juan Islands; and Rosario Strait, along the east side.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: In 1846, there was still some uncertainty about the region's geography. The most commonly available maps were those of George Vancouver, published in 1798, and of Charles Wilkes, published in 1845. In both cases, the maps are unclear in the vicinity of the southeastern coast of Vancouver Island and the Gulf Islands. As a result, Haro Strait is not fully clear either.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: In 1856, the US and Britain set up a Boundary Commission to resolve several issues regarding the international boundary, including the water boundary from the Strait of Georgia to the Strait of Juan de Fuca. The British appointed James Charles Prevost First Commissioner, George Henry Richards Second Commissioner, and William A. G. Young Secretary. The US appointed Archibald Campbell First Commissioner, John Parke Second Commissioner, and William J. Warren Secretary. On June 27, 1857, the American and British commissioners met for the first time on board the British ship HMS "Satellite", anchored in Esquimalt Harbour. The two sides met several more times in 1857 in Esquimalt Harbour and Nanaimo Harbour, and corresponded by letter between meetings. The water boundary was discussed from October to December. From the start, Prevost maintained that Rosario Strait was required by the treaty's wording and was intended by the treaty framers, while Campbell had the same opinion for Haro Strait.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: Only Rosario fulfilled these requirements, he wrote. Campbell countered that the expression "southerly", in the treaty, was to be understood in a general sense, that Rosario Strait did not separate the continent from Vancouver Island, but the San Juan Islands from Lummi Island, Cypress Island, Fidalgo Island, and others, and that navigability was not germane to the issue, but even if it was, Haro Strait was the wider and more direct passage. Finally, he challenged Prevost to produce any evidence showing that the treaty framers had intended Rosario Strait. Prevost responded to the challenge by referring to American maps showing the boundary running through Rosario Strait, including one by John C. Frémont, produced for and published by the US government, and another by John B. Preston, Surveyor General of Oregon in 1852. To the other points, Prevost repeated his statements about Rosario Strait's navigability—the channels between Lummi, Cypress, and Fidalgo islands not being navigable—and that a line through Rosario would be southerly. At the same time, one through Haro would have to be drawn westerly. The two continued to discuss the issue into December 1857, until it was clear what each side's argument was and that neither would be convinced of the other. Prevost made a final offer at the sixth meeting, on December 3. He suggested a compromise line through San Juan Channel, which would give the US all the main islands except San Juan Island. This offer was rejected and the commission adjourned, agreeing to report back to their respective governments. Thus ambiguity over the water boundary remained.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: Because of this ambiguity, both the United States and Britain claimed sovereignty over the San Juan Islands. During this period of disputed sovereignty, Britain's Hudson's Bay Company established operations on San Juan and turned the island into a sheep ranch. Meanwhile, by mid-1859, twenty-five to twenty-nine American settlers had arrived.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: San Juan Island held significance not for its size, but as a military strategic point. While the British held Fort Victoria on Vancouver Island to the west, overlooking the Strait of Juan de Fuca, the entry point to Haro Strait, leading to the Strait of Georgia, the nation that held the San Juan Islands would be able to dominate all the straits connecting the Strait of Juan de Fuca with the Strait of Georgia.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: General George B. McClellan, George Pickett’s West Point classmate and lifelong friend, claimed that General William S. Harney and Pickett conspired with a cabal, to start a war with Britain, creating a common enemy, to head off a north–south confrontation. However, General Granville O. Haller debunked McClellan's theory. He said they had wanted to start a war, but with hope of distracting the north so that the south could secede from the union.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: The theories are given credence when it is noted that Major General Silas Casey, then a lieutenant colonel and deputy commander of the 9th Infantry Regiment, was reduced to a support role for Captain George Pickett who was given independent jurisdiction over a vast area by Harney, then a brevet major, and was also passed over by Harney in favor of Pickett when given this choice command.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: On the other hand, it can be said that Lieutenant Colonel Casey had not been reduced, for he was given command over the USS "Massachusetts" and Major Haller to protect and supervise the water of Puget Sound. He was given discretion to deviate from his orders, based on his military experience. (His textbook on infantry tactics was used at West Point during the Civil War.)


title: Pig War (1859)

text: On June 15, 1859, exactly 13 years after the adoption of the Oregon Treaty, the ambiguity led to direct conflict. Lyman Cutlar, an American farmer who had moved onto San Juan Island claiming rights to live there under the Donation Land Claim Act, found a pig rooting in his garden and eating his tubers. This was not the first occurrence and as a result Cutlar shot the pig, killing it. It turned out that the pig was owned by an Irishman, Charles Griffin, who was employed by the Hudson's Bay Company to run the sheep ranch on the island. He also owned several pigs that he allowed to roam freely. The two had lived in peace until this incident. Cutlar offered $10 () to Griffin to compensate for the pig, but Griffin was unsatisfied with this offer and demanded $100 (). Following this reply, Cutlar believed he should not have to pay for the pig because the pig had been trespassing on his land. One likely apocryphal account has Cutlar saying to Griffin, "It was eating my potatoes"; and Griffin replying, "It is up to you to keep your potatoes out of my pig." When British authorities threatened to arrest Cutlar, American settlers called for military protection.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: Brigadier General William S. Harney, commanding the Department of Oregon, initially dispatched Captain George Pickett and 66 American soldiers of the 9th Infantry Regiment under Pickett's command, to San Juan Island with orders to prevent the British from landing; the regiment sailed aboard . Concerned that a squatter population of Americans would begin to occupy San Juan Island if the Americans were not kept in check, the British sent three warships under the command of Captain Geoffrey Hornby to counter the Americans. Pickett was quoted as saying defiantly, "We'll make a Bunker Hill of it," placing him in the national limelight. Pickett sited his company and battery near the Hudson's Bay Company's Belle Vue sheep farm located near today's Cattle Point Light, and directly under the guns of HMS "Satellite", a British ship. When this tactical error was pointed out, Capt Pickett moved his battery of cannon a few miles north to high ground overlooking both Griffin Bay and the Strait of Juan de Fuca, and commenced to build a redoubt for his cannon.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: Pickett established the American camp near the south end of San Juan Island, today one of two historical sites on the island, the other being the British camp, defended by the Royal Marines on the north end of the island. The camp redoubt was built under the supervision of new West Point graduate 2nd Lieutenant Henry Martyn Robert; Robert went on to become a general in the Army of the Potomac during the American Civil War and author of "Robert's Rules of Order". Robert's Redoubt is considered the best-preserved fortification of its kind in the United States. (To the east is Jackle's Lagoon, named for George Jackle, a soldier stationed at the American camp.)


title: Pig War (1859)

text: The situation continued to escalate. By August 10, 1859, 461 Americans with 14 cannons under Colonel Silas Casey were opposed by five British warships mounting 70 guns and carrying 2,140 men.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: The governor of the Colony of Vancouver Island, James Douglas, had ordered Captain Hornby to dislodge the American troops, avoiding armed conflict if possible. At the time, the additional reinforcements sent by American General Harney had not yet arrived, and the island was occupied by only Pickett's 66 men. Hornby refused to take any action until British Rear Admiral Robert L. Baynes, who was in command of the British Navy in the Pacific, would arrive himself. When Baynes finally came and took stock of the situation, he told Governor Douglas that he would not escalate the conflict into a war between great nations "over a squabble about a pig".


title: Pig War (1859)

text: When news about the crisis reached Washington and London, officials from both nations were shocked and took action to calm the potentially explosive international incident.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: In September, U.S. President James Buchanan sent General Winfield Scott to negotiate with Governor Douglas and resolve the growing crisis. This was in the best interest of the United States, as sectionalist tensions within the country were increasing, soon to culminate in the Civil War. Scott had calmed two other border crises between the two nations in the late 1830s. He arrived in the San Juans in October and began negotiations with Douglas.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: As a result of the negotiations, both sides agreed to retain joint military occupation of the island until a final settlement could be reached, reducing their presence to a token force of no more than 100 men. The British camp was established on the north end of San Juan Island along the shoreline, for ease of supply and access; and the American camp was created on the south end on a high, windswept meadow, suitable for artillery barrages against shipping. Today the Union Jack still flies above the British camp site, being raised and lowered daily by park rangers, making it one of the few places without diplomatic status where U.S. government employees regularly hoist the flag of another country, though this is only for commemorative purposes.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: During the years of joint military occupation, the small British and American units on San Juan Island had an amicable mutual social life, visiting one another's camps to celebrate their respective national holidays and holding various athletic competitions. Park rangers tell visitors the biggest threat to peace on the island during these years was "the large amounts of alcohol available".


title: Pig War (1859)

text: This state of affairs continued for the next 12 years. The dispute was peacefully resolved after more than a decade of confrontation and military bluster, during which time local British authorities lobbied London to seize back the Puget Sound region while the Americans were busy elsewhere with the Civil War. In 1866, the Colony of Vancouver Island was merged with the Colony of British Columbia to form an enlarged Colony of British Columbia. In 1871, the enlarged colony joined the newly formed Dominion of Canada. That year, the United Kingdom and the United States signed the Treaty of Washington, which dealt with various differences between the two nations, including border issues involving the newly formed dominion. Among the results of the treaty was the decision to resolve the San Juan dispute by international arbitration, with German Emperor Wilhelm I chosen to act as arbitrator, meaning that the German Empire would decide if the British or the Americans would officially own the San Juan Islands. Wilhelm referred the issue to a three-man arbitration commission which met in Geneva for nearly a year. On October 21, 1872, the commission decided in favor of the United States' offer. The arbitrators chose the American-preferred marine boundary via Haro Strait, to the west of the islands, over the British preference for Rosario Strait which lay to their east.


title: Pig War (1859)

text: On November 25, 1872, the British withdrew their Royal Marines from the British camp. The Americans followed by July 1874.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Sergej Milinković-Savić (, ; born 27 February 1995), also known mononymously as Sergej, is a Serbian professional footballer who plays as a midfielder for Serie A club Lazio and the Serbia national team.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić began his professional career at Serbian club Vojvodina and helped them win the Serbian Cup in the 2013–14 season. He joined Belgian club Genk in June 2014, where he played 24 games before transferring to Italian club Lazio one year later. He has made over 250 appearances for Lazio and has won the Coppa Italia once and the Supercoppa Italiana twice. He was named in the Serie A Team of the Year in the 2017–18 season and won the league's Best Midfielder award in the 2018–19 season.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Born in Spain, Milinković-Savić played youth international football for Serbia at under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He was a member of the Serbian team that won the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup and received the tournament's Bronze Ball award for his performances. He made his senior international debut in 2017 and represented Serbia at the 2018 and 2022 FIFA World Cups.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić was born into a sporting family in Lleida, Catalonia, Spain, where his father Nikola Milinković played football professionally at the time. His mother, Milana Savić, was a professional basketball player. Sergej also made his first football steps with Sporting CP, while his father was playing in Portugal. He then spent a few years at Grazer AK in Austria before moving to his family roots in Serbia where he broke through as a footballer.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić is the older brother of Vanja Milinković-Savić, a fellow footballer who plays as a goalkeeper. In additional to his Serbian citizenship, he is also a citizen of Spain.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić came through the youth academy of Vojvodina. He was one of the midfielders who emerged from the youth squad that won two consecutive national youth championship titles, alongside Mijat Gaćinović and Nebojša Kosović. Consequently, Milinković-Savić signed his first professional contract with the club on 26 December 2012, penning a three-year deal.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić made his senior debut in a 3–0 away loss to Jagodina on 23 November 2013. He scored his first goal in a 1–1 away draw with Spartak Subotica on 9 March 2014. In total, Milinković-Savić made 13 league appearances and scored three goals in the 2013–14 season. He also helped Vojvodina win the 2013–14 Serbian Cup in the club's centennial year.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In June 2014, Milinković-Savić signed a five-year contract with Belgian club Genk and was given the number 20 shirt. He made his competitive debut for the club in a 1–1 home league draw with Cercle Brugge on 2 August 2014. Milinković-Savić scored his first goal for Genk in a 1–1 away league draw against Lokeren on 18 January 2015. He scored a total of five league goals in 24 appearances during the 2014–15 season.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: On 31 July 2015, it was announced that Milinković-Savić would join Italian club Lazio. He made his debut for the side in a 1–0 home win over Bayer Leverkusen in the first leg of the Champions League play-off round on 18 August 2015. Milinković-Savić scored his first goal for Lazio in a 1–1 Europa League draw with Dnipro Dnipropetrovsk on 17 September 2015. He scored his first Serie A goal in a 3–1 away win over Fiorentina on 9 January 2016. Throughout his debut season, Milinković-Savić made 35 appearances and scored three goals for Lazio in all competitions.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In his second season at Lazio, Milinković-Savić scored seven goals from 39 appearances (league and cup).


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: On 5 December 2021, Milinković-Savić became the highest-scoring midfielder in Lazio's history following his goal against Sampdoria. He beat previous holder Pavel Nedvěd, who had the record of 33 goals for over a decade.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić represented Serbia at under-19, under-20 and under-21 levels. He played for Serbia at the 2013 UEFA Under-19 Championship, winning the gold medal. He played the full 90 minutes in four out of five games, including the final match of the competition against France that Serbia won 1–0. Subsequently, Milinković-Savić appeared at the 2014 UEFA Under-19 Championship, as the team was eliminated in the semi-final by Portugal after penalties. He missed Serbia's last spot-kick in the penalty shoot-out.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: The following summer, Milinković-Savić was one of Serbia's most influential players at the 2015 FIFA U-20 World Cup, as the team won the tournament. He appeared in six out of seven games and scored one goal against Mali in the group stage. Due to his performances during the tournament, Milinković-Savić was awarded the Bronze Ball.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In the summer of 2017, Lazio prevented Milinković-Savić from playing at the 2017 UEFA European Under-21 Championship.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In October 2015, Milinković-Savić received his first call-up to the full squad by manager Radovan Ćurčić for Serbia's UEFA Euro 2016 qualifiers against Albania and Portugal. He remained an unused substitute in both games. In May 2016, Milinković-Savić was selected by newly appointed manager Slavoljub Muslin for friendly matches against Cyprus, Israel, and Russia. However, after failing to receive any playing time in the first two games, Milinković-Savić left the team in agreement with Muslin who said that some other players better fit into his tactical formations.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: On 30 October 2017, it was announced that Serbia caretaker manager Mladen Krstajić included Milinković-Savić in the squad for friendlies against China and South Korea.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In June 2018, he was selected in the Serbian squad for the 2018 World Cup, playing all three group stage matches.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Milinković-Savić scored his first two senior international goals on 8 October 2020, settling a 2–1 win over Norway in the semi-finals of the Euro 2020 qualifying play-off.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: In November, 2022 he was selected in Serbia's squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar. He played in all three group stage matches, against Brazil, Cameroon, and Switzerland. He scored a goal in a group stage match match against Cameroon, on assist from Andrija Živković. Serbia finished fourth in the group.


title: Sergej Milinković-Savić

text: Sergej Milinković-Savic is a versatile central midfield player and is capable of playing in several roles, including as a trequartista, or in a holding role, although he is usually deployed as a central midfielder, in the mezzala role. His style of play has drawn comparisons to Zinedine Zidane and Yaya Touré, as he blends the traditional attacking movement, positional sense, and finishing ability of an attacking midfielder, with the height and physicality of a target man or defensive midfielder; as such, he also is effective in the air, and is capable of scoring goals with his head as well as either foot, by making late runs from behind into the penalty area, or striking from distance. He possesses good technique, tactical intelligence, vision, and passing ability, despite his limited pace, as well as tenacity and excellent defensive work-rate, which enables him to help out at both ends of the pitch, carry the ball, and start attacking plays after winning possession. He has been nicknamed ‘il Sergente’ (the Sergeant) by Lazio fans for his charisma, physical dominance and for the assonance with his name.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: The Nightingale is a 2018 Australian historical psychological thriller drama film written, directed, and co-produced by Jennifer Kent. Set in 1825 in the penal colony of Van Diemen's Land (present-day Tasmania), the film follows a young female convict seeking revenge for terrible acts of violence committed against her and her family. It stars Aisling Franciosi, Sam Claflin, and Baykali Ganambarr and was filmed mostly in English, with some Irish and palawa kani.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: It was selected to compete for the Golden Lion at the 75th Venice International Film Festival where it won the Special Jury Prize. The film premiered at Venice on 6 September 2018 and was theatrically released in Australia on 29 August 2019, by Transmission Films.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: The film received positive reviews for its performances, atmosphere, cinematography, screenplay, scope, and acknowledgement of racial violence in Australia. However, the film received controversy for its extreme and graphic depictions of violence and rape.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: In 1825, on the eve of the Black War, Irish convict Clare Carroll works as a servant for a Colonial force detachment commanded by Lieutenant Hawkins. The unit is visited by an officer to see if Hawkins is fit for promotion. Clare, nicknamed "Nightingale", sings and serves drinks for the men. After work, Clare visits Hawkins to make an inquiry, and he forces her to sing a special song for him. Hawkins makes unwanted advances on her and Clare rebuffs them. She asks about the letter of recommendation that would free her, her husband Aidan, and their infant daughter Bridget, but Hawkins rapes her for her perceived insolence. Aidan suspects that Clare has been hurt but remains calm when he confronts Hawkins about the letter, but he fails to sway him.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: That night, Aidan engages in a brawl with Hawkins, his second-in-command Sergeant Ruse, and Ensign Jago. The visiting officer witnesses the incident and decides that he is unfit for promotion. Hawkins commands Ruse and Jago to gather supplies for a journey through the bush to the town of Launceston, Tasmania, in hopes of negotiating with the officer. Before departing, the soldiers intercept the Carroll family, attempting to flee. Hawkins rapes Clare and bids Ruse to do so as well, which he does. Hawkins shoots and kills Aidan, and commands Jago to quiet Clare's crying baby, resulting in Jago swinging the infant against the wall and killing her. Instructed to kill Clare and "finish things," a hesitant Jago hits her in the head with his rifle butt.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: The following morning, Clare awakes. She then reports the incident to a RMP officer, but realizes that he's of no help, so decides to seek revenge herself, with the help of an Aboriginal tracker named Billy. Clare presents the mission to Billy as her desire to rendezvous with her husband on his journey. At first, Clare is domineering and racist toward Billy while he sees her as being no different to the other colonists who murdered his family members, but their mutual hostility dissipates during their time together and they gradually bond as they learn about each other's tragic upbringings, with both gaining an increased appreciation for each other's culture. Billy tells Clare that his actual name is Mangana, palawa kani for “blackbird”, the yellow-tailed black cockatoo, and that he wishes to go north to reunite with the still-living female members of his people. Meanwhile, the officers recruit three white convicts and an Aboriginal man, Charlie for their journey. Hawkins takes a liking to one of the convicts, a child named Eddie, and Ruse kidnaps a woman named Lowanna to be used as a sex slave. Aboriginal men kill one of the convicts and injure Jago in an unsuccessful rescue mission. Hawkins holds Lowanna hostage, then kills her distracting the men. He, Ruse, and the convicts flee, leaving Jago behind. Later, Clare and Mangana stumble upon Jago, whom Mangana assumes is her husband. Clare corners Jago, stabbing and beating him to death (an event that haunts her later nightmares). Mangana considers abandoning Clare, but after he learns the true story behind her desire to get revenge, he decides to stay.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: Charlie, as revenge for the soldiers' actions towards the natives, diverts the journey to a dead end on the summit of a mountain. Ruse kills him, but Hawkins chastises Ruse, as Charlie was the only one who could have led them out of the bush, and forces him to be their guide as humiliation on the way back down. After Clare and Mangana find Charlie's body, Mangana performs burial rites and informs Clare that now he too, seeks vengeance. The two approach the group of four men, but Clare freezes when she sees Hawkins, allowing him to graze her with a musket shot, forcing Clare and Mangana to split up. Mangana is found and forced to be the new guide. He brings the soldiers back to the main path to Launceston, and Hawkins orders Eddie to kill Mangana, but Eddie hesitates, allowing Mangana to escape. Hawkins tries to abandon Eddie, but when Eddie begs for a second chance, Hawkins shoots and kills him. Clare also finds her way back onto the main path and reunites with Mangana. They encounter a chain gang of Aboriginal men, one of whom informs Mangana that he is now the last of his people. When the prisoner yells at his captors about their treatment of indigenous people, they shoot him and the others dead before proceeding to take their heads as trophies. Later on, while eating dinner with a sympathetic couple, Mangana weeps openly, lamenting the loss of his people and home.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: In Launceston, Clare confronts a newly promoted Hawkins about his war crimes in the presence of his fellow officers, while Mangana watches in hiding. The two then flee town, but Mangana dons war paint, and makes back for the town despite Clare's pleas that he will be murdered. She follows as Mangana enters the hostel where Hawkins and Ruse are lodged, and proceeds to kill them both, but not before Ruse shoots and deeply wounds him. Clare and Mangana flee and arrive at a beach where Mangana sings and dances, declaring himself a free man, while Clare sings a panegyric Gaelic folk song as the two watch the sun rise.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: According to "The Sydney Morning Herald", director Jennifer Kent was "deluged" with film scripts from the United States after the success of her debut film "The Babadook" (2014), but decided to focus on writing and directing "The Nightingale". IndieWire reported that shooting for "The Nightingale" began on location in Tasmania in March 2017.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: "The Nightingale" was released in the United States on 2 August 2019 by IFC Films, and in Australia on 29 August by Transmission Films. The film was selected to be screened in the main competition section of the 75th Venice International Film Festival, and had its Australian premiere at the 2018 Adelaide Film Festival. IFC Films announced on Twitter they bought the rights to distribute the film in the US and have set a release for Summer 2019, following its festival run.


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "The Nightingale" holds an approval rating of , based on reviews, and an average rating of . Its consensus reads ""The Nightingale" definitely isn't for all tastes, but writer-director Jennifer Kent taps into a rich vein of palpable rage to tell a war story that leaves a bruising impact." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 77 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: Marcella Papandrea from The Super Network said "There is no doubt "The Nightingale" won’t be an easy watch for most, but it is an important watch. Jennifer Kent has carefully and respectfully crafted a brutal story, spilling harsh truths along the way."


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: "The Nightingale" received media attention following its initial screenings at the Sydney Film Festival, where approximately 30 out of 600 film-goers walked out of the cinema due to its extreme depictions of rape and murder. One viewer was heard shouting "I'm not watching this; she's already been raped twice" as she exited the cinema. Kent defended the decision to show such violence, saying that the film contains historically accurate depictions of the violence and racism which was inflicted upon the indigenous Australian people of that time. The film was produced in collaboration with Tasmanian Aboriginal elders who asserted that this is an honest and necessary depiction of their history and a story that needs to be told. Kent said she understands the negative reactions, but stated that she remains enormously proud of the film and stressed to audiences that this film is about "a need for love, compassion and kindness in dark times."


title: The Nightingale (2018 film)

text: At the 2018 Venice Film festival, an Italian film critic shouted a sexist comment when Kent's name appeared in the credits. It was similar to the slurs used against the film's protagonist. "The Nightingale" was the only film directed by a woman to be included in the festival's main competition.


title: Tony Randall

text: Anthony Leonard Randall (born Aryeh Leonard Rosenberg; February 26, 1920 – May 17, 2004) was an American actor. He is best known for portraying the role of Felix Unger in a television adaptation of the 1965 play "The Odd Couple" by Neil Simon. In a career spanning six decades, Randall received six Golden Globe Award nominations and six Primetime Emmy Award nominations, winning one Emmy.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was born to a Jewish family in Tulsa, Oklahoma, the son of Julia (née Finston) and Mogscha Rosenberg, an art and antiques dealer.<ref name="forward/438563"></ref> He attended Tulsa Central High School.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall attended Northwestern University for a year before going to New York City to study at the Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theatre. He studied under Sanford Meisner and choreographer Martha Graham. Randall worked as an announcer at radio station WTAG in Worcester, Massachusetts. As Anthony Randall, he starred with Jane Cowl in George Bernard Shaw's "Candida" and Ethel Barrymore in Emlyn Williams's "The Corn Is Green".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall served for four years with the United States Army Signal Corps in World War II, including work at Arlington Hall for the codebreaking Signal Intelligence Service. After the war, he worked at the Olney Theatre in Montgomery County, Maryland before heading back to New York City.


title: Tony Randall

text: One of Randall's first jobs was playing "Reggie" on the long-running 1940s radio series "I Love a Mystery".


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1946, Randall was cast as one of the brothers in a touring production of Katharine Cornell's revival of "The Barretts of Wimpole Street".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall appeared on Broadway in Cornell's production of "Antony and Cleopatra" (1947–48) with Cornell, Charlton Heston, and Maureen Stapleton, and in "Caesar and Cleopatra" (1949–50) with Cedric Hardwicke and Lilli Palmer. Randall began appearing on television, notably episodes of "One Man's Family".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall's first major television role was as history teacher Harvey Weskit in "Mister Peepers" (1952–1955). He continued to guest-star on other shows such as "The Gulf Playhouse" (directed by Arthur Penn), "The Pepsi-Cola Playhouse", "Kraft Theatre", "The Motorola Television Hour", "Armstrong Circle Theatre", "Studio One in Hollywood", "Appointment with Adventure", and "The Philco-Goodyear Television Playhouse".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall's first major role in a Broadway hit was in "Inherit the Wind" (1955–57), portraying newspaperman E. K. Hornbeck (based on real-life cynic H. L. Mencken), alongside Ed Begley and Paul Muni. On television he appeared in "Heaven Will Protect the Working Girl" (1956), co-written by Neil Simon. He also guest-starred on "The Alcoa Hour".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall's success in "Inherit the Wind" led to film offers and his first significant big-screen role in "Oh, Men! Oh, Women!" (1957) for 20th Century Fox, which promoted Randall to stardom with "Will Success Spoil Rock Hunter?" (1957) alongside Jayne Mansfield. He played one of the leads in "No Down Payment" (1957).


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1958, Randall played the leading role in the Broadway musical comedy "Oh, Captain!", taking on a role originated on film by Alec Guinness. The show was a financial failure, but Randall received a Tony Award nomination for his dance turn with prima ballerina Alexandra Danilova.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall appeared in "Westinghouse Desilu Playhouse", "Goodyear Theatre", "The United States Steel Hour", "Sunday Showcase" and "Playhouse 90".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall co-starred with Debbie Reynolds in "The Mating Game" (1959) at MGM. He appeared in the hit film "Pillow Talk" (1959) supporting Doris Day and Rock Hudson; he would reunite with Day and Hudson for two more films.<ref name="slate/2004/05"></ref>


title: Tony Randall

text: He starred in an NBC-TV special, "The Secret of Freedom", which was filmed during the summer of 1959 in Mount Holly, New Jersey, and broadcast on the network during the fall of 1959 and again in early 1960. On TV he was also in "The Man in the Moon" (1960), co-written by Mel Brooks.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was top-billed in MGM's "The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn" (1960). He had a "Pillow Talk"-style support role in "Let's Make Love" (1960) with Marilyn Monroe and Yves Montand and "Lover Come Back" (1961) with Hudson and Day. Randall continued to guest on TV shows including "General Electric Theater" and "Checkmate". In 1961, Randall played a highly dramatic role in "Hangover," an episode of "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" in which he portrayed an alcoholic business executive who strangles his wife in a drunken rage. He starred in a TV adaptation of "Arsenic & Old Lace" (1962), and had big-screen leading roles in "Boys' Night Out" (1962) and "Island of Love" (1963).


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall starred as nearly all of the leading characters in the 1964 classic film "7 Faces of Dr. Lao", which was based on "The Circus of Dr. Lao" by Charles G. Finney. In addition to portraying and voicing the eponymous seven faces (Dr. Lao, the Abominable Snowman, Merlin, Appolonius of Tyana, The Giant Serpent, Pan, and Medusa), Randall also appeared without makeup in a two-second cameo as a solemn spectator in the crowd, for a total of eight roles in the film.


title: Tony Randall

text: He played the lead in "The Brass Bottle" (1964) and made one last film with Hudson and Day, "Send Me No Flowers" (1965). Randall took the lead in "Fluffy" (1965), a comedy about a lion; "The Alphabet Murders" (1965), playing Hercule Poirot for Frank Tashlin; "Our Man in Marrakesh" (1966), as a secret agent; and "Hello Down There" (1969).


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall returned to Broadway in "UTBU" (1966), which had only a short run. He appeared in the TV movie "The Littlest Angel" (1969) with Johnny Whitaker and Fred Gwynne.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall returned to television in 1970 as Felix Unger in "The Odd Couple", opposite Jack Klugman, a role that lasted five years. The names of Felix's children on "The Odd Couple" were Edna and Leonard, named for Randall's sister and Randall himself.


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1974, Randall and Klugman appeared in television spots endorsing a "Yahtzee" spinoff, "Challenge Yahtzee". They appeared in character as Felix and Oscar, and the TV spots were filmed on the set of "The Odd Couple".


title: Tony Randall

text: During the series run, Randall took a small role in "Everything You Always Wanted to Know About Sex* (*But Were Afraid to Ask)" (1972).


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1973, he was hired to play the voice of Templeton the gluttonous rat in "Charlotte's Web", and recorded the part, but was replaced in the film by Paul Lynde, as Randall's voice was perceived as too sophisticated by the director, who wanted Templeton to have a nasal voice.


title: Tony Randall

text: From 1976 to 1978, Randall starred in "The Tony Randall Show", playing a Philadelphia judge. He had small roles in "Kate Bliss and the Ticker Tape Kid" (1978), "Scavenger Hunt" (1979), and "Foolin' Around" (1980).


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall starred in "Love, Sidney" from 1981 to 1983. In the TV movie that served as the latter show's pilot, "", Sidney Shorr was written as a homosexual man, but his character's sexuality was made ambiguous when the series premiered. Randall refused to star in any more television shows, favoring the Broadway stage as his medium.


title: Tony Randall

text: He did star in the TV movies "Sunday Drive" (1986) for Disney, "Save the Dog!" (1988), and "The Man in the Brown Suit" (1989). From October 30 to November 2, 1987, Randall hosted the free preview of HBO's short-lived premium channel Festival.


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1991, Randall founded the National Actors Theatre, ultimately based at Pace University in New York City. Their productions included "The Crucible" (1991), "A Little Hotel on the Side" (1992), "The Master Builder" (1992), "The Seagull" (1992), "Saint Joan" (1993), "Three Men on a Horse" (1993), "Timon of Athens" (1993), "The Government Inspector" (1993), "The Flowering Peach" (1994), "Gentlemen Prefer Blondes" (1994), "The School for Scandal" (1995), "Inherit the Wind" (1996), and "The Gin Game" (1997). In 1997, he performed in "The Sunshine Boys" with Klugman to great success.


title: Tony Randall

text: In September 1993, Randall and Klugman reunited in the CBS-TV movie "," reprising their roles. The story began when, after Felix ruined plans for his daughter Edna's wedding, his wife Gloria threw him out of the house for 11 days, which left him no choice but to move back in with Oscar and to help him recover, getting him back in shape after throat cancer surgery had left his voice very raspy.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall's later stage productions included "Night Must Fall" (1999) and "Judgment at Nuremberg" (2001).


title: Tony Randall

text: Periodically, he performed in stage revivals of "The Odd Couple" with Klugman, including a stint in London in 1996. Later film roles included "Fatal Instinct" (1994) and "Down with Love" (2003).


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall's last appearances on stage as an actor were in "The Resistible Rise of Arturo Ui" (2002) and "Right You Are" (2003).


title: Tony Randall

text: On September 4, 1955, Randall and Klugman appeared together with Gena Rowlands in the episode "The Pirate's House" of the CBS anthology series "Appointment with Adventure".


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was a frequent guest on "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson" and often spoke of his love of opera and the salaciousness of many of its plotlines. He also admitted to sneaking tape recorders into operas to make his own private recordings. He chided Johnny Carson for his chain smoking and was generally fastidious. At the time of his death, Randall had appeared as a guest on "The Tonight Show" 105 times, more often than any other celebrity had appeared.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was well known for being a guest panelist on the game show "What’s My Line?", from 1958 to 1967, "Password", "The Hollywood Squares", and the "$10,000" and "$20,000 Pyramids". He also parodied his pompous image with an appearance as a "contestant" on "The Gong Show" in 1977.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was a guest star on the fifth and final season of "The Muppet Show" in an episode that first aired on October 11, 1980. This was the 100th episode of the show.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall, along with John Goodman and Drew Barrymore, was among the first guests on the debut episode of "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" on September 13, 1993. He would also appear in Conan O'Brien's "5th Anniversary Special" with the character PimpBot 5000. Randall was a frequent guest as well on both of David Letterman's late-night shows "Late Night with David Letterman" and the "Late Show with David Letterman", making 70 appearances, according to his obituary in "The Washington Post".<ref name="washingtonpost/2004/05/19/randall-dies"></ref> Letterman said that Randall was one of his favorite guests, along with Regis Philbin.


title: Tony Randall

text: On November 7, 1994, Randall appeared on the game show "Jeopardy!", as part of a celebrity episode, playing on behalf of the National Actors Theatre. He came in second place behind General Norman Schwarzkopf Jr. but ahead of actress Stefanie Powers, with a final tally of $9,900.


title: Tony Randall

text: In 1973, Randall and Klugman recorded an album for London Records titled "The Odd Couple Sings". Roland Shaw and the London Festival Orchestra and Chorus provided the music and additional vocals. The record was not a chart-topper but is a highly sought-after item for many "Odd Couple" fans. Randall and Klugman also collaborated on a series of television commercials for Eagle brand snacks.


title: Tony Randall

text: A noted raconteur, Randall, along with co-writer Mike Mindlin, wrote a collection of amusing and sometimes racy showbusiness anecdotes called "Which Reminds Me", published in 1989.


title: Tony Randall

text: In keeping with his penchant for both championing and mocking the culture that he loved, during the Big Band-era revival in the mid-1960s, Randall produced a record album of 1930s songs, "Vo, Vo, De, Oh, Doe", inspired by (and covering) the New Vaudeville Band's one-hit wonder, "Winchester Cathedral." He mimicked (and somewhat exaggerated) the vibrato style of Carmen Lombardo, and the two had once sung a duet of Lombardo's signature song "Boo Hoo (You've Got Me Crying for You)" on "The Tonight Show".


title: Tony Randall

text: In the 1980s, Randall served as off-camera narrator for several video productions by the Metropolitan Opera, announcing performers to the television audience as they appeared on stage during curtain calls and providing brief descriptions of scenes.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was married to his high school sweetheart, Florence Gibbs,<ref name="hollywoodreporter/1302428"></ref> from 1938 until her death from cancer on April 18, 1992. On November 17, 1995, at the age of 75, he married 25-year-old Heather Harlan,<ref name="marieclaire/a1123"></ref> an understudy from The School for Scandal, at National Actors Theatre, that Randall was starring, officiated by Rudy Giuliani.<ref name="seattlepi/1303064"></ref> They lived in a Manhattan apartment and bought a vacation apartment in Key Biscayne, Florida, in 2003. The couple had two children, Julia, born on April 11, 1997, and Jefferson, born on June 15, 1998—and remained married until Randall's death in May 2004.


title: Tony Randall

text: In his book "Which Reminds Me", Randall maintained that any publicity that an actor generates should be about his work, not himself: "The public knows only one thing about me: I don't smoke."


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was an advocate for the arts. During the summer of 1980, he served as the celebrity host of the New York Philharmonic Orchestra's concerts in Central Park, New York City.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall was politically liberal. He was an active supporter of Eugene McCarthy during the 1968 Democratic Party presidential primaries. When he was dropped as a regular panelist on the "Opera Quiz" intermission feature of the Metropolitan Opera radio broadcasts because of his opposition to the Vietnam War, he donated the remainder of his contract fee to the McCarthy campaign. During the U.S. presidential primaries in 1972, he appeared as the featured celebrity at numerous fundraising house parties for Democratic Party candidate George McGovern. His name was featured on the master list of Richard Nixon's political opponents.


title: Tony Randall

text: Randall died in his sleep on May 17, 2004, at NYU Medical Center of pneumonia that he had contracted following coronary bypass surgery in December 2003. He had been hospitalized since the operation. His remains are interred at the Westchester Hills Cemetery in Hastings-on-Hudson, New York.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The first beast comes "out of the sea" and is given authority and power by the dragon. This first beast is initially mentioned in Revelation 11:7 as coming out of the abyss. His appearance is described in detail in Revelation 13:1–10, and some of the mystery behind his appearance is revealed in Revelation 17:7–18.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The second beast comes "out of the earth" and directs all peoples of the earth to worship the first beast. The second beast is associated with Revelation 13:11–18 the false prophet.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The two beasts are aligned with the dragon in opposition to God. They persecute the "saints" and those who do "not worship the image of the beast [of the sea]" and influence the kings of the earth to gather for the battle of Armageddon. The two beasts are defeated by Christ and are thrown into the lake of fire mentioned in Revelation 19:18–20.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The description of the beast is found in Revelation chapters thirteen and seventeen. Chapter thirteen gives the fullest description. John saw it "rise up out of the sea, having seven heads and ten horns, and upon his horns ten crowns, and upon his heads the name of blasphemy." () It was like a leopard, with feet like the feet of a bear, and had a mouth like a lion. One of its heads had a mortal wound which healed itself, causing people to wonder at it and follow it. () This description draws many parallels with a vision in the Book of Daniel where four beasts symbolizing a succession of kingdoms come out of the sea in the forms of a lion, bear, leopard and a beast with ten horns.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The second beast is primarily described in Revelation chapter thirteen. This second beast comes out of the earth whose overall appearance is not described, other than having "two horns like a lamb", and speaking "like a dragon". His purpose is to promote the authority of the first beast with the ability to perform great signs, even making fire come down out of Heaven. This second beast is also called the false prophet. He speaks like a dragon commanding the people of the Earth to make an image "to" the beast that was wounded by a sword. It is declared that anyone who does not worship the beast or its image would be killed. The lamb-horned beast from the earth also causes all people to receive the mark of the beast "in their right hand or in their forehead."


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Revelation 17 mentions a third beast described as "a scarlet coloured beast, full of names of blasphemy, having seven heads and ten horns." () and some of the symbols are explained. The scarlet beast is another, distinct, visualisation of the same subject as the beast of the sea. The scarlet beast is shown being ridden by a harlot who "reigns over the kings of the earth", () whereas the beast of the sea is not described as being ridden, and is given "power and great authority." The seven heads represent both seven mountains and seven kings, and the ten horns are ten kings who have not yet received kingdoms. Of the seven kings, five have fallen, one is, the other has not yet come. The beast itself is an eighth king who is of the seven and "was and is not and shall ascend out of the bottomless pit, and go into perdition."


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Those who dwell on the Earth are deceived into making an image of the beast as a means to worship its authority. It is the lamb-horned beast who breathes life into the "image of the beast", so that the image becomes alive and is able to speak. It also declares to anyone who does not worship the authority of the beast. Those who are killed for not conforming to the authority of the beast are blessed through the "first resurrection" that allows them to rule in Christ's presence as priests during the one thousand-year reign. The second death has no power over these individuals who were victorious over the beast by not being deceived, even though they lost their lives on Earth by his authority.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The number of the beast (, ) is associated with the Beast in chapter 13, verse 18 of the Book of Revelation. In most manuscripts of the New Testament and in English translations of the Bible, the number of the beast is "six hundred sixty-six" or (in Greek numerals, represents 600, represents 60 and represents 6). Papyrus 115 (which is the oldest preserved manuscript of the "Revelation" ), as well as other ancient sources like "Codex Ephraemi Rescriptus", give the number of the beast as χιϛ or χιϲ (transliterable in Arabic numerals as "616") (), not 666; critical editions of the Greek text, such as the "Novum Testamentum Graece", note as a variant.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The beast and the kings of the earth and their armies gather to prepare for war against them. The beast is taken, along with the false prophet, and they are thrown alive into "the lake of fire" and the rest are killed. In chapter 20 the devil is thrown into the lake of fire where the beast and the false prophet are and will be tormented day and night forever and ever.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Preterism is a Christian eschatological view that interprets prophecies of the Bible, especially the Books of Daniel and Revelation, by reference to events that had already happened. Preterist academic scholars generally identify the first beast from the sea with the Roman Empire, particularly with Emperor Nero.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The beast from the earth is generally identified with the Roman imperial cult. Sometimes there is a particular identification with a personage such as a chief administrator of Roman rule in Ephesus and Asia Minor. This is probably the provincial governor (or proconsul) who would have overseen the political and religious operations of the area from his capital in Ephesus or the High Priest of the provincial imperial cult. The imperial cult in Ephesus was set up by Domitian in AD 89. (Ephesus is the location of one of the Seven Churches in Asia to whom the Book of Revelation was addressed.)


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: This interpretation is based upon the angel's explanation of the beast in , that the beast's seven heads are seven kings () and that Nero, is the sixth king "who is", who was possibly alive and the emperor reigning at the time John was writing the book. The five kings who have fallen are seen as Julius, Augustus, Tiberius, Caligula and Claudius; Galba is the one who "has not yet come, but when he does come, he must remain for a little while". (). Moreover, Rome was known in antiquity as the city of seven hills () and Revelation was a warning about events that were "shortly" to take place ().


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: In , the beast was given a mouth speaking in blasphemies against God and his name. Inscriptions have been found in Ephesus in which Nero is called "Almighty God" and "Savior". In verse 4, the beast is worshiped by the world alongside the dragon that gave it authority. Nero and Caligula "abandoned all reserve" in promoting emperor worship—they were the only two who demanded divine honors while still alive. Nero claimed to be the sun-god Apollo.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The manner of Nero's death corresponds with the prophecy of : "If anyone is destined for captivity, to captivity he goes; if any one kills with the sword, with the sword he must be killed." According to Tertullian, Nero was the first to assail the Christian sect with the imperial sword. He committed suicide by the sword at the age of 30.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: After Nero's death in AD 68, Rome saw a succession of short-lived emperors (Galba, Otho and Vitellius) and a year of civil wars until Vespasian eventually took control in AD 69. The Roman Empire destabilized so greatly that Tacitus reported: "Many believed the end of the empire was at hand" (Histories 4:5:4) According to Suetonius, to the surprise of the world, "the empire which for a long time had been unsettled and, as it were, drifting through the usurpation and violent death of three emperors, was at last taken in and given stability by the Flavian family" (Vespasian 1: 1). This may be a reference to the mortal wound on one of the heads of the beast "inflicted by the sword" which was later healed (, ). Scholar Daniel K. Wong wrote that the "healing of the wound" alludes to the so-called Nero Redivivus legend or the "revival of Nero" myth. A rumour said that Nero had just disappeared to Parthia and would one day reappear.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Finally, the readers of Revelation were told to "calculate the number of the beast, for the number is that of a man; and his number is six hundred and sixty-six" (Rev. 13:18). John did not expect that his readers "who had understanding" to have any difficulty identifying the beast, since they could simply calculate the meaning of this number. "Neron Kaisar" (the Greek rendering, documented by archaeological finds), transliterated into Hebrew נרון קסר (Nrwn Qsr). When using standard "mispar hechrechi" encoding of gematria, adding the corresponding values yields 666, as shown:


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The variant number 616 found in some manuscripts of the Greek text of Revelation may represent the alternative Hebrew spelling נרו קסר (Nrw Qsr) based on the Latin form "Nero Caesar". The variant probably existed to keep consistent the meaning of Nero as the beast.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Historicism is a method of interpretation in Christian eschatology which interprets biblical prophecies as actual historical events and identifies symbolic beings with historical persons or societies in the history of the church. This interpretation was favored by the Protestant reformers such as John Wycliff and Martin Luther, as well as other prominent figures such as Isaac Newton.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: According to this interpretation, the beast and false prophet were most commonly identified with the papacy in its political and religious aspects.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The identification with the papacy is a viewpoint echoed by Seventh-day Adventist writers. According to the Seventh-day Adventist Church, the "image to the beast" represents Protestant churches which will form an alliance with the papacy, and the "mark of the beast" refers to a future universal Sunday law. Adventists have interpreted the number of the beast, 666, as corresponding to a Latin title Vicarius Filii Dei of the pope. The number 666 is calculated by using a form of gematria where only the letters which refer to Latin numerals are counted.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: In 1866, Uriah Smith was the first to propose the interpretation to the Seventh-day Adventist Church. In "The United States in the Light of Prophecy" he wrote,


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Adventist scholar J. N. Andrews also adopted this view. Uriah Smith maintained his interpretation in the various editions of "Thoughts on Daniel and the Revelation", which was influential in the church.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Jimmy Akin of "Catholic Answers" and additional Catholic sources "Our Sunday Visitor", a Catholic newspaper (see Vicarius Filii Dei), disagree with the above argument because, "although Vicarius Filii Dei adds up to 666, is not a title of the pope".


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The beast from the earth has also been interpreted as the Islamic prophet Muhammed, according to some medieval Christians, particularly Pope Innocent III; Saracens and Antipopes, according to other medieval Christians, particularly Joachim of Fiore; and the government of the United States of America (this is the view of the Seventh-day Adventist Church). This interpretation was introduced by Adventist pioneer John Nevins Andrews.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Samuele Bacchiocchi, an Adventist scholar, has noted that Seventh-day Adventist teaching is moving away from historicism towards a more symbolic interpretation of the mark of the beast.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The Historicist interpretation has fallen out of favor with modern commentaries on Revelation, partially because it has failed to form a consensus on how the outline of the book of Revelation corresponds with history.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Idealism, also known as the allegorical or symbolic approach, is an interpretation of the book of Revelation that sees the imagery of the book as non-literal symbols. This is a common viewpoint of modern Christian scholars such as Gregory Beale in his "New International Greek Testament Commentary" on the Book of Revelation. Some Idealist interpretations identify none of the book's symbols with particular historical events while some idealists like Beale take a more eclectic approach which see that the book portrays events throughout history while also predicting some future events such as the return of Christ.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: In this view, the beast from the sea is interpreted as the state or any human kingdom that is in opposition to God. This would include the Roman Empire but would broadly apply to all empires. Scholars take their cue from the parallels between Revelation 13 and Daniel 7, noting that in Daniel 7:17 that the beasts are revealed as kingdoms. Therefore, given that the beast of Revelation thirteen is a composite of the beasts of Daniel, one should similarly interpret this beast as a kingdom, more specifically a composite of all kingdoms. Similarly, in some idealist circles, it is suggested that the beast represents different social injustices, such as exploitation of workers, wealth, the elite, commerce, materialism, and imperialism. Various Christian anarchists, such as Jacques Ellul, have associated the State and political power as the beast.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The Idealist interpretation of the beast from the earth is that it represents religious, cultural and economic powers within society which work to compel people to give their allegiance to the state or governmental powers. This was first expressed in the imperial cult of Rome, but finds expression at all times of history. In his commentary, Michael Wilcock says "Religion, indeed is too narrow an identification of the second beast. He is, in modern parlance, the ideology-whether religious, philosophical, or political-which 'gives breath to' any human social structure organized independently of God."


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The Idealist perspective on the number of the beast rejects gematria, envisioning the number not as a code to be broken, but a symbol to be understood. Because there are so many names that can come to 666 and that most systems require converting names to other languages or adding titles when convenient, it has been impossible to come to a consensus. Given that numbers are used figuratively throughout the book of Revelation, idealists interpret this number figuratively as well. The common suggestion is that because seven is a number of completeness and is associated with the divine, that six is incomplete and the three sixes mean completely incomplete. Other scholars focus not on incompleteness but on the beast's ability to imitate perfection, that is, to appear authentic. Since the number six is one short of the perfect number seven, the beast's number bears "most of the hallmarks of truth, and so it can easily deceive".


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: The Idealist interpretation in which the beast finds expression in the socio-cultural, economic and political arena of all human activities since the existence of man best describes the scriptural perspective of the beast. This position was fully annunciated by Chike Udolisa is his book. In this perspective, the image of the four kingdoms that were to rule the world as shown to Nebuchadnezzar were equated to the four beasts revealed to Daniel, and to the seven-headed beast revealed to John. The records of and show this beast to represent the kings of the earth. Furthermore, the revelation in Daniel 7 of four beasts comprising a lion, bear and leopard also correlates with the seven-headed beast as shown to John in having the same features of the lion, bear and leopard. Thus the beast represents the kingdoms that will bear rule over the world from Adam until the second coming of Christ. While in the spirit, this beast is seen as a personality as in Revelation 19:20, in the physical he is represented at different ages throughout the period of human existence as different kingdoms. The import of this interpretation is that as the Whore of Babylon is seen to be riding this beast, the beast is the seat of operation of the whore from where she is expressed, and by whom her dominion is exercised. This corresponds to Revelation 13 where the power exercised by this beast was completely that of the dragon. This brings to light the scriptural fact that the governments of the nations are puppets in the hands of this beast, consistent with the truth that the whole world system is under the dragon, the god of this world.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Futurism is a Christian eschatological view that interprets portions of the Book of Revelation and the Book of Daniel as future events in a literal, physical, apocalyptic, and global context. This viewpoint is adopted by Dispensationalism and has become deeply rooted in American Evangelical churches.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Futurism interprets the beast from the sea to represent a revived Roman empire that will oppose Christians in the last days. Futurists would admit the symbolic ties to Rome and would interpret that the recovery from the fatal head wound would refer to a revival of this empire in the last days. It is usually understood that this revived empire will be ruled by the Antichrist, though some refer to the beast as the Antichrist. Futurist scholars, such as John Walvoord, identify this beast not as the individual ruler but as the revived Roman empire, noting that the reference to Rome's seven hills and the connection to the beasts in Daniel seven indicate that the beast represents a kingdom.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Futurism interprets the beast from the earth, or false prophet, as the future head of the apostate church or as a future expression of false religion in general.


title: The Beast (Revelation)

text: Interpretation of the mark or number of the beast is similar to the idealist view suggesting that the number six refers to imperfection, falling short of the divine number seven.


title: David Koch

text: David Hamilton Koch ( ; May 3, 1940 – August 23, 2019) was an American businessman, political activist, philanthropist, and chemical engineer. In 1970, he joined the family business: Koch Industries, the second largest privately held company in the United States. He became president of the subsidiary Koch Engineering in 1979, and became a co-owner of Koch Industries (along with elder brother Charles) in 1983. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until he retired due to health issues in 2018.


title: David Koch

text: Koch was a libertarian. He was the 1980 Libertarian candidate for Vice President of the United States and helped finance the campaign. He founded Citizens for a Sound Economy and donated to advocacy groups and political campaigns, most of which were Republican. Koch became a Republican in 1984; in 2012, he spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.


title: David Koch

text: Koch was the fourth-richest person in the United States in 2012 and was the wealthiest resident of New York City in 2013. As of June 2019, Koch was ranked as the 11th-richest person in the world (tied with his brother Charles), with a fortune of $50.5 billion. Koch contributed to the Lincoln Center, Sloan Kettering, NewYork–Presbyterian Hospital, and the Dinosaur Wing at the American Museum of Natural History. The New York State Theater at Lincoln Center, home of the New York City Ballet, was renamed the David H. Koch Theater in 2008 following Koch's gift of $100 million for the renovation of the theater.


title: David Koch

text: Koch was born in Wichita, Kansas, the son of Mary Clementine (née Robinson) and Fred Chase Koch, a chemical engineer. David's paternal grandfather, Harry Koch, was a Dutch immigrant who founded the "Quanah Tribune-Chief" newspaper and was a founding shareholder of the Quanah, Acme and Pacific Railway. David was the third of four sons, with elder brothers Frederick, Charles, and nineteen-minute-younger twin Bill. His maternal ancestors included William Ingraham Kip, an Episcopal bishop; William Burnet Kinney, a politician; and Elizabeth Clementine Stedman, a writer.


title: David Koch

text: Koch attended the Deerfield Academy prep school in Massachusetts, graduating in 1959. He attended Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), earning both a bachelor's (1962) and a master's degree (1963) in chemical engineering. He was a member of the Beta Theta Pi fraternity. Koch played basketball at MIT, averaging 21 points per game at MIT over three years, a school record. He also held the single-game scoring record of 41 points from 1962 until 2009, when it was eclipsed by Jimmy Bartolotta.


title: David Koch

text: In 1970, Koch joined Koch Industries under his brother Charles, to work as a technical-services manager. He founded the company's New York City office and in 1979 he became the president of his own division, Koch Engineering, renamed Chemical Technology Group. David's brothers Frederick and Bill had inherited stock in Koch Industries. In June 1983, after a bitter legal and boardroom battle, the stakes of Frederick and Bill were bought out for $1.1 billion and Charles Koch and David Koch became majority owners in the company. Legal disputes against Charles and David lasted roughly two decades. Frederick and Bill sided with J. Howard Marshall III, J. Howard Marshall II's eldest son, against Charles and David at one point, in order to take over the company. In 2001, Bill reached a settlement in a lawsuit where he had charged the company was taking oil from federal and Indian land; that settlement ended all litigation between the brothers. CBS News reported that Koch Industries settled for $25 million.


title: David Koch

text: As of 2010, David Koch owned 42 percent of Koch Industries, as did his brother Charles. He held four U.S patents. Koch served as an executive vice president of Koch Industries until retiring due to health issues in 2018. His retirement was announced on June 5, 2018.


title: David Koch

text: Koch was the Libertarian Party's vice-presidential candidate in the 1980 presidential election, sharing the party ticket with presidential candidate Ed Clark. The Clark–Koch ticket promised to abolish Social Security, the Federal Reserve Board, welfare, minimum-wage laws, corporate taxes, all price supports and subsidies for agriculture and business, and U.S. Federal agencies including the SEC, EPA, ICC, FTC, OSHA, FBI, CIA, and DOE. The ticket received 921,128 votes, 1% of the total nationwide vote, the Libertarian Party national ticket's best showing until 2016 in terms of percentage and its best showing in terms of raw votes until the 2012 presidential election, although that number was surpassed again in 2016. "Compared to what [the Libertarians had] gotten before," Charles said, "and where we were as a movement or as a political/ideological point of view, that was pretty remarkable, to get 1 percent of the vote."


title: David Koch

text: After the bid, according to journalist Brian Doherty's "Radicals for Capitalism", Koch viewed politicians as "actors playing out a script."


title: David Koch

text: Koch credited the 1976 presidential campaign of Roger MacBride as his inspiration for getting involved in politics:


title: David Koch

text: Here was a great guy, advocating all the things I believed in. He wanted less government and taxes, and was talking about repealing all these victimless crime laws that accumulated on the books. I have friends who smoke pot. I know many homosexuals. It's ridiculous to treat them as criminals — and here was someone running for president, saying just that.


title: David Koch

text: Koch gave his own vice presidential campaign $100,000 a month after being chosen as Ed Clark's running mate. "We'd like to abolish the Federal Elections Commission and all the limits on campaign spending anyway," Koch said in 1980. When asked why he ran, he replied: "Lord knows I didn't need a job, but I believe in what the Libertarians are saying. I suppose if they hadn't come along, I could have been a big Republican from Wichita. But hell — "everybody" from Kansas is a Republican."


title: David Koch

text: In 1984, Koch broke with the Libertarian Party when it supported eliminating all taxes; in a letter to David Bergland, the Libertarian candidate for the 1984 presidential election, Koch referred to Bergland's platform as "extreme", predicting that the country would be thrown into "utter chaos" if it was implemented. Subsequently, Koch shifted the bulk of his financial support to the Republican Party, though he continued to contribute to several Libertarian campaigns in local races. Koch donated


title: David Koch

text: to various political campaigns, most of which were Republican. In February 2012, during the Wisconsin gubernatorial recall election, Koch said of Wisconsin governor Scott Walker, "We're helping him, as we should. We've gotten pretty good at this over the years. We've spent a lot of money in Wisconsin. We're going to spend more," and said that by "we" he meant Americans for Prosperity.


title: David Koch

text: In 2012, Koch spent over $100 million in a failed bid to oppose the re-election of President Barack Obama.


title: David Koch

text: Koch supported policies that promoted smaller government and lower taxes. He was against the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and the Dodd–Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act. Koch said he wasn't sure if global warming was anthropogenic, and thought a warmer planet would be "good", with lengthened growing seasons mitigating problems caused by disappearing coastlines and mass migrations. "Earth will be able to support enormously more people, because a far greater land area will be available to produce food". Koch opposed the Iraq War, saying that the war has "cost a lot of money and it's taken so many American lives", and "I question whether that was the right thing to do. In hindsight that looks like it was not a good policy." In an impromptu interview with the blog ThinkProgress, he was quoted as saying he would like the new, 2011 Republican Congress to "cut the hell out of spending, balance the budget, reduce regulations, and support business." Koch considered himself a social liberal who supported women's right to choose, gay rights, same-sex marriage and stem-cell research. He opposed the war on drugs.


title: David Koch

text: Koch opposed several of President Barack Obama's policies. An article from the "Weekly Standard", detailing the "left's obsession" with the Koch brothers, quotes Koch stating that Obama is "the most radical president we've ever had as a nation ... and has done more damage to the free enterprise system and long-term prosperity than any president we've ever had." Koch said that Obama's father's economic socialism, practiced in Kenya, explains why Obama has "sort of antibusiness and anti-free enterprise" influences. Koch said that Obama is "scary", a "hardcore socialist" who is "marvelous at pretending to be something other than that." Koch contributed almost entirely to Republican candidates in 2012.