title: Paradox Interactive

text: Along with grand strategy games, Paradox's catalogue has come to include simulation and management games, such as the "Cities in Motion" series and "", and role-playing video games such as "Pillars of Eternity". The publisher has ventured into other genres in the period between 2011 and 2014, but have since shifted focus back to these three core areas; according to Shams Jorjani, the vice president of business development, "We had this vision of people buying a Paradox game without knowing what the game was; that 'Paradox' should be a guarantee for a type of game experience". The period from 2011 to 2014 was marked by the publication of the first "Magicka" game in 2011, itself having been greenlit for publishing after seeing the success of the "Mount & Blade" series in 2008, which did not quite fit their grand strategy profile. "Magicka" had been successful, so between 2013 and 2014, the publisher greenlit a number of different titles from across a number of genres, which, on retrospective, the publisher found that they could not properly manage or promote well, leading them to limit themselves to three core genres.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox supports games following their release with a long tail of updates to their games often several years after release. Some of these are free updates or downloadable content (DLC), and many add large game changing elements to the game and the way it is played. Paradox board member Ebba Ljungerud justified this part of their business model by stating "We want to make really great games for our fans, and we can't do that if we don't charge something for the development". Players have complained of Paradox' tendency to have a large number of paid DLC for its games, some which become required to be able to play with others. This can raise the effective cost of the game: for example, "Crusader Kings 2" released in 2012 had 24 DLC packs by 2018, bring the apparent price of the game from to . Ljungerud has stated that it knows this approach to DLC is unconventional and inundating for newcomers and can be improved. However, Wester asserted their current approach is a "fair and balanced" method, as alongside the paid DLC, they also release free updates that add new gameplay features and quality-of-life improvements to the title, so that all owners of the game can benefit from this approach regardless if they purchase the DLC.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox trialed a subscription model approach to the extended content for these games, first as a limited beta in 2020 with "Europa Universalis 4", before releasing a full subscription program in February 2021 for "Crusader Kings 2". A subscription gives access to all DLC for the subscribed title for a monthly subscription fee. A Paradox spokesman said this was "an affordable way for players to experience the entire "Crusader Kings 2" catalogue without having to weigh which items they would prefer to purchase". A full subscription program for "Europa Universalis 4" was issued in March 2021, and a program was also released for "Hearts of Iron 4" on 15 February 2022.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox tries to make games that are open and easy to edit (moddable), from tweaking a saved game to creating a new scenario. Modding can be accomplished with simple tools and basic knowledge of scripting. To assist modders to figure out how to edit the game on their own, the Paradox forums provide fan-compiled libraries of "how to" advice. Paradox worked with Microsoft to develop Paradox Mods, an open modding platform that allows the same user-created mods to work both on Microsoft Windows and Xbox One system, with initial testing being done through "Surviving Mars" starting in February 2019.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox Interactive purchased White Wolf Publishing's assets, including "World of Darkness" and "", from CCP Games in October 2015. White Wolf became a self-operating subsidiary of Paradox Interactive with its own management and goals.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: In January 2017, White Wolf announced its partnership with video game publisher Focus Home Interactive for the video game adaptation of "", a tabletop role-playing game set in the World of Darkness. It was developed by the game development studio Cyanide and released on PC and consoles on February 4, 2021, as "".


title: Paradox Interactive

text: In November 2018, as a result of backlash generated by material pertaining to "murder of gay Chechens" published in a "Vampire: The Masquerade Fifth Edition" source book, it was announced that White Wolf would no longer function as an entity separate from its parent company, and would cease developing and publishing products internally.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox Interactive acquired the Dutch game development studio Triumph Studios, the creator of the "Age of Wonders" and "Overlord" series, in June 2017. The acquisition was considered to be a good fit by both commentators and the involved companies, based on similarities in product genres and corporate culture.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: In January 2018, Paradox acquired a 33% minority stake in developer Hardsuit Labs, the current developers of "", at a cost of . Paradox Interactive acquired Harebrained Schemes, the maker of "Shadowrun Returns" and the Paradox-published game "BattleTech", in June 2018 for a fixed price of US$7,500,000 and 25% of the earnings of Harebrained Schemes excluding publishing cost in the next 5 years, to the extent they exceed the fixed purchasing price.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: Paradox acquired Paris-based Playrion Game Studio, specializing in mobile game development, in July 2020, making it its eighth internal studio. Paradox stated the acquisition will help them expand into the mobile games marketplace. Also in July 2020, Paradox acquired Iceflake Studios out of Tampere, Finland, which had been developing "Surviving the Aftermath" with Paradox as the publisher previously.


title: Paradox Interactive

text: In January 2019, Paradox acquired the intellectual property rights to the "Prison Architect" series from developer Introversion Software, with plans to continue to expand more games in the same theme. Introversion had stated they had taken the series as far as they could and believed that Paradox's purchase would ultimately help the series in the future.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Infernal Affairs is a 2002 Hong Kong action thriller film co-directed by Andrew Lau and Alan Mak. Jointly written by Mak and Felix Chong, it stars Andy Lau, Tony Leung, Anthony Wong, Eric Tsang, Sammi Cheng and Kelly Chen. The film follows an undercover Hong Kong Police Force officer who infiltrates a Triad, and another officer who is secretly a spy for the same Triad. It is the first in the "Infernal Affairs" series and is followed by "Infernal Affairs II" and "Infernal Affairs III".


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The film was selected as the Hong Kong entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 76th Academy Awards but was not nominated. Miramax Films acquired the United States distribution rights and gave it a limited US theatrical release in 2004. Martin Scorsese remade the film in 2006 as "The Departed", which won the Academy Award for Best Picture as well as Academy Award for Best Director, Scorsese’s first and only Oscar in his career, and Best Adapted Screenplay. In 2017, an Indian remake of the film was also planned.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: A 4K remaster of the "Infernal Affairs" trilogy is set to be released on 12th December 2022, to celebrate the 20th anniversary of "Infernal Affairs".


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Hon Sam, a Triad boss, sends Lau Kin-ming, a young gangster, to the police academy to serve as his spy in the Hong Kong Police Force. Around the same time, Chan Wing-Yan, a young police cadet, is seemingly expelled from the police academy. In reality, Chan has secretly become an undercover cop reporting only to Superintendent Wong Chi-shing, who sends him to infiltrate Hon's triad. Over the course of ten years, Chan experiences great stress from his undercover work while Lau quickly rises through the ranks in the police force, eventually becoming a Senior Inspector. Wong and his team interrupt a deal between Hon and a Thai cocaine dealer after receiving a tip-off from Chan. However, Lau alerts Hon, giving him enough time to get his henchmen to dispose of the evidence.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: After this incident, both Wong and Hon realise that they have a spy within their own organisation, placing them in a race against time to find out who the spy is. Chan nearly finds out Lau's identity when he tries to follow Lau after seeing him talking to Hon in a cinema; Lau manages to get away before Chan could see his face. By this time, both Chan and Lau are struggling with their double identities – Chan starts losing faith in himself as a cop after being a gangster for ten years; Lau becomes more accustomed to the life of a police officer and wants to end his association with the triad. At their next meeting on a rooftop, Wong wants to pull Chan out of undercover work for fear of his safety.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: However, Hon, who knows about the meeting from Lau, sends "Crazy" Keung and other henchmen to confront them. Chan escapes from the building while Wong tries to distract the gangsters and ends up being thrown off the roof to his death. Just then, the police show up and a shootout ensues. Keung, not knowing that Chan is the mole, drives them away from the scene but dies from a gunshot wound later. When the news report that Keung is actually an undercover cop, Hon assumes that he was the spy and that Chan killed him to protect himself. Lau retrieves Wong's cell phone and contacts Chan; both of them agree to foil a drug deal by Hon. The plan succeeds and many of Hon's men are arrested, while Lau betrays and kills Hon.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Everything seems to have returned to normal – Chan can revert to his true identity as a cop, while Lau has erased his criminal connections by eliminating the triad. However, back at the police headquarters, Chan discovers that Lau was the spy and leaves immediately. Realising what has happened, Lau erases Chan's file from the police database and makes a copy on his personal computer, intending to use the proof of Chan's identity as leverage, so that he would not reveal his real identity. Chan sends to Lau a compact disc with a recording that Hon kept between himself and Lau. The disc inadvertently ends up in the hands of Lau's girlfriend, Mary. Chan and Lau meet on the same rooftop where Wong was killed earlier. Chan disarms Lau and holds his pistol to Lau's head; Lau states calmly that he "wants to be a good person" now, but Chan rejects Lau's plea to help him conceal his criminal past.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Inspector "Big B" arrives on the scene shortly and orders Chan to release Lau. Chan holds Lau as a hostage at gunpoint and backs into an elevator, but gets shot in the head by "Big B" when he moves his head from behind Lau. "Big B" then reveals to Lau that he is also a spy planted by Hon in the police force, and assures Lau that he has destroyed evidence of Lau's criminal associations. When they take the elevator to the ground floor, Lau kills "Big B". Lee discovers records that prove Chan's identity as an undercover cop, while "Big B" is identified as the spy in the police force and the case is closed. Lau salutes Chan at his funeral, with Cheung and Lee present as well. A flashback reaffirms the point that Lau wished he had taken a different route in life.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: An alternate ending for the film was shot in order to comply with Article 25 (7) of the Chinese Film Administration Regulations specifying that films cannot propagate obscenity, gambling or violence, or abet to commit crimes. In the original (Hong Kong) ending, Lau concealed his true identity as a Triad spy and identified himself as a police officer to avoid legislative punishment. Therefore, the original ending version promotes criminal activity and injustice, and an alternate ending was filmed in order to access the market of mainland China. In the alternate ending, inspector Cheung discovered evidence of Lau’s criminal activity and immediately arrested Lau outside the elevator. This alternate ending was shown in mainland China and Malaysia.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: In "Infernal Affairs", the identity crisis suffered by both Chan and Lau as a mole is hinting at the schizophrenic struggle of Hong Kong residents, who faced both the colonization by the British and the reunification with Mainland China. Specifically, under Deng Xiaoping’s "One Country, Two System policy", the duplicity, unsettling, and uncertain nature of the future of Hong Kong residents is tightly echoed in Chan and Lau’s character developments. Scholar Howard Y. F. Choy further claimed that “this postcolonial (re)turn is actually more a recolonization than a decolonization of the capitalist Cantonese city by the mainland Mandarin master.”


title: Infernal Affairs

text: "Infernal Affairs" opens with Buddhist classic Nirvana Sutra Verse Nineteen, stating that “The worst of the Eight Hells is called Continuous Hell. It has the meaning of Continuous Suffering. Thus the name.” The film also closes with another quote from Buddha, stating that “He who is in Continuous Hell never dies. Longevity is a big hardship in Continuous Hell.” In Buddhism, Continuous Hell is also termed The Avici, where one can never reincarnate nor be relieved from guilt and suffering. This concept of timeless, placeless, and endless suffering especially applies to the character Lau throughout the trilogy, who infinitely bears the burden of self-betrayal (serves as a mole), loss of family and friendship, and unsettledness.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Upon its premiere in Hong Kong, "Infernal Affairs" grossed $160,356 during the opening day (January 16–19). In total, the film grossed $7,035,649 during its run in Hong Kong theatres. The film was then released across Asia, where it grossed a further $169,659 from theatre receipts. In 2016, South Korean theaters re-released the film, which went on to gross $128,026 across three weeks. The total lifetime gross of the film in Korea is $977,903.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: In total, worldwide, the film grossed $8,836,958 across release in both domestic markets and European theatres which displayed the film.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Infernal Affairs" has an approval rating of 94% based on reviews from 64 critics, with an average rating of 7.50/10. The consensus from the site reads as "Smart and engrossing, this is one of Hong Kong's better cop thrillers." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 75 out of 100 based on reviews from 19 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". It was ranked as the 62nd Best Movie of 2004, 86th Most Discussed Movie of 2004, and the 95th Most Shared Movie of 2004.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Film critic Roger Ebert gave the film a three-out-of-four star rating and described "Infernal Affairs" as offering "rare emotional depth." In his words, "The movie pays off in a kind of emotional complexity rarely seen in crime movies. I cannot reveal what happens but will urge you to consider the thoughts of two men who finally confront their own real identities—in the person of the other character." "New York Times" reviewer Elvis Mitchell was so enraptured with the film that he stated that ""Infernal Affairs" is so beautifully shot that the images occasionally distract you from the condensed policier plot."


title: Infernal Affairs

text: "Infernal Affairs" played an integral role in Andrew Lau's breakout films in entering the 21st century. Being the most critically acclaimed film of his to date, it was ranked No. 30 in "Empire" Magazine's "The 100 Best Films of World Cinema" in 2010.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: "Infernal Affairs" gained significant traction during its festival run as it was nominated for sixteen awards during the 22nd Hong Kong Film Awards, winning seven of those categories. It also won the Best Picture at the 40th Golden Horse Awards, the 8th Golden Bauhinia Awards, and the Best Foreign Language Film at the 46th Blue Ribbon Awards.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Eventually, "Infernal Affairs" would spark the creation of two more films. With "Infernal Affairs II" getting 11 nominations and "Infernal Affairs III" getting 7 nominations during the 23rd Hong Kong Film Awards, with "Infernal Affairs II" winning Best Original Film Song.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The theme song, "Infernal Affairs" (無間道), was composed by Ronald Ng, lyrics provided by Albert Leung, and performed in Cantonese and Mandarin by Andy Lau and Tony Leung.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Although not included in the soundtrack, Tsai Chin's (蔡琴) song "Forgotten Times" (《被遺忘的時光》) features prominently in this film as a recurring element of its storyline, and also in its sequels.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Writer Alan Mak has long wanted to write a story about police and gangsters. The script of "Infernal Affairs" was inspired by John Woo's "Face/Off" (1997) but Mak knew that faces cannot swap in the real world. Instead, he focuses on the exchange of identity and psychology between the two leads and delves into human nature and the human heart. In the process of Mak's creation, his good friend Felix Chong also encouraged and supported him. The script, written by Mak and revised by Chong, took three years to complete.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The dialogue in the famous rooftop showdown was created on the spot by Felix Chong and Tony Leung, with Chong playing Andy Lau's part. The script originally included a typical shootout in the third act, but Leung insisted on turning it into a dialogue scene.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Gordon Lam did not receive the full script and did not know his character was also a triad mole until the final scene.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The script for "Infernal Affairs" originally belonged to Andy Lau's Teamwork Motion Pictures, but entangled amidst a lawsuit, the company was unable to produce the film. In addition, the creative team could not find investors because other studios at the time thought that an undercover film wasn't novel enough to make money. Eventually, Andrew Lau made a hopeless bid and showed the script to John Chong at Media Asia Entertainment Group. To his surprise Chong and company chairman Peter Lam saw potential in the story. Lam proceeded to invest HK $20 million in the film, under the condition that Andy Lau will star the film.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: With star power, visual allure, and an engaging script, Andrew Lau and Alan Mak’s "Infernal Affairs" /《無間道》(2002) did very well critically and financially, spawned two sequels and a television series, and attracted the attention of Hollywood.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: In 2003, Brad Pitt's production company Plan B Entertainment acquired the rights for a Hollywood remake, named "The Departed", which was directed by Martin Scorsese, and starred Leonardo DiCaprio, Matt Damon, Jack Nicholson, and Mark Wahlberg, set in Boston, Massachusetts, roughly based on the life of famed Boston mobster James "Whitey" Bulger. "The Departed" was released on 6 October 2006 and won the Academy Award for Best Picture. Andrew Lau, the co-director of "Infernal Affairs", who was interviewed by Hong Kong newspaper "Apple Daily", said: "Of course I think the version I made is better, but the Hollywood version is pretty good too. [Scorsese] made the Hollywood version more attuned to American culture." Andy Lau, one of the main actors in "Infernal Affairs", when asked how the movie compares to the original, said: ""The Departed" was too long and it felt as if Hollywood had combined all three "Infernal Affairs" movies together." Lau pointed out that the remake featured some of the "golden quotes" of the original but did have much more swearing. He ultimately rated "The Departed" 8/10 and said that the Hollywood remake is worth a view, though according to Lau's spokeswoman Alice Tam, he felt that the combination of the two female characters into one in "The Departed" was not as good as the original storyline.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Lau, Tsang, and Jacky Cheung parodied the cinema scene to promote the Hong Kong Film Awards. Lau and Tsang, in their respective characters, go through the scene where they meet to gather info on the undercover cop amongst Hon Sam's gang. Lau Kin-ming asks Hon, "Why do we always meet in a cinema?", to which Hon answers, "It's quiet. No one comes to movies". Cheung comes out from the shadows behind them and says, "I don't know...quite a few people watch movies" and we see a slew of Hong Kong celebrities watching various clips of Hong Kong films on the screen. Originally Tony Leung was going to appear but scheduling conflicts led to the recasting.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The 2003 TVB spoof celebrating the Chinese New Year called "Mo Ba To" (吐氣羊眉賀新春之無霸道), the 2004 comedy film "Love Is a Many Stupid Thing" by Wong Jing, and the 2004 TVB television drama "Shades of Truth" were re-writings based on the plot of the film.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: In Taiwan SHODA (劉裕銘) and a secondary school student Blanka (布蘭卡) cut and rearranged the original film and inserted new sound tracks to produce their videos "Infernal Affairs CD pro2" and "Infernal Affairs iPod" on the web. The videos had many views and both producers removed their videos after receiving cease and desist letters from the Group Power Workshop Limited (群體工作室), the Taiwan distributor of the film.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Media Asia released a limited edition of eight-DVD set of the "Infernal Affairs" trilogy in an Ultimate Collectible Boxset (無間道終極珍藏DVD系列(8DVD套裝)) on 20 December 2004. Features included an online game and two Chinese fictional novels of the film series by Lee Muk-Tung (李牧童), titled 無間道I+II小說 and 無間道III終極無間小說.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The hi-fi shop scene was later recreated with additions of excerpts of the film to encourage businesses to join the Quality Tourism Services Scheme in Hong Kong.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: In 2009, a Korean remake "City of Damnation", which was directed by Kim Dong-won was released on 22 January 2009. In 2009, a Telugu remake "Homam", which directed and acted by JD Chakravarthy along with Jagapathi Babu was released and became a notable movie. In 2012, "Double Face" (), a Japanese television remake starring Hidetoshi Nishijima was released by TBS and WOWOW. The production aired in two parts: "Police Impersonation" on WOWOW and "Undercover" on TBS.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: A TV series remake debuted in 2018 produced by Media Asia and former TVB producer Tommy Leung. The series, which is titled "Infernal Affairs" like the film, stars Gallen Lo, Damian Lau, Paul Chun, Lo Hoi-pang, Eric Tsang, Derek Kok, Dominic Lam, Toby Leung and Yuen Biao. The story takes place years after the films' events, with some minor characters reprising their roles alongside a new cast. The TV series uses the same concept as the film, but with an entirely new story and characters, and the setting expanded beyond Hong Kong to include Thailand and Shenzhen. It stretched through three seasons with each season consisting of 12 episodes.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: Hindi remake is going to be a joint development between Warner Bros. India and Mumbai – based banner Azure and is set for a remake for a two-picture deal


title: Infernal Affairs

text: The success of the film inspired many genres, including an open-world video game from United Front Games titled "Sleeping Dogs" (or "True Crime: Hong Kong" before canceled by Activision Blizzard in 2011), with the protagonist of the story infiltrating the criminal underworld as an undercover police.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: "Infernal Affairs" is the turning point of Hong Kong film aesthetics. Before "Infernal Affairs", there were few serious and artistic works in Hong Kong films, but they basically had the following characteristics:


title: Infernal Affairs

text: After the release of "Infernal Affairs", Hong Kong films began to pay attention to the plot and picture.


title: Infernal Affairs

text: "Insanity" refers to the Insanity Hell, and in the Buddhist view, those who enter the Insanity Hell are extremely sinful. Those who enter the Infinite Hell never have any hope of relief, and they have no other feeling out of suffering. Those who enter the Infinite Hell will forever be tortured in Hell as retribution for the wickedness of their previous lives. The title perfectly sums up the plot described in "Infernal Affairs". Two identities should not belong to their own people, as they live in a similar hell of the environment; the dream is afraid of others who expose their undercover identity. Both of them are trying to use their own hated identities to hide their real identity. Their position in tandem with their identity force them to be tortured all the time, which perfectly fits the Buddhist-influenced title.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Resident Evil 5 is a third-person shooter video game developed and published by Capcom. It is a major installment in the "Resident Evil" series, and was announced in 2005—the same year its predecessor "Resident Evil 4" was released. "Resident Evil 5" was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in March 2009 and for Microsoft Windows in September that year. The plot involves an investigation of a terrorist threat by Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance agents Chris Redfield and Sheva Alomar in Kijuju, a fictional region of West Africa. Chris learns that he must confront his past in the form of an old enemy, Albert Wesker, and his former partner, Jill Valentine.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: The gameplay of "Resident Evil 5" is similar to that of the previous installment, though it is the first in the series designed for two-player cooperative gameplay. It has also been considered the first game in the main series to depart from the survival horror genre, with critics saying it bore more resemblance to an action game. Motion capture was used for the cutscenes, and it was the first video game to use a virtual camera system. Several staff members from the original "Resident Evil" worked on "Resident Evil 5". The PC version was developed by Mercenary Technology.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" received a positive reception, despite some criticism for its control scheme. The game received some complaints of racism, though an investigation by the British Board of Film Classification found the complaints were unsubstantiated. "Resident Evil 5" was re-released for PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in June 2016. As of October 2021, the original release has sold over 8 million units. A special edition of the game and releases on other platforms sold an additional 4.6 million units, bringing the total sales to 12.6 million. It is the best-selling game of the "Resident Evil" franchise, and the original version remained the best-selling individual Capcom release until March 2018, when it was outsold by "". A sequel, "Resident Evil 6", was released in 2012.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: In 2009, five years after the events of "Resident Evil 4", Chris Redfield, now an agent of the Bioterrorism Security Assessment Alliance (BSAA), is dispatched to Kijuju in West Africa. He and his new partner Sheva Alomar are tasked with apprehending Ricardo Irving before he can sell a bio-organic weapon (BOW) on the black market. When they arrive, they discover that the locals have been infected by the parasites Las Plagas (those infected are called "Majini") and the BSAA Alpha Team have been killed. Chris and Sheva are rescued by BSAA's Delta Team, which includes Sheva's mentor Captain Josh Stone. In Stone's data Chris sees a photograph of Jill Valentine, his old partner, who has been presumed dead after a confrontation with Albert Wesker. Chris, Sheva and Delta Team close in on Irving, but he escapes with the aid of a hooded figure. Irving leaves behind documents that lead Chris and Sheva to marshy oilfields, where Irving's deal is to occur, but they discover that the documents are a diversion. When Chris and Sheva try to regroup with Delta Team, they find the team slaughtered by a BOW; Sheva cannot find Stone among the dead. Determined to learn if Jill is still alive, Chris does not report to headquarters.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Continuing through the marsh, they find Stone and track down Irving's boat with his help. Irving injects himself with a variant of the Las Plagas parasite and mutates into a huge octopus-like beast. Chris and Sheva defeat him, and his dying words lead them to a nearby cave. The cave is the source of a flower used to create viruses previously used by the Umbrella Corporation, as well as a new strain named Uroboros. Chris and Sheva find evidence that Tricell, the company funding the BSAA, took over a former Umbrella underground laboratory and continued Umbrella's research. In the facility, they discover thousands of capsules holding human test subjects. Chris finds Jill's capsule, but it is empty. When they leave, they discover that Tricell CEO Excella Gionne has been plotting with Wesker to launch missiles with the Uroboros virus across the globe; it is eventually revealed that Wesker hopes to take a chosen few from the chaos of infection and rule them, creating a new breed of humanity. Chris and Sheva pursue Gionne but are stopped by Wesker and the hooded figure, who is revealed to be a brainwashed Jill. Gionne and Wesker escape to a Tricell oil tanker; Chris and Sheva fight Jill, subduing her and removing the mind-control device before she urges Chris to follow Wesker.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Chris and Sheva board the tanker and encounter Gionne, who escapes after dropping a case of syringes; Sheva keeps several. When Chris and Sheva reach the main deck, Wesker announces over the ship's intercom that he has betrayed Gionne and infected her with Uroboros. She mutates into a giant monster, which Chris and Sheva defeat. Jill radios in, telling Chris and Sheva that Wesker must take precise, regular doses of a serum to maintain his strength and speed; a larger or smaller dose would poison him. Sheva realizes that Gionne's syringes are doses of the drug. Chris and Sheva follow Wesker to a bomber loaded with missiles containing the Uroboros virus, injecting him with the syringes Gionne dropped. Wesker tries to escape on the bomber; Chris and Sheva disable it, making him crash-land in a volcano. Furious‚ Wesker exposes himself to Uroboros and chases Chris and Sheva through the volcano. They fight him, and the weakened Wesker falls into the lava before Chris and Sheva are rescued by a helicopter, which is piloted by Jill and Stone. As a dying Wesker attempts to drag the helicopter into the volcano, Chris and Sheva fire rocket-propelled grenades at Wesker, killing him. In the game's final cutscene, Chris wonders if the world is worth fighting for. Looking at Sheva and Jill, he decides to live in a world without fear.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" is a third-person shooter with an over-the-shoulder perspective. Players can use several weapons including handguns, shotguns, automatic rifles, sniper rifles, and grenade launchers, as well as melee attacks. Players can make quick 180-degree turns to evade enemies. The game involves boss battles, many of which contain quick time events.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: As in its predecessor "Resident Evil 4", players can upgrade weapons with money and treasure collected in-game and heal themselves with herbs, but cannot run and shoot at the same time. New features include infected enemies with guns and grenades, the ability to upgrade weapons at any time from the inventory screen without having to find a merchant, and the equipping of weapons and items in real-time during gameplay. Each player can store nine items. Unlike the previous games, the item size is irrelevant; a herb or a grenade launcher each occupy one space, and four items may be assigned to the D-pad. The game features puzzles, though fewer than previous titles.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" is the first game in the "Resident Evil" series designed for two-player cooperative gameplay. The player controls Chris, a former member of the fictional Special Tactics and Rescue Service (STARS) and member of the BSAA, and a second player can control Sheva, who is introduced in this game. If a person plays alone, Sheva is controlled by the game's artificial intelligence (AI). When the game has been completed once, there is an option to make Sheva the primary character. Two-player mode is available online or split screen with a second player using the same console. A second player joining a split screen game in progress will make the game reload the last checkpoint (the point at which the game was last saved); the second player joining an online game will have to wait until the first player reaches the next checkpoint, or restarts the previous one, to play. In split-screen mode, one player's viewpoint is presented in the top half of the screen, and the other in the bottom half, but each viewpoint is presented in widescreen format, rather than using the full width of the screen, resulting in unused space to the left and right of the two windows. If one player has critical health, only their partner can resuscitate them, and they will die if their partner cannot reach them. At certain points, players are deliberately separated. Players can trade items during gameplay, although weapons cannot be traded with online players. The game's storyline is linear, and interaction with other characters is mostly limited to cutscenes.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: A version of the "Mercenaries" minigame, which debuted in "", is included in "Resident Evil 5". This minigame places the player in an enclosed environment with a time limit. Customized weapons cannot be used and players must search for weapons, ammunition, and time bonuses while fighting a barrage of enemies, to score as many points as possible within the time limit. The minigame multiplayer mode was initially offline only; a release-day patch needed to be downloaded to access the online multiplayer modes. "Mercenaries" is unlocked when the game's story mode has been completed.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" was developed by Capcom and produced by Jun Takeuchi, who directed "" and produced "". Keiji Inafune, promotional producer for "Resident Evil 2" and executive producer of the PlayStation 2 version of "Resident Evil 4", supervised the project. Production began in 2005 and at its peak, over 100 people were working on the project. In February 2007, some members of Capcom's Clover Studio began working on "Resident Evil 5" while others were working on "", which debuted for the Wii. Yasuhiro Anpo, who worked as a programmer on the original "Resident Evil", directed "Resident Evil 5". He was one of several staff members who worked on the original game to be involved in "Resident Evil 5" development. The game's scenario was written by Haruo Murata and Yoshiaki Hirabayashi, based on a story idea by concept director Kenichi Ueda. Takeuchi announced that the game would retain the gameplay model introduced in "Resident Evil 4", with "thematic tastes" from both "Resident Evil 4" and the original "Resident Evil".


title: Resident Evil 5

text: While previous "Resident Evil" games are mainly set at night, the events of "Resident Evil 5" occur almost entirely during the day. The decision for this was a combination of the game being set in Africa and advances in hardware improvements which allowed increasingly detailed graphics. On the subject of changes to Jill and Chris's appearance, production director Yasuhiro Anpo explained that designers tried "to preserve their image and imagined how they would have changed over the passage of time". Their new designs retained the character's signature colors; green for Chris and blue for Jill. Sheva was redesigned several times during production, though all versions tried to emphasize a combination of "feminine attraction and the strength of a fighting woman". The Majini were designed to be more violent than the "Ganado" enemies in "Resident Evil 4".


title: Resident Evil 5

text: The decision for cooperative gameplay was made part-way through development, for a new experience in a "Resident Evil" game. Despite initial concern that a second player would dampen the game's tension and horror, it was later realized that this could actually increase such factors where one player had to be rescued. The decision to retain wide-screen proportions in two-player mode was made to avoid having the first player's screen directly on top of the second, which might be distracting, and the restriction on simultaneously moving and shooting was retained to increase player tension by not allowing them to maneuver freely. Takeuchi cited the film "Black Hawk Down" as an influence on the setting of "Resident Evil 5" and his experience working on "Lost Planet: Extreme Condition" as an influence on its development. When questioned as to why the game was not being released on the Wii, which was the most popular gaming console at that time , Takeuchi responded that although that may have been a good decision "from a business perspective", the Wii was not the best choice in terms of power and visual quality, concluding that he was happy with the console choices they had made.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" runs on version 1.4 of Capcom's MT Framework engine and scenes were recorded by motion capture. It was the first video game to use a virtual camera system, which allowed the developers to see character movements in real time as the motion-capture actors recorded. Actors Reuben Langdon, Karen Dyer and Ken Lally portrayed Chris Redfield, Sheva Alomar and Albert Wesker respectively. Dyer also voiced Sheva, while Chris's voice was performed by Roger Craig Smith. Dyer's background training in circus skills helped her win the role of Sheva, as Capcom were searching for someone who could handle the physical skills her motion capture required. She performed her own stunts, and worked in production on the game for over a year, sometimes working 14 hours a day. All of the human character motions were based on motion capture, while the non-human characters in the game were animated by hand.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Kota Suzuki was the game's principal composer and additional music was contributed by Hideki Okugawa, Akihiko Narita and Seiko Kobuchi. The electronic score includes 15 minutes of orchestral music, recorded at the Newman Scoring Stage of 20th Century Fox Studios in Los Angeles with the 103-piece Hollywood Studio Symphony. Other orchestral music and arrangements were by Wataru Hokoyama, who conducted the orchestra. Capcom recorded in Los Angeles because they wanted a Hollywood-style soundtrack to increase the game's cinematic value and global interest. "Resident Evil 5" soundtrack features an original theme song, titled "Pray", which was composed by Suzuki and sung by Oulimata Niang.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Capcom announced "Resident Evil 5" on July 20, 2005, and the company showed a brief trailer for the game at the Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) in July 2007. The full E3 trailer became available on the Xbox Live Marketplace and the PlayStation Store that same month. A new trailer debuted on Spike TV's "GameTrailers TV" in May 2008, and on the GameTrailers website. A playable game demo was released in Japan on December 5, 2008, for the Xbox 360, in North America and Europe for the Xbox 360 on January 26, 2009, and on February 2 for the PlayStation 3. Worldwide downloads of the demo exceeded four million for the two consoles; over 1.8 million were downloaded between January 26 and January 29.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: In January 2009, "D+PAD Magazine" reported that "Resident Evil 5" would be released with limited-edition Xbox 360 box art; pictures of the limited-edition box claimed that it would allow two to sixteen players to play offline via System Link. Although Capcom said that their "box art isn't lying", the company did not provide details. Capcom soon issued another statement that the box-art information was incorrect, and System Link could support only two players. Microsoft released a limited-edition, red Xbox 360 Elite console which was sold with the game. The package included an exclusive "Resident Evil" theme for the Xbox 360 Dashboard and a download voucher for "Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix" from Xbox Live.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" was released for PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 in March 2009, alongside a dedicated Game Space on PlayStation Home. The space, "Resident Evil 5 "Studio Lot"" ("Biohazard 5 "Film Studio"" in Japan), had as its theme the in-game location of Kijuju. Its lounge offered "Resident Evil 5"-related items for sale, events and full game-launching support. Some areas of the space were available only to owners of "Resident Evil 5". A Microsoft Windows version was released in September 2009. This version, using Nvidia's 3D Vision technology through DirectX 10, includes more costumes and a new mode in the Mercenaries minigame. "Resident Evil 5" was re-released on Shield Android TV in May 2016, and was re-released on PlayStation 4 and Xbox One the following month, with a physical disc copy following in America that July. It was also released for Nintendo Switch on October 29, 2019.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Shortly before the release of "Resident Evil 5", Capcom announced that a competitive multiplayer mode called Versus would be available for download in several weeks. Versus became available for download in Europe and North America on April 7, 2009, through the Xbox Live Marketplace and the PlayStation Store. Versus has two online game types: "Slayers", a point-based game challenging players to kill Majini, and "Survivors", where players hunt each other while dodging and attacking Majini. Both modes can be played by two-player teams. The Microsoft Windows version of "Resident Evil 5" originally did not support downloadable content (DLC).


title: Resident Evil 5

text: During Sony's press conference at the 2009 Tokyo Game Show Capcom announced that a special edition of the game, "Biohazard 5: Alternative Edition", would be released in Japan for the PlayStation 3 in the spring of 2010. This edition supports the PlayStation Move accessory and includes a new scenario, "Lost in Nightmares", where Chris Redfield and Jill Valentine infiltrate one of Umbrella Corporation co-founder Oswell E. Spencer's estates in 2006. Another special edition of the game, "Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition", was released for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 in North America and Europe. "Gold Edition" includes "Lost in Nightmares" and another campaign-expansion episode, "Desperate Escape", where players control Josh Stone and Jill Valentine as they assist Chris and Sheva. The edition also includes the previously released Versus mode, four new costumes and an alternate Mercenaries mode with eight new playable characters, new items and maps. Like "Alternative Edition", "Gold Edition" supports the PlayStation Move accessory with a patch released on September 14, 2010. The Xbox 360 version of "Gold Edition" came in a DVD with a token allowing free download of all DLC, while the PlayStation 3 version had all of the new content on a single Blu-ray disc. On November 5, 2012, "Resident Evil 5: Gold Edition" was placed on the PlayStation Network as a free download for PlayStation Plus users during that month.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: As part of the game's conversion to Steamworks, "Gold Edition" was released for Microsoft Windows on March 26, 2015. Owners of the game from Steam or as a boxed retail Games for Windows – Live can acquire a free Steamworks copy of the base game and purchase the new "Gold Edition" content. The Steamworks version did not allow the use of Nvidia's 3D Vision technology or fan modifications, though Capcom later confirmed a way to work around these issues.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: " Resident Evil 5" received generally favourable reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Reviewers praised the game's visuals and content. Corey Cohen of "Official Xbox Magazine" complimented the game's fast pace, and called the graphics gorgeous. It was praised by Joe Juba and Matt Miller of "Game Informer", who said that it had the best graphics of any game to date and that the music and voice acting helped bring the characters to life, and Brian Crecente of "Kotaku" said it was one of the most visually stunning games he had ever played. Adam Sessler of "X-Play" said the game's graphics were exceptional, and "Edge" praised the gameplay as exhilarating and frantic. For IGN, Ryan Geddes wrote that the game had a surprisingly high replay value, and "GameZone" Louis Bedigian said the game was "worth playing through twice in one weekend".


title: Resident Evil 5

text: While still giving favorable reviews of the game, several reviewers considered it to be a departure from the survival horror genre, a decision they lamented. Chris Hudak of Game Revolution considered the game to be a "full-on action blockbuster", and Brian Crecente said that about halfway through the game it "dropp[ed] all pretense of being a survival horror title and unmask[ed] itself as an action shooter title". Kristan Reed of Eurogamer said the game "morphs what was a survival horror adventure into a survival horror shooter", and believed that this attempt to appeal to action gamers would upset some of the series' fans.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Aspects of the game's control scheme were viewed negatively by critics. James Mielke of 1UP.com criticized several inconsistencies in the game, such as only being able to take cover from enemy fire in very specific areas. Mielke also criticized its controls, saying that aiming was too slow and noting the inability to strafe away from (or quickly jump back from) enemies. Despite the problems he found it was "still a very fun game". Kristan Reed also had criticism of some controls, such as the speed at which 180-degree turns were performed and difficulty accessing inventory. Joe Juba said that the inability to move and shoot at the same time seemed more "like a cheap and artificial way to increase difficulty than a technique to enhance tension." While praising some aspects of the AI control of Sheva, Ryan Geddes thought that it also had its annoyances, such as its tendency to recklessly expend ammunition and health supplies.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Reception of the downloadable content was favorable. Steven Hopper of "GameZone" rated the "Lost in Nightmares" DLC eight out of ten, saying that despite the episode's brevity it had high replay value and the addition of new multiplayer elements made it a "worthy investment for fans of the original game." Samuel Claiborn of IGN rated the "Desperate Escape" DLC seven out of ten: "Despite Desperate Escape's well-crafted action sequences, I actually found myself missing the unique vibe of Lost in Nightmares. The dynamic between Jill and Josh isn't particularly thrilling, and the one-liners, banter and endearing kitsch are kept to a minimum."


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5"s 2007 E3 trailer was criticized for depicting a white protagonist killing black enemies in a small African village. According to "Newsweek" editor N'Gai Croal, "There was a lot of imagery in that trailer that dovetailed with classic racist imagery", although he acknowledged that only the preview had been released. Takeuchi said the game's producers were completely surprised by the complaints. The second trailer for the game, released on May 31, 2008, revealed a more racially diverse group of enemies and the African BSAA agent Sheva, who assists the protagonist. Critics felt that Sheva's character was added to address the issue of racism, though Karen Dyer said the character had been in development before the first trailer was released. Takeuchi denied that complaints about racism had any effect in altering the design of "Resident Evil 5". He acknowledged that different cultures may have had differing opinions about the trailer, though said he did not expect there to be further complaints once the game was released and people were "able to play the game and see what it is for themselves". In a "Computer and Video Games" interview, producer Masachika Kawata also addressed the issue: "We can't please everyone. We're in the entertainment business—we're not here to state our political opinion or anything like that. It's unfortunate that some people felt that way."


title: Resident Evil 5

text: In "Eurogamer" February 2009 preview of "Resident Evil 5", Dan Whitehead expressed concern about controversy the game might generate: "It plays so blatantly into the old clichés of the dangerous 'dark continent' and the primitive lust of its inhabitants that you'd swear the game was written in the 1920s". Whitehead said that these issues became more "outrageous and outdated" as the game progressed and that the addition of the "light-skinned" Sheva just made the overall issue worse. Hilary Goldstein from IGN believed that the game was not deliberately racist, and though he did not personally find it offensive, he felt that others would due to the subjective nature of offensiveness. Chris Hudak dismissed any allegations of racism as "stupid". Karen Dyer, who is of Jamaican descent, also dismissed the claims. She said that in over a year of working on the game's development she never encountered anything racially insensitive, and would not have continued working there if she had.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Wesley Yin-Poole of "VideoGamer.com" said that despite the controversy the game was attracting due to alleged racism, no expert opinion had been sought. He asked Glenn Bowman, senior lecturer in social anthropology at the University of Kent, whether he thought the game was racist. Bowman considered the racism accusations "silly", saying that the game had an anti-colonial theme and those complaining about the game's racism might be expressing an "inverted racism which says that you can't have scary people who are black". It was reported that one cutscene in the game scene showed "black men" dragging off a screaming white woman; according to Yin-Poole, the allegation was incorrect and the single man dragging the woman was "not obviously black". The scene was submitted to the British Board of Film Classification for evaluation. BBFC head of communications Sue Clark said, "There is only one man pulling the blonde woman in from the balcony [and he] is not black either. As the whole game is set in Africa it is hardly surprising that some of the characters are black ... we do take racism very seriously, but in this case, there is no issue around racism."


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Academic journals and conferences, however, have continued to comment on the theme of race within the game. In 2011, André Brock from "Games and Culture" said that the game drew from well-established racial and gender stereotypes, saying that the African people were only depicted as savage, even before transitioning into zombies. Writing for the Digital Games Research Association in 2011, Geyser and Tshabalala noted that racial stereotyping had never been intended by Capcom, though compared their depiction of Africa to that of the 1899 novel "Heart of Darkness". Post-colonial Africa, they opined, was portrayed as being unable to take care of itself, and at the mercy of Western influences.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: Writing for "The Philosophy of Computer Games Conference" in 2015, Harrer and Pichlmair considered "Resident Evil 5" to be "yet another moment in the history of commodity racism, which from the late 19th century onwards allowed popular depictions of racial stereotypes to enter the most intimate spaces of European homes". The authors state that Africa is presented from a Western gaze; "what is presented as 'authentic' blackness conforms to the projected fantasy of predominantly white gaming audience". In 2016, Paul Martin from "Games and Culture" said that the theme of the game could be described as "dark continent", stating it drew on imagery of European colonialism and depictions of "Blackness" reminiscent of 19th-century European theories on race.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: The PlayStation 3 version of "Resident Evil 5" was the top-selling game in Japan in the two weeks following its release, with 319,590 copies sold. In March 2009, it became the fastest-selling game of the franchise in the United Kingdom, and the biggest Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 game release in the country. By December 2020, "Resident Evil 5" had sold 8 million copies worldwide between PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 and download, and the "Gold Edition" had sold an additional 2.3 million copies across those systems. The PlayStation 4 and Xbox One versions sold another 2.3 million copies combined, bringing the total sales to 12.6 million units.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: The original release of "Resident Evil 5" was Capcom's best-selling individual edition of a game until March 2018, when ""s sales reached 7.5 million units, compared to 7.3 million for "Resident Evil 5" at the time. As of June 2020, when taking into consideration the sales of all versions and re-releases of titles, "Resident Evil 5" was the third-best-selling Capcom game overall, behind "Monster Hunter: World" (16.1 million) and "Street Fighter II" (14.05 million), and it remains the best-selling title in the "Resident Evil" franchise, outselling its closest rivals "Resident Evil 4" and "Resident Evil 6" by 1.6 million and 2 million units, respectively.


title: Resident Evil 5

text: "Resident Evil 5" won the "Award of Excellence" at the 2009 Japan Game Awards. It was nominated for both Best Action/Adventure Game and Best Console Game at the 2008 Game Critics Awards, Best Action Game at the 2009 IGN Game of the Year Awards, and Best Sound Editing in Computer Entertainment at the 2010 Golden Reel Awards. It received five nominations at the 2010 Game Audio Network Guild Awards: Audio of the Year, Best Cinematic/Cut-Scene Audio, Best Dialogue, Best Original Vocal Song – Pop (for the theme song "Pray") and Best Use of Multi-Channel Surround in a Game. Karen Dyer was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Character Performance at the 2010 Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences Awards; the game also received a nomination for Outstanding Achievement in Art Direction.


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Bryce Austin Papenbrook (born February 24, 1986) is an American voice actor who has done voice work for Funimation, Bang Zoom! Entertainment, Viz Media, Animaze, Studiopolis and Scoffer Studios. He has voiced in several anime series, particularly those of young male protagonists.


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Bryce Austin Papenbrook was born in the Reseda area of Los Angeles on February 24, 1986, the son of voice actors Debbie Rothstein (born 1956) and Bob Papenbrook (1955–2006). He graduated from UCLA in 2007 with a bachelor's degree in political science.


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Papenbrook is best known for his portrayals of Kirito in "Sword Art Online", Eren Yeager in "Attack on Titan", Inosuke Hashibira in "," Rin Okumura in "Blue Exorcist", Rokuro Enmado in "Twin Star Exorcists", Masaomi Kida in "Durarara!!" series, Caesar Anthonio Zeppeli in "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure", Shirou Emiya in "", Meliodas & Zeldris in "The Seven Deadly Sins", Red in "Pokémon Origins", Adol Christin in the "Ys" series, Kaito in "", and Makoto Naegi and Nagito Komaeda in the "Danganronpa" series. In animation, he provides the voice of Adrien Agreste/Cat Noir in "". Since 2019, he is the current voice of Silver the Hedgehog in the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series. He also voices Kaname Isaki in . As of 2022, he voices Drastic in the podcast "Sky Brother Force."


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Papenbrook and his wife, Samantha, have three children together: a daughter named Ella Papenbrook (born September 5, 2015), a son named Griffin Papenbrook (born January 19, 2019) and a second daughter named Margo Papenbrook (born August 30, 2021).


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Papenbrook began training in Chuck Norris' system of Tang Soo Do (also known as American Tang Soo Do) under his original instructor Steve Clark, and would later train and receive his fourth-degree black belt in the system under Clark's instructor Dennis Ichikawa. He is a three-time kickboxing champion with over 60 fights to his name. He occasionally works as a kickboxing instructor at the House of Champions Academy of Martial Arts in Van Nuys, California.


title: Bryce Papenbrook

text: Before becoming well known for voice acting, he competed semi-professionally in e-sports with a focus on the game "GoldenEye 007" on Nintendo 64.


title: Javelin throw

text: The javelin throw is a track and field event where the javelin, a spear about in length, is thrown. The javelin thrower gains momentum by running within a predetermined area. Javelin throwing is an event of both the men's decathlon and the women's heptathlon.


title: Javelin throw

text: The javelin throw was added to the Ancient Olympic Games as part of the pentathlon in 708 BC. It included two events, one for distance and the other for accuracy in hitting a target. The javelin was thrown with the aid of a thong ("ankyle" in Greek) that was wound around the middle of the shaft. Athletes held the javelin by the "ankyle", and when they released the shaft, the unwinding of the thong gave the javelin a spiral trajectory.


title: Javelin throw

text: Throwing javelin-like poles into targets was revived in Germany and Sweden in the early 1870s. In Sweden, these poles developed into the modern javelin, and throwing them for distance became a common event there and in Finland in the 1880s. The rules continued to evolve over the next decades; originally, javelins were thrown with no run-up, and holding them by the grip at the center of gravity was not always mandatory. Limited run-ups were introduced in the late 1890s, and soon developed into the modern unlimited run-up.


title: Javelin throw

text: Sweden's Eric Lemming, who threw his first world best (49.32 meters) in 1899 and ruled the event from 1902 to 1912, was the first dominant javelin thrower. When the men's javelin was introduced as an Olympic discipline at the 1906 Intercalated Games, Lemming won by almost nine metres and broke his own world record; Sweden swept the first four places, as Finland's best throwers were absent and the event had yet to become popular in any other country. Though challenged by younger talents, Lemming repeated as Olympic champion in 1908 and 1912; his eventual best mark (62.32 m, thrown after the 1912 Olympics) was the first javelin world record to be officially ratified by the International Association of Athletics Federations.


title: Javelin throw

text: In the late 19th and early 20th century, most javelin competitions were two-handed; the implement was thrown with the right hand and separately with the left hand, and the best marks for each hand were added together. Competitions for the better hand only were less common, though not unknown. At the Olympics, a both-hands contest was held only once, in 1912; Finland swept the medals, ahead of Lemming. After that, this version of the javelin rapidly faded into obscurity, together with similar variations of the shot and the discus; Sweden's Yngve Häckner, with his total of 114.28 m from 1917, was the last official both-hands world record holder.


title: Javelin throw

text: Another early variant was the freestyle javelin, in which holding the javelin by the grip at the center of gravity was not mandatory; such a freestyle competition was held at the 1908 Olympics, but was dropped from the program after that. Hungary's Mór Kóczán used a freestyle end grip to break the 60-meter barrier in 1911, a year before Lemming and Julius Saaristo first did so with a regular grip.


title: Javelin throw

text: The first known women's javelin marks were recorded in Finland in 1909. Originally, women threw the same implement as men; a lighter, shorter javelin for women was introduced in the 1920s. Women's javelin throw was added to the Olympic program in 1932; Mildred "Babe" Didrikson of the United States became the first champion.


title: Javelin throw

text: For a long time, javelins were made of solid wood, typically birch, with a steel tip. The hollow, highly aerodynamic Held javelin, invented by American thrower Bud Held and developed and manufactured by his brother Dick, was introduced in the 1950s; the first Held javelins were also wooden with steel tips, but later models were made entirely of metal. These new javelins flew further, but were also less likely to land neatly point first; as a response to the increasingly frequent flat or ambiguously flat landings, experiments with modified javelins started in the early 1980s. The resulting designs, which made flat landings much less common and reduced the distances thrown, became official for men starting in April 1986 and for women in April 1999, and the world records (then 104.80 m by Uwe Hohn, and 80.00 m by Petra Felke) were reset. The current () men's world record is held by Jan Železný at 98.48 m (1996); Barbora Špotáková holds the women's world record at 72.28 m (2008).


title: Javelin throw

text: Of the 69 Olympic medals that have been awarded in the men's javelin, 32 have gone to competitors from Norway, Sweden or Finland. Finland is the only nation to have swept the medals at a currently recognized official Olympics, and has done so twice, in 1920 and 1932, in addition to its 1912 sweep in the two-handed javelin; in 1920 Finland swept the first four places, which is no longer possible as only three entrants per country are allowed. Finland has, however, never been nearly as successful in the women's javelin.


title: Javelin throw

text: The javelin throw has been part of the decathlon since the decathlon was introduced in the early 1910s; the all-around, an earlier ten-event contest of American origin, did not include the javelin throw. The javelin was also part of some (though not all) of the many early forms of women's pentathlon and has always been included in the heptathlon after it replaced the pentathlon in 1981.


title: Javelin throw

text: The size, shape, minimum weight, and center of gravity of the javelin are all defined by World Athletics rules. In international competition, men throw a javelin between in length and in weight, and women throw a javelin between in length and in weight. The javelin has a grip, about wide, made of cord and located at the javelin's center of gravity () from the javelin tip for the men's javelin and from the javelin tip for the women's javelin.


title: Javelin throw

text: Unlike the other throwing events (shot put, discus, and hammer), the technique used to throw the javelin is dictated by IAAF rules and "non-orthodox" techniques are not permitted. The javelin must be held at its grip and thrown overhand, over the athlete's shoulder or upper arm. Further, the athlete is prohibited from turning completely around or starting with their back facing the direction of the throw. This prevents athletes from attempting to spin and hurl the javelin sidearm in the style of a discus throw. This rule was put in place when a group of athletes began experimenting with a spin technique referred to as "free style". On 24 October 1956, Pentti Saarikoski threw using the technique holding the end of the javelin. Officials were so afraid of the out of control nature of the technique that the practice was banned through these rule specifications.


title: Javelin throw

text: Instead of being confined to a circle, javelin throwers have a runway wide and at least in length, ending in an radius "throwing arc" from which their throw is measured; athletes typically use this distance to gain momentum in a "run-up" to their throw. Like the other throwing events, the competitor may not leave the throwing area (the runway) until after the implement lands. The need to come to a stop behind the throwing arc limits both how close the athlete can come to the line before the release as well as the maximum speed achieved at the time of release.


title: Javelin throw

text: The javelin is thrown towards a 28.96º circular sector that is centered on the center point of the throwing arc. The angle of the throwing sector (28.96º) provides sector boundaries that are easy to construct and lay out on a field. A throw is only legal if the tip of the javelin lands within this sector and first strikes the ground with its tip before any other part. The distance of the throw is measured from the throwing arc to the point where the tip of the javelin landed, rounded down to the nearest centimeter.


title: Javelin throw

text: Competition rules are similar to other throwing events: a "round" consists of one attempt by each competitor in turn, and competitions typically consist of three to six rounds. The competitor with the longest single legal throw (over all rounds) is the winner; in case of a tie, the competitors' second-longest throws are also considered. Competitions involving large numbers of athletes sometimes use a "cut" whereby all competitors compete in the first three rounds but only those who are currently among the top eight or have achieved some minimum distances are permitted to attempt to improve on their distance in additional rounds (typically three).


title: Javelin throw

text: On 1 April 1986, the men's javelin () was redesigned by the governing body (the IAAF Technical Committee). They decided to change the rules for javelin design because of the increasingly frequent flat landings and the resulting discussions and protests when these attempts were declared valid or invalid by competition judges. The world record had also crept up to a potentially dangerous level, by Uwe Hohn. With throws exceeding 100 meters, it was becoming difficult to safely stage the competition within the confines of a stadium infield. The javelin was redesigned so that the centre of gravity was moved forward. In addition, the surface area in front of centre of gravity was reduced, while the surface area behind the centre of gravity was increased. This had an effect similar to that produced by the feathers on an arrow. The javelin turns into the relative wind. This relative wind appears to originate from the ground as the javelin descends, thus the javelin turns to face the ground. As the javelin turns into the wind less lift is generated, reducing the flight distance by around 10% but also causing the javelin to stick in the ground more consistently. In 1999, the women's javelin () was similarly redesigned.


title: Javelin throw

text: Modifications that manufacturers made to recover some of the lost distance, by increasing tail drag (using holes, rough paint or dimples), were forbidden at the end of 1991 and marks made using implements with such modifications removed from the record books. Seppo Räty had achieved a world record of in 1991 with such a design, but this record was nullified.


title: Javelin throw

text: Unlike other throwing events, javelin allows the competitor to build speed over a considerable distance. In addition, the core and upper body strength is necessary to deliver the implement, javelin throwers benefit from the agility and athleticism typically associated with running and jumping events. Thus, the athletes share more physical characteristics with sprinters than with others, although they still need the skill of heavier throwing athletes.


title: Javelin throw

text: Traditional free-weight training is often used by javelin throwers. Metal-rod exercises and resistance band exercises can be used to train a similar action to the javelin throw to increase power and intensity. Without proper strength and flexibility, throwers can become extremely injury prone, especially in the shoulder and elbow. Core stability can help in the transference of physical power and force from the ground through the body to the javelin. Stretching and sprint training are used to enhance the speed of the athlete at the point of release, and subsequently, the speed of the javelin. At release, a javelin can reach speeds approaching 113 km/h (70 mph).


title: Javelin throw

text: The javelin throw consists of three separate phases: the run-up, the transition, and the delivery. During each phase, the position of the javelin changes while the thrower changes his or her muscle recruitment. In the run-up phase as Luann Voza states, "your arm is bent and kept close to your head, keeping the javelin in alignment with little to no arm movement". This allows the thrower's bicep to contract, flexing the elbow. In order for the javelin to stay up high, the thrower's deltoid flexes. In the transition phase, the thrower's "back muscles contract" as "the javelin is brought back in alignment with the shoulder with the thrower's palm up". This, according to Voza, "stretches your pectoral, or chest, muscles. From there, a stretch reflex, an involuntary contraction of your chest, helps bring your throwing arm forward with increased force". During the final phase, the rotation of the shoulders initiates the release, which then "transfers movement through the triceps muscles, wrists and fingers to extend the throwing arm forward to release the javelin".


title: Javelin throw

text: Due to the fear of liability, the javelin throw is an event in NFHS high school competition in only 22 states, although that number could continue to rise. Those states are:


title: Javelin throw

text: Regardless of the state, USATF youth competitions for the same aged athletes do hold javelin competitions. At various points in time, high schools have attempted to create substitute events, including the softball throw, football throw and the grenade throw, throwing different objects under rules similar to javelin throw rules. In those states that do allow high school javelin competition, a few specify that the tip must be of rubber. Further, in age group track meets in the U.S., and in particular with elementary-school children in the Northeast, the Turbojav—a smaller plastic implement with a rubber tip but with similar flying characteristics as a real javelin—is a popular alternative.


title: Javelin throw

text: In 1994, Michael Torke composed "Javelin", commissioned by the Atlanta Committee for the Olympic Games in celebration of the Atlanta Symphony Orchestra's 50th anniversary season, in conjunction with the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Javelin throw

text: Javelin throwers have been selected as a main motif in numerous collectors' coins. One of the recent samples is the €5 Finnish 10th IAAF World Championships in Athletics commemorative coin, minted in 2005 to commemorate the 2005 World Championships in Athletics. On the obverse of the coin, a javelin thrower is depicted. On the reverse, legs of hurdle runners with the Helsinki Olympic Stadium tower in the background can be seen.


title: Javelin throw

text: Marks set using dimpled rough-tailed javelins manufactured by several companies were nullified effective 20 September 1991.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: USS "Midway" (CVB/CVA/CV-41) is an aircraft carrier, formerly of the United States Navy, the lead ship of her class. Commissioned 8 days after the end of World War II, "Midway" was the largest ship in the world until 1955, as well as the first U.S. aircraft carrier too big to transit the Panama Canal. She operated for 47 years, during which time she saw action in the Vietnam War and served as the Persian Gulf flagship in 1991's Operation Desert Storm. Decommissioned in 1992, she is now a museum ship at the USS "Midway" Museum, in San Diego, California, and is the only remaining inactive U.S. aircraft carrier that is not an .


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" was laid down 27 October 1943 in Shipway 11 at Newport News Shipbuilding Co., Newport News, Virginia; launched 20 March 1945, sponsored by Mrs. Bradford William Ripley, Jr.; and commissioned on 10 September 1945 (eight days after the Surrender of Japan) with Captain Joseph F. Bolger in command.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: After shakedown in the Caribbean, "Midway" joined the U.S. Atlantic Fleet training schedule, with Norfolk as her homeport. From 20 February 1946, she was the flagship for Carrier Division 1. In March, she participated in Operation Frostbite testing the Ryan FR Fireball and helicopter rescue techniques for cold-weather operations in the Labrador Sea. In September 1947, a captured German V-2 rocket was test-fired from the flight deck in Operation Sandy, the first large-rocket launch from a moving platform, and the only moving-platform launch for a V-2. While the rocket lifted off, it then tilted and broke up at .


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 29 October 1947, "Midway" sailed for the first of her annual deployments with the 6th Fleet in the Mediterranean. Between deployments, "Midway" trained and received alterations to accommodate heavier aircraft as they were developed.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: In June 1951, "Midway" operated in the Atlantic off the Virginia Capes during carrier suitability tests of the F9F-5 Panther. On 23 June, as Cdr. George Chamberlain Duncan attempted a landing in BuNo "125228", a downdraft just aft of the stern caused Duncan to crash. His plane's forward fuselage broke away and rolled down the deck, and he suffered burns. Footage of the crash has been used in several films, including "Men of the Fighting Lady", "Midway", and "The Hunt for Red October".


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: In 1952, the ship participated in Operation Mainbrace, North Sea maneuvers with NATO forces. "Midway" had an angled runway painted on the flight deck in May for touch-and-go landings following early trials of the technique aboard . Successful demonstration of the possibilities caused widespread adoption of the angled flight deck in future aircraft carrier construction and modifications of existing carriers. On 1 October, the ship was redesignated CVA-41.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" left Norfolk 27 December 1954 for a world cruise, sailing via the Cape of Good Hope for Taiwan, where she became the first large carrier in the 7th Fleet for operations in the Western Pacific until 28 June 1955. During these operations, "Midway" pilots flew cover for the evacuation from the Tachen Islands during the Quemoy-Matsu crisis of 15,000 Chinese nationalist troops and 20,000 Chinese civilians, along with their livestock.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Controversy arose during the cruise when "Midway" docked in Cape Town, South Africa. Democratic senator Herbert Lehman sent a telegram to Secretary of the Navy Charles Thomas when he learned of a supposed United States Navy plan to segregate 400 non-white members of the crew of "Midway" while it was in Cape Town. Fellow Democratic senator Hubert Humphrey soon joined Lehman, additionally sending a letter to the Secretary of State John Foster Dulles, asking that "immediate steps be taken to see that equal treatment is given to American service personnel allowed shore leave in South Africa, or eliminate Cape Town as a port of call", and saying that "To me this is a shocking act of discrimination that should not be tolerated by our Government. Every American soldier or sailor is an American regardless of race, colour or creed, and is entitled to be respected and treated as such anywhere in the world."


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: An anonymous Navy official stated that the Department of the Navy did not know of the arrangements that were to be made between the officers of "Midway" and South African authorities, and that African-American members of the crew would not be segregated while still aboard "Midway".


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Clarence Mitchell Jr. also urged Thomas not to allow "Midway" to dock at Cape Town. James H. Smith Jr., Acting Secretary of the Navy at the time, replied that the stop at Cape Town was merely to "satisfy an operational logistic requirement" and that it was customary to observe local laws and regulations while visiting foreign ports.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Captain Reynold Delos Hogle of "Midway" stated that while in port, "Midway" would be United States territory and federal United States laws would apply. In the end, the crew of "Midway" were not made to abide by apartheid, Captain Hogle stating that "At Hartleyvale (Stadium) this afternoon and at the concert to-night, European and non-European members of the crew have been asked to attend. There will be no segregation whatsoever".


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 28 June 1955, the ship sailed for Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, where "Midway" underwent an extensive modernization program (SCB-110, similar to SCB-125 for the "Essex"-class carriers). "Midway" received an enclosed hurricane bow, an aft deck-edge elevator, an angled flight deck, and steam catapults, before finally returning to service on 30 September 1957.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Home ported at Alameda, California, "Midway" began annual deployments bringing McDonnell F3H Demons, North American FJ-4 Furys, Vought F-8 Crusaders, Douglas A-1 Skyraiders, and Douglas A-3 Skywarriors to the 7th Fleet in 1958, and into the South China Sea during the Laotian Crisis of spring 1961. During the 1962 deployment, "Midway" recorded her 100,000th arrested landing as the ship's aircraft tested the air defense systems of Japan, Korea, Okinawa, the Philippines, and Taiwan. "Midway" again sailed for the Far East 6 March 1965, and from mid-April flew strikes against military and logistics installations in North and South Vietnam, including the first combat use of AGM-12 Bullpup air-to-surface missiles. On 17 June 1965 two VF-21 McDonnell Douglas F-4B Phantom IIs flying from "Midway" were credited with the first confirmed MiG kills of the Vietnam conflict, using AIM-7 Sparrow missiles to down two MiG-17Fs. Three days later, four of "Midways" A-1 Skyraiders used the World War II vintage Thach Weave tactic to down an attacking MiG-17F.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" lost an F-4 Phantom and two A-4 Skyhawks to North Vietnamese S-75 Dvina surface-to-air missiles before returning to Alameda on 23 November to enter San Francisco Bay Naval Shipyard on 11 February 1966 for a massive modernization (SCB-101.66), which proved expensive and controversial. The flight deck was enlarged from 2.8 to 4 acres (), and the angle of the flight deck landing area was increased to 13.5 degrees. The elevators were enlarged, moved, and given almost double the weight capacity. "Midway" also received new steam catapults, arresting gear, and a centralized air conditioning plant. Cost overruns raised the price of this program from $88 million to US$202 million, and precluded a similar modernization planned for . After "Midway" was finally recommissioned on 31 January 1970, it was found that the modifications had worsened the ship's seakeeping capabilities and ability to conduct air operations in rough seas, which made further modifications necessary to correct the problem.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" returned to Vietnam and on 18 May 1971, after relieving at Yankee Station, began single carrier operations. "Midway" departed Yankee Station on 5 June, completing the vessel's final line period on 31 October 1971, and returned to the ship's homeport on 6 November 1971.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway", with embarked Carrier Air Wing 5 (CVW 5), again departed Alameda for operations off Vietnam on 10 April 1972. On 11 May, aircraft from "Midway", along with those from , , and , began laying naval mines off North Vietnamese ports, including Thanh Hóa, Đồng Hới, Vinh, Hon Gai, Quang Khe, and Cam Pha, as well as other approaches to Haiphong. Ships that were in port in Haiphong had been warned that the mining would take place and that the mines would be armed 72 hours later.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" continued Vietnam operations during Operation Linebacker throughout the summer of 1972. On 7 August 1972, an HC-7 Det 110 helicopter, flying from "Midway", and aided by planes from the carrier and from , searched for the pilot of an A-7 Corsair II aircraft from "Saratoga" who had been downed the previous day by a surface-to-air missile about inland, northwest of Vinh. Flying over mountains, the HC-7 helicopter spotted the downed aviator with her searchlight and, under heavy ground fire, retrieved him before returning to an LPD off the coast. This was the deepest penetration by a rescue helicopter into North Vietnam since 1968. By the end of 1972, HC-7 Det 110 had rescued a total of 48 pilots, 35 in combat conditions.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 5 October 1973, "Midway", with CVW 5, put into Yokosuka, Japan, marking the first forward-deployment of a complete carrier task group in a Japanese port, the result of an accord arrived at on 31 August 1972 between the U.S. and Japan. The move allowed sailors to live with their families when in port; more strategically, it allowed three carriers to stay in East Asia even as the economic situation demanded the reduction of carriers in the fleet. CVW 5 became based at the nearby Naval Air Facility Atsugi.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: For service in Vietnam from 30 April 1972, to 9 February 1973, "Midway" and CVW 5 received the Presidential Unit Citation from Richard Nixon. It read:


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Aircraft from Midway made both the first MIG kills in the Vietnam War, and the last air-to-air victory of the war. On 17 June 1965, aviators of "Midway"s Attack Carrier Wing 2, VF-21, had downed the first two MiGs credited to U.S. forces in Southeast Asia. On 12 January 1973 a combat aircraft from "Midway" made the last air-to-air victory of the Vietnam War.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 19 April 1975, after North Vietnam had overrun two-thirds of South Vietnam, "Midway", along with "Coral Sea", "Hancock", and , were sent to the waters off South Vietnam. Ten days later, U.S. 7th Fleet forces carried out Operation Frequent Wind, the evacuation of Saigon. For this, "Midway", which had offloaded half of the ship's regular combat air wing at NS Subic Bay, Philippines, steamed to Thailand and took aboard eight U.S. Air Force CH-53 from 21st Special Operations Squadron and two HH-53 helicopters from 40th Aerospace Rescue and Recovery Squadron. As Saigon fell to North Vietnamese forces, these helicopters transported hundreds of U.S. personnel and Vietnamese people to "Midway" and other U.S. ships in the South China Sea.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 29 April 1975, Republic of Vietnam Air Force (RVNAF) Major Buang-Ly (also spelled Buang Lee) loaded his wife and five children into a two-seat Cessna O-1 Bird Dog and took off from Con Son Island. After evading enemy ground fire, Buang headed out to the South China Sea, found "Midway", and began to circle overhead with his landing lights turned on. "Midway"s crew unsuccessfully attempted to contact the aircraft on emergency frequencies. When a spotter reported that there were at least four people in the two-seater aircraft, all thoughts of forcing the pilot to ditch alongside were abandoned. After three tries, Major Buang managed to drop a note from a low pass over the deck: "Can you move the helicopter to the other side, I can land on your runway, I can fly for one hour more, we have enough time to move. Please rescue me! Major Buang, wife and 5 child." Captain Larry Chambers, the ship's commanding officer, ordered that the arresting wires be removed and that any helicopters that could not be safely and quickly moved should be pushed over the side. He called for volunteers, and soon every available seaman was on deck to help. An estimated worth of UH-1 Huey helicopters were pushed overboard. With a ceiling, visibility, light rain, and of surface wind, Chambers ordered the ship to sail at into the wind. Warnings about the dangerous downdrafts created behind a steaming carrier were transmitted blind in both Vietnamese and English. To make matters worse, five more UH-1s landed and cluttered up the deck. Without hesitation, Chambers ordered them scuttled as well. Captain Chambers recalled that


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Buang was escorted to the bridge where Chambers congratulated him on his outstanding airmanship, and his bravery in risking everything on a gamble beyond the point of no return without knowing for certain a carrier would be where he needed it. The crew of "Midway" was so impressed that they established a fund to help him and his family get settled in the United States. The O-1 that Major Buang landed is now on display at the Naval Aviation Museum in Pensacola, Florida. Major Buang became the first Vietnamese pilot ever to land a fixed-wing aircraft on an aircraft carrier deck.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Upon completion of ferrying people to other ships, "Midway" returned to Thailand and disembarked the Air Force helicopters at U-Tapao Royal Thai Navy Airfield. The CH-53s then airlifted over 50 RVNAF aircraft to the ship. With almost 100 helicopters and aircraft of the former RVNAF aboard, the ship steamed to Guam where the aircraft and helicopters were offloaded in twenty-four hours. While transiting back to the Philippines to pick up the ship's air wing, "Midway" was rerouted to act as a floating airfield in support of special operation forces rescuing the SS "Mayagüez". "Midway" picked up the ship's regular air wing again a month later when the aircraft carrier returned NAS Cubi Point, Philippines.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 21 August 1976, a Navy task force headed by "Midway" made a show of force off the coast of Korea in reaction to an attack on two U.S. Army officers who were killed by North Korean soldiers on 18 August when they attempted to cut down a tree. The U.S. response to this incident was given the name Operation Paul Bunyan. "Midway"s participation was part of a U.S. demonstration of military concern vis-à-vis North Korea.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" relieved "Constellation" as the Indian Ocean contingency carrier on 16 April 1979. This unscheduled deployment was due to colliding with the tanker "Liberian Fortune" near the Straits of Malacca, with "Midway" taking over "Ranger"s mission while she went in for repairs. "Midway" and her escorts continued a significant American naval presence in the oil-producing region of the Arabian Sea and Persian Gulf. On 18 November, the aircraft carrier steamed to the North Arabian Sea in connection with the continuing hostage crisis in Iran. Militant followers of the Ayatollah Khomeini, who had come to power following the overthrow of the Shah, seized the U.S. embassy in Tehran on 4 November and held 63 U.S. citizens hostage. On 21 November "Kitty Hawk" arrived, and both carriers, along with their escort ships, were joined by and her escorts on 22 January 1980. "Midway" was relieved by "Coral Sea" on 5 February.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Following a period in Yokosuka, "Midway" relieved "Coral Sea" 30 May 1980 on standby south of Jeju-Do Island in the Sea of Japan following the potential of civil unrest in the Republic of Korea.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: While transiting the passage between Palawan Island of the Philippines and the coast of Northern Borneo on 29 July, the Panamanian merchant ship "Cactus" collided with "Midway". "Cactus" was southwest of Subic Bay and heading to Singapore when she struck near the carrier's liquid oxygen plant; two sailors working in the plant were killed and three were injured. "Midway" sustained light damage and three F-4 Phantom aircraft parked on the flight deck also were damaged.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 17 August, "Midway" relieved "Constellation" to begin another Indian Ocean deployment and to complement the task group still on contingency duty in the Arabian Sea. "Midway" spent a total of 118 consecutive days in the Indian Ocean during 1980.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 16 March 1981, an A-6E Intruder from VA-115 aboard "Midway" sighted a downed civilian helicopter in the South China Sea. "Midway" immediately dispatched HC-1 Det 2 helicopters to the scene. All 17 people aboard the downed helicopter were rescued and brought aboard the carrier. The chartered civilian helicopter was also retrieved from the water and lifted to "Midway"s flight deck.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 25 March 1986, the final carrier launching of a Navy fleet F-4S Phantom II took place off "Midway" during flight operations in the East China Sea. The Phantoms were replaced by the new F/A-18A Hornets.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" continued serving in the western Pacific throughout the 1980s. In order to alleviate persistent seakeeping issues, "Midway" received hull blisters in 1986. During her 1986 refit (named "Extended Incremental Selected Repair Availability"), blisters were added to improve the ship's stability. The modification proved counterproductive, as it actually increased the ship's instability in rough seas. She took water over the flight deck during excessive rolls in moderate seas, thereby hampering flight operations. Before another $138 million refit was approved to rectify the stability problems, it was even proposed to decommission "Midway". Nevertheless, she had earned herself the nickname "Rock'n Roll carrier." During a typhoon while in the Sea of Japan during the Olympic Games in Seoul, Korea, on 8 October 1988, "Midway", which was not supposed to be able to sustain more than 24 degrees of roll, survived a 26-degree roll.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 30 October 1989 an F/A-18A Hornet aircraft from "Midway" mistakenly dropped a general-purpose bomb on the deck of during training exercises in the Indian Ocean, creating a hole in the bow, sparking small fires, and injuring five sailors. "Reeves" was south of Diego Garcia at the time of the incident.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Tragedy struck "Midway" on 20 June 1990. While conducting routine flight operations approximately northeast of Japan, the ship was badly damaged by two onboard explosions. These explosions led to a fire that raged more than ten hours. In addition to damage to the ship's hull, two crew members were killed and 9 others were wounded; one of the injured later died of his injuries. All 11 crewmen belonged to the at sea fire-fighting team known as the Flying Squad. When "Midway" entered Yokosuka Harbor the next day, 12 Japanese media helicopters flew in circles and hovered about above the flight deck. Three bus loads of reporters were waiting on the pier. About 30 minutes after "Midway" cast her first line, more than 100 international print and electronic journalists charged over the brow to cover the event. The news media made a major issue out of the incident, as it had happened amid several other military accidents. It was thought that the accident would lead to the ship's immediate retirement due to her age, but "Midway" was retained to fight in one last major conflict.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 2 August 1990, Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait, and U.S. forces moved into Saudi Arabia as part of Operation Desert Shield to protect that country against invasion by Iraq. On 1 November 1990, "Midway" was again on station in the North Arabian Sea as the carrier of Battle Force Zulu (which included warships from the U.S., Australia, and other countries), relieving . On 15 November, the carrier participated in Operation Imminent Thunder, an eight-day combined amphibious landing exercise in northeastern Saudi Arabia which involved about 1,000 U.S. Marines, 16 warships, and more than 1,100 aircraft. Meanwhile, the United Nations set an ultimatum deadline of 15 January 1991 for Iraq to withdraw from Kuwait.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Operation Desert Storm began the next day. On January 17, 1991 at 2:00AM, "Midway" launched aircraft from CVW-5 for the first carrier strikes of the Gulf War. An A-6E TRAM Intruder from VA-185 Nighthawks from the "Midway" was the first carrier aircraft over the coast. Around 17 other aircraft from the "Midway" provided support during the strikes.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: At around 4:05AM, four A-6E TRAM Intruders from VA-185 and VA-115 Eagles attacked Shaibah Air Base at around 350 ft, encountering heavy AAA fire, with two of the four aircraft not dropping their bombs. At around the same time, three A-6E TRAM Intruders from VA-115, each loaded with six Mk.83 bombs; attacked Ahmad Al-Jaber Air Base in occupied Kuwait. The AAA fire at Shaibah led to the "Midway"'s pilots avoiding low-level attacks for the rest of the war. No "Midway" aircraft were lost on the strikes. The Navy launched 228 sorties that day from "Midway" and in the Persian Gulf, and from and "Saratoga" in the Red Sea. The Navy also launched more than 100 Tomahawk missiles from nine ships in the Mediterranean Sea, the Red Sea, and the Persian Gulf.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" later launched an F/A-18 Hornet that used the first AGM-62 Walleye television-guided glide bomb in combat. The Hornet from VFA-195 destroyed a T-shaped building at Umm Qasr Naval Base with a Walleye II. The pilot, LCDR Jeffery Ashby, led a mission on 13 February 1991 that successfully destroyed an Iraqi Super Frelon helicopter armed with Exocet missiles (which had posed a threat to the US Carriers) with a Walleye I. The removal of the threat allowed "Midway" and the other carriers "Ranger" and Theodore Roosevelt to move closer to Kuwait. "NF-104" was painted with a kill marking for the helicopter and was displayed when "Midway" returned to Japan. Some of "Midway's" F/A-18As also unsuccessfully attempted to intercept Iraqi Mirage F1s during the Attack on Ras Tanura on January 24, with an RSAF F-15C later shooting down both of the Mirages.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: Desert Storm officially ended 27 February, and "Midway" departed the Persian Gulf on 11 March 1991 and returned to Yokosuka.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: In June 1991, "Midway" left for her final deployment, this time to the Philippines to take part in Operation Fiery Vigil, which was the evacuation of 20,000 military members and their families from Clark Air Base, on the island of Luzon, after the eruption of Mount Pinatubo. "Midway", along with twenty other U.S. naval ships, ferried the evacuees to the island of Cebu, where they were taken off the ship by helicopter. After taking part in the evacuation, the aircraft carrier once again returned to Yokosuka.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: In August 1991, "Midway" departed Yokosuka for the last time and returned to Pearl Harbor. There, she turned over with "Independence," which replaced "Midway" as the forward-deployed carrier in Yokosuka. Rear Admiral Joseph Prueher and the staff of Carrier Group ONE moved to "Independence". Prueher was the last admiral to lower his flag on "Midway". She then sailed to Seattle for a port visit. There the ship disembarked "tigers" (guests of crew members) before making her final voyage to San Diego.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: "Midway" was decommissioned at Naval Air Station North Island on 11 April 1992 in a ceremony in which the main speaker was Secretary of Defense Dick Cheney. During decommissioning, "Midway", her sailors, and their families were filmed for the movie "At Sea", a documentary on carrier life shown only at the Navy Museum in Washington, D.C. The ship was stricken from the Naval Vessel Register on 17 March 1997.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 30 September 2003, ex-"Midway" began her journey from the Navy Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility, Bremerton, Washington, to San Diego, California, in preparation for use as a museum and memorial. The aircraft carrier was docked in early October at the Charles P. Howard Terminal in Oakland, California, while work proceeded on the Broadway Pier in downtown San Diego. On 10 January 2004, the ship was moored at her final location, where she was opened to the public on 7 June 2004 as a museum. In the first year of operation, the museum had 879,281 visitors, double the expected attendance.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 11 November 2012, a college basketball game between the Syracuse Orange and the San Diego State Aztecs was played on the flight deck. The Orange won, 62–49.


title: USS Midway (CV-41)

text: On 15 July 2015, museum personnel were evacuated from ex-"Midway" due to smoke caused by an apparent fire. The San Diego fire department responded quickly, but no fire was found, and the museum was able to open for the day on schedule.


title: Righteous Among the Nations

text: Righteous Among the Nations (, ; "righteous (plural) of the world's nations") is an honorific used by the State of Israel to describe non-Jews who risked their lives during the Holocaust to save Jews from extermination by the Nazis for altruistic reasons. The term originates with the concept of "righteous gentiles", a term used in rabbinic Judaism to refer to non-Jews, called , who abide by the Seven Laws of Noah.


title: Righteous Among the Nations

text: When Yad Vashem, the Shoah Martyrs' and Heroes' Remembrance Authority, was established in 1953 by the Knesset, one of its tasks was to commemorate the "Righteous Among the Nations". The Righteous were defined as non-Jews who risked their lives to save Jews during the Holocaust.


title: Righteous Among the Nations

text: Since 1963, a commission headed by a justice of the Supreme Court of Israel has been charged with the duty of awarding the honorary title "Righteous Among the Nations". Guided in its work by certain criteria, the commission meticulously studies all documentation including evidence by survivors and other eyewitnesses, evaluates the historical circumstances and the element of risk to the rescuer, and then decides if the case meets the criteria. Those criteria are:


title: Righteous Among the Nations

text: The award has been given without regard to the social rank of the helper. It has been given to royalty such as Princess Alice of Battenberg, Queen Mother Helen of Romania and Queen Elisabeth of Belgium but also to others like the philosopher Jacques Ellul and to Amsterdam department store employee Hendrika Gerritsen.