title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers and the Chargers started out the season with a 24–17 win over the Minnesota Vikings. Rivers had 335 passing yards and two touchdowns thrown to fullback Mike Tolbert. He threw two interceptions for the first time in his career. Rivers and the Chargers lost 35–21 in Foxboro to the New England Patriots in Week 2. Rivers threw for 378 passing yards and had two touchdown passes to Vincent Jackson but also threw two interceptions again. Rivers threw two interceptions for the third game in a row as the Chargers held off the winless Kansas City Chiefs in Week 3, 20–17. In Week 4, the Chargers beat the winless Miami Dolphins 26–16, and Rivers threw a 55-yard touchdown to Vincent Jackson.


title: Philip Rivers

text: In Week 5, Rivers threw for 250 yards and a touchdown pass to Malcom Floyd. He added a rushing touchdown as well. Despite two turnovers by him, the Chargers held off the Denver Broncos by a score of 29–24.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers struggled in Week 7 after the bye. Rex Ryan's New York Jets limited Rivers to 179 passing yards and two interceptions. He did throw a touchdown to Antonio Gates, his first of the year.


title: Philip Rivers

text: The Chargers lost 23–20 to the Chiefs in overtime on Halloween. Rivers put up 369 yards, but had two interceptions and a crushing fumble.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers' poor performance during the 2011 season led to media speculation that he may have been suffering from an undisclosed injury. His former teammate, LaDainian Tomlinson, speculated that Rivers might be distracted by the burden of being the Chargers' star player.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers had 385 yards passing and added four touchdowns, but threw three interceptions against the defending champion Green Bay Packers.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers threw for 274 passing yards and an interception and a fumble in a 24–17 Week 10 loss against the Oakland Raiders. He did however, throw two passing touchdowns to rookie Vincent Brown.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers threw for 280 yards and two passing touchdowns in a 31–20 loss to the Chicago Bears. He added 2 more interceptions thrown. The touchdown passes went to Antonio Gates and Vincent Jackson.


title: Philip Rivers

text: The Chargers lost 16–13 in overtime to Tim Tebow and the Broncos. Rivers threw for 188 yards and a touchdown to Antonio Gates. The Chargers finally won a game in Week 13, dominating the Jacksonville Jaguars 38–14. Rivers finished with 294 passing yards and 3 touchdowns. Rivers and the Chargers dominated the Buffalo Bills in Week 14, winning 37–10. Philip threw for 240 yards and 3 touchdowns, 2 to Antonio Gates, and Patrick Crayton. Rivers and the Chargers dominated the Baltimore Ravens in Week 15. Philip had 270 yards and a touchdown to Malcom Floyd in a 34–14 stomping.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers and the Chargers struggled in Week 16. On Christmas Eve, the Chargers fell 38–10 in Detroit to the Lions. Rivers had 299 passing yards and a touchdown, but two interceptions.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers concluded the season by throwing for 310 passing yards and 3 touchdowns, which were received by Floyd, Jackson, and Gates, in a 38–26 win against the Raiders, ending the Raiders' playoff hopes that season. He was named to the Pro Bowl for his 2011 season. He was ranked 61st by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012.


title: Philip Rivers

text: The Chargers began the 2012 season with a 3–1 record for the second consecutive season. In a 37–20 win over the Kansas City Chiefs in Week 4, Rivers started his 100th career game, which was also his 100th consecutive start. On November 1, in the second game against the Kansas City Chiefs, he was 18-of-20 passes to earn a career-high 90% completion percentage in the 31–13 victory. Rivers became the seventh fastest quarterback in NFL history to reach 25,000 career yards. With a weak offensive line that season, Rivers was frequently forced to scramble and was sacked 49 times and hit on 70 other plays, contributing to his 22 turnovers—47 over the previous two seasons. Rivers finished the season with 3,606 passing yards, 26 touchdowns, and 15 interceptions. The Chargers' 7–9 record was the first losing season in Rivers's career, and the team's first since 2003. They missed the playoffs for the third straight season, leading to the firing of Turner and general manager A. J. Smith.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers's combined 35 interceptions the two previous seasons led many to wonder whether he was injured or if his career was on the decline. Only two offensive coaches returned in 2013 in an overhauled coaching staff led by new head coach Mike McCoy, and a revamped offensive system had Rivers release the ball earlier and taking what opposing defenses conceded. In their Week 2 win over the Philadelphia Eagles, he threw for 419 yards and three touchdowns. In their Week 4 win over the Dallas Cowboys, Rivers set an NFL record for completion percentage (83%) for a quarterback who also threw for over 400 yards (401), three touchdowns, and one interception. In Week 7, Rivers surpassed 30,000 career yards passing. Rivers was also selected to the Pro Bowl for the fifth time in his career. In Week 17, against the Kansas City Chiefs, Rivers led a fourth quarter and overtime comeback to win the game, and clinch the 6th seed in the AFC playoffs.


title: Philip Rivers

text: During the Chargers season-ending four-game winning streak, Rivers completed 67.3 percent of his passes with nine touchdowns and a 142.6 rating. He finished the season completing 378 of 544 passes (69.5 percent) for 4,478 yards, 32 touchdowns and just 11 interceptions; his 105.5 passer rating tied his career high from 2008. With the Chargers having a capable running attack, an adjusted offensive line, and an improved defense, Rivers was not pressured to force his throws, and he led all quarterbacks in the league with a 49.4 third-down conversion rate when passing. He led the Chargers to a 27–10 win in the against the Cincinnati Bengals before losing to the Denver Broncos in the , 24–17. He was named Comeback Player of the Year by both Associated Press (AP) and Pro Football Writers Association (PFWA). He was ranked 34th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014.


title: Philip Rivers

text: The Chargers in 2014 lost their final game of the season when a win would have qualified them for the playoffs. Rivers was sacked a career-high seven times in the loss. For the season, he was voted by the Chargers as their MVP after finishing with 4,286 yards, 31 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. It was the sixth season in which he passed for over 4,000 yards. During Weeks 2–6, he became the first NFL player ever to have a passer rating over 120 for five consecutive games. Later in the season, Rivers suffered from sore ribs and a back injury, but he denied that they affected his performance. His 71.2 rating in December was his lowest in a single month since November 2007 (68.8). He finished the 2014 season with 4,286 passing yards, 31 touchdowns, and 18 interceptions. He was ranked 43rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015.


title: Philip Rivers

text: On August 15, 2015, the Chargers and Rivers agreed to a four-year, $84 million contract extension. Rivers started the 2015 season with 403 passing yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions in the 33–28 victory over the Detroit Lions. On September 20, Rivers threw his 255th touchdown pass as a Charger, passing Dan Fouts as the franchise leader in touchdown passes. On October 18, in a game against the Green Bay Packers, Rivers set franchise records with 503 passing yards, 43 completions, and 65 attempts. In Week 12, against the Jacksonville Jaguars, he had 300 passing yards and season-high four passing touchdowns. The Chargers finished with a 4–12 record, last in the AFC West, their worst record since 2003. The Chargers went winless against divisional opponents for the first time since 1984. Despite the disappointing season, Rivers set career highs and franchise records with 437 pass completions on 661 pass attempts and 4,792 passing yards, which ranked second among NFL quarterbacks in 2015. He finished 11 yards short of breaking the franchise single-season passing yards record held by Fouts. Rivers was invited to the 2016 Pro Bowl as an alternate but declined the invitation, citing personal reasons. He was ranked 46th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers and the Chargers started the 2016 season with a 1–4 record. In that stretch, Rivers passed for four touchdowns in two separate games. On October 13, 2016, in Week 6, Rivers passed Fouts to become the Chargers' all-time passing yards leader. In Week 7, against the Atlanta Falcons, he had a season-high 371 passing yards, one touchdown, and one interception in the 33–30 victory. Following the win over the Falcons, the Chargers alternated losses and wins until Week 13, where they had a five-game losing streak to end the season. Rivers finished the season with nine consecutive games throwing for at least touchdowns. Despite throwing for 33 touchdowns, Rivers threw a career-high and league-leading 21 interceptions and completed only 60.4 of his passes, the second worst of his career. Rivers posted a rating of 87.9, also the second worst of his career. These struggles resulted in the Chargers finishing 5–11 and last in the division for the second straight year. He was ranked 73rd by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers and the Chargers started the 2017 season with some tough results. In Week 1, against the Denver Broncos, he had 192 passing yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in a narrow 24–21 loss. The game was lost when Chargers' kicker Younghoe Koo missed a game-tying field goal. In the next game, a narrow 19–17 loss to the Miami Dolphins, he had 331 passing yards and a touchdown. Rivers struggled in the next game, a 24–10 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, with three interceptions. The Chargers' hard luck continued in the next game, a narrow 26–24 loss to the Philadelphia Eagles. In the loss, Rivers had 347 passing yards and two touchdowns. After their 0–4 start, the Chargers put together a three-game winning streak. Following those two victoreis, the Chargers dropped their next two games before starting a four-game winning streak in Week 11. During that winning streak, in Week 12 against the Dallas Cowboys, Rivers finished with 434 passing yards and three passing touchdowns as the Chargers won 28–6. It was the first time the Chargers played on Thanksgiving since 1969. His performance in Week 12 earned him AFC Offensive Player of the Week. On December 19, 2017, Rivers was named to his seventh Pro Bowl along with his top receiver Keenan Allen. In Week 17, Rivers became the ninth quarterback in NFL history to reach 50,000 career passing yards. In that game, he completed 28 of 37 passes for 387 yards and three touchdowns in a 30–10 win over the Raiders, earning him his second AFC Offensive Player of the Week of the season. Overall, Rivers had 4,515 passing yards, 28 touchdowns, and ten interceptions in the 2017 season. He helped lead the Chargers to a 9–7 season. Despite having their first winning season since 2014, the Chargers failed to make the playoffs. He was ranked 56th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Philip Rivers

text: On September 9, 2018, Rivers threw for 424 yards and three touchdowns in the season-opening 38–28 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs, eclipsing 400 yards in a single game for the 10th time in his career. The 424 yards was the most Rivers has thrown for in any of his season openers. He helped lead the Chargers to first win of the season in the following game against the Buffalo Bills. After a 35–23 loss to the Los Angeles Rams in Week 3, Rivers helped lead the Chargers to a four-game winning streak where he threw for over 300 yards twice and had nine passing touchdowns to two interceptions. After a 29–27 win over the San Francisco 49ers, Rivers passed John Elway for eighth-most passing yards in NFL history. In Week 9, against the Seattle Seahawks, Rivers made his 200th consecutive start. In a Week 11 loss to the Denver Broncos, he passed for 401 yards, two touchdowns, and two interceptions. In Week 12, against the Arizona Cardinals, saw Rivers tie Ryan Tannehill for most consecutive completions, with 25. Unlike Tannehill, he did it in one game and finished with an NFL-record one incompletion in 29 attempts, for a record 96.55%. He finished the game with 259 passing yards and three touchdowns in a 45–10 rout of the Arizona Cardinals, earning AFC Player of the Week honors. On December 13, in a game against the Chiefs, Rivers led the Chargers back from a 14-point deficit to win the game by a score of 29–28 on a two-point conversion to wideout Mike Williams. It was the Chargers first win against the Chiefs after nine straight losses and secured their first playoff berth since 2013. Philip Rivers eclipsed 4,000 yards at the same time as Tom Brady, becoming the third and fourth quarterback in NFL history to reach 4,000 yards in 10 seasons or more, joining Peyton Manning and Drew Brees. Overall, Rivers finished the 2018 season with 4,308 yards, 32 touchdowns, and 12 interceptions. The Chargers finished with a 12–4 record and returned to the playoffs for the first time since the 2013 season. As the #5-seed, the Chargers faced off against the AFC North champion Baltimore Ravens in the . Rivers passed for 160 yards as the Chargers defeated the Ravens by a score of 23–17. In the against the New England Patriots, Rivers passed for 331 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception as the Chargers fell 41–28. He was ranked 17th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2019.


title: Philip Rivers

text: In the 2019 season, Rivers had eight games with over 300 passing yards and seven total with a passer rating over 100.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers finished the 2019 season with 4,615 passing yards, 23 touchdowns, and 20 interceptions—which were the third most in the NFL. His 23 turnovers played a part in the Chargers' 2–9 record in contests decided by a touchdown or less, and the team ended with a 5–11 overall record. On February 10, 2020, the Chargers and Rivers mutually agreed that he would not be re-signed and would enter free agency.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers played his first game with the Colts on September 13, 2020, finishing with 363 passing yards, one touchdown, and two interceptions as the Colts lost 27–20 to the Jacksonville Jaguars. He earned his first victory with the Colts in a Week 2 28–11 victory over the Minnesota Vikings. He passed for 371 yards, three touchdowns, and one interception in the 31–27 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals in Week 6, which he led the Colts back from down 24–7.


title: Philip Rivers

text: In Week 10, against the Tennessee Titans, Rivers threw for 308 yards and a touchdown during the 34–17 win. During the game, Rivers passed Dan Marino to become fifth on the all-time passing yards list. During the game against the Green Bay Packers in Week 11, Rivers ruptured his plantar plate, which was later reported to require offseason surgery, though he would play through the remainder of the season with the injury. In Week 17 against the Jacksonville Jaguars, Rivers passed Dan Marino in passing touchdowns, putting him at fifth all time. He finished the 2020 season with 4,169 passing yards, 24 touchdowns, and 11 interceptions. Rivers recorded his 12th season with at least 4,000 passing yards, tying him with Tom Brady and Drew Brees at the time for second-most in NFL history.


title: Philip Rivers

text: In the against the Buffalo Bills, Rivers threw for 309 yards and two touchdowns as the Colts lost 27–24. It was the first time in Rivers' career that he lost in the Wild Card Round.


title: Philip Rivers

text: On January 20, 2021, Rivers announced his retirement from the NFL after seventeen seasons, saying "It's just time. It's just right." He announced his intention to retire with the Chargers, and reaffirmed his plans to become the head coach of the St. Michael Catholic High School football team in Fairhope, Alabama.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers, a devout Roman Catholic, married his junior high school sweetheart, Tiffany, in 2001. She converted to Catholicism. They have seven daughters, Halle, Caroline, Grace, Sarah, Rebecca, Clare, and Anna; and two sons, Gunner and Peter.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers is a social conservative; during the 2012 Republican Party presidential primaries, he endorsed former Pennsylvania senator Rick Santorum.


title: Philip Rivers

text: In 2011, he was named one of three finalists for the Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award for his work with the Rivers of Hope Foundation, an endeavor he and his wife oversaw from 2010 to 2012 to help foster children. The Foundation raised more than $1,000,000 for the cause through football camps, a 5K Fun Run and personal contributions from Rivers. The Foundation supported the San Pasqual Academy, a residential education campus designed specifically for foster teens.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers comes from an athletic family. He, his father Steve, and his younger brother Stephen have all played college football. Steve played linebacker at Mississippi State in the 1970s. Stephen committed to play college football at Louisiana State University (LSU) after attending Austin High School and Athens High School. On June 5, 2014, he transferred to Vanderbilt University and was eligible to play immediately, but wound up transferring to Northwestern State University for the 2015 season.


title: Philip Rivers

text: Rivers received an Honorary degree of Doctor of Humane Letters and addressed the Class of 2014 at the 125th Annual Commencement Ceremony of The Catholic University of America (CUA) on May 17, 2014.


title: Philip Rivers

text: According to a 2017 story by "San Diego Union-Tribune" reporter Kevin Acee,Rivers lives as about as modestly as one can when his career earnings are bumping up against $200 million. His primary mode of transportation is a 2008 Ford F250. He wears cowboy boots – real ones, plain brown, nothing made of a swamp creature or rare bird. His dress shirts are Western cut and have shiny buttons. Despite his simple tastes, he made a major investment in a customized SUV shortly after the Chargers' move to the Los Angeles area. Rivers and his wife had toured schools and neighborhoods in Orange County, more specifically in the general vicinity of the Chargers' new Costa Mesa practice facility, during the 2017 offseason, but decided not to move. In order to make the one-way commute productive, he spent roughly $200,000 to convert a large SUV into a rolling film room. The rear seats were torn out and replaced by two forward-facing, fully reclining seats; a TV screen was installed in the cabin divider; and satellite TV, Wi-Fi, and a cooler were also installed. The setup, including a driver that Rivers hired, allows him to analyze game videos during the commute. As he would tell Acee,My two biggest things were my family time and my preparation and what I owe this football team. I was not going to sacrifice either of them in any big proportion. I can look at all the pluses and minuses and say, ‘OK. This does it.’ This allows me to get home in the 6 to 7 hour, which is when I got home the last 11 years, and it allows me to watch all or more of the film I watched before.


title: Philip Rivers

text: On August 26, 2021, Rivers won his first game as a high school football head coach, leading the St. Michael Catholic Cardinals to a 49–0 victory. Rivers was inspired to coach by his father, who was his high school football coach.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur (, ) or Tatanagar is the largest and most populous city in Jharkhand and the first planned industrial city in India. It is a Notified Area Council and Municipal Corporation and also the headquarter of the East Singhbhum district. It is a popular tourist destination known for its forests, ancient temples and royal palaces. It was ranked as the cleanest city of India in the year 2019.


title: Jamshedpur

text: It was founded by Jamsetji Tata, founder of the Tata Group, and was named after him. It was established in 1919.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur was ranked as the cleanest city of India in 2020 by Swach Survekshan in 2020. Jamshedpur was ranked the 7th cleanest city of India in 2010. The city is also ranked as 2nd in India in terms of quality of life. Jamshedpur is the 84th fastest growing city in the world according to City Mayors Foundation. It is the headquarters of the East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand and is the 36th – largest urban agglomeration and 72nd largest city in India by population. It is one of the first Smart Cities in India along with Naya Raipur.


title: Jamshedpur

text: In 1919 Lord Chelmsford renamed the city, which was originally Sakchi, to Jamshedpur in honour of its founder, Jamshedji Nusserwanji Tata. Tata had written to his son Dorabji Tata about his vision of a great city in the area. On Founders Day (3 March), the Jubilee Park is decorated with brilliant lightwork for about a week.


title: Jamshedpur

text: The prospectors C. M. Weld, Dorabji Tata and Shapurji Saklatvala took nearly three years in a painstaking search across vast stretches of inhospitable terrain to find a location for a steel plant. One day they came across Sakchi (present-day a business district), on the densely forested stretches of the Chota Nagpur plateau, near the confluence of the Subarnarekha and Kharkai rivers. It seemed to be the ideal choice and the place was selected.


title: Jamshedpur

text: In 1908, the construction of the plant as well as the city officially began. The first steel ingot was rolled on 16 February 1912. It was a momentous day in the history of industrial India.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamsetji Tata's plan for the city was clear. He envisioned far more than a mere row of workers' hutments. He insisted upon building all the comforts and conveniences a city could provide. As a result, many areas in the city are well planned and there are public leisure places such as the Jubilee Park. While building the city, Tata had said:


title: Jamshedpur

text: Messrs Julin Kennedy Sahlin from Pittsburgh prepared the first layout of the town of Jamshedpur. Jamshedpur is a million-plus city with three municipal corporations, Jamshedpur Notified area committee, Jugsalai Municipal corporation and Mango Notified area committee.


title: Jamshedpur

text: In 1945, Tata Motors was setup here. It is now the second largest industry in Jamshedpur. A municipal corporation was proposed in 2005 but after protests from the residents this did not happen.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur is situated in the southern end of the state of Jharkhand and is bordered by the states of Odisha and West Bengal. The average elevation of the city is 135 metres while the range is from 129 m to 151 m. Total geographical area of Jamshedpur is 224 km square. Jamshedpur is primarily located in a hilly region and is surrounded by the Dalma Hills running from west to east and covered with dense forests. The other smaller hill ranges near the city are Ukam Hill and the Jadugoda-musabani hill range. The city is also a part of the larger Chota Nagpur Plateau region. The region is formed of the sedimentary, metamorphic and igneous rocks belonging to the Dharwarian period.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur is located at the confluence of the Kharkai and Subarnarekha Rivers. Subarnarekha is the principal river of Jamshedpur, which flows from west to south-eastern part of the territory. Many small rivers, especially the tributaries, join the Subarnarekha river in this area. The Kharkai flows from the south and joins the Subarnarekha river at a place called "Domuhani". The two rivers are the major sources of drinking water and groundwater for the city. Several lakes of varying size are also located near the fringes of the city. The major of them being the Dimna lake located in between the Dalma range and the Sitarampur reservoir situated beside Kharkai river. It is also a major tourist spot in the region. Both of them also act as reservoirs for drinking water in the city. The city falls under deciduous type of forest region and the green cover is estimated to be around 33% of the total land area. The city falls under the Seismic Zone II region. Jamshedpur has many parks around it. Jubilee Park at Sakchi is the largest park in Jamshedpur. It was built by Jamshedji Tata, who was inspired by Vrindavanan Gardens of Mysore.


title: Jamshedpur

text: The center of Jamshedpur has commercial areas and main areas. Central Jamshedpur contains a financial and business district. Famous landmarks in the center include Jubilee Park and Tata Steel. Sakchi and Bistupur are the business and financial district. Center part is also the oldest part of the city. The Western portion of the city has the areas of Adityapur, Gamharia, and Sonari. Sonari is a residential and commercial neighborhood, while Adityapur and Gamharia are the major industrial neighborhoods. Adityapur is also a city and a part of Jamshedpur. Gamharia has an industrial area namely Industrial Area, Gamharia. Adityapur has the Adityapur Industrial Area. There are five national highways crossing the city. Mango Bridge connects the city center to Mango. Marine Drive is a popular road and picturesque promenade in Jamshedpur. It starts from Sonari and connects Adityapur.Adityapur has the NIT Jamshedpur. The southern part of Jamshedpur contains Jugsalai, Birsanagar, Kadma, Burmamines, TELCO Colony, Bagbera Colony and Jojobera. Jugsalai is the commercial area which is known for the wholesale market. while Birsanagar, Kadma and Bagbera consists of residential and commercial hubs. Burmamines, TELCO Colony, Bagbera Colony and Jojobera are the other main and major industrial areas of the city. Apart from north, whole areas of Jamshedpur has at least one industrial area. Other tall towers are TCE Building and Voltas House. In Jamshedpur, many hi-rise buildings are under construction now. Now the tallest building will be City Center II, which will be built at Adityapur. These tall buildings are mostly on the Central and Western side of the city. Jamshedpur has 10 - 14 floors of buildings.


title: Jamshedpur

text: According to the 2011 census of India, the city of Jamshedpur had a population of 629,659, but the Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration had a population of 1,337,131. The city is designated as a Million Plus Urban Agglomeration as per Government terminology. Males constitute 52.1% of the population and females 47.9%. Jamshedpur has an average literacy rate of 89.41% – higher than the national average of 74%. In Jamshedpur, 11.5% of the population is under six years of age.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur Urban Agglomeration includes: Jamshedpur (Industrial Town), Jamshedpur (NAC), Tata Nagar Railway Colony (OG), Mango (NAC), Jugsalai (M), Bagbera (CT), Chhota Gobindpur (CT), Haludbani (CT), Sarjamda (CT), Gadhra (CT), Ghorabandha (CT), Purihasa (CT), Adityapur (M Corp.), Chota Gamahria (CT) and Kapali (CT).


title: Jamshedpur

text: The official language is Hindi. The second most spoken language is Urdu. Additionally, in Jamshedpur, many East Indian languages are spoken, including Bengali, Magahi, Santhali and Odia. Punjabi is also spoken, as are some South Indian languages, such as Kannada and Tamil.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Hindus form the majority religion in Jamshedpur. While Muslims, Sikhs, and Christians form a significant minority. Jains and Buddhists also live in the city. Hindus are found in almost all areas of Jamshedpur. Muslims are also found in almost all areas of Jamshedpur, but many are concentrated in Maango, Sakchi, and Golmuri. Most Sikhs live in Golmuri and Sakchi. Christians are mostly found in the central part of the city. Tribals constitute around 28% of the population, and live in Birsanagar, a very large area covering a major part of Jamshedpur.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Migration is a major reason behind Jamshedpur's increase in population and it being multicultural. When Jamshedpur was established, many people from Bihar, especially Muslims, migrated to the city for employment and later settled down there. In Jamshedpur many Muslims are from Bihari cities such as Darbhanga and Patna. Many Tamil and Kannadigas also settle in the city. Many other cities such as Dhanbad, Ranchi and Bokaro, which are in Jharkhand, are also filled with many migrants for jobs. While many other local people are also living in Jamshedpur, including Muslims, many Sikhs have also settled in the city. Many Punjabi Refugees are also present in the city at Punjabi Refugee Colony in Golmuri.


title: Jamshedpur

text: The largest industry in Jamshedpur is that of Tata Steel. It is situated in the centre of the city and occupies approximately 1/5 of the entire city area. It acts as a pivotal center for the industries of the city of Jamshedpur with a large number of them having direct or indirect linkages with it.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Tata Motors is the second major industry. It is spread over an area of in the eastern side of the city. It manufactures Medium and Heavy commercial vehicles and the main components. The company also has its own township commonly known as Telco.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Nuvoco Vistas Corp. Ltd is a cement plant located in Jojobera, Jamshedpur. It is Asia's largest Cement Grinding Unit.


title: Jamshedpur

text: There is a varied and powerful industrial base in the Adityapur Industrial Area. Jamshedpur is regarded as the industrial capital of Jharkhand.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur has influence on Hindi, and Bengali. Many films have been shot and based in the city and it is also sometimes called "Mini Mumbai" because of a great cinema culture and producing many film and television artists. Ritwik Ghatak's "Subarnarekha", a 1962 Bengali film and "Satyakam", a 1969 Hindi film starring Dharmendra and Sharmila Tagore were shot in Ghatsila area. Years after, film "Udaan" was shot and based in the city which also got screened in Cannes Film Festival. "Bubble Gum" film was based in the city and portions of "" were also shot in Jamshedpur. Buddhadeb Dasgupta's Bengali film, "Urojohaj" was also shot in outskirts of city. The movie "Dil Bechara", starring Sushant Singh Rajput and John Abraham's directorial "Banana" were also shot in the city. Many entertainers are also from this city such as Priyanka Chopra, R. Madhavan and Imtiaz Ali.


title: Jamshedpur

text: The civic administration of the city is under Greater Jamshedpur Metropolitan Region, Govt of Jharkhand.


title: Jamshedpur

text: XLRI, founded in 1949, is the oldest management institute of India; Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical College, established in 1961; and the engineering college National Institute of Technology, Jamshedpur, an Institute of National Importance, established as a Regional Institute of Technology on 15 August 1960. The National Metallurgical Laboratory (NML), one of the 38 Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) laboratories, was inaugurated on 26 November 1950 by Jawaharlal Nehru. Shavak Nanavati Technical Institute (SNTI), established in 1921 as the technical training department of Tata Steel, now develops skilled employees for other companies as well. Its 400,000 volume library is one of the most popular in the city. Many high level institutions are located in Jamshedpur. Now there is further development to setup more universities and several other educational institutions.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur's private clubs provide opportunities for activities, such as golf, tennis, squash, billiards, horseriding and water scootering. Jamshedpur FC is an ISL team based in Jamshedpur. The team is owned by Tata Steel.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur has two golf courses—the Beldih Golf Course and the Golmuri Golf Course. Both of these courses are at the heart of the city. The biggest is the Beldih Golf Course which is around 6,000 yards. The Golmuri Golf Course although smaller is also challenging. They together hold the annual Tata Open Golf Tournament which is an event held under the support of the Professional Golf Tour of India. The tournament was started in 2002. Jamshedpur also has the Jamshedpur Gliding Club and the Jamshedpur Co-operative Flying club.


title: Jamshedpur

text: The Tatanagar Junction on the Chakradharpur railway division of the South Eastern Railway, is the major railhead of Jamshedpur. Other railway stations in the city include Adityapur, Gamharia, Kandra and Govindpur.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur is connected to other parts of India through national and state highways. The major highways are:


title: Jamshedpur

text: Jamshedpur has a bus station in Maango. This bus station have buses which go to other cities like Bokaro, Dhanbad, Ranchi etc. However, now there is a plan to update and rebuild and renovate this bus stand/station.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Sonari Airport is serving the city at present. It is spread over a 25-acre area in the Sonari area of the city. The airport is primarily used for bringing in chartered planes of TATA group. In previous days there were flights from Jamshedpur to Kolkata.


title: Jamshedpur

text: Dhalbhumgarh Airport is a proposed public airport located at Dhalbhumgarh, in the state of Jharkhand, India as a greenfield airport for Jamshedpur. It will be built on the site of an abandoned World War II airfield situated from Jamshedpur on NH-33. The old airfield was built around 1942, as an ancillary runway for other airfields in the vicinity that were being built around India's eastern frontier as part of the war effort.


title: Jamshedpur

text: It was one of the airfields used by Allied forces to repel the advancing Japanese troops and to maintain transport links with China. As the Japanese forces came to control shipping in the China Sea, seaborne supply routes to China were cut and the difficult route over the Himalayas was increasingly used. The airfield was abandoned after the war. The technical team of the Airports Authority of India (AAI) conducted a survey in 2017 and approved the Dhalbhumgarh site for a greenfield airport. The government plans to invest Rs 300 crore through AAI for the new airport which will have a runway. In January 2018, Union Minister of State for Civil Aviation Jayant Sinha announced that the Union Civil Aviation Ministry and the Jharkhand Government would sign a Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for the construction of Dhalbhumgarh Airport.


title: Jamshedpur

text: In 2022, it is announced that the Sonari Airport will start commercial public flights for Jamshedpur to Bhubaneswar and Kolkata.


title: Comac C919

text: The development program was launched in 2008. Production of the prototype began in December 2011, with the first prototype being ready on 2 November 2015 and having its maiden flight on 5 May 2017. The aircraft received its airworthiness certification from the Civil Aviation Administration of China on 29 September 2022 and the first operational airframe intended for commercial service was delivered to launch customer China Eastern Airlines on 9 December 2022 in Shanghai.


title: Comac C919

text: The aircraft, primarily constructed with aluminium alloys, is to be powered by either CFM International LEAP or ACAE CJ-1000A turbofan engines, and be able to carry 156 to 168 passengers in a normal operating configuration up to 5,555 km (3000 nmi).


title: Comac C919

text: In the model number, the "C" stands for "Comac". The "C" also has the implication that forms an "ABC" parallel situation with Airbus and Boeing.


title: Comac C919

text: The 2008 program launch initially targeted a maiden flight in 2014. Comac applied for a type certificate for the aircraft from the Civil Aviation Authority of China on 28 October 2010. At that time the company intended to manufacture up to 2,300 aircraft of the type. In June 2011, COMAC and Irish low-cost airline Ryanair signed an agreement to co-operate on the development of the C919. In 2012 Airbus' chief strategist Marwan Lahoud assumed that the aircraft would offer competition to Airbus by 2020.


title: Comac C919

text: On 24 November 2011, Comac announced the completion of the joint definition phase, marking the end of the preliminary design phase for the C919, with estimated completion of the detailed design phase in 2012. Production of the first C919 prototype began on 9 December 2011. The C919's aerodynamics were designed with the help of the Tianhe-2 supercomputer. The annual production was targeted at 150 planes by 2020. Canada's Bombardier Aerospace started collaborating in March 2012 on supply chain services, electrical systems, human interface, cockpit, flight training, flight-test support, sales, and marketing.


title: Comac C919

text: Its announced development budget was 58 billion yuan ($9.5 billion) but its actual cost was estimated at well over $20 billion. The first prototype was expected to complete final assembly in 2014 and perform its first flight in 2015; however, delivery was delayed again until 2018 due to technical difficulties and supply issues. At the November 2014 Zhuhai Airshow, it was announced that the first flight would be delayed to 2017. On 2 November 2015, Comac rolled out its first C919 aircraft.


title: Comac C919

text: In May 2018, the development of a composite wing completed in 2012 was revealed years after abandoning it for a metallic one, as static and damage tolerance tests were completed, verifying the structural design and strength before full-size composite wingbox tests.


title: Comac C919

text: On 12 July, the static test aircraft simulated a 2.5g manoeuvre with a 150% ultimate load, bending the wings at the tips by nearly three metres for three seconds.


title: Comac C919

text: According to a report from cybersecurity firm Crowdstrike and a US Justice Department indictment, from 2010 to 2015 the Chinese cyberthreat actor Turbine Panda, linked to the Ministry of State Security’s Jiangsu Bureau, penetrated a number of the C919's foreign components manufacturers including Ametek, Capstone Turbine, GE Aviation, Honeywell, Safran, and others and stole intellectual property and industrial processes data with the aim of transitioning component manufacturing to Chinese companies. The report stated that the operations involved both cyber intrusion and theft as well as HUMINT operations, in most cases using a piece of code custom written for this industrial espionage operation.


title: Comac C919

text: As of 2019, four people have been arrested in the US as a result of investigations into this economic espionage and theft of trade secrets.


title: Comac C919

text: In November 2022, a federal jury in Cincinnati convicted Yanjun Xu, 42, on counts of conspiracy to commit economic espionage, conspiracy to commit trade secret theft, attempted economic espionage and attempted trade secret theft. Xu played a key role in stealing trade secrets from western aerospace firms, for the purpose of helping the C919 commercial airliner program.


title: Comac C919

text: High-speed taxi tests were completed in April 2017 and the first flight took place on 5 May 2017. At the time, Comac had a planned test programme of 4,200 flight hours and introduction to service in 2020. It was estimated that this could be delayed into 2021.


title: Comac C919

text: The 4,200 hours of testing planned were higher than the 3,000 hours typically required for the Airbus or Boeing narrowbodies, but lower than the 5,000 hours needed for the ARJ21.


title: Comac C919

text: Comac had its second prototype ready on 28 July 2017, aiming to fly it within the year for engine, APU, fuel system and extreme weather tests.


title: Comac C919

text: On 28 September, it made its second flight at , which lasted 2 hours 46 minutes, although it was supposed to last one more hour.


title: Comac C919

text: The five-month delay between first and second flights, while the second prototype was being ground-tested, was extraordinary: in 2013 the Airbus A350 flew again after five days and in 2015 the troubled Mitsubishi MRJ flew again after eight days.


title: Comac C919

text: It was transferred on 10 November from Shanghai to Xian to continue its flight test program, a 2h 24min, flight reaching and .


title: Comac C919

text: The second prototype made its first flight on 17 December 2017. The flight test program allocated the first three prototypes for aircraft performance and engine and power systems testing, the fourth prototype for avionics and electrical system, and the fifth and sixth prototypes for passenger facilities, including the cabin and information system.


title: Comac C919

text: The delay between first and subsequent flights underlined the program immaturity by maiden flight: flying early at low speed and altitude is possible but faster and higher is limited by aeroelastic flutter needing ground vibration testing and aircraft instrumentation which were not ready in May.


title: Comac C919

text: Due to flight testing problems, the 2020 introduction previously scheduled was delayed to 2021, for China Eastern Airlines.


title: Comac C919

text: In June 2018, Aviation Week reported flight-test aircraft grounding for modifications, extending the schedule by three months but maintaining a 2020 certification target.


title: Comac C919

text: The two prototypes needed their flaps and tailplanes modified, due to delamination of the carbon-fiber reinforced plastic elevators.


title: Comac C919

text: Comac denied any grounding and highlighted that modifications were part of the flight test process, stating the two first aircraft were flying stability tests and checking systems.


title: Comac C919

text: The first was calibrated and had its counterweight and trailing cone systems modified while the second had its functions and systems checked.


title: Comac C919

text: The third was in final assembly with its wing and fuselage joined, cables and systems were being installed for a first flight target by the end of the year.


title: Comac C919

text: On 12 July, the second prototype flew from Shanghai-Pudong to Dongying Airport in 1h 46min to allow for various meteorological conditions testing.


title: Comac C919

text: In September, Comac expected to conduct 1,500 test flights for over 2,000 flying hours before the first delivery and planned to fly the third prototype before the end of 2018.


title: Comac C919

text: In October 2018, the flight-deck design was re-evaluated to comply with US FAR Part 25.1302, not necessary for CAAC but for FAA certification to sell it outside China, a result of inexperience of the aircraft design process. Developing a Chinese engine to replace the CFM Leap-1C would take at least another 15 years.


title: Comac C919

text: To achieve certification in December 2020 and first delivery in 2021, the planned 4,200 h of flight tests would need 33 hours a month each if the last four prototypes are evenly spaced before year-end-2019.


title: Comac C919

text: Newest airliner designs like the Airbus A350 needed a 2,600 hour test program, and the Mitsubishi MRJ is expected to need 3,000 h.


title: Comac C919

text: On October 15, 2018, ten Chinese nationals, including intelligence officials, were indicted by the US for allegedly working with COMAC to allegedly steal the secrets of thirteen foreign aerospace companies working on the C919.


title: Comac C919

text: By the end of 2018, the first prototype was to enter flutter flight tests after having completed ground tests.


title: Comac C919

text: A fourth prototype conducted its maiden flight on 1 August 2019 from Shanghai Pudong International Airport.


title: Comac C919

text: A fifth prototype conducted its first flight on 24 October 2019, also from Shanghai airport; the fifth prototype was expected to test for extreme weather conditions, the environmental control system, drainage systems and electrical supplies.


title: Comac C919

text: Comac rescheduled its certification target from 2020 to 2021, with the first delivery the following year.


title: Comac C919

text: The sixth and final prototype, intended for the flight certification program, completed its maiden flight on December 27, 2019. Reports at the time indicated that the C919 was expected to commence commercial service with China Eastern Airlines in either 2021 or 2022.


title: Comac C919

text: On 27 November 2020, the C919 received its type inspection authorization from the CAAC, meaning that "the aircraft design has been finalised and verified, and that no major changes can be made to its structure." COMAC hoped to proceed with more intensive flight tests to certify airworthiness by 2021 and to commence deliveries.


title: Comac C919

text: After completing cold-weather testing in China's Inner Mongolia, the C919 is slated to conduct flight tests in natural icing conditions from London International Airport in Ontario, Canada during March 2021. However, these tests may be delayed depending on the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Comac C919

text: The C919 completed its first pre-delivery flight test at Shanghai Pudong International Airport. Comac reports that the aircraft (B-001J, MSN107) successfully completed a 3-hour test session on 14 May 2022. The aircraft bearing the livery of China Eastern Airlines, is set to be delivered this year. In May 2022, the jet was listed for a price of 653 million yuan (US$ million), almost matching the Airbus A320neo and the Boeing 737 MAX competitors, and twice the US$50 million price initially anticipated.


title: Comac C919

text: The airline flew a number of route-proving flights throughout 2022 to reinforce its viability on important segments. Many of the flights were flown between different Chinese cities. Around the same time, the first production aircraft, bound for China Eastern Airlines, started performing flight tests to ensure its preparation for commercial service. COMAC reported after the first flight that all pre-set tasks were accomplished successfully.It is forecasted that one C919 is to be delivered to China Eastern Airlines in 2022, while the remaining four aircraft in the first batch of orders will be delivered in 2023.


title: Comac C919

text: On 29 September 2022, the Civil Aviation Administration of China issued the airworthiness certificate for the C919 to COMAC.; ten weeks later, the first C919 airframe was delivered to launch customer China Eastern Airlines on 9 December 2022 in Shanghai.


title: Comac C919

text: The dimensions of the C919 are quite similar to those of the Airbus A320; its fuselage is wide and high with a cross-section. This may allow for a common unit load device to be used for both aircraft. It has a wingspan ( with winglets). The aircraft's intended payload capacity will be 20.4 tonnes. The design calls for cruise at with an operating ceiling of 12,200 metres (39,800 feet). There will be two variants: the standard version with a range, and a extended-range version.


title: Comac C919

text: The center wing box, outer wing box, wing panels, flaps, and ailerons are planned to be built in Xi'an, China; the center fuselage sections are planned to be built in Hongdu, China. Aluminium-lithium alloys account for 8.8% of the structure and composite materials for 12%. The air frame will be made largely of aluminium alloy. Aircraft design and assembly is performed in Shanghai.


title: Comac C919

text: The wing is of a supercritical design, increasing aerodynamic efficiency by 20% and reducing drag by 8% compared to a non-supercritical wing. The center wing box was originally intended to use carbon fibre composites. It was changed later to an aluminium design to reduce design complications.


title: Comac C919

text: The engine's nacelle, thrust reverser and exhaust system will be provided by Nexcelle, with such features as an advanced inlet configuration, the extensive use of composites and acoustic treatment and an electrically operated thrust reverser. Michelin will supply Air X radial tyres.


title: Comac C919

text: The landing gear is made in China by a joint venture of Germany's Liebherr and Avic's Landing Gear Advanced Manufacturing Corp: Liebherr LAMC Aviation.


title: Comac C919

text: While the airframe is entirely made by Chinese Avic, most systems are made by Western-Chinese joint-ventures: with UTAS for the electric power, fire protection and lighting; with Rockwell Collins for the cabin systems and avionics, with Thales for the IFE, with Honeywell for the flight controls, APU, wheels and brakes; with Moog for the high lift system; with Parker for the hydraulics, actuators and fuel systems, with Liebherr for the landing gear and air management; and the CFM engine and Nexcelle nacelle are entirely foreign.


title: Comac C919

text: Pratt & Whitney and CFM International proposed engines for the aircraft, the PW1000G and LEAP-1C respectively; the LEAP-1C was selected.


title: Comac C919

text: AVIC Commercial Aircraft Engine Co was also tasked with developing an indigenous engine for the aircraft. The ACAE CJ-1000A was unveiled at the 2012 Zhuhai Airshow.


title: Comac C919

text: Assembly of the first CJ-1000AX engine was completed in 18 months in December 2017. The planned entry to service was 2021.


title: Comac C919

text: In February 2020, Reuters reported that the US government considered blocking GE from selling the LEAP-1C engine to Comac, citing concerns of reverse engineering, competition for Boeing, and military use of technology. President Donald Trump tweeted opposition, saying that national security should not be grounds for trade restrictions. The US eventually granted GE a license to sell the engines.


title: Comac C919

text: In 2012 the C919 order book stood at 380 units worth US$26 billion, and averaging $26000/380round1 million. FlightGlobal's Ascend market values in 2013 were $49.2 million for the Airbus A320neo, (100.2-49.2)/100.2*100round0% less than its $100.2 million list price and $51.4 million for the Boeing 737 MAX-8, (100.5-51.4)/100.5*100round0% less than its $100.5 million list price.


title: Comac C919

text: The Chinese airlines that have placed orders for the C919 already have either the Boeing 737 or Airbus A320 in their fleets. In 2013, Chinese state-owned newspaper "Global Times" complained that an "Aviation Week" editorial about the bleak prospects for the aircraft "maliciously disparaged the future outlook for the C919".


title: Comac C919

text: COMAC aims to take a fifth of the global narrowbody market and a third of the Chinese market by 2035. It expects 2,000 sales in the next 20 years. The "Financial Times" commented that China considers it as a source of national pride. It also claimed the C919 is outdated by 10–15 years compared to the latest versions of the A320 and Boeing 737, and will probably cost more to operate.


title: Comac C919

text: Its range of falls short of the of the A320neo and 737 Max 8, the C919 payload-range and economics are similar to the current single-aisles, but it will compete with the Neo and Max.


title: Comac C919

text: At the November 2010 Zhuhai Airshow, Comac announced orders for 55 C919 aircraft from six airlines, with an additional 45 options. The purchasing airlines or lessors included China Eastern Airlines, Air China, Hainan Airlines, China Southern Airlines, CDB Leasing Company, and GE Capital Aviation Services. On 19 October 2011, Chinese ICBC Leasing ordered 45 C919s and agreed to be the launch customer. On 11 November 2014, Comac announced at the 2014 Zhuhai Airshow that China Merchants Bank's aircraft leasing division made a firm commitment for 30 C919s, and that total orders were now up to 450 aircraft.


title: Comac C919

text: At the June 2015 Paris Air Show, Ping An Leasing signed a letter of intent for 50 C919s, becoming one of Comac's largest customers, and Puren Group signed a letter of intent for seven C919s and seven ARJ21s, intended for the start-up Puren Airlines.


title: Comac C919

text: In November 2016 COMAC has received an order for 20 C919s including 5 firm from Shanghai Pudong Development Bank Financial Leasing and for 36 C919s from CITIC Group Financial Leasing including 18 firm.


title: Comac C919

text: While no down payments were needed before its maiden flight, 500,000 yuan ($76,000) were deposited subsequently for each firm order.


title: Comac C919

text: In February 2018, its total order book was for 815, before the order for 200 from HNA Group in June 2018, along with 100 ARJ-21s.


title: Comac C919

text: As of 31 August 2018, FlightGlobal counts 305 orders plus 45 options and 658 letters of intent: 1008 commitments.


title: Comac C919

text: As of March 2020, China Eastern Airlines subsidiary OTT Airlines was scheduled to be the launch customer for the C919. However the first commercial airframe in fact was delivered to China Eastern Airlines on 9 December 2022.


title: Comac C919

text: The first operational C919 airframe intended for commercial service was delivered to China Eastern Airlines on 9 December 2022.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Chapo Trap House is an American left-wing political podcast founded in March 2016 and hosted by Will Menaker, Matt Christman and Felix Biederman with Amber A'Lee Frost as a recurring co-host. The show is produced by Chris Wade and formerly by Brendan James. The podcast is aligned with the dirtbag left, a style of contentious left-wing political discourse that eschews civility in favor of a more casual—and often vulgar—speaking style. The show's creators published "The Chapo Guide to Revolution" in August 2018, with the book debuting at number six on "The New York Times" Best Seller list.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The "Chapo" hosts and producers identify with radical left-wing politics and frequently deride conservative, neoliberal, moderate, and liberal pundits. Writing for "The New York Times", Nikil Saval called "Chapo Trap House" and its hosts "prime originators of the far left's liberal-bashing". The "Pacific Standard" wrote: Contemporary conservatism is the butt of many jokes on "Chapo", but the harshest critiques are often saved for the Democratic Party (and for contemporary liberalism more generally). "Chapo" has managed to strip away the layers standard of political discourse to highlight the brutality behind policies such as "double-tap" airstrikes and for-profit health care. Biederman said the show's audience is seeking alternatives to liberal media, which he calls "the dominion of either upper-middle-class smugness when it's even the least bit funny and insufferable self-righteousness when it's even the least bit conscious". Similarly, Christman said that leftist perspectives in media tend toward either the "smug above-it-all snark of "The Daily Show" or the quaver-voiced earnestness of, like, Chris Hedges or something. Neither of those models offer the visceral thrill of listening to people who actually give a shit (as opposed to the wan liberalism of people who are mostly interested in showing how much smarter they are than Republicans)". Menaker has said that "Chapo" is meant to be in "marked contrast to the utterly humorless and bloodless path that leads many people with liberal or leftist proclivities into the trap of living in constant fear of offending some group that you're not a part of, up to and including the ruling class".


title: Chapo Trap House

text: "Chapo Trap House" is dense with inside jokes and hyper-specific references to ongoing political discussion on Twitter. The hosts are associated with Twitter communities called "Left Twitter" and "Weird Twitter", a name used to describe a loose group of Twitter users known for absurdist humor.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: An episode of "Chapo Trap House" usually lasts between 60 and 80 minutes. Episodes are typically structured with a prepared "cold open", an interview with a guest, and commentary on current events. In post-production, relevant audio samples are interspersed into the episode's discussion. The theme song—and inspiration for the show's title—is "SALUTE 2 EL CHAPO PART 1" by DJ Smokey. The show has a reading series which usually features texts by conservative and neoliberal writers, such as Ross Douthat, Ben Shapiro, Dennis Prager, and Rod Dreher.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Weekly free episodes of the show are available via SoundCloud, Spotify, and iTunes, among other services. Subscribers who contribute at least $5 per month via Patreon gain access to additional weekly premium bonus episodes. By May 2017, the show generated more than $60,000 a month from subscribers, and is as of February 2020 the highest-grossing user on Patreon, earning nearly $160,000 per month. Geek.com cited the show's premium content as an example of a viable revenue model for new podcasters.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The three founding hosts met online through discussions on Twitter years prior to starting the podcast. Under the usernames @willmenaker (Menaker); @cushbomb (Christman); and @ByYourLogic (Biederman, also formerly @swarthyvillain), they developed followings for their political commentary and have been called "minor Twitter celebrities". All had been politically motivated for several years.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The three first recorded together as guests on an episode of the podcast "Street Fight Radio" to mock the film "". They had already discussed hosting a show together for some time, and, encouraged by positive reception to their "Street Fight" appearances, they created "Chapo Trap House". They chose the name "Chapo Trap House" in the first episode as a joking reference to the Mexican drug lord Joaquín "El Chapo" Guzmán and a slang term for a drug house, intending the title to sound like the title of a rap mixtape.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The show came to prominence during the 2016 Democratic Party presidential primary contest between former United States Secretary of State Hillary Clinton and United States Senator Bernie Sanders. The show's left-wing content became popular with supporters of the democratic socialist Sanders.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The team behind the podcast has since expanded from the original three hosts. Brendan James joined as producer after appearing as a guest, and Virgil Texas and Amber A'Lee Frost joined the show as alternating co-hosts after the 2016 American presidential election. James left the show in November 2017, later being replaced by producer and writer Chris Wade.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Biederman, Christman, James, Menaker, and Texas authored a satirical book about American politics, "The Chapo Guide to Revolution: A Manifesto Against Logic, Facts, and Reason", published in August 2018 under the name Chapo Trap House. It debuted on "The New York Times" Best Seller list at number 6 under the Hardcover Non-Fiction category and number 7 under the Combined Print & E-Book category.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: During the 2020 United States presidential election cycle, "Chapo Trap House" interviewed Democratic presidential candidates Marianne Williamson, Andrew Yang, John Delaney, Joe Sestak, Tom Steyer, and Bernie Sanders. In February 2020, "The New York Times" profiled the group's large live shows in early Democratic Party primary states, noting that they had "morphed into a touring political rally" for the election of Bernie Sanders.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Virgil Texas started co-hosting the "Bad Faith" podcast with Briahna Joy Gray in September 2020. In May 2021, it was announced that Texas was leaving "Chapo Trap House". The podcast's Patreon page described the parting as amicable.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Avid fans of "Chapo Trap House" are called Grey Wolves, a joke referencing the neo-fascist, nationalist Turkish movement of the same name. Many fans credit the show for introducing them to political organizing.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: A review of the second episode in "The A.V. Club" called the show "tremendously funny" and said "it feels like an absolutely essential listen". The reviewer cautioned prospective listeners that the show's left political perspective and amateur audio quality are "not for everyone", but said the hosts' "energy and desire to improve the political landscape of this country is not only unparalleled, but also contagious: if listening to this podcast doesn't make you want to become a more politically engaged person, it's hard to imagine what will". A subsequent "A.V. Club" review of the seventh episode noted the show's marked improvements in audio quality and the hosts' newfound confidence and flow in discussion, while retaining the "raw energy and urgency that has fueled the show from the get-go". The publication eventually named the episode of the show following the election of Donald Trump one of the best individual podcast episodes of the year 2016.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: "Mediaite" called the show "consistently, absurdly funny and impressively literate on the diverse subjects it tackles", citing the hosts' "breadth of awareness about (seemingly) everything that's been published in every media outlet for the past few decades, and a depth of knowledge on various, arcane subjects". "Paste" described the show as "not deliberately offensive, but unapologetically honest ... so hilarious and delightfully vulgar I can barely stand it". "Pacific Standard" wrote, "Whether you think "Chapo Trap House" and its fans are bullies or righteously hilarious seems to come down to whether you think calling a "Washington Post" reporter 'smooth brain' is an acceptable move within the political discourse". "The Irish Times" commended its "more bracing and venomous approach to politics" than other podcasts and named the show one of the best podcasts of 2016.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: "The Advocate" praised the show for its "scathing, hilarious, erudite analysis on politics and media from a far-left perspective", and favorably analogized the thrill of listening to how Alex Jones and Rush Limbaugh make their right-wing fans feel. Comedy website "Splitsider" recommended the episode featuring video editor Vic Berger, who did an in-depth interview about his surreal Vine and YouTube shorts covering the 2016 presidential election season.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: In a 2016 column, Robby Soave of libertarian magazine "Reason" criticized the show as "apparently a group therapy session for Bernie bros". Soave wrote in reaction to host Will Menaker commenting on one of his tweets, saying that he believed Menaker had a hypocritical view of free-speech rights, and said the hosts "would gleefully applaud the silencing of everyone to their right". Soave later appeared as a guest on a premium episode of the podcast, "17 – The Road to Soavedom", in which he debated the hosts on freedom of speech in the media and the viability of public education.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: The 2019 role-playing video game "Disco Elysium" features voice-acting cameos from Biederman, Christman, Menaker, and Texas. The creators of the game, Studio ZA/UM, lauded the podcast on Twitter, saying they had been "huge ["Chapo"] fans since the beginning".


title: Chapo Trap House

text: In March 2019, it was revealed former U.S. Senator from Alaska Mike Gravel filed for an exploratory committee regarding a possible 2020 presidential campaign after being convinced to run by students David Oks, Henry Williams, and Elijah Emery, who learned about Gravel from "Chapo Trap House". Gravel's formerly dormant Twitter account soon went viral after being used by the students to attack various politicians, including Democrats Amy Klobuchar, Cory Booker, Joe Biden, and Kamala Harris, in an effort to move discussion of the 2020 Democratic presidential candidates leftward. The Mike Gravel campaign performed an AMA on the r/Chapotraphouse subreddit on April 8, the day the campaign officially launched.


title: Chapo Trap House

text: Italian weekly news magazine "L'espresso" attributed "Chapo Trap House" listenership with rising membership in the Democratic Socialists of America throughout early 2019, saying the podcast is real and physical program, which is bringing thousands of young Americans to subscribing themselves to the DSA: the young Democratic Socialists of America".


title: Chapo Trap House

text: During the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, "The New York Times" wrote about the "Chapo Trap House" hosts' characterizations of candidates challenging Vermont Senator and presidential candidate Bernie Sanders, the hosts' preferred candidate. The hosts called supporters of former Vice President Joe Biden "gelatinous 100-year-olds", referred to former Mayor Pete Buttigieg as "a bloodless asexual", and said former Mayor Michael Bloomberg should lose "so badly that this midget gremlin won't even have a shot even with a trillion dollars". When the hosts mentioned the name of Massachusetts Senator and presidential candidate Elizabeth Warren during a live event, the crowd hissed. According to the article, "the Sanders campaign maintains a close relationship with the podcast. His senior adviser, David Sirota, and his national press secretary, Briahna Joy Gray, have also been on the podcast". Describing the podcast's simultaneous intense criticism of the Warren 2020 presidential campaign and its associations with the Sanders campaign, Zach Beauchamp of "Vox" wrote, "If Sanders's fans are really serious about helping their guy, they need to think carefully about whether what they're doing is actually working".


title: Chapo Trap House

text: On June 29, 2020, Reddit banned the unofficial "Chapo Trap House" subreddit, citing violations of Reddit's new community guidelines and the subreddit's persistent failure to moderate rule-breaking content. The hosts of "Chapo Trap House" have frequently repudiated this subreddit as well.


title: Chemical bond

text: A chemical bond is a lasting attraction between atoms or ions that enables the formation of molecules and crystals. The bond may result from the electrostatic force between oppositely charged ions as in ionic bonds, or through the sharing of electrons as in covalent bonds. The strength of chemical bonds varies considerably; there are "strong bonds" or "primary bonds" such as covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, and "weak bonds" or "secondary bonds" such as dipole–dipole interactions, the London dispersion force and hydrogen bonding. Strong chemical bonding arises from the sharing or transfer of electrons between the participating atoms.


title: Chemical bond

text: Since opposite electric charges attract, the negatively charged electrons surrounding the nucleus and the positively charged protons within a nucleus attract each other. An electron positioned between two nuclei will be attracted to both of them, and the nuclei will be attracted toward electrons in this position. This attraction constitutes a covalent chemical bond. Because of the matter wave nature of electrons and their smaller mass, they occupy a much larger of volume than the nuclei, and this volume keeps the atomic nuclei in a bond far apart compared to the size of the nuclei.


title: Chemical bond

text: The atoms in molecules, crystals, metals and most of the physical environment around and within us are held together by chemical bonds, which determine the structure and properties of matter.


title: Chemical bond

text: All bonds can be explained by quantum theory, but, in practice, simplified rules and theories allow chemists to predict the strength, directionality, and polarity of bonds. The octet rule and VSEPR theory are examples. More sophisticated theories are valence bond theory, which includes orbital hybridization and resonance, and molecular orbital theory which includes the linear combination of atomic orbitals and ligand field theory. Electrostatics are used to describe bond polarities and the effects they have on chemical substances.


title: Chemical bond

text: A chemical bond is an attraction between atoms. This attraction may be seen as the result of different behaviors of the outermost or valence electrons of atoms. These behaviors merge into each other seamlessly in various circumstances, so that there is no clear line to be drawn between them. However it remains useful and customary to differentiate between different types of bond, which result in different properties of condensed matter.


title: Chemical bond

text: In the simplest view of a covalent bond, one or more electrons (often a pair of electrons) are drawn into the space between the two atomic nuclei. Energy is released by bond formation. This is not as a result of reduction in potential energy, because the attraction of the two electrons to the two protons is offset by the electron-electron and proton-proton repulsions. Instead, the release of energy (and hence stability of the bond) arises from the reduction in kinetic energy due to the electrons being in a more spatially distributed (i.e. longer de Broglie wavelength) orbital compared with each electron being confined closer to its respective nucleus. These bonds exist between two particular identifiable atoms and have a direction in space, allowing them to be shown as single connecting lines between atoms in drawings, or modeled as sticks between spheres in models.


title: Chemical bond

text: In a polar covalent bond, one or more electrons are unequally shared between two nuclei. Covalent bonds often result in the formation of small collections of better-connected atoms called molecules, which in solids and liquids are bound to other molecules by forces that are often much weaker than the covalent bonds that hold the molecules internally together. Such weak intermolecular bonds give organic molecular substances, such as waxes and oils, their soft bulk character, and their low melting points (in liquids, molecules must cease most structured or oriented contact with each other). When covalent bonds link long chains of atoms in large molecules, however (as in polymers such as nylon), or when covalent bonds extend in networks through solids that are not composed of discrete molecules (such as diamond or quartz or the silicate minerals in many types of rock) then the structures that result may be both strong and tough, at least in the direction oriented correctly with networks of covalent bonds. Also, the melting points of such covalent polymers and networks increase greatly.


title: Chemical bond

text: In a simplified view of an "ionic" bond, the bonding electron is not shared at all, but transferred. In this type of bond, the outer atomic orbital of one atom has a vacancy which allows the addition of one or more electrons. These newly added electrons potentially occupy a lower energy-state (effectively closer to more nuclear charge) than they experience in a different atom. Thus, one nucleus offers a more tightly bound position to an electron than does another nucleus, with the result that one atom may transfer an electron to the other. This transfer causes one atom to assume a net positive charge, and the other to assume a net negative charge. The "bond" then results from electrostatic attraction between the positive and negatively charged ions. Ionic bonds may be seen as extreme examples of polarization in covalent bonds. Often, such bonds have no particular orientation in space, since they result from equal electrostatic attraction of each ion to all ions around them. Ionic bonds are strong (and thus ionic substances require high temperatures to melt) but also brittle, since the forces between ions are short-range and do not easily bridge cracks and fractures. This type of bond gives rise to the physical characteristics of crystals of classic mineral salts, such as table salt.


title: Chemical bond

text: A less often mentioned type of bonding is "metallic" bonding. In this type of bonding, each atom in a metal donates one or more electrons to a "sea" of electrons that reside between many metal atoms. In this sea, each electron is free (by virtue of its wave nature) to be associated with a great many atoms at once. The bond results because the metal atoms become somewhat positively charged due to loss of their electrons while the electrons remain attracted to many atoms, without being part of any given atom. Metallic bonding may be seen as an extreme example of delocalization of electrons over a large system of covalent bonds, in which every atom participates. This type of bonding is often very strong (resulting in the tensile strength of metals). However, metallic bonding is more collective in nature than other types, and so they allow metal crystals to more easily deform, because they are composed of atoms attracted to each other, but not in any particularly-oriented ways. This results in the malleability of metals. The cloud of electrons in metallic bonding causes the characteristically good electrical and thermal conductivity of metals, and also their shiny lustre that reflects most frequencies of white light.


title: Chemical bond

text: Early speculations about the nature of the chemical bond, from as early as the 12th century, supposed that certain types of chemical species were joined by a type of chemical affinity. In 1704, Sir Isaac Newton famously outlined his atomic bonding theory, in "Query 31" of his "Opticks", whereby atoms attach to each other by some "force". Specifically, after acknowledging the various popular theories in vogue at the time, of how atoms were reasoned to attach to each other, i.e. "hooked atoms", "glued together by rest", or "stuck together by conspiring motions", Newton states that he would rather infer from their cohesion, that "particles attract one another by some force, which in immediate contact is exceedingly strong, at small distances performs the chemical operations, and reaches not far from the particles with any sensible effect."


title: Chemical bond

text: In 1819, on the heels of the invention of the voltaic pile, Jöns Jakob Berzelius developed a theory of chemical combination stressing the electronegative and electropositive characters of the combining atoms. By the mid 19th century, Edward Frankland, F.A. Kekulé, A.S. Couper, Alexander Butlerov, and Hermann Kolbe, building on the theory of radicals, developed the theory of valency, originally called "combining power", in which compounds were joined owing to an attraction of positive and negative poles. In 1904, Richard Abegg proposed his rule that the difference between the maximum and minimum valencies of an element is often eight. At this point, valency was still an empirical number based only on chemical properties.


title: Chemical bond

text: However the nature of the atom became clearer with Ernest Rutherford's 1911 discovery that of an atomic nucleus surrounded by electrons in which he quoted Nagaoka rejected Thomson's model on the grounds that opposite charges are impenetrable. In 1904, Nagaoka proposed an alternative planetary model of the atom in which a positively charged center is surrounded by a number of revolving electrons, in the manner of Saturn and its rings.


title: Chemical bond

text: At the 1911 Solvay Conference, in the discussion of what could regulate energy differences between atoms, Max Planck stated: "The intermediaries could be the electrons." These nuclear models suggested that electrons determine chemical behavior.


title: Chemical bond

text: Next came Niels Bohr's 1913 model of a nuclear atom with electron orbits. In 1916, chemist Gilbert N. Lewis developed the concept of electron-pair bonds, in which two atoms may share one to six electrons, thus forming the single electron bond, a single bond, a double bond, or a triple bond; in Lewis's own words, "An electron may form a part of the shell of two different atoms and cannot be said to belong to either one exclusively."


title: Chemical bond

text: Also in 1916, Walther Kossel put forward a theory similar to Lewis' only his model assumed complete transfers of electrons between atoms, and was thus a model of ionic bonding. Both Lewis and Kossel structured their bonding models on that of Abegg's rule (1904).


title: Chemical bond

text: Niels Bohr also proposed a model of the chemical bond in 1913. According to his model for a diatomic molecule, the electrons of the atoms of the molecule form a rotating ring whose plane is perpendicular to the axis of the molecule and equidistant from the atomic nuclei. The dynamic equilibrium of the molecular system is achieved through the balance of forces between the forces of attraction of nuclei to the plane of the ring of electrons and the forces of mutual repulsion of the nuclei. The Bohr model of the chemical bond took into account the Coulomb repulsion – the electrons in the ring are at the maximum distance from each other.


title: Chemical bond

text: In 1927, the first mathematically complete quantum description of a simple chemical bond, i.e. that produced by one electron in the hydrogen molecular ion, H, was derived by the Danish physicist Øyvind Burrau. This work showed that the quantum approach to chemical bonds could be fundamentally and quantitatively correct, but the mathematical methods used could not be extended to molecules containing more than one electron. A more practical, albeit less quantitative, approach was put forward in the same year by Walter Heitler and Fritz London. The Heitler–London method forms the basis of what is now called valence bond theory. In 1929, the linear combination of atomic orbitals molecular orbital method (LCAO) approximation was introduced by Sir John Lennard-Jones, who also suggested methods to derive electronic structures of molecules of F (fluorine) and O (oxygen) molecules, from basic quantum principles. This molecular orbital theory represented a covalent bond as an orbital formed by combining the quantum mechanical Schrödinger atomic orbitals which had been hypothesized for electrons in single atoms. The equations for bonding electrons in multi-electron atoms could not be solved to mathematical perfection (i.e., "analytically"), but approximations for them still gave many good qualitative predictions and results. Most quantitative calculations in modern quantum chemistry use either valence bond or molecular orbital theory as a starting point, although a third approach, density functional theory, has become increasingly popular in recent years.


title: Chemical bond

text: In 1933, H. H. James and A. S. Coolidge carried out a calculation on the dihydrogen molecule that, unlike all previous calculation which used functions only of the distance of the electron from the atomic nucleus, used functions which also explicitly added the distance between the two electrons. With up to 13 adjustable parameters they obtained a result very close to the experimental result for the dissociation energy. Later extensions have used up to 54 parameters and gave excellent agreement with experiments. This calculation convinced the scientific community that quantum theory could give agreement with experiment. However this approach has none of the physical pictures of the valence bond and molecular orbital theories and is difficult to extend to larger molecules.


title: Chemical bond

text: Because atoms and molecules are three-dimensional, it is difficult to use a single method to indicate orbitals and bonds. In molecular formulas the chemical bonds (binding orbitals) between atoms are indicated in different ways depending on the type of discussion. Sometimes, some details are neglected. For example, in organic chemistry one is sometimes concerned only with the functional group of the molecule. Thus, the molecular formula of ethanol may be written in conformational form, three-dimensional form, full two-dimensional form (indicating every bond with no three-dimensional directions), compressed two-dimensional form (CH–CH–OH), by separating the functional group from another part of the molecule (CHOH), or by its atomic constituents (CHO), according to what is discussed. Sometimes, even the non-bonding valence shell electrons (with the two-dimensional approximate directions) are marked, e.g. for elemental carbon C. Some chemists may also mark the respective orbitals, e.g. the hypothetical ethene anion (C=C ) indicating the possibility of bond formation.


title: Chemical bond

text: Strong chemical bonds are the "intramolecular" forces that hold atoms together in molecules. A strong chemical bond is formed from the transfer or sharing of electrons between atomic centers and relies on the electrostatic attraction between the protons in nuclei and the electrons in the orbitals.


title: Chemical bond

text: The types of strong bond differ due to the difference in electronegativity of the constituent elements. Electronegativity is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons when forming a chemical bond, where the higher the associated electronegativity then the more it attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively estimate the bond energy, which characterizes a bond along the continuous scale from covalent to ionic bonding. A large difference in electronegativity leads to more polar (ionic) character in the bond.


title: Chemical bond

text: Ionic bonding is a type of electrostatic interaction between atoms that have a large electronegativity difference. There is no precise value that distinguishes ionic from covalent bonding, but an electronegativity difference of over 1.7 is likely to be ionic while a difference of less than 1.7 is likely to be covalent. Ionic bonding leads to separate positive and negative ions. Ionic charges are commonly between −3e to +3e. Ionic bonding commonly occurs in metal salts such as sodium chloride (table salt). A typical feature of ionic bonds is that the species form into ionic crystals, in which no ion is specifically paired with any single other ion in a specific directional bond. Rather, each species of ion is surrounded by ions of the opposite charge, and the spacing between it and each of the oppositely charged ions near it is the same for all surrounding atoms of the same type. It is thus no longer possible to associate an ion with any specific other single ionized atom near it. This is a situation unlike that in covalent crystals, where covalent bonds between specific atoms are still discernible from the shorter distances between them, as measured via such techniques as X-ray diffraction.


title: Chemical bond

text: Ionic crystals may contain a mixture of covalent and ionic species, as for example salts of complex acids such as sodium cyanide, NaCN. X-ray diffraction shows that in NaCN, for example, the bonds between sodium cations (Na) and the cyanide anions (CN) are "ionic", with no sodium ion associated with any particular cyanide. However, the bonds between the carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) atoms in cyanide are of the "covalent" type, so that each carbon is strongly bound to "just one" nitrogen, to which it is physically much closer than it is to other carbons or nitrogens in a sodium cyanide crystal.


title: Chemical bond

text: When such crystals are melted into liquids, the ionic bonds are broken first because they are non-directional and allow the charged species to move freely. Similarly, when such salts dissolve into water, the ionic bonds are typically broken by the interaction with water but the covalent bonds continue to hold. For example, in solution, the cyanide ions, still bound together as single CN ions, move independently through the solution, as do sodium ions, as Na. In water, charged ions move apart because each of them are more strongly attracted to a number of water molecules than to each other. The attraction between ions and water molecules in such solutions is due to a type of weak dipole-dipole type chemical bond. In melted ionic compounds, the ions continue to be attracted to each other, but not in any ordered or crystalline way.


title: Chemical bond

text: Covalent bonding is a common type of bonding in which two or more atoms share valence electrons more or less equally. The simplest and most common type is a single bond in which two atoms share two electrons. Other types include the double bond, the triple bond, one- and three-electron bonds, the three-center two-electron bond and three-center four-electron bond.


title: Chemical bond

text: In non-polar covalent bonds, the electronegativity difference between the bonded atoms is small, typically 0 to 0.3. Bonds within most organic compounds are described as covalent. The figure shows methane (CH), in which each hydrogen forms a covalent bond with the carbon. See sigma bonds and pi bonds for LCAO descriptions of such bonding.


title: Chemical bond

text: Molecules that are formed primarily from non-polar covalent bonds are often immiscible in water or other polar solvents, but much more soluble in non-polar solvents such as hexane.


title: Chemical bond

text: A polar covalent bond is a covalent bond with a significant ionic character. This means that the two shared electrons are closer to one of the atoms than the other, creating an imbalance of charge. Such bonds occur between two atoms with moderately different electronegativities and give rise to dipole–dipole interactions. The electronegativity difference between the two atoms in these bonds is 0.3 to 1.7.


title: Chemical bond

text: A single bond between two atoms corresponds to the sharing of one pair of electrons. The Hydrogen (H) atom has one valence electron. Two Hydrogen atoms can then form a molecule, held together by the shared pair of electrons. Each H atom now has the noble gas electron configuration of helium (He). The pair of shared electrons forms a single covalent bond. The electron density of these two bonding electrons in the region between the two atoms increases from the density of two non-interacting H atoms.


title: Chemical bond

text: A double bond has two shared pairs of electrons, one in a sigma bond and one in a pi bond with electron density concentrated on two opposite sides of the internuclear axis. A triple bond consists of three shared electron pairs, forming one sigma and two pi bonds. An example is nitrogen. Quadruple and higher bonds are very rare and occur only between certain transition metal atoms.


title: Chemical bond

text: A coordinate covalent bond is a covalent bond in which the two shared bonding electrons are from the same one of the atoms involved in the bond. For example, boron trifluoride (BF) and ammonia (NH) form an adduct or coordination complex FB←NH with a B–N bond in which a lone pair of electrons on N is shared with an empty atomic orbital on B. BF with an empty orbital is described as an electron pair acceptor or Lewis acid, while NH with a lone pair that can be shared is described as an electron-pair donor or Lewis base. The electrons are shared roughly equally between the atoms in contrast to ionic bonding. Such bonding is shown by an arrow pointing to the Lewis acid.


title: Chemical bond

text: Transition metal complexes are generally bound by coordinate covalent bonds. For example, the ion Ag reacts as a Lewis acid with two molecules of the Lewis base NH to form the complex ion Ag(NH), which has two Ag←N coordinate covalent bonds.


title: Chemical bond

text: In metallic bonding, bonding electrons are delocalized over a lattice of atoms. By contrast, in ionic compounds, the locations of the binding electrons and their charges are static. The free movement or delocalization of bonding electrons leads to classical metallic properties such as luster (surface light reflectivity), electrical and thermal conductivity, ductility, and high tensile strength.


title: Chemical bond

text: There are four basic types of bonds that can be formed between two or more (otherwise non-associated) molecules, ions or atoms. Intermolecular forces cause molecules to be attracted or repulsed by each other. Often, these define some of the physical characteristics (such as the melting point) of a substance.


title: Chemical bond

text: In the (unrealistic) limit of "pure" ionic bonding, electrons are perfectly localized on one of the two atoms in the bond. Such bonds can be understood by classical physics. The forces between the atoms are characterized by isotropic continuum electrostatic potentials. Their magnitude is in simple proportion to the charge difference.


title: Chemical bond

text: Covalent bonds are better understood by valence bond (VB) theory or molecular orbital (MO) theory. The properties of the atoms involved can be understood using concepts such as oxidation number, formal charge, and electronegativity. The electron density within a bond is not assigned to individual atoms, but is instead delocalized between atoms. In valence bond theory, bonding is conceptualized as being built up from electron pairs that are localized and shared by two atoms via the overlap of atomic orbitals. The concepts of orbital hybridization and resonance augment this basic notion of the electron pair bond. In molecular orbital theory, bonding is viewed as being delocalized and apportioned in orbitals that extend throughout the molecule and are adapted to its symmetry properties, typically by considering linear combinations of atomic orbitals (LCAO). Valence bond theory is more chemically intuitive by being spatially localized, allowing attention to be focused on the parts of the molecule undergoing chemical change. In contrast, molecular orbitals are more "natural" from a quantum mechanical point of view, with orbital energies being physically significant and directly linked to experimental ionization energies from photoelectron spectroscopy. Consequently, valence bond theory and molecular orbital theory are often viewed as competing but complementary frameworks that offer different insights into chemical systems. As approaches for electronic structure theory, both MO and VB methods can give approximations to any desired level of accuracy, at least in principle. However, at lower levels, the approximations differ, and one approach may be better suited for computations involving a particular system or property than the other.


title: Chemical bond

text: Unlike the spherically symmetrical Coulombic forces in pure ionic bonds, covalent bonds are generally directed and anisotropic. These are often classified based on their symmetry with respect to a molecular plane as sigma bonds and pi bonds. In the general case, atoms form bonds that are intermediate between ionic and covalent, depending on the relative electronegativity of the atoms involved. Bonds of this type are known as polar covalent bonds.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: Jerick Roman Lamar Hoffer (born September 18, 1987), better known by the stage name Jinkx Monsoon, is an American drag performer, actor, comedian and singer best known for winning the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", becoming the first person to win two seasons of the show across its iterations. Their first studio album, "The Inevitable Album", was released in 2014, followed by their second studio album, "The Ginger Snapped", in 2018. Jinkx currently appears in the WOW Presents Plus original, "Sketchy Queens", a series they created alongside Liam Krug.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: Jerick Hoffer was born in Portland, Oregon, and first performed in drag at age 15 at the all-ages Escape Nightclub. Their original drag name was going to be "Heidi Destruction" before settling on Jinkx Monsoon. They attended da Vinci Arts Middle School and Grant High School. Hoffer was raised Catholic, and discovered Russian-Jewish ancestry on their mother's side at the age of 18. Their drag character, Jinkx, is characterized as Jewish as a way of reconnecting with this part of their heritage. Hoffer worked as a custodian through college and graduated with a BFA in theater from Cornish College of the Arts in 2010. They have lived in Seattle, Washington since 2006. By October 2018, they moved back to Portland and lived in a house on the East side named Monsoon Manor.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: After moving to Seattle from Portland, Hoffer and creative partner Nick Sahoyah wrote and starred in multiple Funny or Die webisodes titled "Monsoon Season" in which they played Jinkx Monsoon as an overbearing, substance addled, near-psychotic mother to Nick Sahoyah's character, Kamikaze Monsoon. In 2011, Hoffer appeared in the Wes Hurley film "Waxie Moon in Fallen Jewel". In June 2011, Hoffer became subject to a YouTube docu-series by Alex Berry, a Seattle videographer. Named after "Death Becomes Her", one of Jinkx's favorite movies, "Drag Becomes Him" explores Hoffer's life in and out of drag. The series has continued since the finale of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and will offer insight into their life since the show. On February 28, 2013, the first screening at Seattle's Central Cinema was hosted by Monsoon and Waxie Moon.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In January 2012, Hoffer appeared as Moritz in the rock musical "Spring Awakening" at the Balagan Theater in Seattle. Controversy arose from "The Seattle Times" review by Misha Berson, who said that they were "overly flamboyant" for the role. Dan Savage defended Hoffer's portrayal of Moritz. From July 21 to August 19, they starred as Angel in the 5th Avenue Theatre's production of the musical "RENT".


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In November 2012, Logo announced that Jinkx Monsoon was among fourteen drag queens who would be competing on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Hoffer was inspired to audition after seeing Sharon Needles on the fourth season of the show. Monsoon won the main-challenges for the episodes "Snatch Game" and "Drama Queens." For the "Snatch Game," Monsoon impersonated Edith Bouvier Beale. Monsoon also impersonated third-season contestant Mimi Imfurst in the episode "Lip Synch Extravaganza Eleganza." As part of "RuPaul's Drag Race", Monsoon sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?" The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. Monsoon won "RuPaul's Drag Race" season 5.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In January 2013, Hoffer played Hedwig in the Moore Theatre's production of the rock musical "Hedwig and the Angry Inch". Balagan reprised the production in December 2013 for a week long run with Hoffer and the original cast/production team. In June 2013, they played Velma Von Tussle in the Seattle Men's Chorus/5th Avenue Theatre's production of the musical "Hairspray".


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: Hoffer also performed as Jinkx Monsoon in the original one act cabaret musical "The Vaudevillians" under the name "Kitty Witless." They are accompanied by musical partner and co-creator Richard Andriessen who performs under the name "Dr. Dan Von Dandy." The Vaudevillians performed at the Laurie Beechman Theatre in New York City from July to November 2013. After touring Australia with "The Vaudevillians", they received a nomination for the Helpmann Award for Best Cabaret Performer. In 2013, Hoffer was chosen as one of the Artists of the Year by "City Arts" magazine along with Megan Griffiths, Macklemore, Ryan Lewis, and Wes Hurley. They played Tallulah/Dennis, the owner of Lipstick Lounge in an episode of "Blue Bloods" entitled "Manhattan Queens", which aired on January 31, 2014.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In October 2013 it was announced that "Drag Becomes Him" was being turned into a feature-length film with Seattle-based producer Basil Shadid on board. A Kickstarter campaign in March 2014 successfully raised funds to complete the project. On March 26, 2015, Hoffer announced on their Instagram page that the film would premiere at the Cinerama in Seattle on April 29, 2015.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In December 2014, an animated version of Hoffer appeared in the "RuPaul's Drag Race: Dragopolis 2.0" mobile app.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: On May 6, 2014, Monsoon released their debut studio album "The Inevitable Album" through Sidecar Records. The album is a blend of blues, jazz, traditional pop, and cabaret, and was inspired by artists like Bette Midler, Marlene Dietrich, Peggy Lee, Amanda Palmer, and Regina Spektor. The song "The Bacon Shake" features Fred Schneider of The B-52s, and tells of "a bawdy, after-hours gentleman's club and this woman is 'getting the boys thirsty,' and it turns into a big dance that everyone joins."


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: On January 12, 2018, Monsoon released their second studio album "The Ginger Snapped" through Producer Entertainment Group. The album is inspired by 90s grunge, garage rock, and ska, and features appearances from Amanda Palmer, Fred Schneider, and Lady Rizo. They released an animated music video for the song "Cartoons and Vodka" which sees Monsoon transform into various cartoon styles, including Betty Boop, "The Jetsons", "Sailor Moon", "Doug", "Dragon Ball Z", "Steven Universe", "Beavis and Butt-Head", "Adventure Time", "Rick and Morty", "Peanuts", "Dexter's Laboratory", "The Powerpuff Girls", and "The Fairly OddParents". The same month Hoffer voiced the character Emerald on "Steven Universe" in the episode "Lars of the Stars".


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In 2019, Hoffer was cast as Calliope in a North American tour of the musical "Xanadu", though the tour was ultimately cancelled due to low ticket sales. In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed Monsoon 18th on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In 2020, Hoffer appeared in the Hulu original Christmas film "Happiest Season". The same year they starred and co-wrote "The Jinkx and DeLa Holiday Special", a feature-length holiday film with fellow Seattle drag queen BenDeLaCreme based on their various Christmas shows over the years. The duo toured the show around the world in 2021.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In April 2022, it was announced that Jinkx would be competing on the seventh season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars", the first all winners edition of the franchise. They won the Snatch Game in the second episode with their impressions of Natasha Lyonne and Judy Garland. They also won the fourth, fifth, ninth, and tenth episodes. On Friday, 29 July they were crowned the winner and anointed with the title "Queen of All Queens."


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: In November 2022 it was announced that Hoffer would join the Broadway company of the musical "Chicago", playing the role of Mama Morton starting for eight weeks starting January 16, 2023.


title: Jinkx Monsoon

text: Hoffer identifies as "non-gendered" or non-binary, and goes by singular they pronouns when not in drag. In an April 2017 interview, Monsoon stated, "I've never identified as fully male. I've always identified as more gender fluid or gender ambiguous, but I never knew the vocabulary to explain it for myself."