title: Crank (film)

text: The film was shot on location in Los Angeles. Co-directors Mark Neveldine and Brian Taylor operated both "a" and "b" cameras, where one would get a wide shot and the other would get a close-up shot. Jason Statham did all of his own fight and car stunts, including the fight with Verona in a helicopter 3,000 feet above Los Angeles.


title: Crank (film)

text: The soundtrack for the film was released on August 22, 2006. Allmusic gave the album three out of five, stating "What is here is imaginative, creative, and head-scratchingly cool. While it's a very tacky and overly obvious thing indeed to end with the Jefferson Starship tune "Miracles" (why not just give away the ending, huh?), this set is pretty much unassailable."


title: Crank (film)

text: Directors Neveldine and Taylor, along with actors Statham and Ramirez, appeared at the 2006 Comic-Con Convention in San Diego, California. The panel showed a short clip and promoted the film, mentioning that it was shot in HD and that no wires or CGI were used for the stunt scenes.


title: Crank (film)

text: The filmmakers also made extensive use of web advertisement to promote the film. Lionsgate bought a featured spot on the home page of YouTube and paid several of its well-known members to advertise.


title: Crank (film)

text: "Crank" opened on September 1, 2006 in North America in 2,515 theaters. It grossed $10,457,367 on its opening weekend and was ranked at No. 2 at the box office, behind "Invincible". The film ended up grossing $27,838,408 domestically and $15,092,633 internationally for a total of $42,931,041, on a $12 million production budget.


title: Crank (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 61% based on reviews from 96 critics, with an average rating of 6.00/10. The website's consensus for the film reads, ""Crank" assaultive style and gleeful depravity may turn off casual action fans, but audiences seeking a strong dose of adrenaline will be thrilled by Jason Statham's raucous race against mortality". On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 57 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade C+. Lionsgate chose not to screen the film for critics or the press at the time of its release.


title: Crank (film)

text: Some filmmakers and actors singled out "Crank" (and its sequel) as their favorite films starring Jason Statham, including Seth Rogen, Rupert Grint, Simon Pegg, James McAvoy, Edgar Wright, and Gareth Evans.


title: Crank (film)

text: The region 2 version of the DVD was released December 26, 2006, but initially had no special features. The region 1 DVD was released by Lionsgate on January 9, 2007. This DVD is available in separate widescreen and fullscreen editions, each with Dolby Digital 5.1 and 2.0 tracks. The bonus materials includes running cast and crew audio commentary, behind-the-scenes footage, gags, maps, making-of insights, and interviews with the cast. These features are all accessible via the "Crank'd Out Mode" - a pop-up window feature that allows access to the extras without ever leaving the film. The DVD also includes a "family friendly" audio replacement, in which the film is dubbed over as it would appear on a television broadcast. However, the violence, language subtitles, and nudity are still the same.


title: Crank (film)

text: "Crank: High Voltage" is the 2009 sequel to "Crank". It picks up seconds after the first film left off. It seems that the poison in Chelios' body has worn off, but retains the gimmick of the first installment; he now has an artificial heart which he must keep charged with electricity to stay alive.


title: Talk Talk

text: Talk Talk were an English band formed in 1981, led by Mark Hollis (vocals, guitar, piano), Lee Harris (drums), and Paul Webb (bass). The group achieved early chart success with the synth-pop singles "Talk Talk" (1982), "It's My Life", and "Such a Shame" (both 1984) before moving towards a more experimental approach informed by jazz and free improvisation in the mid-1980s, pioneering what became known as post-rock. Talk Talk achieved widespread critical success in Europe and the UK with the singles "Life's What You Make It" (1985) and "Living in Another World" (1986); in 1988, they released their fourth album "Spirit of Eden", which was critically acclaimed but commercially unsuccessful.


title: Talk Talk

text: Friction with the band's label, EMI, resulted in legal action and countersuing. Webb departed, and the band switched to Polydor for their final studio album, 1991's "Laughing Stock", but split soon afterwards. Singer Mark Hollis released one solo album in 1998 before retiring from the music industry; he died in 2019. The band's founding bass player and drummer, Paul Webb and Lee Harris, played in several bands together; long-term collaborator Tim Friese-Greene continued in the business as a musician and producer.


title: Talk Talk

text: Talk Talk began as a quartet consisting of Mark Hollis, formerly from The Reaction (vocals/main songwriter), Lee Harris (drums), Paul Webb (bass guitar), and Simon Brenner (keyboards). In their early years they were often compared with Duran Duran. In addition to a band name consisting of a repeated word, the two shared a Roxy Music-inspired musical direction, as well as the same record label (EMI) and producer (Colin Thurston). The band also supported Duran Duran on tour in late 1981.


title: Talk Talk

text: The band released their first single, "Mirror Man", on EMI in February 1982. The single was not a great success, but was quickly followed by their self-titled single in April 1982 (a rerecording of a track by The Reaction) which reached No. 52 in the UK. The band's first album, titled "The Party's Over", was released in July 1982. The band had their first UK Top 40 hits with the singles "Today" (UK No. 14) and a re-release of "Talk Talk" (UK No. 23). These singles also were hits in other countries including Ireland, South Africa, Australia and New Zealand. The re-release of the "Talk Talk" single reached the U.S. Top 75. The album was produced by Colin Thurston, who was Duran Duran's in-house EMI producer at the time, but picked by Hollis because of his involvement with David Bowie's "Heroes". It was a moderate success in the UK reaching No. 21, and was later certified Silver by the BPI for sales of 60,000 copies by 1985. It was a Top 10 hit in New Zealand.


title: Talk Talk

text: Brenner left after the 1983 non-LP hit single "My Foolish Friend", which was produced by frequent Roxy Music collaborator Rhett Davies. At this point, Talk Talk was now a trio, as Brenner was never officially replaced. However, Tim Friese-Greene was recruited to assist with the recording of their second album, "It's My Life", and he became the band's producer as well as keyboardist and Hollis' songwriting partner. Although a major contributor to the band's studio output and a de facto fourth member, Friese-Greene never officially joined the band. As such, he did not play with the touring band on live dates, and was absent from the band's publicity material.


title: Talk Talk

text: Although major success eluded them in the UK, Talk Talk achieved considerable international success in 1984/85, particularly in continental Europe, North America and New Zealand, with the album "It's My Life". The accompanying single "Such a Shame" (inspired by the book "The Dice Man") became a Top 10 hit in Austria, Italy, France, Germany, Netherlands and Switzerland during this period. The title track of the album entered the U.S., Canadian, French, German, New Zealand and Netherlands Top 40. A third single, "Dum Dum Girl", was a success in some European countries and in New Zealand; however, the album and its singles were largely ignored in the UK. Commercial success notwithstanding, the band made deliberate choices that moved them away from the mainstream. The music video for "It's My Life", for instance, featured a grumpy Hollis who mocks lip-synching; after EMI protested, they re-shot the video, turning it into "a total piss-take of lip-synching", in Alan McGee's words.


title: Talk Talk

text: The artist James Marsh designed the first cover image for "It's My Life" based on the band's name. He followed the theme for subsequent singles, remaining the band's artistic frontman and creating all their covers and posters throughout their career.


title: Talk Talk

text: Talk Talk abandoned the synthpop style completely with their third album, 1986's "The Colour of Spring". It became their biggest success in the UK, making the Top 10 (and certified Gold by the BPI for sales over 100,000 copies), in part due to the Top 20 single "Life's What You Make It", which was also successful internationally. Another single, "Living in Another World", charted in the Top 40 in Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, Belgium and Italy (and just outside the Top 40 in the UK and France). By this time, all Talk Talk songs were being written by Hollis and Friese-Greene. The extended line-up for the 1986 tour consisted of Hollis, Webb and Harris, plus John Turnbull (guitars), Rupert Black and Ian Curnow (keyboards), Phil Reis and Leroy Williams (percussion), and Mark Feltham (harmonica). Most notable among these concerts was their appearance at the Montreux Jazz Festival, 11 July 1986, released on DVD in 2008 as "Live at Montreux 1986".


title: Talk Talk

text: The success of "The Colour of Spring" afforded the band a bigger budget and schedule for the recording of their next album. Over a year in the making, and featuring contributions from many outside musicians, "Spirit of Eden" was released in 1988, on EMI's Parlophone label. The album was assembled from many hours of improvised instrumentation that Hollis and Friese-Greene had edited and arranged using digital equipment. The result was a mix of rock, jazz, classical, and ambient music. Critically praised, the album reached the UK Top 20 and was certified Silver by the BPI for sales of over 60,000 copies. The band announced they would not be attempting to recreate the album live (since, according to Hollis, "People would just want to hear the songs as they are on the album and for me that's not satisfying enough"). Without touring or music videos or singles as the band intended, there was little marketing left that the record company could do; in the end the band grudgingly agreed to a video for the remixed version of "I Believe in You", released as first single. Hollis, though, was unhappy with the video, as he made clear in an interview with "Q Magazine": "I really feel that [the video] was a massive mistake ... I thought just by sitting there and listening and really thinking about what it was about, I could get that in my eyes. But you cannot do it. It just feels stupid. It was depressing and I wish I'd never done it."


title: Talk Talk

text: During the making of "Spirit of Eden", Talk Talk manager Keith Aspden had attempted to free the band from their record contract with EMI. "I knew by that time that EMI was not the company this band should be with," Aspden said. "I was fearful that the money wouldn't be there to record another album."> EMI, however, wished to keep the band on their roster. After many months of litigation, the band ultimately succeeded in extracting themselves from the contract. EMI then sued the band, claiming that "Spirit of Eden" was not "commercially satisfactory", but the case was thrown out of court. Webb left the band in late 1988.


title: Talk Talk

text: With the band now released from EMI, the label released the retrospective compilation "" in 1990. It peaked at number 3 on the UK album chart and was certified Gold by the BPI for sales of over 100,000 copies. It was also an international success and eventually went on to sell more than 1 million copies worldwide. The 1984 single "It's My Life" was also re-released, and this time became the band's highest charting single in their native country, reaching number 13 on the UK Singles Chart. A re-release of the single "Life's What You Make It" also reached the Top 30. Following up on this renewed popular interest in the band, the label then released "History Revisited" in 1991, a compilation of new remixes, which made the UK Top 40 (it also reached the Top 30 in Germany and the Top 75 in the Netherlands). The band sued EMI for releasing the remixed material without their permission.


title: Talk Talk

text: By 1990 the band had essentially morphed into a vehicle for the studio recordings of Hollis and long-term collaborator Friese-Greene, along with session musicians (including long-term Talk Talk drummer Harris). The group signed a two-album contract with Polydor Records and released "Laughing Stock" on Polydor's Verve Records imprint in 1991. "Laughing Stock" crystallised the experimental sound the band started with "Spirit of Eden" (which has been retroactively categorised as "post-rock" by some critics). Even more minimalist than its predecessor, "Laughing Stock" reached just No. 26 on the UK Albums Chart.


title: Talk Talk

text: After "Laughing Stock", Talk Talk disbanded in 1991; Hollis said that he wished to focus on his family. Paul Webb rejoined Lee Harris, and the two went on to form the band .O.rang, while Tim Friese-Greene started recording under the name Heligoland. In 1998, Mark Hollis released his self-titled solo début "Mark Hollis", which was much in keeping with the minimalist post-rock sound of "Spirit of Eden" and "Laughing Stock", but he retired from the music industry shortly afterwards.


title: Talk Talk

text: Webb also collaborated under the name of Rustin Man with Portishead lead singer Beth Gibbons and released "Out of Season" in 2002, "Drift Code" in 2019 and "Clockdust" in 2020. Harris also featured on the Bark Psychosis 2004 album, "".


title: Talk Talk

text: Talk Talk's influence upon musicians has exceeded the band's visibility among the general public. Along with the band Slint, Talk Talk are credited with inventing "post-rock" in their last two albums, "Spirit of Eden" and "Laughing Stock". The artists who have praised the band or cited them as an influence include Pearl Jam's Jeff Ament, Tears for Fears, Matthew Good, Radiohead, Doves, Elbow, Shearwater, M83, Bark Psychosis, The Notwist, Cedric Bixler-Zavala of the Mars Volta, Steven Wilson of Porcupine Tree, Storm Corrosion (a joint project between Opeth's Mikael Åkerfeldt and Porcupine Tree's Steven Wilson), Steve Hogarth of Marillion, Richard Barbieri of Japan and Porcupine Tree, and Death Cab for Cutie.


title: Talk Talk

text: The bands Placebo, Weezer, the Divine Comedy and the Gathering covered their song "Life's What You Make It" and No Doubt scored a global hit with a cover of "It's My Life" in 2003 which reached number 20 on the UK charts. Lights recorded a cover of "Living in Another World" Guy Garvey of the band Elbow said: "Mark Hollis started from punk and by his own admission he had no musical ability. To go from only having the urge, to writing some of the most timeless, intricate and original music ever is as impressive as the moon landings for me."


title: Talk Talk

text: A tribute album and anthological book, both titled "Spirit of Talk Talk", were released in 2012. The book includes all the artwork James Marsh did for the band, and hand-written lyrics (by the band). The album includes covers by various artists, proceeds going to the conservation organisation BirdLife International.


title: Talk Talk

text: On Tuesday 26 November 2019, "Spirit of Talk Talk" organised A Celebration of Mark Hollis and Talk Talk concert at the Royal Festival Hall, London, UK. Founding band member Simon Brenner, who played keyboards on studio album, "The Party's Over" was amongst the long list of guest musicians who performed songs from all five Talk Talk studio albums and Mark Hollis' solo album. The evening was described as "A Majestic Tribute" by the London-based daily newspaper The Evening Standard.


title: Talk Talk

text: In March 2020, a documentary about Talk Talk was screened for the first time at the Copenhagen International Documentary Film Festival. Entitled "In a Silent Way", filmed before Mark Hollis' death and without the participation of the main band members, it pays tribute to the musical journey and integrity of Talk Talk. In September 2021, the film won the prize for best music documentary awarded by the jury of the Musical Ecran festival in France.


title: Talk Talk

text: Hollis and Talk Talk continue to be praised as artists who did not cave in to the pressures of corporate and commercial interests. Says Alan McGee, "I find the whole story of one man against the system in a bid to maintain creative control incredibly heartening."


title: David Justice

text: David Christopher Justice (born April 14, 1966) is an American former professional baseball outfielder and designated hitter in Major League Baseball who played for the Atlanta Braves (1989–1996), Cleveland Indians (1997–2000), New York Yankees (2000–2001), and Oakland Athletics (2002). Justice won the National League Rookie of the Year Award in 1990, and was a three-time MLB All-Star.


title: David Justice

text: Justice was raised Catholic, and attended high school at Covington Latin School, a Catholic school across the river from his hometown of Cincinnati, Ohio. He later attended Thomas More College in Crestview Hills, Kentucky, on a basketball scholarship.


title: David Justice

text: Justice made his major league debut in May 1989, playing for the Atlanta Braves. The then 23-year-old right fielder earned the starting job after Braves fan favorite Dale Murphy was traded to the Philadelphia Phillies in August 1990. Justice promptly went on an offensive tear during the second half of the season, finishing with 28 home runs, which helped him claim the National League's Rookie of the Year Award. In 1991, the upstart Braves surged to the top of their division and Justice was leading the National League in runs batted in when he was sidelined by a nagging back injury in June. He finished with 87 runs batted in despite the injury and played in his first World Series.


title: David Justice

text: After seeing his production slide slightly in 1992, Justice enjoyed a solid 1993 season. He clubbed 40 home runs and 120 runs batted in (RBIs) with 78 walks, finishing third in MVP voting behind Barry Bonds and Lenny Dykstra. Justice was batting .313 with a .427 on-base percentage and .531 slugging average when the strike ended play in 1994.


title: David Justice

text: When baseball returned in 1995, Justice helped his Braves to the World Series against the Cleveland Indians. He drew attention (and boos) when he criticized Atlanta fans for the level of support they were providing the team. However, Justice ended up a hero when his crucial home run in Game 6 provided the only run in a 1–0 game that clinched the championship.


title: David Justice

text: In May 1996, a swing and miss in a game against the Pittsburgh Pirates caused a season-ending shoulder separation.


title: David Justice

text: Before the 1997 season, the Braves traded Justice along with outfielder Marquis Grissom to the Cleveland Indians for outfielder Kenny Lofton and relief pitcher Alan Embree. He hit .329 with a .418 OBP and .596 slugging average in 1997, with 33 home runs, while making another World Series appearance. He posted solid numbers in 1998 and 1999 with the Cleveland Indians. In 2000, he hit a combined .286 with a .377 OBP and .584 slugging average, and slugged 41 home runs with 118 RBIs.


title: David Justice

text: On June 28, 2000, Yankees General Manager Brian Cashman finalized a trade with Indians General Manager John Hart, sending Jake Westbrook, Zach Day, and Ricky Ledée to Cleveland in exchange for Justice. The Yankees, who were unable to lure Sammy Sosa or Juan González from their respective teams, looked to Justice as a legitimate longball threat. In return, Justice caught fire down the stretch and won the 2000 AL Championship Series MVP Award en route to his second world series championship. Between the Indians and Yankees, Justice hit a career-high 41 home runs in 2000. As a result of a persistent groin injury, Justice saw his production slide considerably in 2001.


title: David Justice

text: The Yankees traded Justice to the New York Mets on December 7, 2001 for third baseman Robin Ventura. Mets GM Steve Phillips then sent him to the Oakland Athletics on December 14 in exchange for pitchers Mark Guthrie and Tyler Yates. He played a final season on an Oakland team which reached the playoffs in 2002 and was named the American League Player of the Week for the first week of the season. His addition to Oakland was referred to as an 'experiment' by A's assistant GM Paul DePodesta. The experiment was to evaluate whether hitters retained their ability to get on base as they got older (kept their batter's eye). His .376 OBP and BB/K ratio of greater than 1:1 seemed to prove that correct.


title: David Justice

text: Justice finished his career with a .279 batting average, with a .378 OBP and .500 slugging percentage, 929 runs, 1,571 hits, 280 doubles, 24 triples, 305 home runs, 903 walks and 1,017 RBIs in 1,610 games. From 1991 to his last season in 2002, Justice's teams made the postseason every year (with the exception of the strike-shortened 1994 season). Of those times, he made the World Series seven times, winning twice. He is in the top ten in a number of career postseason categories, such as at-bats, games played, hits, doubles and runs scored.


title: David Justice

text: On May 9, 1994, Justice was listed in "People"'s "50 Most Beautiful People" issue (Vol. 41 No. 17). The article goes on to state: "'I check my face to make sure there's nothing sticking on it,' he says. 'But I don't make sure every hair's in place.' He needn't worry. He gets the most fan mail on the team and is mobbed when he makes personal appearances on behalf of charities."


title: David Justice

text: In March 2007, it was announced that Justice would be inducted into the Atlanta Braves Hall of Fame. He was the first member of any of the Braves' 14 consecutive division title teams (1991–2005, excluding the strike-shortened season in 1994) to be inducted in the Braves Hall of Fame. The induction took place on August 17, 2007. Numerous ex-Braves players and coaches were in attendance and tribute videos from Braves legend Hank Aaron and former owner Ted Turner were shown. Prior to that evening's game Justice was presented with a portrait by sports artist Bart Forbes during an on-field ceremony.


title: David Justice

text: Justice was eligible for the Major League Baseball Hall of Fame in 2008, but he received only one vote, preventing him from being named on future ballots. The timing of the vote may have adversely affected his candidacy, as it was held shortly after the release of the Mitchell Report.


title: David Justice

text: In an interview for the Mitchell Report, released December 13, 2007, Justice denied using performance-enhancing substances, but was willing to report the names of individuals he suspected, though he claimed to have no direct knowledge of any other player's steroid use. He also claims to have never been warned of the side effects of steroids or explicitly told steroids were a banned substance.


title: David Justice

text: The Mitchell Report states that in a later interview, former New York Mets clubhouse attendant Kirk Radomski claimed to have sold Justice human growth hormone when Justice was with the Yankees after the 2000 World Series. Justice has called the allegation "a bald-faced lie" and says that he has never met Radomski.


title: David Justice

text: Justice has claimed that his only involvement with performance-enhancing drugs was a discussion about HGH in 2000 with Brian McNamee, then the New York Yankees' strength coach. Justice, who had shoulder problems, thought that HGH might aid in his recovery. Justice stated that after the discussion, he went to his locker and found a bag containing HGH and several injection needles; Justice claimed that he was unwilling to inject himself and never used any of it. Justice further stated in the interviews that all claims in the Mitchell Report concerning his alleged purchase and use of any performance-enhancing drugs were false and encouraged all players whose names appear in the report, especially Roger Clemens, to publicly deny any claims made by the Mitchell Report if they are untrue.


title: David Justice

text: After his playing career, Justice served as a commentator for ESPN baseball telecasts for two years. He later joined the YES Network of the New York Yankees as a game and studio analyst, and also hosted the network's youth-oriented program Yankees on Deck. Prior to the 2008 season, the YES Network announced that Justice would not appear on air during that season, but would contribute articles to the network's website. Justice stated that this change was not in response to his inclusion in the Mitchell report, but was due to the destruction of his San Diego County home in the 2007 California wildfires and the recent passing of his mother. Justice never returned to the network.


title: David Justice

text: Justice has also appeared on a 1992 episode of "The Young and the Restless". He was played by Stephen Bishop in "Moneyball", the film adaptation of the best-selling Michael Lewis book "Moneyball: The Art of Winning an Unfair Game" about the Oakland Athletics baseball team and its general manager, Billy Beane.


title: David Justice

text: On New Year's Day 1993, Justice married film actress Halle Berry. The couple resided in Sandy Springs, Georgia. They separated on February 22, 1996, and divorced on June 20, 1997. The marriage ended acrimoniously, with Berry seeking a restraining order against Justice.


title: David Justice

text: He married Rebecca Villalobos on February 8, 2001. Villalobos is CEO of Exotic Spices Calendars. They have three children: David Jr., Dionisio, and Raquel. In 2014, the family were on an episode of "Celebrity Wife Swap", inspiring Raquel to pursue acting.


title: Stimming

text: Self-stimulatory behavior, also known as "stimming" and self-stimulation, is the repetition of physical movements, sounds, words, moving objects, or other repetitive behaviors. Such behaviors (also scientifically known as 'stereotypies') are found to some degree in all people, especially those with developmental disabilities, and are especially frequent in people on the autism spectrum. People diagnosed with sensory processing disorder are also known to potentially exhibit stimming behaviors. Stimming has been interpreted as a protective response to overstimulation, in which people calm themselves by blocking less predictable environmental stimuli, to which they have a heightened sensitivity. A further explanation views stimming as a way to relieve anxiety and other negative or heightened emotions. Although some stimming behaviors are very beneficial at times, stimming has been highly stigmatized and dramatized. People who are neurodivergent often feel that they need to hide or decrease their self-stimulatory behavior, as it often elicits an undesirable response from those who do not understand the compulsion behind them. There are also potential mental health and well-being risks in suppressing stimming.


title: Stimming

text: Stimming behaviors can consist of tactile, visual, auditory, olfactory, and vestibular stimming (which pertains to balance). Some common examples of stimming (sometimes called stims) include hand flapping, clapping, rocking, excessive or hard blinking, pacing, head banging, repeating noises or words, snapping fingers, and spinning objects. In some cases, stimming may be dangerous and physically harmful to the person doing it; for example, individuals may risk injuring themselves by forcefully banging their body parts against walls.


title: Stimming

text: Stimming is almost always present in people on the autism spectrum but does not necessarily indicate its presence. The biggest difference between autistic and non-autistic stimming is the type of stim and the quantity of stimming. In the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders", published by the American Psychiatric Association, stimming behavior is described as "stereotyped or repetitive motor mannerisms" and listed as one of the five key diagnostic criteria of autism spectrum disorder. Different perspectives suggest that stimming involves both sensory and motor functions. Underdevelopment of these sensorimotor functions can result in stimming behaviors produced by the person as a controllable response. One study which interviewed thirty-two autistic adults found that unpredictable and overwhelming environments caused stimming.


title: Stimming

text: Stimming can sometimes be self-injurious, such as when it involves head-banging, hand-biting, excessive self-rubbing, and scratching the skin. While it is difficult to stop stimming entirely, there are ways to reduce time spent stimming and create safer stimming habits for an individual. Managing the sensory and emotional environment while increasing the amount of daily exercise can increase comfort levels for the person, which may reduce the amount of time spent stimming.


title: Grenadine

text: Grenadine is a commonly used nonalcoholic bar syrup characterized by its deep red color. It is a popular cocktail ingredient renowned for its flavor as well as its ability to give a reddish or pink tint to mixed drinks. Grenadine is traditionally made from pomegranate.


title: Grenadine

text: The name "grenadine" originates from the French word "grenade", which means pomegranate, from Latin "grānātum" "seeded".


title: Grenadine

text: Grenadine was originally prepared from pomegranate juice, sugar, and water. It is not related to the Grenadines archipelago, which takes its name from Grenada, which is itself named for Granada, Spain.


title: Grenadine

text: As grenadine is subject to minimal regulation, its basic flavor profile can alternatively be obtained from a mixture of blackcurrant juice and other fruit juices, with the blackcurrant flavor dominating.


title: Grenadine

text: To reduce production costs, manufacturers have widely replaced fruit bases with artificial ingredients. The Mott's brand "Rose's" is by far the most common brand of grenadine sold in the United States, and is formulated from (in order of concentration): high fructose corn syrup, water, citric acid, sodium citrate, sodium benzoate, FD&C Red #40, natural and artificial flavors, and FD&C Blue #1.


title: Grenadine

text: Grenadine is also a popular ingredient in some non-alcoholic drinks, such as the Roy Rogers, pink lemonade, and Shirley Temple cocktails, or simply mixed with cold water or soda in a glass or jug, sometimes with ice.


title: Will Estes

text: William Estes (; born October 21, 1978) is an American actor known for his role on CBS police drama "Blue Bloods" as Jameson "Jamie" Reagan, a New York City Police Department officer and the youngest son of the police commissioner, played by Tom Selleck. Prior to that role, he starred as J.J. Pryor, on the NBC drama "American Dreams".


title: Will Estes

text: Estes' break-out movie role was Seaman Ronald 'Rabbit' Parker on "U-571". Early in his career, he did many commercials including Fruit of the Loom and numerous guest starring roles in series like "Highway to Heaven" and "Santa Barbara".


title: Will Estes

text: Estes landed his first major role in a television series when he was chosen out of 700 other children to play Will McCollough (essentially the "Timmy" role) in the syndicated "New Lassie" series, which ran from 1989 to 1992. Since then, he has had many starring roles in television series and he dabbled in the music video industry. He has appeared in Meat Loaf's video "Objects in the Rear View Mirror May Appear Closer than They Are" (from "") and was in Bon Jovi's video "It's My Life" with Shiri Appleby.


title: Will Estes

text: In 2000, according to a 2005 "Soap Talk" interview, Estes was asked by Jon Bon Jovi to be in his music video after he worked with Estes on "U-571". Estes did most of his own stunts in the video.


title: Will Estes

text: Estes had a leading role in the Fox series "Reunion". The series followed six best friends over the course of 20 years, with each episode marking the next successive year. When the group meets up for its 20th high school reunion, one turns up dead at the end of the night. In late 2005, Fox announced that the series would be canceled because of low ratings and the identity of the murderer would not be revealed.


title: Will Estes

text: Estes portrayed Jack Kerouac in the 2007 short film "Luz Del Mundo", written by Ty Roberts and David Trimble, directed by Ty Roberts, and produced by Ryan McWhirter and John Pitts. He has also appeared in a couple of photographs, in the books "Hollywood Splash" and "Men Before 10 AM Too". He was nominated four times for one award, the Young Artist Awards for "The New Lassie" and "Kirk".


title: Will Estes

text: Since 2010, Estes has been playing Jamie Reagan in the police procedural television series "Blue Bloods".


title: Will Estes

text: Estes has been briefly romantically linked to actresses Jennifer Love Hewitt in 2004 and Torrey DeVitto in 2020.


title: Laplace operator

text: In mathematics, the Laplace operator or Laplacian is a differential operator given by the divergence of the gradient of a scalar function on Euclidean space. It is usually denoted by the symbols formula_1, formula_2 (where formula_3 is the nabla operator), or formula_4. In a Cartesian coordinate system, the Laplacian is given by the sum of second partial derivatives of the function with respect to each independent variable. In other coordinate systems, such as cylindrical and spherical coordinates, the Laplacian also has a useful form. Informally, the Laplacian of a function at a point measures by how much the average value of over small spheres or balls centered at deviates from .


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplace operator is named after the French mathematician Pierre-Simon de Laplace (1749–1827), who first applied the operator to the study of celestial mechanics: the Laplacian of the gravitational potential due to a given mass density distribution is a constant multiple of that density distribution. Solutions of Laplace's equation are called harmonic functions and represent the possible gravitational potentials in regions of vacuum.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplacian occurs in many differential equations describing physical phenomena. Poisson's equation describes electric and gravitational potentials; the diffusion equation describes heat and fluid flow, the wave equation describes wave propagation, and the Schrödinger equation in quantum mechanics. In image processing and computer vision, the Laplacian operator has been used for various tasks, such as blob and edge detection. The Laplacian is the simplest elliptic operator and is at the core of Hodge theory as well as the results of de Rham cohomology.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplace operator is a second-order differential operator in the "n"-dimensional Euclidean space, defined as the divergence (formula_5) of the gradient (formula_6). Thus if formula_7 is a twice-differentiable real-valued function, then the Laplacian of formula_7 is the real-valued function defined by:


title: Laplace operator

text: Explicitly, the Laplacian of is thus the sum of all the "unmixed" second partial derivatives in the Cartesian coordinates :


title: Laplace operator

text: As a second-order differential operator, the Laplace operator maps functions to functions for . It is a linear operator , or more generally, an operator for any open set .


title: Laplace operator

text: In the physical theory of diffusion, the Laplace operator arises naturally in the mathematical description of equilibrium. Specifically, if is the density at equilibrium of some quantity such as a chemical concentration, then the net flux of through the boundary of any smooth region is zero, provided there is no source or sink within :


title: Laplace operator

text: The left-hand side of this equation is the Laplace operator, and the entire equation is known as Laplace's equation. Solutions of the Laplace equation, i.e. functions whose Laplacian is identically zero, thus represent possible equilibrium densities under diffusion.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplace operator itself has a physical interpretation for non-equilibrium diffusion as the extent to which a point represents a source or sink of chemical concentration, in a sense made precise by the diffusion equation. This interpretation of the Laplacian is also explained by the following fact about averages.


title: Laplace operator

text: Given a twice continuously differentiable function formula_13, a point formula_14 and a real number formula_15, we let formula_16 be the average value of formula_17 over the ball with radius formula_18 centered at formula_19, and formula_20 be the average value of formula_17 over the sphere (the boundary of a ball) with radius formula_18 centered at formula_19. Then we have:


title: Laplace operator

text: If denotes the electrostatic potential associated to a charge distribution , then the charge distribution itself is given by the negative of the Laplacian of :


title: Laplace operator

text: This is a consequence of Gauss's law. Indeed, if is any smooth region with boundary , then by Gauss's law the flux of the electrostatic field across the boundary is proportional to the charge enclosed:


title: Laplace operator

text: where the first equality is due to the divergence theorem. Since the electrostatic field is the (negative) gradient of the potential, this gives:


title: Laplace operator

text: The same approach implies that the negative of the Laplacian of the gravitational potential is the mass distribution. Often the charge (or mass) distribution are given, and the associated potential is unknown. Finding the potential function subject to suitable boundary conditions is equivalent to solving Poisson's equation.


title: Laplace operator

text: Another motivation for the Laplacian appearing in physics is that solutions to in a region are functions that make the Dirichlet energy functional stationary:


title: Laplace operator

text: where the last equality follows using Green's first identity. This calculation shows that if , then is stationary around . Conversely, if is stationary around , then by the fundamental lemma of calculus of variations.


title: Laplace operator

text: In three dimensions, it is common to work with the Laplacian in a variety of different coordinate systems.


title: Laplace operator

text: In arbitrary curvilinear coordinates in dimensions (), we can write the Laplacian in terms of the inverse metric tensor, formula_40:


title: Laplace operator

text: In spherical coordinates in dimensions, with the parametrization with representing a positive real radius and an element of the unit sphere ,


title: Laplace operator

text: where is the Laplace–Beltrami operator on the -sphere, known as the spherical Laplacian. The two radial derivative terms can be equivalently rewritten as:


title: Laplace operator

text: As a consequence, the spherical Laplacian of a function defined on can be computed as the ordinary Laplacian of the function extended to so that it is constant along rays, i.e., homogeneous of degree zero.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplacian is invariant under all Euclidean transformations: rotations and translations. In two dimensions, for example, this means that:


title: Laplace operator

text: whenever "τ" is a translation. (More generally, this remains true when "ρ" is an orthogonal transformation such as a reflection.)


title: Laplace operator

text: In fact, the algebra of all scalar linear differential operators, with constant coefficients, that commute with all Euclidean transformations, is the polynomial algebra generated by the Laplace operator.


title: Laplace operator

text: The spectrum of the Laplace operator consists of all eigenvalues for which there is a corresponding eigenfunction with:


title: Laplace operator

text: If is a bounded domain in , then the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian are an orthonormal basis for the Hilbert space . This result essentially follows from the spectral theorem on compact self-adjoint operators, applied to the inverse of the Laplacian (which is compact, by the Poincaré inequality and the Rellich–Kondrachov theorem). It can also be shown that the eigenfunctions are infinitely differentiable functions. More generally, these results hold for the Laplace–Beltrami operator on any compact Riemannian manifold with boundary, or indeed for the Dirichlet eigenvalue problem of any elliptic operator with smooth coefficients on a bounded domain. When is the -sphere, the eigenfunctions of the Laplacian are the spherical harmonics.


title: Laplace operator

text: The vector Laplace operator, also denoted by formula_2, is a differential operator defined over a vector field. The vector Laplacian is similar to the scalar Laplacian; whereas the scalar Laplacian applies to a scalar field and returns a scalar quantity, the vector Laplacian applies to a vector field, returning a vector quantity. When computed in orthonormal Cartesian coordinates, the returned vector field is equal to the vector field of the scalar Laplacian applied to each vector component.


title: Laplace operator

text: where formula_52, formula_53, and formula_54 are the components of the vector field formula_55, and formula_56 just on the left of each vector field component is the (scalar) Laplace operator. This can be seen to be a special case of Lagrange's formula; see Vector triple product.


title: Laplace operator

text: For expressions of the vector Laplacian in other coordinate systems see Del in cylindrical and spherical coordinates.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplacian of any tensor field formula_57 ("tensor" includes scalar and vector) is defined as the divergence of the gradient of the tensor:


title: Laplace operator

text: For the special case where formula_57 is a scalar (a tensor of degree zero), the Laplacian takes on the familiar form.


title: Laplace operator

text: If formula_57 is a vector (a tensor of first degree), the gradient is a covariant derivative which results in a tensor of second degree, and the divergence of this is again a vector. The formula for the vector Laplacian above may be used to avoid tensor math and may be shown to be equivalent to the divergence of the Jacobian matrix shown below for the gradient of a vector:


title: Laplace operator

text: And, in the same manner, a dot product, which evaluates to a vector, of a vector by the gradient of another vector (a tensor of 2nd degree) can be seen as a product of matrices:


title: Laplace operator

text: An example of the usage of the vector Laplacian is the Navier-Stokes equations for a Newtonian incompressible flow:


title: Laplace operator

text: where the term with the vector Laplacian of the velocity field formula_64 represents the viscous stresses in the fluid.


title: Laplace operator

text: Another example is the wave equation for the electric field that can be derived from Maxwell's equations in the absence of charges and currents:


title: Laplace operator

text: A version of the Laplacian can be defined wherever the Dirichlet energy functional makes sense, which is the theory of Dirichlet forms. For spaces with additional structure, one can give more explicit descriptions of the Laplacian, as follows.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplacian also can be generalized to an elliptic operator called the Laplace–Beltrami operator defined on a Riemannian manifold. The Laplace–Beltrami operator, when applied to a function, is the trace () of the function's Hessian:


title: Laplace operator

text: where the trace is taken with respect to the inverse of the metric tensor. The Laplace–Beltrami operator also can be generalized to an operator (also called the Laplace–Beltrami operator) which operates on tensor fields, by a similar formula.


title: Laplace operator

text: Another generalization of the Laplace operator that is available on pseudo-Riemannian manifolds uses the exterior derivative, in terms of which the "geometer's Laplacian" is expressed as


title: Laplace operator

text: Here is the codifferential, which can also be expressed in terms of the Hodge star and the exterior derivative. This operator differs in sign from the "analyst's Laplacian" defined above. More generally, the "Hodge" Laplacian is defined on differential forms by


title: Laplace operator

text: This is known as the Laplace–de Rham operator, which is related to the Laplace–Beltrami operator by the Weitzenböck identity.


title: Laplace operator

text: The Laplacian can be generalized in certain ways to non-Euclidean spaces, where it may be elliptic, hyperbolic, or ultrahyperbolic.


title: Laplace operator

text: In Minkowski space the Laplace–Beltrami operator becomes the D'Alembert operator formula_71 or D'Alembertian:


title: Laplace operator

text: It is the generalization of the Laplace operator in the sense that it is the differential operator which is invariant under the isometry group of the underlying space and it reduces to the Laplace operator if restricted to time-independent functions. The overall sign of the metric here is chosen such that the spatial parts of the operator admit a negative sign, which is the usual convention in high-energy particle physics. The D'Alembert operator is also known as the wave operator because it is the differential operator appearing in the wave equations, and it is also part of the Klein–Gordon equation, which reduces to the wave equation in the massless case.


title: Laplace operator

text: The additional factor of in the metric is needed in physics if space and time are measured in different units; a similar factor would be required if, for example, the direction were measured in meters while the direction were measured in centimeters. Indeed, theoretical physicists usually work in units such that in order to simplify the equation.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The Boeing X-37, also known as the Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV), is a reusable robotic spacecraft. It is boosted into space by a launch vehicle, then re-enters Earth's atmosphere and lands as a spaceplane. The X-37 is operated by the United States Space Force for orbital spaceflight missions intended to demonstrate reusable space technologies. It is a 120-percent-scaled derivative of the earlier Boeing X-40. The X-37 began as a NASA project in 1999, before being transferred to the United States Department of Defense in 2004. Until 2019, the program was managed by Air Force Space Command.


title: Boeing X-37

text: An X-37 first flew during a drop test in 2006; its first orbital mission was launched in April 2010 on an Atlas V rocket, and returned to Earth in December 2010. Subsequent flights gradually extended the mission duration, reaching in orbit for the fifth mission, the first to launch on a Falcon 9 rocket. The latest mission, the sixth, launched on an Atlas V on 17 May 2020 and concluded on 12 November 2022, reaching a total of 908 days in orbit.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In 1999, NASA selected Boeing Integrated Defense Systems to design and develop an orbital vehicle, built by the California branch of Boeing's Phantom Works. Over a four-year period, a total of US$192 million was spent on the project, with NASA contributing US$109 million, the U.S. Air Force US$16 million, and Boeing US$67 million. In late 2002, a new US$301 million contract was awarded to Boeing as part of NASA's Space Launch Initiative framework.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The aerodynamic design of the X-37 was derived from the larger Space Shuttle orbiter, hence the X-37 has a similar lift-to-drag ratio, and a lower cross range at higher altitudes and Mach numbers compared to DARPA's Hypersonic Technology Vehicle. An early requirement for the spacecraft called for a total mission delta-v of for orbital maneuvers. An early goal for the program was for the X-37 to rendezvous with satellites and perform repairs. The X-37 was originally designed to be carried into orbit in the cargo bay of the Space Shuttle, but underwent redesign for launch on a Delta IV or comparable rocket after it was determined that a shuttle flight would be uneconomical.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37 was transferred from NASA to the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) on 13 September 2004. Thereafter, the program became a classified project. DARPA promoted the X-37 as part of the independent space policy that the United States Department of Defense has pursued since the 1986 "Challenger" disaster.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37A vehicle that was used as an atmospheric drop test glider had no propulsion system. Instead of an operational vehicle's payload bay doors, it had an enclosed and reinforced upper fuselage structure to allow it to be mated with a mothership. In September 2004, DARPA announced that for its initial atmospheric drop tests the X-37A would be launched from the Scaled Composites White Knight, a high-altitude research aircraft.


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 21 June 2005, the X-37A completed a captive-carry flight underneath the White Knight from Mojave Spaceport in Mojave, California. Through the second half of 2005, the X-37A underwent structural upgrades, including the reinforcement of its nose wheel supports. The X-37A's public debut was scheduled for its first free flight on 10 March 2006, but was canceled due to an Arctic storm. The next flight attempt, on 15 March 2006, was canceled due to high winds.


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 24 March 2006, the X-37A flew again, but a datalink failure prevented a free flight, and the vehicle returned to the ground still attached to its White Knight carrier aircraft. On 7 April 2006, the X-37A made its first free glide flight. During landing, the vehicle overran the runway and sustained minor damage. Following the vehicle's extended downtime for repairs, the program moved from Mojave to Air Force Plant 42 (KPMD) in Palmdale, California, for the remainder of the flight test program. White Knight continued to be based at Mojave, though it was ferried to Plant 42 when test flights were scheduled. Five additional flights were performed, two of which resulted in X-37 releases with successful landings. These two free flights occurred on 18 August 2006 and 26 September 2006.


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 17 November 2006, the U.S. Air Force announced that it would develop its own variant from NASA's X-37A. The Air Force version was designated the X-37B Orbital Test Vehicle (OTV). The OTV program was built on earlier industry and government efforts by DARPA, NASA, and the Air Force under the leadership of the Air Force Rapid Capabilities Office in partnership with NASA and the Air Force Research Laboratory. Boeing was the prime contractor for the OTV program. The X-37B was designed to remain in orbit for up to 270 days at a time. The Secretary of the Air Force stated that the OTV program would focus on "risk reduction, experimentation, and operational concept development for reusable space vehicle technologies, in support of long-term developmental space objectives".


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37B was originally scheduled for launch in the payload bay of the Space Shuttle, but following the Space Shuttle "Columbia" disaster, it was transferred to a Delta II 7920. The X-37B was subsequently transferred to a shrouded configuration on the Atlas V rocket, following concerns over the unshrouded spacecraft's aerodynamic properties during launch. Following their missions, X-37B spacecraft primarily land on a runway at Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, with Edwards Air Force Base as a secondary site. In 2010, manufacturing work began on the second X-37B which conducted its maiden mission in March 2011.


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 8 October 2014, NASA confirmed that X-37B vehicles would be housed at Kennedy Space Center in Orbiter Processing Facilities (OPF) 1 and 2, hangars previously occupied by the Space Shuttle. Boeing had said the space planes would use OPF-1 in January 2014, and the Air Force had previously said it was considering consolidating X-37B operations, housed at Vandenberg Air Force Base in California, nearer to their launch site at Cape Canaveral. NASA also stated that the program had completed tests to determine whether the X-37B, one-fourth the size of the Space Shuttle, could land on the former Shuttle runways. NASA furthermore stated that renovations of the two hangars would be completed by the end of 2014; the main doors of OPF-1 were marked with the message "Home of the X-37B" by this point.


title: Boeing X-37

text: Most of the activities of the X-37B project are secret. The official U.S. Air Force statement is that the project is "an experimental test program to demonstrate technologies for a reliable, reusable, uncrewed space test platform for the U.S. Air Force". The primary objectives of the X-37B are twofold: reusable spacecraft technology and operating experiments which can be returned to Earth. The Air Force states that this includes testing avionics, flight systems, guidance and navigation, thermal protection, insulation, propulsion, and re-entry systems.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In May 2010, Tom Burghardt speculated on "Space Daily" that the X-37B could be used as a spy satellite or to deliver weapons from space. The Pentagon subsequently denied claims that the X-37B's test missions supported the development of space-based weapons.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In January 2012, allegations were made that the X-37B was being used to spy on China's Tiangong-1 space station module. Former U.S. Air Force orbital analyst Brian Weeden later refuted this claim, emphasizing that the different orbits of the two spacecraft precluded any practical surveillance flybys.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In October 2014, "The Guardian" reported the claims of security experts that the X-37B was being used "to test reconnaissance and spy sensors, particularly how they hold up against radiation and other hazards of orbit".


title: Boeing X-37

text: In November 2016, the "International Business Times" speculated that the U.S. government was testing a version of the EmDrive electromagnetic microwave thruster on the fourth flight of the X-37B. In 2009, an EmDrive technology transfer contract with Boeing was undertaken via a State Department TAA and a UK export license, approved by the UK Ministry of Defence. Boeing has since stated that it is no longer pursuing this area of research. The U.S. Air Force has stated that the X-37B is testing a Hall-effect thruster system for Aerojet Rocketdyne.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In July 2019, former United States Secretary of the Air Force Heather Wilson explained that when an X-37B was in an elliptic orbit it could, at perigee, use the thin atmosphere to make an orbit change preventing some observers from discovering the new orbit for a while, permitting secret activities.


title: Boeing X-37

text: Astronomer Jonathan McDowell, editor of "Jonathan's Space Report", has stated that satellites launched from the X-37B were not reported, as required by the Registration Convention, to the United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs so other parties to the convention would not know about them.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The Chinese Space Program landed its first reusable winged space plane on 6 September 2020. It was reported to weigh , and be long, i.e. closer to size of the X-37 than the space shuttle. Knowledgeable commentators speculated that the Chinese built their space plane to follow the US's X-37 example.


title: Boeing X-37

text: Processing for the X-37 is carried out inside Bays 1 and 2 of the Orbiter Processing Facility (OPF) at Kennedy Space Center in Florida, where the vehicle is loaded with its top-secret payload. The X-37 is then placed inside a fairing along with its stage adapter and transported to the launch site. Previous launch sites have included SLC-41 and Kennedy Space Center LC-39A.


title: Boeing X-37

text: Landing is done at one of three sites across the US: the Shuttle Landing Facility at Kennedy Space Center, Vandenberg Space Force Base, or Edwards Air Force Base. To return to Kennedy Space Center, the X-37 is placed into a payload canister and loaded into a Boeing C-17 cargo plane. Once at Kennedy, the X-37 is unloaded and towed to the OPF, where it is prepared for its next flight. Technicians must wear protective suits due to toxic hypergolic gases.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37 Orbital Test Vehicle is a reusable robotic spaceplane. It is an approximately 120-percent-scale derivative of the Boeing X-40, measuring over in length, and features two angled tail fins. The X-37 launches atop an Atlas V 501 or a SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket. The spaceplane is designed to operate in a speed range of up to Mach 25 on its reentry.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The technologies demonstrated in the X-37 include an improved thermal protection system, enhanced avionics, an autonomous guidance system and an advanced airframe. The spaceplane's thermal protection system is built upon previous generations of atmospheric reentry spacecraft, incorporating silica ceramic tiles. The X-37's avionics suite was used by Boeing to develop its CST-100 crewed spacecraft. The development of the X-37 was to "aid in the design and development of NASA's Orbital Space Plane, designed to provide a crew rescue and crew transport capability to and from the International Space Station", according to a NASA fact sheet.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37 for NASA was to be powered by one Aerojet AR2-3 engine using storable propellants, providing thrust of . The human-rated AR2-3 engine had been used on the dual-power NF-104A astronaut training vehicle and was given a new flight certification for use on the X-37 with hydrogen peroxide/JP-8 propellants. This was reportedly changed to a hypergolic nitrogen-tetroxide/hydrazine propulsion system.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37 lands automatically upon returning from orbit and is the third reusable spacecraft to have such a capability, after the Soviet "Buran" shuttle and the U.S. space shuttle, which had automatic landing capability by the mid-1990s, but never tested it. The X-37 is the smallest and lightest orbital spaceplane flown to date; it has a launch mass of around and is approximately one quarter the size of the Space Shuttle orbiter.


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 13 April 2015, the Space Foundation awarded the X-37 team with the "for significantly advancing the state of the art for reusable spacecraft and on-orbit operations, with the design, development, test and orbital operation of the X-37B space flight vehicle over three missions totaling 1,367 days in space".


title: Boeing X-37

text: The two operational X-37Bs have completed six orbital missions; they have spent a combined 3,774.4 days (10.34 years) in space.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The first X-37B launched on its first mission – OTV-1/USA-212 – on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 22 April 2010 at 23:52 UTC. The spacecraft was placed into low Earth orbit for testing. While the U.S. Air Force revealed few orbital details of the mission, a worldwide network of amateur astronomers claimed to have identified the spacecraft in orbit. On 22 May 2010, the spacecraft was in an inclination of 39.99°, circling the Earth once every 90 minutes on an orbit . OTV-1 reputedly passed over the same given spot on Earth every four days, and operated at an altitude that is typical for military surveillance satellites. Such an orbit is also common among civilian LEO satellites, and the spaceplane's altitude was the same as that of the ISS and most other crewed spacecraft.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The U.S. Air Force announced a 3–6 December landing on 30 November 2010. As scheduled, the X-37B was de-orbited, reentered Earth's atmosphere, and landed successfully at Vandenberg AFB on 3 December 2010, at 09:16 UTC, conducting the first US autonomous orbital landing onto a runway. This was the first such landing since the Soviet Buran shuttle in 1988. In all, OTV-1 spent in space. OTV-1 suffered a tire blowout during landing and sustained minor damage to its underside.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The second X-37B launched on its inaugural mission, designated OTV-2/USA-226, aboard an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 5 March 2011 at 22:46 UTC. The mission was classified and described by the U.S. military as an effort to test new space technologies. On 29 November 2011, the U.S. Air Force announced that it would extend USA-226 beyond the 270-day baseline duration. In April 2012, General William L. Shelton of the Air Force Space Command declared the ongoing mission a "spectacular success".


title: Boeing X-37

text: On 30 May 2012, the Air Force stated that the X-37B would land at Vandenberg AFB in June 2012. The spacecraft landed autonomously on 16 June 2012, having spent in space.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The third mission and second flight of the first X-37B, OTV-3 was originally scheduled to launch on 25 October 2012, but was postponed because of an engine issue with the Atlas V launch vehicle. It was successfully launched from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 11 December 2012 at 18:03 UTC. Once in orbit, the spacecraft was designated USA-240. Landing occurred at Vandenberg AFB on 17 October 2014 at 16:24 UTC, after a total time in orbit of .


title: Boeing X-37

text: The fourth X-37B mission, OTV-4, was codenamed AFSPC-5 and designated as USA-261 in orbit. It was the second flight of the second X-37B vehicle. The X-37B launched on an Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 20 May 2015 at 15:05 UTC. Objectives included a test of Aerojet Rocketdyne's XR-5A Hall-effect thruster in support of the Advanced Extremely High Frequency communications satellite program, and a NASA investigation on the performance of various materials in space for at least 200 days. The vehicle spent what was then a record-breaking in orbit before landing at Kennedy Space Center's Shuttle Landing Facility on 7 May 2017 at 11:47 UTC.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The fifth X-37B mission, designated USA-277 in orbit, was launched from Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39A on 7 September 2017 at 14:00 UTC, just before the arrival of Hurricane Irma. The launch vehicle was a Falcon 9 rocket, and a number of small satellites also shared the ride. The spacecraft was inserted at a higher inclination orbit than previous missions, further expanding the X-37B's envelope. During the flight, the spacecraft modified its orbit using an on-board propulsion system. While the complete payload for OTV-5 is classified, the Air Force announced that one experiment flying is the Advanced Structurally Embedded Thermal Spreader II (ASETS-II), which measures the performance of an oscillating heat pipe. The mission was completed with the vehicle landing at the Shuttle Landing Facility on 27 October 2019 at 07:51 UTC.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The sixth X-37B mission (OTV-6), U.S. Space Force 7 (formerly known as AFSPC 7), launched on an Atlas V 501 rocket from Cape Canaveral SLC-41 on 17 May 2020 at 13:14:00 UTC. This mission is the first time the spaceplane has carried a service module, a ring attached to the rear of the vehicle for hosting multiple experiments. The mission hosts more experiments than prior X-37B flights, including two NASA experiments. One is a sample plate evaluating the reaction of select materials to conditions in space. The second studies the effect of ambient space radiation on seeds. A third experiment designed by the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) transforms solar power into radio frequency microwave energy, then studies transmitting that energy to Earth. The X-37B remains a Department of the Air Force asset, but the newly established U.S. Space Force is responsible for the launch, on-orbit operations, and landing.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37B released a small, satellite named FalconSat-8 (USA-300) around 28 May 2020. Developed by United States Air Force Academy cadets in partnership with the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL), the small satellite carries five experimental payloads. The spacecraft will test a novel electromagnetic propulsion system, low-weight antenna technology and a commercial reaction wheel to provide attitude control in orbit. According to the United States Air Force Academy, FalconSat-8's experiments include:


title: Boeing X-37

text: The mission was completed with the vehicle landing at the Shuttle Landing Facility on 12 November 2022 at 10:22 UTC.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37A Approach and Landing Test Vehicle (ALTV) was an initial NASA version of the spacecraft used in drop glide tests in 2005 and 2006.


title: Boeing X-37

text: The X-37B is a modified version of the NASA X-37A, built for the U.S. Air Force. Two have been built and used for multiple orbital missions.


title: Boeing X-37

text: In 2011, Boeing announced plans for a scaled-up variant of the X-37B, referring to it as the X-37C. This spacecraft was planned to be between 165% and 180% of the size of the X-37B, allowing it to transport up to six astronauts inside a pressurized compartment housed in the cargo bay. The Atlas V was this variant's proposed launch vehicle. In this role, Boeing's X-37C could potentially compete with the corporation's CST-100 Starliner commercial space capsule.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Michael Jerome Irvin (born March 5, 1966) is an American sports commentator and former professional football wide receiver for the Dallas Cowboys of the National Football League (NFL). In 2007, he was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin played college football at the University of Miami and was selected in the first round of the 1988 NFL Draft by the Dallas Cowboys. He spent his entire 12-year National Football League (NFL) career (1988-1999) with the Cowboys before his career ended with an October 10, 1999 cervical spine injury in a game against the Philadelphia Eagles at Veterans Stadium.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was nicknamed "the Playmaker" due to his penchant for making big plays in big games during his college and pro careers. He is one of three key Cowboys offensive players, along with Troy Aikman and Emmitt Smith, known as "The Triplets" who led the Cowboys to three Super Bowl championships in 1992, 1993, and 1995. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest wide receivers of all time.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin is a former broadcaster for ESPN's "Sunday NFL Countdown" and currently an analyst for NFL Network.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 2009, he competed in season 9 of "Dancing with the Stars" and was the ninth contestant to be eliminated.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Michael Irvin was born in 1966 in Fort Lauderdale, Florida. He was the 15th of 17 children in his family. Irvin first attended Piper High School in Sunrise, Florida and then went on to become a football star at St. Thomas Aquinas High School in Fort Lauderdale.


title: Michael Irvin

text: While at St. Thomas Aquinas High School, Irvin was heavily recruited by the University of Miami to play for the Miami Hurricanes, one of the top collegiate football programs in the nation.


title: Michael Irvin

text: At the University of Miami, under coach Jimmy Johnson, Irvin set school records for career receptions (143), receiving yards (2,423 and later broken by Santana Moss), and touchdown receptions (26). He was a member of Miami's 1987 national championship team, and made one of the most legendary plays in school history that year, scoring on a 73-yard fourth-quarter touchdown pass from Steve Walsh that provided the margin of victory in Miami's triumph over archrival Florida State, which propelled them into the national championship game, the 1988 Orange Bowl, against the top-ranked Oklahoma Sooners.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In his junior year at the University of Miami in 1988, Irvin announced he was skipping his final year of college eligibility and declaring his eligibility for the 1988 NFL Draft.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was selected by the Dallas Cowboys as the 11th selection in the first round of the 1988 NFL Draft. He was the last first-round draft pick made by the Cowboys under the leadership of long-time general manager Tex Schramm, player personnel director Gil Brandt, and coach Tom Landry (Schramm predicted that Irvin would accelerate the Cowboys' "return to the living"). Irvin became the first rookie receiver in Cowboys' history to start a season opener in 20 years, in which he caught his first career touchdown. He also caught 3 touchdown passes in the Cowboys' win over the Washington Redskins, one of only three wins that season and the final one of Landry's career. He finished the season leading the NFC with a 20.4 yards per catch average.


title: Michael Irvin

text: While reunited with his college coach Jimmy Johnson, the Cowboys' misfortunes continued the following year as they finished with a 1–15 record, the worst in franchise history, while injuries limited Irvin to only six games, after he was on a pace to gain more than 1,000 receiving yards, until tearing the anterior cruciate ligament in his right knee against the San Francisco 49ers and being placed on the injured reserve list. The injury prevented him from playing until the fourth game of the 1990 season, but he did not register his first catch until the seventh game and finished the season with just 20 receptions for 413 yards, but also averaged 20.7-yards per catch.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Before the injury, Irvin was nearly traded to the Los Angeles Raiders to help bring talent to the Cowboys and potentially pair Irvin up with Tim Brown, but Raiders owner Al Davis essentially talked Johnson out of the trade by saying, "You sure you want to do that? Who is going to catch passes for you?". This led to Johnson trading the only other option he felt the team had as trade bait, Herschel Walker, in what would become the Herschel Walker trade.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 1990, under the strength of players such as Jay Novacek, Troy Aikman, and Emmitt Smith, the team began to improve, finishing the season with a 7–9 record, and posting an 11–5 record in 1991.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was a major reason for their playoff season of 1991, finishing with 93 receptions (second in the league), 1,523 receiving yards (led the league), 8 receiving touchdowns and set a franchise record with seven 100-yard games. He made the All-Pro team that year and was selected to the first of five consecutive Pro Bowls.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 1992 and 1993, Irvin was a key player on the Cowboys' Super Bowl teams. In 1994, he enjoyed another stellar campaign with his fourth consecutive Pro Bowl season, but that year the Cowboys lost to the San Francisco 49ers in the NFC Championship Game. For his part, however, Irvin had one of the most productive games in NFL playoff history, with 12 catches for an NFC championship record 192 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Michael Irvin

text: One of his greatest performances was in Super Bowl XXVII (1993), where he caught seven passes for 114 yards and two touchdowns. His two touchdowns catches were both in the second quarter and occurred in a span of just 18 seconds, the fastest pair of touchdowns ever scored by one player in Super Bowl history. He also became only the second player ever to score 2 touchdowns in one quarter of a Super Bowl, after Washington Redskins wide receiver Ricky Sanders in Super Bowl XXII.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was also a key contributor in the Cowboys' victories in Super Bowl XXVIII (1994) and Super Bowl XXX (1996), recording five receptions for 66 yards in the first one, and five receptions for 76 yards in the second.


title: Michael Irvin

text: His best season was in 1995, when he set franchise records for receptions (111) and receiving yards (1,603), while also scoring 10 touchdowns and setting an NFL record with 11 games with over 100 yards receiving. He added seven receptions for 100 yards and two touchdowns against the Green Bay Packers in the NFC Championship Game en route to the Cowboys' third Super Bowl win in a span of four seasons.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin is the only player to play for each of the first four Cowboys coaches since the team has been owned by Jerry Jones (Landry, Johnson, Barry Switzer, and Chan Gailey). Irvin officially announced his retirement after Dave Campo became the fifth Cowboys coach, but Irvin never played on the field for Campo.


title: Michael Irvin

text: During the fifth game of the 1999 season, on October 10, Irvin was tackled by Philadelphia Eagles defensive back Tim Hauck and driven head-first into the turf at Veterans Stadium in Philadelphia. He sustained a non-life-threatening cervical spine injury but was carted from the field. He was subsequently diagnosed with cervical spinal stenosis, which forced him into early retirement.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was the last Tom Landry-coached player to retire from the NFL. Landry died on February 12, 2000, several months after Irvin's injury in Philadelphia but before he later announced that the injury was forcing his retirement and he would not return for the 2000 season.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin finished his career with 750 receptions (tied with Charlie Joiner for 30th all-time in the NFL) for 11,904 yards (21st all-time in the NFL) and 65 touchdowns. His 47 100-yard receiving games is eighth-most in NFL history, tied with Torry Holt. Irvin was selected to five Pro Bowls (two more than any other wide receiver in franchise history) and was named the MVP of the 1992 Pro Bowl (following the 1991 season) after catching eight passes for 125 yards and a touchdown in the NFC's 21–15 triumph. Irvin was a key playmaker for the Dallas Cowboys that won 6 division titles and three Super Bowls.


title: Michael Irvin

text: As part of Dallas' starting lineup on offense, Irvin was a consistent force to be reckoned with in the regular season but also excelled in the playoffs, where his six career 100-yard receiving games are just two shy of the NFL record held by Jerry Rice, who had eight such games. Irvin's 87 postseason receptions place him second in NFL playoff history behind Rice, who had 151, and Irvin's 1,315 post-season receiving yards ranks second to Rice, who recorded 2,245 post-season yards.


title: Michael Irvin

text: From 1991 through 1998, Irvin recorded 1,000-yard seasons in all but one year, racking up an impressive 10,265 yards over an eight-year span. Along the way, the Cowboys made four straight appearances in the NFC Championship Game (1992–1995) and captured three Super Bowl championships with back-to-back wins over the Buffalo Bills in Super Bowl XXVII and Super Bowl XXVIII, and the Pittsburgh Steelers in Super Bowl XXX.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Along with his former Cowboy teammates Troy Aikman and Emmitt Smith, Irvin was inducted into the Dallas Cowboys Ring of Honor on September 19, 2005.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was one of three former NFL players with Cowboys ties selected for induction into the 2007 class of the Texas Sports Hall of Fame, all of whom were inducted at a February 2008 ceremony in Waco, Texas. The other two were Jim Ray Smith of the Cleveland Browns, who finished his career with the Cowboys (1963–64), and Ray Childress, a five-time Pro Bowl defensive end for the Houston Oilers who wrapped up his NFL career with the Cowboys in 1996.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 2007, Irvin was named to Florida High School Athletic Association's All-Century Team that listed the Top 33 football players in the state of Florida's 100-year history of high school football.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin became eligible for induction to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2005. He was selected in his third year of eligibility, on February 3, 2007, alongside Gene Hickerson, Bruce Matthews, Thurman Thomas, Charlie Sanders, and Roger Wehrli. He was formally inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame during the Hall of Fame's August 4, 2007 induction ceremony in Canton, Ohio.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On August 4, 2007, Irvin was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame, delivering a tearful acceptance speech in which he referenced both his life as a football player and the many mistakes he has made in his life. His speech has been praised by many NFL commentators as heartfelt, including those who had been inclined to dislike him.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On October 14, 2007, Irvin accepted his Hall of Fame ring at Texas Stadium during halftime of the Cowboys–New England Patriots game. In his speech, he proposed to Commissioner Roger Goodell that all drafted rookies will have a tour of the Pro Football Hall of Fame to better understand their football history.


title: Michael Irvin

text: At 6'2" and 207 pounds, Irvin was a big, physical receiver who manhandled cornerbacks and often was able to make tough catches in defensive traffic. In part because of Irvin's ability to push off the defender with such ease, the NFL eventually changed its rules to adjust to wide receivers who emulated Irvin's physical style.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was a vocal, emotional leader who set every significant career receiving mark in Cowboys history, including catches and receiving yards. At the time of his retirement, he owned or was tied for 20 team receiving records. In November 2008, his Cowboys teammate Daryl Johnston said, "Michael was the hardest working guy on our team. He was a guy who made some wrong decisions, but he never took anything public, and he never spoke out against anyone on our team. He wasn't a problem. He was more of an inspiration."


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin has high regard for players from "The U," as he likes to call the University of Miami, including Frank Gore, Edgerrin James, and others.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 1996, as the Cowboys prepared to play the Carolina Panthers in the NFC Divisional Playoff game, media reports stated that Irvin and teammate Erik Williams, while under the influence of cocaine, had sexually assaulted a Dallas Cheerleader, Nina Shahravan, and, with a gun to her head, videotaped the interaction.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Despite Williams' and Irvin's denials of the allegations, the story largely overshadowed the game, which the Cowboys lost. The accuser was later proven to have fabricated the entire incident. She recanted her story, pled guilty to perjury and filing a false police report, and was sentenced to 90 days in jail and a fine. In the game against Carolina, Irvin was injured in the opening minutes and did not return.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On July 29, 1998, Irvin allegedly assaulted fellow Cowboys offensive lineman Everett McIver. The initial dispute stemmed from Irvin demanding that McIver vacate a barber's chair so that Irvin would not have to wait for a haircut. McIver and Irvin soon began a brawl in the shop with fellow Cowboy Leon Lett attempting to break it up.


title: Michael Irvin

text: During the course of the dispute, Irvin grabbed a pair of scissors and stabbed McIver in the neck, barely missing his carotid artery. Cowboys owner Jerry Jones reportedly brokered a six-figure settlement between Irvin and McIver in exchange for McIver's silence and to prevent McIver from pursuing criminal charges against Irvin.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In June 2001, a year following his NFL retirement, Irvin was arrested for felony cocaine possession. Irvin was in a Dallas apartment with an unrelated woman, and neither answered the door when police drug task force agents arrived with a search warrant. Police then entered the apartment forcibly, finding drugs. Irvin and the woman were placed under arrest, though charges against Irvin were later dropped.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On November 25, 2005, Irvin was pulled over in Plano, Texas for speeding. Irvin was arrested on an outstanding warrant on an unpaid speeding ticket in Irving, Texas, and was also cited for misdemeanor possession of drug paraphernalia after police searched his car and found a pipe and plastic bags with marijuana residue. Irvin was arrested for a Class C misdemeanor. He was later released on bond.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On December 1, 2005, in response to his arrest, ESPN suspended Irvin for the Sunday and Monday night "Countdown" shows on December 4 and 5, 2005. He returned to both shows with no mention or consequence of the past incident.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On July 4, 2007, Irvin was accused of sexual assault while he was at the Seminole Hard Rock Casino in Hollywood, Florida. Charges were never filed, but a civil suit was filed against him in 2010. Irvin filed a $100 million defamation countersuit, which was dropped when the case was settled out of court in January 2011.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On January 12, 2009, Irvin claimed he was a victim of a possible carjacking attempt while stopped at a light in Dallas. He filed a police report claiming that two men flashed a gun at him but eventually drove away after commenting that they were Cowboys fans. Dallas police suspended their investigation two weeks later, stating that Irvin had not cooperated in the investigation and that they could not proceed without his cooperation.


title: Michael Irvin

text: On March 22, 2017, Fort Lauderdale police investigated Irvin for allegedly sexually assaulting a woman in Florida. Irvin denied the allegations. On July 24, the Broward County State Attorney's Office announced they had closed the investigation and would not charge Irvin in the case.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In a November 2006 radio interview on Dan Patrick's radio show, Irvin joked that Dallas Cowboys quarterback Tony Romo's athletic ability may have been due to African-American heritage and jokingly remarked that Romo's maternal relatives might have been involved with "slave brothers". Irvin later apologized and said, "this is how I joke around with Romo when we're playing basketball. There's a difference from me the player and me the broadcaster".


title: Michael Irvin

text: On February 17, 2007, during the late edition of "SportsCenter", ESPN announced that Irvin was no longer with the network. ESPN Communications Vice President Josh Krulewitz said, "We thank Michael for his contributions to ESPN and wish him well." However, eleven months later, in January 2008, Irvin rejoined ESPN as a host on ESPN Radio owned and operation station KESN (103.3 FM) in Dallas, hosting "The Michael Irvin Show". This locally-aired program ended on February 5, 2010, and Irvin was let go after his contract expired. An ESPN spokesman cited declining ratings and that news of a lawsuit filed against Irvin for a 2007 incident "simply expedited the situation".


title: Michael Irvin

text: On an February 2017 episode of "The Rich Eisen Show", Irvin admitted to having snuck out of the locker room during the halftime of Super Bowl XXVII to watch Michael Jackson perform.


title: Michael Irvin

text: Irvin was a co-star in the 2005 remake of "The Longest Yard", starring Adam Sandler and Chris Rock. Irvin also guest starred in Sandler's film "Jack & Jill", which was released on November 11, 2011. He was one of the "Pros" on an episode of "Pros vs. Joes", which pitted former professional athletes against average people. He was the host of "4th and Long", a football-themed reality series which aired on Spike TV. The winner, Jesse Holley, earned a spot at the Dallas Cowboys' training camp. Irvin has a supporting role in the 2017 basketball drama "Slamma Jamma" as a sleazy sports agent.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In 2011, Irvin spoke with "Out" magazine about his homosexual older brother, who died of stomach cancer in 2006. He claimed his initial feelings of homophobia in relation to his brother led to womanizing during his playing days but eventual acceptance and feelings of love toward his older brother initiated his understanding for people with difficulty sharing their circumstances.


title: Michael Irvin

text: In August 2011, officials from the Elite Football League of India announced that Irvin would be among the primary investors and advisers for the league. Other prominent backers included former Chicago Bears head coach Mike Ditka, former Philadelphia Eagles quarterback Ron Jaworski, and NFL linebacker Brandon Chillar.


title: Werner Herzog filmography

text: Werner Herzog (born 1942) is a German filmmaker. Part of the New German Cinema movement, Herzog's films often feature ambitious protagonists with impossible dreams, people with unique talents in obscure fields, or individuals who are in conflict with nature. With works spanning myriad genres and medium, he is particularly well known for his documentary films, which he often narrates.


title: Werner Herzog filmography

text: In 1962, Herzog made his directorial debut with the German-language short "Herakles". His feature film debut, "Signs of Life" (1968), garnered him the Silver Bear at Berlinale. His 1974 film "The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser" won the Grand Prix at Cannes. He collaborated with actor Klaus Kinski on five films, "Aguirre, the Wrath of God" (1972), "Nosferatu the Vampyre" (1979), "Woyzeck" (1979), "Fitzcarraldo" (1982), and "Cobra Verde" (1987). "Fitzcarraldo" in particular won Herzog the Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival. His tumultuous relationship with Kinski was the subject of Herzog's 1999 documentary "My Best Fiend". In 2006, he wrote and directed "Rescue Dawn", which starred Christian Bale. In 2009, Herzog directed Nicolas Cage in "".


title: Werner Herzog filmography

text: One of Herzog's earliest documentaries was "Fata Morgana", which pairs footage of the Sahara and Sahel deserts with a recitation of the Mayan creation myth, the Popol Vuh. In 1992, he directed "Lessons of Darkness", which catalogued Kuwait in the wake of the Gulf War. He directed the 2005 documentary "Grizzly Man". His 2007 film "Encounters at the End of the World" documented the lives of scientists in Antarctica. In 2016, he directed two documentaries, "Into the Inferno" and "Lo and Behold". For his 2018 documentary "Meeting Gorbachev", Herzog had extensive interviews with the Soviet leader. In 2020, he co-directed "", an exploration of meteorites.


title: Werner Herzog filmography

text: He has appeared in various other projects as well. In 1980, he was documented eating his shoe in "Werner Herzog Eats His Shoe" after losing a bet. Herzog has also acted in commercial films and television series. He portrayed the antagonist in the 2012 Tom Cruise film "Jack Reacher". In 2019, he appeared in "The Mandalorian". He has also had cameo appearances in television series like "The Simpsons" and "Parks and Recreation".


title: Ida Lupino

text: Ida Lupino (4 February 1918 – 3 August 1995) was an English-American actress, singer, director, writer, and producer. Throughout her 48-year career, she appeared in 59 films and directed eight, working primarily in the United States, where she became a citizen in 1948.


title: Ida Lupino

text: She is widely regarded as the most prominent female filmmaker working in the 1950s during the Hollywood studio system. With her independent production company, she co-wrote and co-produced several social-message films and became the first woman to direct a film noir, "The Hitch-Hiker," in 1953. Among her other directed films, the best known are "Not Wanted" (1949), about unwed pregnancy (she took over for a sick director and refused directorial credit); "Never Fear" (1950), loosely based upon her own experiences battling paralyzing polio; "Outrage" (1950), one of the first films about rape; "The Bigamist" (1953) (which was named in the book "1001 Movies You Must See Before You Die"); and "The Trouble with Angels" (1966). Her short yet immensely influential directorial career, tackling themes of women trapped by social conventions, usually under melodramatic or noir coverings, is a pioneering example of proto-feminist filmmaking.


title: Ida Lupino

text: As an actress, her best known films are "The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes" (1939) with Basil Rathbone; "They Drive by Night" (1940) with George Raft and Humphrey Bogart; "High Sierra" (1941) with Bogart; "The Sea Wolf" (1941) with Edward G. Robinson and John Garfield; "Ladies in Retirement" (1941) with Louis Hayward; "Moontide" (1942) with Jean Gabin; "The Hard Way" (1943); "Deep Valley" (1947) with Dane Clark; "Road House" (1948) with Cornel Wilde and Richard Widmark; "While the City Sleeps" (1956) with Dana Andrews and Vincent Price; and "Junior Bonner" (1972) with Steve McQueen.


title: Ida Lupino

text: She also directed more than 100 episodes of television shows in a variety of genres, including westerns, supernatural tales, situation comedies, murder mysteries, and gangster stories. She was the only woman to direct an episode of the original "The Twilight Zone" series ("The Masks"), and the only director to star in an episode ("The Sixteen-Millimeter Shrine").


title: Ida Lupino

text: Lupino was born at 33 Ardbeg Road in Herne Hill, London, to actress Connie O'Shea (also known as Connie Emerald) and music hall comedian Stanley Lupino, a member of the theatrical Lupino family, which included Lupino Lane, a song-and-dance man. Her great-grandfather, George Hook, changed his name to Lupino. Her father, a top name in musical comedy in the UK encouraged her to perform at an early age. He built a backyard theatre for Lupino and her sister Rita (1920–2016), who also became an actress and dancer. Lupino wrote her first play at age seven and toured with a travelling theatre company as a child. By the age of ten, Lupino had memorised the leading female roles in each of Shakespeare's plays. After her intense childhood training for stage plays, Ida's uncle Lupino Lane assisted her in moving towards film acting by getting her work as a background actress at British International Studios.


title: Ida Lupino

text: She wanted to be a writer, but in order to please her father, Lupino enrolled in the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. She excelled in a number of "bad girl" film roles, often playing prostitutes. Lupino did not enjoy being an actress and felt uncomfortable with many of the early roles she was given. She felt that she was pushed into the profession due to her family history.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Lupino worked as both a stage and screen actress. She first took to the stage in 1934 as the lead in "The Pursuit of Happiness" at the Paramount Studio Theatre. Lupino made her first film appearance in "The Love Race" (1931) and the following year, aged 14, she worked under director Allan Dwan in "Her First Affaire", in a role for which her mother had previously tested. She played leading roles in five British films in 1933 at Warner Bros.' Teddington studios and for Julius Hagen at Twickenham, including "The Ghost Camera" with John Mills and "I Lived with You" with Ivor Novello.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Dubbed "the English Jean Harlow", she was discovered by Paramount in the 1933 film "Money for Speed", playing a good girl/bad girl dual role. Lupino claimed the talent scouts saw her play only the sweet girl in the film and not the part of the prostitute, so she was asked to try out for the lead role in "Alice in Wonderland" (1933). When she arrived in Hollywood, the Paramount producers did not know what to make of their sultry potential leading lady, but she did get a five-year contract.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Lupino starred in over a dozen films in the mid-1930s, working with Columbia in a two-film deal, one of which, "The Light That Failed" (1939), was a role she acquired after running into the director's office unannounced, demanding an audition. After this breakthrough performance as a spiteful cockney model who torments Ronald Colman, she began to be taken seriously as a dramatic actress. As a result, her parts improved during the 1940s, and she jokingly referred to herself as "the poor man's Bette Davis", taking the roles that Davis refused.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Mark Hellinger, associate producer at Warner Bros., was impressed by Lupino's performance in "The Light That Failed", and hired her for the femme-fatale role in the Raoul Walsh-directed "They Drive by Night" (1940), opposite stars George Raft, Ann Sheridan and Humphrey Bogart. The film did well and the critical consensus was that Lupino stole the movie, particularly in her unhinged courtroom scene. Warner Bros. offered her a contract which she negotiated to include some freelance rights. She worked with Walsh and Bogart again in "High Sierra" (1941), where she impressed critic Bosley Crowther in her role as an "adoring moll".


title: Ida Lupino

text: Her performance in "The Hard Way" (1943) won the New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actress. She starred in "Pillow to Post" (1945), which was her only comedic leading role. After the drama "Deep Valley" (1947) finished shooting, neither Warner Bros. nor Lupino moved to renew her contract and she left the studio in 1947. Although in demand throughout the 1940s, she arguably never became a major star although she often had top billing in her pictures, above actors such as Humphrey Bogart, and was repeatedly critically lauded for her realistic, direct acting style.


title: Ida Lupino

text: She often incurred the ire of studio boss Jack Warner by objecting to her casting, refusing poorly written roles that she felt were beneath her dignity as an actress, and making script revisions deemed unacceptable by the studio. As a result, she spent a great deal of her time at Warner Bros. suspended. In 1942, she rejected an offer to star with Ronald Reagan in "Kings Row", and was immediately put on suspension at the studio. Eventually, a tentative rapprochement was brokered, but her relationship with the studio remained strained. In 1947, Lupino left Warner Brothers and appeared for 20th Century Fox as a nightclub singer in the film noir "Road House", performing her musical numbers in the film. She starred in "On Dangerous Ground" in 1951, and may have taken on some of the directing tasks of the film while director Nicholas Ray was ill.


title: Ida Lupino

text: While on suspension, Lupino had ample time to observe filming and editing processes, and she became interested in directing. She described how bored she was on set while "someone else seemed to be doing all the interesting work".


title: Ida Lupino

text: She and her then-husband, producer and writer Collier Young, formed an independent company, The Filmakers Inc. , to "produce, direct, and write low-budget, issue-oriented films". It was formed in 1948 with Lupino as vice-president, Collier Young as president, and screenwriter Malvin Wald as treasurer. The Filmakers produced 12 feature films, six of which Lupino directed or co-directed, five of which she wrote or co-wrote, three of which she acted in, and one of which she co-produced. The Filmakers' mission was to make socially conscious films, encourage new talent, and bring realism to the screen. Their goal was to tell “how America lives” through independent B pictures shot in two weeks for less than $200,000 with a creative “family,” “the ring of truth” emphasized by fact-based stories — a combination of “social significance” and entertainment. In short, low-budget pictures, they explored virtually taboo subjects such as rape in "Outrage" (1950) and the self-explanatory "The Bigamist" (1953). The latter received rave reviews at the time of release, with Howard Thompson of "The New York Times" calling it "Filmakers' best offering, to date". Lupino's best known directorial effort, "The Hitch-Hiker", a 1953 RKO release, is the only film noir from the genre's classic period directed by a woman.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Her first directing job came unexpectedly in 1949 when director Elmer Clifton suffered a mild heart attack and was unable to finish "Not Wanted", a film Lupino co-produced and co-wrote. Lupino stepped in to finish the film without taking directorial credit out of respect for Clifton. Although the film's subject of out-of-wedlock pregnancy was controversial, it received a vast amount of publicity, and she was invited to discuss the film with Eleanor Roosevelt on a national radio program.


title: Ida Lupino

text: "Never Fear" (1949), a film about polio (which she had personally experienced at age 16), was her first director's credit. The film was noticed by Howard Hughes, who was looking for suppliers of low-budget feature films for distribution by his recently acquired RKO Pictures. Hughes agreed to put up financing and distribute The Filmakers’ next three features through RKO, leaving The Filmakers total control over the content and the production of the films.


title: Ida Lupino

text: After producing four more films about social issues, including "Outrage" (1950), a film about rape (while this word is never used in the movie), Lupino directed her first hard-paced, all-male-cast film, "The Hitch-Hiker" (1953), making her the first woman to direct a film noir.


title: Ida Lupino

text: Lupino once called herself a "bulldozer" to secure financing for her production company, but she referred to herself as "mother" while on set. On set, the back of her director's chair was labeled "Mother of Us All". Her studio emphasized her femininity, often at the urging of Lupino herself. She credited her refusal to renew her contract with Warner Bros. under the pretenses of domesticity, claiming "I had decided that nothing lay ahead of me but the life of the neurotic star with no family and no home." She made a point to seem nonthreatening in a male-dominated environment, stating, "That's where being a man makes a great deal of difference. I don't suppose the men particularly care about leaving their wives and children. During the vacation period, the wife can always fly over and be with him. It's difficult for a wife to say to her husband, come sit on the set and watch."