text: In 2012, Banner is working as a doctor in Calcutta when he is approached by S.H.I.E.L.D. agent Natasha Romanoff, who recruits him to help trace the Tesseract through its gamma radiation emissions. Going with Romanoff, Banner is introduced to Steve Rogers and S.H.I.E.L.D. director Nick Fury. He is on the Quinjet when Loki is captured by Tony Stark and Rogers. After Loki's brother Thor agrees to place Loki in a cell on S.H.I.E.L.D.'s Helicarrier, agents including Clint Barton mind-controlled by Loki attack the Helicarrier, causing Banner to transform into the Hulk and almost kill Romanoff. Thor attempts to stop the Hulk's rampage, with Hulk falling to the ground after attacking a S.H.I.E.L.D. fighter jet. In New York City, Banner meets up with Rogers, Stark, Thor, Romanoff, and Barton, becoming a founding member of the Avengers. After the alien species of the Chitauri invade, Banner reveals to Rogers that he is "always angry", immediately transforming into the Hulk and stopping a Leviathan. During the battle, he fights the Chitauri, beats Loki into submission in Stark Tower, and saves Stark from crashing into the ground after losing power through the wormhole.


title: Bruce Banner (Marvel Cinematic Universe)

text: After the Battle of New York, Banner forms a close friendship with Stark and works with him closely, even requesting him to build an anti-Hulk armor to stop him in case he loses control and goes on a rampage. In 2013, Stark shared stories of his experience with the Extremis formula with Banner while they are relaxing in the Tower, seeking advice. Banner falls asleep during it, stating that he was not "that kind of doctor".


text: In 2015, Banner and the Avengers raid a Hydra facility in Sokovia and retrieve the scepter. At the Avengers Tower, Stark and Banner discover an artificial intelligence within the scepter's gem, and secretly decide to use it to complete Stark's "Ultron" global defense program. After a celebratory party, Ultron becomes sentient and attacks Banner and the Avengers at the Tower, before escaping. In Johannesburg, Banner and the Avengers try to stop Ultron, but are subdued by Wanda Maximoff who uses haunting visions to cause the Hulk to rampage in the city until Stark stops him with his Hulkbuster armor. Banner and the Avengers travel to Barton's home to recover, where Romanoff and Banner develop a mutual attraction. While there, Fury arrives and persuades the Avengers to make a plan to stop Ultron, resulting in Romanoff being captured and taken to Sokovia. Back at the Avengers Tower, Banner and the others have a confrontation after they learn about the creation of the Vision, but after Thor powers him, they learn Vision is an ally. Banner leaves the team to rescue Romanoff and transforms into the Hulk in order to fight Ultron. After the final battle with Ultron in Sokovia, the Hulk departs in a Quinjet and leaves Earth.


text: After Hulk is lost in space, the Quinjet crash lands on the landfill planet Sakaar. He is taken in by the Grandmaster of Sakaar, who forces him to fight against other contestants in gladiatorial combat. He rises the ranks, remaining undefeated and winning the admiration of the people of Sakaar, and becoming the Grandmaster's "Champion".


text: In 2017, Thor crashes on Sakaar, and after being captured by Valkyrie, he is forced into combat as well, fighting Hulk in his first matchup. Summoning lightning, Thor gains the upper hand on Hulk, but the Grandmaster sabotages the fight to ensure Hulk's victory. Still enslaved, Thor attempts to convince Hulk to help him save Asgard from Ragnarok, and then escapes the palace to find the crashed remains of the Quinjet. Hulk follows Thor to the ship, where a recording of Romanoff makes him transform back into Bruce Banner for the first time in two years. Banner is shocked to learn that he is in space and expresses fear that if he becomes the Hulk again, he will never be able to return to his human form. Banner and Thor ally with Valkyrie and Loki to escape Sakaar to Asgard, where Banner becomes Hulk again to save refugee Asgardians from the giant wolf, Fenris. As Asgard is destroyed by Surtur, the Hulk accompanies Thor, Valkyrie, Loki, and the Asgardians on the "Statesman", a Sakaaran vessel bound for Earth.


text: In 2018, Thanos and the Children of Thanos intercept the "Statesman" to extract the Space Stone from the Tesseract. Hulk fights Thanos, but is overpowered. Heimdall uses the Bifröst Bridge to send Hulk straight to Earth, and Hulk crash-lands at the Sanctum Sanctorum of Stephen Strange and Wong in New York City, reverting to Banner. Banner then warns Strange about Thanos, who contacts Stark. When Ebony Maw and Cull Obsidian arrive in New York in pursuit of the Time Stone, Banner tries to become the Hulk, but is unable to do so. He goes to the Avengers Compound for the first time reuniting with James Rhodes and later with Rogers, Romanoff, Sam Wilson, Maximoff, and Vision. He joins the team to Wakanda, where he uses Stark's Hulkbuster armor to battle the Outriders and manages to get the upper hand on Obsidian. He is pleased when Thor, Rocket, and Groot arrive to help. In the forest, he witnesses Thanos's arrival, and is promptly trapped in rocks by Thanos and unable to fight back. After Thanos activates the Infinity Gauntlet and teleports away, Banner is a survivor of the Blip.


text: Banner, the surviving Avengers, and Rocket return to the Avengers Compound and are shortly met by Carol Danvers. He then witnesses Danvers returning Stark back to Earth and reunites with him, helping him get sedated and rest. He accompanies the surviving Avengers, Danvers, Rocket, and Nebula back into space to the planet Titan II to confront Thanos only to find out he destroyed the Infinity Stones.


text: In between 2018 and 2023, Banner undergoes gamma experimentation to balance his two sides in a remote beach house lab located in Mexico built by Stark. By 2023, he is now permanently in the body of the Hulk but with the mind and voice of Banner. He meets Rogers, Romanoff, and Scott Lang at a diner and agrees to help them with their quantum time-travel plan. At the Avengers Compound, they try to time-travel Lang using Hank Pym's quantum tunnel but are unsuccessful. After Stark arrives and offers his help, Banner and Rocket travel to Norway to the colony New Asgard, and recruit a depressed drunken Thor to return to help the Avengers. Back at the Compound, the Avengers formulate a plan to time-travel and retrieve alternate Infinity Stones. Banner, Rogers, Stark, and Lang time-travel via the Quantum Realm to an alternate 2012 in New York City. There Banner gets the Time Stone from an alternate version of the Ancient One (to whom he promises to return the Stones to their respective periods in time when the Avengers are done with their mission).


text: Banner then returns to the present, but is devastated to learn of Romanoff's death, who had to sacrifice herself to retrieve the Soul Stone. After mourning her with the original Avengers, Banner, Stark, and Rocket combine the stones with the Stark Gauntlet. Banner then volunteers to activate the Infinity Stones, citing his general strength and his specific resistance to gamma radiation. He does so and reverses the Blip, though his right arm gets seriously injured in the process. After doing so, an alternate version of Thanos emerges from the quantum realm and attacks the Compound, causing Banner, Rocket, and Rhodes to be trapped in rubble, until they are saved by Lang. He then takes part in the final battle against Thanos and his army, who are eventually defeated when Stark uses the Infinity Stones, at the cost of his own life. After the battle, Banner attends Stark's funeral, and then prepares a new quantum portal so that Rogers can return the alternate Infinity Stones and Mjolnir. He, Bucky Barnes, and Sam Wilson witness an elderly Rogers return and give his shield to Wilson.


text: By 2024, Banner creates a device to heal his arm, keeping him in human form, and wears a sling due to the injury he sustained while reversing the Blip, though the scarring has healed. That year, after Shang-Chi uses the Ten Rings that belonged to his father, the rings send out a mysterious beacon, prompting Wong to contact Banner and Carol Danvers via hologram to speak with Shang-Chi about it.


text: Banner and his cousin, lawyer Jennifer Walters, go on a road trip but are intercepted by a Sakaaran eight-courier craft ship, causing Walters to crash the car. Banner bleeds, and his blood is accidentally cross-contamined with Walters', resulting in Walters transforming into a Hulk and running away; Banner eventually retrieves her and uses the lethal gamma dose she took to completely heal his arm. In Mexico, Banner trains Walters on controlling her Hulk form, however she rejects the idea of being a superhero and wants to return to her legal career. The pair get into a fight and Banner eventually accepts Walters wanting to leave and bids her farewell. A few months later, Banner takes off in the Sakaaran spaceship to investigate the message from the car crash; while there, he receives a call from Walters and encourages her to take on the case of representing Emil Blonsky, as they have made amends. Banner also indicates approval of Walters' new superhero name "She-Hulk", given to her by the media, saying that "She-Hulk, attorney-at-law" has a nice ring to it.


text: Later, Bruce returns to Earth, arrives at Blonsky's retreat and fights him, but Jen breaks the fourth wall and has the producer delete this plotline. Some time after that, Bruce appears at a family gathering and introduces his son Skaar to Jen, her family, and Matt Murdock.


text: Several alternate versions of Banner appear in the animated series "What If...?", with Ruffalo reprising his role.


text: In an alternate 2011, Banner is on the run from Ross at Culver University when Romanoff finds him there while consulting his love interest, Betty Ross, regarding the deaths of the Avengers Initiative candidates. The three are surrounded by Ross's troops, and Banner transforms into the Hulk after being hit by a bullet. While attacking Ross's men, the Hulk suddenly inflates and explodes due to a Pym Particles disk secretly deployed by Yellowjacket inside his body.


text: In an alternate 2018, Banner is sent back to Earth via the Bifrost to warn the Avengers about the impending threat from Thanos. However, he is attacked by zombified versions of Stark, Strange, and Wong before being rescued by Peter Parker and Hope van Dyne. After joining with the other survivors, they journey to Camp Lehigh and encounter Vision, who reveals that the Mind Stone can be used to cure the virus. Banner later stays behind at the camp to fend off a zombified Wanda Maximoff in order to buy the others time to escape to Wakanda.


text: In an alternate 2015, Banner, along with the other Avengers (except for Romanoff and Barton), is killed by Ultron, who successfully uploads his consciousness into a vibranium body and launches a global nuclear attack.


text: Edward Norton portrays Bruce Banner in "The Incredible Hulk" (2008), with Lou Ferrigno providing the voice of the Hulk. Mark Ruffalo took on the role of Banner in "The Avengers" (2012), where the voice of the Hulk was a mix of Ruffalo, Ferrigno and few others, though the Hulk's single line of dialogue, "Puny god", was provided solely by Ruffalo. Mike Seymour of "FX Guide" called Ruffalo's Hulk "the most successful Hulk" in comparison to "the less than fully successful earlier attempts at digital Hulks." Seymour explained, "Ang Lee's 2003 "Hulk" and Louis Leterrier's "The Incredible Hulk" both failed in producing a Hulk that could walk the digital tightrope of impressive near undefeatable strength, huge body mass, fast agile movement, raw anger and likable performance." He stated that on contrary Ruffalo's Hulk had "both dynamic action sequences and crowd pleasing moments of humor and dialogue". In order to achieve this, Industrial Light & Magic created a new motion capture and facial animation system. Hulk's face was generated from a life cast / scan of Ruffalo's face, which was then manipulated in the program ZBrush to become the Hulk, while making sure to retain Ruffalo's essence. Ruffalo reprised the role in "Iron Man 3" (2013), "" (2015), "" (2017)," " (2018), "Captain Marvel" (2019), "" (2019), and "Shang-Chi and the Legend of the Ten Rings" (2021).


text: A sequel to "The Incredible Hulk" has been discussed, with Marvel Studios having suggested a possible release after "Avengers: Age of Ultron" due to the positive audience reception towards Ruffalo's portrayal of Banner in "The Avengers". Ruffalo is set to reprise his role in any future adaptation of the character. In June 2014, Ruffalo said he believed the studio might be considering doing a new standalone Hulk film, saying, "I think they are, for the first time, entertaining the idea of it. When we did "The Avengers" it was basically 'No!', and now there is some consideration for it. But there's still nothing definitive, not even a skeletal version of what it would be." In December 2014, Joss Whedon said despite the positive reception to Ruffalo, a new solo Hulk film had not been announced because Marvel wished to have a character that only appears in "Avengers" films. In April 2015, Ruffalo told Collider that Universal holding the distribution rights to Hulk films may be an obstacle to releasing a future Hulk standalone film.


text: Archival footage of the character appears in "Glorious Purpose", the first episode of the Disney+ television series "Loki" (2021). Ruffalo voices alternate versions of Banner in the Disney+ animated series "What If...?" (2021). Ruffalo reprised his role in "" (2022).


text: For "The Incredible Hulk", Louis Leterrier stated that Edward Norton's rewrite of the script "has given Bruce's story real gravitas", explaining that "just because we're making a superhero movie it doesn't have to just appeal to 13-year-old boys. Ed and I both see superheroes as the new Greek gods". In taking up the character for "The Avengers", Mark Ruffalo said, "He's a guy struggling with two sides of himself—the dark and the light—and everything he does in his life is filtered through issues of control. I grew up on the Bill Bixby TV series, which I thought was a really nuanced and real human way to look at the Hulk. I like that the part has those qualities". Regarding the Hulk's place on the team, Ruffalo said, "He's like the teammate none of them are sure they want on their team. He's a loose cannon. It's like, 'Just throw a grenade in the middle of the group and let's hope it turns out well!"


text: By "Age of Ultron", Ruffalo stated that his character had grown since the previous film and was "a bit more complex", with a confrontation brewing between Banner and the Hulk: "There's a very cool thing happening: Hulk is as afraid of Banner as Banner is afraid of Hulk.. and they have got to come to peace somehow with each other." While filming in London, Ruffalo said that Whedon still had not given him any of the Hulk's lines. Whedon later explained that he writes the Hulk's dialogue spontaneously, saying, "What makes the Hulk so hard to write is that you're pretending he's a werewolf when he's a superhero. You want it vice versa... So the question is, how has he progressed? How can we bring changes on what the Hulk does? And that's not just in the screenplay, that's moment to moment." When the character next appears in "Thor: Ragnarok", two years have passed since "Age of Ultron", and Hulk has become a successful and popular gladiator on Sakaar, having suppressed the Banner side in those years. He is forming the vocabulary "of a toddler", with the level of Hulk's speech being "a big conversation" between director Taika Waititi and Marvel since it was taking into account future appearances for the character: "Ragnarok" begins an arc for the character that continues in "" (2018) and "" (2019). Ruffalo felt Hulk had "a swagger" in the film, and was "much more of a character than the green rage machine" seen in the first two "Avengers" films.


text: The Hulk only appears briefly at the beginning of "Infinity War", with Bruce Banner spending the film trying to reintegrate with the Avengers, and to "impress upon everybody how dangerous Thanos is". Joe Russo felt the Hulk refusing to appear for much of the film was only partially because he was scared, but also because he realizes that "Banner only wants Hulk for fighting. I think he's had enough of saving Banner's ass." Russo added that this was "really reflective of the journey from "Ragnarok"... [where] these two characters are constantly in conflict with each other over control." The difference between Hulk and Banner is intended to be shown as "starting to blur a little bit". Ruffalo described Hulk in "Infinity War" as having the mental capacity of a five-year-old. Despite the lack of further standalone films, "Bruce and the Hulk have managed to eke out a character arc in the six years since "The Avengers"", with "Thor: Ragnarok" and "Infinity War" highlighting an ongoing battle for control of which persona will manifest, expected to be resolved in "Avengers: Endgame". In "Avengers: Endgame", the Bruce Banner and the Hulk personalities are shown to have reconciled and merged into Professor Hulk, who has the strength of the Hulk but the intelligence of Bruce Banner.


text: In filming "The Incredible Hulk", Leterrier cited Andy Serkis' motion capture portrayals of Gollum and King Kong in "The Lord of the Rings" and "King Kong", respectively, as the standard for which he was aiming. Norton and Roth filmed 2500 takes of different movements the monsters would make (such as the Hulk's "thunder claps"). Phosphorescent face paint applied to the actors' faces and strobe lighting would help record the most subtle mannerisms into the computer. Others including Cyril Raffaelli provided motion capture for stunts and fights, after the main actors had done video referencing. Leterrier hired Rhythm and Hues to provide the CGI, rather than Industrial Light & Magic (ILM) who created the visual effects for Ang Lee's "Hulk". Visual effect company, Image Engine, spent over a year working on a shot where Banner's gamma-irradiated blood falls through three factory floors into a bottle. Overall 700 effects shots were created. Motion capture aided in placing and timing of movements, but overall key frame animation by Rhythm and Hues provided the necessary "finesse [and] superhero quality".


text: Dale Keown's comic book artwork of the Hulk was an inspiration for his design. Leterrier felt the first Hulk had "too much fat [and] the proportions were a little off". He explained, "The Hulk is beyond perfect so there is zero grams of fat, all chiseled, and his muscle and strength defines this creature so he's like a tank." Visual effects supervisor Kurt Williams envisioned the Hulk's physique as a linebacker rather than a bodybuilder. A height of nine feet was chosen for the character as they did not want him to be too inhuman. To make him more expressive, computer programs controlling the inflation of his muscles and saturation of skin color were created. Williams cited flushing as an example of humans' skin color being influenced by their emotions. The animators felt green blood would make his skin become darker rather than lighter, and his skin tones, depending on lighting, either resemble an olive or even gray slate. His animation model was completed without the effects company's full knowledge of what he would be required to do: he was rigged to do whatever they imagined, in case the model was to be used for "The Avengers" film. The Hulk's medium-length hair was modeled on Mike Deodato's art. He originally had a crew cut, but Leterrier decided flopping hair imbued him with more character. Leterrier cited "An American Werewolf in London" as the inspiration for Banner's transformation, wanting to show how painful it was for him to change. As a nod to the live action TV series, Banner's eyes change color first when he transforms.


text: "The Avengers" was the first production in which the actor playing Banner also plays the Hulk. Ruffalo told "New York" magazine, "I'm really excited. No one's ever played the Hulk exactly; they've always done CGI. They're going to do the "Avatar" stop-action, stop-motion capture. So I'll actually play the Hulk. That'll be fun". The 3D model used to create the Hulk's body was modeled after Long Island bodybuilder and male stripper Steve Romm, while the Hulk's face was modeled after Ruffalo. To create the on-screen Hulk, Ruffalo performed in a motion-capture suit on set with the other actors while four motion-capture HD cameras (two full body, two focused on his face) captured his face and body movements. ILM returned to create the digital Hulk. Jeff White, ILM's visual effects supervisor, said, "We really wanted to utilize everything we've developed the last 10 years and make it a pretty spectacular Hulk. One of the great design decisions was to incorporate Mark Ruffalo into the look of him. So, much of Hulk is based on Ruffalo and his performance, not only in motion capture and on set, but down to his eyes, his teeth, and his tongue."


text: For "Thor: Ragnarok", ILM had to add much more detail to the character's facial features, due to the Hulk's increased dialogue. ILM visual effects supervisor Chad Wiebe explained that Ruffalo's expressions were captured fresh for the film using Medusa, a performance capture technology. With 90 different expressions captured, ILM "built an entirely new library that would allow [Hulk] to cover a full range of normal human visual characteristics." To help create the Hulk, a person on set was covered in green body paint, and would replicate the intended motions of the character to aid the visual effect artists. Additionally, stunt actor Paul Lowe, who is under tall, stood in for Hemsworth during some of his interactions with the Hulk so that the Hulk's stunt men would be proportionally correct. In some instances when Thor and the Hulk interacted, a digital double was used for Thor, also created by ILM, to have greater flexibility for the shots. ILM worked on all of the Hulk moments in the film outside the final fight sequence, which was completed by Framestore using ILM's assets, as Framestore was primarily responsible for rigging that sequence. Framestore completed nearly 460 shots, which featured digital doubles of Thor and Hela, Fenris, Korg, Miek, the giant Surtur at the end of the film, and over 9,000 buildings for Asgard, based on assets D Negative had from "The Dark World", resulting in over 263 character, vehicle, prop, and crowd rigs. Taika Waititi also provided additional motion capture for the Hulk after Ruffalo had completed his scenes.


text: With respect to Bruce Banner's regular appearance, his fashion sense has been critiqued with the observation that "in just about every appearance, he's wearing a nondescript suit with a purple button down shirt". By contrast, Banner's "Professor Hulk" appearance in "Avengers: Endgame", including his penchant for knit sweaters, has been described as "hot" and "sexy".


text: Norton's performance as Banner received a generally positive reception. Reviewing "The Incredible Hulk", Mark Rahner of "The Seattle Times" wrote that, "The relaunch of Marvel's green goliath is an improvement over director Ang Lee's ponderous 2003 "Hulk" in nearly every way—except that the actual Hulk still looks scarcely better than something from a video game, and he still barely talks". Conversely, Christy Lemire of the "Associated Press" found that "the inevitable comparisons to "Iron Man", Marvel Studios' first blockbuster this summer, serve as a glaring reminder of what this Hulk lacks: wit and heart. Despite the presence of Edward Norton, an actor capable of going just as deep as Robert Downey Jr., we don't feel a strong sense of Bruce Banner's inner conflict".


text: Mark Ruffalo's portrayal of Dr. Bruce Banner/the Hulk in "The Avengers" was well received by commentators. Joe Neumaier opined that his performance was superior to the rest of the cast; "Ruffalo is the revelation, turning Banner into a wry reservoir of calm ready to become a volcano." Similarly, "The New Yorker" Anthony Lane proclaimed Ruffalo's acting to be one of the film's highlights—alongside Downey. "The Village Voice" Karina Longworth concluded: "Ruffalo successfully refreshes the Hulk myth, playing Banner as an adorably bashful nerd-genius who, in contrast to the preening hunks on the team, knows better than to draw attention to himself." Travers asserted that the actor resonated a "scruffy warmth and humor" vibe, while Turan felt that he surpassed predecessors Edward Norton and Eric Bana in playing the character. Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote that "the smartest thing the filmmakers did was to get Mark Ruffalo to play Bruce Banner as a man so sensitive that he's at war, every moment, with himself. (The film finally solves the Hulk problem: He's a lot more fun in small doses)".


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: Tyler Cole Senerchia (born May 4, 1999) is an American professional wrestler, better known by the ring name Hook (often stylized as HOOK). He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), where he currently holds the FTW Championship, a title established by his father Taz, in his first reign.


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: On the December 16, 2020 episode of "AEW Dynamite", Senerchia, under the ring name Hook, made his first appearance in All Elite Wrestling as a heel, aligning himself with Team Taz (Taz, Brian Cage, Ricky Starks and Powerhouse Hobbs). On December 8, 2021, Hook made his professional wrestling debut against Fuego Del Sol for an episode of "AEW Rampage" which aired two days later. Hook won the match by submission with a half nelson choke called "Redrum". Shortly after the match aired, Tony Khan announced that Hook had signed a contract with the company. Hook's debut, which had become an internet meme prior to the match, garnered praise from critics, with several praising his level of skill despite being a rookie. Two weeks later, Hook would quickly defeat Bear Bronson at AEW Rampage: Holiday Bash. His next match would be a win over Aaron Solo, which would begin a feud with Q. T. Marshall. The feud would culminate with Hook defeating Marshall at AEW Revolution: The Buy In on March 6, 2022. Since May, Hook began to work with Danhausen. On July 27 at Fight for the Fallen, Hook defeated Ricky Starks for the FTW Championship, a title established by his father in the promotion Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) and reintroduced in AEW.


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: Hook's finisher, named "Redrum", is a half nelson choke (also known as a kata ha jime), the same as his father's finisher, the "Tazmission". He has been nicknamed "The Cold-Hearted Handsome Devil".


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: Hook uses the Action Bronson song "The Chairman's Intent" from the album "Blue Chips 7000" as his entrance theme.


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: Senerchia is the son of professional wrestler Peter Senerchia, known professionally as Taz. He is of Italian descent.


title: Hook (wrestler)

text: Senerchia played lacrosse at Plainedge High School, garnering all-state honors and being ranked 74th in the nation by "Inside Lacrosse". In 2018, Senerchia served as a long-stick midfielder for the Bucknell Bison men's lacrosse team; he subsequently transferred to the Sacred Heart Pioneers.


title: Sara Rue

text: Sara Rue (born January 26, 1979) is an American actress. She is known for her performances as Carmen Ferrara on "Popular", as Claude Casey on "Less than Perfect", and as the Attorney General in "Idiocracy". In 2011, she hosted The CW reality series "Shedding for the Wedding." She had a recurring role in the comedy "Rules of Engagement", in which she played Brenda, the softball teammate and good friend of Jeff Bingham. She also had a regular role as Kim on the short-lived ABC sitcom "Malibu Country", and appeared in the main cast of the TV Land comedy series "Impastor". She is also known for her role as Olivia Caliban in the second season of "A Series of Unfortunate Events".


title: Sara Rue

text: Sara Rue was born Sara Schlackman in New York City, the daughter of Joan Schlackman (née Rue), a municipal employee and former actress, and Marc Schlackman, a stage manager. The elder of two daughters, she was raised in New York, where her parents were active in Broadway theatre. She is Jewish.


title: Sara Rue

text: Rue began her acting career at the age of nine, appearing in the 1988 film "Rocket Gibraltar" as Kevin Spacey's daughter. Rue played a very young Roseanne in the first meeting of Roseanne and Dan at a dance on the TV show "Roseanne".


title: Sara Rue

text: She starred in the comedy "Grand", before going on to work on "Phenom"; "Minor Adjustments"; "Zoe, Duncan, Jack & Jane"; "ER"; "The Division" and "Popular". From 2002 to 2006, she starred in the main role of Claude Casey on the ABC sitcom "Less than Perfect". She has appeared in several films, including "A Map of the World", "Can't Hardly Wait", "A Slipping Down Life", "Idiocracy", "Gypsy 83'. She also had a small part as a babysitter in Gore Verbinski's adaptation of "The Ring". She impressed director Michael Bay so much that a role was written into the movie "Pearl Harbor" for her.


title: Sara Rue

text: Rue appeared uncredited in the 2006 Mike Judge film "Idiocracy", in the role of the Attorney General. In 2006, Rue starred in the stage musical "Little Egypt" with French Stewart, Jenny O'Hara and Gregg Henry at the Matrix Theatre in Los Angeles. She guest-starred in "Two and a Half Men" as Berta's pregnant youngest daughter. She had a stint on the CBS sitcom "The Big Bang Theory", playing Leonard Hofstadter's physician girlfriend Dr Stephanie Barnett for three episodes. Her first appearance on the show occurred on November 17, 2008. In 2009, Rue appeared in the movies "Man Maid" and "For Christ's Sake". She starred on the short-lived 2009 series "Eastwick", based on the novel and movie "The Witches of Eastwick".


title: Sara Rue

text: In October 2010, Rue joined the cast of "Rules of Engagement" in a recurring role as Brenda, Jeff and Audrey's surrogate.


title: Sara Rue

text: It was announced in December, 2011 that Rue would be writing and starring in a new show on The CW called "Poseurs", about a young woman named Lucy whose life is upended when her fiancé moves out and her fresh-from-rehab collegiate best friend, Alexandra, moves in. The two friends pose as a lesbian couple and actually get married in order to stay in the nice apartment building that only allows married couples.


title: Sara Rue

text: Rue starred in the ABC show "Malibu Country" as Reba McEntire's upbeat trophy wife neighbor, Kim Sallinger. "Malibu Country" ran for one season (2012–13). Rue had the title role of Deb Dorfman in the movie "Dorfman in Love" (2012).


title: Sara Rue

text: In 2014, Rue appeared in a recurring role as Candace, fiancee of Christy's ex-husband on the CBS sitcom "Mom". In 2015, she was cast as main character Dora in the TV Land comedy "Impastor". The show was cancelled after its second season in 2016. Rue has a recurring role as Nancy Granville on ABC's "American Housewife".


title: Sara Rue

text: In 2017, Rue was cast in the recurring role of Olivia Caliban on the second season of the Netflix comedy drama series "A Series of Unfortunate Events".


title: Sara Rue

text: Rue married filmmaker Mischa Livingstone in 2001, and they divorced in 2007. Rue married teacher Kevin Price on May 21, 2011, in a traditional Jewish wedding. She gave birth to their first child, a daughter, in February 2013. She and Price adopted a second daughter in November 2016.


title: Frank Whaley

text: Frank Joseph Whaley (born July 20, 1963) is an American actor, film director, screenwriter, and comedian. His roles include Brett in "Pulp Fiction", Robby Krieger in "The Doors", young Archie "Moonlight" Graham in "Field of Dreams", and Guy in "Swimming With Sharks". He has also appeared in films and TV series such as "Born on the Fourth of July", "The Freshman", "A Midnight Clear", "Swing Kids", "Broken Arrow", "Luke Cage", and "World Trade Center".


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley was born and raised in Syracuse, New York, the son of Robert W. Whaley, Sr. and Josephine (née Timilione). Whaley graduated from Anthony A. Henninger High School in 1981 and left home at 18. He graduated from the University at Albany.


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley made his film debut in 1987's "Ironweed". In 1989 he appeared in "Field of Dreams" and "Born on the Fourth of July". The latter film began a long collaboration with director Oliver Stone, including 1991's "The Doors", in which he played Robby Krieger, and, in the same year, "JFK", in which he played a conspirator in the JFK assassination. Krieger himself reported that he was pleased with the way Whaley portrayed him. In 1990, Whaley appeared with Marlon Brando and Matthew Broderick in "The Freshman". In 1991, he starred in the John Hughes feature film "Career Opportunities".


title: Frank Whaley

text: Over the next two years, he played supporting roles in movies such as "Hoffa" and "Swing Kids". He appeared in his second leading film role in 1994's "Swimming with Sharks". During the same year, he played a supporting role as the doomed Brett, who was memorably killed by Samuel L. Jackson's and John Travolta's characters in "Pulp Fiction".


title: Frank Whaley

text: In 1998, he started a regular role on the short-lived CBS series "Buddy Faro". He also appeared in episodes of "The Dead Zone", "Law & Order", and its spinoff "".


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley made his writing-directorial debut in his independent film, "Joe the King", in 1999, featuring his "Doors" costar Val Kilmer and longtime friend and colleague Ethan Hawke in starring roles. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival and earned Whaley the Waldo Salt Screenwriting Award. His second film as writer and director, "The Jimmy Show", stars Whaley and Carla Gugino. This film also premiered at the Sundance Film Festival.


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley's third film as writer and director, "New York City Serenade", starring Chris Klein and Freddie Prinze Jr., premiered at the 2007 Toronto International Film Festival. He stars as the villain in the 2007 horror film "Vacancy". In 2014 he wrote and directed the film "Like Sunday, Like Rain", starring Debra Messing, Leighton Meester and Billie Joe Armstrong. The film won six awards at the 2014 Williamsburg Independent Film Festival including Best Film, Best Director and acting nods for Armstrong, Meester, Messing and Julian Shatkin. It opened in March 2015.


title: Frank Whaley

text: In 2014, Whaley appeared as Van Miller in Season One of the Showtime series "Ray Donovan". In 2016, Whaley had a role in Paramount Animation's first mostly live-action film, "Monster Trucks", and in 2017, he appeared in the teen film "The Outskirts".


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley's other film credits include "World Trade Center, Red Dragon, Rob the Mob, School of Rock, Broken Arrow, Little Monsters, A Midnight Clear, Janie Jones, I.Q." among others.


title: Frank Whaley

text: His television credits include "Gotham, The Blacklist, , Curb Your Enthusiasm, Psych, Burn Notice, Ugly Betty, Mrs. Harris, When Trumpets Fade, Boston Legal, Medium, Blue Bloods", "Bull", "House", "MacGyver", "Divorce", "Elementary", "Under the Dome", the TV mini-series "Madoff", "Alcatraz" and many others.


title: Frank Whaley

text: Whaley has maintained his roots in the theater, working frequently with The New Group in New York City. In 2011, he appeared in the New Group's revival of Wallace Shawn's "Marie And Bruce" opposite Marisa Tomei.


title: Frank Whaley

text: In 2001, Whaley married Heather Bucha Whaley, an actress and writer, and the author of "Eat Your Feelings: Recipes for Self-Loathing". They have two children.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Pennsylvania Dutch (Pennsylvania Dutch: ), also known as Pennsylvania Germans, are a cultural group formed by German immigrants who settled in Pennsylvania during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries. They emigrated primarily from German-speaking territories of Europe, mainly from the Palatinate, also from Baden-Württemberg, Hesse, and Rhineland in Germany as well as the Netherlands, Switzerland, and France's Alsace-Lorraine region.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania's German settlers described themselves as "Deutsch" or "Hoch Deutsch", which in contemporary English translated to "Dutch" or "High Dutch" ("Dutch" historically referred to all Germanic dialect speakers in English). They spoke several south German dialects, though Palatine German was the dominant language; their mixing contributed to a hybrid dialect, known as Pennsylvania Dutch, or Pennsylvania German, that has been preserved through the current day.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Pennsylvania Dutch maintained numerous religious affiliations; the greatest number are Lutheran or German Reformed with a lesser number of Anabaptists, including Mennonites, Amish, and Brethren. The Anabaptist groups espoused a simple lifestyle, and their adherents were known as Plain Dutch; this contrasted to the Fancy Dutch, mostly of the Catholic, Lutheran, or Reformed churches, who tended to assimilate more easily into the American mainstream. By the late 1700s, other denominations were also represented in smaller numbers.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The word "Dutch" in "Pennsylvania Dutch" is not a mistranslation but rather a derivation of the Pennsylvania Dutch endonym "", which means "Pennsylvania Dutch" or "German". Ultimately, the terms Deitsch, Dutch, Diets and Deutsch are all descendants of the Proto-Germanic word meaning "popular" or "of the people".


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Dutch in the English language originally referred to all Germanic language speakers. New Englanders referred to the Dutch Language spoken by the New York & Jersey Dutch as Low Dutch (Dutch: '), and the Dutch language spoken by the Pennsylvania Dutch in Pennsylvania as High Dutch (German: '). Below is a quote from the Boston Gazette on October 8, 1795, mentioning a speaker of high and low Dutch:


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The oldest German newspaper in Pennsylvania was the High Dutch Pennsylvania Journal in 1743. The first mixed English and German paper, the Pennsylvania Gazette of 1751, described itself as an "English and Dutch gazette," in reference to the High Dutch language spoken in Pennsylvania.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The continued use of the Pennsylvania Dutch language was strengthened in the 19th century as a way of distinguishing themselves from later (post 1830) waves of German immigrants to the United States, with the Pennsylvania Dutch referring to themselves as "Deitsche" and to Germans as "Deitschlenner", (literally "Dutchlanders", compare ), which translates to "Germany-Germans" whom they saw as a related but distinct group. These "Germany-Germans" came to Pennsylvania Dutch cities and assimilated into urban Pennsylvania Dutch society and came to prominence especially in matters of the church, newspapers, and urban business.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Later, the term "Dutchlander" came to refer specifically to the nationality of people from the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, also known simply as "the Dutch Country" or "Dutchland".


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: After World War II, use of Pennsylvania Dutch virtually died out in favor of English, except among the more insular and tradition-bound Plain Dutch, such as the Old Order Amish and Old Order Mennonites. A number of German cultural practices continue to this day, and German Americans remain the largest ancestry group claimed in Pennsylvania by people in the census.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Pennsylvania Dutch live primarily in the Delaware Valley and in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country, a large area that includes South Central Pennsylvania, in the area stretching in an arc from Bethlehem and Allentown in the Lehigh Valley westward through Reading, Lebanon, and Lancaster to York and Chambersburg. Some Pennsylvania Dutch live in the historically Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking areas of Maryland, North Carolina, and Virginia's Shenandoah Valley.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The vast majority of Pennsylvania Dutch have Palatine ancestry. They are also culturally related to the New York and Jersey Dutch.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Fancy Dutch descend from Palatines who left the economic conditions and devastation in the Rhenish Palatinate of the Holy Roman Empire after the Thirty Years' War; their number included Catholic Palatines, who had already established three Holy Roman Church parishes in 1757.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Plain Dutch are descendants of refugees who left religious persecution in the Netherlands and the Electoral Palatinate. Of note, the Amish and Mennonites came to the Rhenish Palatinate and surrounding areas from Switzerland, where, as Anabaptists, they were persecuted, and so their stay in the Palatinate was of limited duration.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Anglo-Americans held much anti-Palatine sentiment in the Pennsylvania Colony. Below is a quotation of Benjamin Franklin's complaints about the Palatine refugees in his work "Observations Concerning the Increase of Mankind (1751)":


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The devastation of the Thirty Years' War (1618–1648) and the wars between the principalities of the Holy Roman Empire and France caused some of the immigration of Palatines to America from the Rhine area. Members of this group founded the borough of Germantown, in northwest Philadelphia County, Pennsylvania, in 1683. They settled on land sold to them by William Penn. Germantown included not only Mennonites but also Quakers.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: During the War of the Grand Alliance (1689–97), French troops pillaged the Palatinate, forcing many Palatines to flee. The war began in 1688 as Louis XIV laid claim to the Electorate of the Palatinate. French forces devastated all major cities of the region, including Cologne. By 1697 the war came to a close with the Treaty of Ryswick, now Rijswijk in the Netherlands, and the Palatinate remained free of French control. However, by 1702, the War of the Spanish Succession began, lasting until 1713. French expansionism forced many Palatines to flee as refugees.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: This group of Mennonites was organized by Francis Daniel Pastorius, an agent for a land purchasing company based in Frankfurt am Main. None of the Frankfurt Company ever came to Pennsylvania except Pastorius himself, but thirteen Low Dutch (South Guelderish-speaking) Mennonite families from Krefeld arrived on October 6, 1683, in Philadelphia. They were joined by eight Low Dutch families from Hamburg-Altona in 1700 and five High Dutch families from the Rhenish Palatinate in 1707.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: In 1723, some thirty-three Palatine families, dissatisfied under Governor Hunter's rule, migrated from Schoharie, New York, along the Susquehanna River to Tulpehocken, Berks County, Pennsylvania, where other Palatines had settled. They became farmers and used intensive German farming techniques that proved highly productive.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Another wave of settlers from the Holy Roman Empire, which would eventually coalesce to form a large part of the Pennsylvania Dutch, arrived between 1727 and 1775; some sixty-five thouand Palatines landed in Philadelphia in that era and others landed at other ports. Another wave from the Palatinate arrived 1749–1754. More than half of their number was sold into indentured servitude. These indentured servants became known as "Redemptioners" as they would "redeem" their freedom after some years.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The majority originated in what is today southwestern Germany, i.e., Rhineland-Palatinate and Baden-Württemberg; other prominent groups were Alsatians, Dutch, French Huguenots (French Protestants), Moravians from Bohemia and Moravia and Swiss Germans.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Pennsylvania Dutch composed nearly half of the population of the Province of Pennsylvania. The Fancy Dutch population generally supported the Patriot cause in the American Revolution; the nonviolent Plain Dutch minority did not fight in the war. Henry Miller, an immigrant from Germany of Swiss ancestry, published an early German translation of the "Declaration of Independence" (1776) in his newspaper "Philadelphische Staatsbote". Miller often wrote about Swiss history and myth, such as the William Tell legend, to provide a context for patriot support in the conflict with Britain.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Frederick Muhlenberg (1750–1801), a Lutheran pastor, became a major patriot and politician, rising to be elected as Speaker of the U.S. House of Representatives.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutch were recruited for the American Provost corps under Captain Bartholomew von Heer, a Prussian who had served in a similar unit in Europe before immigrating to Reading, Pennsylvania prior to the war. During the Revolutionary War the "Marechaussee" Corps were utilized in a variety of ways, including intelligence gathering, route security, enemy prisoner of war operations, and even combat during the Battle of Springfield. The Marechausee also provided security for Washington's headquarters during the Battle of Yorktown, acted as his security detail, and was one of the last units deactivated after the Revolutionary War. The Marechaussee Corps was often not well received by the Continental Army, due in part to their defined duties but also due to the fact that some members of the corps spoke little or no English. Six of the provosts had even been Hessian prisoners of war prior to their recruitment. Because the provost corps completed many of the same functions as the modern U.S. Military Police Corps, it is considered a predecessor of the current United States Military Police Regiment.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Hesse-Kassel signed a treaty of alliance with Great Britain to supply fifteen regiments, four grenadier battalions, two jäger companies, and three companies of artillery. The jägers in particular were carefully recruited and well paid, well clothed, and free from manual labor. These jägers proved essential in the "Indian style" warfare in America.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: German-speaking armies could not quickly replace men lost on the other side of the Atlantic, so the Hessians recruited blacks as soldiers who became known as Black Hessians. There were one hundred and fifteen black soldiers serving with Hessian units, most of them as drummers or fifers.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: General Washington's Continental Army had crossed the Delaware River to make a surprise attack on the Hessians in the early morning of December 26, 1776. In the Battle of Trenton, the Hessian force of fourteen hundred men was quickly overwhelmed by the Continentals, with only about twenty killed and one hundred wounded, but one thousand captured.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Hessians captured in the Battle of Trenton were paraded through the streets of Philadelphia to raise American morale; anger at their presence helped the Continental Army recruit new soldiers. Most of the prisoners were sent to work as farmhands.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: By early 1778, negotiations for the exchange of prisoners between Washington and the British had begun in earnest. These included Nicholas Bahner(t), Jacob Trobe, George Geisler, and Conrad Grein (Konrad Krain), who were a few of the Hessian soldiers who deserted the British forces after being returned in exchange for American prisoners of war. These men were both hunted by the British for being deserters and by many of the colonists as a foreign enemy.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Throughout the war, Americans tried to entice Hessians to desert the British, emphasizing the large and prosperous German-American community. The U.S. Congress authorized the offer of land of up to fifty acres (roughly twenty hectares) to individual Hessian soldiers who switched sides. British soldiers were offered fifty to eight hundred acres, depending on rank.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Many Hessian prisoners were held in camps at the interior city of Lancaster, Pennsylvania, home to a large German community known as the Pennsylvania Dutch. Hessian prisoners were subsequently treated well, with some volunteering for extra work assignments, helping to replace local men serving in the Continental Army. Due to shared German heritage and abundance of land, many Hessian soldiers stayed and settled in the Pennsylvania Dutch Country after the war's end.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Fancy Dutch came to control much of the best agricultural lands in all of the Pennsylvania Commonwealth. They ran many newspapers, and out of six newspapers in Pennsylvania, three were in German, two were in English and one was in both languages. They also maintained their Germanic architecture when they founded new towns in Pennsylvania.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutchmen already possessed an ethnic identity and a well-defined social-system that was separate from the Anglo-American identity. Their Anglo-American neighbors described them as very industrious, very businessminded, and a very rich community.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Here is a conversation of two businessmen describing Germantown, the capital of Pennsylvania Dutch urban culture in 1854:


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The Pennsylvania Dutch had a strong dislike for New England, and to them the term "Yankee" became synonymous with "a cheat." Indeed, New Englanders were the rivals of the Pennsylvania Dutch.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Nearly all of the regiments from Pennsylvania that fought in the American Civil War had German-speaking or Pennsylvania Dutch-speaking members on their rosters, many of whom were Fancy Dutch. Some regiments like the 153rd Pennsylvania Volunteer Infantry were entirely composed of Pennsylvania Dutch soldiers. The 47th Pennsylvania Infantry Regiment also had a high percentage of German immigrants and Pennsylvania-born men of German heritage on its rosters; the regiment's K Company was formed with the intent of it being an "all-German company."


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutch companies sometimes mixed with English companies (The Pennsylvania Dutch had the habit of labeling anyone who did not speak Pennsylvania Dutch "English.") Many of the Pennsylvania Dutchmen who fought in the Civil War were recruited and raised at Camp Curtin, Pennsylvania.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutch regiments composed a large portion of the Federal Forces who fought in the Battle of Gettysburg at Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, the bloodiest battle of the Civil War.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: A platoon of Pennsylvania Dutchmen on patrol in Germany were once spared from being machine-gunned by Nazi soldiers who listened to them approaching. The Germans heard them speaking Pennyslvania Dutch amongst each other and assumed that they were natives from the Palatinate.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Blacks and Indians have historically identified with Pennsylvania Dutch culture, with many of the Pennsylvania Dutch diaspora being Melungeons, and called themselves Black Dutch.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: In Colonial Pennsylvania, Palatines lived between Iroquois settlements and the two peoples "communicated, drank, worked, worshipped and traded together, negotiated over land use and borders, and conducted their diplomacy separate from the colonial governments". Some Palatines learned to perform the Haudenosaunee condolence ceremony, where condolences were offered to those whose friends and family had died, which was the most important of all Iroquois rituals. The Canadian historian James Paxton wrote the Palatines and Haudenosaunee "visited each other's homes, conducted small-scale trade and socialized in taverns and trading posts".


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Relations between the Palatine Dutch and Indians were friendly. The descendants of the Palatine Dutch and Indians were known as Black Dutch.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Black Dutchmen of the Pennsylvania Dutch Country spoke Pennsylvania Dutch and followed Fancy Dutch traditions.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Slaves living within Pennsylvania lands also learned the Pennsylvania Dutch language; slavery sharply declined after the emancipation act of 1780, creating a free Black Dutch population. Slavery was finally abolished from the Commonwealth's law in 1847.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: In Canada, an 1851 census shows many blacks and Mennonites lived near each other in a number of places and exchanged labor, or the Dutch would hire black laborers. There are accounts of black families providing child care assistance for their Dutch neighbors. These Pennsylvania Dutch were usually Plain Dutch, Mennonites or Fancy Dutch Lutherans. The black-Mennonite relationship in Canada soon evolved to the level of church membership.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: An early group, mainly from the Roxborough-Germantown area of Pennsylvania, emigrated to then colonial Nova Scotia in 1766 and founded the Township of Monckton, site of present day Moncton, New Brunswick. The extensive Steeves clan descends from this group.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: After the American Revolution, John Graves Simcoe, Lieutenant Governor of Upper Canada, invited Americans, including Mennonites and German Baptist Brethren, to settle in British North American territory and offered tracts of land to immigrant groups. This resulted in communities of Pennsylvania Dutch speakers emigrating to Canada, many to the area called the German Company Tract, a subset of land within the Haldimand Tract, in the Township of Waterloo, which later became Waterloo County, Ontario. Some still live in the area around Markham, Ontario, and particularly in the northern areas of the current Waterloo Region. Some members of the two communities formed the Markham-Waterloo Mennonite Conference. Today, the Pennsylvania Dutch language is mostly spoken by Old Order Mennonites.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: From 1800 to the 1830s, some Pennsylvania Dutch Mennonites in Upstate New York and Pennsylvania moved north to Canada, primarily to the area that would become Cambridge, Kitchener/Waterloo and St. Jacobs/Elmira in Waterloo County, Ontario, plus the Listowel area adjacent to the northwest. Settlement started in 1800 by Joseph Schoerg and Samuel Betzner, Jr. (brothers-in-law), Mennonites, from Franklin County, Pennsylvania. Other settlers followed mostly from Pennsylvania typically by Conestoga wagons. Many of the pioneers arriving from Pennsylvania after November 1803 bought land in a sixty thousand-acre section established by a group of Mennonites from Lancaster County Pennsylvania, called the German Company Lands.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Fewer of the Pennsylvania Dutch settled in what would later become the Greater Toronto Area in areas that would later be the towns of Altona, Ontario, Pickering, Ontario, and especially Markham Village, Ontario, and Stouffville, Ontario. Peter Reesor and brother-in-law Abraham Stouffer were higher profile settlers in Markham and Stouffville.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: William Berczy, a German entrepreneur and artist, had settled in upstate New York and in May 1794, he was able to obtain sixty-four acres in Markham Township, near the current city of Toronto. Berczy arrived with approximately one hundred and ninety German families from Pennsylvania and settled here. Others later moved to other locations in the general area, including a hamlet they founded, German Mills, Ontario, named for its grist mill; that community is now called Thornhill, Ontario), in the township that is now part of York Region.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Pennsylvania Dutch culture is still prevalent in some parts of Pennsylvania today. The Pennsylvania Dutch today speak English, though some still speak the Pennsylvania Dutch language among themselves. They share cultural similarities with the Mennonites in the same area. Pennsylvania Dutch English retains some German grammar and literally translated vocabulary, some phrases include "outen or out'n the lights" (German: ') meaning "turn off the lights", "it's gonna make wet" (German: ') meaning "its going to rain", and "its all" (German: ') meaning "its all gone". They also sometimes leave out the verb in phrases turning "the trash needs to go out" in to "the trash needs out" (German: '), in alignment with German grammar. The Pennsylvania Dutch have some foods that are uncommon outside of places where they live. Some of these include shoo-fly pie, funnel cake, pepper cabbage, filling and jello salads such as strawberry pretzel salad.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: The immigrants of the 1600s and 1700s who were known as the Pennsylvania Dutch included Mennonites, Swiss Brethren (also called Mennonites by the locals) and Amish but also Anabaptist-Pietists such as German Baptist Brethren and those who belonged to German Lutheran or German Reformed Church congregations. Other settlers of that era were of the Moravian Church while a few were Seventh Day Baptists. Calvinist Palatines and several other denominations were also represented to a lesser extent.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Over sixty percent of the immigrants who arrived in Pennsylvania from Germany or Switzerland in the 1700s and 1800s were Lutherans and they maintained good relations with those of the German Reformed Church. The two groups founded Franklin College (now Franklin & Marshall College) in 1787.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Henry Muhlenberg (1711–1787) founded the Lutheran Church in America. He organized the Ministerium of Pennsylvania in 1748, set out the standard organizational format for new churches and helped shape Lutheran liturgy.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: Muhlenberg was sent by the Lutheran bishops in Germany, and he always insisted on strict conformity to Lutheran dogma. Muhlenberg's view of church unity was in direct opposition to Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf's Moravian approach, with its goal of uniting various Pennsylvania German religious groups under a less rigid "Congregation of God in the Spirit". The differences between the two approaches led to permanent impasse between Lutherans and Moravians, especially after a December 1742 meeting in Philadelphia. The Moravians settled Bethlehem and nearby areas and established schools for Native Americans.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: In Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews have often maintained a special relationship due to their common German language and cultural heritage. Because both Yiddish and Pennsylvania Dutch are High German languages, there are strong similarities between the two languages and a limited degree of mutual intelligibility. Historically, Pennsylvania Dutch Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews often had overlapping bonds in German-American business and community life. Due to this historical bond there are several mixed-faith cemeteries in Lehigh County, including Allentown's Fairview Cemetery, where German-Americans of both the Jewish and Protestant faiths are buried. The cooking of Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews often overlaps, particularly vegetarian dishes that do not contain non-kosher ingredients such as pork or that mix meat and dairy together. In 1987, the First United Church of Christ in Easton, Pennsylvania, hosted the annual meeting of the Pennsylvania German Society, the theme of which was the special bond between Pennsylvania German Christians and Pennsylvania German Jews. German Jews and German Christians held "quite ecumenical philosophies" about interfaith marriage and there are recorded instances of marriages between Jews and Christians within the German community. German Jews arriving in Pennsylvania often integrated into Pennsylvania Dutch communities because of their lack of knowledge of the English language. German Jews often lacked a trade and thus became peddlers, selling their wares within Pennsylvania Dutch society.


title: Pennsylvania Dutch

text: A number of Pennsylvanian German Jews migrated to the Shenandoah Valley, travelling along the same route of migration as Pennsylvania Dutch people.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Jessica Rose James Decker (born April 12, 1988) is an American country pop singer. At age 15, after auditioning for and being rejected by most of the country labels in Nashville, Tennessee, Decker began working with Carla Wallace of Big Yellow Dog Music. One of her songs attracted the attention of Mercury Records, which offered her a recording contract. She released her debut album, "Jessie James", in 2009. A few years later in 2013, she starred with her husband Eric Decker, a wide receiver in the National Football League, in the E! reality show "".


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On April 18, 2014, Decker released an EP through iTunes entitled "Comin' Home". On Epic in 2017, she released a five-track EP, "Gold", followed by a collaboration on Austin John Winkler's 2016 song titled "Howlin'" from his debut EP Love Sick Radio and released a surprise live EP on June 9, 2017, titled "Blackbird Sessions". On October 13, 2017, she released her second full-length album and first for Epic Records, "Southern Girl City Lights". "On This Holiday", her first full-length Christmas album, was released on October 26, 2018.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On September 30, 2019, Decker stated, "I have a new chapter that's about to happen with my music...I have new music coming out soon. I'm working on an EP that’ll be dropping soon."


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On September 18, 2020, Decker gave "ET" an update after signing a new record deal with Atlantic/Warner music in January. She revealed that while she was supposed to go on tour with new music this summer, it got postponed due to the pandemic. She says "I will be putting out a Christmas single, so I will have a Christmas song out in November, but as far as my album I've been working on and recording, we actually decided today we're going to hold off. We're going to wait for the top of the year so we can do it right, 'cause I'm really excited about it."


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On October 22, 2021 she released the EP The Woman I've Become The project spawned a headlining tour, which wrapped in August, 2022 after hitting major cities across the nation. On September 30, 2022 “Grow Young With You” is the first official track from the Big Yellow Dog/Atlantic Records/Warner Music Nashville recording artist since the release of her The Woman I’ve Become EP in 2021.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker was born Jessica Rose James on April 12, 1988, in Vicenza, in the Italian region of Veneto on an American military base to her mother, Karen Johnson and father Robert James. Her stepfather, Steve Parker, who Karen married in the early 2000s, served in the U.S. Air Force. As a result, she lived in Iowa, Kentucky, Texas, Louisiana, and Georgia. She graduated from Warner Robins High School in 2007. Decker has two younger siblings, Sydney Rae Bass (born 1991) and John James (born 1994), two step siblings, Ashley and Alex Parker (from Steve's first marriage) and two siblings-in-law, Anthony Bass and Alison James (formerly Green).


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker began singing when she was two. She won her first talent contest in Baker, Louisiana, at age nine, singing "I Want to Be a Cowboy's Sweetheart". By then, she had already been writing songs on a plastic guitar and had performed at SeaWorld and in Warner Robins, Georgia in 2000. At age fifteen, she made weekly trips to Nashville to hone her songwriting skills.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: At seventeen, Decker was introduced to Carla Wallace of independent label Big Yellow Dog Music, who helped her with her songwriting and singing. One of her songs, "Gypsy Girl", was written with two writers from Yellow Dog and made it into the hands of record executive David Massey, who brought her to the attention of L.A. Reid. She auditioned for Reid by singing her song "My Cowboy", produced by John Rich. Decker soon signed a contract with Mercury Records.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Even though she originally thought that she would be producing a country record, Decker was later told to record a pop album by record executives. She also claimed to have been asked to sound like pop singer Britney Spears. She described the recording process as "intense" due to the genre crossing. She described herself in an interview as "a country girl at heart," having grown up listening to this music.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Her debut album, "Jessie James", was released in August 2009, debuting at number 23 on the "Billboard" 200. It was a fusion between country and pop music, with more emphasis placed on the latter as dictated by her label. The album also featured writing credits from Decker and seasoned pop songwriter Kara DioGuardi and Mitch Allan, among others. The album received mixed receptions from critics. Allmusic received the album positively, but found that despite being marketed as such and featuring some country-influenced production, the music on the album was a far cry from country music. "Slant" thought that the album only superficially pulled together influences from pop, country and hip-hop while failing to pander to any of those audiences. The album's first single, "Wanted", produced by Allan, had been released in April and peaked at number 40 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker later performed in the Middle East with singer Kid Rock and comedian Carlos Mencia for US troops stationed overseas.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker began working on her second album, "Sweet American Dreams", in 2010, which was initially planned to be released in late summer. The album was to have the same country-pop sound as her debut, with Decker being given more leeway by Mercury in incorporating country sounds. The first single, "Boys in the Summer", released in June, was a minor country success but failed to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Having struggled with accepting her career path as a pop singer, Decker told her label in the midst of preparations for her album that she did not want to be a pop artist and wanted to record country music. After negotiations, Massey asked Mark Wright from Show Dog-Universal Music, which had facilitated the country release of "Boys in the Summer" in November, to help Mercury/IDJ launch Decker in the country genre. Decker began recording in April 2011. "When You Say My Name" was produced by Wright and released on January 31, 2012. "Military Man" was released on May 22, 2012. She was removed from the Show Dog Universal roster in 2013. Decker released an extended play, "Comin' Home", on April 18, 2014, which hit number one on iTunes top albums chart and debuted in the top 5 on "Billboard"s top country albums chart.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker was featured on former Hinder lead singer Austin John's debut solo EP "Love Sick Radio", on the track "Howlin'". The EP was released April 22, 2016.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: She finished the "Lights Down Low" tour. On her new label Epic she released a five-track EP, "Gold", on February 17, 2017, and released a surprise live EP on June 9, 2017, titled "Blackbird Sessions". On October 13, 2017, she released her second full-length album and first for Epic Records, "Southern Girl City Lights".


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On November 27, 2017, Decker appeared in "12 Days of Cracker Barrel", ending on December 8. Each day got a new YouTube video in the style of the original 12 Days of Christmas song.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On April 3, 2022, Decker performed "America the Beautiful", in front of a nearly 80.000 crowd at WWE's WrestleMania 38, at AT&T Stadium, in Dallas, Texas.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: In 2013, Decker starred with her husband Eric Decker, a wide receiver in the National Football League, in the E! reality show "." It ended its run in April 2014, but returned in September 2017. It ran for 20 episodes in three seasons.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On September 8, 2022, Decker was announced as a contestant on season 31 of "Dancing with the Stars". She is partnered with Alan Bersten. She finished in 10th place.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker launched a clothing line called Kittenish online. Kittenish opened its first physical location in Nashville, Tennessee. A second branch is located near Destin, Florida.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker co-wrote the majority of the songs on her debut album. The album is of a country-pop fusion genre, revealing her taste for not only country music, but pop and soul music as well.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: The beat for "Blue Jeans" was a recording of Decker stepping; this talent stems from her time on the step team at her school. Initially, she faced opposition for her soul music-inspired vocal runs when trying to get signed in Nashville.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: She has listed Christina Aguilera, Jessica Simpson, Bobbie Gentry, Janis Joplin, Shelby Lynne, and Shania Twain as her musical influences. She has said that she initially wanted a career similar to those of Gentry and Twain, who were signed to pop labels but found crossover success in both country and pop music.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: On June 22, 2013, Jessie married Eric Decker, an NFL wide receiver who at the time played for the Denver Broncos.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: In September 2013, it was announced that the couple was expecting their first child together. She gave birth to their daughter, Vivianne Rose, in March 2014 in Colorado. Decker gave birth to their second child, Eric Thomas II, in September 2015.


title: Jessie James Decker

text: Decker announced on October 9, 2017, that they were expecting a third child, another boy. She gave birth to their third child, Forrest Bradley, in March 2018.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid muscle is the muscle forming the rounded contour of the human shoulder. It is also known as the 'common shoulder muscle', particularly in other animals such as the domestic cat. Anatomically, the deltoid muscle appears to be made up of three distinct sets of muscle fibers, namely the


title: Deltoid muscle

text: However, electromyography suggests that it consists of at least seven groups that can be independently coordinated by the nervous system.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: It was previously called the deltoideus (plural "deltoidei") and the name is still used by some anatomists. It is called so because it is in the shape of the Greek capital letter delta (Δ). Deltoid is also further shortened in slang as "delt".


title: Deltoid muscle

text: Previous studies showed that the insertions of the tendons of the deltoid muscle parts formed three discrete sets of muscle fibers, often referred to as "heads":


title: Deltoid muscle

text: Fick divided these three groups of fibers, often referred to as parts (Latin: "pars") or bands, into seven functional components as did Kapandji and Sakoma Y et al. : the anterior part has two components (I and II); the lateral one (III); and the posterior four (IV, V, VI, and VII) components. In standard anatomical position (with the upper limb hanging alongside the body), the central components (II, III, and IV) lie lateral to the axis of abduction and therefore contribute to abduction from the start of the movement while the other components (I, V, VI, and VII) then act as adductors. During abduction most of these latter components (except VI and VII which always act as adductors) are displaced laterally and progressively start to abduct.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: From this extensive origin the fibers converge toward their insertion on the deltoid tuberosity on the middle of the lateral aspect of the shaft of the humerus; the intermediate fibers passing vertically, the anterior obliquely backward and laterally, and the posterior obliquely forward and laterally.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: Though traditionally described as a single insertion, the deltoid insertion is divided into two or three discernible areas corresponding to the muscle's three areas of origin. The insertion is an arch-like structure with strong anterior and posterior fascial connections flanking an intervening tissue bridge. It additionally gives off extensions to the deep brachial fascia. Furthermore, the deltoid fascia contributes to the brachial fascia and is connected to the medial and lateral intermuscular septa.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid is supplied by the thoracoacromial artery (acromial and deltoid branches), the circumflex humeral arteries, and the profunda brachii artery (deltoid branch). (Standring, 2005).


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid is innervated by the axillary nerve. The axillary nerve originates from the anterior rami of the cervical nerves C5 and C6, via the superior trunk, posterior division of the superior trunk, and the posterior cord of the brachial plexus.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: Studies have shown that there are seven neuromuscular segments to the deltoid muscle. Three of these lie in the anatomical anterior head of the deltoid, one in the anatomical middle head, and three in the anatomical posterior head of the deltoid. These neuromuscular segments are supplied by smaller branches of the axillary nerve, and work in coordination with other muscles of the shoulder girdle include pectoralis major and supraspinatus.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The axillary nerve is sometimes damaged during surgical procedures of the axilla, such as for breast cancer. It may also be injured by anterior dislocation of the head of the humerus.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: When all its fibers contract simultaneously, the deltoid is the prime mover of arm abduction along the frontal plane. The arm must be medially rotated for the deltoid to have maximum effect. This makes the deltoid an antagonist muscle of the "pectoralis major "and "latissimus dorsi" during arm adduction. The anterior fibers assist the "pectoralis major" to flex the shoulder. The anterior deltoid also works in tandem with the subscapularis, pecs and lats to internally (medially) rotate the humerus. The intermediate fibers perform basic shoulder abduction when the shoulder is internally rotated, and perform shoulder transverse abduction when the shoulder is externally rotated. They are not utilized significantly during strict transverse extension (shoulder internally rotated) such as in rowing movements, which use the posterior fibers. The posterior fibers assist the "latissimus dorsi" to extend the shoulder. Other transverse extensors, the "infraspinatus" and "teres minor", also work in tandem with the posterior deltoid as external (lateral) rotators, antagonists to strong internal rotators like the pecs and lats.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: An important function of the deltoid in humans is preventing the dislocation of the humeral head when a person carries heavy loads. The function of abduction also means that it would help keep carried objects a safer distance away from the thighs to avoid hitting them, as during a farmer's walk. It also ensures a precise and rapid movement of the glenohumeral joint needed for hand and arm manipulation. The intermediate fibers are in the most efficient position to perform this role, though like basic abduction movements (such as lateral raise) it is assisted by simultaneous co-contraction of anterior/posterior fibers.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid is responsible for elevating the arm in the scapular plane and its contraction in doing this also elevates the humeral head. To stop this compressing against the undersurface of the acromion the humeral head and injuring the supraspinatus tendon, there is a simultaneous contraction of some of the muscles of the rotator cuff: the infraspinatus and subscapularis primarily perform this role. In spite of this there may be still a 1–3 mm upward movement of the head of the humerus during the first 30° to 60° of arm elevation.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The most common abnormalities affecting the deltoid are tears, fatty atrophy, and enthesopathy. Deltoid muscle tears are unusual and frequently related to traumatic shoulder dislocation or massive rotator cuff tears. Muscle atrophy may result from various causes, including aging, disuse, denervation, muscular dystrophy, cachexia and iatrogenic injury. Deltoideal humeral enthesopathy is an exceedingly rare condition related to mechanical stress. Conversely, deltoideal acromial enthesopathy is likely a hallmark of seronegative spondylarthropathies and its detection should probably be followed by pertinent clinical and serological investigation.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid is also found in members of the great ape family other than humans. The human deltoid is of similar proportionate size as the muscles of the rotator cuff in apes like the orangutan, which engage in brachiation and possess the muscle mass needed to support the body weight by the shoulders. In other apes, like the common chimpanzee, the deltoid is much larger than in humans, weighing an average of 383.3 gram compared to 191.9 gram in humans. This reflects the need to strengthen the shoulders, particularly the rotatory cuff, in knuckle walking apes for the purpose of supporting the entire body weight.


title: Deltoid muscle

text: The deltoid muscle is a main component of both the bat and pterosaur wing musculature, but in crown-group birds it is strongly reduced, as they favour sternum attached muscles. Some Mesozoic flying theropods, however, had more developed deltoideus.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: Kim Han-bin (; born October 22, 1996), known professionally as B.I () is a South Korean rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer. In 2014, he was one of the contestants on "Show Me the Money 3". In 2015, he debuted as the leader of the boy band iKon under YG Entertainment and is credited with the production and songwriting for all releases by the group. After his departure from iKon in 2019, B.I was appointed as the executive director of IOK Company in 2020. In 2021, B.I debuted as a solo artist under IOK Music affiliate 131 Label, with the release of his self-written charity single album "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)" and full-length charity studio album "Waterfall". In November 2021, he released the first part of his self-written second studio album, "Cosmos". In October 2022, B.I resigned from his position as IOK's executive director, going on with 131 as an independent label. In November 2022, B.I made the first EP release under his global album project "Love or Loved", consisting of the pre-release single "BTBT" and the lead single “Keep Me Up".


title: B.I (rapper)

text: Kim Han-bin was born on October 22, 1996, in Gyeonggi-do, South Korea. In 2009, B.I made his first appearance by featuring and participating in promotions for MC Mong's single "Indian Boy". He also appeared in the music video for the song and had a cameo appearance in MC Mong's music video, "Horror Show". B.I joined YG Entertainment as a trainee in January 2011.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: After over two years of training, B.I took part on the Mnet reality survival program "WIN: Who Is Next" as a contestant under Team B. Because Team A won the program, B.I continued as a trainee under YG Entertainment. On May 14, 2014, it was revealed B.I and label-mate Bobby would compete in Mnet's "Show Me the Money 3". During the show's run, B.I released the digital single "Be I", which he wrote and co-produced with Choice37 and became the first single from the show to top charts. He was only 17 years old and a trainee at the time.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: In September 2014, it was announced Team B would return to compete on survival program "Mix & Match", where filming began in midst of B.I's appearance on "Show Me The Money". The show resulted in the debut of Team B, alongside trainee Jung Chan-woo, under the group name iKon. In October 2014, B.I featured in label-mate Epik High's lead single "Born Hater" alongside Beenzino, Verbal Jint, Bobby, and Winner's Mino; they performed track together at the 2014 Mnet Asian Music Awards.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On September 15, 2015, iKon released the warm-up single "My Type", followed by lead singles "Rhythm Ta" and "Airplane". In December 2015, B.I and fellow member Jinhwan joined the cast of JTBC's "Mari and I". In June 2017, B.I along with member Bobby, featured in label-mate Psy's studio album "4X2=8" on the track "Bomb". B.I also featured in Seungri's debut studio album, "The Great Seungri", released on July 20, 2018, on the track "Mollado". In December 2018, B.I received the Songwriter of the Year award at the 10th Melon Music Awards for iKon's single "Love Scenario" from their studio album "Return". B.I was cast for JTBC2's variety show "Grand Buda-guest" in 2019. He featured on label-mate Lee Hi's single "No One" and co-produced the track "1, 2" from her extended play (EP) "24°C".


title: B.I (rapper)

text: Despite leaving iKon and YG Entertainment in June 2019, B.I wrote and composed four of the five songs in his former group's 2020 EP "I Decide", including the title track "Dive", released by YG Entertainment on February 6, 2020.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On September 28, 2020, B.I was appointed as the executive director of IOK Company. On January 11, 2021, it was revealed that B.I would feature on Epik High's upcoming tenth studio album "Epik High Is Here 上 (Part 1)" on the song "Acceptance Speech", which was released on January 18, 2021, along with the rest of the album.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On March 19, 2021, B.I released the charity single album, "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)", through IOK Music affiliate 131 Label, whose name is derived from the shape of the letters "B" and "I" together. His debut single album contained three self-written and self-composed songs. An animated music video for lead single "Midnight Blue" was also released on the same day. All tracks had been previously released, partially, as demos via B.I's SoundCloud between 2020 and 2021.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On May 7, 2021, 131 Label announced the release schedule for B.I as a solo artist. This included a global single "Got It Like That" featuring Destiny Rogers and Tyla Yaweh, released on May 14, 2021, and his first full-length studio album, "Waterfall", released on June 1, 2021. A cinematic music video for the title track "Illa Illa" was also released alongside the album. The music video surpassed 12.7 million views on YouTube within the first 24 hours of its release, breaking the record for the most viewed K-pop male solo artist debut music video within the first 24 hours.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On August 25, 2021, it was revealed that B.I would feature on his former label-mate Lee Hi's upcoming third studio album "4 Only" on the song "Savior", which he wrote and composed. The music video for "Savior" was released on September 3, 2021. Supposedly distributed on August 27, the song was officially released on all platforms on September 9, 2021, along with the rest of the album.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On October 1, 2021, B.I released the digital single "Lost At Sea (Illa Illa 2)", a reinterpretation of "Illa Illa", featuring Bipolar Sunshine and Afgan.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On November 11, 2021, B.I released the first half of his second studio album, "Cosmos", including the lead single of the same name. On November 25, he made an appearance on TV5's "Lunch Out Loud", a Philippine variety show. In January 2022, B.I became the first K-pop and Asian act to participate in the digital performance series made by The Recording Academy to spotlight artists from around the world, called "GRAMMY Global Spin". He performed the song "Nineteen", which was part of his album "Cosmos".


title: B.I (rapper)

text: In May 2022, B.I announced his global album project "Love or Loved", with a pre-release collaborative single with Soulja Boy titled "BTBT", featuring DeVita, which was released on May 13. On June 27, he released the single "Lullaby" with Chuu as a collaboration with Dingo Music.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: In August 2022, B.I joined the UNIVERSE platform, a South-Korean fandom and artist communication space.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On October 11, 2022, 131 announced that B.I had resigned from his position as an executive director of IOK Company and 131 would go on as an independent label. The label had previously rebranded from 131 Label to 131 (ONE THREE ONE), or 131 for short, on January 30, 2022 and welcomed its first artist other than B.I on September 30, 2022.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: The first part of B.I's global project, the studio album "Love or Loved Part.1", was released on November 18, 2022, including the pre-release single "BTBT" and new lead single "Keep Me Up".


title: B.I (rapper)

text: Since 2016, B.I has been anonymously donating to the Seungil Hope Foundation, a non-profit organization aiming to spread the awareness of ALS. The foundation revealed in 2018 his donations had thus far totaled to ₩30,220,000. In 2019, B.I donated ₩10,000,000 to the Hope Bridge National Disaster Relief Association to support the victims affected by the forest fires in Sokcho, Gangwon Province. On June 10, 2019, B.I, and the cast and crew of "Grand Buda-Guest" donated two tons of dog food worth ₩30,000,000 to a dog shelter in Gyeonggi-do for stray dogs. In 2020, B.I donated 100,000 face masks—worth a total of ₩200,000,000—which were distributed to fans in South Korea, China, Thailand, Japan, Indonesia, and Vietnam amidst the COVID-19 outbreak.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On August 10, 2020, B.I donated shoes to "Angel's Haven for Children". On December 19, 2020, he surprised fans volunteering in Incheon helping deliver coal briquettes to families in need. B.I and IOK Company provided additional support to the briquette sharing project by donating 10,000 KF94 masks.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On December 18, 2020, B.I, and IOK Company donated ₩200,000,000 worth of items, including 200,000 masks and 10,000 innerwear, to World Vision, an international relief and development NGO. On January 5, 2021, B.I and IOK company CEO Jang Jin-woo delivered an additional ₩200,000,000 worth of KF94 masks and innerwear to Osan City to help the vulnerable during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On March 19, 2021, B.I released a charity single album called "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)". He pledged to donate all of the proceeds of the sound sources, recordings, and copyright fees of the single album to World Vision to support children in crisis across the globe. On May 4, 2021, B.I personally met with chairman Cho Myung-hwan at the World Vision Office in Seoul to donate all the profits from the sale of 10,000 limited edition single albums of "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)". In addition, B.I promised to continuously donate all the revenue from the digital music sales and copyright fees that the single album would accrue.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On September 17, 2021, IOK Company announced that B.I had made a second donation to World Vision. B.I decided to conduct a "monthly donation project" to continuously provide his music and copyright profits from his "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)" and "Waterfall" albums. The donations include all copyright fees, music and album sales, and content revenue generated following the album's release and go towards the Basic for Girls project, which aims to improve help construct women's restrooms in Zambia, Africa and support the provision of sanitary napkins.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On June 12, 2019, it was revealed that B.I had allegedly attempted to purchase marijuana and LSD in 2016 from an undisclosed female dealer, and used the former. He was also accused of evading police charges. Following the reports, B.I posted an apology on his personal Instagram account. He acknowledged some of the allegations, explaining that he was going "through a hard and painful time" and wanted something to rely on, and announced his departure from iKon. A few hours later, YG Entertainment confirmed that he had indeed left the group and terminated his exclusive contract. His appearances on television series "Law of the Jungle", "Grand Buda-Guest", and "Stage K" were edited out by the networks prior to their broadcast. The dealer was revealed to be Han Seo-hee, who was involved in drug issues with former label-mate T.O.P and received four years of probation in 2017.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: In September 2019, it was reported that B.I had admitted during police questioning to violating the Act on the Control of Narcotics in 2016. In February 2020, results of a drug test conducted on B.I were released, revealing no detection of illegal drugs from a sample of B.I's body hair sent by South Korea's Gyeonggi Southern Provincial Police Agency to the National Forensic Service.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: On May 28, 2021, B.I was indicted without detention by the violent crimes department of the Seoul Central District Prosecutors’ Office for violating the Act on the Control of Narcotics. During the first hearing, on August 26, 2021, he admitted to all the charges stated by the prosecution: three accounts of illegal marijuana usage and one account of purchasing illegal LSD in 2016. On September 10, 2021, the Seoul Central District Court sentenced B.I to three years of incarceration, suspended for a probationary period of four years, 80 hours of community service, 40 hours of drug education courses, and a fine of ₩1.5 million (approximately US$1,300).


title: B.I (rapper)

text: B.I's music is generally hip hop, although he incorporates R&B, pop, soul, and acoustic into his songs as well. In 2018, B.I discussed the process behind his songwriting, admitting, "Because I don't have much experience, I typically draw a lot of my inspiration from movies or dramas. I'm also the type to draw inspiration from things like poetry". He explained that it was a way of "making up for things I'm unable to experience or feel for myself". When asked what type of music he wanted to make, he stated, "There are just two things. Music that people can relate to and music that draws imagination. Aside from that, the reason that I compose and make music is simply because it’s fun. My hobby doesn’t feel like work just yet".


title: B.I (rapper)

text: B.I is credited with writing and composing all the songs in his debut studio album "Waterfall", second album "Cosmos", and his first single album "Midnight Blue (Love Streaming)", which he released as a solo artist through 131 Label and IOK Music.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: As a member of the K-pop group iKon, B.I was the leader and credited with the production and songwriting for all their releases. These include the group's full-length studio albums "Welcome Back" and "Return"; compilation album "The New Kids"; and singles and EPs "#WYD", "", "", "Rubber Band""," and "." B.I wrote and composed four of the five songs on the group's 2020 EP, "I Decide". For his work on "Return", B.I won Songwriter of the Year at the 10th Melon Music Awards. On January 22, 2019, B.I became a full member of the Korea Music Copyright Association (KOMCA). As of November 2022, the KOMCA has 91 songs registered under his name.


title: B.I (rapper)

text: Additionally, B.I has written songs for various artists, including MC Mong and numerous current and former artists under YG Entertainment, such as Epik High, Winner, Blackpink, Psy, Seungri, Lee Hi and Eun Ji-won.


title: Neural network

text: A neural network is a network or circuit of biological neurons, or, in a modern sense, an artificial neural network, composed of artificial neurons or nodes. Thus, a neural network is either a biological neural network, made up of biological neurons, or an artificial neural network, used for solving artificial intelligence (AI) problems. The connections of the biological neuron are modeled in artificial neural networks as weights between nodes. A positive weight reflects an excitatory connection, while negative values mean inhibitory connections. All inputs are modified by a weight and summed. This activity is referred to as a linear combination. Finally, an activation function controls the amplitude of the output. For example, an acceptable range of output is usually between 0 and 1, or it could be −1 and 1.


title: Neural network

text: These artificial networks may be used for predictive modeling, adaptive control and applications where they can be trained via a dataset. Self-learning resulting from experience can occur within networks, which can derive conclusions from a complex and seemingly unrelated set of information.


title: Neural network

text: A biological neural network is composed of a group of chemically connected or functionally associated neurons. A single neuron may be connected to many other neurons and the total number of neurons and connections in a network may be extensive. Connections, called synapses, are usually formed from axons to dendrites, though dendrodendritic synapses and other connections are possible. Apart from electrical signalling, there are other forms of signalling that arise from neurotransmitter diffusion.


title: Neural network

text: Artificial intelligence, cognitive modelling, and neural networks are information processing paradigms inspired by how biological neural systems process data. Artificial intelligence and cognitive modelling try to simulate some properties of biological neural networks. In the artificial intelligence field, artificial neural networks have been applied successfully to speech recognition, image analysis and adaptive control, in order to construct software agents (in computer and video games) or autonomous robots.


title: Neural network

text: Historically, digital computers evolved from the von Neumann model, and operate via the execution of explicit instructions via access to memory by a number of processors. On the other hand, the origins of neural networks are based on efforts to model information processing in biological systems. Unlike the von Neumann model, neural network computing does not separate memory and processing.


title: Neural network

text: Neural network theory has served to identify better how the neurons in the brain function and provide the basis for efforts to create artificial intelligence.


title: Neural network

text: The preliminary theoretical base for contemporary neural networks was independently proposed by Alexander Bain (1873) and William James (1890). In their work, both thoughts and body activity resulted from interactions among neurons within the brain.


title: Neural network

text: For Bain, every activity led to the firing of a certain set of neurons. When activities were repeated, the connections between those neurons strengthened. According to his theory, this repetition was what led to the formation of memory. The general scientific community at the time was skeptical of Bain's theory because it required what appeared to be an inordinate number of neural connections within the brain. It is now apparent that the brain is exceedingly complex and that the same brain “wiring” can handle multiple problems and inputs.


title: Neural network

text: James's theory was similar to Bain's, however, he suggested that memories and actions resulted from electrical currents flowing among the neurons in the brain. His model, by focusing on the flow of electrical currents, did not require individual neural connections for each memory or action.


title: Neural network

text: C. S. Sherrington (1898) conducted experiments to test James's theory. He ran electrical currents down the spinal cords of rats. However, instead of demonstrating an increase in electrical current as projected by James, Sherrington found that the electrical current strength decreased as the testing continued over time. Importantly, this work led to the discovery of the concept of habituation.


title: Neural network

text: McCulloch and Pitts (1943) created a computational model for neural networks based on mathematics and algorithms. They called this model threshold logic. The model paved the way for neural network research to split into two distinct approaches. One approach focused on biological processes in the brain and the other focused on the application of neural networks to artificial intelligence.


title: Neural network

text: In the late 1940s psychologist Donald Hebb created a hypothesis of learning based on the mechanism of neural plasticity that is now known as Hebbian learning. Hebbian learning is considered to be a 'typical' unsupervised learning rule and its later variants were early models for long term potentiation. These ideas started being applied to computational models in 1948 with Turing's B-type machines.


title: Neural network

text: Farley and Clark (1954) first used computational machines, then called calculators, to simulate a Hebbian network at MIT. Other neural network computational machines were created by Rochester, Holland, Habit, and Duda (1956).


title: Neural network

text: Rosenblatt (1958) created the perceptron, an algorithm for pattern recognition based on a two-layer learning computer network using simple addition and subtraction. With mathematical notation, Rosenblatt also described circuitry not in the basic perceptron, such as the exclusive-or circuit, a circuit whose mathematical computation could not be processed until after the backpropagation algorithm was created by Werbos (1975).


title: Neural network

text: Neural network research stagnated after the publication of machine learning research by Marvin Minsky and Seymour Papert (1969). They discovered two key issues with the computational machines that processed neural networks. The first issue was that single-layer neural networks were incapable of processing the exclusive-or circuit. The second significant issue was that computers were not sophisticated enough to effectively handle the long run time required by large neural networks. Neural network research slowed until computers achieved greater processing power. Also key in later advances was the backpropagation algorithm which effectively solved the exclusive-or problem (Werbos 1975).